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submit tech/20180821 A Collection Of More Useful Unix Utilities.md
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A Collection Of More Useful Unix Utilities
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======
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We all know about **GNU core utilities** that comes pre-installed with all Unix-like operating systems. These are the basic file, shell and text manipulation utilities of the GNU operating system. The GNU core utilities contains the commands, such as cat, ls, rm, mkdir, rmdir, touch, tail, wc and many more, for performing the day-to-day operations. Among these utilities, there are also some other useful collection of Unix utilities which are not included by default in the Unix-like operating systems. Meet **moreutilis** , a growing collection of more useful Unix utilities. The moreutils can be installed on GNU/Linux, and various Unix flavours such as FreeBSD, openBSD and Mac OS.
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As of writing this guide, Moreutils provides the following utilities:
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* **chronic** – Runs a command quietly unless it fails.
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* **combine** – Combine the lines in two files using boolean operations.
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* **errno** – Look up errno names and descriptions.
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* **ifdata** – Get network interface info without parsing ifconfig output.
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* **ifne** – Run a program if the standard input is not empty.
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* **isutf8** – Check if a file or standard input is utf-8.
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* **lckdo** – Execute a program with a lock held.
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* **mispipe** – Pipe two commands, returning the exit status of the first.
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* **parallel** – Run multiple jobs at once.
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* **pee** – tee standard input to pipes.
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* **sponge** – Soak up standard input and write to a file.
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* **ts** – timestamp standard input.
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* **vidir** – Edit a directory in your text editor.
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* **vipe** – Insert a text editor into a pipe.
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* **zrun** – Automatically uncompress arguments to command.
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### Install moreutils on Linux
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The moreutils is packaged to many Linux distributions, so you can install it using the distribution’s package manager.
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On **Arch Linux** and derivatives such as **Antergos** , **Manjaro Linux** , run the following command to install moreutils.
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```
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$ sudo pacman -S moreutils
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```
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On **Fedora** :
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```
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$ sudo dnf install moreutils
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```
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On **RHEL** , **CentOS** , **Scientific Linux** :
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```
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$ sudo yum install epel-release
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$ sudo yum install moreutils
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```
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On **Debian** , **Ubuntu** , **Linux Mint** :
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```
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$ sudo apt-get install moreutils
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```
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### Moreutils – A Collection Of More Useful Unix Utilities
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Let us see the usage details of some moreutils tools.
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##### The “Combine” utility
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As the name implies, the **Combine** utility of moreutils package combines the sets of lines from two files using boolean operations such as “and”, “not”, “or”, “xor”.
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* **and** – Outputs lines that are in file1 if they are also present in file2.
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* **not** – Outputs lines that are in file1 but not in file2.
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* **or** – Outputs lines that are in file1 or file2.
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* **xor** – Outputs lines that are in either file1 or file2, but not in both files.
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Let me show you an example, so you can understand what exactly this utility will do . I have two files namely **file1** and **file2**. Here is the contents of the those two files.
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```
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$ cat file1
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is
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was
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were
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where
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there
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$ cat file2
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is
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were
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there
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```
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Now, let me combine them using “and” boolean operation.
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```
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$ combine file1 and file2
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is
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were
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there
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```
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As you see in the above example, the “and” Boolean operator outputs lines that are in file1 if they are also present in file2. To put this more clearly, it displays the common lines(Ex. is, were, there) which are present in both files.
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Let us now use “not” operator and see the result.
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```
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$ combine file1 not file2
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was
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where
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```
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As you see in the above output, the “not” operator displays the lines that are only in file1, but not in file2.
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##### The “ifdata” utility
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The “ifdata” utility can be used to check for the existence of a network interface, to get information about the network interface, such as its IP address. Unlike the built-in commands such as “ifconfig” or “ip”, ifdata has simple to parse output that is designed to be easily used by a shell script.
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To display IP address details of a network interface, say wlp9s0, run:
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```
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$ ifdata -p wlp9s0
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192.168.43.192 255.255.255.0 192.168.43.255 1500
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```
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To display the netmask only, run:
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```
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$ ifdata -pn wlp9s0
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255.255.255.0
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```
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To check hardware address of a NIC:
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```
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$ ifdata -ph wlp9s0
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A0:15:46:90:12:3E
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```
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To check if a NIC exists or not, use “-pe” flag.
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```
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$ ifdata -pe wlp9s0
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yes
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```
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##### The “Pee” command
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It is somewhat similar to “tee” command.
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Let us see an example of “tee” command usage.
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```
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$ echo "Welcome to OSTechNIx" | tee file1 file2
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Welcome to OSTechNIx
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```
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The above command will create two files namely **file1** and **file2**. Then, append the line “Welcome to OSTechNix” on both files. And finally prints the message “Welcome to OSTechNix” in your Terminal.
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The “Pee” command performs a similar function, but slightly differs from “tee” command. Look at the following command:
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```
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$ echo "Welcome to OSTechNIx" | pee cat cat
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Welcome to OSTechNIx
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Welcome to OSTechNIx
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```
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As you see in the above output, the two instances of “cat” command receives the output from “echo” command and displays them twice in the Terminal.
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##### The “Sponge” utility
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This is yet another useful utility from moreutils package. **Sponge** reads standard input and writes it out to the specified file. Unlike a shell redirect, sponge soaks up all its input before writing the output file.
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Have a look at the contents of following text file.
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```
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$ cat file1
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I
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You
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Me
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We
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Us
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```
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As you see, the file contains some random lines, particularly “not” in alphabetical order. You want to sort the contents in alphabetical order. What would you do?
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```
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$ sort file1 > file1_sorted
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```
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Correct, isn’t it? Of course! As you see in the above command, I have sorted the contents of the **file1** in alphabetical order and saved them in a new file called **“file1_sorted”**. But, You can do the same without creating a new (i.e file1_sorted) using “sponge” command as shown below.
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```
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$ sort file1 | sponge file1
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```
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Now, check if the contents are sorted in alphabetical order.
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```
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$ cat file1
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I
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Me
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Us
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We
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You
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```
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See? we don’t need to create a new file. It’s very useful in scripting. And the good thing is sponge preserves the permissions of the output file if it already exists.
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##### The “ts” utility
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As the name says, “ts” command adds a timestamp to the beginning of each line of input.
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Look at the following command’s output:
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```
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$ ping -c 2 localhost
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PING localhost(localhost.localdomain (::1)) 56 data bytes
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64 bytes from localhost.localdomain (::1): icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.055 ms
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64 bytes from localhost.localdomain (::1): icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.079 ms
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--- localhost ping statistics ---
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2 packets transmitted, 2 received, 0% packet loss, time 1018ms
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rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.055/0.067/0.079/0.012 ms
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```
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Now, run the same command with “ts” utlity as shown below.
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```
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$ ping -c 2 localhost | ts
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Aug 21 13:32:28 PING localhost(localhost (::1)) 56 data bytes
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Aug 21 13:32:28 64 bytes from localhost (::1): icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.063 ms
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Aug 21 13:32:28 64 bytes from localhost (::1): icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.113 ms
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Aug 21 13:32:28
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Aug 21 13:32:28 --- localhost ping statistics ---
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Aug 21 13:32:28 2 packets transmitted, 2 received, 0% packet loss, time 4ms
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Aug 21 13:32:28 rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.063/0.088/0.113/0.025 ms
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```
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As you see in the above output, ts adds a timestamp at the beginning of each line. Here is another example.
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```
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$ ls -l | ts
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Aug 21 13:34:25 total 120
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Aug 21 13:34:25 drwxr-xr-x 2 sk users 12288 Aug 20 20:05 Desktop
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Aug 21 13:34:25 drwxr-xr-x 2 sk users 4096 Aug 10 18:44 Documents
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Aug 21 13:34:25 drwxr-xr-x 24 sk users 12288 Aug 21 13:06 Downloads
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[...]
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```
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##### The “Vidir” utility
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The “Vidir” utility allows you to edit the contents of a specified directory in **vi** editor (Or, whatever you have in **$EDITOR** ). If no directory is specified, it will edit your current working directory.
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The following command edits the contents of the directory called “Desktop”.
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```
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$ vidir Desktop/
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```
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![vidir][2]
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The above command will open the specified directory in your **vi** editor. Each item in the editing directory will contain a number. You can now edit the files as the way you do in vi editor. Say for example, delete lines to remove files from the directory, or edit filenames to rename files.
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You can edit the sub directories as well. The following command edits the current working directory along with its sub-directories.
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```
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$ find | vidir -
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```
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Please note the “-” at the end of the command. If “-” is specified as the directory to edit, it reads a list of filenames from stdin and displays those for editing.
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If you want to edit only the files in the current working directory, you can use the following command:
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```
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$ find -type f | vidir -
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```
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Want to edit a specific file types, say .PNG files? then you would use:
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```
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$ vidir *.png
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```
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This command edits only the .png files in the current directory.
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##### The “Vipe” Utility
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The “vipe” command allows you to run your default editor in the middle of a Unix pipeline and edit the data that is being piped between programs.
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The following command opens the vi editor (my default editor, of course) and allows you to edit the input of the “echo” command (i.e Welcome To OSTechNix) and displays the final result.
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```
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$ echo "Welcome to OSTechNIx" | vipe
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Hello World
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```
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As you see in the above output, I passed the input “Welcome to OSTechNix” to vi editor and edited them as “Hello World” and displayed the final output.
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And, that’s all for now. I have covered only few utilities. The “moreutils” has more useful utilities. I already have mentioned the currently included utilities in moreutils package in the introductory section. You can read the man pages for greater detail on the above commands. Say for example, to know more about “vidir” command, run:
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```
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$ man vidir
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```
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Hope this helps. I will be soon here with another interesting and useful guide. If you find our articles helpful, please share them on your social, professional networks and support OSTechNix.
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Cheers!
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://www.ostechnix.com/moreutils-collection-useful-unix-utilities/
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作者：[SK][a]
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选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972)
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/
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[1]:data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7
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[2]:http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/sk@sk_001-1.png
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@ -0,0 +1,313 @@
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打包更多有用的 Unix 实用程序
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======
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我们都了解 **<ruby>GNU 核心实用程序<rt>GNU Core Utilities</rt></ruby>**，所有类 Unix 操作系统都预装了它们。它们是 GNU 操作系统中与文件、Shell 和 文本处理相关的基础实用工具。GNU 核心实用程序包括很多日常操作命令，例如 `cat`，`ls`, `rm`，`mkdir`，`rmdir`，`touch`，`tail` 和 `wc` 等。除了这些实用程序，还有更多有用的实用程序没有预装在类 Unix 操作系统中，它们汇集起来构成了 `moreutilis` 这个日益增长的集合。`moreutils` 可以在 GNU/Linux 和包括 FreeBSD，openBSD 及 Mac OS 在内的多种 Unix 类型操作系统上安装。
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截至到编写这份指南时， `moreutils` 提供如下实用程序：
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* `chronic` – 运行程序并忽略正常运行的输出
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* `combine` – 使用布尔操作合并文件
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* `errno` – 查询 errno 名称及描述
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* `ifdata` – 获取网络接口信息，无需解析 `ifconfig` 的结果
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* `ifne` – 在标准输入非空的情况下运行程序
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* `isutf8` – 检查文件或标准输入是否采用 UTF-8 编码
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* `lckdo` – 运行程序时考虑文件锁
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* `mispipe` – 使用管道连接两个命令，返回第一个命令的退出状态
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* `parallel` – 同时运行多个任务
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* `pee` – 将标准输入传递给多个管道
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* `sponge` – 整合标准输入并写入文件
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* `ts` – 为标准输入增加时间戳信息
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* `vidir` – 使用你默认的文本编辑器操作目录文件
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* `vipe` – 在管道中插入信息编辑
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* `zrun` – 自动解压并将其作为参数传递给命令
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### 在 Linux 上安装 moreutils
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由于 `moreutils` 已经被打包到多种 Linux 发行版中，你可以使用发行版对应的软件包管理器安装 `moreutils`。
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在 **Arch Linux** 或衍生的 **Antergos** 和 **Manjaro Linux** 上，运行如下命令安装 `moreutils`:
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```
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$ sudo pacman -S moreutils
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```
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在 **Fedora** 上，运行：
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```
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$ sudo dnf install moreutils
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```
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在 **RHEL**，**CentOS** 和 **Scientific Linux** 上，运行：
|
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|
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```
|
||||
$ sudo yum install epel-release
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$ sudo yum install moreutils
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```
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在 **Debian**，**Ubuntu** 和 **Linux Mint** 上，运行：
|
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|
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```
|
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$ sudo apt-get install moreutils
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```
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### Moreutils – 打包更多有用的 Unix 实用程序
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让我们看一下几个 `moreutils` 工具的用法细节。
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##### combine 实用程序
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正如 `combine` 名称所示，moreutils 中的这个实用程序可以使用包括 `and`，`not`，`or` 和 `xor` 在内的布尔操作，合并两个文件中的行。
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* `and` – 输出 `file1` 和 `file2` 都包含的行。
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* `not` – 输出 `file1` 包含但 `file2` 不包含的行。
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* `or` – 输出 `file1` 或 `file2` 包含的行。
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* `xor` – 输出仅被 `file1` 或 `file2` 包含的行
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下面举例说明，方便你理解该实用程序的功能。这里有两个文件，文件名分别为 `file1` 和 `file2`，其内容如下：
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```
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$ cat file1
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is
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was
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were
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where
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there
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$ cat file2
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is
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were
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there
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```
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||||
下面，我使用 `and` 布尔操作合并这两个文件。
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```
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$ combine file1 and file2
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is
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were
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there
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```
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从上例的输出中可以看出，`and` 布尔操作只输出那些 `file1` 和 `file2` 都包含的行；更具体的来说，命令输出为两个文件共有的行，即 is，were 和 there。
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||||
下面我们换成 `not` 操作，观察一下输出。
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||||
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||||
```
|
||||
$ combine file1 not file2
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||||
was
|
||||
where
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||||
```
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||||
|
||||
从上面的输出中可以看出，`not` 操作输出 `file1` 包含但 `file2` 不包含的行。
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||||
##### ifdata 实用程序
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`ifdata` 实用程序可用于检查网络接口是否存在，也可用于获取网络接口的信息，例如 IP 地址等。与预装的 `ifconfig` 和 `ip` 命令不同，`ifdata` 的输出更容易解析，这种设计的初衷是便于在 Shell 脚本中使用。
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||||
|
||||
如果希望查看某个接口的 IP 地址，不妨以 `wlp9s0` 为例，运行如下命令：
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||||
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||||
```
|
||||
$ ifdata -p wlp9s0
|
||||
192.168.43.192 255.255.255.0 192.168.43.255 1500
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
如果只查看掩码信息，运行如下命令：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ ifdata -pn wlp9s0
|
||||
255.255.255.0
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
如果查看网络接口的物理地址，运行如下命令：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ ifdata -ph wlp9s0
|
||||
A0:15:46:90:12:3E
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
如果判断接口是否存在，可以使用 `-pe` 参数：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ ifdata -pe wlp9s0
|
||||
yes
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
##### pee 命令
|
||||
|
||||
该命令某种程度上类似于 `tee` 命令。
|
||||
|
||||
我们先用一个例子看一下 `tee` 的用法。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ echo "Welcome to OSTechNIx" | tee file1 file2
|
||||
Welcome to OSTechNIx
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
上述命令首先创建两个文件，名为 `file1` 和 `file2`；接着，将 “Welcome to OSTechNix” 行分别附加到两个文件中；最后，在终端中打印输出 “Welcome to OSTechNix”。
|
||||
|
||||
`pee` 命令提供类似的功能，但与 `tee` 又稍微有些差异。查看下面的例子：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ echo "Welcome to OSTechNIx" | pee cat cat
|
||||
Welcome to OSTechNIx
|
||||
Welcome to OSTechNIx
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
从上面的命令输出中可以看出，有两个 `cat` 命令实例获取 `echo` 命令的输出并执行，因而终端中出现两个同样的输出。
|
||||
|
||||
##### sponge 实用程序
|
||||
|
||||
这是 `moreutils` 软件包中的另一个有用的实用程序。`sponge` 读取标准输入并写入到指定的文件中。与 Shell 中的重定向不同，`sponge` 接收到完整输入后再写入输出文件。
|
||||
|
||||
查看下面这个文本文件的内容：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ cat file1
|
||||
I
|
||||
You
|
||||
Me
|
||||
We
|
||||
Us
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
可见，文件包含了一些无序的行；更具体的说，这些行“没有”按照字母顺序排序。如果希望将其内容安装字母顺序排序，你会怎么做呢？
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sort file1 > file1_sorted
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
这样做没错，对吧？当然没错！在上面的命令中，我将 `file1` 文件内容按照字母顺序排序，将排序后的内容保存在 `file1_sorted` 文件中。但如果使用 `sponge` 命令，你可以在不创建新文件（即 `file1_sorted`）的情况下完成同样的任务，命令如下：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sort file1 | sponge file1
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
那么，让我们检查一下文件内容是否已经按照字母顺序排序：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ cat file1
|
||||
I
|
||||
Me
|
||||
Us
|
||||
We
|
||||
You
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
看到了吧？并不需要创建新文件。在脚本编程中，这非常有用。另一个好消息是，如果待写入的文件已经存在，`sponge` 会保持其<ruby>权限信息<rt>permissions</rt></ruby>不变。
|
||||
|
||||
##### ts 实用程序
|
||||
|
||||
正如名称所示，`ts` 命令在每一行输出的行首增加<ruby>时间戳<rt>timestamp</rt></ruby>。
|
||||
|
||||
查看如下命令的输出：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ ping -c 2 localhost
|
||||
PING localhost(localhost.localdomain (::1)) 56 data bytes
|
||||
64 bytes from localhost.localdomain (::1): icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.055 ms
|
||||
64 bytes from localhost.localdomain (::1): icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.079 ms
|
||||
|
||||
--- localhost ping statistics ---
|
||||
2 packets transmitted, 2 received, 0% packet loss, time 1018ms
|
||||
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.055/0.067/0.079/0.012 ms
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
下面，结合 `ts` 实用程序运行同样地命令：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ ping -c 2 localhost | ts
|
||||
Aug 21 13:32:28 PING localhost(localhost (::1)) 56 data bytes
|
||||
Aug 21 13:32:28 64 bytes from localhost (::1): icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.063 ms
|
||||
Aug 21 13:32:28 64 bytes from localhost (::1): icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.113 ms
|
||||
Aug 21 13:32:28
|
||||
Aug 21 13:32:28 --- localhost ping statistics ---
|
||||
Aug 21 13:32:28 2 packets transmitted, 2 received, 0% packet loss, time 4ms
|
||||
Aug 21 13:32:28 rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.063/0.088/0.113/0.025 ms
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
对比输出可以看出，`ts` 在每一行行首增加了时间戳。下面给出另一个例子：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ ls -l | ts
|
||||
Aug 21 13:34:25 total 120
|
||||
Aug 21 13:34:25 drwxr-xr-x 2 sk users 12288 Aug 20 20:05 Desktop
|
||||
Aug 21 13:34:25 drwxr-xr-x 2 sk users 4096 Aug 10 18:44 Documents
|
||||
Aug 21 13:34:25 drwxr-xr-x 24 sk users 12288 Aug 21 13:06 Downloads
|
||||
[...]
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
##### vidir 实用程序
|
||||
|
||||
`vidir` 实用程序可以让你使用 `vi` 编辑器（或其它 `$EDITOR` 环境变量指定的编辑器）编辑指定目录的内容。如果没有指定目录，`vidir` 会默认编辑你当前的目录。
|
||||
|
||||
下面的命令编辑 `Desktop` 目录的内容：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ vidir Desktop/
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
![vidir][2]
|
||||
|
||||
上述命令使用 `vi` 编辑器打开了指定的目录，其中目录内的文件都会对应一个数字。下面你可以按照 `vi` 的操作方式来编辑目录中的这些文件：例如，删除行意味着删除目录中对应的文件，修改行中字符串意味着对文件进行重命名。
|
||||
|
||||
你也可以编辑子目录。下面的命令会编辑当前目录及所有子目录：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ find | vidir -
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
请注意命令结尾的 `-`。如果 `-` 被指定为待编辑的目录，`vidir` 会从标准输入读取一系列文件名，列出它们让你进行编辑。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你只想编辑当前目录下的文件，可以使用如下命令：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ find -type f | vidir -
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
只想编辑特定类型的文件，例如 `.PNG` 文件？你可以使用如下命令：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ vidir *.png
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
这时命令只会编辑当前目录下以 `.PNG` 为后缀的文件。
|
||||
|
||||
##### vipe 实用程序
|
||||
|
||||
`vipe` 命令可以让你使用默认编辑器接收 Unix 管道输入，编辑之后使用管道输出供下一个程序使用。
|
||||
|
||||
执行下面的命令会打开 `vi` 编辑器（当然是我默认使用的编辑器），你可以编辑 `echo` 命令的管道输入（即 “Welcome to OSTechNix”），最后将编辑过的内容输出到终端中。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ echo "Welcome to OSTechNIx" | vipe
|
||||
Hello World
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
从上面的输出可以看出，我通过管道将“Welcome to OSTechNix”输入到 `vi` 编辑器中，将内容编辑为“Hello World”，最后显示该内容。
|
||||
|
||||
好了，就介绍这么多吧。我只介绍了一小部分实用程序，而 `moreutils` 包含更多有用的实用程序。我在文章开始的时候已经列出目前 `moreutils` 软件包内包含的实用程序，你可以通过 `man` 帮助页面获取更多相关命令的细节信息。举个例子，如果你想了解 `vidir` 命令，请运行：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ man vidir
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
希望这些内容对你有所帮助。我还将继续分享其它有趣且实用的指南，如果你认为这些内容对你有所帮助，请分享到社交网络或专业圈子，也欢迎你支持 OSTechNix 项目。
|
||||
|
||||
干杯！
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://www.ostechnix.com/moreutils-collection-useful-unix-utilities/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[SK][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972)
|
||||
译者：[pinewall](https://github.com/pinewall)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/
|
||||
[1]:data:image/gif;base64,lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7
|
||||
[2]:http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/sk@sk_001-1.png
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user