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【翻译中】文章标题Tech-KDE 19年 历程
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19 Years of KDE History: Step by Step
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================================================================================
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注：youtube 视频
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<iframe width="660" height="371" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/1UG4lQOMBC4?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>
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### Introduction ###
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KDE – one of most functional desktop environment ever. It’s open source and free for use. 19 years ago, 14 october 1996 german programmer Matthias Ettrich has started a development of this beautiful environment. KDE provides the shell and many applications for everyday using. Today KDE uses the hundred thousand peoples over the world on Unix and Windows operating system. 19 years – serious age for software projects. Time to return and see how it begin.
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K Desktop Environment has some new aspects: new design, good look & feel, consistency, easy to use, powerful applications for typical desktop work and special use cases. Name “KDE” is an easy word hack with “Common Desktop Environment”, “K” – “Cool”. The first KDE version used proprietary Trolltech’s Qt framework (parent of Qt) with dual licensing: open source QPL(Q public license) and proprietary commercial license. In 2000 Trolltech released some Qt libraries under GPL; Qt 4.5 was released in LGPL 2.1. Since 2009 KDE is compiled for three products: Plasma Workspaces (Shell), KDE Applications, KDE Platform as KDE Software compilation.
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### Releases ###
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#### Pre-Release – 14 October 1996 ####
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Kool Desktop Environment. Word “Kool” will be dropped in future. In the beginning, all components were released to the developer community separately without any coordinated timeframe throughout the overall project. First communication of KDE via mailing list, that was called kde@fiwi02.wiwi.uni-Tubingen.de.
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#### KDE 1.0 – July 12, 1998 ####
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This version received mixed reception. Many criticized the use of the Qt software framework – back then under the FreeQt license which was claimed to not be compatible with free software – and advised the use of Motif or LessTif instead. Despite that criticism, KDE was well received by many users and made its way into the first Linux distributions.
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28 January 1999
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An update, **K Desktop Environment 1.1**, was faster, more stable and included many small improvements. It also included a new set of icons, backgrounds and textures. Among this overhauled artwork was a new KDE logo by Torsten Rahn consisting of the letter K in front of a gear which is used in revised form to this day.
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#### KDE 2.0 – October 23, 2000 ####
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Major updates: * DCOP (Desktop COmmunication Protocol), a client-to-client communications protocol * KIO, an application I/O library. * KParts, a component object model * KHTML, an HTML 4.0 compliant rendering and drawing engine
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26 February 2001
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**K Desktop Environment 2.1** release inaugurated the media player noatun, which used a modular, plugin design. For development, K Desktop Environment 2.1 was bundled with KDevelop.
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15 August 2001
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The **KDE 2.2** release featured up to a 50% improvement in application startup time on GNU/Linux systems and increased stability and capabilities for HTML rendering and JavaScript; some new features in KMail.
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#### KDE 3.0 – April 3, 2002 ####
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K Desktop Environment 3.0 introduced better support for restricted usage, a feature demanded by certain environments such as kiosks, Internet cafes and enterprise deployments, which disallows the user from having full access to all capabilities of a piece of software.
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28 January 2003
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**K Desktop Environment 3.1** introduced new default window (Keramik) and icon (Crystal) styles as well as several feature enhancements.
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3 February 2004
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**K Desktop Environment 3.2** included new features, such as inline spell checking for web forms and emails, improved e-mail and calendaring support, tabs in Konqueror and support for Microsoft Windows desktop sharing protocol (RDP).
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19 August 2004
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**K Desktop Environment 3.3** focused on integrating different desktop components. Kontact was integrated with Kolab, a groupware application, and Kpilot. Konqueror was given better support for instant messaging contacts, with the capability to send files to IM contacts and support for IM protocols (e.g., IRC).
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16 March 2005
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**K Desktop Environment 3.4** focused on improving accessibility. The update added a text-to-speech system with support for Konqueror, Kate, KPDF, the standalone application KSayIt and text-to-speech synthesis on the desktop.
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29 November 2005
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**The K Desktop Environment 3.5** release added SuperKaramba, which provides integrated and simple-to-install widgets to the desktop. Konqueror was given an ad-block feature and became the second web browser to pass the Acid2 CSS test.
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#### KDE SC 4.0 – January 11, 2008 ####
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The majority of development went into implementing most of the new technologies and frameworks of KDE 4. Plasma and the Oxygen style were two of the biggest user-facing changes. Dolphin replaces Konqueror as file manager, Okular – default document viewer.
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29 July 2008
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**KDE 4.1** includes a shared emoticon theming system which is used in PIM and Kopete, and DXS, a service that lets applications download and install data from the Internet with one click. Also introduced are GStreamer, QuickTime 7, and DirectShow 9 Phonon backends. New applications: * Dragon Player * Kontact * Skanlite – software for scanners * Step – physics simulator * New games: Kdiamond, Kollision, KBreakout and others
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27 January 2009
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**KDE 4.2** is considered a significant improvement beyond KDE 4.1 in nearly all aspects, and a suitable replacement for KDE 3.5 for most users.
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4 August 2009
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**KDE 4.3** fixed over 10,000 bugs and implemented almost 2,000 feature requests. Integration with other technologies, such as PolicyKit, NetworkManager & Geolocation services, was another focus of this release.
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9 February 2010
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**KDE SC 4.4** is based on version 4.6 of the Qt 4 toolkit. New application – KAddressBook, first release of Kopete.
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10 August 2010
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**KDE SC 4.5** has some new features: integration of the WebKit library, an open-source web browser engine, which is used in major browsers such as Apple Safari and Google Chrome. KPackageKit replaced Kpackage.
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26 January 2011
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**KDE SC 4.6** has better OpenGL compositing along with the usual myriad of fixes and features.
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27 July 2011
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**KDE SC 4.7** has updated KWin with OpenGL ES 2.0 compatible, Qt Quick, Plasma Desktop with many enhancements and a lot of new functions in general applications. 12k bugs if fixed.
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25 January 2012
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**KDE SC 4.8**: better KWin performance and Wayland support, new design of Doplhin.
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1 August 2012
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**KDE SC 4.9**: several improvements to the Dolphin file manager, including the reintroduction of in-line file renaming, back and forward mouse buttons, improvement of the places panel and better usage of file metadata.
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6 February 2013
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**KDE SC 4.10**: many of the default Plasma widgets were rewritten in QML, and Nepomuk, Kontact and Okular received significant speed improvements.
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14 August 2013
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**KDE SC 4.11**: Kontact and Nepomuk received many optimizations. The first generation Plasma Workspaces entered maintenance-only development mode.
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18 December 2013
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**KDE SC 4.12**: Kontact received substantial improvements, many small improvements.
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18 December 2013
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**KDE SC 4.13**: Nepomuk semantic desktop search was replaced with KDE’s in house Baloo. KDE SC 4.13 was released in 53 different translations.
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18 December 2013
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**KDE SC 4.14**: he release primarily focused on stability, with numerous bugs fixed and few new features added. This was the final KDE SC 4 release.
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#### KDE Plasma 5.0 – July 15, 2014 ####
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KDE Plasma 5 – 5th generation of KDE. Massive impovements in design and system, new default theme – Breeze, complete migration to QML, better performance with OpenGL, better HiDPI displays support.
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11 November 2014
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**KDE Plasma 5.1**: Ported missing features from Plasma 4.
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27 January 2015
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**KDE Plasma 5.2**: New components: BlueDevil, KSSHAskPass, Muon, SDDM theme configuration, KScreen, GTK+ style configuration and KDecoration.
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28 April 2015
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**KDE Plasma 5.3**: Tech preview of Plasma Media Center. New Bluetooth and touchpad applets. Enhanced power management.
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25 August 2015
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**KDE Plasma 5.4**: Initial Wayland session, new QML-based audio volume applet, and alternative full-screen application launcher.
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Big thanks to the [KDE][1] developers and community, Wikipedia for [descriptions][2] and all my readers. Be free and use the open source software like a KDE.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://tlhp.cf/kde-history/
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作者：[Pavlo RudyiCategories][a]
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:https://tlhp.cf/author/paul/
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[1]:https://www.kde.org/
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[2]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDE_Plasma_5
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@ -0,0 +1,209 @@
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# 19年KDE进化历程
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注：youtube 视频
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<iframe width="660" height="371" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/1UG4lQOMBC4?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>
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## 概述
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KDE – 史上功能最强大的桌面环境之一； 开源且免费。19年前，1996年10月14日，德国程序员 Matthias Ettrich 开始了编写这个美观的桌面环境。KDE提供了诸如shell以及其他很多日常使用的程序。今日，KDE被成千上万人在 Unix 和 Windows 上使用。19年----一个对软件项目而言极为漫长的年岁。现在是时候让我们回到最初，看看这一切从哪里开始了。
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K Desktop Environment（KDE）有很多创新之处：新设计，美观，连贯性，易于使用，对普通用户和专业用户都足够强大的应用库。"KDE"这个名字是对单词"通用桌面环境"（Common Desktop Environment）玩的一个简单谐音游戏，"K"----"Cool"。 第一代KDE在双证书授权下使用了有专利的 Trolltech's Qt 框架 （现Qt的前身），这两个许可证分别是 open source QPL(Q public license) 和 商业专利许可证（proprietary commercial license）。在2000年 Trolltech 让一部分 Qt 软件库开始发布在 GPL 证书下; Qt 4.5 发布在了 LGPL 2.1 许可证下。自2009起 KDE 桌面环境由三部分构成：Plasma Workspaces (作Shell)，KDE 应用，作为 KDE Software 编译的 KDE Platform.
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## 各发布版本
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### Pre-Release – 1996年10月14日
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当时名称为 Kool Desktop Environment；"Kool"这个单词在很快就被弃用了。最初，所有KDE的组件都是被单独发布在开发社区里的，他们之间没有任何环绕大项目的组装配合。开发组邮件列表中的第一封通信是发往kde@fiwi02.wiwi.uni-Tubingen.de 的邮件。
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### KDE 1.0 – 1998年7月12日
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这个版本受到了颇有争议的反馈。很多人反对使用Qt框架----当时的 FreeQt 许可证和自由软件许可证并不兼容----并建议开发组使用 Motif 或者 LessTif 替代。尽管有着这些反对声，KDE 仍然被很多用户所青睐，并且成功作为第一个Linux发行版的环境被集成了进去。(made its way into the first Linux distributions)
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1999年1月28日
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一次升级，**K Desktop Environment 1.1**，更快，更稳定的同时加入了很多小升级。这个版本同时也加入了很多新的图标，背景，外观文理。和这些全面翻新同时出现的还有 Torsten Rahn 绘制的全新KDE图标----齿轮前的3个K字母；这个图标的修改版也一直沿用至今。
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### KDE 2.0 – 2000年10月23日
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重大更新：_ DCOP (Desktop COmmunication Protocol)，一个端到端的通信协议 _ KIO，一个应用程序I/O库 _ KParts，组件对象模板 _ KHTML，一个符合 HTML 4.0 标准的图像绘制引擎。
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2001年2月26日
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**K Desktop Environment 2.1** 首次发布了媒体播放器 noatun，noatun使用了先进的模组-插件设计。为了便利开发者，K Desktop Environment 2.1 打包了 KDevelop
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2001年8月15日
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**KDE 2.2**版本在GNU/Linux上加快了50%的应用启动速度，同时提高了稳定性和 HTML、JavaScript的解析性能，同时还增加了一些 KMail 的功能。
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### KDE 3.0 – 2002年4月3日
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K Desktop Environment 3.0 加入了更好的限制使用功能，这个功能在网咖，企业公用电脑上被广泛需求。
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2003年1月28日
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**K Desktop Environment 3.1** 加入了新的默认窗口（Keramik）和图标样式（Crystal）和其他一些改进。
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2004年2月3日
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**K Desktop Environment 3.2** 加入了诸如网页表格，书写邮件中拼写检查的新功能；补强了邮件和日历功能。完善了Konqueror 中的标签机制和对 Microsoft Windows 桌面共享协议的支持。
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2004年8月19日
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**K Desktop Environment 3.3** 侧重于组合不同的桌面组件。Kontact 被放进了群件应用Kolab 并与 Kpilot 结合。Konqueror 的加入让KDE有了更好的 IM 交流功能，比如支持发送文件，以及其他 IM 协议（如IRC）的支持。
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2005年3月16日
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**K Desktop Environment 3.4** 侧重于提高易用性。这次更新为Konqueror，Kate，KPDF加入了文字-语音转换功能；也在桌面系统中加入了独立的 KSayIt 文字-语音转换软件。
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2005年11月29日
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**The K Desktop Environment 3.5** 发布加入了 SuperKaramba，为桌面环境提供了易于安装的插件机制。 desktop. Konqueror 加入了广告屏蔽功能并成为了有史以来第二个通过Acid2 CSS 测试的浏览器。
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### KDE SC 4.0 – 2008年1月11日
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大部分开组投身于把最新的技术和开发框架整合进 KDE 4 当中。Plasma 和 Oxygen 是两次最大的用户界面风格变更。同时，Dolphin 替代 Konqueror 成为默认文件管理器，Okular 成为了默认文档浏览器。
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2008年7月29日
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**KDE 4.1** 引入了一个在 PIM 和 Kopete 中使用的表情主题系统；引入了可以让用户便利地从互联网上一键下载数据的DXS。同时引入了 GStreamer，QuickTime，和 DirectShow 9 Phonon 后台。加入了新应用如：_ Dragon Player _ Kontact _ Skanlite – 扫描仪软件，_ Step – 物理模拟软件 * 新游戏: Kdiamond，Kollision，KBreakout 和更多......
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2009年1月27日
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**KDE 4.2** 被认为是在已经极佳的 KDE 4.1 基础上的又一次全面超越，同时也成为了大多数用户替换旧 3.5 版本的完美选择。
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2009年8月4日
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**KDE 4.3** 修复了超过10,000个 bugs，同时加入了让近2,000个被用户需求的功能。整合一些新的技术例如：PolicyKit，NetworkManage & Geolocation services 等也是这个版本的一大重点。
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2010年2月9日
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**KDE SC 4.4** 基础 Qt 4 开框架的 4.6 版本，新的应用 KAddressBook 被加入，同时也是is based on version 4.6 of the Qt 4 toolkit. New application – KAddressBook，Kopete首次发布。
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2010年8月10日
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**KDE SC 4.5** 增加了一些新特性：整合了 WebKit 库----一个开源的浏览器引擎库，现在也被在 Apple Safari 和 Google Chrome 中广泛使用。KPackageKit 替换了 Kpackage。
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2011年1月26日
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**KDE SC 4.6** 加强了 OpenGl 的性能，同时照常更新了无数bug和小改进。
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2011年7月27日
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**KDE SC 4.7** 升级 KWin 以兼容 OpenGL ES 2.0 ，更新了 Qt Quick，Plasma Desktop 中在应用里普遍使用的新特性 1.2万个bug被修复。
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2012年1月25日
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**KDE SC 4.8**: 更好的 KWin 性能与 Wayland 支持，更新了 Doplhin 的外观设计。
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2012年8月1日
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**KDE SC 4.9**: 向 Dolphin 文件管理器增加了一些更新，比如加入了实时文件重命名，鼠标辅助按钮支持，更好的位置标签和更多文件分类管理功能。
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2013年2月6日
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**KDE SC 4.10**: 很多 Plasma 插件使用 QML 重写； Nepomuk，Kontact 和 Okular 得到了很大程度的性能和功能提升。
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2013年8月14日
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**KDE SC 4.11**: Kontact 和 Nepomuk 有了很大的优化。 第一代 Plasma Workspaces 进入了仅有维护而没有新生开发的软件周期。
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2013年12月18日
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**KDE SC 4.12**: Kontact 得到了极大的提升。
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2014年4月16日
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**KDE SC 4.13**: Nepomuk 语义搜索功能替代了桌面上的原有的Baloo搜索。 KDE SC 4.13 发布了53个语言版本。
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2014年8月20日
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**KDE SC 4.14**: 这个发布版本侧重于稳定性提升：大量的bug修复和小更新。这是最后一个 KDE SC 4 发布版本。
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### KDE Plasma 5.0 – 2014年7月15日
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KDE Plasma 5 – 第五代 KDE。大幅改进了设计和系统，新的默认主题 ---- Breeze，完全迁移到了 QML，更好的 OpenGL 性能，更完美的 HiDPI （高分辨率）显示支持。
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2014年11月11日
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**KDE Plasma 5.1**：加入了Plasma 4里原先没有补完的功能。
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||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2015年1月27日
|
||||
|
||||
**KDE Plasma 5.2**：新组件：BlueDevil，KSSHAskPass，Muon，SDDM 主题设置，KScreen，GTK+ 样式设置 和 KDecoration.
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||||
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||||
|
||||
2015年4月28日
|
||||
|
||||
**KDE Plasma 5.3**：Plasma Media Center 技术预览。新的蓝牙和触摸板小程序；改良了电源管理。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2015年8月25日
|
||||
|
||||
**KDE Plasma 5.4**：Wayland 登场，新的基于 QML 的音频管理程序，交替式全屏程序显示。
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|
||||
万分感谢 [KDE][1] 开发者和社区及Wikipedia 为书写 [概述][2] 带来的帮助，同时，感谢所有读者。希望大家保持自由精神（be free）并继续支持如同 KDE 一样的开源的自由软件发展。
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|
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
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|
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via: [https://tlhp.cf/kde-history/](https://tlhp.cf/kde-history/)
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||||
|
||||
作者：[Pavlo RudyiCategories][a] 译者：[jerryling315](https://github.com/jerryling315) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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|
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[1]: https://www.kde.org/
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||||
[2]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDE_Plasma_5
|
||||
[a]: https://tlhp.cf/author/paul/
|
||||
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