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translated/tech/20200309 Fish - A Friendly Interactive Shell.md → published/20200309 Fish - A Friendly Interactive Shell.md
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@ -1,45 +1,39 @@
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: (geekpi)
[#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )
[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
[#]: publisher: (wxy)
[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-12069-1.html)
[#]: subject: (Fish – A Friendly Interactive Shell)
[#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/fish-a-friendly-interactive-shell/)
[#]: author: (Michal Konečný https://fedoramagazine.org/author/zlopez/)
Fish – 一个友好的交互式 Shell
Fish：一个友好的交互式 Shell
======
![Fish — A Friendly Interactive Shell][1]
你是否正在寻找 bash 的替代品？你是否在寻找更人性化的东西？再往前看看，因为你刚发现了 fish！
你是否正在寻找 bash 的替代品？你是否在寻找更人性化的东西？不用再看了，因为你刚发现了 fish！
Fish（友好的交互式 shell）是一个智能且用户友好的命令行 shell，可在 Linux、MacOS 和其他操作系统上运行。将其用于终端的日常工作和脚本编写。用 fish 编写的脚本比相同的 bash 版本具有更少的神秘性。
Fish（友好的交互式 shell）是一个智能且用户友好的命令行 shell，可在 Linux、MacOS 和其他操作系统上运行。可以将其用于终端的日常工作和脚本编写。用 fish 编写的脚本比相同的 bash 版本具有更少的神秘性。
### Fish 的用户友好功能
* **建议**
Fish 会建议你之前写过的命令。当经常输入相同命令时，这可以提高生产率。
* **健全的脚本**
Fish 避免使用隐秘字符。这提供了更清晰和更友好的语法。
* **基于手册页的补全**
Fish 会根据命令的手册页自动补全参数。
* **语法高亮**
Fish 会高亮显示命令语法以使其在视觉上友好。
* **建议**：Fish 会提示你之前写过的命令。当经常输入相同命令时，这样可以提高生产率。
* **健全的脚本能力**：Fish 避免使用那些隐秘字符。这提供了更清晰和更友好的语法。
* **基于手册页的补全**：Fish 会根据命令的手册页自动补全参数。
* **语法高亮**：Fish 会高亮显示命令语法以使其在视觉上友好。
### 安装
#### Fedora 工作站
使用 _dnf_ 命令安装 fish：
使用 `dnf` 命令安装 fish：
```
$ sudo dnf install fish
```
安装 _util-linux-user_ 包，然后使用适当的参数运行 _chsh_（更改 shell 程序）命令，将 fish 设置为默认 shell 程序：
安装 `util-linux-user` 包，然后使用适当的参数运行 `chsh`（更改 shell 程序）命令，将 fish 设置为默认 shell 程序：
```
$ sudo dnf install util-linux-user
@ -50,7 +44,7 @@ $ chsh -s /usr/bin/fish
#### Fedora Silverblue
由于它不是 GUI 应用，因此你需要使用 _rpm-ostree_ 安装。使用以下命令在 Fedora Silverblue 上安装 fish：
由于它不是 GUI 应用，因此你需要使用 `rpm-ostree` 将其加到层内。使用以下命令在 Fedora Silverblue 上安装 fish：
```
$ rpm-ostree install fish
@ -58,35 +52,31 @@ $ rpm-ostree install fish
在 Fedora Silverblue 上，你需要重启 PC 才能切换到新的 ostree 镜像。
如果你想在 Fedora Silverblue 用 fish 作为主要 shell，最简单的方法是更新 _/etc/passwd_ 文件。找到你的用户，并将 _/bin/bash_ 更改为 _/usr/bin/fish_。
如果你想在 Fedora Silverblue 用 fish 作为主要 shell，最简单的方法是更新 `/etc/passwd` 文件。找到你的用户，并将 `/bin/bash` 更改为 `/usr/bin/fish`。
、你需要 [root 权限][2]来编辑 _/etc/passwd_ 文件。另外，你需要注销并重新登录才能使更改生效。
你需要 [root 权限][2]来编辑 `/etc/passwd` 文件。另外，你需要注销并重新登录才能使更改生效。
### 配置
fish 的用户配置文件在 _~/.config/fish/config.fish_。要更改所有用户的配置，请编辑 _/etc/fish/config.fish_。
fish 的用户配置文件在 `~/.config/fish/config.fish`。要更改所有用户的配置，请编辑 `/etc/fish/config.fish`。
每个用户的配置文件必须手动创建。安装脚本不会创建 _〜/ .config / fish / config.fish_。
用户配置文件必须手动创建。安装脚本不会创建 `~/.config/fish/config.fish`。
以下是几个配置示例以及它们的 bash 等效项，以帮助你入门：
以下是两个个配置示例以及它们的 bash 等效项，以帮助你入门：
#### 创建别名
* _~/.bashrc_: alias ll='ls -lh'
* _~/.config/fish/config.fish_: alias ll='ls -lh'
* `~/.bashrc`：`alias ll='ls -lh'`
* `~/.config/fish/config.fish`: `alias ll='ls -lh'`
#### 设置环境变量
* _~/.bashrc_: export PATH=$PATH:~/bin
* _~/.config/fish/config.fish_: set -gx PATH $PATH ~/bin
* `~/.bashrc`：`export PATH=$PATH:~/bin`
* `~/.config/fish/config.fish`：`set -gx PATH $PATH ~/bin`
### 使用 fish 工作
将 fish 配置为默认 shell 程序后，命令提示符将类似于下图所示。如果尚未将 fish 配置为默认 shell，只需运行 _fish_ 命令以在当前终端会话中启动。
将 fish 配置为默认 shell 程序后，命令提示符将类似于下图所示。如果尚未将 fish 配置为默认 shell，只需运行 `fish` 命令以在当前终端会话中启动。
![][3]
@ -100,37 +90,37 @@ fish 的用户配置文件在 _~/.config/fish/config.fish_。要更改所有用
![][5]
注意输入时出现的灰色文本。灰色文本显示建议之前编写的命令。要自动补全，只需按 **CTRL+F**。
注意输入时出现的灰色文本。灰色文本显示建议之前编写的命令。要自动补全，只需按 `CTRL+F`。
通过输入连接号（**–**）然后使用 **TAB** 键，它会根据前面命令的手册页获取参数建议：
通过输入连接号（`–`）然后使用 `TAB` 键，它会根据前面命令的手册页获取参数建议：
![][6]
如果你按一次 **TAB**，它将显示前几个建议（或所有建议，如果只有少量参数可用）。如果再次按 **TAB**，它将显示所有建议。如果连续三次按 **TAB**，它将切换到交互模式，你可以使用箭头键选择一个参数。
如果你按一次 `TAB`，它将显示前几个建议（或所有建议，如果只有少量参数可用）。如果再次按 `TAB`，它将显示所有建议。如果连续三次按 `TAB`，它将切换到交互模式，你可以使用箭头键选择一个参数。
除此之外，fish 的工作与大多数其他 shell 相似。其他差异已经写在文档中。因此，找到你可能感兴趣的其他功能应该不难。
### 让 fish 变得更强大
使用 [powerline][7] 使 fish 变得更强大。Powerline 将命令执行时间、彩色化 git 状态、当前 git 分支等添加到了 fish 的界面中。
使用 [powerline][7] 使 fish 变得更强大。Powerline 可以为 fish 的界面添加命令执行时间、彩色化 git 状态、当前 git 分支等。
在安装 powerline 之前，你必须先安装 [Oh My Fish][8]。Oh My Fish 扩展了 fish 的核心基础架构，以支持安装其他插件。安装 Oh My Fish 的最简单方法是使用 _curl_ 命令：
在安装 powerline 之前，你必须先安装 [Oh My Fish][8]。Oh My Fish 扩展了 fish 的核心基础架构，以支持安装其他插件。安装 Oh My Fish 的最简单方法是使用 `curl` 命令：
```
> curl -L https://get.oh-my.fish | fish
```
如果你不想直接将安装命令管道传给 _fish_，请参见 Oh My Fish 的 [README][9] 的安装部分，以了解其他安装方法。
如果你不想直接将安装命令管道传给 `fish`，请参见 Oh My Fish 的 [README][9] 的安装部分，以了解其他安装方法。
Fish 的 powerline 插件是 [bobthefish][7]。Bobthefish 需要 _powerline-fonts_ 包。
Fish 的 powerline 插件是 [bobthefish][7]。Bobthefish 需要 `powerline-fonts` 包。
**在Fedora工作站上**：
在 Fedora 工作站上：
```
> sudo dnf install powerline-fonts
```
**在 Fedora Silverblue 上**：
在 Fedora Silverblue 上：
```
> rpm-ostree install powerline-fonts
@ -138,7 +128,7 @@ Fish 的 powerline 插件是 [bobthefish][7]。Bobthefish 需要 _powerline-font
在 Fedora Silverblue 上，你必须重启以完成字体的安装。
安装 _powerline-fonts_ 之后，安装 _bobthefish_：
安装 `powerline-fonts` 之后，安装 `bobthefish`：
```
> omf install bobthefish
@ -148,7 +138,7 @@ Fish 的 powerline 插件是 [bobthefish][7]。Bobthefish 需要 _powerline-font
![][10]
### 额外的资源
### 更多资源
查看这些网页，了解更多 fish 内容：
@ -161,7 +151,6 @@ Fish 的 powerline 插件是 [bobthefish][7]。Bobthefish 需要 _powerline-font
* [GitHub][17]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://fedoramagazine.org/fish-a-friendly-interactive-shell/
@ -169,7 +158,7 @@ via: https://fedoramagazine.org/fish-a-friendly-interactive-shell/
作者：[Michal Konečný][a]
选题：[lujun9972][b]
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出

2
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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: ( )
[#]: translator: (chunibyo-wly)
[#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )

309
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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: ( )
[#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )
[#]: subject: (Take back your dotfiles with Chezmoi)
[#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/take-back-your-dotfiles-with-chezmoi/)
[#]: author: (Ryan Walter https://fedoramagazine.org/author/rwaltr/)
Take back your dotfiles with Chezmoi
======
![][1]
In Linux, dotfiles are hidden text files that are used to store various configuration settings for many such as Bash and Git to more complex applications like i3 or VSCode.
Most of these files are contained in the _~/.config_ directory or right in the home directory. Editing these files allows you to customize applications beyond what a settings menu may provide, and they tend to be portable across devices and even other Linux distributions. But one talking point across the Linux enthusiast community is how to manage these dotfiles and how to share them.
We will be showcasing a tool called [Chezmoi][2] that does this task a little differently from the others.
### The history of dotfile management
If you search [GitHub for dotfiles][3], what you will see are over 100k repositories after one goal: Store people’s dotfiles in a shareable and repeatable manor. However, other than using git, they store their files differently.
While Git has solved code management problems that also translates to config file management, It does not solve how to separate between distributions, roles (such as home vs work computers) secrets management, and per device configuration.
Because of this, many users decide to craft their own solutions, and the community has responded with multiple answers over the years. This article will briefly cover some of the solutions that have been created.
#### Experiment in an isolated environment
Do you want to try these below solutions quickly in a contained environment? Run:
```
$ podman run --rm -it fedora
```
… to create a Fedora container to try the applications in. This container will automatically delete itself when you exit the shell.
#### The install problem
If you store your dotfiles in Git repository, you will want to make it easy for your changes to automatically be applied inside your home directory, the easiest way to do this at first glance is to use a symlink, such as _ln -s ~/.dotfies/bashrc ~/.bashrc_. This will allow your changes to take place instantly when your repository is updated.
The problem with symlinks is that managing symlinks can be a chore. Stow and [RCM (covered here on Fedora Magazine)][4] can help you manage those, but these are not seamless solutions. Files that are private will need to be modified and chmoded properly after download. If you revamp your dotfiles on one system, and download your repository to another system, you may get conflicts and require troubleshooting.
Another solution to this problem is writing your own install script. This is the most flexible option, but has the tradeoff of requiring more time into building a custom solution.
#### The secrets problem
Git is designed to track changes. If you store a secret such as a password or an API key in your git repository, you will have a difficult time and will need to rewrite your git history to remove that secret. If your repository is public, your secret would be impossible to recover if someone else has downloaded your repository. This problem alone will prevent many individuals from sharing their dotfiles with the public world.
#### The multi-device config problem
The problem is not pulling your config to multiple devices, the problem is when you have multiple devices that require different configuration. Most individuals handle this by either having different folders or by using different forks. This makes it difficult to share configs across the different devices and role sets
### How Chezmoi works
Chezmoi is a tool to manage your dotfiles with the above problems in mind, it doesn’t blindly copy or symlink files from your repository. Chezmoi acts more like a template engine to generate your dotfiles based on system variables, templates, secret managers, and Chezmoi’s own config file.
#### Getting Started with Chezmoi
Currently Chezmoi is not in the default repositories. You can download the current version of Chezmoi as of writing with the following command.
```
$ sudo dnf install https://github.com/twpayne/chezmoi/releases/download/v1.7.17/chezmoi-1.7.17-x86_64.rpm
```
This will install the pre-packaged RPM to your system.
Lets go ahead and create your repository using:
```
$ chezmoi init
```
It will create your new repository in _~/.local/share/chezmoi/_. You can easily cd to this directory by using:
```
$ chezmoi cd
```
Lets add our first file:
```
chezmoi add ~/.bashrc
```
… to add your bashrc file to your chezmoi repository.
Note: if your bashrc file is actually a symlink, you will need to add the -f flag to follow it and read the contents of the real file.
You can now edit this file using:
```
$ chezmoi edit ~/.bashrc
```
Now lets add a private file, This is a file that has the permissions 600 or similar. I have a file at .ssh/config that I would like to add by using
```
$ chezmoi add ~/.ssh/config
```
Chezmoi uses special prefixes to keep track of what is a hidden file and a private file to work around Git’s limitations. Run the following command to see it:
```
$ chezmoi cd
```
**Do note that files that are marked as private are not actually private, they are still saved as plain text in your git repo. More on that later.**
You can apply any changes by using:
```
$ chezmoi apply
```
and inspect what is different by using
```
$ chezmoi diff
```
#### Using variables and templates
To export all of your data Chezmoi can gather, run:
```
$ chezmoi data
```
Most of these are information about your username, arch, hostname, os type and os name. But you can also add our own variables.
Go ahead and run:
```
$ chezmoi edit-config
```
… and input the following:
```
[data]
email = "fedorauser@example.com"
name = "Fedora Mcdora"
```
Save your file and run chezmoi data again. You will see on the bottom that your email and name are now added. You can now use these with templates with Chezmoi. Run:
```
$ chezmoi add -T --autotemplate ~/.gitconfig
```
… to add your gitconfig as a template into Chezmoi. If Chezmoi is successful in inferring template correctly, you could get the following:
```
[user]
email = "{{ .email }}"
name = "{{ .name }}"
```
If it does not, you can change the file to this instead.
Inspect your file with:
```
$ chezmoi edit ~/.gitconfig
```
After using
```
$ chezmoi cat ~/.gitconfig
```
… to see what chezmoi will generate for this file. My generated example is below:
```
[root@a6e273a8d010 ~]# chezmoi cat ~/.gitconfig
[user]
email = "fedorauser@example.com"
name = "Fedora Mcdora"
[root@a6e273a8d010 ~]#
```
It will generate a file filled with the variables in our chezmoi config.
You can also use the varibles to perform simple logic statements. One example is:
```
{{- if eq .chezmoi.hostname "fsteel" }}
# this will only be included if the host name is equal to "fsteel"
{{- end }}
```
Do note that for this to work the file has to be a template. You can check this by seeing if the file has a “.tmpl” appended to its name on the file in _chezmoi cd_, or by readding the file using the -T option
#### Keeping secrets… secret
To troubleshoot your setup, use the following command.
```
$ chezmoi doctor
```
What is important here is that it also shows you the [password managers it supports][5].
```
[root@a6e273a8d010 ~]# chezmoi doctor
warning: version dev
ok: runtime.GOOS linux, runtime.GOARCH amd64
ok: /root/.local/share/chezmoi (source directory, perm 700)
ok: /root (destination directory, perm 550)
ok: /root/.config/chezmoi/chezmoi.toml (configuration file)
ok: /bin/bash (shell)
ok: /usr/bin/vi (editor)
warning: vimdiff (merge command, not found)
ok: /usr/bin/git (source VCS command, version 2.25.1)
ok: /usr/bin/gpg (GnuPG, version 2.2.18)
warning: op (1Password CLI, not found)
warning: bw (Bitwarden CLI, not found)
warning: gopass (gopass CLI, not found)
warning: keepassxc-cli (KeePassXC CLI, not found)
warning: lpass (LastPass CLI, not found)
warning: pass (pass CLI, not found)
warning: vault (Vault CLI, not found)
[root@a6e273a8d010 ~]#
```
You can use either of these clients, or a [generic client][6], or your system’s [Keyring][7].
For GPG, you will need to add the following to your config using:
```
$ chezmoi edit-config
```
```
[gpg]
recipient = "<Your GPG keys Recipient"
```
You can use:
```
$ chezmoi add --encrypt
```
… to add any files, these will be encrypted in your source respository and not exposed to the public world as plain text. Chezmoi will automatically decrypt them when applying.
We can also use them in templates. For example, a secret token stored in [Pass (covered on Fedora Magazine)][8]. Go ahead and generate your secret.
In this example, it’s called “githubtoken”:
```
rwaltr@fsteel:~] $ pass ls
Password Store
└── githubtoken
[rwaltr@fsteel:~] $
```
Next, edit your template, such as your .gitconfig we created earlier and add this lines.
```
token = {{ pass "githubtoken" }}
```
Then lets inspect using*:*
```
$ chezmoi cat ~/.gitconfig
```
```
[rwaltr@fsteel:~] $ chezmoi cat ~/.gitconfig
This is Git's per-user configuration file.
[user]
name = Ryan Walter
email = rwalt@pm.me
token = mysecrettoken
[rwaltr@fsteel:~] $
```
Now your secrets are properly secured in your password manager, your config can be publicly shared without risk!
### Final notes
This is only scratching the surface. Please check out [Chezmoi’s website][2] for more information. The author also has his [dotfiles public][9] if you are looking for more examples on how to use Chezmoi.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://fedoramagazine.org/take-back-your-dotfiles-with-chezmoi/
作者：[Ryan Walter][a]
选题：[lujun9972][b]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/author/rwaltr/
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
[1]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/chezmoi-cover-816x346.png
[2]: https://www.chezmoi.io/
[3]: https://github.com/search?q=dotfiles&type=Repositories
[4]: https://fedoramagazine.org/managing-dotfiles-rcm/
[5]: https://www.chezmoi.io/docs/how-to/#keep-data-private
[6]: https://www.chezmoi.io/docs/how-to/#use-a-generic-tool-to-keep-your-secrets
[7]: https://www.chezmoi.io/docs/how-to/#use-a-keyring-to-keep-your-secrets
[8]: https://fedoramagazine.org/using-pass-to-manage-your-passwords-on-fedora/
[9]: https://github.com/twpayne/dotfiles