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[提交译文][tech]: 20180529 Build a concurrent TCP server in Go.md
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[#]: subject: "Build a concurrent TCP server in Go"
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[#]: via: "https://opensource.com/article/18/5/building-concurrent-tcp-server-go"
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[#]: author: "Mihalis Tsoukalos https://opensource.com/users/mtsouk"
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[#]: collector: "lkxed"
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[#]: translator: "lkxed"
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[#]: reviewer: " "
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[#]: publisher: " "
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[#]: url: " "
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Build a concurrent TCP server in Go
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======
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Develop a concurrent TCP server that generates random numbers using only about 65 lines of Go code.
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![gopher illustrations][1]
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(Image by: Renee French. CC BY 3.0)
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TCP and UDP servers are everywhere serving network clients over TCP/IP networks. In this article, I will explain how to develop a concurrent TCP server, in the [Go programming language][2], that returns random numbers. For each incoming connection from a TCP client, the TCP server will start a new goroutine to handle that request.
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You can find this project, [concTCP.go][3], on GitHub.
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### Handling TCP connections
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The logic of the program can be found in the Go code of the `handleConnection()` function, which is implemented as follows:
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```
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func handleConnection(c net.Conn) {
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fmt.Printf("Serving %s\n", c.RemoteAddr().String())
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for {
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netData, err := bufio.NewReader(c).ReadString('\n')
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if err != nil {
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fmt.Println(err)
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return
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}
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temp := strings.TrimSpace(string(netData))
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if temp == "STOP" {
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break
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}
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result := strconv.Itoa(random()) + "\n"
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c.Write([]byte(string(result)))
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}
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c.Close()
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}
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```
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If the TCP client sends the "STOP" string, then the goroutine that serves that particular TCP client will terminate; otherwise, the TCP server will send a random number back to the TCP client. The `for` loop makes sure that the TCP client will be served for as long as the TCP client desires. The Go code in the `for` loop reads the data from the TCP client, line by line, using `bufio.NewReader(c).ReadString('\n')` and sends back data using `c.Write([]byte(string(result)))`. (You may find the net standard Go package [documentation][4] helpful.)
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### Being concurrent
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The implementation of the `main()` function tells the TCP server to start a new goroutine each time it has to serve a TCP client:
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```
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func main() {
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arguments := os.Args
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if len(arguments) == 1 {
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fmt.Println("Please provide a port number!")
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return
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}
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PORT := ":" + arguments[1]
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l, err := net.Listen("tcp4", PORT)
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if err != nil {
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fmt.Println(err)
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return
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}
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defer l.Close()
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rand.Seed(time.Now().Unix())
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for {
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c, err := l.Accept()
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if err != nil {
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fmt.Println(err)
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return
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}
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go handleConnection(c)
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}
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}
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```
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First, `main()` makes sure that the program has at least one command line argument. Notice that the existing code does not check whether the given command line argument is a valid TCP port number or not. However, if the given value is not a valid TCP port number, the call to `net.Listen()` will fail with an error message similar to the following:
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```
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$ go run concTCP.go 12a
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listen tcp4: lookup tcp4/12a: nodename nor servname provided, or not known
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$ go run concTCP.go -10
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listen tcp4: address -10: invalid port
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```
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The `net.Listen()` call is used for telling a Go program to accept network connections and thus act as a server. The return value of `net.Listen()` is of the `net.Conn` type, which implements the `io.Reader` and `io.Writer` interfaces. The `main()` function also calls the `rand.Seed()` function in order to initialize the random number generator. Finally, the `for` loop allows the program to keep accepting new TCP clients using `Accept()` that will be handled by instances of the `handleConnection()` function, which are executed as goroutines.
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### The first parameter of net.Listen()
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The first parameter of the `net.Listen()` function defines the type of network that will be used, while the second parameter defines the server address as well as the port number the server will listen to. Valid values for the first parameter are tcp, tcp4 (IPv4-only), tcp6 (IPv6-only), udp, udp4 (IPv4- only), udp6 (IPv6-only), ip, ip4 (IPv4-only), ip6 (IPv6-only), Unix (Unix sockets), Unixgram, and Unixpacket.
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### The concurrent TCP server in action
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concTCP.go requires a single command line argument, which is the port number that it will listen to. The output you will get from concTCP.go when serving TCP clients will be similar to the following:
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```
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$ go run concTCP.go 8001
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Serving 127.0.0.1:62554
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Serving 127.0.0.1:62556
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```
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The output of the `netstat(1)` can verify that concTCP.go serves multiple TCP clients while listening for more connections:
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```
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$ netstat -anp TCP | grep 8001
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tcp4 0 0 127.0.0.1.8001 127.0.0.1.62556 ESTABLISHED
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tcp4 0 0 127.0.0.1.62556 127.0.0.1.8001 ESTABLISHED
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tcp4 0 0 127.0.0.1.8001 127.0.0.1.62554 ESTABLISHED
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tcp4 0 0 127.0.0.1.62554 127.0.0.1.8001 ESTABLISHED
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tcp4 0 0 *.8001 *.* LISTEN
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```
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The last line of the output of the preceding command informs us that there is a process that listens to port 8001, which means that you can still connect to TCP port 8001. The first two lines verify that there is an established TCP network connection that uses port numbers 8001 and 62556. Similarly, the third and fourth lines verify that there is another established TCP connection that uses port numbers 8001 and 62554.
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This image shows the output of concTCP.go when serving multiple TCP clients:
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![The concTCP.go TCP server in action][5]
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Analogously, the following image shows the output from two TCP clients that are implemented using the `nc(1)` utility:
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![Using the nc(1) utility as the TCP client to concTCP.go][6]
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You can find more information about `nc(1)`, which is also called `netcat(1)`, [on Wikipedia][7].
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### Summary
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So, you have just learned how to develop a concurrent TCP server that generates random numbers using about 65 lines of Go code, which is pretty impressive! If you want your TCP server to perform a different job, just change the implementation of the `handleConnection()` function.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://opensource.com/article/18/5/building-concurrent-tcp-server-go
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作者：[Mihalis Tsoukalos][a]
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选题：[lkxed][b]
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]: https://opensource.com/users/mtsouk
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[b]: https://github.com/lkxed
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[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/lead-images/go-golang.png
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[2]: https://golang.org/
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[3]: https://github.com/mactsouk/opensource.com
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[4]: https://golang.org/pkg/net/
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[5]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/tcp-in-go_server.png
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[6]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/tcp-in-go_client.png
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[7]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netcat
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153
translated/tech/20180529 Build a concurrent TCP server in Go.md
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153
translated/tech/20180529 Build a concurrent TCP server in Go.md
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@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
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[#]: subject: "Build a concurrent TCP server in Go"
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[#]: via: "https://opensource.com/article/18/5/building-concurrent-tcp-server-go"
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[#]: author: "Mihalis Tsoukalos https://opensource.com/users/mtsouk"
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[#]: collector: "lkxed"
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[#]: translator: "lkxed"
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[#]: reviewer: " "
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[#]: publisher: " "
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[#]: url: " "
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在 Go 中实现一个支持并发的 TCP 服务端
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======
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仅用大约 65 行代码，开发一个用于生成随机数、支持并发的 TCP 服务端。
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![土拨鼠插图][1]
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（图源：Renee French, CC BY 3.0）
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TCP 和 UDP 服务端随处可见，它们基于 TCP/IP 协议栈，通过网络为客户端提供服务。在这篇文章中，我将介绍如何使用 [Go 语言][2] 开发一个用于返回随机数、支持并发的 TCP 服务端。对于每一个来自 TCP 客户端的连接，它都会启动一个新的 goroutine（轻量级线程）来处理相应的请求。
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你可以在 GitHub 上找到本项目的源码：[concTcp.go][3]。
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### 处理 TCP 连接
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这个程序的主要逻辑在 `handleConnection()` 函数中，具体实现如下：
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```go
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func handleConnection(c net.Conn) {
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fmt.Printf("Serving %s\n", c.RemoteAddr().String())
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for {
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netData, err := bufio.NewReader(c).ReadString('\n')
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if err != nil {
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fmt.Println(err)
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return
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}
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temp := strings.TrimSpace(string(netData))
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if temp == "STOP" {
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break
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}
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result := strconv.Itoa(random()) + "\n"
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c.Write([]byte(string(result)))
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}
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c.Close()
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}
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```
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如果 TCP 客户端发送了一个“STOP”字符串，为它提供服务的 goroutine 就会终止；否则，TCP 服务端就会返回一个随机数给它。只要客户端不主动终止，服务端就会一直提供服务，这是由 `for` 循环保证的。具体来说，`for` 循环中的代码使用了 `bufio.NewReader(c).ReadString('\n')` 来逐行读取客户端发来的数据，并使用 `c.Write([]byte(string(result)))` 来返回数据（生成的随机数）。你可以在 Go 的 net 标准包 [文档][4] 中了解更多。
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### 支持并发
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在 `main()` 函数的实现部分，每当 TCP 服务端收到 TCP 客户端的连接请求，它都会启动一个新的 goroutine 来为这个请求提供服务。
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```go
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func main() {
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arguments := os.Args
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if len(arguments) == 1 {
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fmt.Println("Please provide a port number!")
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return
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}
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PORT := ":" + arguments[1]
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l, err := net.Listen("tcp4", PORT)
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if err != nil {
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fmt.Println(err)
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return
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}
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defer l.Close()
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rand.Seed(time.Now().Unix())
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for {
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c, err := l.Accept()
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if err != nil {
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fmt.Println(err)
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return
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}
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go handleConnection(c)
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}
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}
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```
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首先，`main()` 确保程序至少有一个命令行参数。注意，现有代码并没有检查这个参数是否为有效的 TCP 端口号。不过，如果它是一个无效的 TCP 端口号，`net.Listen()` 就会调用失败，并返回一个错误信息，类似下面这样：
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```
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$ go run concTCP.go 12a
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listen tcp4: lookup tcp4/12a: nodename nor servname provided, or not known
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$ go run concTCP.go -10
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listen tcp4: address -10: invalid port
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```
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`net.Listen()` 函数用于告诉 Go 接受网络连接，因而承担了服务端的角色。它的返回值类型是 `net.Conn`，后者实现了 `io.Reader` 和 `io.Writer` 接口。此外，`main()` 函数中还调用了 `rand.Seed()` 函数，用于初始化随机数生成器。最后，`for` 循环允许程序一直使用 `Accept()` 函数来接受 TCP 客户端的连接请求，并以 goroutine 的方式来运行 `handleConnection(c)` 函数，处理客户端的后续请求。
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### net.Listen() 的第一个参数
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`net.Listen()` 函数的第一个参数定义了使用的网络类型，而第二个参数定义了服务端监听的地址和端口号。第一个参数的有效值为 `tcp`、`tcp4`、`tcp6`、`udp`、`udp4`、`udp6`、`ip`、`ip4`、`ip6`、`Unix`（Unix 套接字）、`Unixgram` 和 `Unixpacket`，其中：`tcp4`、`udp4` 和 `ip4` 只接受 IPv4 地址，而 `tcp6`、`udp6` 和 `ip6` 只接受 IPv6 地址。
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### 服务端并发测试
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`concTCP.go` 需要一个命令行参数，来指定监听的端口号。当它开始服务 TCP 客户端时，你会得到类似下面的输出：
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```
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$ go run concTCP.go 8001
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Serving 127.0.0.1:62554
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Serving 127.0.0.1:62556
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```
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`netstat` 的输出可以确认 `congTCP.go` 正在为多个 TCP 客户端提供服务，并且仍在继续监听建立连接的请求：
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```
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$ netstat -anp TCP | grep 8001
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tcp4 0 0 127.0.0.1.8001 127.0.0.1.62556 ESTABLISHED
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tcp4 0 0 127.0.0.1.62556 127.0.0.1.8001 ESTABLISHED
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tcp4 0 0 127.0.0.1.8001 127.0.0.1.62554 ESTABLISHED
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tcp4 0 0 127.0.0.1.62554 127.0.0.1.8001 ESTABLISHED
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tcp4 0 0 *.8001 *.* LISTEN
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```
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在上面输出中，最后一行显示了有一个进程正在监听 8001 端口，这意味着你可以继续连接 TCP 的 8001 端口。第一行和第二行显示了有一个已建立的 TCP 网络连接，它占用了 8001 和 62556 端口。相似地，第三行和第四行显示了有另一个已建立的 TCP 连接，它占用了 8001 和 62554 端口。
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下面这张图片显示了 `concTCP.go` 在服务多个 TCP 客户端时的输出：
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![concTCP.go TCP 服务端测试][5]
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类似地，下面这张图片显示了两个 TCP 客户端的输出（使用了 `nc` 工具）：
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![是用 nc 工具作为 concTCP.go 的 TCP 客户端][6]
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你可以在 [维基百科][7] 上找到更多关于 `nc`（即 `netcat`）的信息。
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### 总结
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现在，你学会了如何用大约 65 行 Go 代码来开发一个生成随机数、支持并发的 TCP 服务端，这真是太棒了！如果你想要让你的 TCP 服务端执行别的任务，只需要修改 `handleConnection()` 函数即可。
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://opensource.com/article/18/5/building-concurrent-tcp-server-go
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作者：[Mihalis Tsoukalos][a]
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选题：[lkxed][b]
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译者：[lkxed](https://github.com/lkxed)
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||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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||||
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||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]: https://opensource.com/users/mtsouk
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[b]: https://github.com/lkxed
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[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/lead-images/go-golang.png
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[2]: https://golang.org/
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[3]: https://github.com/mactsouk/opensource.com
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[4]: https://golang.org/pkg/net/
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[5]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/tcp-in-go_server.png
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[6]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/tcp-in-go_client.png
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[7]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netcat
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