From 80234f77a784c399a6aff90dbbfda1c10f6fab84 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: runningwater Date: Sun, 6 Nov 2016 23:26:18 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 001/220] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E4=B8=AD=E6=9A=82?= =?UTF-8?q?=E5=AD=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- sources/tech/20160815 How to manage binary blobs with Git.md | 3 +-- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20160815 How to manage binary blobs with Git.md b/sources/tech/20160815 How to manage binary blobs with Git.md index 2befe947fe..26e35d95cf 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20160815 How to manage binary blobs with Git.md +++ b/sources/tech/20160815 How to manage binary blobs with Git.md @@ -1,5 +1,4 @@ -(翻译中 by runningwater) -part 7 - How to manage binary blobs with Git +第七部分 - 使用 Git 管理二进制大对象 ===================== From 67afb79057700734e070ff96c38442fa4117fcd4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Thu, 10 Nov 2016 15:06:59 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 002/220] translated --- ...t of developers use open source at work.md | 30 ------------------- 1 file changed, 30 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20161103 98 percent of developers use open source at work.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20161103 98 percent of developers use open source at work.md b/sources/tech/20161103 98 percent of developers use open source at work.md deleted file mode 100644 index 827d52e457..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20161103 98 percent of developers use open source at work.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,30 +0,0 @@ -translating------geekpi - -# 98 percent of developers use open source at work - - ![developer using open source](http://i0.wp.com/opensourceforu.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/developer.jpg?resize=750%2C500) - -Open source is already reaching new heights each day. But a new study surfaced online that claims over 98 percent of developers use open source tools at work. - -Git repository manager [GitLab][1] has conducted a survey that revealed some interesting facts about open source adoption. The survey, conducted with a developer group, claimed that of the 98 percent developers who prefer open source usage at work, 91 percent opt for the same development tools for work and personal projects. Moreover, 92 percent of the total group consider distributed version control systems (Git repositories) are crucial for their everyday work. - -Among all the preferred programming languages, JavaScript comes on top with 51 percent of respondents. It is followed by Python, PHP, Java, Swift and Objective-C. Furthermore, 86 percent of developers considers security as a prime factor for judging the code. - -“While process-driven development techniques have been successful in the past, developers are searching for a more natural evolution of software development that fosters collaboration and information sharing across the lifecycle of a project,” said Sid Sijbrandij, CEO and co-founder of GitLab, in a statement. - -GitLab surveyed 362 startup and enterprise CTOs, developers and DevOps professionals who used its repository platform between July 6 and 27. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://opensourceforu.com/2016/11/98-percent-developers-use-open-source-at-work/ - -作者：[JAGMEET SINGH ][a] - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) - -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: http://opensourceforu.com/author/jagmeet-singh/ -[1]:https://about.gitlab.com/2016/11/02/global-developer-survey-2016/ From 30959cdbf7d9c3e7125812e5e746224270f5a4d7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Thu, 10 Nov 2016 15:08:29 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 003/220] translated --- ...t of developers use open source at work.md | 29 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 29 insertions(+) create mode 100644 translated/tech/20161103 98 percent of developers use open source at work.md diff --git a/translated/tech/20161103 98 percent of developers use open source at work.md b/translated/tech/20161103 98 percent of developers use open source at work.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..d1bd57e5e1 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20161103 98 percent of developers use open source at work.md @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +# 98%的开发者在工作中使用开源软件 + + ![developer using open source](http://i0.wp.com/opensourceforu.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/developer.jpg?resize=750%2C500) + +开源每天会达到新的高度。但是一个新的研究表明超过98%的开发者在工作中使用开源工具。 + +Git仓库管理[GitLab][1]进行了一项调查披露了一些关于开源接受度的有趣事实。由开发人员引导的调查声称98%的开发者更喜欢在工作中使用开源，91%选择在工作和个人项目中使用相同的开发工具。此外，92%的人认为分布式版本控制系统（Git仓库）在工作中很重要。 + +在所有的偏好编程语言中，JavaScript占了51%的受访者。它后面是Python、PHP、Java、Swift和Objective-C。86%的开发者认为安全是代码的主要判断标准。 + +GitLab首席执行官兼联合创始人Sid Sijbrandij在一次声明中表示：“尽管过程驱动的开发技术在过去已经取得了成功，但开发人员正在寻找一种更自然的软件开发演进以促进项目生命周期内的协作和信息共享”。 + +GitLab surveyed 362 startup and enterprise CTOs, developers and DevOps professionals who used its repository platform between July 6 and 27. +GitLab调查了在7月6日和27日之间使用其存储库平台的362家创业和企业CTO，开发人员和DevOps专业人士。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://opensourceforu.com/2016/11/98-percent-developers-use-open-source-at-work/ + +作者：[JAGMEET SINGH ][a] + +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) + +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: http://opensourceforu.com/author/jagmeet-singh/ +[1]:https://about.gitlab.com/2016/11/02/global-developer-survey-2016/ From a8686de154e8bb933d44cf6ae1ade1565b1030d5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Chang Liu Date: Fri, 11 Nov 2016 15:40:20 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 004/220] Update 20161104 4 Easy Ways To Generate A Strong Password In Linux.md MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 准备进行翻译。 --- ...161104 4 Easy Ways To Generate A Strong Password In Linux.md | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20161104 4 Easy Ways To Generate A Strong Password In Linux.md b/sources/tech/20161104 4 Easy Ways To Generate A Strong Password In Linux.md index 2919bd74f3..4039878a23 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20161104 4 Easy Ways To Generate A Strong Password In Linux.md +++ b/sources/tech/20161104 4 Easy Ways To Generate A Strong Password In Linux.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +FSSlc translating + # 4 Easy Ways To Generate A Strong Password In Linux ![Generate a strong password in Linux](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/password-720x340.jpg) From 80b67922982a67144537e9e2efbb698971cfb8d1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chenzhijun <522858454@qq.com> Date: Fri, 11 Nov 2016 17:32:26 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 005/220] translating by chenzhijun --- ...61104 4 Easy Ways To Generate A Strong Password In Linux.md | 3 +++ 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20161104 4 Easy Ways To Generate A Strong Password In Linux.md b/sources/tech/20161104 4 Easy Ways To Generate A Strong Password In Linux.md index 2919bd74f3..1679bca74f 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20161104 4 Easy Ways To Generate A Strong Password In Linux.md +++ b/sources/tech/20161104 4 Easy Ways To Generate A Strong Password In Linux.md @@ -1,5 +1,8 @@ +（translating by chenzhijun） + # 4 Easy Ways To Generate A Strong Password In Linux + ![Generate a strong password in Linux](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/password-720x340.jpg) Image Courtesy: Google. From 097f7f66d8af9b709fce35c253cbfbadb47b0896 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?=E5=91=A8=E5=AE=B6=E6=9C=AA?= Date: Fri, 11 Nov 2016 23:40:17 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 006/220] GitFuture got this document translating --- ... dpkg commands to manage packages on Debian Based Systems.md | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20160229 dpkg commands to manage packages on Debian Based Systems.md b/sources/tech/20160229 dpkg commands to manage packages on Debian Based Systems.md index b6969bd8ff..e615677922 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20160229 dpkg commands to manage packages on Debian Based Systems.md +++ b/sources/tech/20160229 dpkg commands to manage packages on Debian Based Systems.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +Translating By GitFuture + # dpkg commands to manage packages on Debian Based Systems [dpkg][7] stands for Debian package manager (dpkg). dpkg is a command-line tool to install, build, remove and manage Debian packages. dpkg uses Aptitude (primary and more user-friendly) as a front-end to perform all the actions. From 668b8b417d9a0a822efaa5b4e049f5799315af22 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: woniu <18810913096@163.com> Date: Sat, 12 Nov 2016 10:57:32 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 007/220] Update 20160627 TOP 5 BEST VIDEO EDITING SOFTWARE FOR LINUX IN 2016.md MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 【翻译中】TOP 5 BEST VIDEO EDITING SOFTWARE FOR LINUX IN 2016 --- ...60627 TOP 5 BEST VIDEO EDITING SOFTWARE FOR LINUX IN 2016.md | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20160627 TOP 5 BEST VIDEO EDITING SOFTWARE FOR LINUX IN 2016.md b/sources/tech/20160627 TOP 5 BEST VIDEO EDITING SOFTWARE FOR LINUX IN 2016.md index 44c66359f9..4836f6054e 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20160627 TOP 5 BEST VIDEO EDITING SOFTWARE FOR LINUX IN 2016.md +++ b/sources/tech/20160627 TOP 5 BEST VIDEO EDITING SOFTWARE FOR LINUX IN 2016.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +DockerChen翻译中 + TOP 5 BEST VIDEO EDITING SOFTWARE FOR LINUX IN 2016 ===================================================== From d25f1f8e6ce5a5d405c759c5912a5887cd8d924a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: GitFuture <752736341@qq.com> Date: Sat, 12 Nov 2016 13:12:48 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 008/220] GitFuture has translated the file --- ...manage packages on Debian Based Systems.md | 66 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 32 insertions(+), 34 deletions(-) rename {sources => translated}/tech/20160229 dpkg commands to manage packages on Debian Based Systems.md (71%) diff --git a/sources/tech/20160229 dpkg commands to manage packages on Debian Based Systems.md b/translated/tech/20160229 dpkg commands to manage packages on Debian Based Systems.md similarity index 71% rename from sources/tech/20160229 dpkg commands to manage packages on Debian Based Systems.md rename to translated/tech/20160229 dpkg commands to manage packages on Debian Based Systems.md index e615677922..906cdf10c9 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20160229 dpkg commands to manage packages on Debian Based Systems.md +++ b/translated/tech/20160229 dpkg commands to manage packages on Debian Based Systems.md @@ -1,20 +1,18 @@ -Translating By GitFuture +# 用 dpkg 命令在 Debian 系的系统中管理软件包 -# dpkg commands to manage packages on Debian Based Systems +[dpkg][7] 表示 Debian package manager (dpkg), Debian 软件包管理。dpkg 是一个可以安装、构建、删除及管理 Debian 软件包的命令行工具。dpkg 将 Aptitude（主要并且用户友好的）作为执行所有操作的前端。 -[dpkg][7] stands for Debian package manager (dpkg). dpkg is a command-line tool to install, build, remove and manage Debian packages. dpkg uses Aptitude (primary and more user-friendly) as a front-end to perform all the actions. +dpkg 被 dpkg-deb 和 dpkg-query 等工具作为执行操作的前端。 -Other utility such as dpkg-deb and dpkg-query uses dpkg as a front-end to perform some action. +现在大多数系统管理员使用 Apt，[Apt-Get][6] 及 Aptitude 等工具，不用维护就可以轻松地管理软件。 -Now a days most of the administrator using Apt, [Apt-Get][6] & Aptitude to manage packages easily without headache and its robust management too. +尽管如此，必要的时候还是需要用 dpkg 来安装某些软件。在 Linux 系统上广泛使用的包管理工具有 [yum][5], [dnf][4], [apt-get][3], dpkg, [rpm][2], [Zypper][1], pacman, urpmi 等等。 -Even though still we need to use dpkg to perform some software installation where it’s necessary. Some other package manger utilities which are being used widely in Linux are [yum][5], [dnf][4], [apt-get][3], dpkg, [rpm][2], [Zypper][1], pacman, urpmi, etc., +现在，我要在装有 Ubuntu 15.10 的机器上用一些实例讲解最常用的 dpkg 命令。 -Now, i’m going to play on our Ubuntu 15.10 box to explain and cover mostly used dpkg commands with examples. +### 1) dpkg 常见命令的语法及 dpkg 文件位置 -#### 1) Common syntax/file location for dpkg - -See below for common syntax/ file location of dpkg which will help you if you want to check more about it. +下面是 dpkg 常见命令的语法及 dpkg 文件的位置，如果想深入了解，对你肯定大有益处。 ``` @@ -34,9 +32,9 @@ $ /var/lib/dpkg/status ``` -#### 2) Install/Upgrade the package +### 2) 安装/升级软件 -Use the below command to install/upgrade .deb packge on Debian based systems such as Debian, Mint, Ubuntu & elementryOS, etc..,. Here i’m going to install Atom through atom-amd64.deb file. It will upgrade if it’s installed other wise install a fresh one. +在基于 Debian 的系统里，比如 Debian， Mint， Ubuntu 和 elementryOS，用以下命令来安装/升级 .deb 软件包。这里我要用 atom-amd64.deb 文件安装 Atom。要是已经安装了 Atom，就会升级它。要么就会安装一个新的 Atom。 ``` [Install/Upgrade dpkg packages] @@ -54,9 +52,9 @@ Processing triggers for mime-support (3.58ubuntu1) ... ``` -#### 3) Install a package from folder +### 3) 从文件夹里安装软件 -Use the below command to install the packages recursively from directory on Debian based systems such as Debian, Mint, Ubuntu & elementryOS, etc,. This will install all the *.deb packages under the /opt/software directory. +在基于 Debian 的系统中，用下列命令从目录下递归的安装软件。这会安装 /opt/software 目录下的所有以 .deb 为后缀的软件。 ``` $ sudo dpkg -iR /opt/software @@ -72,9 +70,9 @@ Processing triggers for desktop-file-utils (0.22-1ubuntu3) ... Processing triggers for mime-support (3.58ubuntu1) ... ``` -#### 4) Print the Installed packages list +### 4) 显示已安装软件列表 -Use the below command to List all installed packages, along with package version and description on Debian based systems such as Debian, Mint, Ubuntu & elementryOS, etc..,. +以下命令可以列出 Debian 系的系统中所有已安装的软件，同时会显示软件版本和描述信息。 ``` $ dpkg -l @@ -94,9 +92,9 @@ ii account-plugin-salut 3.12.10-0ubuntu2 amd64 ``` -#### 5) Check particular Installed package +### 5) 查看指定的已安装软件 -Use the below command to List individual installed package, along with package version and description on Debian based systems such as Debian, Mint, Ubuntu & elementryOS, etc..,. +用以下命令列出指定的一个已安装软件，同时会显示软件版本和描述信息。 ``` @@ -110,9 +108,9 @@ ii atom 1.5.3 amd64 A hackable text editor for the 21st ``` -#### 6) Check package Installed Location +### 6) 查看软件安装目录 -Use the below command to Check package Installed Location on Debian based systems such as Debian, Mint, Ubuntu & elementryOS, etc..,. +以下命令可以在基于 Debian 的系统上查看软件的安装路径。 ``` $ dpkg -L atom @@ -130,9 +128,9 @@ $ dpkg -L atom ``` -#### 7) View deb package content +### 7) 查看 deb 包内容 -Use the below command to View deb package content, It will show list of files on inside .deb package. +下列命令可以查看 deb 包内容。它会显示 .deb 包中的一系列文件。 ``` $ dpkg -c atom-amd64.deb @@ -151,9 +149,9 @@ drwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2016-02-13 02:13 ./usr/share/doc/ . ``` -#### 8) Display details about package +### 8) 显示软件的详细信息 -Use the below command to Display detailed information about package, package group, version, maintainer, Architecture, display depends packages, description, etc.,. +以下命令可以显示软件的详细信息，如软件名，软件类别，版本，维护者，软件架构，依赖的软件，软件描述等等。 ``` $ dpkg -s atom @@ -171,9 +169,9 @@ Description: A hackable text editor for the 21st Century. Atom is a free and open source text editor that is modern, approachable, and hackable to the core. ``` -#### 9) Find what package owns the file +### 9) 查看文件属于哪个软件 -Use the below command to find out what package does file belong. +用以下命令来查看文件属于哪个软件。 ``` $ dpkg -S /usr/bin/atom @@ -181,9 +179,9 @@ atom: /usr/bin/atom ``` -#### 10) Remove/Delete package +### 10) 移除/删除软件 -Use the below command to Remove/Delete an installed package except configuration files. +以下命令可以用来移除/删除一个已经安装的软件，但不删除配置文件。 ``` @@ -198,9 +196,9 @@ Processing triggers for mime-support (3.58ubuntu1) ... ``` -#### 11) Purge package +### 11) 清除软件 -Use the below command to Remove/Delete everything including configuration files. +以下命令可以用来移除/删除包括配置文件在内的所有文件。 ``` $ sudo dpkg -P atom @@ -214,9 +212,9 @@ Processing triggers for mime-support (3.58ubuntu1) ... ``` -#### 12) Read more about dpkg +### 12) 了解更多 -Use the below commands to read more about dpkg command information. +用以下命令来查看更多关于 dpkg 的信息。 ``` $ dpkg -help @@ -225,7 +223,7 @@ $ man dpkg ``` -Enjoy….) +开始体验 dpkg 吧。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -233,7 +231,7 @@ via: http://www.2daygeek.com/dpkg-command-examples/ 作者：[MAGESH MARUTHAMUTHU ][a] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +译者：[GitFuture](https://github.com/GitFuture) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) From 0319a5c0f2eef3be4ee65357d481a30db2db2472 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: woniu <18810913096@163.com> Date: Sat, 12 Nov 2016 13:47:51 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 009/220] by DockerChen MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 【翻译中】A Practical Guide to Nmap (Network Security Scanner) in Kali Linux --- ...al Guide to Nmap (Network Security Scanner) in Kali Linux.md | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20161108 A Practical Guide to Nmap (Network Security Scanner) in Kali Linux.md b/sources/tech/20161108 A Practical Guide to Nmap (Network Security Scanner) in Kali Linux.md index da55a2ed2a..2c76ec5986 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20161108 A Practical Guide to Nmap (Network Security Scanner) in Kali Linux.md +++ b/sources/tech/20161108 A Practical Guide to Nmap (Network Security Scanner) in Kali Linux.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +DockerChen翻译中 + # A Practical Guide to Nmap (Network Security Scanner) in Kali Linux In the second Kali Linux article, the network tool known as ‘[nmap][30]‘ will be discussed. While nmap isn’t a Kali only tool, it is one of the most [useful network mapping tools][29] in Kali. From 40171a7e945ffdf73ce5e9b4a6e48807d42736d0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sat, 12 Nov 2016 16:39:54 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 010/220] PROF:20161103 98 percent of developers use open source at work @geekpi --- ...t of developers use open source at work.md | 22 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20161103 98 percent of developers use open source at work.md b/translated/tech/20161103 98 percent of developers use open source at work.md index d1bd57e5e1..b25d133a7f 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20161103 98 percent of developers use open source at work.md +++ b/translated/tech/20161103 98 percent of developers use open source at work.md @@ -1,27 +1,25 @@ -# 98%的开发者在工作中使用开源软件 +98% 的开发者在工作中使用了开源软件 +================== - ![developer using open source](http://i0.wp.com/opensourceforu.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/developer.jpg?resize=750%2C500) +![developer using open source](http://i0.wp.com/opensourceforu.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/developer.jpg?resize=750%2C500) -开源每天会达到新的高度。但是一个新的研究表明超过98%的开发者在工作中使用开源工具。 +开源每天都会达到新的高度。但是一个新的研究表明超过 98% 的开发者在工作中使用开源工具。 -Git仓库管理[GitLab][1]进行了一项调查披露了一些关于开源接受度的有趣事实。由开发人员引导的调查声称98%的开发者更喜欢在工作中使用开源，91%选择在工作和个人项目中使用相同的开发工具。此外，92%的人认为分布式版本控制系统（Git仓库）在工作中很重要。 +Git 仓库管理软件 [GitLab][1] 进行了一项调查披露了一些关于开源接受度的有趣事实。针对开发人员群体的调查表明 98% 的开发者更喜欢在工作中使用开源，91% 选择在工作和个人项目中选择使用相同的开发工具。此外，92% 的人认为分布式版本控制系统（Git 仓库）在工作中很重要。 -在所有的偏好编程语言中，JavaScript占了51%的受访者。它后面是Python、PHP、Java、Swift和Objective-C。86%的开发者认为安全是代码的主要判断标准。 +在所有的偏好编程语言中，JavaScript 占了 51% 的受访者比例。它后面是 Python、PHP、Java、Swift 和Objective-C。86% 的开发者认为安全是代码的主要判断标准。 -GitLab首席执行官兼联合创始人Sid Sijbrandij在一次声明中表示：“尽管过程驱动的开发技术在过去已经取得了成功，但开发人员正在寻找一种更自然的软件开发演进以促进项目生命周期内的协作和信息共享”。 +GitLab 首席执行官兼联合创始人 Sid Sijbrandij 在一次声明中表示：“尽管过程驱动的开发技术在过去已经取得了成功，但开发人员正在寻找一种更自然的软件开发革新以促进项目生命周期内的协作和信息共享。” -GitLab surveyed 362 startup and enterprise CTOs, developers and DevOps professionals who used its repository platform between July 6 and 27. -GitLab调查了在7月6日和27日之间使用其存储库平台的362家创业和企业CTO，开发人员和DevOps专业人士。 +这份报告来自 GitLab 在 7 月 6 日和 27 日之间对使用其存储库平台的 362 家初创企业和企业的 CTO、开发人员和 DevOps 专业人士的调查。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: http://opensourceforu.com/2016/11/98-percent-developers-use-open-source-at-work/ -作者：[JAGMEET SINGH ][a] - +作者：[JAGMEET SINGH][a] 译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) - -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From a6d57f67a82b83cbc23abb27ec908467450529d1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sat, 12 Nov 2016 16:41:46 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 011/220] PUB:20161103 98 percent of developers use open source at work @geekpi --- .../20161103 98 percent of developers use open source at work.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20161103 98 percent of developers use open source at work.md (100%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20161103 98 percent of developers use open source at work.md b/published/20161103 98 percent of developers use open source at work.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/tech/20161103 98 percent of developers use open source at work.md rename to published/20161103 98 percent of developers use open source at work.md From cffdb15984c7d7c9d8694f2a8d0a82ab4e819445 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sat, 12 Nov 2016 17:41:52 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 012/220] PROOF:20160229 dpkg commands to manage packages on Debian Based Systems @GitFuture --- ...manage packages on Debian Based Systems.md | 41 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 19 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20160229 dpkg commands to manage packages on Debian Based Systems.md b/translated/tech/20160229 dpkg commands to manage packages on Debian Based Systems.md index 906cdf10c9..d1540e06d4 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20160229 dpkg commands to manage packages on Debian Based Systems.md +++ b/translated/tech/20160229 dpkg commands to manage packages on Debian Based Systems.md @@ -1,43 +1,43 @@ -# 用 dpkg 命令在 Debian 系的系统中管理软件包 +用 dpkg 命令在 Debian 系的 Linux 系统中管理软件包 +================== -[dpkg][7] 表示 Debian package manager (dpkg), Debian 软件包管理。dpkg 是一个可以安装、构建、删除及管理 Debian 软件包的命令行工具。dpkg 将 Aptitude（主要并且用户友好的）作为执行所有操作的前端。 +[dpkg][7] 意即 Debian 包管理器（Debian PacKaGe manager）。dpkg 是一个可以安装、构建、删除及管理 Debian 软件包的命令行工具。dpkg 将 Aptitude（首选而更用户友好）作为执行所有操作的前端界面。 -dpkg 被 dpkg-deb 和 dpkg-query 等工具作为执行操作的前端。 +其它的一些工具如 dpkg-deb 和 dpkg-query 等也使用 dpkg 作为执行某些操作的前端。 -现在大多数系统管理员使用 Apt，[Apt-Get][6] 及 Aptitude 等工具，不用维护就可以轻松地管理软件。 +现在大多数系统管理员使用 Apt、[Apt-Get][6] 及 Aptitude 等工具，不用费心就可以轻松地管理软件。 -尽管如此，必要的时候还是需要用 dpkg 来安装某些软件。在 Linux 系统上广泛使用的包管理工具有 [yum][5], [dnf][4], [apt-get][3], dpkg, [rpm][2], [Zypper][1], pacman, urpmi 等等。 +尽管如此，必要的时候还是需要用 dpkg 来安装某些软件。其它的一些在 Linux 系统上广泛使用的包管理工具还有 [yum][5]、[dnf][4]、[apt-get][3]、dpkg、[rpm][2]、[Zypper][1]、pacman、urpmi 等等。 现在，我要在装有 Ubuntu 15.10 的机器上用一些实例讲解最常用的 dpkg 命令。 ### 1) dpkg 常见命令的语法及 dpkg 文件位置 -下面是 dpkg 常见命令的语法及 dpkg 文件的位置，如果想深入了解，对你肯定大有益处。 +下面是 dpkg 常见命令的语法及 dpkg 相关文件的位置，如果想深入了解，这些对你肯定大有益处。 - ``` -[General syntax for dpkg] +### dpkg 命令的语法 $ dpkg -[command] [.deb package name] $ dpkg -[command] [package name] -[dpkg releated files location] +### dpkg 相关文件的位置 $ /var/lib/dpkg -[This file contain modified package info by dpkg command like (install, remove, etc..,)] +### 这个文件包含了被 dpkg 命令（install、remove 等）所修改的包的信息 $ /var/lib/dpkg/status -[This file contain available package list] +### 这个文件包含了可用包的列表 $ /var/lib/dpkg/status ``` ### 2) 安装/升级软件 -在基于 Debian 的系统里，比如 Debian， Mint， Ubuntu 和 elementryOS，用以下命令来安装/升级 .deb 软件包。这里我要用 atom-amd64.deb 文件安装 Atom。要是已经安装了 Atom，就会升级它。要么就会安装一个新的 Atom。 +在基于 Debian 的系统里，比如 Debian、Mint、Ubuntu 和 elementryOS，用以下命令来安装/升级 .deb 软件包。这里我要用 `atom-amd64.deb` 文件安装 Atom。要是已经安装了 Atom，就会升级它。要么就会安装一个新的 Atom。 ``` -[Install/Upgrade dpkg packages] +### 安装或升级 dpkg 软件包 $ sudo dpkg -i atom-amd64.deb Selecting previously unselected package atom. (Reading database ... 426102 files and directories currently installed.) @@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ Processing triggers for mime-support (3.58ubuntu1) ... ### 3) 从文件夹里安装软件 -在基于 Debian 的系统中，用下列命令从目录下递归的安装软件。这会安装 /opt/software 目录下的所有以 .deb 为后缀的软件。 +在基于 Debian 的系统里，用下列命令从目录中逐个安装软件。这会安装 `/opt/software` 目录下的所有以 .deb 为后缀的软件。 ``` $ sudo dpkg -iR /opt/software @@ -96,7 +96,6 @@ ii account-plugin-salut 3.12.10-0ubuntu2 amd64 用以下命令列出指定的一个已安装软件，同时会显示软件版本和描述信息。 - ``` $ dpkg -l atom Desired=Unknown/Install/Remove/Purge/Hold @@ -151,7 +150,7 @@ drwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2016-02-13 02:13 ./usr/share/doc/ ### 8) 显示软件的详细信息 -以下命令可以显示软件的详细信息，如软件名，软件类别，版本，维护者，软件架构，依赖的软件，软件描述等等。 +以下命令可以显示软件的详细信息，如软件名、软件类别、版本、维护者、软件架构、依赖的软件、软件描述等等。 ``` $ dpkg -s atom @@ -183,7 +182,7 @@ atom: /usr/bin/atom 以下命令可以用来移除/删除一个已经安装的软件，但不删除配置文件。 - + ``` $ sudo dpkg -r atom (Reading database ... 426404 files and directories currently installed.) @@ -218,7 +217,7 @@ Processing triggers for mime-support (3.58ubuntu1) ... ``` $ dpkg -help -or +或 $ man dpkg ``` @@ -229,11 +228,9 @@ $ man dpkg via: http://www.2daygeek.com/dpkg-command-examples/ -作者：[MAGESH MARUTHAMUTHU ][a] - +作者：[MAGESH MARUTHAMUTHU][a] 译者：[GitFuture](https://github.com/GitFuture) - -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 12cca4c1c93c080ac4d73e821a4e23e555b81057 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sat, 12 Nov 2016 17:42:47 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 013/220] PUB:20160229 dpkg commands to manage packages on Debian Based Systems @GitFuture --- ...29 dpkg commands to manage packages on Debian Based Systems.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20160229 dpkg commands to manage packages on Debian Based Systems.md (100%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20160229 dpkg commands to manage packages on Debian Based Systems.md b/published/20160229 dpkg commands to manage packages on Debian Based Systems.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/tech/20160229 dpkg commands to manage packages on Debian Based Systems.md rename to published/20160229 dpkg commands to manage packages on Debian Based Systems.md From 9947157991525daff42ec97267476752bbcd5ea5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Stdio A Date: Sat, 12 Nov 2016 20:17:59 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 014/220] Translating 20161102 How to Convert Files to UTF-8 Encoding in Linux --- .../20161102 How to Convert Files to UTF-8 Encoding in Linux.md | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20161102 How to Convert Files to UTF-8 Encoding in Linux.md b/sources/tech/20161102 How to Convert Files to UTF-8 Encoding in Linux.md index aebcc6b5ef..18398a9a0d 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20161102 How to Convert Files to UTF-8 Encoding in Linux.md +++ b/sources/tech/20161102 How to Convert Files to UTF-8 Encoding in Linux.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +Translating by StdioA + # How to Convert Files to UTF-8 Encoding in Linux In this guide, we will describe what character encoding and cover a few examples of converting files from one character encoding to another using a command line tool. Then finally, we will look at how to convert several files from any character set (charset) to UTF-8 encoding in Linux. From 88e7633e105c69cd6c198f0314fb2ce63b0e38ac Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Stdio A Date: Sat, 12 Nov 2016 21:14:51 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 015/220] Finish 20161102 How to Convert Files to UTF-8 Encoding in Linux --- ...onvert Files to UTF-8 Encoding in Linux.md | 148 ------------------ ...onvert Files to UTF-8 Encoding in Linux.md | 138 ++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 138 insertions(+), 148 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20161102 How to Convert Files to UTF-8 Encoding in Linux.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20161102 How to Convert Files to UTF-8 Encoding in Linux.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20161102 How to Convert Files to UTF-8 Encoding in Linux.md b/sources/tech/20161102 How to Convert Files to UTF-8 Encoding in Linux.md deleted file mode 100644 index 18398a9a0d..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20161102 How to Convert Files to UTF-8 Encoding in Linux.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,148 +0,0 @@ -Translating by StdioA - -# How to Convert Files to UTF-8 Encoding in Linux - -In this guide, we will describe what character encoding and cover a few examples of converting files from one character encoding to another using a command line tool. Then finally, we will look at how to convert several files from any character set (charset) to UTF-8 encoding in Linux. - -As you may probably have in mind already, a computer does not understand or store letters, numbers or anything else that we as humans can perceive except bits. A bit has only two possible values, that is either a `0` or `1`, `true` or `false`, `yes` or `no`. Every other thing such as letters, numbers, images must be represented in bits for a computer to process. - -In simple terms, character encoding is a way of informing a computer how to interpret raw zeroes and ones into actual characters, where a character is represented by set of numbers. When we type text in a file, the words and sentences we form are cooked-up from different characters, and characters are organized into a charset. - -There are various encoding schemes out there such as ASCII, ANSI, Unicode among others. Below is an example of ASCII encoding. - -``` -Character bits -A 01000001 -B 01000010 - -``` - -In Linux, the iconv command line tool is used to convert text from one form of encoding to another. - -You can check the encoding of a file using the file command, by using the `-i` or `--mime` flag which enables printing of mime type string as in the examples below: - -``` -$ file -i Car.java -$ file -i CarDriver.java - -``` -[ - ![Check File Encoding in Linux](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Check-File-Encoding-in-Linux.png) -][3] - -Check File Encoding in Linux - -The syntax for using iconv is as follows: - -``` -$ iconv option -$ iconv options -f from-encoding -t to-encoding inputfile(s) -o outputfile - -``` - -Where `-f` or `--from-code` means input encoding and `-t` or `--to-encoding` specifies output encoding. - -To list all known coded character sets, run the command below: - -``` -$ iconv -l - -``` -[ - ![List Coded Charsets in Linux](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/List-Coded-Charsets-in-Linux.png) -][2] - -List Coded Charsets in Linux - -### Convert Files from UTF-8 to ASCII Encoding - -Next, we will learn how to convert from one encoding scheme to another. The command below converts from ISO-8859-1 to UTF-8 encoding. - -Consider a file named `input.file` which contains the characters: - -``` -� � � � - -``` - -Let us start by checking the encoding of the characters in the file and then view the file contents. Closely, we can convert all the characters to ASCII encoding. - -After running the iconv command, we then check the contents of the output file and the new encoding of the characters as below. - -``` -$ file -i input.file -$ cat input.file -$ iconv -f ISO-8859-1 -t UTF-8//TRANSLIT input.file -o out.file -$ cat out.file -$ file -i out.file - -``` -[ - ![Convert UTF-8 to ASCII in Linux](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Converts-UTF8-to-ASCII-in-Linux.png) -][1] - -Convert UTF-8 to ASCII in Linux - -Note: In case the string `//IGNORE` is added to to-encoding, characters that can’t be converted and an error is displayed after conversion. - -Again, supposing the string `//TRANSLIT` is added to to-encoding as in the example above (ASCII//TRANSLIT), characters being converted are transliterated as needed and if possible. Which implies in the event that a character can’t be represented in the target character set, it can be approximated through one or more similar looking characters. - -Consequently, any character that can’t be transliterated and is not in target character set is replaced with a question mark `(?)` in the output. - -### Convert Multiple Files to UTF-8 Encoding - -Coming back to our main topic, to convert multiple or all files in a directory to UTF-8 encoding, you can write a small shell script called encoding.sh as follows: - -``` -#!/bin/bash -#enter input encoding here -FROM_ENCODING="value_here" -#output encoding(UTF-8) -TO_ENCODING="UTF-8" -#convert -CONVERT=" iconv -f $FROM_ENCODING -t $TO_ENCODING" -#loop to convert multiple files -for file in *.txt; do -$CONVERT "$file" -o "${file%.txt}.utf8.converted" -done -exit 0 - -``` - -Save the file, then make the script executable. Run it from the directory where your files (`*.txt`) are located. - -``` -$ chmod +x encoding.sh -$ ./encoding.sh - -``` - -Important: You can as well use this script for general conversion of multiple files from one given encoding to another, simply play around with the values of the `FROM_ENCODING` and `TO_ENCODING`variable, not forgetting the output file name `"${file%.txt}.utf8.converted"`. - -For more information, look through the iconv man page. - -``` -$ man iconv - -``` - -To sum up this guide, understanding encoding and how to convert from one character encoding scheme to another is necessary knowledge for every computer user more so for programmers when it comes to dealing with text. - -Lastly, you can get in touch with us by using the comment section below for any questions or feedback. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.tecmint.com/convert-files-to-utf-8-encoding-in-linux/# - -作者：[Aaron Kili][a] - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) - -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/aaronkili/ -[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Converts-UTF8-to-ASCII-in-Linux.png -[2]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/List-Coded-Charsets-in-Linux.png -[3]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Check-File-Encoding-in-Linux.png diff --git a/translated/tech/20161102 How to Convert Files to UTF-8 Encoding in Linux.md b/translated/tech/20161102 How to Convert Files to UTF-8 Encoding in Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..f8e6ec6ec5 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20161102 How to Convert Files to UTF-8 Encoding in Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,138 @@ +# 如何在 Linux 中将文件编码转换为 UTF-8 + +在这篇教程中，我们将解释字符编码的含义，然后给出一些使用命令行工具将使用某种字符编码的文件转化为另一种编码的例子。最后，我们将一起看一看如何在 Linux 下将使用各种字符编码的文件转化为 UTF-8 编码。 + +你可能已经知道，计算机是不会理解和存储字符、数字或者任何人类能够理解的东西的，除了二进制数据。一个二进制位只有两种可能的值，也就是 `0` 或 `1`，`真`或`假`，`对`或`错`。其它的任何事物，比如字符、数据和图片，必须要以二进制的形式来表现，以供计算机处理。 + +简单来说，字符编码是一种可以指示电脑来将原始的 0 和 1 解释成实际字符的方式，在这些字符编码中，字符都可以用数字串来表示。 + +字符编码方案有很多种，比如 ASCII, ANCI, Unicode 等等。下面是 ASCII 编码的一个例子。 + +``` +字符 二进制 +A 01000001 +B 01000010 +``` + +在 Linux 中，命令行工具 `iconv` 用来将使用一种编码的文本转化为另一种编码。 + +你可以使用 `file` 命令，并添加 `-i` 或 `--mime` 参数来查看一个文件的字符编码，这个参数可以让程序像下面的例子一样输出字符串的 mime (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) 数据： + +``` +$ file -i Car.java +$ file -i CarDriver.java +``` +[ + ![在 Linux 中查看文件的编码](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Check-File-Encoding-in-Linux.png) +][3] + +在 Linux 中查看文件的编码 + +iconv 工具的使用方法如下： + +``` +$ iconv option +$ iconv options -f from-encoding -t to-encoding inputfile(s) -o outputfile +``` + +在这里，`-f` 或 `--from-code` 标明了输入编码，而 `-t` 或 `--to-encoding` 指定了输出编码。 + +为了列出所有已有编码的字符集，你可以使用以下命令： + +``` +$ iconv -l +``` +[ + ![列出所有已有编码字符集](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/List-Coded-Charsets-in-Linux.png) +][2] + +列出所有已有编码字符集 + +### 将文件从 ISO-8859-1 编码转换为 UTF-8 编码 + +下面，我们将学习如何将一种编码方案转换为另一种编码方案。下面的命令将会将 ISO-8859-1 编码转换为 UTF-8 编码。 + +Consider a file named `input.file` which contains the characters: +考虑如下文件 `input.file`，其中包含这几个字符： + +``` +� � � � +``` + +我们从查看这个文件的编码开始，然后来查看文件内容。最后，我们可以把所有字符转换为 UTF-8 编码。 + +在运行 `iconv` 命令之后，我们可以像下面这样检查输出文件的内容，和它使用的字符编码。 + +``` +$ file -i input.file +$ cat input.file +$ iconv -f ISO-8859-1 -t UTF-8//TRANSLIT input.file -o out.file +$ cat out.file +$ file -i out.file +``` +[ + ![在 Linux 中将 ISO-8859-1 转化为 UTF-8](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Converts-UTF8-to-ASCII-in-Linux.png) +][1] + +在 Linux 中将 ISO-8859-1 转化为 UTF-8 + +注意：如果输出编码后面添加了 `//IGNORE` 字符串，那些不能被转换的字符将不会被转换，并且在转换后，程序会显示一条错误信息。 + +好，如果字符串 `//TRANSLIT` 被添加到了上面例子中的输出编码之后 (UTF-8//TRANSLIT)，待转换的字符会尽量采用形译原则。也就是说，如果某个字符在输出编码方案中不能被表示的话，它将会被替换为一个形状比较相似的字符。 + +而且，如果一个字符不在输出编码中，而且不能被形译，它将会在输出文件中被一个问号标记 `(?)` 代替。 + +### 将多个文件转换为 UTF-8 编码 + +回到我们的主题。如果你想将多个文件甚至某目录下所有文件转化为 UTF-8 编码，你可以像下面一样，编写一个简单的 shell 脚本，并将其命名为 `encoding.sh`： + +``` +#!/bin/bash +# 将 values_here 替换为输入编码 +FROM_ENCODING="value_here" +# 输出编码 (UTF-8) +TO_ENCODING="UTF-8" +# 转换命令 +CONVERT=" iconv -f $FROM_ENCODING -t $TO_ENCODING" +# 使用循环转换多个文件 +for file in *.txt; do +$CONVERT "$file" -o "${file%.txt}.utf8.converted" +done +exit 0 +``` + +保存文件，然后为它添加可执行权限。在待转换文件 (*.txt) 所在的目录中运行这个脚本。 + +``` +$ chmod +x encoding.sh +$ ./encoding.sh +``` + +重要事项：你也可以使这个脚本变得更通用，比如转换任意特定的字符编码到另一种编码。为了达到这个目的，你只需要改变 `FROM_ENCODING` 及 `TO_ENCODING` 变量的值。别忘了改一下输出文件的文件名 `"${file%.txt}.utf8.converted"`. + +若要了解更多信息，可以查看 `iconv` 的手册页 (man page)。 + +``` +$ man iconv +``` + +将这篇指南总结一下，理解字符编码的概念、了解如何将一种编码方案转换为另一种，是一个电脑用户处理文本时必须要掌握的知识，程序员更甚。 + +最后，你可以在下面的评论部分中与我们联系，提出问题或反馈。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.tecmint.com/convert-files-to-utf-8-encoding-in-linux/# + +作者：[Aaron Kili][a] + +译者：[StdioA](https://github.com/StdioA) + +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/aaronkili/ +[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Converts-UTF8-to-ASCII-in-Linux.png +[2]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/List-Coded-Charsets-in-Linux.png +[3]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Check-File-Encoding-in-Linux.png From 74d704844687cb66914b35a43ab646345528f7a7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: woniu <18810913096@163.com> Date: Sat, 12 Nov 2016 22:01:43 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 016/220] Delete 20160627 TOP 5 BEST VIDEO EDITING SOFTWARE FOR LINUX IN 2016.md --- ...IDEO EDITING SOFTWARE FOR LINUX IN 2016.md | 150 ------------------ 1 file changed, 150 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20160627 TOP 5 BEST VIDEO EDITING SOFTWARE FOR LINUX IN 2016.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20160627 TOP 5 BEST VIDEO EDITING SOFTWARE FOR LINUX IN 2016.md b/sources/tech/20160627 TOP 5 BEST VIDEO EDITING SOFTWARE FOR LINUX IN 2016.md deleted file mode 100644 index 4836f6054e..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20160627 TOP 5 BEST VIDEO EDITING SOFTWARE FOR LINUX IN 2016.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,150 +0,0 @@ -DockerChen翻译中 - -TOP 5 BEST VIDEO EDITING SOFTWARE FOR LINUX IN 2016 -===================================================== - -![](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/linux-video-ditor-software.jpg) - -Brief: Tiwo discusses the best video editors for Linux, their pros and cons and the installation method for Ubuntu-based distros in this article. - -We have discussed [best photo management applications for Linux][1], [best code editors for Linux][2] in similar articles in the past. Today we shall see the best video editing software for Linux. - -When asked about free video editing software, Windows Movie Maker and iMovie is what most people often suggest. - -Unfortunately, both of them are not available for GNU/Linux. But you don’t need to worry about it, we have pooled together a list of best free video editors for you. - -### BEST VIDEO EDITOR APPS FOR LINUX - -Let’s have a look at the top 5 best free video editing software for Linux below : - -#### 1. KDENLIVE - -![](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/kdenlive-free-video-editor-on-ubuntu.jpg) - -[Kdenlive][3] is a free and [open source][4] video editing software from KDE that provides dual video monitors, a multi-track timeline, clip list, customizable layout support, basic effects, and basic transitions. -It supports wide variety of file formats and a wide range of camcorders and cameras including Low resolution camcorder (Raw and AVI DV editing), Mpeg2, mpeg4 and h264 AVCHD (small cameras and camcorders), High resolution camcorder files, including HDV and AVCHD camcorders, Professional camcorders, including XDCAM-HD™ streams, IMX™ (D10) streams, DVCAM (D10) , DVCAM, DVCPRO™, DVCPRO50™ streams and DNxHD™ streams. - -You can install it from terminal by running the following command : - -``` -sudo apt-get install kdenlive -``` - -Or, open Ubuntu Software Center then search Kdenlive. - -#### 2. OPENSHOT - -![](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/openshot-free-video-editor-on-ubuntu.jpg) - -[OpenShot][5] is the second choice in our list of Linux video editing software. OpenShot can help you create the film that supports for transitions, effects, adjusting audio levels, and of course, it support of most formats and codecs. - -You can also export your film to DVD, upload to YouTube, Vimeo, Xbox 360, and many other common formats. OpenShot is simpler than kdenlive. So if you need a video editor with a simple UI OpenShot is a good choice. - -The latest version is 2.0.7. You can install OpenShot video editor by run the following command from terminal window : - -``` -sudo apt-get install openshot -``` - -It needs to download 25 MB, and 70 MB disk space after installed. - -#### 3. FLOWBLADE MOVIE EDITOR - -![](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/flowblade-movie-editor-on-ubuntu.jpg) - -[Flowblade Movie Editor][6] is a multitrack non-linear video editor for Linux. It is free and open source. It comes with a stylish and modern user interface. - -Written in Python, it is designed to provide a fast, and precise. Flowblade has focused on providing the best possible experience on Linux and other free platforms. So there’s no Windows and OS X version for now. - -To install Flowblade in Ubuntu and other Ubuntu based systems, use the command below: - -``` -sudo apt-get install flowblade -``` - -#### 4. LIGHTWORKS - -![](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/lightworks-running-on-ubuntu-16.04.jpg) - -If you looking for a video editor software that has more feature, this is the answer. [Lightworks][7] is a cross-platform professional video editor, available for Linux, Mac OS X and Windows. - -It is an award winning professional [non-linear editing][8] (NLE) software that supports resolutions up to 4K as well as video in SD and HD formats. - -This application has two versions: Lightworks Free and Lightworks Pro. While free version doesn’t support Vimeo (H.264 / MPEG-4) and YouTube (H.264 / MPEG-4)- Up to 2160p (4K UHD), Blu-ray, and H.264/MP4 export option with configurable bitrate setting, then pro version is. - -- Lightworks Free -- Lightworks Pro - -Pro version has more features such as higher resolution support, 4K and Blue Ray support etc. - -##### HOW TO INSTALL LIGHTWORKS? - -Unlike the other video editors, installing Lightwork is not as straight forward as running a single command. Don’t worry, it’s not that complicated either. - -- Step 1 – You can get the package from [Lightworks Downloads Page][9]. The package’s size about 79,5 MB. - ->Please note: There’s no Linux 32-bit support. - -- Step 2 – Once downloaded, you can install it using [Gdebi package installer][10]. Gdebi automatically downloads the dependency : - -![](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Installing-lightworks-on-ubuntu.jpg) - -- Step 3 – Now you can open it from Ubuntu dashboard, or your Linux distro’s menu. - -- Step 4 – It needs an account when you use it for first time. Click at Not Registerd? button to register. Don’t worry, it’s free! - -- Step 5 – After your account has been verified, now login. - -Now the Lightworks is ready to use. - -Need Lightworks video tutorial? Get them at [Lightworks video tutorials Page][11]. - -#### 5. BLENDER - -![](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/blender-running-on-ubuntu-16.04.jpg) - -Blender is a professional, industry-grade open source, cross platform video editor. It is popular for 3D works. Blender has been used in several Hollywood movies including Spider Man series. - -Although originally designed for produce 3D modeling, but it can also be used for video editing and input capabilities with a variety of formats. The Video Editor includes: - -- Live preview, luma waveform, chroma vectorscope and histogram displays -- Audio mixing, syncing, scrubbing and waveform visualization -- Up to 32 slots for adding video, images, audio, scenes, masks and effects -- Speed control, adjustment layers, transitions, keyframes, filters and more. - -The latest version can be downloaded from [Blender Download Page][12]. - -### WHICH IS THE BEST VIDEO EDITING SOFTWARE? - -If you need a simple video editor, OpenShot, Kdenlive or Flowblade is a good choice. These are suitable for beginners and a system with standard specification. - -Then if you have a high-end computer, and need advanced features you can go out with Lightworks. If you are looking for more advanced features, Blender has got your back. - -So that’s all I can write about 5 best video editing software for Linux such as Ubuntu, Linux Mint, Elementary, and other Linux distributions. Share with us which video editor you like the most. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://itsfoss.com/best-video-editing-software-linux/ - -作者：[Tiwo Satriatama][a] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/tiwo/ -[1]: https://itsfoss.com/linux-photo-management-software/ -[2]: https://itsfoss.com/best-modern-open-source-code-editors-for-linux/ -[3]: https://kdenlive.org/ -[4]: https://itsfoss.com/tag/open-source/ -[5]: http://www.openshot.org/ -[6]: http://jliljebl.github.io/flowblade/ -[7]: https://www.lwks.com/ -[8]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-linear_editing_system -[9]: https://www.lwks.com/index.php?option=com_lwks&view=download&Itemid=206 -[10]: https://itsfoss.com/gdebi-default-ubuntu-software-center/ -[11]: https://www.lwks.com/videotutorials -[12]: https://www.blender.org/download/ - - - From c76afb4feec2d41fb0bc4f1af2c4d2c4f1b9b91c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: woniu <18810913096@163.com> Date: Sun, 13 Nov 2016 10:17:57 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 017/220] finish --- ...IDEO EDITING SOFTWARE FOR LINUX IN 2016.md | 148 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 148 insertions(+) create mode 100644 translated/tech/20160627 TOP 5 BEST VIDEO EDITING SOFTWARE FOR LINUX IN 2016.md diff --git a/translated/tech/20160627 TOP 5 BEST VIDEO EDITING SOFTWARE FOR LINUX IN 2016.md b/translated/tech/20160627 TOP 5 BEST VIDEO EDITING SOFTWARE FOR LINUX IN 2016.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..d71533493f --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20160627 TOP 5 BEST VIDEO EDITING SOFTWARE FOR LINUX IN 2016.md @@ -0,0 +1,148 @@ +TOP 5 2016年LINUX最佳视频编辑软件 +===================================================== + +![](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/linux-video-ditor-software.jpg) + +概要: 在这篇文章中，Tiwo讨论了Linux下最佳视频编辑器的优缺点和基于Ubuntu-based发行版的安装方法。 + +在过去，我们已经在类似的文章中讨论了[Linux下最佳图片管理应用软件][1], [Linux下最佳代码编辑器][2]。今天，我们来看看Linux下的最佳视频编辑软件。 +当谈及免费的视频编辑软件，Windows Movie Maker和iMovie是大多数人经常推荐的。 + +不幸的是，它们在GNU/Linux下都是不可用的。但是你不必担心这个，因为我们已经为你收集了一系列最佳的视频编辑器。 +### Linux下最佳的视频编辑应用程序 + +接下来，让我们来看看Linux下排名前五的最佳视频编辑软件: + +#### 1. KDENLIVE + +![](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/kdenlive-free-video-editor-on-ubuntu.jpg) + +[Kdenlive][3] 是一款来自于KDE的免费 [开源][4] 的视频编辑软件，它提供双视频监视器，多轨时间轴，剪辑列表，可自定义布局支持，基本效果和基本转换的功能。 + +它支持各种文件格式和各种摄像机和相机，包括低分辨率摄像机（Raw和AVI DV编辑），Mpeg2，mpeg4和h264 AVCHD（小型摄像机和摄像机），高分辨率摄像机文件，包括HDV和AVCHD摄像机 ，专业摄像机，包括XDCAM-HD TM流，IMX TM（D10）流，DVCAM（D10），DVCAM，DVCPRO TM，DVCPRO50 TM流和DNxHD TM流。 + +你可以在命令行下运行下面的命令安装 : + +``` +sudo apt-get install kdenlive +``` + +或者，打开Ubuntu软件中心，然后搜索Kdenlive。 + +#### 2. OPENSHOT + +![](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/openshot-free-video-editor-on-ubuntu.jpg) + +[OpenShot][5] 是我们的Linux视频编辑软件列表的第二选择。 OpenShot可以帮助您创建支持过渡，效果，调整音频电平的电影，当然，它也支持大多数格式和编解码器。 + +您还可以将电影导出到DVD，上传到YouTube，Vimeo，Xbox 360和许多其他常见的格式。 OpenShot比kdenlive更简单。 所以如果你需要一个简单UI的视频编辑器，OpenShot会是一个不错的选择。 + +最新的版本是2.0.7. 您可以从终端窗口运行以下命令安装OpenShot视频编辑器： + +``` +sudo apt-get install openshot +``` + +它需要下载25 MB，安装后需要70 MB硬盘空间。 + +#### 3. FLOWBLADE MOVIE EDITOR + +![](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/flowblade-movie-editor-on-ubuntu.jpg) + +[Flowblade Movie Editor][6] 是一个用于Linux的多轨非线性视频编辑器。 它是免费和开源的。 它配备了一个时尚而现代的用户界面。 + + +是用Python编写的，它旨在提供一个快速，精确的服务。 Flowblade致力于在Linux和其他免费平台上提供最好的体验。 所以现在没有Windows和OS X版本。 + + +要在Ubuntu和其他基于Ubuntu的系统上安装Flowblade，请使用以下命令： + +``` +sudo apt-get install flowblade +``` + +#### 4. LIGHTWORKS + +![](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/lightworks-running-on-ubuntu-16.04.jpg) + +如果你要寻找一个有更多功能的视频编辑软件，这会是答案。 [Lightworks][7]是一个跨平台的专业的视频编辑器，在Linux,，Mac OS X和Windows系统下都可用。 + +它是一个获奖的专业的[非线性编辑] [8]（NLE）软件，支持高达4K的分辨率以及SD和HD格式的视频。 + + +该应用程序有两个版本：Lightworks免费版和Lightworks专业版。虽然免费版本不支持Vimeo（H.264 / MPEG-4）和YouTube（H.264 / MPEG-4） - 高达2160p（4K UHD），蓝光和H.264 / MP4导出选项可配置的位速率设置，但是pro版本支持。 + +- Lightworks免费版 +- Lightworks专业版 + +专业版本有更多的功能，例如更高的分辨率支持，4K和Blu Ray支持等。 + +##### 怎么安装LIGHTWORKS? + +不同于其他的视频编辑器，安装Lightwork不像运行单个命令那么直接。别担心，这不会很复杂。 +- 第1步 – 你可以从[Lightworks Downloads Page][9]下载安装包。这个安装包大约79.5MB。 +>请注意：这里 +没有Linux 32位的支持。 + +- 第2步 – 一旦下载，你可以使用[Gdebi package installer][10]来安装。Gdebi会自动下载依赖关系 : + +![](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Installing-lightworks-on-ubuntu.jpg) + +- 第3步 – 现在你可以从Ubuntu仪表板或您的Linux发行版菜单中打开它。 +- 第4步 – 当你第一次使用它时，需要一个账号。点击未注册按钮来注册。别担心，它是免费的。 +- 第5步 – 在你的账号通过验证后，就可以登录了。 +现在，Lightworks可以使用了。 + +需要Lightworks的视频教程？ 在[Lightworks video tutorials Page][11]得到它们。 + +#### 5. BLENDER + +![](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/blender-running-on-ubuntu-16.04.jpg) + + +Blender是一个专业的，行业级的开源，跨平台的视频编辑器。在3D作品的制作中，是非常受欢迎的。 Blender已被用于几部好莱坞电影的制作，包括蜘蛛侠系列。 + + +虽然最初是设计用于制作3D模型，但它也可以用于各种格式的视频编辑和输入能力。 该视频编辑器包括： + +- 实时预览，亮度波形，色度矢量示波器和直方图显示 +- 音频混合，同步，擦除和波形可视化 +- 最多32个插槽用于添加视频，图像，音频，场景，面具和效果 +- 速度控制，调整图层，过渡，关键帧，过滤器等 + +最新的版本可以从[Blender Download Page][12]下载. + +### 哪一个是最好的视频编辑软件？ + +如果你需要一个简单的视频编辑器, OpenShot, Kdenlive和 Flowblade是一个不错的选择。这些软件是适合初学者的，并且带有标准规范的系统。 + +如果你有一个高性能的计算机，并且需要高级功能，你可以使用Lightworks。如果你正在寻找更高级的功能，Blender可以帮助你。 + +这就是我写的5个最佳的视频编辑软件，它们可以在Ubuntu，Linux Mint，Elementary和其他Linux发行版下使用。 与我们分享您最喜欢的视频编辑器。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/best-video-editing-software-linux/ + +作者：[Tiwo Satriatama][a] +译者：[DockerChen](https://github.com/DockerChen) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/tiwo/ +[1]: https://itsfoss.com/linux-photo-management-software/ +[2]: https://itsfoss.com/best-modern-open-source-code-editors-for-linux/ +[3]: https://kdenlive.org/ +[4]: https://itsfoss.com/tag/open-source/ +[5]: http://www.openshot.org/ +[6]: http://jliljebl.github.io/flowblade/ +[7]: https://www.lwks.com/ +[8]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-linear_editing_system +[9]: https://www.lwks.com/index.php?option=com_lwks&view=download&Itemid=206 +[10]: https://itsfoss.com/gdebi-default-ubuntu-software-center/ +[11]: https://www.lwks.com/videotutorials +[12]: https://www.blender.org/download/ + + + From 03fd1fe9909fabbafe758afa3b0f16c115bf5ea3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: woniu <18810913096@163.com> Date: Sun, 13 Nov 2016 10:43:42 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 018/220] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E5=AE=8C=E6=88=90=20?= =?UTF-8?q?(#4650)?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit * Delete 20160627 TOP 5 BEST VIDEO EDITING SOFTWARE FOR LINUX IN 2016.md * finish --- ...IDEO EDITING SOFTWARE FOR LINUX IN 2016.md | 150 ------------------ ...IDEO EDITING SOFTWARE FOR LINUX IN 2016.md | 148 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 148 insertions(+), 150 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20160627 TOP 5 BEST VIDEO EDITING SOFTWARE FOR LINUX IN 2016.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20160627 TOP 5 BEST VIDEO EDITING SOFTWARE FOR LINUX IN 2016.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20160627 TOP 5 BEST VIDEO EDITING SOFTWARE FOR LINUX IN 2016.md b/sources/tech/20160627 TOP 5 BEST VIDEO EDITING SOFTWARE FOR LINUX IN 2016.md deleted file mode 100644 index 4836f6054e..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20160627 TOP 5 BEST VIDEO EDITING SOFTWARE FOR LINUX IN 2016.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,150 +0,0 @@ -DockerChen翻译中 - -TOP 5 BEST VIDEO EDITING SOFTWARE FOR LINUX IN 2016 -===================================================== - -![](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/linux-video-ditor-software.jpg) - -Brief: Tiwo discusses the best video editors for Linux, their pros and cons and the installation method for Ubuntu-based distros in this article. - -We have discussed [best photo management applications for Linux][1], [best code editors for Linux][2] in similar articles in the past. Today we shall see the best video editing software for Linux. - -When asked about free video editing software, Windows Movie Maker and iMovie is what most people often suggest. - -Unfortunately, both of them are not available for GNU/Linux. But you don’t need to worry about it, we have pooled together a list of best free video editors for you. - -### BEST VIDEO EDITOR APPS FOR LINUX - -Let’s have a look at the top 5 best free video editing software for Linux below : - -#### 1. KDENLIVE - -![](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/kdenlive-free-video-editor-on-ubuntu.jpg) - -[Kdenlive][3] is a free and [open source][4] video editing software from KDE that provides dual video monitors, a multi-track timeline, clip list, customizable layout support, basic effects, and basic transitions. -It supports wide variety of file formats and a wide range of camcorders and cameras including Low resolution camcorder (Raw and AVI DV editing), Mpeg2, mpeg4 and h264 AVCHD (small cameras and camcorders), High resolution camcorder files, including HDV and AVCHD camcorders, Professional camcorders, including XDCAM-HD™ streams, IMX™ (D10) streams, DVCAM (D10) , DVCAM, DVCPRO™, DVCPRO50™ streams and DNxHD™ streams. - -You can install it from terminal by running the following command : - -``` -sudo apt-get install kdenlive -``` - -Or, open Ubuntu Software Center then search Kdenlive. - -#### 2. OPENSHOT - -![](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/openshot-free-video-editor-on-ubuntu.jpg) - -[OpenShot][5] is the second choice in our list of Linux video editing software. OpenShot can help you create the film that supports for transitions, effects, adjusting audio levels, and of course, it support of most formats and codecs. - -You can also export your film to DVD, upload to YouTube, Vimeo, Xbox 360, and many other common formats. OpenShot is simpler than kdenlive. So if you need a video editor with a simple UI OpenShot is a good choice. - -The latest version is 2.0.7. You can install OpenShot video editor by run the following command from terminal window : - -``` -sudo apt-get install openshot -``` - -It needs to download 25 MB, and 70 MB disk space after installed. - -#### 3. FLOWBLADE MOVIE EDITOR - -![](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/flowblade-movie-editor-on-ubuntu.jpg) - -[Flowblade Movie Editor][6] is a multitrack non-linear video editor for Linux. It is free and open source. It comes with a stylish and modern user interface. - -Written in Python, it is designed to provide a fast, and precise. Flowblade has focused on providing the best possible experience on Linux and other free platforms. So there’s no Windows and OS X version for now. - -To install Flowblade in Ubuntu and other Ubuntu based systems, use the command below: - -``` -sudo apt-get install flowblade -``` - -#### 4. LIGHTWORKS - -![](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/lightworks-running-on-ubuntu-16.04.jpg) - -If you looking for a video editor software that has more feature, this is the answer. [Lightworks][7] is a cross-platform professional video editor, available for Linux, Mac OS X and Windows. - -It is an award winning professional [non-linear editing][8] (NLE) software that supports resolutions up to 4K as well as video in SD and HD formats. - -This application has two versions: Lightworks Free and Lightworks Pro. While free version doesn’t support Vimeo (H.264 / MPEG-4) and YouTube (H.264 / MPEG-4)- Up to 2160p (4K UHD), Blu-ray, and H.264/MP4 export option with configurable bitrate setting, then pro version is. - -- Lightworks Free -- Lightworks Pro - -Pro version has more features such as higher resolution support, 4K and Blue Ray support etc. - -##### HOW TO INSTALL LIGHTWORKS? - -Unlike the other video editors, installing Lightwork is not as straight forward as running a single command. Don’t worry, it’s not that complicated either. - -- Step 1 – You can get the package from [Lightworks Downloads Page][9]. The package’s size about 79,5 MB. - ->Please note: There’s no Linux 32-bit support. - -- Step 2 – Once downloaded, you can install it using [Gdebi package installer][10]. Gdebi automatically downloads the dependency : - -![](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Installing-lightworks-on-ubuntu.jpg) - -- Step 3 – Now you can open it from Ubuntu dashboard, or your Linux distro’s menu. - -- Step 4 – It needs an account when you use it for first time. Click at Not Registerd? button to register. Don’t worry, it’s free! - -- Step 5 – After your account has been verified, now login. - -Now the Lightworks is ready to use. - -Need Lightworks video tutorial? Get them at [Lightworks video tutorials Page][11]. - -#### 5. BLENDER - -![](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/blender-running-on-ubuntu-16.04.jpg) - -Blender is a professional, industry-grade open source, cross platform video editor. It is popular for 3D works. Blender has been used in several Hollywood movies including Spider Man series. - -Although originally designed for produce 3D modeling, but it can also be used for video editing and input capabilities with a variety of formats. The Video Editor includes: - -- Live preview, luma waveform, chroma vectorscope and histogram displays -- Audio mixing, syncing, scrubbing and waveform visualization -- Up to 32 slots for adding video, images, audio, scenes, masks and effects -- Speed control, adjustment layers, transitions, keyframes, filters and more. - -The latest version can be downloaded from [Blender Download Page][12]. - -### WHICH IS THE BEST VIDEO EDITING SOFTWARE? - -If you need a simple video editor, OpenShot, Kdenlive or Flowblade is a good choice. These are suitable for beginners and a system with standard specification. - -Then if you have a high-end computer, and need advanced features you can go out with Lightworks. If you are looking for more advanced features, Blender has got your back. - -So that’s all I can write about 5 best video editing software for Linux such as Ubuntu, Linux Mint, Elementary, and other Linux distributions. Share with us which video editor you like the most. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://itsfoss.com/best-video-editing-software-linux/ - -作者：[Tiwo Satriatama][a] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/tiwo/ -[1]: https://itsfoss.com/linux-photo-management-software/ -[2]: https://itsfoss.com/best-modern-open-source-code-editors-for-linux/ -[3]: https://kdenlive.org/ -[4]: https://itsfoss.com/tag/open-source/ -[5]: http://www.openshot.org/ -[6]: http://jliljebl.github.io/flowblade/ -[7]: https://www.lwks.com/ -[8]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-linear_editing_system -[9]: https://www.lwks.com/index.php?option=com_lwks&view=download&Itemid=206 -[10]: https://itsfoss.com/gdebi-default-ubuntu-software-center/ -[11]: https://www.lwks.com/videotutorials -[12]: https://www.blender.org/download/ - - - diff --git a/translated/tech/20160627 TOP 5 BEST VIDEO EDITING SOFTWARE FOR LINUX IN 2016.md b/translated/tech/20160627 TOP 5 BEST VIDEO EDITING SOFTWARE FOR LINUX IN 2016.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..d71533493f --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20160627 TOP 5 BEST VIDEO EDITING SOFTWARE FOR LINUX IN 2016.md @@ -0,0 +1,148 @@ +TOP 5 2016年LINUX最佳视频编辑软件 +===================================================== + +![](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/linux-video-ditor-software.jpg) + +概要: 在这篇文章中，Tiwo讨论了Linux下最佳视频编辑器的优缺点和基于Ubuntu-based发行版的安装方法。 + +在过去，我们已经在类似的文章中讨论了[Linux下最佳图片管理应用软件][1], [Linux下最佳代码编辑器][2]。今天，我们来看看Linux下的最佳视频编辑软件。 +当谈及免费的视频编辑软件，Windows Movie Maker和iMovie是大多数人经常推荐的。 + +不幸的是，它们在GNU/Linux下都是不可用的。但是你不必担心这个，因为我们已经为你收集了一系列最佳的视频编辑器。 +### Linux下最佳的视频编辑应用程序 + +接下来，让我们来看看Linux下排名前五的最佳视频编辑软件: + +#### 1. KDENLIVE + +![](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/kdenlive-free-video-editor-on-ubuntu.jpg) + +[Kdenlive][3] 是一款来自于KDE的免费 [开源][4] 的视频编辑软件，它提供双视频监视器，多轨时间轴，剪辑列表，可自定义布局支持，基本效果和基本转换的功能。 + +它支持各种文件格式和各种摄像机和相机，包括低分辨率摄像机（Raw和AVI DV编辑），Mpeg2，mpeg4和h264 AVCHD（小型摄像机和摄像机），高分辨率摄像机文件，包括HDV和AVCHD摄像机 ，专业摄像机，包括XDCAM-HD TM流，IMX TM（D10）流，DVCAM（D10），DVCAM，DVCPRO TM，DVCPRO50 TM流和DNxHD TM流。 + +你可以在命令行下运行下面的命令安装 : + +``` +sudo apt-get install kdenlive +``` + +或者，打开Ubuntu软件中心，然后搜索Kdenlive。 + +#### 2. OPENSHOT + +![](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/openshot-free-video-editor-on-ubuntu.jpg) + +[OpenShot][5] 是我们的Linux视频编辑软件列表的第二选择。 OpenShot可以帮助您创建支持过渡，效果，调整音频电平的电影，当然，它也支持大多数格式和编解码器。 + +您还可以将电影导出到DVD，上传到YouTube，Vimeo，Xbox 360和许多其他常见的格式。 OpenShot比kdenlive更简单。 所以如果你需要一个简单UI的视频编辑器，OpenShot会是一个不错的选择。 + +最新的版本是2.0.7. 您可以从终端窗口运行以下命令安装OpenShot视频编辑器： + +``` +sudo apt-get install openshot +``` + +它需要下载25 MB，安装后需要70 MB硬盘空间。 + +#### 3. FLOWBLADE MOVIE EDITOR + +![](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/flowblade-movie-editor-on-ubuntu.jpg) + +[Flowblade Movie Editor][6] 是一个用于Linux的多轨非线性视频编辑器。 它是免费和开源的。 它配备了一个时尚而现代的用户界面。 + + +是用Python编写的，它旨在提供一个快速，精确的服务。 Flowblade致力于在Linux和其他免费平台上提供最好的体验。 所以现在没有Windows和OS X版本。 + + +要在Ubuntu和其他基于Ubuntu的系统上安装Flowblade，请使用以下命令： + +``` +sudo apt-get install flowblade +``` + +#### 4. LIGHTWORKS + +![](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/lightworks-running-on-ubuntu-16.04.jpg) + +如果你要寻找一个有更多功能的视频编辑软件，这会是答案。 [Lightworks][7]是一个跨平台的专业的视频编辑器，在Linux,，Mac OS X和Windows系统下都可用。 + +它是一个获奖的专业的[非线性编辑] [8]（NLE）软件，支持高达4K的分辨率以及SD和HD格式的视频。 + + +该应用程序有两个版本：Lightworks免费版和Lightworks专业版。虽然免费版本不支持Vimeo（H.264 / MPEG-4）和YouTube（H.264 / MPEG-4） - 高达2160p（4K UHD），蓝光和H.264 / MP4导出选项可配置的位速率设置，但是pro版本支持。 + +- Lightworks免费版 +- Lightworks专业版 + +专业版本有更多的功能，例如更高的分辨率支持，4K和Blu Ray支持等。 + +##### 怎么安装LIGHTWORKS? + +不同于其他的视频编辑器，安装Lightwork不像运行单个命令那么直接。别担心，这不会很复杂。 +- 第1步 – 你可以从[Lightworks Downloads Page][9]下载安装包。这个安装包大约79.5MB。 +>请注意：这里 +没有Linux 32位的支持。 + +- 第2步 – 一旦下载，你可以使用[Gdebi package installer][10]来安装。Gdebi会自动下载依赖关系 : + +![](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Installing-lightworks-on-ubuntu.jpg) + +- 第3步 – 现在你可以从Ubuntu仪表板或您的Linux发行版菜单中打开它。 +- 第4步 – 当你第一次使用它时，需要一个账号。点击未注册按钮来注册。别担心，它是免费的。 +- 第5步 – 在你的账号通过验证后，就可以登录了。 +现在，Lightworks可以使用了。 + +需要Lightworks的视频教程？ 在[Lightworks video tutorials Page][11]得到它们。 + +#### 5. BLENDER + +![](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/blender-running-on-ubuntu-16.04.jpg) + + +Blender是一个专业的，行业级的开源，跨平台的视频编辑器。在3D作品的制作中，是非常受欢迎的。 Blender已被用于几部好莱坞电影的制作，包括蜘蛛侠系列。 + + +虽然最初是设计用于制作3D模型，但它也可以用于各种格式的视频编辑和输入能力。 该视频编辑器包括： + +- 实时预览，亮度波形，色度矢量示波器和直方图显示 +- 音频混合，同步，擦除和波形可视化 +- 最多32个插槽用于添加视频，图像，音频，场景，面具和效果 +- 速度控制，调整图层，过渡，关键帧，过滤器等 + +最新的版本可以从[Blender Download Page][12]下载. + +### 哪一个是最好的视频编辑软件？ + +如果你需要一个简单的视频编辑器, OpenShot, Kdenlive和 Flowblade是一个不错的选择。这些软件是适合初学者的，并且带有标准规范的系统。 + +如果你有一个高性能的计算机，并且需要高级功能，你可以使用Lightworks。如果你正在寻找更高级的功能，Blender可以帮助你。 + +这就是我写的5个最佳的视频编辑软件，它们可以在Ubuntu，Linux Mint，Elementary和其他Linux发行版下使用。 与我们分享您最喜欢的视频编辑器。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/best-video-editing-software-linux/ + +作者：[Tiwo Satriatama][a] +译者：[DockerChen](https://github.com/DockerChen) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/tiwo/ +[1]: https://itsfoss.com/linux-photo-management-software/ +[2]: https://itsfoss.com/best-modern-open-source-code-editors-for-linux/ +[3]: https://kdenlive.org/ +[4]: https://itsfoss.com/tag/open-source/ +[5]: http://www.openshot.org/ +[6]: http://jliljebl.github.io/flowblade/ +[7]: https://www.lwks.com/ +[8]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-linear_editing_system +[9]: https://www.lwks.com/index.php?option=com_lwks&view=download&Itemid=206 +[10]: https://itsfoss.com/gdebi-default-ubuntu-software-center/ +[11]: https://www.lwks.com/videotutorials +[12]: https://www.blender.org/download/ + + + From a254eced76a0c589fffd6fb9affe17b82c0d61e8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sun, 13 Nov 2016 17:09:24 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 019/220] PROOF:20161025 3 Ways to Delete All Files in a Directory Except One or Few Files with Extensions @yangmingming --- ...Except One or Few Files with Extensions.md | 138 ++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 63 insertions(+), 75 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20161025 3 Ways to Delete All Files in a Directory Except One or Few Files with Extensions.md b/translated/tech/20161025 3 Ways to Delete All Files in a Directory Except One or Few Files with Extensions.md index 68cdb7f5b6..feab713f0b 100755 --- a/translated/tech/20161025 3 Ways to Delete All Files in a Directory Except One or Few Files with Extensions.md +++ b/translated/tech/20161025 3 Ways to Delete All Files in a Directory Except One or Few Files with Extensions.md @@ -1,134 +1,126 @@ -# 删除在一个目录下除了一个或者一些带扩展名文件的其他所有文件的三种方法 +删除一个目录下部分类型之外的所有文件的三种方法 +========= -有的时候，你可能会遇到这种情况，你需要删除一个目录下的所有文件，或者只是简单的通过删除除了一些指定类型（以指定扩展名结尾）的文件来清空一个目录。 +有的时候，你可能会遇到这种情况，你需要删除一个目录下的所有文件，或者只是简单的通过删除除了一些指定类型（以指定扩展名结尾）之外的文件来清理一个目录。 -在这篇文章，我们将会向你展现如何通过 rm、 find 和 globignore 命令删除一个目录下除了指定文件后缀或者类型的的文件。 +在这篇文章，我们将会向你展现如何通过 `rm`、 `find` 和 `globignore` 命令删除一个目录下除了指定文件扩展名或者类型的之外的文件。 在我们进一步深入之前，让我们开始简要的了解一下 Linux 中的一个重要的概念 —— 文件名模式匹配，它可以让我们解决眼前的问题。 -在 Linux 下，一个 shell 模式一个包含以下特殊字符的字符串，称为通配符或者元字符： +在 Linux 下，一个 shell 模式是一个包含以下特殊字符的字符串，称为通配符或者元字符： 1. `*` – 匹配 0 个或者多个字符 2. `?` – 匹配任意单个字符 -3. `[seq]` – 匹配序列中的任意一个字符 -4. `[!seq]` – 匹配任意一个不再序列中的字符 +3. `[序列]` – 匹配序列中的任意一个字符 +4. `[!序列]` – 匹配任意一个不在序列中的字符 我们将在这儿探索三种可能的办法，包括： ### 使用扩展模式匹配操作符删除文件 -下来列出了不同的扩展模式匹配操作符,这些模式列表是一个用 `|` 分割包含一个或者多个文件名的列表： +下来列出了不同的扩展模式匹配操作符，这些模式列表是一个用 `|` 分割包含一个或者多个文件名的列表： -1. `*(pattern-list)` – 匹配 0 个或者多个出现的指定模式 -2. `?(pattern-list)` – 匹配 0 个或者 1 个出现的指定模式 -4. `@(pattern-list)` – 匹配 1 个或者多个出现的指定模式 -5. `!(pattern-list)` – 匹配除了一个指定模式之外的任何内容 +1. `*(模式列表)` – 匹配 0 个或者多个出现的指定模式 +2. `?(模式列表)` – 匹配 0 个或者 1 个出现的指定模式 +4. `@(模式列表)` – 匹配 1 个或者多个出现的指定模式 +5. `!(模式列表)` – 匹配除了一个指定模式之外的任何内容 -为了使用它们，像下面一样打开 extglob shell 选项： +为了使用它们，需要像下面一样打开 extglob shell 选项： ``` # shopt -s extglob ``` -#### 1. 输入以下命令，删除一个目录下除了 filename 之外的所有文件 +**1. 输入以下命令，删除一个目录下除了 filename 之外的所有文件** - ``` +``` $ rm -v !("filename") +``` +![删除 Linux 下除了一个文件之外的所有文件](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/DeleteAll-Files-Except-One-File-in-Linux.png) - ``` - [![删除 Linux 下除了一个文件之外的所有文件](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/DeleteAll-Files-Except-One-File-in-Linux.png)][9] +*删除 Linux 下除了一个文件之外的所有文件* - 删除 Linux 下除了一个文件之外的所有文件 +**2. 删除除了 filename1 和 filename2 之外的所有文件** -#### 2. 删除除了 filename1 和 filename2 之外的所有文件 - - ``` +``` $ rm -v !("filename1"|"filename2") +``` +![在 Linux 下删除除了一些文件之外的所有文件](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Delete-All-Files-Except-Few-Files-in-Linux.png) - ``` - [![在 Linux 下删除除了一些文件之外的所有文件](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Delete-All-Files-Except-Few-Files-in-Linux.png)][8] +*在 Linux 下删除除了一些文件之外的所有文件* - 在 Linux 下删除除了一些文件之外的所有文件 +**3. 下面的例子显示如何通过交互模式删除除了 `.zip` 之外的所有文件** -#### 3. 下面的例子显示如何通过交互模式删除除了 `.zip` 之外的所有文件 - - ``` +``` $ rm -i !(*.zip) +``` - ``` - [![在 Linux 下删除除了 Zip 文件之外的所有文件](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Delete-All-Files-Except-Zip-Files-in-Linux.png)][7] +![在 Linux 下删除除了 Zip 文件之外的所有文件](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Delete-All-Files-Except-Zip-Files-in-Linux.png) - 在 Linux 下删除除了 Zip 文件之外的所有文件 +*在 Linux 下删除除了 Zip 文件之外的所有文件* -#### 4. 接下来，通过如下的方式你可以删除一个目录下除了所有的`.zip` 和 `.odt` 文件的所有文件，并且在删除的时候，显示正在删除的文件： +**4. 接下来，通过如下的方式你可以删除一个目录下除了所有的`.zip` 和 `.odt` 文件的所有文件，并且在删除的时候，显示正在删除的文件：** - ``` +``` $ rm -v !(*.zip|*.odt) +``` +![删除除了指定文件扩展的所有文件](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Delete-All-Files-Except-Certain-File-Extensions.png) - ``` - [![删除除了指定文件扩展的所有文件](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Delete-All-Files-Except-Certain-File-Extensions.png)][6] +*删除除了指定文件扩展的所有文件* - 删除除了指定文件扩展的所有文件 +一旦你已经执行了所有需要的命令，你还可以使用如下的方式关闭 extglob shell 选项。 -一旦你已经执行了所有需要的命令，使用如下的方式关闭 extglob shell 选项。 - - ``` +``` $ shopt -u extglob - - ``` +``` ### 使用 Linux 下的 find 命令删除文件 -在这种方法下，我们可以[只使用 find 命令][5]的适当的选项或者采用管道配合 xargs 命令，如下所示： +在这种方法下，我们可以[只使用 find 命令][5]的适当的选项或者采用管道配合 `xargs` 命令，如下所示： - ``` +``` $ find /directory/ -type f -not -name 'PATTERN' -delete $ find /directory/ -type f -not -name 'PATTERN' -print0 | xargs -0 -I {} rm {} $ find /directory/ -type f -not -name 'PATTERN' -print0 | xargs -0 -I {} rm [options] {} +``` - ``` +**5. 下面的命令将会删除当前目录下除了 `.gz` 之外的所有文件** -#### 5. 下面的命令将会删除当前目录下除了 `.gz` 之外的所有文件 - - ``` +``` $ find . -type f -not -name '*.gz' -delete +``` +![find 命令 —— 删除 .gz 之外的所有文件](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Remove-All-Files-Except-gz-Files.png) - ``` - [![find 命令 —— 删除 .gz 之外的所有文件](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Remove-All-Files-Except-gz-Files.png)][4] +*find 命令 —— 删除 .gz 之外的所有文件* - find 命令 —— 删除 .gz 之外的所有文件 +**6. 使用管道和 xargs，你可以通过如下的方式修改上面的例子：** -#### 6. 使用管道和 xargs，你可以通过如下的方式修改上面的例子： - - ``` +``` $ find . -type f -not -name '*gz' -print0 | xargs -0 -I {} rm -v {} +``` +![使用 find 和 xargs 命令删除文件](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Remove-Files-Using-Find-and-Xargs-Command.png) - ``` - [![使用 find 和 xargs 命令删除文件](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Remove-Files-Using-Find-and-Xargs-Command.png)][3] +*使用 find 和 xargs 命令删除文件* - 使用 find 和 xargs 命令删除文件 +**7. 让我们看一个额外的例子，下面的命令行将会删除掉当前目录下除了 `.gz`、 `.odt` 和 `.jpg` 之外的所有文件：** -#### 7. 让我们看一个额外的例子，下面的命令行将会抹除掉当前目录下除了 `.gz`、 `.odt` 和 `.jpg` 之外的所有文件： - - ``` +``` $ find . -type f -not \(-name '*gz' -or -name '*odt' -or -name '*.jpg' \) -delete +``` +![删除除了指定扩展文件的所有文件](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Remove-All-Files-Except-File-Extensions.png) - ``` - [![删除除了指定扩展文件的所有文件](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Remove-All-Files-Except-File-Extensions.png)][2] - - 删除除了指定扩展文件的所有文件 +*删除除了指定扩展文件的所有文件* ### 通过 bash 中的 GLOBIGNORE 变量删除文件 -然而，最后的方法，只适用于 bash。 GLOBIGNORE 变量存储了一个通过路径名扩展忽略的分离的模式（或者文件名）列表。 +然而，最后的方法，只适用于 bash。 `GLOBIGNORE` 变量存储了一个路径名展开（pathname expansion）功能的忽略模式（或文件名）列表，以冒号分隔。 -为了使用这种方法，移动到要删除文件的目录，像下面这样设置 GLOBIGNORE 变量： +为了使用这种方法，切换到要删除文件的目录，像下面这样设置 `GLOBIGNORE` 变量： ``` $ cd test $ GLOBIGNORE=*.odt:*.iso:*.txt - ``` 在这种情况下，除了 `.odt`、 `.iso` 和 `.txt` 之外的所有文件，都将从当前目录删除。 @@ -137,32 +129,28 @@ $ GLOBIGNORE=*.odt:*.iso:*.txt ``` $ rm -v * - ``` -之后，关闭 GLOBIGNORE 变量: +之后，关闭 `GLOBIGNORE` 变量： ``` $ unset GLOBIGNORE - ``` -[![使用 bash 变量 GLOBIGNORE 删除文件](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Delete-Files-Using-Bash-GlobIgnore.png)][1] +![使用 bash 变量 GLOBIGNORE 删除文件](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Delete-Files-Using-Bash-GlobIgnore.png) -使用 bash 变量 GLOBIGNORE 删除文件 +*使用 bash 变量 GLOBIGNORE 删除文件* 注：为了理解上面的命令行采用的标识的意思，请参考我们在每一个插图中使用的命令对应的 man 手册。 -就这些了！如果你心里有实现相同目录的其他命令行技术，不要忘了通过下面的反馈部分分享给我们。 +就这些了！如果你知道有实现相同目录的其他命令行技术，不要忘了通过下面的反馈部分分享给我们。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -via: http://www.tecmint.com/delete-all-files-in-directory-except-one-few-file-extensions/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+tecmint+%28Tecmint%3A+Linux+Howto%27s+Guide%29 - -作者：[ Aaron Kili][a] +via: http://www.tecmint.com/delete-all-files-in-directory-except-one-few-file-extensions/ +作者：[Aaron Kili][a] 译者：[yangmingming](https://github.com/yangmingming) - -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From e8366b1aee685e3fe0c6cd8e1db0017a5a232aaf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sun, 13 Nov 2016 17:09:54 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 020/220] PUB:20161025 3 Ways to Delete All Files in a Directory Except One or Few Files with Extensions @yangmingming --- ...iles in a Directory Except One or Few Files with Extensions.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20161025 3 Ways to Delete All Files in a Directory Except One or Few Files with Extensions.md (100%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20161025 3 Ways to Delete All Files in a Directory Except One or Few Files with Extensions.md b/published/20161025 3 Ways to Delete All Files in a Directory Except One or Few Files with Extensions.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/tech/20161025 3 Ways to Delete All Files in a Directory Except One or Few Files with Extensions.md rename to published/20161025 3 Ways to Delete All Files in a Directory Except One or Few Files with Extensions.md From d24ff7fbfaf9c70e6de78af7a54af0bf47c27403 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Chang Liu Date: Sun, 13 Nov 2016 17:32:55 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 021/220] [Translated]20161104 4 Easy Ways To Generate A Strong Password In Linux.md --- ... To Generate A Strong Password In Linux.md | 285 ----------------- ... To Generate A Strong Password In Linux.md | 287 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 287 insertions(+), 285 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20161104 4 Easy Ways To Generate A Strong Password In Linux.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20161104 4 Easy Ways To Generate A Strong Password In Linux.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20161104 4 Easy Ways To Generate A Strong Password In Linux.md b/sources/tech/20161104 4 Easy Ways To Generate A Strong Password In Linux.md deleted file mode 100644 index 4039878a23..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20161104 4 Easy Ways To Generate A Strong Password In Linux.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,285 +0,0 @@ -FSSlc translating - -# 4 Easy Ways To Generate A Strong Password In Linux - - ![Generate a strong password in Linux](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/password-720x340.jpg) -Image Courtesy: Google. - -Yesterday, We have covered how to [force users to use a strong password in DEB based systems][8]such as Debian, Ubuntu, Linux Mint, Elementary OS etc. You might wonder how a strong password looks like, and how could I create one? No worries! Here is the 4 easy ways to generate a strong password in Linux. Of course, there are many free tools and ways to accomplish this task, however I consider these methods are simple, and straightforward. Let us get started. - -Download – [Free EBook: “Getting started with Ubuntu 16.04”][7] - -### 1\. Generate a strong password in Linux using OpenSSL - -OpenSSL is available for all Unix-like distributions, Solaris, Mac OS X, and Windows. - -To generate a random password with OpenSSL, fire up your Terminal and run the following command: - -``` -openssl rand 14 -base64 -``` - -Here, ‘-base64’ string will make sure the password can be typed on a keyboard. - -Sample output: - -``` -wXCHXlxuhrFrFMQLqik= -``` - -[ - ![sksk_003](http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/sk@sk_003.png) -][6] - -The above command will generate a random and strong password with length of 14 characters. Remember It is always recommend to generate 14 characters password. Of course you can generate any length of characters using openssl. - -For more details, refer the man pages. - -``` -man openssl -``` - -### 2\. Generate a strong password in Linux using Pwgen - -pwgen is simple, yet useful command line utility to generate a random and strong password in seconds. It designs secure passwords that can be easily memorized by humans. It is available in the most Unix-like operating systems. - -To install pwgen in DEB based systems, run: - -``` -sudo apt-get install pwgen -``` - -In RPM based systems: - -``` -sudo yum install pwgen -``` - -In Arch based systems: - -``` -sudo pacman -S pwgen -``` - -Once pwgen installed, generate a random and strong password with length of 14 letters using command: - -``` -pwgen 14 1 -``` - -Sample output: - -``` -Choo4aicozai3a -``` - -[ - ![sksk_004](http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/sk@sk_004.png) -][5] - -The above command will create only one password with length of 14 characters. To create 2 different passwords with length of 14 characters, run: - -``` -pwgen 14 2 -``` - -Sample output: - -``` -xee7seerez6Kau Aeshu0geveeji8 -``` - -To crate 100 different passwords (Not necessary though) with length of 14 characters, run: - -``` -pwgen 14 -``` - -Sample output: - -``` -kaeNg3EiVei4ei Oo0iehiJaix5Ae aenuv2eree2Quo iaT7zahH1eN2Aj Bie2owaiFahsie -gaan9zu5Xeh5ah ahGeeth8ea5ooh Ir0ueda5poogh5 uo0ohqu2ufaiX2 Mei0pee6Og3zae -Oofeiceer8Aipu sheew3aeReidir Dee4Heib2eim2o eig6jar8giPhae Zahde9nae1Niew -quatol5Oi3Bah2 quue4eebaiNgaa oGoahieSh5oL4m aequeeQue2piti laige5seePhugo -iiGo9Uthee4ros WievaiQu2xech6 shaeve0maaK3ae ool8Pai2eighis EPheiRiet1ohci -ZieX9outhoht8N Uh1UoPhah2Thee reaGhohZae5idi oiG4ooshiyi5in keePh1ohshei8y -aim5Eevah2thah Xaej8tha5eisho IeGie1Anaalaev gaoY3ohthooh3x chaebeesahTh8e -soh7oosieY5eiD ahmoh6Ihii6que Shoowoo5dahbah ieW0aiChubee7I Caet6aikai6aex -coo1du2Re9aika Ohnei5Egoh7leV aiyie6Ahdeipho EiV0aeToeth1da iNgaesu4eeyu0S -Eeb1suoV3naera railai2Vaina8u xu3OhVee1reeyu Og0eavae3oohoh audahneihaeK8a -foo6iechi5Eira oXeixoh6EwuboD we1eiDahNgoh9s ko1Eeju1iedu1z aeP7achiisohr7 -phang5caeGei5j ait4Shuo5Aitai no4eis9Tohd8oh Quiet6oTaaQuei Dei2pu2NaefeCa -Shiim9quiuy0ku yiewooph3thieL thu8Aphai1ieDa Phahnahch1Aam1 oocex7Yaith8oo -eraiGaech5ahNg neixa3malif5Ya Eux7chah8ahXix eex1lahXae4Mei uGhahzonu6airu -yah8uWahn3jeiW Yi4ye4Choongie io1Vo3aiQuahpi rie4Rucheet6ae Dohbieyaeleis5 -xi1Zaushohbei7 jeeb9EiSiech0u eewo0Oow7ielie aiquooZamah5th kouj7Jaivohx9o -biyeeshesaDi9e she9ooj3zuw6Ah Eit7dei1Yei5la xohN0aeSheipaa Eeg9Phob6neema -eengoneo4saeL4 aeghi4feephu6W eiWash2Vie1mee chieceish5ioPe ool4Hongo7ef1o -jahBe1pui9thou eeV2choohoa4ee Ohmae0eef4ic8I Eet0deiyohdiew Ke9ue5thohzei3 -aiyoxeiva8Maih gieRahgh8anahM ve2ath9Eyi5iet quohg6ok3Ahgee theingaech5Nef -``` - -[ - ![sksk_005](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/plugins/lazy-load/images/1x1.trans.gif) -][4] - -To include at least 1 number in the password run: - -``` -pwgen 14 1 -n 1 -``` - -Sample output: - -``` -xoiFush3ceiPhe -``` - -There are also some useful options available to use with pwgen command. - -``` - -c or --capitalize (Include at least one capital letter in the password) - - -A or --no-capitalize (Don't include capital letters in the password) - - -n or --numerals (Include at least one number in the password) - - -0 or --no-numerals (Don't include numbers in the password) - - -y or --symbols (Include at least one special symbol in the password) - - -s or --secure (Generate completely random passwords) - - -B or --ambiguous (Don't include ambiguous characters in the password) - -h or --help (Print a help message) - - -H or --sha1=path/to/file[#seed] (Use sha1 hash of given file as a (not so) random generator) - -C (Print the generated passwords in columns) - - -1 (Don't print the generated passwords in columns) - - -v or --no-vowels (Do not use any vowels so as to avoid accidental nasty words) -``` - -For more details, check the man pages. - -``` -man pwgen -``` - -### 3\. Generate a strong password in Linux using GPG - -GPG (GnuPG or GNU Privacy Guard), is free command-line program and replacement of Symantec’s PGP cryptographic software. It is available for Unix-like operating systems, Microsoft Windows and Android versions. - -To generate a random and strong password with length of 14 characters using GPG, run the following command from the Terminal: - -``` - gpg --gen-random --armor 1 14 -``` - -Sample output: - -``` -DkmsrUy3klzzbIbavx8= -``` - -[ - ![sksk_006](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/plugins/lazy-load/images/1x1.trans.gif) -][3] - -The above command will generate a secure, random, strong and base64 encoded password. - -### 4\. Generate a strong password in Linux using Perl - -Perl is available in the most Linux distribution’s default repositories. Install it using the package manager. - -For example, to install Perl on DEB based systems run: - -``` -sudo apt-get install perl -``` - -To install Perl on RPM based systems, run: - -``` -sudo yum install perl -``` - -On Arch based systems: - -``` -sudo pacman -S perl -``` - -Once Perl installed, create a file: - -``` -vi password.pl -``` - -Add the following contents in it. - -``` -#!/usr/bin/perl - -my @alphanumeric = ('a'..'z', 'A'..'Z', 0..9); -my $randpassword = join '', map $alphanumeric[rand @alphanumeric], 0..8; -print "$randpassword\n" -``` - -[ - ![sksk_001](http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/sk@sk_001.png) -][2] - -Save and close the file. - -Now, go to the location where you saved the file, and run the following command: - -``` -perl password.pl -``` - -Replace password.pl with your own filename. - -Sample output: - -``` -3V4CJJnYd -``` - -[ - ![sksk_002](http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/sk@sk_002.png) -][1] - -Note: I couldn’t find the original author of this script. If anyone know the author’s name, please let me know in the comment section below. I will add the author name in this guide. - -Please note that you must memorize or keep the passwords you have generated in a safe place in your computer. I recommend you to memorize the password and delete it from your system. It is much better in case your system is compromised by any hackers. - -That’s all for today folks. I will here with another interesting article soon. Until then, stay tuned with OSTechNix. - -Happy Weekend! - -Cheers!! - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.ostechnix.com/4-easy-ways-to-generate-a-strong-password-in-linux/ - -作者：[ SK ][a] - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) - -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/ -[1]:http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/sk@sk_002.png -[2]:http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/sk@sk_001.png -[3]:http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/sk@sk_006.png -[4]:http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/sk@sk_005.png -[5]:http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/sk@sk_004.png -[6]:http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/sk@sk_003.png -[7]:http://ostechnix.tradepub.com/free/w_ubun08/prgm.cgi?a=1 -[8]:https://www.ostechnix.com/force-users-use-strong-passwords-debian-ubuntu/ diff --git a/translated/tech/20161104 4 Easy Ways To Generate A Strong Password In Linux.md b/translated/tech/20161104 4 Easy Ways To Generate A Strong Password In Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..47f62a5ec7 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20161104 4 Easy Ways To Generate A Strong Password In Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,287 @@ +# 4 种简单方法让你在 Linux 下生成一个高强度密码 + + ![在 Linux 下生成一个高强度密码](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/password-720x340.jpg) +图片来源： Google. + +昨天，我们已经分享了如何 [要求用户在基于 DEB 的系统中使用一个高强度的密码][8]，例如在 Debian，Ubuntu，Linux Mint， Elementary OS 等系统中。那么，你可能会疑惑一个高强度的密码究竟是什么样的呢？怎么才能生成一个那样的密码呢？不用担心，下面我们将介绍 4 种简单方法让你在 Linux 中生成一个高强度密码。当然，已经有很多免费的工具或者方式来完成这个任务，但这里我们仅考虑那些简单直接的方法。下面就让我们开始吧。 + +下载 – [免费电子书：“Ubuntu 16.04 入门”][7] + +### 1. 在 Linux 中使用 OpenSSL 来生成一个高强度密码 + +OpenSSL 在所有的类 Unix 发行版本，Solaris，Mac OS X 和 Windows 中都可以获取到。 + +要使用 OpenSSL 生成一个随机密码，唤起你的终端并运行下面的命令： + +``` +openssl rand 14 -base64 +``` + +上面的 `-base64` 字符串将确保生成的密码可以被键盘敲出来。 + +样例输出： + +``` +wXCHXlxuhrFrFMQLqik= +``` + +[ + ![sksk_003](http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/sk@sk_003.png) +][6] + +上面的命令将生成一个随机的、长度为 14 个字符的高强度密码。记住我们强烈推荐你生成 14 个字符的密码。 +当然你可以使用 OpenSSL 生成任意长度的密码。 + +要了解更多信息，可以参考联机手册： + +``` +man openssl +``` + +### 2. 在 Linux 中使用 Pwgen 来生成一个高强度密码 + +pwgen 是一个简单却非常有用的命令行工具，用它可以在短时间内生成一个随机且高强度的密码。它设计出的安全密码可以被人们更容易地记住。在大多数的类 Unix 系统中都可以获取到它。 + +在基于 DEB 的系统中安装 pwgen 请运行： + +``` +sudo apt-get install pwgen +``` + +在基于 RPM 的系统中，运行： + +``` +sudo yum install pwgen +``` + +在基于 Arch 的系统中，则运行： + +``` +sudo pacman -S pwgen +``` + +一旦 pwgen 安装完成后，便可以使用下面的命令来生成 1 个长度为 14 个字符的随机高强度密码： + +``` +pwgen 14 1 +``` + +样例输出： + +``` +Choo4aicozai3a +``` + +[ +![sksk_004](http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/sk@sk_004.png) +][5] + +上面的命令将只生成 1 个长度为 14 个字符的密码，如果要生成 2 个长度为 14 个字符的不同密码，则可以运行： + +``` +pwgen 14 2 +``` + +样例输出： + +``` +xee7seerez6Kau Aeshu0geveeji8 +``` + +如果要生成 100 个（尽管可能没有必要生成那么多）长度为 14 个字符的不同密码，则可以运行： + +``` +pwgen 14 +``` + +样例输出： + +``` +kaeNg3EiVei4ei Oo0iehiJaix5Ae aenuv2eree2Quo iaT7zahH1eN2Aj Bie2owaiFahsie +gaan9zu5Xeh5ah ahGeeth8ea5ooh Ir0ueda5poogh5 uo0ohqu2ufaiX2 Mei0pee6Og3zae +Oofeiceer8Aipu sheew3aeReidir Dee4Heib2eim2o eig6jar8giPhae Zahde9nae1Niew +quatol5Oi3Bah2 quue4eebaiNgaa oGoahieSh5oL4m aequeeQue2piti laige5seePhugo +iiGo9Uthee4ros WievaiQu2xech6 shaeve0maaK3ae ool8Pai2eighis EPheiRiet1ohci +ZieX9outhoht8N Uh1UoPhah2Thee reaGhohZae5idi oiG4ooshiyi5in keePh1ohshei8y +aim5Eevah2thah Xaej8tha5eisho IeGie1Anaalaev gaoY3ohthooh3x chaebeesahTh8e +soh7oosieY5eiD ahmoh6Ihii6que Shoowoo5dahbah ieW0aiChubee7I Caet6aikai6aex +coo1du2Re9aika Ohnei5Egoh7leV aiyie6Ahdeipho EiV0aeToeth1da iNgaesu4eeyu0S +Eeb1suoV3naera railai2Vaina8u xu3OhVee1reeyu Og0eavae3oohoh audahneihaeK8a +foo6iechi5Eira oXeixoh6EwuboD we1eiDahNgoh9s ko1Eeju1iedu1z aeP7achiisohr7 +phang5caeGei5j ait4Shuo5Aitai no4eis9Tohd8oh Quiet6oTaaQuei Dei2pu2NaefeCa +Shiim9quiuy0ku yiewooph3thieL thu8Aphai1ieDa Phahnahch1Aam1 oocex7Yaith8oo +eraiGaech5ahNg neixa3malif5Ya Eux7chah8ahXix eex1lahXae4Mei uGhahzonu6airu +yah8uWahn3jeiW Yi4ye4Choongie io1Vo3aiQuahpi rie4Rucheet6ae Dohbieyaeleis5 +xi1Zaushohbei7 jeeb9EiSiech0u eewo0Oow7ielie aiquooZamah5th kouj7Jaivohx9o +biyeeshesaDi9e she9ooj3zuw6Ah Eit7dei1Yei5la xohN0aeSheipaa Eeg9Phob6neema +eengoneo4saeL4 aeghi4feephu6W eiWash2Vie1mee chieceish5ioPe ool4Hongo7ef1o +jahBe1pui9thou eeV2choohoa4ee Ohmae0eef4ic8I Eet0deiyohdiew Ke9ue5thohzei3 +aiyoxeiva8Maih gieRahgh8anahM ve2ath9Eyi5iet quohg6ok3Ahgee theingaech5Nef +``` + +[ +![sksk_005](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/plugins/lazy-load/images/1x1.trans.gif) +][4] + +如果要在密码中包含至少 1 个数字，则可以运行： + +``` +pwgen 14 1 -n 1 +``` + +样例输出： + +``` +xoiFush3ceiPhe +``` + +另外，pwgen 命令还有一些很实用的选项： + +``` + -c 或 --capitalize （在密码中包含至少一个大写字母） + + -A 或 --no-capitalize （在密码中不包含大写字母） + + -n 或 --numerals （在密码中包含至少一个数字） + + -0 或 --no-numerals （在密码中不包含数字） + + -y 或 --symbols （在密码中包含至少一个特殊字符） + + -s 或 --secure （生成完全随机的密码） + + -B 或 --ambiguous （在密码中不包含双关词语） + + -h 或 --help （输出帮助信息） + + -H 或 --sha1=path/to/file[#seed] （使用某个给定文件的 sha1 哈希值来作为随机数的生成种子） + + -C （按列输出生成好的密码） + + -1 （不按列输出生成好的密码） + + -v 或 --no-vowels （不使用任何元音字母，以防止生成下流的词语） +``` + +若想了解更多信息，请查阅其联机手册： + +``` +man pwgen +``` + +### 3. 在 Linux 中使用 GPG 来生成一个高强度密码 + +GPG (GnuPG or GNU Privacy Guard) 是一个免费的命令行程序，可以用于替代赛门铁克的 PGP 加密软件。在类 Unix 操作系统、Microsoft Windows 和 Android 中都可以获取到它。 + +要使用 PGP 生成 1 个长度为 14 个字符的高强度密码，请在终端中运行下面的命令： + +``` + gpg --gen-random --armor 1 14 +``` + +样例输出： + +``` +DkmsrUy3klzzbIbavx8= +``` + +[ +![sksk_006](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/plugins/lazy-load/images/1x1.trans.gif) +][3] + +上面的命令将生成一个安全、随机、高强度且基于 base64 编码的密码。 + +### 4. 在 Linux 中使用 Perl 来生成一个高强度密码 + +Perl 在大多数 Linux 发行版本的默认软件仓库中都可以获取到，你可以使用相应的包管理器来安装它。 + +例如在基于 DEB 的系统中，可以运行下面的命令来安装 Perl： + +``` +sudo apt-get install perl +``` + +在基于 RPM 的系统中安装 Perl ，可以运行： + +``` +sudo yum install perl +``` + +在基于 Arch 的系统中，则运行： + +``` +sudo pacman -S perl +``` + +一旦 Perl 安装完成，使用下面的命令创建一个文件： + +``` +vi password.pl +``` + +接着添加下面的内容到这个文件中： + +``` +#!/usr/bin/perl + +my @alphanumeric = ('a'..'z', 'A'..'Z', 0..9); +my $randpassword = join '', map $alphanumeric[rand @alphanumeric], 0..8; +print "$randpassword\n" +``` + +[ +![sksk_001](http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/sk@sk_001.png) +][2] + +保存并关闭该文件。 + +接着，切换到你刚才保存文件的地方，并运行下面的命令： + +``` +perl password.pl +``` + +使用你自己定义的文件名来替换上面命令中的 `password.pl` 。 + +样例输出： + +``` +3V4CJJnYd +``` + +[ +![sksk_002](http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/sk@sk_002.png) +][1] + +注： 我无法找到这个脚本的原有作者，假如你知道作者的名字，请在下面的评论部分让我知晓，我将在这篇指南中添加上该作者的名字。 + +Please note that you must memorize or keep the passwords you have generated in a safe place in your computer. I recommend you to memorize the password and delete it from your system. It is much better in case your system is compromised by any hackers. +请注意：对于你生成的密码，你必须记住它，或者将它保存到你电脑中一个安全的地方。我建议你记住密码并将它从你的系统中删除，因为这总比你的系统被黑客控制要好。 + +伙计们，今天就是这么多了。不久我将带来另一篇有意思的文章。在此之前，敬请关注 OSTechNix。 + +Happy Weekend! + +Cheers!! + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.ostechnix.com/4-easy-ways-to-generate-a-strong-password-in-linux/ + +作者：[ SK ][a] + +译者：[FSSlc](https://github.com/FSSlc) + +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/ +[1]:http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/sk@sk_002.png +[2]:http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/sk@sk_001.png +[3]:http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/sk@sk_006.png +[4]:http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/sk@sk_005.png +[5]:http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/sk@sk_004.png +[6]:http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/sk@sk_003.png +[7]:http://ostechnix.tradepub.com/free/w_ubun08/prgm.cgi?a=1 +[8]:https://www.ostechnix.com/force-users-use-strong-passwords-debian-ubuntu/ From 08cfe38b537938d17bca48f6c7bb03936a9d71e5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Chang Liu Date: Sun, 13 Nov 2016 17:56:18 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 022/220] [Translated]20161104 4 Easy Ways To Generate A Strong Password In Linux.md (#4651) --- ... To Generate A Strong Password In Linux.md | 285 ----------------- ... To Generate A Strong Password In Linux.md | 287 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 287 insertions(+), 285 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20161104 4 Easy Ways To Generate A Strong Password In Linux.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20161104 4 Easy Ways To Generate A Strong Password In Linux.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20161104 4 Easy Ways To Generate A Strong Password In Linux.md b/sources/tech/20161104 4 Easy Ways To Generate A Strong Password In Linux.md deleted file mode 100644 index 4039878a23..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20161104 4 Easy Ways To Generate A Strong Password In Linux.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,285 +0,0 @@ -FSSlc translating - -# 4 Easy Ways To Generate A Strong Password In Linux - - ![Generate a strong password in Linux](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/password-720x340.jpg) -Image Courtesy: Google. - -Yesterday, We have covered how to [force users to use a strong password in DEB based systems][8]such as Debian, Ubuntu, Linux Mint, Elementary OS etc. You might wonder how a strong password looks like, and how could I create one? No worries! Here is the 4 easy ways to generate a strong password in Linux. Of course, there are many free tools and ways to accomplish this task, however I consider these methods are simple, and straightforward. Let us get started. - -Download – [Free EBook: “Getting started with Ubuntu 16.04”][7] - -### 1\. Generate a strong password in Linux using OpenSSL - -OpenSSL is available for all Unix-like distributions, Solaris, Mac OS X, and Windows. - -To generate a random password with OpenSSL, fire up your Terminal and run the following command: - -``` -openssl rand 14 -base64 -``` - -Here, ‘-base64’ string will make sure the password can be typed on a keyboard. - -Sample output: - -``` -wXCHXlxuhrFrFMQLqik= -``` - -[ - ![sksk_003](http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/sk@sk_003.png) -][6] - -The above command will generate a random and strong password with length of 14 characters. Remember It is always recommend to generate 14 characters password. Of course you can generate any length of characters using openssl. - -For more details, refer the man pages. - -``` -man openssl -``` - -### 2\. Generate a strong password in Linux using Pwgen - -pwgen is simple, yet useful command line utility to generate a random and strong password in seconds. It designs secure passwords that can be easily memorized by humans. It is available in the most Unix-like operating systems. - -To install pwgen in DEB based systems, run: - -``` -sudo apt-get install pwgen -``` - -In RPM based systems: - -``` -sudo yum install pwgen -``` - -In Arch based systems: - -``` -sudo pacman -S pwgen -``` - -Once pwgen installed, generate a random and strong password with length of 14 letters using command: - -``` -pwgen 14 1 -``` - -Sample output: - -``` -Choo4aicozai3a -``` - -[ - ![sksk_004](http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/sk@sk_004.png) -][5] - -The above command will create only one password with length of 14 characters. To create 2 different passwords with length of 14 characters, run: - -``` -pwgen 14 2 -``` - -Sample output: - -``` -xee7seerez6Kau Aeshu0geveeji8 -``` - -To crate 100 different passwords (Not necessary though) with length of 14 characters, run: - -``` -pwgen 14 -``` - -Sample output: - -``` -kaeNg3EiVei4ei Oo0iehiJaix5Ae aenuv2eree2Quo iaT7zahH1eN2Aj Bie2owaiFahsie -gaan9zu5Xeh5ah ahGeeth8ea5ooh Ir0ueda5poogh5 uo0ohqu2ufaiX2 Mei0pee6Og3zae -Oofeiceer8Aipu sheew3aeReidir Dee4Heib2eim2o eig6jar8giPhae Zahde9nae1Niew -quatol5Oi3Bah2 quue4eebaiNgaa oGoahieSh5oL4m aequeeQue2piti laige5seePhugo -iiGo9Uthee4ros WievaiQu2xech6 shaeve0maaK3ae ool8Pai2eighis EPheiRiet1ohci -ZieX9outhoht8N Uh1UoPhah2Thee reaGhohZae5idi oiG4ooshiyi5in keePh1ohshei8y -aim5Eevah2thah Xaej8tha5eisho IeGie1Anaalaev gaoY3ohthooh3x chaebeesahTh8e -soh7oosieY5eiD ahmoh6Ihii6que Shoowoo5dahbah ieW0aiChubee7I Caet6aikai6aex -coo1du2Re9aika Ohnei5Egoh7leV aiyie6Ahdeipho EiV0aeToeth1da iNgaesu4eeyu0S -Eeb1suoV3naera railai2Vaina8u xu3OhVee1reeyu Og0eavae3oohoh audahneihaeK8a -foo6iechi5Eira oXeixoh6EwuboD we1eiDahNgoh9s ko1Eeju1iedu1z aeP7achiisohr7 -phang5caeGei5j ait4Shuo5Aitai no4eis9Tohd8oh Quiet6oTaaQuei Dei2pu2NaefeCa -Shiim9quiuy0ku yiewooph3thieL thu8Aphai1ieDa Phahnahch1Aam1 oocex7Yaith8oo -eraiGaech5ahNg neixa3malif5Ya Eux7chah8ahXix eex1lahXae4Mei uGhahzonu6airu -yah8uWahn3jeiW Yi4ye4Choongie io1Vo3aiQuahpi rie4Rucheet6ae Dohbieyaeleis5 -xi1Zaushohbei7 jeeb9EiSiech0u eewo0Oow7ielie aiquooZamah5th kouj7Jaivohx9o -biyeeshesaDi9e she9ooj3zuw6Ah Eit7dei1Yei5la xohN0aeSheipaa Eeg9Phob6neema -eengoneo4saeL4 aeghi4feephu6W eiWash2Vie1mee chieceish5ioPe ool4Hongo7ef1o -jahBe1pui9thou eeV2choohoa4ee Ohmae0eef4ic8I Eet0deiyohdiew Ke9ue5thohzei3 -aiyoxeiva8Maih gieRahgh8anahM ve2ath9Eyi5iet quohg6ok3Ahgee theingaech5Nef -``` - -[ - ![sksk_005](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/plugins/lazy-load/images/1x1.trans.gif) -][4] - -To include at least 1 number in the password run: - -``` -pwgen 14 1 -n 1 -``` - -Sample output: - -``` -xoiFush3ceiPhe -``` - -There are also some useful options available to use with pwgen command. - -``` - -c or --capitalize (Include at least one capital letter in the password) - - -A or --no-capitalize (Don't include capital letters in the password) - - -n or --numerals (Include at least one number in the password) - - -0 or --no-numerals (Don't include numbers in the password) - - -y or --symbols (Include at least one special symbol in the password) - - -s or --secure (Generate completely random passwords) - - -B or --ambiguous (Don't include ambiguous characters in the password) - -h or --help (Print a help message) - - -H or --sha1=path/to/file[#seed] (Use sha1 hash of given file as a (not so) random generator) - -C (Print the generated passwords in columns) - - -1 (Don't print the generated passwords in columns) - - -v or --no-vowels (Do not use any vowels so as to avoid accidental nasty words) -``` - -For more details, check the man pages. - -``` -man pwgen -``` - -### 3\. Generate a strong password in Linux using GPG - -GPG (GnuPG or GNU Privacy Guard), is free command-line program and replacement of Symantec’s PGP cryptographic software. It is available for Unix-like operating systems, Microsoft Windows and Android versions. - -To generate a random and strong password with length of 14 characters using GPG, run the following command from the Terminal: - -``` - gpg --gen-random --armor 1 14 -``` - -Sample output: - -``` -DkmsrUy3klzzbIbavx8= -``` - -[ - ![sksk_006](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/plugins/lazy-load/images/1x1.trans.gif) -][3] - -The above command will generate a secure, random, strong and base64 encoded password. - -### 4\. Generate a strong password in Linux using Perl - -Perl is available in the most Linux distribution’s default repositories. Install it using the package manager. - -For example, to install Perl on DEB based systems run: - -``` -sudo apt-get install perl -``` - -To install Perl on RPM based systems, run: - -``` -sudo yum install perl -``` - -On Arch based systems: - -``` -sudo pacman -S perl -``` - -Once Perl installed, create a file: - -``` -vi password.pl -``` - -Add the following contents in it. - -``` -#!/usr/bin/perl - -my @alphanumeric = ('a'..'z', 'A'..'Z', 0..9); -my $randpassword = join '', map $alphanumeric[rand @alphanumeric], 0..8; -print "$randpassword\n" -``` - -[ - ![sksk_001](http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/sk@sk_001.png) -][2] - -Save and close the file. - -Now, go to the location where you saved the file, and run the following command: - -``` -perl password.pl -``` - -Replace password.pl with your own filename. - -Sample output: - -``` -3V4CJJnYd -``` - -[ - ![sksk_002](http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/sk@sk_002.png) -][1] - -Note: I couldn’t find the original author of this script. If anyone know the author’s name, please let me know in the comment section below. I will add the author name in this guide. - -Please note that you must memorize or keep the passwords you have generated in a safe place in your computer. I recommend you to memorize the password and delete it from your system. It is much better in case your system is compromised by any hackers. - -That’s all for today folks. I will here with another interesting article soon. Until then, stay tuned with OSTechNix. - -Happy Weekend! - -Cheers!! - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.ostechnix.com/4-easy-ways-to-generate-a-strong-password-in-linux/ - -作者：[ SK ][a] - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) - -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/ -[1]:http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/sk@sk_002.png -[2]:http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/sk@sk_001.png -[3]:http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/sk@sk_006.png -[4]:http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/sk@sk_005.png -[5]:http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/sk@sk_004.png -[6]:http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/sk@sk_003.png -[7]:http://ostechnix.tradepub.com/free/w_ubun08/prgm.cgi?a=1 -[8]:https://www.ostechnix.com/force-users-use-strong-passwords-debian-ubuntu/ diff --git a/translated/tech/20161104 4 Easy Ways To Generate A Strong Password In Linux.md b/translated/tech/20161104 4 Easy Ways To Generate A Strong Password In Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..47f62a5ec7 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20161104 4 Easy Ways To Generate A Strong Password In Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,287 @@ +# 4 种简单方法让你在 Linux 下生成一个高强度密码 + + ![在 Linux 下生成一个高强度密码](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/password-720x340.jpg) +图片来源： Google. + +昨天，我们已经分享了如何 [要求用户在基于 DEB 的系统中使用一个高强度的密码][8]，例如在 Debian，Ubuntu，Linux Mint， Elementary OS 等系统中。那么，你可能会疑惑一个高强度的密码究竟是什么样的呢？怎么才能生成一个那样的密码呢？不用担心，下面我们将介绍 4 种简单方法让你在 Linux 中生成一个高强度密码。当然，已经有很多免费的工具或者方式来完成这个任务，但这里我们仅考虑那些简单直接的方法。下面就让我们开始吧。 + +下载 – [免费电子书：“Ubuntu 16.04 入门”][7] + +### 1. 在 Linux 中使用 OpenSSL 来生成一个高强度密码 + +OpenSSL 在所有的类 Unix 发行版本，Solaris，Mac OS X 和 Windows 中都可以获取到。 + +要使用 OpenSSL 生成一个随机密码，唤起你的终端并运行下面的命令： + +``` +openssl rand 14 -base64 +``` + +上面的 `-base64` 字符串将确保生成的密码可以被键盘敲出来。 + +样例输出： + +``` +wXCHXlxuhrFrFMQLqik= +``` + +[ + ![sksk_003](http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/sk@sk_003.png) +][6] + +上面的命令将生成一个随机的、长度为 14 个字符的高强度密码。记住我们强烈推荐你生成 14 个字符的密码。 +当然你可以使用 OpenSSL 生成任意长度的密码。 + +要了解更多信息，可以参考联机手册： + +``` +man openssl +``` + +### 2. 在 Linux 中使用 Pwgen 来生成一个高强度密码 + +pwgen 是一个简单却非常有用的命令行工具，用它可以在短时间内生成一个随机且高强度的密码。它设计出的安全密码可以被人们更容易地记住。在大多数的类 Unix 系统中都可以获取到它。 + +在基于 DEB 的系统中安装 pwgen 请运行： + +``` +sudo apt-get install pwgen +``` + +在基于 RPM 的系统中，运行： + +``` +sudo yum install pwgen +``` + +在基于 Arch 的系统中，则运行： + +``` +sudo pacman -S pwgen +``` + +一旦 pwgen 安装完成后，便可以使用下面的命令来生成 1 个长度为 14 个字符的随机高强度密码： + +``` +pwgen 14 1 +``` + +样例输出： + +``` +Choo4aicozai3a +``` + +[ +![sksk_004](http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/sk@sk_004.png) +][5] + +上面的命令将只生成 1 个长度为 14 个字符的密码，如果要生成 2 个长度为 14 个字符的不同密码，则可以运行： + +``` +pwgen 14 2 +``` + +样例输出： + +``` +xee7seerez6Kau Aeshu0geveeji8 +``` + +如果要生成 100 个（尽管可能没有必要生成那么多）长度为 14 个字符的不同密码，则可以运行： + +``` +pwgen 14 +``` + +样例输出： + +``` +kaeNg3EiVei4ei Oo0iehiJaix5Ae aenuv2eree2Quo iaT7zahH1eN2Aj Bie2owaiFahsie +gaan9zu5Xeh5ah ahGeeth8ea5ooh Ir0ueda5poogh5 uo0ohqu2ufaiX2 Mei0pee6Og3zae +Oofeiceer8Aipu sheew3aeReidir Dee4Heib2eim2o eig6jar8giPhae Zahde9nae1Niew +quatol5Oi3Bah2 quue4eebaiNgaa oGoahieSh5oL4m aequeeQue2piti laige5seePhugo +iiGo9Uthee4ros WievaiQu2xech6 shaeve0maaK3ae ool8Pai2eighis EPheiRiet1ohci +ZieX9outhoht8N Uh1UoPhah2Thee reaGhohZae5idi oiG4ooshiyi5in keePh1ohshei8y +aim5Eevah2thah Xaej8tha5eisho IeGie1Anaalaev gaoY3ohthooh3x chaebeesahTh8e +soh7oosieY5eiD ahmoh6Ihii6que Shoowoo5dahbah ieW0aiChubee7I Caet6aikai6aex +coo1du2Re9aika Ohnei5Egoh7leV aiyie6Ahdeipho EiV0aeToeth1da iNgaesu4eeyu0S +Eeb1suoV3naera railai2Vaina8u xu3OhVee1reeyu Og0eavae3oohoh audahneihaeK8a +foo6iechi5Eira oXeixoh6EwuboD we1eiDahNgoh9s ko1Eeju1iedu1z aeP7achiisohr7 +phang5caeGei5j ait4Shuo5Aitai no4eis9Tohd8oh Quiet6oTaaQuei Dei2pu2NaefeCa +Shiim9quiuy0ku yiewooph3thieL thu8Aphai1ieDa Phahnahch1Aam1 oocex7Yaith8oo +eraiGaech5ahNg neixa3malif5Ya Eux7chah8ahXix eex1lahXae4Mei uGhahzonu6airu +yah8uWahn3jeiW Yi4ye4Choongie io1Vo3aiQuahpi rie4Rucheet6ae Dohbieyaeleis5 +xi1Zaushohbei7 jeeb9EiSiech0u eewo0Oow7ielie aiquooZamah5th kouj7Jaivohx9o +biyeeshesaDi9e she9ooj3zuw6Ah Eit7dei1Yei5la xohN0aeSheipaa Eeg9Phob6neema +eengoneo4saeL4 aeghi4feephu6W eiWash2Vie1mee chieceish5ioPe ool4Hongo7ef1o +jahBe1pui9thou eeV2choohoa4ee Ohmae0eef4ic8I Eet0deiyohdiew Ke9ue5thohzei3 +aiyoxeiva8Maih gieRahgh8anahM ve2ath9Eyi5iet quohg6ok3Ahgee theingaech5Nef +``` + +[ +![sksk_005](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/plugins/lazy-load/images/1x1.trans.gif) +][4] + +如果要在密码中包含至少 1 个数字，则可以运行： + +``` +pwgen 14 1 -n 1 +``` + +样例输出： + +``` +xoiFush3ceiPhe +``` + +另外，pwgen 命令还有一些很实用的选项： + +``` + -c 或 --capitalize （在密码中包含至少一个大写字母） + + -A 或 --no-capitalize （在密码中不包含大写字母） + + -n 或 --numerals （在密码中包含至少一个数字） + + -0 或 --no-numerals （在密码中不包含数字） + + -y 或 --symbols （在密码中包含至少一个特殊字符） + + -s 或 --secure （生成完全随机的密码） + + -B 或 --ambiguous （在密码中不包含双关词语） + + -h 或 --help （输出帮助信息） + + -H 或 --sha1=path/to/file[#seed] （使用某个给定文件的 sha1 哈希值来作为随机数的生成种子） + + -C （按列输出生成好的密码） + + -1 （不按列输出生成好的密码） + + -v 或 --no-vowels （不使用任何元音字母，以防止生成下流的词语） +``` + +若想了解更多信息，请查阅其联机手册： + +``` +man pwgen +``` + +### 3. 在 Linux 中使用 GPG 来生成一个高强度密码 + +GPG (GnuPG or GNU Privacy Guard) 是一个免费的命令行程序，可以用于替代赛门铁克的 PGP 加密软件。在类 Unix 操作系统、Microsoft Windows 和 Android 中都可以获取到它。 + +要使用 PGP 生成 1 个长度为 14 个字符的高强度密码，请在终端中运行下面的命令： + +``` + gpg --gen-random --armor 1 14 +``` + +样例输出： + +``` +DkmsrUy3klzzbIbavx8= +``` + +[ +![sksk_006](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/plugins/lazy-load/images/1x1.trans.gif) +][3] + +上面的命令将生成一个安全、随机、高强度且基于 base64 编码的密码。 + +### 4. 在 Linux 中使用 Perl 来生成一个高强度密码 + +Perl 在大多数 Linux 发行版本的默认软件仓库中都可以获取到，你可以使用相应的包管理器来安装它。 + +例如在基于 DEB 的系统中，可以运行下面的命令来安装 Perl： + +``` +sudo apt-get install perl +``` + +在基于 RPM 的系统中安装 Perl ，可以运行： + +``` +sudo yum install perl +``` + +在基于 Arch 的系统中，则运行： + +``` +sudo pacman -S perl +``` + +一旦 Perl 安装完成，使用下面的命令创建一个文件： + +``` +vi password.pl +``` + +接着添加下面的内容到这个文件中： + +``` +#!/usr/bin/perl + +my @alphanumeric = ('a'..'z', 'A'..'Z', 0..9); +my $randpassword = join '', map $alphanumeric[rand @alphanumeric], 0..8; +print "$randpassword\n" +``` + +[ +![sksk_001](http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/sk@sk_001.png) +][2] + +保存并关闭该文件。 + +接着，切换到你刚才保存文件的地方，并运行下面的命令： + +``` +perl password.pl +``` + +使用你自己定义的文件名来替换上面命令中的 `password.pl` 。 + +样例输出： + +``` +3V4CJJnYd +``` + +[ +![sksk_002](http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/sk@sk_002.png) +][1] + +注： 我无法找到这个脚本的原有作者，假如你知道作者的名字，请在下面的评论部分让我知晓，我将在这篇指南中添加上该作者的名字。 + +Please note that you must memorize or keep the passwords you have generated in a safe place in your computer. I recommend you to memorize the password and delete it from your system. It is much better in case your system is compromised by any hackers. +请注意：对于你生成的密码，你必须记住它，或者将它保存到你电脑中一个安全的地方。我建议你记住密码并将它从你的系统中删除，因为这总比你的系统被黑客控制要好。 + +伙计们，今天就是这么多了。不久我将带来另一篇有意思的文章。在此之前，敬请关注 OSTechNix。 + +Happy Weekend! + +Cheers!! + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.ostechnix.com/4-easy-ways-to-generate-a-strong-password-in-linux/ + +作者：[ SK ][a] + +译者：[FSSlc](https://github.com/FSSlc) + +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/ +[1]:http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/sk@sk_002.png +[2]:http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/sk@sk_001.png +[3]:http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/sk@sk_006.png +[4]:http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/sk@sk_005.png +[5]:http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/sk@sk_004.png +[6]:http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/sk@sk_003.png +[7]:http://ostechnix.tradepub.com/free/w_ubun08/prgm.cgi?a=1 +[8]:https://www.ostechnix.com/force-users-use-strong-passwords-debian-ubuntu/ From 10745fa3aaf4bed7b4cfd554790bf6cc5b864e36 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Mars Wong Date: Sun, 13 Nov 2016 22:08:33 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 023/220] [Translated by OneNewLife]20161024 Getting Started with Webpack 2.md --- ...20161024 Getting Started with Webpack 2.md | 552 ------------------ ...20161024 Getting Started with Webpack 2.md | 515 ++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 515 insertions(+), 552 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20161024 Getting Started with Webpack 2.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20161024 Getting Started with Webpack 2.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20161024 Getting Started with Webpack 2.md b/sources/tech/20161024 Getting Started with Webpack 2.md deleted file mode 100644 index db30be7dda..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20161024 Getting Started with Webpack 2.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,552 +0,0 @@ -OneNewLife translating - -# Getting Started with Webpack 2 - - ![](https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/2000/1*yI44h8Df-l-2LUqvXIi8JQ.png) - -Webpack 2 will be out of beta [once the documentation has been finished][26]. But that doesn’t mean you can’t start using version 2 now if you know how to configure it. - -### What is Webpack? - -At its simplest, Webpack is a module bundler for your JavaScript. However, since its release it’s evolved into a manager of all your front-end code (either intentionally or by the community’s will). - - ![](https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/800/1*yBt2rFj2DbckFliGE0LEyg.png) - - -A task runner such as _Gulp _can handle many different preprocessers and transpilers, but in all cases, it will take a source _input_ and crunch it into a compiled _output. _However, it does this on a case-by-case basis with no concern for the system at large. That is the burden of the developer: to pick up where the task runner left off and find the proper way for all these moving parts to mesh together in production. - -Webpack attempts to lighten the developer load a bit by asking a bold question: _what if there were a part of the development process that handled dependencies on its own? What if we could simply write code in such a way that the build process managed itself, based on only what was necessary in the end?_ - - ![](https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/800/1*TOFfoH0cXTc8G3Y_F6j3Jg.png) - -If you’ve been a part of the web community for the past few years, you already know the preferred method of solving a problem: _build this with JavaScript._And so Webpack attempts to make the build process easier by passing dependencies through JavaScript. But the true power of its design isn’t simply the code _management_ part; it’s that this management layer is 100% valid JavaScript (with Node features). Webpack gives you the ability to write valid JavaScript that has a better sense of the system at large. - -In other words: _you don’t write code for Webpack. You write code for your projec_t. And Webpack keeps up (with some config, of course). - -In a nutshell, if you’ve ever struggled with any of the following: - -* Accidentally including stylesheets and JS libraries you don’t need into production, bloating the size -* Encountering scoping issues—both from CSS and JavaScript -* Finding a good system for using Node/Bower modules in your JavaScript, or relying on a crazy backend configuration to properly utilize those modules -* Needing to optimize asset delivery better but fearing you’ll break something - -…then you could benefit from Webpack. It handles all the above effortlessly by letting JavaScript worry about your dependencies and load order instead of your developer brain. The best part? Webpack can even run purely on the server side, meaning you can still build [progressively-enhanced][25] websites using Webpack. - -### First Steps - -We’ll use [Yarn][24] (`brew install yarn`) in this tutorial instead of `npm`, but it’s totally up to you; they do the same thing. From our project folder, we’ll run the following in a terminal window to add Webpack 2 to both our global packages and our local project: - -``` -yarn global add webpack@2.1.0-beta.25 webpack-dev-server@2.1.0-beta.9 -yarn add --dev webpack@2.1.0-beta.25 webpack-dev-server@2.1.0-beta.9 -``` - -We’ll then declare a webpack configuration with a `webpack.config.js` file in the root of our project directory: - -``` -`'use strict'; - -const webpack = require("webpack"); - -module.exports = { - context: __dirname + "/src", - entry: { - app: "./app.js", - }, - output: { - path: __dirname + "/dist", - filename: "[name].bundle.js", - }, -};` -``` - -_Note: _`___dirname_`_ refers to the root of your project._ - -Remember that Webpack “knows” what’s going in your project? It _knows_ by reading your code (don’t worry; it signed an NDA). Webpack basically does the following: - -1. Starting from the `context` folder, … -2. … it looks for `entry` filenames … -3. … and reads the content. Every `import` ([ES6][7]) or `require()` (Node) dependency it finds as it parses the code, it bundles for the final build. It then searches _those_ dependencies, and those dependencies’ dependencies, until it reaches the very end of the “tree”—only bundling what it needed to, and nothing else. -4. From there, Webpack bundles everything to the `output.path` folder, naming it using the `output.filename` naming template (`[name]` gets replaced with the object key from `entry`) - -So if our `src/app.js` file looked something like this (assuming we ran `yarn add --dev moment` beforehand): - -``` -'use strict'; -``` - -``` -import moment from 'moment'; -var rightNow = moment().format('MMMM Do YYYY, h:mm:ss a'); -console.log( rightNow ); -``` - -``` -// "October 23rd 2016, 9:30:24 pm" -``` - -We’d run - -``` -webpack -p -``` - -_Note: The _`_p_`_ flag is “production” mode and uglifies/minifies output._ - -And it would output a `dist/app.bundle.js` that logged the current date & time to the console. Note that Webpack automatically knew what `'moment'`referred to (although if you had a `moment.js` file in your directory, by default Webpack would have prioritized this over your `moment` Node module). - -### Working with Multiple Files - -You can specify any number of entry/output points you wish by modifying only the `entry` object. - -#### Multiple files, bundled together - -``` -`'use strict'; - -const webpack = require("webpack"); - -module.exports = { - context: __dirname + "/src", - entry: { - app: ["./home.js", "./events.js", "./vendor.js"], - }, - output: { - path: __dirname + "/dist", - filename: "[name].bundle.js", - }, -};` -``` - -Will all be bundled together as one `dist/app.bundle.js` file, in array order. - -#### Multiple files, multiple outputs - -``` -`const webpack = require("webpack"); - -module.exports = { - context: __dirname + "/src", - entry: { - home: "./home.js", - events: "./events.js", - contact: "./contact.js", - }, - output: { - path: __dirname + "/dist", - filename: "[name].bundle.js", - }, -};` -``` - -Alternately, you may choose to bundle multiple JS files to break up parts of your app. This will be bundled as 3 files: `dist/home.bundle.js`, `dist/events.bundle.js`, and `dist/contact.bundle.js`. - -#### Advanced auto-bundling - -If you’re breaking up your application into multiple `output` bundles (useful if one part of your app has a ton of JS you don’t need to load up front), there’s a likelihood you may be duplicating code across those files, because it will resolve each dependency separately from one another. Fortunately, Webpack has a built-in _CommonsChunk_ plugin to handle this: - -``` -module.exports = { - // … -``` - -``` - plugins: [ - new webpack.optimize.CommonsChunkPlugin({ - name: "commons", - filename: "commons.js", - minChunks: 2, - }), - ], -``` - -``` -// … -}; -``` - -Now, across your `output` files, if you have any modules that get loaded `2` or more times (set by `minChunks`), it will bundle that into a `commons.js` file which you can then cache on the client side. This will result in an additional header request, sure, but you prevent the client from downloading the same libraries more than once. So there are many scenarios where this is a net gain for speed. - -### Developing - -Webpack actually has its own development server, so whether you’re developing a static site or are just prototyping your front-end, it’s perfect for either. To get that running, just add a `devServer` object to `webpack.config.js`: - -``` -module.exports = { - context: __dirname + "/src", - entry: { - app: "./app.js", - }, - output: { - filename: "[name].bundle.js", - path: __dirname + "/dist/assets", - publicPath: "/assets", // New - }, - devServer: { - contentBase: __dirname + "/src", // New - }, -}; -``` - -Now make a `src/index.html` file that has: - -``` - -``` - -… and from your terminal, run: - -``` -webpack-dev-server -``` - -Your server is now running at `localhost:8080`. _Note how _`_/assets_`_ in the script tag matches _`_output.publicPath_`_—you can name this whatever you want (useful if you need a CDN)._ - -Webpack will hotload any JavaScript changes as you make them without the need to refresh your browser. However, any changes to the`webpack.config.js` file will require a server restart to take effect. - -### Globally-accessible methods - -Need to use some of your functions from a global namespace? Simply set `output.library` within `webpack.config.js`: - -``` -module.exports = { - output: { - library: 'myClassName', - } -}; -``` - -… and it will attach your bundle to a `window.myClassName` instance. So using that name scope, you could call methods available to that entry point (you can read more about this setting [on the documentation][23]). - -### Loaders - -Up until now, we’ve only covered working with JavaScript. It’s important to start with JavaScript because _that’s the only language Webpack speaks_. We can work with virtually any file type, as long as we pass it into JavaScript. We do that with _Loaders_. - -A loader can refer to a preprocessor such as Sass, or a transpiler such as Babel. On NPM, they’re usually named `*-loader` such as `sass-loader` or `babel-loader`. - -#### Babel + ES6 - -If we wanted to use ES6 via [Babel][22] in our project, we’d first install the appropriate loaders locally: - -``` -yarn add --dev babel-loader babel-core babel-preset-es2015 -``` - -… and then add it to `webpack.config.js` so Webpack knows where to use it. - -``` -module.exports = { - // … -``` - -``` - module: { - rules: [ - { - test: /\.js$/, - use: [{ - loader: "babel-loader", - options: { presets: ["es2015"] } - }], - }, - - // Loaders for other file types can go here -``` - -``` - ], - }, -``` - -``` - // … -}; -``` - -_A note for Webpack 1 users: the core concept for Loaders remains the same, but the syntax has improved. Until they finish the docs this may/may not be the exact preferred syntax._ - -This looks for the `/\.js$/` RegEx search for any files that end in `.js` to be loaded via Babel. Webpack relies on RegEx tests to give you complete control—it doesn’t limit you to file extensions or assume your code must be organized in a certain way. For example: maybe your `/my_legacy_code/` folder isn’t written in ES6\. So you could modify the `test` above to be `/^((?!my_legacy_folder).)*\.js$/` which would exclude that specific folder, but process the rest with Babel. - -#### CSS + Style Loader - -If we wanted to only load CSS as our application needed, we could do that as well. Let’s say we have an `index.js` file. We’ll import it from there: - -``` -import styles from './assets/stylesheets/application.css'; -``` - -We’ll get the following error: `You may need an appropriate loader to handle this file type`. Remember that Webpack can only understand JavaScript, so we’ll have to install the appropriate loader: - -``` -yarn add --dev css-loader style-loader -``` - -… and then add a rule to `webpack.config.js`: - -``` -module.exports = { - // … -``` - -``` - module: { - rules: [ - { - test: /\.css$/, - use: ["style-loader", "css-loader"], - }, -``` - -``` - // … - ], - }, -}; -``` - -_Loaders are processed in __reverse array order__. That means _`_css-loader_`_ will run before _`_style-loader_`_._ - -You may notice that even in production builds, this actually bundles your CSS in with your bundled JavaScript, and `style-loader` manually writes your styles to the ``. At first glance it may seem a little kooky, but slowly starts to make more sense the more you think about it. You’ve saved a header request—saving valuable time on some connections—and if you’re loading your DOM with JavaScript anyway, this essentially eliminates [FOUC][21] on its own. - -You’ll also notice that—out of the box—Webpack has automatically resolved all of your `@import` queries by packaging those files together as one (rather than relying on CSS’s default import which can result in gratuitious header requests and slow-loading assets). - -Loading CSS from your JS is pretty amazing, because you now can modularize your CSS in powerful new ways. Say you loaded `button.css`only through `button.js`. This would mean if `button.js` is never actually used_, _its CSS wouldn’t bloat out our production build. If you adhere to component-oriented CSS practices such as SMACSS or BEM, you see the value in pairing your CSS more closely with your markup + JavaScript. - -#### CSS + Node modules - -We can use Webpack to take advantage of importing Node modules using Node’s `~` prefix. If we ran `yarn add normalize.css`, we could use: - -``` -@import "~normalize.css"; -``` - -… and take full advantage of NPM managing our third party styles for us—versioning and all—without any copy + pasting on our part. Further, getting Webpack to bundle CSS for us has obvious advantages over using CSS’s default import, saving the client from gratuitous header requests and slow load times. - -_Update: this and the following section have been updated for accuracy, no longer confusing using CSS Modules to simply import Node modules. Thanks to _[_Albert Fernández_][20]_ for the help!_ - -#### CSS Modules - -You may have heard of [CSS Modules][19], which takes the _C_ out of _CSS_. It typically works best only if you’re building the DOM with JavaScript, but in essence, it magically scopes your CSS classes to the JavaScript file that loaded it ([learn more about it here][18]). If you plan on using it, CSS Modules comes packaged with `css-loader` (`yarn add --dev css-loader`): - -``` -module.exports = { - // … -``` - -``` - module: { - rules: [ - { - test: /\.css$/, - use: [ - "style-loader", - { loader: "css-loader", options: { modules: true } } - ], - }, -``` - -``` - // … - ], - }, -}; -``` - -_Note: for _`_css-loader_`_ we’re now using the __expanded object syntax__ to pass an option to it. You can use a string instead as shorthand to use the default options, as we’re still doing with _`_style-loader_`_._ - -* * * - -It’s worth noting that you can actually drop the `~` when importing Node Modules with CSS Modules enabled (e.g.: `@import "normalize.css";`). However, you may encounter build errors now when you `@import` your own CSS. If you’re getting “can’t find ___” errors, try adding a `resolve` object to `webpack.config.js` to give Webpack a better understanding of your intended module order. - -``` -const path = require("path"); -``` - -``` -module.exports = { - //… -``` - -``` - resolve: { - modules: [path.resolve(__dirname, "src"), "node_modules"] - }, -}; -``` - -We specified our source directory first, and then `node_modules`. So Webpack will handle resolution a little better, first looking through our source directory and then the installed Node modules, in that order (replace `"src"` and `"node_modules"` with your source and Node module directories, respectively). - -#### Sass - -Need to use Sass? No problem. Install: - -``` -yarn add --dev sass-loader node-sass -``` - -And add another rule: - -``` -module.exports = { - // … -``` - -``` - module: { - rules: [ - { - test: /\.(sass|scss)$/, - use: [ - "style-loader", - "css-loader", - "sass-loader", - ] - } -``` - -``` - // … - ], - }, -}; -``` - -Then when your Javascript calls for an `import` on a `.scss` or `.sass` file, Webpack will do its thing. - -#### CSS bundled separately - -Maybe you’re dealing with progressive enhancement; maybe you need a separate CSS file for some other reason. We can do that easily by swapping out `style-loader` with `extract-text-webpack-plugin` in our config without having to change any code. Take our example `app.js` file: - -``` -import styles from './assets/stylesheets/application.css'; -``` - -Let’s install the plugin locally (we need the beta version for this as of Oct 2016)… - -``` -yarn add --dev extract-text-webpack-plugin@2.0.0-beta.4 -``` - -… and add to `webpack.config.js`: - -``` -const ExtractTextPlugin = require("extract-text-webpack-plugin"); -``` - -``` -module.exports = { - // … -``` - -``` - module: { - rules: [ - { - test: /\.css$/, - use: [ - ExtractTextPlugin.extract("css"), - { loader: "css-loader", options: { modules: true } }, - ], - }, - - // … - ] - }, - plugins: [ - new ExtractTextPlugin({ - filename: "[name].bundle.css", - allChunks: true, - }), - ], -}; -``` - -Now when running `webpack -p` you’ll also notice an `app.bundle.css` file in your `output` directory. Simply add a `` tag to that file in your HTML as you would normally. - -#### HTML - -As you might have guessed, there’s also an `[html-loader][6]`[ plugin][17] for Webpack. However, when we get to loading HTML with JavaScript, this is about the point where we branch off into a myriad of differing approaches, and I can’t think of one single example that would set you up for whatever you’re planning on doing next. Typically, you’d load HTML for the purpose of using JavaScript-flavored markup such as [JSX][16] or [Mustache][15] or [Handlebars][14] to be used within a larger system such as [React][13], [Angular][12], [Vue][11], or [Ember][10]. - -So I’ll end the tutorial here: you _can_ load markup with Webpack, but by this point you’ll be making your own decisions about your architecture that neither I nor Webpack can make for you. But using the above examples for reference and searching for the right loaders on NPM should be enough to get you going. - -### Thinking in Modules - -In order to get the most out of Webpack, you’ll have to think in modules—small, reusable, self-contained processes that do one thing and one thing well. That means taking something like this: - -``` -└── js/ - └── application.js // 300KB of spaghetti code -``` - -… and turning it into this: - -``` -└── js/ - ├── components/ - │ ├── button.js - │ ├── calendar.js - │ ├── comment.js - │ ├── modal.js - │ ├── tab.js - │ ├── timer.js - │ ├── video.js - │ └── wysiwyg.js - │ - └── application.js // ~ 1KB of code; imports from ./components/ -``` - -The result is clean, reusable code. Each individual component depends on `import`-ing its own dependencies, and `export`-ing what it wants to make public to other modules. Pair this with Babel + ES6, and you can utilize [JavaScript Classes][9] for great modularity, and _don’t-think-about-it _scoping that just works. - -For more on modules, see [this excellent article by Preethi Kasreddy][8]. - -* * * - -### Further Reading - -* [What’s New in Webpack 2][5] -* [Webpack Config docs][4] -* [Webpack Examples][3] -* [React + Webpack Starter Kit][2] -* [Webpack How-to][1] - - - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://blog.madewithenvy.com/getting-started-with-webpack-2-ed2b86c68783#.oozfpppao - -作者：[Drew Powers][a] - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) - -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:https://blog.madewithenvy.com/@an_ennui -[1]:https://github.com/petehunt/webpack-howto -[2]:https://github.com/kriasoft/react-starter-kit -[3]:https://github.com/webpack/webpack/tree/master/examples -[4]:https://webpack.js.org/configuration/ -[5]:https://gist.github.com/sokra/27b24881210b56bbaff7 -[6]:https://github.com/webpack/html-loader -[7]:https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Statements/import -[8]:https://medium.freecodecamp.com/javascript-modules-a-beginner-s-guide-783f7d7a5fcc -[9]:https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Classes -[10]:http://emberjs.com/ -[11]:http://vuejs.org/ -[12]:https://angularjs.org/ -[13]:https://facebook.github.io/react/ -[14]:http://handlebarsjs.com/ -[15]:https://github.com/janl/mustache.js/ -[16]:https://jsx.github.io/ -[17]:https://github.com/webpack/html-loader -[18]:https://github.com/css-modules/css-modules -[19]:https://github.com/css-modules/css-modules -[20]:https://medium.com/u/901a038e32e5 -[21]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_of_unstyled_content -[22]:https://babeljs.io/ -[23]:https://webpack.js.org/concepts/output/#output-library -[24]:https://yarnpkg.com/ -[25]:https://www.smashingmagazine.com/2009/04/progressive-enhancement-what-it-is-and-how-to-use-it/ -[26]:https://github.com/webpack/webpack/issues/1545#issuecomment-255446425 diff --git a/translated/tech/20161024 Getting Started with Webpack 2.md b/translated/tech/20161024 Getting Started with Webpack 2.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..2cb9ec7c68 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20161024 Getting Started with Webpack 2.md @@ -0,0 +1,515 @@ +OneNewLife translated + +# Webpack 2 入门 + + ![](https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/2000/1*yI44h8Df-l-2LUqvXIi8JQ.png) + +Webpack 2 即将退出测试，[一旦文档完成][26]。不过这不意味着你现在不能开始使用第 2 版，前提是你知道怎么配置它。 + +### Webpack 是什么 + +官方的说法是最简单的 —— Webpack 是一个 JavaScript 模块打包器。然而，自从它发布以来，它发展成为了你所有前端代码的管理工具（有意地或社区的意愿）。 + + ![](https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/800/1*yBt2rFj2DbckFliGE0LEyg.png) + +任务运行器，例如 Gulp，可以处理许多不同的预处理器和转换器，但是在所有的情景下，它都需要一个输入源并将其压缩到一个编译好的输出文件中。然而，它是在个案基础上这样做的，不用担心整个系统。这是开发者的负担：找到任务运行器中断的地方，并找到适当的方式将所有这些模块在生产中联合在一起。 + +Webpack 试图通过提出一个大胆的想法来减轻开发者的负担：如果有一部分开发过程可以自动处理依赖关系会怎样？如果我们可以简单地写代码，让构建过程只基于最终需求管理自己会怎样？ + + ![](https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/800/1*TOFfoH0cXTc8G3Y_F6j3Jg.png) + +如果你过去几年一直是 web 社区的一员，你已经知道解决问题的首选方法：使用 JavaScript 来构建。因此 Webpack 尝试通过 JavaScript 传递依赖关系使构建过程更加容易。不过这个设计真正的亮点不是简单的代码管理部分，而是管理层由 100% 有效的 JavaScript 实现（具有 Nodejs 特性）。Webpack 能够让你写有效的 JavaScript，更好更全面地了解系统。 + +换句话来说：你不需要为 Webpack 写代码。你只需要写项目代码。而且 Webpack 会持续工作（当然需要一些配置）。 + +简而言之，如果你曾经遇到过以下任何一种情况： + +* 意外引入一些你不需要在生产中用上的样式表和 JS 库，使项目膨胀 +* 遇到作用域的问题 —— CSS 和 JavaScript 都会有 +* 找到一个好的构建系统让你在 JavaScript 中使用 Node/Bower 模块，或者依靠一个疯狂的后端配置来正确地使用这些模块 +* 需要优化资产交付，但担心你会弄坏一些东西 + +那么你可以从 Webpack 中收益了。它通过让 JavaScript 毫不费力地担心你的依赖关系和加载顺序，而不是开发者的大脑。最好的部分是？Webpack 甚至可以纯粹在服务器端运行，这意味着你还可以使用 Webpack 构建[渐进增强][25]的网站。 + +### 第一步 + +我们将在本教程中使用 [Yarn][24]（运行命令 `brew install yarn`） 代替 `npm`，不过这完全取决于你，它们做同样的事情。在我们的项目文件夹中，我们将在终端窗口中运行以下代码，将 Webpack 2 添加到我们的全局软件包以及本地项目中： + +``` +yarn global add webpack@2.1.0-beta.25 webpack-dev-server@2.1.0-beta.9 +yarn add --dev webpack@2.1.0-beta.25 webpack-dev-server@2.1.0-beta.9 +``` + +我们接着会通过项目根目录的一个 `webpack.config.js` 文件来声明 webpack 的配置： + +``` +'use strict'; + +const webpack = require('webpack'); + +module.exports = { + context: __dirname + '/src', + entry: { + app: './app.js', + }, + output: { + path: __dirname + '/dist', + filename: '[name].bundle.js', + }, +}; +``` + +注意：`__dirname` 是指你的项目根目录 + +记住，Webpack “知道”你的项目发生了什么。它通过阅读你的代码来实现（别担心，它签署了一个 NDA 协议）。Webpack 基本上执行以下操作： + +1. 从 `context` 文件夹开始... +2. ...它查找 `entry` 的文件名... +3. ...并读取内容。每一个 `import`（[ES6][7]）或 `require()`（Nodejs）的依赖会在它解析代码的时候找到，它会在最终构建的时候打包这些依赖项。然后，它会搜索那些依赖项以及那些依赖项所依赖的依赖项，直到它到达“树”的最底端 —— 只是打包它所需要的，没有其它东西。 +4. Webpack 从 `context` 文件夹打包所有东西到 `output.path` 文件夹，使用 `output.filename` 命名模板来为其命名（其中 `[name]` 被替换成来自 `entry` 的对象键）。 + +所以如果我们的 `src/app.js` 文件看起来像这样（假设我们事先运行了 `yarn add --dev moment`）： + +``` +'use strict'; + +import moment from 'moment'; +var rightNow = moment().format('MMMM Do YYYY, h:mm:ss a'); +console.log( rightNow ); + +// "October 23rd 2016, 9:30:24 pm" +``` + +我们应该运行： + +``` +webpack -p +``` + +注意：`p` 标志表示“生产”模式，这会压缩输出文件。 + +它会输出一个 `dist/app.bundle.js`，这会将当前日期和时间打印到控制台。要注意 Webpack 会自动识别 `'moment'` 指代什么（虽然如果你有一个 `moment.js` 文件在你的目录，默认情况下 Webpack 会优先考虑你的 `moment` Node 模块）。 + +### 使用多个文件 + +你可以通过仅仅修改 `entry` 对象来指定任意数量的输入/输出点。 + +#### 打包多个文件 + +``` +`'use strict'; + +const webpack = require("webpack"); + +module.exports = { + context: __dirname + "/src", + entry: { + app: ["./home.js", "./events.js", "./vendor.js"], + }, + output: { + path: __dirname + "/dist", + filename: "[name].bundle.js", + }, +};` +``` + +所有文件都会按照数组的顺序一起被打包成一个 `dist/app.bundle.js` 文件。 + +#### 输出多个文件 + +``` +`const webpack = require("webpack"); + +module.exports = { + context: __dirname + "/src", + entry: { + home: "./home.js", + events: "./events.js", + contact: "./contact.js", + }, + output: { + path: __dirname + "/dist", + filename: "[name].bundle.js", + }, +};` +``` + +或者，你可以选择打包成多个 JS 文件以便于分割应用的某些模块。这将被打包成 3 个文件：`dist/home.bundle.js`，`dist/events.bundle.js` 和 `dist/contact.bundle.js`。 + +#### 高级打包自动化 + +如果你将你的应用分割成多个 `output` 输出项（如果你的应用的一部分有大量你不需要预加载的 JS，这会很有用），你可能会重用这些文件的代码，因为它将分别解析每个依赖关系。幸运的是，Webpack 有一个内置的 `CommonsChunk` 插件来处理这个： + +``` +module.exports = { + // … + + plugins: [ + new webpack.optimize.CommonsChunkPlugin({ + name: "commons", + filename: "commons.bundle.js", + minChunks: 2, + }), + ], + + // … +}; +``` + +现在，在你的 `output` 文件中，如果你有任何模块被加载 2 次以上（通过 `minChunks` 设置），它会把那个模块打包到 `common.js` 文件中，然后你可以将其缓存在客户端。这将生成一个额外的请求头，但是你防止了客户端多次下载同一个库。因此，在很多情景下，这会大大提升速度。 + +### 开发 + +Webpack actually has its own development server, so whether you’re developing a static site or are just prototyping your front-end, it’s perfect for either. To get that running, just add a `devServer` object to `webpack.config.js`: +Webpack 实际上有自己的开发服务器，所以无论你是开发一个静态网站还是只是你的网站前端原型，它都是无可挑剔的。要运行那个服务器，只需要添加一个 `devServer` 对象到 `webpack.config.js`： + +``` +module.exports = { + context: __dirname + "/src", + entry: { + app: "./app.js", + }, + output: { + filename: "[name].bundle.js", + path: __dirname + "/dist/assets", + publicPath: "/assets", // New + }, + devServer: { + contentBase: __dirname + "/src", // New + }, +}; +``` + +现在创建一个包含以下代码的 `src/index.html` 文件： + +``` + +``` + +... 在你的终端运行： + +``` +webpack-dev-server +``` + +你的服务器现在运行在 `localhost:8080`。注意 `script` 标签里面的 `/assets` 是怎么匹配到 `output.publicPath` 的 —— 你可以随意更改它的名称（如果你需要一个 CDN 的时候这会很有用）。 + +Webpack 会热加载所有 JavaScript 更改，而不需要刷新你的浏览器。但是，所有 `webpack.config.js` 文件里面的更改都需要重新启动服务器才能生效。 + +### 全局访问方法 + +需要在全局空间使用你的函数？在 `webpack.config.js` 里面简单地设置 `output.library`： + +``` +module.exports = { + output: { + library: 'myClassName', + } +}; +``` + +这会将你打包好的文件附加到一个 `window.myClassName` 实例。因此，使用该命名空间，你可以调用入口文件的可用方法（可以在[文档][23]中阅读有关此设置的更多信息）。 + +### 加载器 + +到目前为止，我们所做的一切只涉及 JavaScript。从一开始使用 JavaScript 是重要的，因为它是 Webpack 唯一支持的语言。事实上我们可以处理几乎所有文件类型，只要我们将其转换成 JavaScript。我们用加载器来实现这个功能。 + +加载器可以是 Sass 这样的预处理器，或者是 Babel 这样的转译器。在 NPM 上，它们通常被命名为 `*-loader`，例如 `sass-loader` 和 `babel-loader`。 + +#### Babel 和 ES6 + +如果我们想在项目中通过 [Babel][22] 来使用 ES6，我们首先需要在本地安装合适的加载器： + +``` +yarn add --dev babel-loader babel-core babel-preset-es2015 +``` + +然后将它添加到 `webpack.config.js`，让 Webpack 知道在哪里使用它。 + +``` +module.exports = { + // … + + module: { + rules: [ + { + test: /\.js$/, + use: [{ + loader: "babel-loader", + options: { presets: ["es2015"] } + }], + }, + + // Loaders for other file types can go here + ], + }, + + // … +}; +``` + +Webpack 1 的用户注意：加载器的核心概念没有任何改变，但是语法改进了。直到官方文档完成之前，这可能不是确切的首选语法。 + +`/\.js$/` 这个正则表达式查找所有以 `.js` 结尾的待通过 Babel 加载的文件。Webpack 依靠正则检查给予你完全的控制权 —— 它不限制你的文件扩展名或者假设你的代码必须以某种方式组织。例如：也许你的 `/my_legacy_code/` 文件夹下的内容不是用 ES6 写的。所以你可以修改上述的 `test` 为 `/^((?!my_legacy_folder).)\.js$/`，这将会排除那个特定的文件夹，不过会用 Babel 处理其余的文件。 + +#### CSS 和 Style 加载器 + +如果我们只想加载 CSS 作为我们的应用程序，我们也可以这样做。假设我们有一个 `index.js` 文件，我们将从那里引入： + +``` +import styles from './assets/stylesheets/application.css'; +``` + +我们会得到以下错误：`你可能需要一个合适的加载器来处理这种类型的文件`。记住，Webpack 只能识别 JavaScript，所以我们必须安装合适的加载器： + +``` +yarn add --dev css-loader style-loader +``` + +然后添加一条规则到 `webpack.config.js`： + +``` +module.exports = { + // … + + module: { + rules: [ + { + test: /\.css$/, + use: ["style-loader", "css-loader"], + }, + + // … + ], + }, +}; +``` + +加载器以数组的逆序处理。这意味着 `css-loader` 会比 `style-loader` 先执行。 + +你可能会注意到，即使在生产版本中，这实际上是将你的 CSS 和 JavaScript 打包在一起，`style-loader` 手动将你的样式写到 ``。乍一看，它可能看起来有点怪异，但你仔细想想这就慢慢开始变得更加有意义了。你已经节省了一个头部请求 —— 节省了一些连接上的时间。如果你用 JavaScript 来加载你的 DOM，无论如何，这从本质上消除了 [FOUC][21]。 + +你还会注意到一个开箱即用的特性 —— Webpack 已经通过将这些文件打包在一起以自动解决你所有的 `@import` 查询（而不是依靠 CSS 默认的 import 方式，这会导致无谓的头部请求以及资源加载缓慢）。 + +从你的 JS 加载 CSS 是非常惊人的，因为你现在可以用一种新的强大的方式将你的 CSS 模块化。仅仅通过加载 `button.js` 来加载 `button.css`。这将意味着如果 `button.js` 从来没有真正使用过的话，它的 CSS 就不会膨胀我们的生产版本。如果你坚持面向组件的 CSS 实践，如 SMACSS 或 BEM，你会看到更紧密地结合你的 CSS 和你的标记 + JavaScript 的价值。 + +#### CSS 和 Node 模块 + +我们可以使用 Webpack 来利用 Node 的使用 `~` 前缀导入 Node 模块的优势。如果我们运行 `yarn add normalize.css`，我们可以使用： + +``` +@import "~normalize.css"; +``` + +并且充分利用 NPM 来管理我们的第三方样式 —— 版本控制、没有任何副本和粘贴的部分。此外，让 Webpack 为我们打包 CSS 比起使用 CSS 的默认导入方式有明显的优势 —— 节省无谓的头部请求和加载时间。 + +更新：这一节和下面一节已经更新为准确的用法，不再使用 CSS 模块简单地导入 Node 模块。感谢 [Albert Fernández][20] 的帮助！ + +#### CSS 模块 + +你可能听说过 [CSS 模块][19]，它消除了 CSS 的层叠性。通常它的最适用场景是只有当你使用 JavaScript 构建 DOM 的时候，但实质上，它神奇地将你的 CSS 类放置到加载它的 JavaScript 文件（[在这里了解更多][18]）。如果你打算使用它，CSS 模块已经与 `css-loader` 封装在一起（`yarn add --dev css-loader`）： + +``` +module.exports = { + // … + + module: { + rules: [ + { + test: /\.css$/, + use: [ + "style-loader", + { loader: "css-loader", options: { modules: true } } + ], + }, + + // … + ], + }, +}; +``` + +注意：对于 `css-loader`，我们现在使用扩展对象语法来给它传递一个选项。你可以使用一个更为精简的字符串来取代默认选项，正如我们仍然使用了 `'style-loader'`。 + +* * * + +值得注意的是，当允许导入 CSS 模块的时候（例如：`@import 'normalize.css';`），你完全可以删除掉 `~`。但是，当你 `@import` 你自己的 CSS 的时候，你可能会遇到构建错误。如果你遇到“无法找到 ____”的错误，尝试添加一个 `resolve` 对象到 `webpack.config.js`，让 Webpack 更好地理解你的模块加载顺序。 + +``` +const path = require("path"); + +module.exports = { + //… + + resolve: { + modules: [path.resolve(__dirname, "src"), "node_modules"] + }, +}; +``` + +我们首先指定源目录，然后指定 `node_modules`。因此，Webpack 会更好地处理解析度，按照既定的顺序（分别用你的源目录和 Node 模块的目录替换 `'src'` 和 `'node_modules'`），首先查找我们的源目录，然后再查找已安装的 Node 模块。 + +#### Sass + +需要使用 Sass？没问题。安装： + +``` +yarn add --dev sass-loader node-sass +``` + +并添加新的规则： + +``` +module.exports = { + // … + + module: { + rules: [ + { + test: /\.(sass|scss)$/, + use: [ + "style-loader", + "css-loader", + "sass-loader", + ] + } + + // … + ], + }, +}; +``` + +然后当你的 Javascript 对一个 `.scss` 或 `.sass` 文件调用 `import` 方法的时候，Webpack 会处理的。 + +#### CSS 独立打包 + +或许你在处理渐进增强的问题；或许你因为其它原因需要一个单独的 CSS 文件。我们可以通过在我们的配置中用 `extract-text-webpack-plugin` 替换 `style-loader` 而轻易地做到这一点，这不需要更改任何代码。以我们的 `app.js` 文件为例： + +``` +import styles from './assets/stylesheets/application.css'; +``` + +让我们安装这个插件到本地（我们需要 2016 年 10 月的 测试版本）： + +``` +yarn add --dev extract-text-webpack-plugin@2.0.0-beta.4 +``` + +并且添加到 `webpack.config.js`： + +``` +const ExtractTextPlugin = require("extract-text-webpack-plugin"); + +module.exports = { + // … + + module: { + rules: [ + { + test: /\.css$/, + use: [ + ExtractTextPlugin.extract("css"), + { loader: "css-loader", options: { modules: true } }, + ], + }, + + // … + ] + }, + plugins: [ + new ExtractTextPlugin({ + filename: "[name].bundle.css", + allChunks: true, + }), + ], +}; +``` + +现在当运行 `webpack -p` 的时候，你的 `output` 目录还会有一个 `app.bundle.css` 文件。只需要像往常一样简单地在你的 HTML 中向该文件添加一个 `` 标签即可。 + +#### HTML + +正如你可能已经猜到，Webpack 还有一个 `[html-loader][6]` 插件。但是，当我们用 JavaScript 加载 HTML 时，我们针对不同的场景分成了不同的方法，我无法想出一个单一的例子来为你计划下一步做什么。通常，你需要加载 HTML 以便于在更大的系统（如 [React][13]、[Angular][12]、[Vue][11] 或 [Ember][10]）中使用 JavaScript 风格的标记，如 [JSX][16]、[Mustache][15] 或 [Handlebars][14]。 + +教程到此为止了：你可以用 Webpack 加载标记，但是进展到这一步的时候，关于你的架构，你将做出自己的决定，我和 Webpack 都无法左右你。不过参考以上的例子以及搜索 NPM 上适用的加载器应该足够你发展下去了。 + +### 从模块的角度思考 + +为了充分使用 Webpack，你必须从模块的角度来思考 —— 细粒度的、可复用的、用于高效处理每一件事的独立的处理程序。这意味着采取这样的方式： + +``` +└── js/ + └── application.js // 300KB of spaghetti code +``` + +将其转变成这样： + +``` +└── js/ + ├── components/ + │ ├── button.js + │ ├── calendar.js + │ ├── comment.js + │ ├── modal.js + │ ├── tab.js + │ ├── timer.js + │ ├── video.js + │ └── wysiwyg.js + │ + └── application.js // ~ 1KB of code; imports from ./components/ +``` + +结果呈现了整洁的、可复用的代码。每一个独立的组件依赖于 `import` 自身的依赖，并 `export` 它想要暴露给其它模块的部分。结合 Babel 和 ES6，你可以利用 [JavaScript 类][9] 来实现更强大的模块化，而不用考虑它的工作原理。 + +有关模块的更多信息，请参阅 Preethi Kasreddy [这篇优秀的文章][8]. + +* * * + +### 延伸阅读 + +* [Webpack 2 的新特性][5] +* [Webpack 配置文档][4] +* [Webpack 范例][3] +* [React + Webpack 入门套件][2] +* [怎么使用 Webpack][1] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://blog.madewithenvy.com/getting-started-with-webpack-2-ed2b86c68783#.oozfpppao + +作者：[Drew Powers][a] + +译者：[OneNewLife](https://github.com/OneNewLife) + +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:https://blog.madewithenvy.com/@an_ennui +[1]:https://github.com/petehunt/webpack-howto +[2]:https://github.com/kriasoft/react-starter-kit +[3]:https://github.com/webpack/webpack/tree/master/examples +[4]:https://webpack.js.org/configuration/ +[5]:https://gist.github.com/sokra/27b24881210b56bbaff7 +[6]:https://github.com/webpack/html-loader +[7]:https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Statements/import +[8]:https://medium.freecodecamp.com/javascript-modules-a-beginner-s-guide-783f7d7a5fcc +[9]:https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Classes +[10]:http://emberjs.com/ +[11]:http://vuejs.org/ +[12]:https://angularjs.org/ +[13]:https://facebook.github.io/react/ +[14]:http://handlebarsjs.com/ +[15]:https://github.com/janl/mustache.js/ +[16]:https://jsx.github.io/ +[17]:https://github.com/webpack/html-loader +[18]:https://github.com/css-modules/css-modules +[19]:https://github.com/css-modules/css-modules +[20]:https://medium.com/u/901a038e32e5 +[21]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_of_unstyled_content +[22]:https://babeljs.io/ +[23]:https://webpack.js.org/concepts/output/#output-library +[24]:https://yarnpkg.com/ +[25]:https://www.smashingmagazine.com/2009/04/progressive-enhancement-what-it-is-and-how-to-use-it/ +[26]:https://github.com/webpack/webpack/issues/1545#issuecomment-255446425 From 6d0334e6a05e1326ace5259b2ad69239574481dc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: alim0x Date: Sun, 13 Nov 2016 23:10:58 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 024/220] [translated]How to Check Bad Sectors or Bad Blocks on Hard Disk in Linux --- ...ors or Bad Blocks on Hard Disk in Linux.md | 121 ------------------ ...ors or Bad Blocks on Hard Disk in Linux.md | 119 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 119 insertions(+), 121 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20161026 How to Check Bad Sectors or Bad Blocks on Hard Disk in Linux.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20161026 How to Check Bad Sectors or Bad Blocks on Hard Disk in Linux.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20161026 How to Check Bad Sectors or Bad Blocks on Hard Disk in Linux.md b/sources/tech/20161026 How to Check Bad Sectors or Bad Blocks on Hard Disk in Linux.md deleted file mode 100644 index 62fc82009e..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20161026 How to Check Bad Sectors or Bad Blocks on Hard Disk in Linux.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,121 +0,0 @@ -alim0x translating - -How to Check Bad Sectors or Bad Blocks on Hard Disk in Linux -=== - -Let us start by defining a bad sector/block, it’s a section on a disk drive or flash memory that can not be read from or written to anymore, as a result of a fixed [physical damage on the disk][7] surface or failed flash memory transistors. - -As bad sectors continue to accumulate, they can undesirably or destructively affect your disk drive or flash memory capacity or even lead to a possible hardware failure. - -It is also important to note that the presence of bad blocks should alert you to start thinking of getting a new disk drive or simply mark the bad blocks as unusable. - -Therefore, in this article, we will go through the necessary steps that can enable you determine the presence or absence of bad sectors on your Linux disk drive or flash memory using certain [disk scanning utilities][6]. - -That said, below are the methods: - -### Check Bad Sectors in Linux Disks Using badblocks Tool - -A badblocks program enables users to scan a device for bad sectors or blocks. The device can be a hard disk or an external disk drive, represented by a file such as /dev/sdc. - -Firstly, use the [fdisk command][5] with superuser privileges to display information about all your disk drives or flash memory plus their partitions: - -``` -$ sudo fdisk -l - -``` - -[![List Linux Filesystem Partitions](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/List-Linux-Filesystem-Partitions.png)][4] - -List Linux Filesystem Partitions - -Then scan your Linux disk drive to check for bad sectors/blocks by typing: - -``` -$ sudo badblocks -v /dev/sda10 > badsectors.txt - -``` - -[![Scan Hard Disk Bad Sectors in Linux](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Scan-Hard-Disk-Bad-Sectors-in-Linux.png)][3] - -Scan Hard Disk Bad Sectors in Linux - -In the command above, badblocks is scanning device /dev/sda10 (remember to specify your actual device) with the `-v` enabling it to display details of the operation. In addition, the results of the operation are stored in the file badsectors.txt by means of output redirection. - -In case you discover any bad sectors on your disk drive, unmount the disk and instruct the operating system not to write to the reported sectors as follows. - -You will need to employ e2fsck (for ext2/ext3/ext4 file systems) or fsck command with the badsectors.txt file and the device file as in the command below. - -The `-l` option tells the command to add the block numbers listed in the file specified by filename (badsectors.txt) to the list of bad blocks. - -``` ------------- Specifically for ext2/ext3/ext4 file-systems ------------ -$ sudo e2fsck -l badsectors.txt /dev/sda10 - -OR - ------------- For other file-systems ------------ -$ sudo fsck -l badsectors.txt /dev/sda10 - -``` - -### Scan Bad Sectors on Linux Disk Using Smartmontools - -This method is more reliable and efficient for modern disks (ATA/SATA and SCSI/SAS hard drives and solid-state drives) which ship in with a S.M.A.R.T (Self-Monitoring, Analysis and Reporting Technology) system that helps detect, report and possibly log their health status, so that you can figure out any impending hardware failures. - -You can install smartmontools by running the command below: - -``` ------------- On Debian/Ubuntu based systems ------------ -$ sudo apt-get install smartmontools - ------------- On RHEL/CentOS based systems ------------ -$ sudo yum install smartmontools - -``` - -Once the installation is complete, use smartctl which controls the S.M.A.R.T system integrated into a disk. You can look through its man page or help page as follows: - -``` -$ man smartctl -$ smartctl -h - -``` - -Now execute the smartctrl command and name your specific device as an argument as in the following command, the flag `-H` or `--health` is included to display the SMART overall health self-assessment test result. - -``` -$ sudo smartctl -H /dev/sda10 - -``` - -[![Check Linux Hard Disk Health](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Check-Linux-Hard-Disk-Health.png)][2] - -Check Linux Hard Disk Health - -The result above indicates that your hard disk is healthy, and may not experience hardware failures any soon. - -For an overview of disk information, use the `-a` or `--all` option to print out all SMART information concerning a disk and `-x` or `--xall` which displays all SMART and non-SMART information about a disk. - -In this tutorial, we covered a very important topic concerning [disk drive health diagnostics][1], you can reach us via the feedback section below to share your thoughts or ask any questions and remember to always stay connected to Tecmint. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.tecmint.com/check-linux-hard-disk-bad-sectors-bad-blocks/ - - -作者：[Aaron Kili][a] - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) - -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: http://www.tecmint.com/author/aaronkili/ -[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/defragment-linux-system-partitions-and-directories/ -[2]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Check-Linux-Hard-Disk-Health.png -[3]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Scan-Hard-Disk-Bad-Sectors-in-Linux.png -[4]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/List-Linux-Filesystem-Partitions.png -[5]:http://www.tecmint.com/fdisk-commands-to-manage-linux-disk-partitions/ -[6]:http://www.tecmint.com/ncdu-a-ncurses-based-disk-usage-analyzer-and-tracker/ -[7]:http://www.tecmint.com/defragment-linux-system-partitions-and-directories/ diff --git a/translated/tech/20161026 How to Check Bad Sectors or Bad Blocks on Hard Disk in Linux.md b/translated/tech/20161026 How to Check Bad Sectors or Bad Blocks on Hard Disk in Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..4c05f2e182 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20161026 How to Check Bad Sectors or Bad Blocks on Hard Disk in Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,119 @@ +在 Linux 上检测硬盘坏道和坏块 +=== + +让我们从定义坏道和坏块开始说起，它们是一块磁盘或闪存上不再能够被读写的部分，一般是由于磁盘表面特定的[物理损坏][7]或闪存晶体管失效导致的。 + +随着坏道的继续积累，它们会对你的磁盘或闪存容量产生令人不快或破坏性的影响，甚至可能会导致硬件失效。 + +同时还需要注意的是坏块的存在警示你应该开始考虑买块新磁盘了，或者简单地将坏块标记为不可用。 + +因此，在这篇文章中，我们通过几个必要的步骤，使用特定的[磁盘扫描工具][6]让你能够判断 Linux 磁盘或闪存是否存在坏道。 + +以下就是步骤： + +### 在 Linux 上使用坏块工具检查坏道 + +坏块工具可以让用户扫描设备检查坏道或坏块。设备可以是一个磁盘或外置磁盘，由一个如 /dev/sdc 这样的文件代表。 + +首先，通过超级用户权限执行 [fdisk 命令][5]来显示你的所有磁盘或闪存的信息以及它们的分区信息： + +``` +$ sudo fdisk -l + +``` + +[![列出 Linux 文件系统分区](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/List-Linux-Filesystem-Partitions.png)][4] + +列出 Linux 文件系统分区 + +然后用这个命令检查你的 Linux 硬盘上的坏道/坏块： + +``` +$ sudo badblocks -v /dev/sda10 > badsectors.txt + +``` + +[![在 Linux 上扫描硬盘坏道](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Scan-Hard-Disk-Bad-Sectors-in-Linux.png)][3] + +在 Linux 上扫描硬盘坏道 + +上面的命令中，badblocks 扫描设备 /dev/sda10（记得指定你的实际设备），-v 选项让它显示操作的详情。另外，这里使用了输出重定向将操作结果重定向到了文件 badsectors.txt。 + +如果你在你的磁盘上发现任何坏道，卸载磁盘并像下面这样让系统不要将数据写入回报的扇区中。 + +你需要执行 e2fsck（针对 ext2/ext3/ext4 文件系统）或 fsck 命令，命令中还需要用到 badsectors.txt 文件和设备文件。 + +`-l` 选项告诉命令将指定文件名文件（badsectors.txt）中列出的扇区号码加入坏块列表。 + +``` +------------ 针对 for ext2/ext3/ext4 文件系统 ------------ +$ sudo e2fsck -l badsectors.txt /dev/sda10 + +或 + +------------ 针对其它文件系统 ------------ +$ sudo fsck -l badsectors.txt /dev/sda10 + +``` + +### 在 Linux 上使用 Smartmontools 工具扫描坏道 + +这个方法对带有 S.M.A.R.T（Self-Monitoring, Analysis and Reporting Technology，自我监控分析报告技术）系统的现代磁盘（ATA/SATA 和 SCSI/SAS 硬盘以及固态硬盘）更加的可靠和高效。S.M.A.R.T 系统能够帮助检测，报告，以及可能记录它们的健康状况，这样你就可以找出任何可能出现的硬件失效。 + +你可以使用以下命令安装 smartmontools： + +``` +------------ 在基于 Debian/Ubuntu 的系统上 ------------ +$ sudo apt-get install smartmontools + +------------ 在基于 RHEL/CentOS 的系统上 ------------ +$ sudo yum install smartmontools + +``` + +安装完成之后，使用 smartctl 控制磁盘集成的 S.M.A.R.T 系统。你可以这样查看它的手册或帮助： + +``` +$ man smartctl +$ smartctl -h + +``` + +然后执行 smartctrl 命令并在命令中指定你的设备作为参数，以下命令包含了参数 `-H` 或 `--health` 以显示 SMART 整体健康自我评估测试结果。 + +``` +$ sudo smartctl -H /dev/sda10 + +``` + +[![检查 Linux 硬盘健康](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Check-Linux-Hard-Disk-Health.png)][2] + +检查 Linux 硬盘健康 + +上面的结果指出你的硬盘很健康，近期内不大可能发生硬件失效。 + +要获取磁盘信息总览，使用 `-a` 或 `--all` 选项来显示关于磁盘所有的 SMART 信息，`-x` 或 `--xall` 来显示所有关于磁盘的 SMART 信息以及非 SMART 信息。 + +在这个教程中，我们覆盖了有关[磁盘健康诊断][1]的重要话题，你可以下面的反馈区来分享你的想法或提问，并且记得多回来看看。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.tecmint.com/check-linux-hard-disk-bad-sectors-bad-blocks/ + + +作者：[Aaron Kili][a] + +译者：[alim0x](https://github.com/alim0x) + +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: http://www.tecmint.com/author/aaronkili/ +[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/defragment-linux-system-partitions-and-directories/ +[2]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Check-Linux-Hard-Disk-Health.png +[3]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Scan-Hard-Disk-Bad-Sectors-in-Linux.png +[4]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/List-Linux-Filesystem-Partitions.png +[5]:http://www.tecmint.com/fdisk-commands-to-manage-linux-disk-partitions/ +[6]:http://www.tecmint.com/ncdu-a-ncurses-based-disk-usage-analyzer-and-tracker/ +[7]:http://www.tecmint.com/defragment-linux-system-partitions-and-directories/ From e6cb97924cd120752f13c10494d3af63c04ab0cf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Mon, 14 Nov 2016 08:52:54 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 025/220] PROOF:20160627 TOP 5 BEST VIDEO EDITING SOFTWARE FOR LINUX IN 2016 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @DockerChen 辛苦了，翻译用心了！ --- ...IDEO EDITING SOFTWARE FOR LINUX IN 2016.md | 111 +++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 53 insertions(+), 58 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20160627 TOP 5 BEST VIDEO EDITING SOFTWARE FOR LINUX IN 2016.md b/translated/tech/20160627 TOP 5 BEST VIDEO EDITING SOFTWARE FOR LINUX IN 2016.md index d71533493f..3b140c01fb 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20160627 TOP 5 BEST VIDEO EDITING SOFTWARE FOR LINUX IN 2016.md +++ b/translated/tech/20160627 TOP 5 BEST VIDEO EDITING SOFTWARE FOR LINUX IN 2016.md @@ -1,25 +1,27 @@ -TOP 5 2016年LINUX最佳视频编辑软件 +2016 年 Linux 下五个最佳视频编辑软件 ===================================================== ![](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/linux-video-ditor-software.jpg) -概要: 在这篇文章中，Tiwo讨论了Linux下最佳视频编辑器的优缺点和基于Ubuntu-based发行版的安装方法。 +概要: 在这篇文章中，Tiwo 讨论了 Linux 下最佳视频编辑器的优缺点和在基于 Ubuntu 的发行版中的安装方法。 -在过去，我们已经在类似的文章中讨论了[Linux下最佳图片管理应用软件][1], [Linux下最佳代码编辑器][2]。今天，我们来看看Linux下的最佳视频编辑软件。 -当谈及免费的视频编辑软件，Windows Movie Maker和iMovie是大多数人经常推荐的。 +在过去，我们已经在类似的文章中讨论了 [Linux 下最佳图像管理应用软件][1]，[Linux 上四个最佳的现代开源代码编辑器][2]。今天，我们来看看 Linux 下的最佳视频编辑软件。 + +当谈及免费的视频编辑软件，Windows Movie Maker 和 iMovie 是大多数人经常推荐的。 + +不幸的是，它们在 GNU/Linux 下都是不可用的。但是你不必担心这个，因为我们已经为你收集了一系列最佳的视频编辑器。 -不幸的是，它们在GNU/Linux下都是不可用的。但是你不必担心这个，因为我们已经为你收集了一系列最佳的视频编辑器。 ### Linux下最佳的视频编辑应用程序 -接下来，让我们来看看Linux下排名前五的最佳视频编辑软件: +接下来，让我们来看看 Linux 下排名前五的最佳视频编辑软件： -#### 1. KDENLIVE +#### 1. Kdenlive ![](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/kdenlive-free-video-editor-on-ubuntu.jpg) -[Kdenlive][3] 是一款来自于KDE的免费 [开源][4] 的视频编辑软件，它提供双视频监视器，多轨时间轴，剪辑列表，可自定义布局支持，基本效果和基本转换的功能。 +[Kdenlive][3] 是一款来自于 KDE 的自由而开源的视频编辑软件，它提供双视频监视器、多轨时间轴、剪辑列表、可自定义的布局支持、基本效果和基本转换的功能。 -它支持各种文件格式和各种摄像机和相机，包括低分辨率摄像机（Raw和AVI DV编辑），Mpeg2，mpeg4和h264 AVCHD（小型摄像机和摄像机），高分辨率摄像机文件，包括HDV和AVCHD摄像机 ，专业摄像机，包括XDCAM-HD TM流，IMX TM（D10）流，DVCAM（D10），DVCAM，DVCPRO TM，DVCPRO50 TM流和DNxHD TM流。 +它支持各种文件格式和各种摄像机和相机，包括低分辨率摄像机（Raw 和 AVI DV 编辑）：mpeg2、mpeg4 和 h264 AVCHD（小型摄像机和摄像机）；高分辨率摄像机文件，包括 HDV 和 AVCHD 摄像机；专业摄像机，包括 XDCAM-HD^TM 流、IMX^TM （D10）流、DVCAM（D10）、DVCAM、DVCPRO^TM 、DVCPRO50^TM 流和 DNxHD^TM 流等等。 你可以在命令行下运行下面的命令安装 : @@ -27,98 +29,91 @@ TOP 5 2016年LINUX最佳视频编辑软件 sudo apt-get install kdenlive ``` -或者，打开Ubuntu软件中心，然后搜索Kdenlive。 +或者，打开 Ubuntu 软件中心，然后搜索 Kdenlive。 -#### 2. OPENSHOT +#### 2. OpenShot ![](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/openshot-free-video-editor-on-ubuntu.jpg) -[OpenShot][5] 是我们的Linux视频编辑软件列表的第二选择。 OpenShot可以帮助您创建支持过渡，效果，调整音频电平的电影，当然，它也支持大多数格式和编解码器。 +[OpenShot][5] 是我们这个 Linux 视频编辑软件列表中的第二选择。 OpenShot 可以帮助您创建支持过渡、效果、调整音频电平的电影，当然，它也支持大多数格式和编解码器。 -您还可以将电影导出到DVD，上传到YouTube，Vimeo，Xbox 360和许多其他常见的格式。 OpenShot比kdenlive更简单。 所以如果你需要一个简单UI的视频编辑器，OpenShot会是一个不错的选择。 +您还可以将电影导出到 DVD，上传到 YouTube、Vimeo、Xbox 360 和许多其他常见的格式。 OpenShot 比 Kdenlive 更简单。 所以如果你需要一个简单界面的视频编辑器，OpenShot 会是一个不错的选择。 -最新的版本是2.0.7. 您可以从终端窗口运行以下命令安装OpenShot视频编辑器： +最新的版本是 2.0.7。您可以从终端窗口运行以下命令安装 OpenShot 视频编辑器： ``` sudo apt-get install openshot ``` -它需要下载25 MB，安装后需要70 MB硬盘空间。 +它需要下载 25 MB，安装后需要 70 MB 硬盘空间。 -#### 3. FLOWBLADE MOVIE EDITOR +#### 3. Flowblade Movie Editor ![](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/flowblade-movie-editor-on-ubuntu.jpg) -[Flowblade Movie Editor][6] 是一个用于Linux的多轨非线性视频编辑器。 它是免费和开源的。 它配备了一个时尚而现代的用户界面。 +[Flowblade Movie Editor][6] 是一个用于 Linux 的多轨非线性视频编辑器。它是自由而开源的。 它配备了一个时尚而现代的用户界面。 +它是用 Python 编写的，旨在提供一个快速、精确的功能。 Flowblade 致力于在 Linux 和其他自由平台上提供最好的体验。 所以现在没有 Windows 和 OS X 版本。 -是用Python编写的，它旨在提供一个快速，精确的服务。 Flowblade致力于在Linux和其他免费平台上提供最好的体验。 所以现在没有Windows和OS X版本。 - - -要在Ubuntu和其他基于Ubuntu的系统上安装Flowblade，请使用以下命令： +要在 Ubuntu 和其他基于 Ubuntu 的系统上安装 Flowblade，请使用以下命令： ``` sudo apt-get install flowblade ``` -#### 4. LIGHTWORKS +#### 4. Lightworks ![](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/lightworks-running-on-ubuntu-16.04.jpg) -如果你要寻找一个有更多功能的视频编辑软件，这会是答案。 [Lightworks][7]是一个跨平台的专业的视频编辑器，在Linux,，Mac OS X和Windows系统下都可用。 +如果你要寻找一个有更多功能的视频编辑软件，这会是答案。 [Lightworks][7] 是一个跨平台的专业的视频编辑器，在 Linux、Mac OS X 和 Windows 系统下都可用。 -它是一个获奖的专业的[非线性编辑] [8]（NLE）软件，支持高达4K的分辨率以及SD和HD格式的视频。 +它是一个获奖的专业的[非线性编辑][8]（NLE）软件，支持高达 4K 的分辨率以及标清和高清格式的视频。 +该应用程序有两个版本：Lightworks 免费版和 Lightworks 专业版。不过免费版本不支持 Vimeo（H.264 / MPEG-4）和 YouTube（H.264 / MPEG-4） - 高达 2160p（4K UHD）、蓝光和 H.264 / MP4 导出选项，以及可配置的位速率设置，但是专业版本支持。 -该应用程序有两个版本：Lightworks免费版和Lightworks专业版。虽然免费版本不支持Vimeo（H.264 / MPEG-4）和YouTube（H.264 / MPEG-4） - 高达2160p（4K UHD），蓝光和H.264 / MP4导出选项可配置的位速率设置，但是pro版本支持。 +- Lightworks 免费版 +- Lightworks 专业版 -- Lightworks免费版 -- Lightworks专业版 +专业版本有更多的功能，例如更高的分辨率支持，4K 和蓝光支持等。 -专业版本有更多的功能，例如更高的分辨率支持，4K和Blu Ray支持等。 +##### 怎么安装Lightworks？ -##### 怎么安装LIGHTWORKS? - -不同于其他的视频编辑器，安装Lightwork不像运行单个命令那么直接。别担心，这不会很复杂。 -- 第1步 – 你可以从[Lightworks Downloads Page][9]下载安装包。这个安装包大约79.5MB。 ->请注意：这里 -没有Linux 32位的支持。 - -- 第2步 – 一旦下载，你可以使用[Gdebi package installer][10]来安装。Gdebi会自动下载依赖关系 : - -![](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Installing-lightworks-on-ubuntu.jpg) - -- 第3步 – 现在你可以从Ubuntu仪表板或您的Linux发行版菜单中打开它。 -- 第4步 – 当你第一次使用它时，需要一个账号。点击未注册按钮来注册。别担心，它是免费的。 +不同于其他的视频编辑器，安装 Lightwork 不像运行单个命令那么直接。别担心，这不会很复杂。 + +- 第1步 – 你可以从 [Lightworks 下载页面][9]下载安装包。这个安装包大约 79.5MB。*请注意：这里没有32 位 Linux 的支持。* +- 第2步 – 一旦下载，你可以使用 [Gdebi 软件包安装器][10]来安装。Gdebi 会自动下载依赖关系 : + ![](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Installing-lightworks-on-ubuntu.jpg) +- 第3步 – 现在你可以从 Ubuntu 仪表板或您的 Linux 发行版菜单中打开它。 +- 第4步 – 当你第一次使用它时，需要一个账号。点击 “Not Registerd?” 按钮来注册。别担心，它是免费的。 - 第5步 – 在你的账号通过验证后，就可以登录了。 -现在，Lightworks可以使用了。 + +现在，Lightworks 可以使用了。 -需要Lightworks的视频教程？ 在[Lightworks video tutorials Page][11]得到它们。 +需要 Lightworks 的视频教程？ 在 [Lightworks 视频教程页][11]得到它们。 -#### 5. BLENDER +#### 5. Blender ![](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/blender-running-on-ubuntu-16.04.jpg) -Blender是一个专业的，行业级的开源，跨平台的视频编辑器。在3D作品的制作中，是非常受欢迎的。 Blender已被用于几部好莱坞电影的制作，包括蜘蛛侠系列。 +Blender 是一个专业的，工业级的开源、跨平台的视频编辑器。在 3D 作品的制作中，是非常受欢迎的。 Blender 已被用于几部好莱坞电影的制作，包括蜘蛛侠系列。 +虽然最初是设计用于制作 3D 模型，但它也可以用于各种格式的视频编辑和输入能力。 该视频编辑器包括： -虽然最初是设计用于制作3D模型，但它也可以用于各种格式的视频编辑和输入能力。 该视频编辑器包括： +- 实时预览、亮度波形、色度矢量示波器和直方图显示 +- 音频混合、同步、擦除和波形可视化 +- 多达 32 个插槽用于添加视频、图像、音频、场景、面具和效果 +- 速度控制、调整图层、过渡、关键帧、过滤器等 -- 实时预览，亮度波形，色度矢量示波器和直方图显示 -- 音频混合，同步，擦除和波形可视化 -- 最多32个插槽用于添加视频，图像，音频，场景，面具和效果 -- 速度控制，调整图层，过渡，关键帧，过滤器等 - -最新的版本可以从[Blender Download Page][12]下载. +最新的版本可以从 [Blender 下载页][12]下载. ### 哪一个是最好的视频编辑软件？ -如果你需要一个简单的视频编辑器, OpenShot, Kdenlive和 Flowblade是一个不错的选择。这些软件是适合初学者的，并且带有标准规范的系统。 +如果你需要一个简单的视频编辑器，OpenShot、Kdenlive 和 Flowblade 是一个不错的选择。这些软件是适合初学者的，并且带有标准规范的系统。 -如果你有一个高性能的计算机，并且需要高级功能，你可以使用Lightworks。如果你正在寻找更高级的功能，Blender可以帮助你。 +如果你有一个高性能的计算机，并且需要高级功能，你可以使用 Lightworks。如果你正在寻找更高级的功能， Blender 可以帮助你。 -这就是我写的5个最佳的视频编辑软件，它们可以在Ubuntu，Linux Mint，Elementary和其他Linux发行版下使用。 与我们分享您最喜欢的视频编辑器。 +这就是我写的 5 个最佳的视频编辑软件，它们可以在 Ubuntu、Linux Mint、Elementary 和其他 Linux 发行版下使用。 请与我们分享您最喜欢的视频编辑器。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -126,13 +121,13 @@ via: https://itsfoss.com/best-video-editing-software-linux/ 作者：[Tiwo Satriatama][a] 译者：[DockerChen](https://github.com/DockerChen) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 [a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/tiwo/ -[1]: https://itsfoss.com/linux-photo-management-software/ -[2]: https://itsfoss.com/best-modern-open-source-code-editors-for-linux/ +[1]: https://linux.cn/article-7462-1.html +[2]: https://linux.cn/article-7468-1.html [3]: https://kdenlive.org/ [4]: https://itsfoss.com/tag/open-source/ [5]: http://www.openshot.org/ From a8eacf5cf535388a5c506e1b749ff9354f705884 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Mon, 14 Nov 2016 08:57:19 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 026/220] PUB:20160627 TOP 5 BEST VIDEO EDITING SOFTWARE FOR LINUX IN 2016 @DockerChen --- ...0160627 TOP 5 BEST VIDEO EDITING SOFTWARE FOR LINUX IN 2016.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20160627 TOP 5 BEST VIDEO EDITING SOFTWARE FOR LINUX IN 2016.md (100%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20160627 TOP 5 BEST VIDEO EDITING SOFTWARE FOR LINUX IN 2016.md b/published/20160627 TOP 5 BEST VIDEO EDITING SOFTWARE FOR LINUX IN 2016.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/tech/20160627 TOP 5 BEST VIDEO EDITING SOFTWARE FOR LINUX IN 2016.md rename to published/20160627 TOP 5 BEST VIDEO EDITING SOFTWARE FOR LINUX IN 2016.md From f8f00470e7a2719fc52a419900ce2025e5954d64 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Mon, 14 Nov 2016 09:02:51 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 027/220] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=A7=BB=E5=8A=A8=E5=88=B0=20talk?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... Microfluidic cooling may prevent the demise of Moore's Law.md | 0 ...tphones Do Away with the Headphone Jack Here Are Our Though.md | 0 .../{tech => talk}/20161014 IS OPEN SOURCE DESIGN A THING.md | 0 ...ical RAM attack can root Android and possibly other devices.md | 0 4 files changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename translated/{tech => talk}/20160604 Microfluidic cooling may prevent the demise of Moore's Law.md (100%) rename translated/{tech => talk}/20160915 Should Smartphones Do Away with the Headphone Jack Here Are Our Though.md (100%) rename translated/{tech => talk}/20161014 IS OPEN SOURCE DESIGN A THING.md (100%) rename translated/{tech => talk}/20161024 Physical RAM attack can root Android and possibly other devices.md (100%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20160604 Microfluidic cooling may prevent the demise of Moore's Law.md b/translated/talk/20160604 Microfluidic cooling may prevent the demise of Moore's Law.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/tech/20160604 Microfluidic cooling may prevent the demise of Moore's Law.md rename to translated/talk/20160604 Microfluidic cooling may prevent the demise of Moore's Law.md diff --git a/translated/tech/20160915 Should Smartphones Do Away with the Headphone Jack Here Are Our Though.md b/translated/talk/20160915 Should Smartphones Do Away with the Headphone Jack Here Are Our Though.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/tech/20160915 Should Smartphones Do Away with the Headphone Jack Here Are Our Though.md rename to translated/talk/20160915 Should Smartphones Do Away with the Headphone Jack Here Are Our Though.md diff --git a/translated/tech/20161014 IS OPEN SOURCE DESIGN A THING.md b/translated/talk/20161014 IS OPEN SOURCE DESIGN A THING.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/tech/20161014 IS OPEN SOURCE DESIGN A THING.md rename to translated/talk/20161014 IS OPEN SOURCE DESIGN A THING.md diff --git a/translated/tech/20161024 Physical RAM attack can root Android and possibly other devices.md b/translated/talk/20161024 Physical RAM attack can root Android and possibly other devices.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/tech/20161024 Physical RAM attack can root Android and possibly other devices.md rename to translated/talk/20161024 Physical RAM attack can root Android and possibly other devices.md From 4a0272563ecb8efb6c84ffa54017e8464aaa5fc7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chenzhijun <522858454@qq.com> Date: Mon, 14 Nov 2016 09:41:10 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 028/220] <> , translating by chenzhijun --- .../20161030 HOW TO CREATE AN EBOOK WITH CALIBRE IN LINUX.md | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20161030 HOW TO CREATE AN EBOOK WITH CALIBRE IN LINUX.md b/sources/tech/20161030 HOW TO CREATE AN EBOOK WITH CALIBRE IN LINUX.md index bb1be0c3fb..b2f3652d38 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20161030 HOW TO CREATE AN EBOOK WITH CALIBRE IN LINUX.md +++ b/sources/tech/20161030 HOW TO CREATE AN EBOOK WITH CALIBRE IN LINUX.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +translating by chenzhijun + HOW TO CREATE AN EBOOK WITH CALIBRE IN LINUX [COMPLETE GUIDE] ==== From bcd1183f1501114eca685db408354c04c2d408d0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "zhijun.chen" <522858454@qq.com> Date: Mon, 14 Nov 2016 09:58:09 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 029/220] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=94=B3=E9=A2=86=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=20?= =?UTF-8?q?(#4654)?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit * translating by chenzhijun * <> , translating by chenzhijun --- .../20161030 HOW TO CREATE AN EBOOK WITH CALIBRE IN LINUX.md | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20161030 HOW TO CREATE AN EBOOK WITH CALIBRE IN LINUX.md b/sources/tech/20161030 HOW TO CREATE AN EBOOK WITH CALIBRE IN LINUX.md index bb1be0c3fb..b2f3652d38 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20161030 HOW TO CREATE AN EBOOK WITH CALIBRE IN LINUX.md +++ b/sources/tech/20161030 HOW TO CREATE AN EBOOK WITH CALIBRE IN LINUX.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +translating by chenzhijun + HOW TO CREATE AN EBOOK WITH CALIBRE IN LINUX [COMPLETE GUIDE] ==== From db398b596d747a69e5a1f68a74b56d038ad1b784 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: jasminepeng Date: Mon, 14 Nov 2016 10:20:58 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 030/220] Update 20160620 Training vs. hiring to meet the IT needs of today and tomorrow.md --- ...meet the IT needs of today and tomorrow.md | 41 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 21 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/talk/20160620 Training vs. hiring to meet the IT needs of today and tomorrow.md b/translated/talk/20160620 Training vs. hiring to meet the IT needs of today and tomorrow.md index fc7794f305..70e315e6a5 100644 --- a/translated/talk/20160620 Training vs. hiring to meet the IT needs of today and tomorrow.md +++ b/translated/talk/20160620 Training vs. hiring to meet the IT needs of today and tomorrow.md @@ -1,44 +1,45 @@ -Training vs. hiring to meet the IT needs of today and tomorrow -培训还是雇人，来满足当今和未来的 IT 需求 +已校对。 + +为满足当今和未来 IT 需求，培训员工还是雇佣新人？ ================================================================ ![](https://enterprisersproject.com/sites/default/files/styles/620x350/public/images/cio_talent_4.png?itok=QLhyS_Xf) -在数字化时代，由于企业需要不断跟上工具和技术更新换代的步伐，对 IT 技能的需求也稳定增长。对于企业来说，寻找和雇佣那些拥有令人垂涎能力的创新人才，是非常不容易的。同时，培训内部员工来使他们接受新的技能和挑战，需要一定的时间。而且，这也往往满足不了需求。 +在数字化时代，由于IT工具不断更新，技术公司紧随其后，对 IT 技能的需求也不断变化。对于企业来说，寻找和雇佣那些拥有令人垂涎能力的创新人才，是非常不容易的。同时，培训内部员工来使他们接受新的技能和挑战，需要一定的时间，而时间要求常常是紧迫的。 -[Sandy Hill][1] 对多种 IT 学科涉及到的多项技术都很熟悉。她作为 [Pegasystems][2] 项目的 IT 主管，负责的 IT 团队涉及的领域从应用的部署到数据中心的运营。更重要的是，Pegasystems 开发应用来帮助销售，市场，服务以及运行团队简化操作，联系客户。这意味着她需要掌握和利用 IT 内部资源的最佳方法，面对公司客户遇到的 IT 挑战。 +[Sandy Hill][1] 对 IT 涉及到的多项技术都很熟悉。她作为 [Pegasystems][2] 项目的 IT 总监，负责多个 IT 团队，从应用的部署到数据中心的运营都要涉及。更重要的是，Pegasystems 开发帮助销售、市场、服务以及运营团队流水化操作，以及客户联络的应用。这意味着她需要掌握使用 IT 内部资源的最佳方法，面对公司客户遇到的 IT 挑战。 ![](https://enterprisersproject.com/sites/default/files/CIO_Q%20and%20A_0.png) -**企业家项目（TEP）：这些年你是如何调整培训重心的？** +**TEP（企业家项目）：这些年你是如何调整培训重心的？** -**Hill**：在过去的几十年中，我们经历了爆炸式的发展，所以现在我们要实现更多的全球化进程。随之而来的培训方面，将确保每个人都在同一起跑线上。 +**Hill**：在过去的几年中，我们经历了爆炸式的发展，现在我们要实现更多的全球化进程。因此，培训目标是确保每个人都在同一起跑线上。 -我们大多的关注点已经转移到培养员工使用新的产品和工具上，这些新产品和工具的实现，能够推动创新，并提高工作效率。例如，我们实现了资产管理系统; 以前我们是没有的。因此我们需要为全部员工做培训，而不是雇佣那些已经知道该产品的人。当我们正在发展的时候，我们也试图保持紧张的预算和稳定的职员总数。所以，我们更愿意在内部培训而不是雇佣新人。 +我们主要的关注点在培养员工使用新产品和工具上，这些新产品和工具能够推动创新，提高工作效率。例如，我们使用了之前没有的资产管理系统。因此我们需要为全部员工做培训，而不是雇佣那些已经知道该产品的人。当我们正在发展的时候，我们也试图保持紧张的预算和稳定的职员总数。所以，我们更愿意在内部培训而不是雇佣新人。 -**TEP：说说培训方法吧，你是怎样帮助你的员工发展他们的技能？** +**TEP：说说培训方法吧，怎样帮助你的员工发展他们的技能？** -**Hill**：我要求每一位员工制定一个技术性的和非技术性的训练目标。这作为他们绩效评估的一部分。他们的技术性目标需要与他们的工作职能相符，非技术行目标则着重发展一项软技能，或是学一些专业领域之外的东西。我每年对职员进行一次评估，看看差距和不足之处，以使团队保持全面发展。 +**Hill**：我要求每一位员工制定一个技术性的和非技术性的训练目标。这作为他们绩效评估的一部分。他们的技术性目标需要与他们的工作职能相符，非技术行目标则随意，比如着重发展一项软技能，或是学一些专业领域之外的东西。我每年对职员进行一次评估，看看差距和不足之处，以使团队保持全面发展。 -**TEP：你的训练计划能够在多大程度上减轻招聘和保留职员的问题？** +**TEP：你的训练计划能够在多大程度上减轻招聘工作量, 保持职员的稳定性？** -**Hill**：使我们的职员对学习新的技术保持兴奋，让他们的技能更好。让职员知道我们重视他们并且让他们在擅长的领域成长和发展，以此激励他们。 +**Hill**：使我们的职员保持学习新技术的兴趣，可以让他们不断提高技能。让职员知道我们重视他们并且让他们在擅长的领域成长和发展，以此激励他们。 -**TEP：你有没有发现哪种培训是最有效的？** +**TEP：你们发现哪些培训是最有效的？** -**HILL**：我们使用几种不同的我们发现是有效的培训方法。当有新的或特殊的项目时，我们尝试加入一套由甲方（不会翻：乙方，卖方？）领导的培训课程，作为项目的一部分。要是这个方法不能实现，我们将进行异地培训。我们也会购买一些在线的培训课程。我也鼓励职员每年参加至少一次会议，以了解行业的动向。 +**HILL**：我们使用几种不同的培训方法，认为效果很好。对新的或特殊的项目，我们会由供应商提供培训课程，作为项目的一部分。要是这个方法不能实现，我们将进行脱产培训。我们也会购买一些在线的培训课程。我也鼓励职员每年参加至少一次会议，以了解行业的动向。 -**TEP：你有没有发现有哪些技能，雇佣新人要比培训现有员工要好？** +**TEP：哪些技能需求，更适合雇佣新人而不是培训现有员工？** -**Hill**：这和项目有关。有一个最近的计划，试图实现 OpenStack，而我们根本没有这方面的专家。所以我们与一家从事这一领域的咨询公司合作。我们利用他们的专业知识帮助我们运行项目，并现场培训我们的内部团队成员。让内部员工学习他们需要的技能，同时还要完成他们们天的工作，这是一项艰巨的任务。 +**Hill**：这和项目有关。最近有一个项目，需要使用 OpenStack，而我们根本没有这方面的专家。所以我们与一家从事这一领域的咨询公司合作。我们利用他们的专业人员运行该项目，并现场培训我们的内部团队成员。让内部员工学习他们需要的技能，同时还要完成他们的日常工作，是一项艰巨的任务。 -顾问帮助我们确定我们需要的对某一技术熟练的的员工人数。这使我们能够对员工进行评估，看看是否存在缺口。如果存在人员上的缺口，我们还需要额外的培训或是员工招聘。我们也确实雇佣了一些承包商。另一个选择是让一些全职员工进行为期六至八周的培训，但我们的项目模式不容许这么做。 +顾问帮助我们确定我们需要的员工人数。这样我们就可以对员工进行评估，看是否存在缺口。如果存在人员上的缺口，我们还需要额外的培训或是员工招聘。我们也确实雇佣了一些合同工。另一个选择是对一些全职员工进行为期六至八周的培训，但我们的项目模式不容许这么做。 -**TEP：想一下你最近雇佣的员工，他们的那些技能特别能够吸引到你？** +**TEP：最近雇佣的员工，他们的那些技能特别能够吸引到你？** -**Hill**：在最近的招聘中，我侧重于软技能。除了扎实的技术能力外，他们需要能够在团队中进行有效的沟通和工作，要有说服他人，谈判和解决冲突的能力。 +**Hill**：在最近的招聘中，我更看重软技能。除了扎实的技术能力外，他们需要能够在团队中进行有效的沟通和工作，要有说服他人，谈判和解决冲突的能力。 -IT 人一向独来独往。他们一般不是社交最多的人。现在，IT 越来越整合到组织中，它为其他业务部门提供有用的更新报告和状态报告的能力是至关重要的，这也表明 IT 是积极的存在，并将取得成功。 +IT 人常常独来独往，不擅社交。然而如今IT 与整个组织结合越来越紧密，为其他业务部门提供有用的更新和状态报告的能力至关重要，可展示 IT 部门存在的重要性。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -46,7 +47,7 @@ via: https://enterprisersproject.com/article/2016/6/training-vs-hiring-meet-it-n 作者：[Paul Desmond][a] 译者：[Cathon](https://github.com/Cathon) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[jasminepeng](https://github.com/jasminepeng) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 3b2bbb4e5d33753aef2595532e6031d23e9069b7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: jasminepeng Date: Mon, 14 Nov 2016 10:35:56 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 031/220] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=A0=A1=E5=AF=B9=E4=B8=AD?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 校对中 --- ...15 What the rise of permissive open source licenses means.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translated/talk/20160915 What the rise of permissive open source licenses means.md b/translated/talk/20160915 What the rise of permissive open source licenses means.md index f9095b43d3..6a18b34223 100644 --- a/translated/talk/20160915 What the rise of permissive open source licenses means.md +++ b/translated/talk/20160915 What the rise of permissive open source licenses means.md @@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ via: http://www.cio.com/article/3120235/open-source-tools/what-the-rise-of-permi 作者：[Paul Rubens ][a] 译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[jasminepeng](https://github.com/jasminepeng) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 632a20c4585f02fb13fe60e628ff4218fe3306ce Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Lv Feng Date: Mon, 14 Nov 2016 11:12:49 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 032/220] Update 20161109 How to Recover a Deleted File in Linux.md --- .../tech/20161109 How to Recover a Deleted File in Linux.md | 4 +++- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20161109 How to Recover a Deleted File in Linux.md b/sources/tech/20161109 How to Recover a Deleted File in Linux.md index b210c3f383..8e1763a147 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20161109 How to Recover a Deleted File in Linux.md +++ b/sources/tech/20161109 How to Recover a Deleted File in Linux.md @@ -1,9 +1,11 @@ -ucasFL translating # How to Recover a Deleted File in Linux +# 在 Linux 中如何还原一个删除了的文件 Did this ever happen to you? You realized that you had mistakenly deleted a file – either through the Del key, or using `rm` in the command line. +你曾经是否遇到这样的事？你意识到你已经通过删除键或者在命令行中使用 ‘rm’ 命令错误的删除了一个不该删除的文件。 In the first case, you can always go to the Trash, [search for the file][6], and restore it to its original location. But what about the second case? As I am sure you probably know, the Linux command line does not send removed files anywhere – it REMOVES them. Bum. They’re gone. +在第一种情况下，你可以到垃圾箱，[搜索文件][6]，然后把它重新存储到它原始的位置。但是第二种情况又该怎么办呢？我想你可能也知道，Linux 命令行不会把被删除的文件放到任何位置，而是直接把它们清除了，于是它们不再存在了。 In this article we will share a tip that may be helpful to prevent this from happening to you, and a tool that you may consider using if at any point you are careless enough to do it anyway. From dad377788dec23d568323a258fbfe8c9b754be43 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?=E5=91=A8=E5=AE=B6=E6=9C=AA?= Date: Mon, 14 Nov 2016 14:13:26 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 033/220] Update 20161027 DTrace for Linux 2016.md --- sources/tech/20161027 DTrace for Linux 2016.md | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20161027 DTrace for Linux 2016.md b/sources/tech/20161027 DTrace for Linux 2016.md index 97e94fb7b5..9299a920f7 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20161027 DTrace for Linux 2016.md +++ b/sources/tech/20161027 DTrace for Linux 2016.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +GitFuture get translating + DTrace for Linux 2016 =========== From 5dd4558bf41e48e95e0b6850d8244e90886ce5bd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: vic Date: Mon, 14 Nov 2016 14:25:45 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 034/220] translated the rest of ubuntu vs ubuntu on windows --- .../tech/ubuntu vs ubuntu on windows.md | 24 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/ubuntu vs ubuntu on windows.md b/translated/tech/ubuntu vs ubuntu on windows.md index cef941fa66..066609526f 100644 --- a/translated/tech/ubuntu vs ubuntu on windows.md +++ b/translated/tech/ubuntu vs ubuntu on windows.md @@ -21,15 +21,15 @@ Windows的Linux子系统测试在上周刚刚完成所有测试，并放出升 ![](https//openbenchmarking.org/embed.php?i=1608096-LO-BASHWINDO87&sha=186c4d0&c=a8c914bf9b64cf67abc65e319f8e71c7951fb1aa&p=0) -First up was the SQLite embedded database benchmark. The out-of-the-box Ubuntu/Bash on Windows performance was quite slow, but when switching that 14.04 environment to 16.04 LTS, the performance was much faster. However, for this disk-heavy workload the native Ubuntu Linux installations were almost twice as fast as relying upon the Windows Subsystem for Linux. +首先是SQLite嵌入式数据库基准测试.这个盒子外的Ubuntu/Bash on Windows性能是相当的慢,但是如果切换环境从14.04到16.04LTS, 性能会块很多.然而, 对于重磁盘的工作负载,原生Ubuntu Linux比Windows的子系统Linux快了近2倍. ![](https://openbenchmarking.org/embed.php?i=1608096-LO-BASHWINDO87&sha=fa40825&c=0912dc3f6d6a9f36da09fdd4c0cf4e330fa40f90&p=0) ![](https://openbenchmarking.org/embed.php?i=1608096-LO-BASHWINDO87&sha=8419652&c=9b9f6b0822ed5b9dc2977a7f2faf499fce4fba23&p=0) -The CompileBench test profile as additional disk-focused workloads show that this is the particular subsystem really straining the Ubuntu performance atop Windows 10 with it being up to multiple times slower. +编译测试作为额外的重磁盘测试显示, 定制的Windows子系统真的成倍的限制了Ubuntu性能. -Next up were some basic system memory speed tests with Stream. +接下来,是一些使用Stream的基本的系统内存速度测试 ![](https://openbenchmarking.org/embed.php?i=1608096-LO-BASHWINDO87&sha=9560e6f&c=ebbc6937fa8daf0540e0df353432a29f938cf7ed&p=0) @@ -37,29 +37,29 @@ Next up were some basic system memory speed tests with Stream. ![](https://openbenchmarking.org/embed.php?i=1608096-LO-BASHWINDO87&sha=5a2e9d2&c=d37eee4c9394fa8104e7e49e26c964af70ec326b&p=0) -Strangely, the Stream memory benchmarks show better performance with Ubuntu on Windows than Ubuntu itself! This happened on both the 14.04 and 16.04 based environments that the Windows results came out faster. +奇怪的是, 这些内存的基准测试显示Ubuntu on Windows的性能比原生的Ubuntu好!这个现象同时发生在基于同样的Windows却环境不同的14.04和16.04上. -Next are more of the CPU-heavy tests, +接下来, 是一些重CPU测试. ![](https://openbenchmarking.org/embed.php?i=1608096-LO-BASHWINDO87&sha=ee1f01f&c=3e9a67230e0e081b99ee3237e702c0b40ee73d60&p=0) -With the Dolfyn scientific test, the performance between Ubuntu on Windows and Ubuntu installed bare metal was actually quite close. With Ubuntu 16.04 the performance is slower on both platforms due to the newer GCC compiler regressing the performance. +通过Dolfyn科学测试，Ubuntu On Windows和原生Ubuntu之间的性能其实是相当接近的。 对于Ubuntu 16.04，由于较新的GCC编译器回退性能，两个平台上的性能都较慢。 ![](https://openbenchmarking.org/embed.php?i=1608096-LO-BASHWINDO87&sha=dd69257&c=0e31babb8b96be1ae38ea739fbb1346bf9bc4b07&p=0) ![](https://openbenchmarking.org/embed.php?i=1608096-LO-BASHWINDO87&sha=a02416b&c=c8abb70dee982dd494fb1891bd9dc154fa7a7f47&p=0) -Fhourstones and John The Ripper show that the performance of Ubuntu running on Windows via the Windows Subsystem for Linux can be incredibly close to the bare metal Ubuntu Linux performance! +透过Fhourstones和John The Ripper表明，通过在Windows上运行Linux子系统的Ubuntu的性能可以非常接近裸机Ubuntu Linux性能！ ![](https://openbenchmarking.org/embed.php?i=1608096-LO-BASHWINDO87&sha=3140e3c&c=f4bf6330a7d58b5939c61cbd91fe5db379c1592a&p=0) -The x264 results were another strange case similar to Stream where the best performance was actually with Ubuntu on Windows 10 via WSL! +类似于Stream, x264结果是另一个奇怪的情况，其中最好的性能实际上是使用WSL Ubuntu On Windows！ ![](https://openbenchmarking.org/embed.php?i=1608096-LO-BASHWINDO87&sha=ad12f0b&c=f50c829c97d731f6926c5a874cf83f8fc5440067&p=0) ![](https://openbenchmarking.org/embed.php?i=1608096-LO-BASHWINDO87&sha=8b7a7ca&c=3de3e8537d08665e8a41380b6b2298c09f408fa0&p=0) -The timed compilation benchmarks were heavily in favor of the bare metal Ubuntu Linux installations outside of Windows. This is likely due to these large program compilations requiring plenty of disk reads and from the earlier disk-focused benchmarks showing that is the big area where the Windows Subsystem for Linux is slow. +定时编译基准测试非常利于裸机Ubuntu Linux. 这是由于大型程序编译需要大量读写磁盘, 先前测试已经发现了, 基于Windows的子系统缓慢的大灾区. ![](https://openbenchmarking.org/embed.php?i=1608096-LO-BASHWINDO87&sha=25892d8&c=f6cd3fa4a3497e3d2663106e0bf3fcd227f9b9a3&p=0) @@ -67,11 +67,11 @@ The timed compilation benchmarks were heavily in favor of the bare metal Ubuntu ![](https://openbenchmarking.org/embed.php?i=1608096-LO-BASHWINDO87&sha=4899bb2&c=80df0e1e749910ebd84b0d6c2688316e5cfb8cda&p=0) -Many of our other common open-source benchmarks show that for the strictly CPU-focused tests, the Windows Subsystem for Linux is close -- or even matches -- the native Ubuntu Linux performance running on the actual hardware. +许多其他的通用开源基准测试表明, 严格的重CPU测试, Windows子系统的Ubuntu的性能是很接近的, 甚至是相等与原生安装在实际硬盘中的Ubuntu Linux. -These latest Windows Subsystem for Linux results are actually rather impressive. The big letdown is just the continued slow disk/file-system performance, but for CPU-bound workloads the results are very compelling. There's also the rare cases with x264 and Stream where the performance of the Ubuntu user-space on Windows appears to clearly outperform that of Ubuntu Linux running on the hardware by itself. +最新的Window的Linux子系统,测试结果实际上相当令人印象深刻。让人沮丧仅仅只是持续缓慢的磁盘/文件系统性能，但是对于受CPU限制的工作负载，结果是非常引人注目的。还有很罕见的x264和Stream测试，Ubuntu On Windows上的性能似乎明显优于运行在硬件上的Ubuntu Linux。 -Overall the experience was actually quite pleasant and haven't run into any other bugs or annoyances while running with Ubuntu/Bash on Windows. If you're interested in more Windows vs. Linux benchmarks, please consider voicing yourself as a Phoronix Premium subscriber. +总的来说, 测试实验是十分愉快的并且在Ubuntu/Bash on Windows也没有遇到任何其他的bug.如果你有还兴趣了解更多关于Windows和Linux的基准测试, 欢迎留言讨论. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=article&item=windows10-anv-wsl&num=1 From 5b5d075c9bf5a4bff5f93253ceaf1cc25bce270d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: jasminepeng Date: Mon, 14 Nov 2016 15:53:54 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 035/220] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=A0=A1=E5=AF=B9=E5=AE=8C=E6=AF=95?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 校对完毕 --- ...se of permissive open source licenses means.md | 15 ++++++++------- 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/talk/20160915 What the rise of permissive open source licenses means.md b/translated/talk/20160915 What the rise of permissive open source licenses means.md index 6a18b34223..b6a7e0c2ad 100644 --- a/translated/talk/20160915 What the rise of permissive open source licenses means.md +++ b/translated/talk/20160915 What the rise of permissive open source licenses means.md @@ -5,17 +5,17 @@ “如果你用了任何开源软件， 那么你软件的其他部分也必须开源。” 这是微软 CEO Steve Ballmer 2001 年说的， 尽管他说的不对， 还是引发了人们对自由软件的 FUD （恐惧， 不确定和怀疑）。 大概这才是他的意图。 -对开源软件的这些 FUD 主要与开源许可有关。 现在有许多不同的许可证， 当中有些限制比其他的更严格（也有人称“更具保护性”）。 诸如 GNU 通用公共许可证 （GPL） 这样的限制性许可证使用了 copyleft 的概念。 copyleft 赋予人们自由发布软件副本和修改版的权力， 只要衍生工作给予人们同样的权力。 bash 和 GIMP 等开源项目就是使用了 GPL （v3）。 还有一个 Affero GPL 的许可证， 它为网络上的软件（如网络服务）提供了 copyleft 许可。 +对开源软件的这些 FUD 主要与开源许可有关。 现在有许多不同的许可证， 当中有些限制比其他的更严格（也有人称“更具保护性”）。 诸如 GNU 通用公共许可证 （GPL） 这样的限制性许可证使用了 copyleft 的概念。 copyleft 赋予人们自由发布软件副本和修改版的权力， 只要衍生工作保留同样的权力。 bash 和 GIMP 等开源项目就是使用了 GPL （v3）。 还有一个 AGPL（ Affero GPL） 许可证， 它为网络上的软件（如网络服务）提供了 copyleft 许可。 这意味着， 如果你使用了这种许可的代码， 然后加入了你自己的专有代码， 那么在一些情况下， 整个代码， 包括你的代码也就遵从这种限制性开源许可证。 Ballmer 说的大概就是这类的许可证。 -但宽松许可证不同。 比如， 只要保留属性且不要求开发者承担责任， MIT 许可证允许任何人任意使用开源代码， 包括修改和出售。 另一个比较流行的宽松开源许可证， Apache 许可证 2.0 也把专利权从贡献者授予用户。 JQuery, .NET Core 和 Rails 使用了 MIT 许可证， 使用 Apache 许可证 2.0 的软件包括安卓， Apache 和 Swift。 +但宽松许可证不同。 比如， 只要保留版权声明和许可声明且不要求开发者承担责任， MIT 许可证允许任何人任意使用开源代码， 包括修改和出售。 另一个比较流行的宽松开源许可证是 Apache 许可证 2.0，它还包含了贡献者向用户提供专利授权相关的条款。 使用 MIT 许可证的有 JQuery, .NET Core 和 Rails ， 使用 Apache 许可证 2.0 的软件包括安卓， Apache 和 Swift。 两种许可证类型最终都是为了让软件更有用。 限制性许可证促进了参与和分享的开源理念， 使每个人从软件中得到最多的利益。 而宽松许可证通过允许人们任意使用软件来确保人们能从软件中得到最多的利益， 即使这意味着他们可以使用代码， 修改它， 据为己有，甚至以专有软件出售，而不做任何回报。 开源许可证管理公司 Black Duck Software 的数据显示， 去年使用最多的开源许可证是限制性许可证 GPL 2.0, 市占率大约 25%。 宽松许可证 MIT 和 Apache 2.0 次之， 市占率分别为 18% 和 16%， 再后面是 GPL 3.0, 市占率大约 10%。 这样来看， 限制性许可证占 35%， 宽松许可证占 34%， 几乎是平手。 -但这个数据没有显示趋势。 Black Duck 的数据显示， 从 2009 年到 2015 年的六年间， MIT 许可证的市占率上升了 15.7%， Apache 的市占率上升了 12.4%。 在这段时期， GPL v2 和 v3 的市占率惊人地下降了 21.4%。 换言之， 在这段时期里， 大量市占率从限制性许可证移动到宽松许可证。 +但这个数据没有显示趋势。 Black Duck 的数据显示， 从 2009 年到 2015 年的六年间， MIT 许可证的市占率上升了 15.7%， Apache 的市占率上升了 12.4%。 在这段时期， GPL v2 和 v3 的市占率惊人地下降了 21.4%。 换言之， 在这段时期里， 大量软件从限制性许可证转到宽松许可证。 这个趋势还在继续。 Black Duck 的[最新数据][1]显示， MIT 现在的市占率为 26%， GPL v2 为 21%， Apache 2 为 16%， GPL v3 为 9%。 即 30% 的限制性许可证和 42% 的宽松许可证－－与前一年的 35% 的限制许可证和 34% 的宽松许可证相比， 发生了重大的转变。 对 GitHub 上使用许可证的[调查研究][2]证实了这种转变。 它显示 MIT 以压倒性的 45% 占有率成为最流行的许可证， 与之相比， GPL v2 只有 13%， Apache 11%。 @@ -25,17 +25,18 @@ 从限制性许可证到宽松许可证，这么大的转变背后是什么呢？ 是公司害怕如果使用了限制性许可证的软件，他们就会像Ballmer说的那样，失去自己私有软件的控制权了吗？ 事实上， 可能就是如此。 比如， Google [禁用了 Affero GPL 软件][3]。 -[Instructional Media + Magic][4] 的主席 Jim Farmer， 是一个教育开源技术的开发者。 他作为很多公司为避开法律问题而不使用限制性许可证。 “问题就在于复杂性。 许可证的复杂性越高， 被人因为某此行为而告上法庭的可能性越高。 高复杂性更可能带来麻烦“， 他说。 +[Instructional Media + Magic][4] 的主席 Jim Farmer， 是一个教育开源技术的开发者。 他认为很多公司为避免法律问题而不使用限制性许可证。 “问题就在于复杂性。 许可证的复杂性越高， 被他人因为某行为而告上法庭的可能性越高。 高复杂性更可能带来诉讼“， 他说。 他补充说， 这种对限制性许可证的恐惧正被律师们驱动着， 许多律师建议自己的客户使用 MIT 或 Apache 2.0 许可证的软件， 并明确反对使用 Affero 许可证的软件。 他说， 这会对软件开发者产生影响， 因为如果公司都避开限制性许可证软件的使用，开发者想要自己的软件被使用， 就更会把新的软件使用宽松许可证。 -但 SalesAgility， 也就是开源 SuiteCRM 的那家公司，的 CEO Greg Soper 认为这种到宽松许可证的转变也由一些开发者驱动。 “看看像 Rocket.Chat 这样的应用。 开发者本可以选择 GPL 2.0 或 Affero 许可证， 但他们选择了宽松许可证，” 他说。 “这样可以给这个应用最大的机会， 因为专有软件厂商可以使用它， 不会伤害到他们的产品， 且不需要把他们的产品也使用开源许可证。 这样如果开发者想要让第三方应用使用他的应用的话， 他有理由选择宽松许可证。” +但 SalesAgility（开源 SuiteCRM 背后的公司）的 CEO Greg Soper 认为这种到宽松许可证的转变也是由一些开发者驱动的。 “看看像 Rocket.Chat 这样的应用。 开发者本可以选择 GPL 2.0 或 Affero 许可证， 但他们选择了宽松许可证，” 他说。 “这样可以给这个应用最大的机会， 因为专有软件厂商可以使用它， 不会伤害到他们的产品， 且不需要把他们的产品也使用开源许可证。 这样如果开发者想要让第三方应用使用他的应用的话， 他有理由选择宽松许可证。” -Soper 指出， 限制性许可证的设计，就是通过阻止开发者拿了别人的代码，做了修改，但不把结果回报给社区来帮助开源项目。 “ Affero 许可证对我们的产品很重要， 因为如果有人 fork 了，并做得比我们好， 却又不把代码回报回来， 就会杀死我们的产品，” 他说。 “ 对 Rocket.Chat 则不同， 因为如果它使用 Affero， 那么它会污染公司的 IP， 所以公司不会使用它。 不同的许可证有不同的使用案例。” +Soper 指出， 限制性许可证致力于帮助开源项目获得成功，方式是阻止开发者拿了别人的代码，做了修改，但不把结果回报给社区。 “ Affero 许可证对我们的产品健康发展很重要， 因为如果有人利用了我们的代码开发，做得比我们好， 却又不把代码回报回来， 就会扼杀杀我们的产品，” 他说。 “ 对 Rocket.Chat 则不同， 因为如果它使用 Affero， 那么它会污染公司的 IP， 所以公司不会使用它。 不同的许可证有不同的使用案例。” + +曾在 Gnome， OpenOffice工作过，现在是 LibreOffice 的开源开发者的 Michael Meeks 同意 Jim Farmer 的观点，认为许多公司确实出于对法律的担心，而选择使用宽松许可证的软件。 “copyleft 许可证有风险， 但同样也有巨大的益处。 遗憾的是人们都听从律师， 而律师只是讲风险， 却从不告诉你有些事是安全的。” -曾在 Gnome， 现在是 LibreOffice 的 OpenOffice 上工作的开源开发者 Michael Meeks 同意 Jim Farmer 的，许多公司确实出于对法律的担心，而选择使用宽松许可证的软件的观点。 “copyleft 许可证有风险， 但同样也有巨大的益处。 遗憾的是人们都听从律师， 而律师只是讲风险， 但从不告诉你有些事是安全的。” Ballmer 发表他不正确的言论已经 15 年了， 但它产生的 FUD 还是有影响－－即使从限制性许可证到宽松许可证的转变并不是他想要的。 From 8cea3648835fb574f7c25c5ea22486c2770dc73c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Mon, 14 Nov 2016 16:27:18 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 036/220] PUB:20160620 Training vs. hiring to meet the IT needs of today and tomorrow @Cathon @jasminepeng --- ...vs. hiring to meet the IT needs of today and tomorrow.md | 6 ++---- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) rename {translated/talk => published}/20160620 Training vs. hiring to meet the IT needs of today and tomorrow.md (91%) diff --git a/translated/talk/20160620 Training vs. hiring to meet the IT needs of today and tomorrow.md b/published/20160620 Training vs. hiring to meet the IT needs of today and tomorrow.md similarity index 91% rename from translated/talk/20160620 Training vs. hiring to meet the IT needs of today and tomorrow.md rename to published/20160620 Training vs. hiring to meet the IT needs of today and tomorrow.md index 70e315e6a5..754c1e0ebe 100644 --- a/translated/talk/20160620 Training vs. hiring to meet the IT needs of today and tomorrow.md +++ b/published/20160620 Training vs. hiring to meet the IT needs of today and tomorrow.md @@ -1,11 +1,9 @@ -已校对。 - 为满足当今和未来 IT 需求，培训员工还是雇佣新人？ ================================================================ ![](https://enterprisersproject.com/sites/default/files/styles/620x350/public/images/cio_talent_4.png?itok=QLhyS_Xf) -在数字化时代，由于IT工具不断更新，技术公司紧随其后，对 IT 技能的需求也不断变化。对于企业来说，寻找和雇佣那些拥有令人垂涎能力的创新人才，是非常不容易的。同时，培训内部员工来使他们接受新的技能和挑战，需要一定的时间，而时间要求常常是紧迫的。 +在数字化时代，由于 IT 工具不断更新，技术公司紧随其后，对 IT 技能的需求也不断变化。对于企业来说，寻找和雇佣那些拥有令人垂涎能力的创新人才，是非常不容易的。同时，培训内部员工来使他们接受新的技能和挑战，需要一定的时间，而时间要求常常是紧迫的。 [Sandy Hill][1] 对 IT 涉及到的多项技术都很熟悉。她作为 [Pegasystems][2] 项目的 IT 总监，负责多个 IT 团队，从应用的部署到数据中心的运营都要涉及。更重要的是，Pegasystems 开发帮助销售、市场、服务以及运营团队流水化操作，以及客户联络的应用。这意味着她需要掌握使用 IT 内部资源的最佳方法，面对公司客户遇到的 IT 挑战。 @@ -19,7 +17,7 @@ **TEP：说说培训方法吧，怎样帮助你的员工发展他们的技能？** -**Hill**：我要求每一位员工制定一个技术性的和非技术性的训练目标。这作为他们绩效评估的一部分。他们的技术性目标需要与他们的工作职能相符，非技术行目标则随意，比如着重发展一项软技能，或是学一些专业领域之外的东西。我每年对职员进行一次评估，看看差距和不足之处，以使团队保持全面发展。 +**Hill**：我要求每一位员工制定一个技术性的和非技术性的训练目标。这作为他们绩效评估的一部分。他们的技术性目标需要与他们的工作职能相符，非技术岗目标则随意，比如着重发展一项软技能，或是学一些专业领域之外的东西。我每年对职员进行一次评估，看看差距和不足之处，以使团队保持全面发展。 **TEP：你的训练计划能够在多大程度上减轻招聘工作量, 保持职员的稳定性？** From 7c275e80dcf118e79d547f1eed15b39ba258453c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: VicYu Date: Mon, 14 Nov 2016 17:08:31 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 037/220] Pick up a new one by vic020 --- ... How to design and add your own font on Linux with Glyphr.md | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20161104 How to design and add your own font on Linux with Glyphr.md b/sources/tech/20161104 How to design and add your own font on Linux with Glyphr.md index 3bd4e7768d..43e3db5310 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20161104 How to design and add your own font on Linux with Glyphr.md +++ b/sources/tech/20161104 How to design and add your own font on Linux with Glyphr.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ + Vic020 + # How to design and add your own font on Linux with Glyphr LibreOffice already offers a galore of fonts, and users can always download and add more. However, if you want to create your own custom font, you can do it easily by using Glyphr. Glyphr is a new open source vector font designer with an intuitive and easy to use graphical interface and a rich set of features that will take care every aspect of the font design. Although the application is still in early development, it is already pretty good. Here’s a quick guide showing how to design your own custom fonts on Glyphr, and how to add them on LibreOffice once you’re done. From 176ffde29ef996b93a16b5e38f9101f3077acc57 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Tue, 15 Nov 2016 08:57:57 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 038/220] PUB:20160915 What the rise of permissive open source licenses means MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @willcoderwang 翻译的不错 ，加油！ @jasminepeng --- ...f permissive open source licenses means.md | 29 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-) rename {translated/talk => published}/20160915 What the rise of permissive open source licenses means.md (54%) diff --git a/translated/talk/20160915 What the rise of permissive open source licenses means.md b/published/20160915 What the rise of permissive open source licenses means.md similarity index 54% rename from translated/talk/20160915 What the rise of permissive open source licenses means.md rename to published/20160915 What the rise of permissive open source licenses means.md index b6a7e0c2ad..7b0b1f1ece 100644 --- a/translated/talk/20160915 What the rise of permissive open source licenses means.md +++ b/published/20160915 What the rise of permissive open source licenses means.md @@ -3,29 +3,29 @@ 为什么像 GNU GPL 这样的限制性许可证越来越不受青睐。 -“如果你用了任何开源软件， 那么你软件的其他部分也必须开源。” 这是微软 CEO Steve Ballmer 2001 年说的， 尽管他说的不对， 还是引发了人们对自由软件的 FUD （恐惧， 不确定和怀疑）。 大概这才是他的意图。 +“如果你用了任何开源软件， 那么你软件的其他部分也必须开源。” 这是微软前 CEO 巴尔默 2001 年说的， 尽管他说的不对， 还是引发了人们对自由软件的 FUD （恐惧， 不确定和怀疑（fear, uncertainty and doubt））。 大概这才是他的意图。 -对开源软件的这些 FUD 主要与开源许可有关。 现在有许多不同的许可证， 当中有些限制比其他的更严格（也有人称“更具保护性”）。 诸如 GNU 通用公共许可证 （GPL） 这样的限制性许可证使用了 copyleft 的概念。 copyleft 赋予人们自由发布软件副本和修改版的权力， 只要衍生工作保留同样的权力。 bash 和 GIMP 等开源项目就是使用了 GPL （v3）。 还有一个 AGPL（ Affero GPL） 许可证， 它为网络上的软件（如网络服务）提供了 copyleft 许可。 +对开源软件的这些 FUD 主要与开源许可有关。 现在有许多不同的许可证， 当中有些限制比其他的更严格（也有人称“更具保护性”）。 诸如 GNU 通用公共许可证 （GPL） 这样的限制性许可证使用了 copyleft 的概念。 copyleft 赋予人们自由发布软件副本和修改版的权力， 只要衍生工作保留同样的权力。 bash 和 GIMP 等开源项目就是使用了 GPL(v3)。 还有一个 AGPL（ Affero GPL） 许可证， 它为网络上的软件（如 web service）提供了 copyleft 许可。 这意味着， 如果你使用了这种许可的代码， 然后加入了你自己的专有代码， 那么在一些情况下， 整个代码， 包括你的代码也就遵从这种限制性开源许可证。 Ballmer 说的大概就是这类的许可证。 -但宽松许可证不同。 比如， 只要保留版权声明和许可声明且不要求开发者承担责任， MIT 许可证允许任何人任意使用开源代码， 包括修改和出售。 另一个比较流行的宽松开源许可证是 Apache 许可证 2.0，它还包含了贡献者向用户提供专利授权相关的条款。 使用 MIT 许可证的有 JQuery, .NET Core 和 Rails ， 使用 Apache 许可证 2.0 的软件包括安卓， Apache 和 Swift。 +但宽松许可证不同。 比如， 只要保留版权声明和许可声明且不要求开发者承担责任， MIT 许可证允许任何人任意使用开源代码， 包括修改和出售。 另一个比较流行的宽松开源许可证是 Apache 许可证 2.0，它还包含了贡献者向用户提供专利授权相关的条款。 使用 MIT 许可证的有 JQuery、.NET Core 和 Rails ， 使用 Apache 许可证 2.0 的软件包括安卓， Apache 和 Swift。 -两种许可证类型最终都是为了让软件更有用。 限制性许可证促进了参与和分享的开源理念， 使每个人从软件中得到最多的利益。 而宽松许可证通过允许人们任意使用软件来确保人们能从软件中得到最多的利益， 即使这意味着他们可以使用代码， 修改它， 据为己有，甚至以专有软件出售，而不做任何回报。 +两种许可证类型最终都是为了让软件更有用。 限制性许可证促进了参与和分享的开源理念， 使每一个人都能从软件中得到最大化的利益。 而宽松许可证通过允许人们任意使用软件来确保人们能从软件中得到最多的利益， 即使这意味着他们可以使用代码， 修改它， 据为己有，甚至以专有软件出售，而不做任何回报。 -开源许可证管理公司 Black Duck Software 的数据显示， 去年使用最多的开源许可证是限制性许可证 GPL 2.0, 市占率大约 25%。 宽松许可证 MIT 和 Apache 2.0 次之， 市占率分别为 18% 和 16%， 再后面是 GPL 3.0, 市占率大约 10%。 这样来看， 限制性许可证占 35%， 宽松许可证占 34%， 几乎是平手。 +开源许可证管理公司黑鸭子软件的数据显示， 去年使用最多的开源许可证是限制性许可证 GPL 2.0，份额大约 25%。 宽松许可证 MIT 和 Apache 2.0 次之， 份额分别为 18% 和 16%， 再后面是 GPL 3.0, 份额大约 10%。 这样来看， 限制性许可证占 35%， 宽松许可证占 34%， 几乎是平手。 -但这个数据没有显示趋势。 Black Duck 的数据显示， 从 2009 年到 2015 年的六年间， MIT 许可证的市占率上升了 15.7%， Apache 的市占率上升了 12.4%。 在这段时期， GPL v2 和 v3 的市占率惊人地下降了 21.4%。 换言之， 在这段时期里， 大量软件从限制性许可证转到宽松许可证。 +但这份当下的数据没有揭示发展趋势。黑鸭子软件的数据显示， 从 2009 年到 2015 年的六年间， MIT 许可证的份额上升了 15.7%， Apache 的份额上升了 12.4%。 在这段时期， GPL v2 和 v3 的份额惊人地下降了 21.4%。 换言之， 在这段时期里， 大量软件从限制性许可证转到宽松许可证。 -这个趋势还在继续。 Black Duck 的[最新数据][1]显示， MIT 现在的市占率为 26%， GPL v2 为 21%， Apache 2 为 16%， GPL v3 为 9%。 即 30% 的限制性许可证和 42% 的宽松许可证－－与前一年的 35% 的限制许可证和 34% 的宽松许可证相比， 发生了重大的转变。 对 GitHub 上使用许可证的[调查研究][2]证实了这种转变。 它显示 MIT 以压倒性的 45% 占有率成为最流行的许可证， 与之相比， GPL v2 只有 13%， Apache 11%。 +这个趋势还在继续。 黑鸭子软件的[最新数据][1]显示， MIT 现在的份额为 26%， GPL v2 为 21%， Apache 2 为 16%， GPL v3 为 9%。 即 30% 的限制性许可证和 42% 的宽松许可证－－与前一年的 35% 的限制许可证和 34% 的宽松许可证相比， 发生了重大的转变。 对 GitHub 上使用许可证的[调查研究][2]证实了这种转变。 它显示 MIT 以压倒性的 45% 占有率成为最流行的许可证， 与之相比， GPL v2 只有 13%， Apache 11%。 ![](http://images.techhive.com/images/article/2016/09/open-source-licenses.jpg-100682571-large.idge.jpeg) ### 引领趋势 -从限制性许可证到宽松许可证，这么大的转变背后是什么呢？ 是公司害怕如果使用了限制性许可证的软件，他们就会像Ballmer说的那样，失去自己私有软件的控制权了吗？ 事实上， 可能就是如此。 比如， Google [禁用了 Affero GPL 软件][3]。 +从限制性许可证到宽松许可证，这么大的转变背后是什么呢？ 是公司害怕如果使用了限制性许可证的软件，他们就会像巴尔默说的那样，失去自己私有软件的控制权了吗？ 事实上， 可能就是如此。 比如， Google 就[禁用了 Affero GPL 软件][3]。 -[Instructional Media + Magic][4] 的主席 Jim Farmer， 是一个教育开源技术的开发者。 他认为很多公司为避免法律问题而不使用限制性许可证。 “问题就在于复杂性。 许可证的复杂性越高， 被他人因为某行为而告上法庭的可能性越高。 高复杂性更可能带来诉讼“， 他说。 +[Instructional Media + Magic][4] 的主席 Jim Farmer， 是一个教育开源技术的开发者。 他认为很多公司为避免法律问题而不使用限制性许可证。 “问题就在于复杂性。 许可证的复杂性越高， 被他人因为某行为而告上法庭的可能性越高。 高复杂性更可能带来诉讼”， 他说。 他补充说， 这种对限制性许可证的恐惧正被律师们驱动着， 许多律师建议自己的客户使用 MIT 或 Apache 2.0 许可证的软件， 并明确反对使用 Affero 许可证的软件。 @@ -33,19 +33,18 @@ 但 SalesAgility（开源 SuiteCRM 背后的公司）的 CEO Greg Soper 认为这种到宽松许可证的转变也是由一些开发者驱动的。 “看看像 Rocket.Chat 这样的应用。 开发者本可以选择 GPL 2.0 或 Affero 许可证， 但他们选择了宽松许可证，” 他说。 “这样可以给这个应用最大的机会， 因为专有软件厂商可以使用它， 不会伤害到他们的产品， 且不需要把他们的产品也使用开源许可证。 这样如果开发者想要让第三方应用使用他的应用的话， 他有理由选择宽松许可证。” -Soper 指出， 限制性许可证致力于帮助开源项目获得成功，方式是阻止开发者拿了别人的代码，做了修改，但不把结果回报给社区。 “ Affero 许可证对我们的产品健康发展很重要， 因为如果有人利用了我们的代码开发，做得比我们好， 却又不把代码回报回来， 就会扼杀杀我们的产品，” 他说。 “ 对 Rocket.Chat 则不同， 因为如果它使用 Affero， 那么它会污染公司的 IP， 所以公司不会使用它。 不同的许可证有不同的使用案例。” +Soper 指出， 限制性许可证致力于帮助开源项目获得成功，方式是阻止开发者拿了别人的代码、做了修改，但不把结果回报给社区。 “Affero 许可证对我们的产品健康发展很重要， 因为如果有人利用了我们的代码开发，做得比我们好， 却又不把代码回报回来， 就会扼杀掉我们的产品，” 他说。 “ 对 Rocket.Chat 则不同， 因为如果它使用 Affero， 那么它会污染公司的知识产权， 所以公司不会使用它。 不同的许可证有不同的使用案例。” -曾在 Gnome， OpenOffice工作过，现在是 LibreOffice 的开源开发者的 Michael Meeks 同意 Jim Farmer 的观点，认为许多公司确实出于对法律的担心，而选择使用宽松许可证的软件。 “copyleft 许可证有风险， 但同样也有巨大的益处。 遗憾的是人们都听从律师， 而律师只是讲风险， 却从不告诉你有些事是安全的。” +曾在 Gnome、OpenOffice 工作过，现在是 LibreOffice 的开源开发者的 Michael Meeks 同意 Jim Farmer 的观点，认为许多公司确实出于对法律的担心，而选择使用宽松许可证的软件。 “copyleft 许可证有风险， 但同样也有巨大的益处。 遗憾的是人们都听从律师的， 而律师只是讲风险， 却从不告诉你有些事是安全的。” - -Ballmer 发表他不正确的言论已经 15 年了， 但它产生的 FUD 还是有影响－－即使从限制性许可证到宽松许可证的转变并不是他想要的。 +巴尔默发表他的错误言论已经过去 15 年了， 但它产生的 FUD 还是有影响－－即使从限制性许可证到宽松许可证的转变并不是他的目的。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: http://www.cio.com/article/3120235/open-source-tools/what-the-rise-of-permissive-open-source-licenses-means.html -作者：[Paul Rubens ][a] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +作者：[Paul Rubens][a] +译者：[willcoderwang](https://github.com/willcoderwang) 校对：[jasminepeng](https://github.com/jasminepeng) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 7e2fb05f86a8ce1819ae8cf4e06726d341bbfa6c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Tue, 15 Nov 2016 09:43:14 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 039/220] PROOF:20161102 How to Convert Files to UTF-8 Encoding in Linux @StdioA --- ...onvert Files to UTF-8 Encoding in Linux.md | 49 ++++++++----------- 1 file changed, 20 insertions(+), 29 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20161102 How to Convert Files to UTF-8 Encoding in Linux.md b/translated/tech/20161102 How to Convert Files to UTF-8 Encoding in Linux.md index f8e6ec6ec5..7aba1b1a25 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20161102 How to Convert Files to UTF-8 Encoding in Linux.md +++ b/translated/tech/20161102 How to Convert Files to UTF-8 Encoding in Linux.md @@ -1,12 +1,13 @@ -# 如何在 Linux 中将文件编码转换为 UTF-8 +如何在 Linux 中将文件编码转换为 UTF-8 +=============== 在这篇教程中，我们将解释字符编码的含义，然后给出一些使用命令行工具将使用某种字符编码的文件转化为另一种编码的例子。最后，我们将一起看一看如何在 Linux 下将使用各种字符编码的文件转化为 UTF-8 编码。 -你可能已经知道，计算机是不会理解和存储字符、数字或者任何人类能够理解的东西的，除了二进制数据。一个二进制位只有两种可能的值，也就是 `0` 或 `1`，`真`或`假`，`对`或`错`。其它的任何事物，比如字符、数据和图片，必须要以二进制的形式来表现，以供计算机处理。 +你可能已经知道，计算机除了二进制数据，是不会理解和存储字符、数字或者任何人类能够理解的东西的。一个二进制位只有两种可能的值，也就是 `0` 或 `1`，`真`或`假`，`是`或`否`。其它的任何事物，比如字符、数据和图片，必须要以二进制的形式来表现，以供计算机处理。 -简单来说，字符编码是一种可以指示电脑来将原始的 0 和 1 解释成实际字符的方式，在这些字符编码中，字符都可以用数字串来表示。 +简单来说，字符编码是一种可以指示电脑来将原始的 0 和 1 解释成实际字符的方式，在这些字符编码中，字符都以一串数字来表示。 -字符编码方案有很多种，比如 ASCII, ANCI, Unicode 等等。下面是 ASCII 编码的一个例子。 +字符编码方案有很多种，比如 ASCII、ANCI、Unicode 等等。下面是 ASCII 编码的一个例子。 ``` 字符 二进制 @@ -22,11 +23,9 @@ B 01000010 $ file -i Car.java $ file -i CarDriver.java ``` -[ - ![在 Linux 中查看文件的编码](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Check-File-Encoding-in-Linux.png) -][3] +![在 Linux 中查看文件的编码](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Check-File-Encoding-in-Linux.png) -在 Linux 中查看文件的编码 +*在 Linux 中查看文件的编码* iconv 工具的使用方法如下： @@ -34,25 +33,21 @@ iconv 工具的使用方法如下： $ iconv option $ iconv options -f from-encoding -t to-encoding inputfile(s) -o outputfile ``` - -在这里，`-f` 或 `--from-code` 标明了输入编码，而 `-t` 或 `--to-encoding` 指定了输出编码。 +在这里，`-f` 或 `--from-code` 表明了输入编码，而 `-t` 或 `--to-encoding` 指定了输出编码。 为了列出所有已有编码的字符集，你可以使用以下命令： ``` $ iconv -l ``` -[ - ![列出所有已有编码字符集](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/List-Coded-Charsets-in-Linux.png) -][2] +![列出所有已有编码字符集](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/List-Coded-Charsets-in-Linux.png) -列出所有已有编码字符集 +*列出所有已有编码字符集* ### 将文件从 ISO-8859-1 编码转换为 UTF-8 编码 下面，我们将学习如何将一种编码方案转换为另一种编码方案。下面的命令将会将 ISO-8859-1 编码转换为 UTF-8 编码。 -Consider a file named `input.file` which contains the characters: 考虑如下文件 `input.file`，其中包含这几个字符： ``` @@ -70,17 +65,15 @@ $ iconv -f ISO-8859-1 -t UTF-8//TRANSLIT input.file -o out.file $ cat out.file $ file -i out.file ``` -[ - ![在 Linux 中将 ISO-8859-1 转化为 UTF-8](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Converts-UTF8-to-ASCII-in-Linux.png) -][1] +![在 Linux 中将 ISO-8859-1 转化为 UTF-8](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Converts-UTF8-to-ASCII-in-Linux.png) -在 Linux 中将 ISO-8859-1 转化为 UTF-8 +*在 Linux 中将 ISO-8859-1 转化为 UTF-8* 注意：如果输出编码后面添加了 `//IGNORE` 字符串，那些不能被转换的字符将不会被转换，并且在转换后，程序会显示一条错误信息。 -好，如果字符串 `//TRANSLIT` 被添加到了上面例子中的输出编码之后 (UTF-8//TRANSLIT)，待转换的字符会尽量采用形译原则。也就是说，如果某个字符在输出编码方案中不能被表示的话，它将会被替换为一个形状比较相似的字符。 +好，如果字符串 `//TRANSLIT` 被添加到了上面例子中的输出编码之后 (`UTF-8//TRANSLIT`)，待转换的字符会尽量采用形译原则。也就是说，如果某个字符在输出编码方案中不能被表示的话，它将会被替换为一个形状比较相似的字符。 -而且，如果一个字符不在输出编码中，而且不能被形译，它将会在输出文件中被一个问号标记 `(?)` 代替。 +而且，如果一个字符不在输出编码中，而且不能被形译，它将会在输出文件中被一个问号标记 `?` 代替。 ### 将多个文件转换为 UTF-8 编码 @@ -88,13 +81,13 @@ $ file -i out.file ``` #!/bin/bash -# 将 values_here 替换为输入编码 +### 将 values_here 替换为输入编码 FROM_ENCODING="value_here" -# 输出编码 (UTF-8) +### 输出编码 (UTF-8) TO_ENCODING="UTF-8" -# 转换命令 +### 转换命令 CONVERT=" iconv -f $FROM_ENCODING -t $TO_ENCODING" -# 使用循环转换多个文件 +### 使用循环转换多个文件 for file in *.txt; do $CONVERT "$file" -o "${file%.txt}.utf8.converted" done @@ -122,13 +115,11 @@ $ man iconv -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -via: http://www.tecmint.com/convert-files-to-utf-8-encoding-in-linux/# +via: http://www.tecmint.com/convert-files-to-utf-8-encoding-in-linux/ 作者：[Aaron Kili][a] - 译者：[StdioA](https://github.com/StdioA) - -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 11c299a7ed81a240cbd782083c8b61258aabaaf0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Tue, 15 Nov 2016 09:43:32 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 040/220] PUB:20161102 How to Convert Files to UTF-8 Encoding in Linux @StdioA --- .../20161102 How to Convert Files to UTF-8 Encoding in Linux.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20161102 How to Convert Files to UTF-8 Encoding in Linux.md (100%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20161102 How to Convert Files to UTF-8 Encoding in Linux.md b/published/20161102 How to Convert Files to UTF-8 Encoding in Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/tech/20161102 How to Convert Files to UTF-8 Encoding in Linux.md rename to published/20161102 How to Convert Files to UTF-8 Encoding in Linux.md From 6a21a8a351f885ecbd7d804dae629a8207d05d87 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: yangmingming Date: Tue, 15 Nov 2016 13:05:53 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 041/220] yangmingming translating --- .../20160513 aria2 (Command Line Downloader) command examples.md | 1 + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20160513 aria2 (Command Line Downloader) command examples.md b/sources/tech/20160513 aria2 (Command Line Downloader) command examples.md index 7fd793197e..b0bacc93a0 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20160513 aria2 (Command Line Downloader) command examples.md +++ b/sources/tech/20160513 aria2 (Command Line Downloader) command examples.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +yangmingming translating # aria2 (Command Line Downloader) command examples [aria2][4] is a Free, open source, lightweight multi-protocol & multi-source command-line download utility. It supports HTTP/HTTPS, FTP, SFTP, BitTorrent and Metalink. aria2 can be manipulated via built-in JSON-RPC and XML-RPC interfaces. aria2 automatically validates chunks of data while downloading a file. It can download a file from multiple sources/protocols and tries to utilize your maximum download bandwidth. By default all the Linux Distribution included aria2, so we can install easily from official repository. some of the GUI download manager using aria2 as a plugin to improve the download speed like [uget][3]. From 874f0c171b0a893ed3e6eade95eadc84fa39340a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: rusking Date: Tue, 15 Nov 2016 14:03:59 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 042/220] =?UTF-8?q?Update=2020161107=20Kali=20Linux=20?= =?UTF-8?q?=E2=80=93=20Fresh=20Installation=20Guide.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 申请翻译 --- sources/tech/20161107 Kali Linux – Fresh Installation Guide.md | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20161107 Kali Linux – Fresh Installation Guide.md b/sources/tech/20161107 Kali Linux – Fresh Installation Guide.md index d1978987bc..eb70671bf0 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20161107 Kali Linux – Fresh Installation Guide.md +++ b/sources/tech/20161107 Kali Linux – Fresh Installation Guide.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +Translating by rusking + # Kali Linux – Fresh Installation Guide Kali Linux is arguably one of the best out of the box [Linux distributions available for security testing][18]. While many of the tools in Kali can be installed in most Linux distributions, the Offensive Security team developing Kali has put countless hours into perfecting their ready to boot security distribution. From b36a19a68b0b459403f5ecd0de86547c32a293cc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: woniu <18810913096@163.com> Date: Tue, 15 Nov 2016 16:18:48 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 043/220] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E5=AE=8C=E6=88=90?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...Network Security Scanner) in Kali Linux.md | 261 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 261 insertions(+) create mode 100644 translated/tech/20161108 A Practical Guide to Nmap (Network Security Scanner) in Kali Linux.md diff --git a/translated/tech/20161108 A Practical Guide to Nmap (Network Security Scanner) in Kali Linux.md b/translated/tech/20161108 A Practical Guide to Nmap (Network Security Scanner) in Kali Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..8685a7dc08 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20161108 A Practical Guide to Nmap (Network Security Scanner) in Kali Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,261 @@ + +# 一份关于在Kali Linux下使用Nmap（网络安全扫描器）的实用指南 +在这第二篇Kali Linux文章中, 将讨论称为‘[nmap][30]‘的网络工具。虽然nmap不是Kali下唯一的一个工具，但它是最[有用的网络映射工具][29]之一。 + +1. [第一部分-为初学者准备的Kali Linux安装指南][4] + +Nmap,是Network Mapper的缩写,由Gordon Lyon维护(更多关于Mr. Lyon的信息在这里: [http://insecure.org/fyodor/][28]) ，并被世界各地许多的安全专业人员使用。 + +这个工具在Linux和Windows都能使用，并且是用命令行驱动的。相对于那些令人害怕的命令行，对于nmap，在这里有一个美妙的图形化前端叫做zenmap。 + +强烈建议个人去学习nmap的CLI版本，因为与图形化版本zenmap相比，它提供了更多的灵活性。 + +nmap服务器的目的是什么？很好的问题。Nmap允许管理员快速彻底地了解网络上的系统，因此，它的名字叫Network MAPper或者nmap。 + +Nmap能够快速找到活动的主机和与该主机相关联的服务。Nmap的功能还可以进一步被扩展，通过结合Nmap脚本引擎，通常缩写为NSE。 + +此脚本引擎允许管理员快速创建可用于确定其网络上是否存在新发现的漏洞的脚本。许多脚本已经被开发并且包含在大多数的nmap安装中。 + + +提醒一句- nmap是被有好的和坏的意图的人共同使用的。应该非常小心，以确保你不使用nmap对系统的权限没有明确提供在书面/法律协议上进行攻击。请在使用nmap工具的时候注意！ + +#### 系统要求 + +1. [Kali Linux][3] (nmap可以用于其他操作系统并且功能也和这个指南里面讲的类似). +2. 有另一台计算机并且装有nmap的计算机有权限扫描它-这通常很容易通过软件来实现，例如[VirtualBox][2]，可以创建虚拟机. + 1. 想要有一个好的机器来联系，请阅读Metasploitable 2 + 2. 下载MS2 [Metasploitable2][1] +3. 一个与网络有效的工作连接或者是使用虚拟机，就可以为这两台计算机建立有效的内部网络连接 + +### Kali Linux – 使用Nmap + +The first step to working with nmap is to log into the Kali Linux machine and if desired, start a graphical session (This first article in this series installed [Kali Linux with the Enlightenment Desktop Environment][27]). +使用nmap的第一步是登录Kali Linux，如果需要，就启动一个图形会话（本系列的第一篇文章安装了[Kali Linux with Enlightenment桌面环境] [27]）。 + + +在安装过程中，安装程序将提示用户输入需要登录的“root”用户和密码。 一旦登录到Kali Linux机器，使用命令'startx'就可以启动Enlightenment桌面环境 - 值得注意的是nmap不需要运行桌面环境。 + +``` +# startx + +``` +[ + ![Start Desktop Environment in Kali Linux](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Start-Desktop-Environment-in-Kali-Linux.png) +][26] + + +在Kali Linux中启动桌面环境 + +一旦登录启用，将需要打开终端窗口。 通过点击桌面背景，将会出现一个菜单。 导航到终端可以进行如下操作：应用程序 - >系统 - >'Xterm'或'UXterm'或'根终端'。 + +作者是shell程序的粉丝叫'[Terminator] [25]'，但是这可能不会显示在Kali Linux的默认安装中。 列出的所有shell程序都出于使用nmap的目的。 + +[ + ![Launch Terminal in Kali Linux](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Launch-Terminal-in-Kali-Linux.png) +][24] + +在Kali Linux下启动终端 + + +一旦终端启动，nmap的乐趣就开始了。 对于这个特定的教程，创建了一个具有Kali机器和Metasploitable机器的专用网络。 + + +这会使事情变得更容易和更安全，因为私有的网络范围将确保扫描保持在安全的机器上，防止易受攻击的Metasploitable机器被其他人攻击。 + +在此示例中，这两台计算机都位于专用的192.168.56.0 / 24网络上。 Kali机器的IP地址为192.168.56.101，要扫描的Metasploitable机器的IP地址为192.168.56.102。 + + +虽然IP地址信息不可用，但是 快速nmap扫描可以帮助确定在特定网络上存在什么， 此扫描称为“Simple List”扫描，因此将`-sL`参数传递给nmap命令。 + +``` +# nmap -sL 192.168.56.0/24 + +``` +[ + ![Nmap - Scan Network for Live Hosts](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Nmap-Scan-Network.png) +][23] + +Nmap – 扫描网络上的存活主机 + +悲伤的是，这个初始扫描没有返回任何活主机。 有时，这是某些操作系统处理[端口扫描网络流量] [22]的一个因素。 + + +不用担心，在这里有一些技巧可以使nmap尝试找到这些机器。 下一个技巧会告诉nmap只是尝试ping 192.168.56.0/24网络中的所有地址。 + +``` +# nmap -sn 192.168.56.0/24 + +``` +[ + ![Nmap - Ping All Connected Live Network Hosts](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Nmap-Ping-All-Network-Live-Hosts.png) +][21] + +Nmap – Ping所有已连接的活动网络主机 +这个时间nmap会返回一些潜在的主机来进行扫描！ 在此命令中，`-sn`禁用nmap的尝试端口扫描主机的默认行为，只是让nmap尝试ping主机。 + + +让我们尝试让nmap端口扫描这些特定的主机，看看会出现什么。 + +``` +# nmap 192.168.56.1,100-102 + +``` +[ + ![Nmap - Network Ports Scan on Host](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Nmap-Scan-for-Ports-on-Hosts.png) +][20] + +Nmap – 在主机上扫描网络端口 + +哇! 这一次nmap挖到了一个金矿。 这个特定的主机有相当多的[开放网络端口] [19]。 + +这些端口都指代在此特定机器上的某种监听服务。 从早期回忆，192.168.56.102的IP地址会分配给性易受攻击的机器，因此这就是为什么会有这么多[开放端口在这个主机上] [18]。 + + +在大多数机器上打开这个端口是非常不正常的，所以它可能是一个明智的想法，因为可以非常紧密地调查这台机器。 管理员可以跟踪网络上的物理机器，并在本地查看这台机器，但这不会很有趣，特别是当nmap可以做到我们更快！ + + +下一个扫描是服务扫描，通常用于尝试确定机器上什么[服务在特定的端口被监听] [17]。 + +Nmap将探测所有打开的端口，并尝试从每个端口上运行的服务中获取信息。 + +``` +# nmap -sV 192.168.56.102 + +``` +[ + ![Nmap - Scan Network Services Listening of Ports](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Nmap-Scan-Network-Services-Ports.png) +][16] + +Nmap – 扫描网络服务监听端口 + +请注意这次nmap提供了一些关于nmap在特定端口运行的建议（在白框中突出显示），而且nmap也试图[确认这个操作系统的信息][15]运行在这台机器上和它的主机名（也非常成功！）。 +Notice this time nmap provided some suggestions on what nmap thought might be running on this particular port (highlighted in the white box). Also nmap also tried to [determine information about the operating system][15]running on this machine as well as its hostname (with great success too!). + +查看这个输出，应该引起网络管理员相当多的关注。 第一行声称VSftpd版本2.3.4正在这台机器上运行！ 这是一个真正的旧版本的VSftpd。 + +通过查找ExploitDB,一个非常严重的漏洞是在2001被发现，这是一个特别的版本(ExploitDB ID – 17491)。 + +让我们使用nmap更加清楚的查看这个特别的端口并且看看可以确认什么东西。 + +``` +# nmap -sC 192.168.56.102 -p 21 + +``` +[ + ![Nmap - Scan Particular Post on Machine](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Nmap-Scan-Particular-Port-on-Host.png) +][14] + +Nmap – 扫描机器上的特定邮件 + +使用此命令，让nmap在主机上的FTP端口（-p 21）上运行其默认脚本（-sC）。 虽然它可能是也可能不是一个问题，但是nmap确实发现[匿名FTP登录是允许的] [13]在这个特定的服务器。 + +这与早先有关具有旧漏洞的VSftd的知识相匹配，应该引起一些关注。 让我们看看nmap是否有任何脚本来试图检查VSftpd漏洞。 + +``` +# locate .nse | grep ftp + +``` +[ + ![Nmap - Scan VSftpd Vulnerability](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Nmap-Scan-Service-Vulnerability.png) +][12] + +Nmap – 扫描VSftpd漏洞 + +注意nmap有一个NSE脚本已经用来处理VSftpd后门问题！ 让我们尝试对这个主机运行这个脚本，看看会发生什么，但首先知道如何使用脚本可能是很重要的。 + +``` +# nmap --script-help=ftp-vsftd-backdoor.nse + +``` +[ + ![Learn Nmap NSE Script Usage](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Nmap-Learn-NSE-Script.png) +][11] + +了解Nmap NSE脚本使用情况 + +通过这个描述，很明显，这个脚本可以用来试图查看这个特定的机器是否容易受到先前识别的ExploitDB问题。 + +让我们运行这个脚本，看看会发生什么。 + +``` +# nmap --script=ftp-vsftpd-backdoor.nse 192.168.56.102 -p 21 + +``` +[ + ![Nmap - Scan Host for Vulnerable](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Nmap-Scan-Host-for-Vulnerable.png) +][10] + +Nmap – 扫描易受攻击的主机 + + +Yikes！ Nmap的脚本返回了一些危险的消息。 这台机器可能是一个很好的候选者，之后可以进行更加详细的调查。 这并不意味着机器缺乏抵抗力和可以被用于做一些可怕/糟糕的事情，但它应该给网络/安全团队带来一些关注。 + + +Nmap具有极高的选择性和极高的能力。 到目前为止已经做的大多数尝试保持nmap的网络流量适度保持平稳，然而以这种方式扫描个人拥有的网络可能是非常耗时的。 +Nmap有能力做一个更积极的扫描，往往会产生大部分相同的信息，但在一个命令，而不是几个。 让我们来看看积极的扫描的输出（注意 - 积极的扫描可以被关闭[入侵检测/预防系统][9]!). + +``` +# nmap -A 192.168.56.102 + +``` +[ + ![Nmap - Complete Network Scan on Host](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Nmap-Scan-Network-Host.png) +][8] + +Nmap – 在主机上完成网络扫描 + + +注意这一次，使用一个命令，nmap返回了很多关于在这台特定机器上运行的开放端口，服务和配置的信息。 这些信息中的大部分可用于帮助确定[如何保护本机] [7]以及评估网络上可能存在的软件。 + +这只是nmap可用于在主机或网段上找到的许多有用事情的简短列表。 强烈敦促个人在个人拥有的网络上继续[以nmap] [6]进行实验。（不要通过扫描其他实体练习！）。 + +有一个关于Nmap网络扫描的官方指南，作者Gordon Lyon，可从亚马逊上获得。 + +
[ + ![Nmap Network Scanning Guide](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Nmap-Network-Security-Scanner-Guide.png) +][5]
+ +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.tecmint.com/nmap-network-security-scanner-in-kali-linux/ + +作者：[Rob Turner][a] + +译者：[DockerChen](https://github.com/DockerChen) + +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/robturner/ +[1]:https://sourceforge.net/projects/metasploitable/files/Metasploitable2/ +[2]:http://www.tecmint.com/install-virtualbox-on-redhat-centos-fedora/ +[3]:http://www.tecmint.com/kali-linux-installation-guide +[4]:http://www.tecmint.com/kali-linux-installation-guide +[5]:http://amzn.to/2eFNYrD +[6]:http://www.tecmint.com/nmap-command-examples/ +[7]:http://www.tecmint.com/security-and-hardening-centos-7-guide/ +[8]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Nmap-Scan-Network-Host.png +[9]:http://www.tecmint.com/protect-apache-using-mod_security-and-mod_evasive-on-rhel-centos-fedora/ +[10]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Nmap-Scan-Host-for-Vulnerable.png +[11]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Nmap-Learn-NSE-Script.png +[12]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Nmap-Scan-Service-Vulnerability.png +[13]:http://www.tecmint.com/setup-ftp-anonymous-logins-in-linux/ +[14]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Nmap-Scan-Particular-Port-on-Host.png +[15]:http://www.tecmint.com/commands-to-collect-system-and-hardware-information-in-linux/ +[16]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Nmap-Scan-Network-Services-Ports.png +[17]:http://www.tecmint.com/find-linux-processes-memory-ram-cpu-usage/ +[18]:http://www.tecmint.com/find-open-ports-in-linux/ +[19]:http://www.tecmint.com/find-open-ports-in-linux/ +[20]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Nmap-Scan-for-Ports-on-Hosts.png +[21]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Nmap-Ping-All-Network-Live-Hosts.png +[22]:http://www.tecmint.com/audit-network-performance-security-and-troubleshooting-in-linux/ +[23]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Nmap-Scan-Network.png +[24]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Launch-Terminal-in-Kali-Linux.png +[25]:http://www.tecmint.com/terminator-a-linux-terminal-emulator-to-manage-multiple-terminal-windows/ +[26]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Start-Desktop-Environment-in-Kali-Linux.png +[27]:http://www.tecmint.com/kali-linux-installation-guide +[28]:http://insecure.org/fyodor/ +[29]:http://www.tecmint.com/bcc-best-linux-performance-monitoring-tools/ +[30]:http://www.tecmint.com/nmap-command-examples/ + From 976c40d1ca654cd3f445d73605b3f6c660c270d3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: woniu <18810913096@163.com> Date: Tue, 15 Nov 2016 16:23:13 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 044/220] delete --- ...Network Security Scanner) in Kali Linux.md | 249 ------------------ 1 file changed, 249 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20161108 A Practical Guide to Nmap (Network Security Scanner) in Kali Linux.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20161108 A Practical Guide to Nmap (Network Security Scanner) in Kali Linux.md b/sources/tech/20161108 A Practical Guide to Nmap (Network Security Scanner) in Kali Linux.md deleted file mode 100644 index 2c76ec5986..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20161108 A Practical Guide to Nmap (Network Security Scanner) in Kali Linux.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,249 +0,0 @@ -DockerChen翻译中 - -# A Practical Guide to Nmap (Network Security Scanner) in Kali Linux - -In the second Kali Linux article, the network tool known as ‘[nmap][30]‘ will be discussed. While nmap isn’t a Kali only tool, it is one of the most [useful network mapping tools][29] in Kali. - -1. [Kali Linux Installation Guide for Beginners – Part 1][4] - -Nmap, short for Network Mapper, is maintained by Gordon Lyon (more about Mr. Lyon here: [http://insecure.org/fyodor/][28]) and is used by many security professionals all over the world. - -The utility works in both Linux and Windows and is command line (CLI) driven. However for those a little more timid of the command line, there is a wonderful graphical frontend for nmap called zenmap. - -It is strongly recommended that individuals learn the CLI version of nmap as it provides much more flexibility when compared to the zenmap graphical edition. - -What purpose does nmap server? Great question. Nmap allows for an administrator to quickly and thoroughly learn about the systems on a network, hence the name, Network MAPper or nmap. - -Nmap has the ability to quickly locate live hosts as well as services associated with that host. Nmap’s functionality can be extended even further with the Nmap Scripting Engine, often abbreviated as NSE. - -This scripting engine allows administrators to quickly create a script that can be used to determine if a newly discovered vulnerability exists on their network. Many scripts have been developed and included with most nmap installs. - -A word of caution – nmap is a commonly used by people with both good and bad intentions. Extreme caution should be taken to ensure that you aren’t using nmap against systems that permission has not be explicitlyprovided in a written/legal agreement. Please use caution when using the nmap tool. - -#### System Requirements - -1. [Kali Linux][3] (nmap is available in other operating systems and functions similar to this guide). -2. Another computer and permission to scan that computer with nmap – This is often easily done with software such as [VirtualBox][2] and the creation of a virtual machine. - 1. For a good machine to practice with, please read about Metasploitable 2 - 2. Download for MS2 [Metasploitable2][1] -3. A valid working connection to a network or if using virtual machines, a valid internal network connection for the two machines. - -### Kali Linux – Working with Nmap - -The first step to working with nmap is to log into the Kali Linux machine and if desired, start a graphical session (This first article in this series installed [Kali Linux with the Enlightenment Desktop Environment][27]). - -During the installation, the installer would have prompted the user for a ‘root‘ user password which will be needed to login. Once logged in to the Kali Linux machine, using the command ‘startx‘ the Enlightenment Desktop Environment can be started – it is worth noting that nmap doesn’t require a desktop environment to run. - -``` -# startx - -``` -[ - ![Start Desktop Environment in Kali Linux](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Start-Desktop-Environment-in-Kali-Linux.png) -][26] - -Start Desktop Environment in Kali Linux - -Once logged into Enlightenment, a terminal window will need to be opened. By clicking on the desktop background, a menu will appear. Navigating to a terminal can be done as follows: Applications -> System ->‘Xterm‘ or ‘UXterm‘ or ‘Root Terminal‘. - -The author is a fan of the shell program called ‘[Terminator][25]‘ but this may not show up in a default install of Kali Linux. All shell programs listed will work for the purposes of nmap. - -[ - ![Launch Terminal in Kali Linux](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Launch-Terminal-in-Kali-Linux.png) -][24] - -Launch Terminal in Kali Linux - -Once a terminal has been launched, the nmap fun can begin. For this particular tutorial, a private network with a Kali machine and a Metasploitable machine was created. - -This made things easier and safer since the private network range would ensure that scans remained on safe machines and prevents the vulnerable Metasploitable machine from being compromised by someone else. - -In this example, both of the machines are on a private 192.168.56.0 /24 network. The Kali machine has an IP address of 192.168.56.101 and the Metasploitable machine to be scanned has an IP address of 192.168.56.102. - -Let’s say though that the IP address information was unavailable. A quick nmap scan can help to determine what is live on a particular network. This scan is known as a ‘Simple List’ scan hence the `-sL` arguments passed to the nmap command. - -``` -# nmap -sL 192.168.56.0/24 - -``` -[ - ![Nmap - Scan Network for Live Hosts](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Nmap-Scan-Network.png) -][23] - -Nmap – Scan Network for Live Hosts - -Sadly, this initial scan didn’t return any live hosts. Sometimes this is a factor of the way certain Operating Systems handle [port scan network traffic][22]. - -Not to worry though, there are some tricks that nmap has available to try to find these machines. This next trick will tell nmap to simply try to ping all the addresses in the 192.168.56.0/24 network. - -``` -# nmap -sn 192.168.56.0/24 - -``` -[ - ![Nmap - Ping All Connected Live Network Hosts](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Nmap-Ping-All-Network-Live-Hosts.png) -][21] - -Nmap – Ping All Connected Live Network Hosts - -This time nmap returns some prospective hosts for scanning! In this command, the `-sn` disables nmap’s default behavior of attempting to port scan a host and simply has nmap try to ping the host. - -Let’s try letting nmap port scan these specific hosts and see what turns up. - -``` -# nmap 192.168.56.1,100-102 - -``` -[ - ![Nmap - Network Ports Scan on Host](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Nmap-Scan-for-Ports-on-Hosts.png) -][20] - -Nmap – Network Ports Scan on Host - -Wow! This time nmap hit a gold mine. This particular host has quite a bit of [open network ports][19]. - -These ports all indicate some sort of listening service on this particular machine. Recalling from earlier, the 192.168.56.102 IP address is assigned to the metasploitable vulnerable machine hence why there are so many [open ports on this host][18]. - -Having this many ports open on most machines is highly abnormal so it may be a wise idea to investigate this machine a little closer. Administrators could track down the physical machine on the network and look at the machine locally but that wouldn’t be much fun especially when nmap could do it for us much quicker! - -This next scan is a service scan and is often used to try to determine what [service may be listening on a particular port][17] on a machine. - -Nmap will probe all of the open ports and attempt to banner grab information from the services running on each port. - -``` -# nmap -sV 192.168.56.102 - -``` -[ - ![Nmap - Scan Network Services Listening of Ports](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Nmap-Scan-Network-Services-Ports.png) -][16] - -Nmap – Scan Network Services Listening of Ports - -Notice this time nmap provided some suggestions on what nmap thought might be running on this particular port (highlighted in the white box). Also nmap also tried to [determine information about the operating system][15]running on this machine as well as its hostname (with great success too!). - -Looking through this output should raise quite a few concerns for a network administrator. The very first line claims that VSftpd version 2.3.4 is running on this machine! That’s a REALLY old version of VSftpd. - -Searching through ExploitDB, a serious vulnerability was found back in 2011 for this particular version (ExploitDB ID – 17491). - -Let’s have nmap take a closer look at this particular port and see what can be determined. - -``` -# nmap -sC 192.168.56.102 -p 21 - -``` -[ - ![Nmap - Scan Particular Post on Machine](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Nmap-Scan-Particular-Port-on-Host.png) -][14] - -Nmap – Scan Particular Post on Machine - -With this command, nmap was instructed to run its default script (-sC) on the FTP port (-p 21) on the host. While it may or may not be an issue, nmap did find out that [anonymous FTP login is allowed][13] on this particular server. - -This paired with the earlier knowledge about VSftd having an old vulnerability should raise some concern though. Let’s see if nmap has any scripts that attempt to check for the VSftpd vulnerability. - -``` -# locate .nse | grep ftp - -``` -[ - ![Nmap - Scan VSftpd Vulnerability](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Nmap-Scan-Service-Vulnerability.png) -][12] - -Nmap – Scan VSftpd Vulnerability - -Notice that nmap has a NSE script already built for the VSftpd backdoor problem! Let’s try running this script against this host and see what happens but first it may be important to know how to use the script. - -``` -# nmap --script-help=ftp-vsftd-backdoor.nse - -``` -[ - ![Learn Nmap NSE Script Usage](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Nmap-Learn-NSE-Script.png) -][11] - -Learn Nmap NSE Script Usage - -Reading through this description, it is clear that this script can be used to attempt to see if this particular machine is vulnerable to ExploitDB issue identified earlier. - -Let’s run the script and see what happens. - -``` -# nmap --script=ftp-vsftpd-backdoor.nse 192.168.56.102 -p 21 - -``` -[ - ![Nmap - Scan Host for Vulnerable](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Nmap-Scan-Host-for-Vulnerable.png) -][10] - -Nmap – Scan Host for Vulnerable - -Yikes! Nmap’s script returned some dangerous news. This machine is likely a good candidate for a serious investigation. This doesn’t mean that the machine is compromised and being used for horrible/terrible things but it should bring some concerns to the network/security teams. - -Nmap has the ability to be extremely selective and extremely quite. Most of what has been done so far has attempted to keep nmap’s network traffic moderately quiet however scanning a personally owned network in this fashion can be extremely time consuming. - -Nmap has the ability to do a much more aggressive scan that will often yield much of the same information but in one command instead of several. Let’s take a look at the output of an aggressive scan (Do note – an aggressive scan can set off [intrusion detection/prevention systems][9]!). - -``` -# nmap -A 192.168.56.102 - -``` -[ - ![Nmap - Complete Network Scan on Host](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Nmap-Scan-Network-Host.png) -][8] - -Nmap – Complete Network Scan on Host - -Notice this time, with one command, nmap has returned a lot of the information it returned earlier about the open ports, services, and configurations running on this particular machine. Much of this information can be used to help determine [how to protect this machine][7] as well as to evaluate what software may be on a network. - -This was just a short, short list of the many useful things that nmap can be used to find on a host or network segment. It is strongly urged that individuals continue to [experiment with nmap][6] in a controlled manner on a network that is owned by the individual (Do not practice by scanning other entities!). - -There is a official guide on Nmap Network Scanning by author Gordon Lyon, available from Amazon. - -
[ - ![Nmap Network Scanning Guide](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Nmap-Network-Security-Scanner-Guide.png) -][5]
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.tecmint.com/nmap-network-security-scanner-in-kali-linux/ - -作者：[Rob Turner][a] - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) - -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/robturner/ -[1]:https://sourceforge.net/projects/metasploitable/files/Metasploitable2/ -[2]:http://www.tecmint.com/install-virtualbox-on-redhat-centos-fedora/ -[3]:http://www.tecmint.com/kali-linux-installation-guide -[4]:http://www.tecmint.com/kali-linux-installation-guide -[5]:http://amzn.to/2eFNYrD -[6]:http://www.tecmint.com/nmap-command-examples/ -[7]:http://www.tecmint.com/security-and-hardening-centos-7-guide/ -[8]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Nmap-Scan-Network-Host.png -[9]:http://www.tecmint.com/protect-apache-using-mod_security-and-mod_evasive-on-rhel-centos-fedora/ -[10]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Nmap-Scan-Host-for-Vulnerable.png -[11]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Nmap-Learn-NSE-Script.png -[12]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Nmap-Scan-Service-Vulnerability.png -[13]:http://www.tecmint.com/setup-ftp-anonymous-logins-in-linux/ -[14]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Nmap-Scan-Particular-Port-on-Host.png -[15]:http://www.tecmint.com/commands-to-collect-system-and-hardware-information-in-linux/ -[16]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Nmap-Scan-Network-Services-Ports.png -[17]:http://www.tecmint.com/find-linux-processes-memory-ram-cpu-usage/ -[18]:http://www.tecmint.com/find-open-ports-in-linux/ -[19]:http://www.tecmint.com/find-open-ports-in-linux/ -[20]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Nmap-Scan-for-Ports-on-Hosts.png -[21]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Nmap-Ping-All-Network-Live-Hosts.png -[22]:http://www.tecmint.com/audit-network-performance-security-and-troubleshooting-in-linux/ -[23]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Nmap-Scan-Network.png -[24]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Launch-Terminal-in-Kali-Linux.png -[25]:http://www.tecmint.com/terminator-a-linux-terminal-emulator-to-manage-multiple-terminal-windows/ -[26]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Start-Desktop-Environment-in-Kali-Linux.png -[27]:http://www.tecmint.com/kali-linux-installation-guide -[28]:http://insecure.org/fyodor/ -[29]:http://www.tecmint.com/bcc-best-linux-performance-monitoring-tools/ -[30]:http://www.tecmint.com/nmap-command-examples/ From 6fb1ec956ca8679f2c8185ec937c504e74202597 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ezio Date: Tue, 15 Nov 2016 22:22:12 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 045/220] =?UTF-8?q?20161115-1=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...20161114 How to Check Timezone in Linux.md | 88 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 88 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20161114 How to Check Timezone in Linux.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20161114 How to Check Timezone in Linux.md b/sources/tech/20161114 How to Check Timezone in Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..bae648fcdf --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20161114 How to Check Timezone in Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,88 @@ +How to Check Timezone in Linux +============================================================ + +In this short article, we will walk newbies through the various simple ways of checking system timezone in Linux. Time management on a Linux machine especially a production server is always an important aspect of system administration. + +There are a number of time management utilities available on Linux such as date and timedatectlcommands to get the current timezone of system and [synchronize with a remote NTP server][1] to enable an automatic and more accurate system time handling. + +Well, let us dive into the different ways of finding out our Linux system timezone. + +1. We will start by using the traditional date command to find out present timezone as follows: + +``` +$ date +``` + +Alternatively, type the command below, where `%Z` format prints the alphabetic timezone and `%z` prints the numeric timezone: + +``` +$ date +”%Z %z” +``` +[ + ![Find Linux Timezone](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Find-Linux-Timezone.png) +][2] + +Find Linux Timezone + +Note: There are many formats in the date man page that you can make use of, to alter the output of the date command: + +``` +$ man date +``` + +2. Next, you can likewise use timedatectl, when you run it without any options, the command displays an overview of the system including the timezone like so: + +``` +$ timedatectl +``` + +More so, try to employ a pipeline and [grep command][3] to only filter the timezone as below: + +``` +$ timedatectl | grep “Time zone” +``` +[ + ![Find Current Linux Timezone](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Find-Current-Linux-Timezone.png) +][4] + +Find Current Linux Timezone + +Learn how to [set timezone in Linux using timedatectl][5] command. + +3. In addition, display the content of the file `/etc/timezone` using [cat utility][6] to check your timezone: + +``` +$ cat /etc/timezone +``` +[ + ![Check Timezone of Linux](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Check-Timezone-of-Linux.png) +][7] + +Check Timezone of Linux + +For REHL/CentOS/Fedora users, here is one more command for the same purpose: + +``` +$ grep ZONE /etc/sysconfig/clock +``` + +That’s all! Do not forget to share you thoughts about the article by means of the feedback form below. Importantly, you should look through this time management guide for Linux to get more insight into handling time on your system, it has simple and easy-to-follow examples. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.tecmint.com/check-linux-timezone + +作者：[Aaron Kili ][a] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/aaronkili/ +[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/install-ntp-server-in-centos/ +[2]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Find-Linux-Timezone.png +[3]:http://www.tecmint.com/12-practical-examples-of-linux-grep-command/ +[4]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Find-Current-Linux-Timezone.png +[5]:http://www.tecmint.com/set-time-timezone-and-synchronize-time-using-timedatectl-command/ +[6]:http://www.tecmint.com/13-basic-cat-command-examples-in-linux/ +[7]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Check-Timezone-of-Linux.png From d73346465847d800119a1f5a5c67dc8c9787477a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ezio Date: Tue, 15 Nov 2016 22:24:01 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 046/220] =?UTF-8?q?20161115-2=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...System Information with Distribution Logo.md | 233 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 233 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20161112 Neofetch – Shows Linux System Information with Distribution Logo.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20161112 Neofetch – Shows Linux System Information with Distribution Logo.md b/sources/tech/20161112 Neofetch – Shows Linux System Information with Distribution Logo.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..8f5c691857 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20161112 Neofetch – Shows Linux System Information with Distribution Logo.md @@ -0,0 +1,233 @@ +Neofetch – Shows Linux System Information with Distribution Logo +============================================================ + +Neoftech is a cross-platform and easy-to-use [system information command line script][3] that collects your Linux system information and display it on the terminal next to an image, it could be your distributions logo or any ascii art of your choice. + +Neoftech is very similar to [ScreenFetch][4] or [Linux_Logo][5] utilities, but highly customizable and comes with some extra features as discussed below. + +Its main features include: it’s fast, prints a full color image – your distributions logo in ASCII alongside your system information, it’s highly customizable in terms of which, where and when information is printed on the terminal and it can take a screenshot of your desktop when closing the script as enabled by a special flag. + +#### Required Dependencies: + +1. Bash 3.0+ with ncurses support. +2. w3m-img (occasionally packaged with w3m) or iTerm2 or Terminology for printing images. +3. [imagemagick][1] – for thumbnail creation. +4. [Linux terminal emulator][2] should support \033[14t [3] or xdotool or xwininfo + xprop or xwininfo + xdpyinfo . +5. On Linux, you need feh, nitrogen or gsettings for wallpaper support. + +Important: You can read more about optional dependencies from the Neofetch Github repository to check if your [Linux terminal emulator][6] actually supports \033[14t or any extra dependencies for the script to work well on your distro. + +### How To Install Neofetch in Linux + +Neofetch can be easily installed from third-party repositories on almost all Linux distributions by following below respective installation instructions as per your distribution. + +#### On Debian + +``` +$ echo "deb http://dl.bintray.com/dawidd6/neofetch jessie main" | sudo tee -a /etc/apt/sources.list +$ curl -L "https://bintray.com/user/downloadSubjectPublicKey?username=bintray" -o Release-neofetch.key && sudo apt-key add Release-neofetch.key && rm Release-neofetch.key +$ sudo apt-get update +$ sudo apt-get install neofetch +``` + +#### On Ubuntu and Linux Mint + +``` +$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:dawidd0811/neofetch +$ sudo apt-get update +$ sudo apt-get install neofetch +``` + +#### On RHEL, CentOS and Fedora + +You need to have dnf-plugins-core installed on your system, or else install it with the command below: + +``` +$ sudo yum install dnf-plugins-core +``` + +Enable COPR repository and install neofetch package. + +``` +$ sudo dnf copr enable konimex/neofetch +$ sudo dnf install neofetch +``` + +#### On Arch Linux + +You can either install neofetch or neofetch-git from the AUR using packer or Yaourt. + +``` +$ packer -S neofetch +$ packer -S neofetch-git +OR +$ yaourt -S neofetch +$ yaourt -S neofetch-git +``` + +#### On Gentoo + +Install app-misc/neofetch from Gentoo/Funtoo’s official repositories. However, in case you need the git version of the package, you can install =app-misc/neofetch-9999. + +### How To Use Neofetch in Linux + +Once you have installed the package, the general syntax for using it is: + +``` +$ neofetch +``` + +Note: If w3m-img or [imagemagick][7] is not installed on your system, [screenfetch][8] will be enabled by default and neofetch will display your [ASCII art logo][9] as in the image below. + +#### Linux Mint Information + +[ + ![Linux Mint System Information](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Linux-Mint-System-Information.png) +][10] + +Linux Mint System Information + +#### Ubuntu Information + +[ + ![Ubuntu System Information](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Ubuntu-System-Information.png) +][11] + +Ubuntu System Information + +If you want to display the default distribution logo as image, you should install w3m-img or imagemagickon your system as follows: + +``` +$ sudo apt-get install w3m-img [On Debian/Ubuntu/Mint] +$ sudo yum install w3m-img [On RHEL/CentOS/Fedora] +``` + +Then run neofetch again, you will see the default wallpaper of your Linux distributions as the image. + +``` +$ neofetch +``` +[ + ![Ubuntu System Information with Logo](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Ubuntu-System-Information-with-Logo.png) +][12] + +Ubuntu System Information with Logo + +After running neofetch for the first time, it will create a configuration file with all options and settings: `$HOME/.config/neofetch/config`. + +This configuration file will enable you through the `printinfo ()` function to alter the system information that you want to print on the terminal. You can type in new lines of information, modify the information lineup, delete certain lines and also tweak the script it using bash code to manage the information to be printed out. + +You can open the configuration file using your favorite editor as follows: + +``` +$ vi ~/.config/neofetch/config +``` + +Below is an excerpt of the configuration file on my system showing the `printinfo ()` function. + +Neofetch Configuration File +``` +#!/usr/bin/env bash +# vim:fdm=marker +# +# Neofetch config file +# https://github.com/dylanaraps/neofetch + +# Speed up script by not using unicode +export LC_ALL=C +export LANG=C + +# Info Options {{{ + +# Info +# See this wiki page for more info: +# https://github.com/dylanaraps/neofetch/wiki/Customizing-Info +printinfo() { + info title + info underline + + info "Model" model + info "OS" distro + info "Kernel" kernel + info "Uptime" uptime + info "Packages" packages + info "Shell" shell + info "Resolution" resolution + info "DE" de + info "WM" wm + info "WM Theme" wmtheme + info "Theme" theme + info "Icons" icons + info "Terminal" term + info "Terminal Font" termfont + info "CPU" cpu + info "GPU" gpu + info "Memory" memory + + # info "CPU Usage" cpu_usage + # info "Disk" disk + # info "Battery" battery + # info "Font" font + # info "Song" song + # info "Local IP" localip + # info "Public IP" publicip + # info "Users" users + # info "Birthday" birthday + + info linebreak + info cols + info linebreak +} +..... +``` + +Type the command below to view all flags and their configuration values you can use with neofetch script: + +``` +$ neofetch --help +``` + +To launch neofetch with all functions and flags enabled, employ the `--test` flag: + +``` +$ neofetch --test +``` + +You can enable the ASCII art logo again using the `--ascii` flag: + +``` +$ neofetch --ascii +``` + +In this article, we have covered a simple and highly configuration/customizable command line script that gathers your system information and displays it on the terminal. + +Remember to get in touch with us via the feedback form below to ask any questions or give us your thoughts concerning the neofetch script. + +Last but not least, if you know of any similar scripts out there, do not hesitate to let us know, we will be pleased to hear from you. + +Visit the [neofetch Github repository][13]. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.tecmint.com/neofetch-shows-linux-system-information-with-logo + +作者：[Aaron Kili ][a] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/aaronkili/ +[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/install-imagemagick-in-linux/ +[2]:http://www.tecmint.com/linux-terminal-emulators/ +[3]:http://www.tecmint.com/screenfetch-system-information-generator-for-linux/ +[4]:http://www.tecmint.com/screenfetch-system-information-generator-for-linux/ +[5]:http://www.tecmint.com/linux_logo-tool-to-print-color-ansi-logos-of-linux/ +[6]:http://www.tecmint.com/linux-terminal-emulators/ +[7]:http://www.tecmint.com/install-imagemagick-in-linux/ +[8]:http://www.tecmint.com/screenfetch-system-information-generator-for-linux/ +[9]:http://www.tecmint.com/linux_logo-tool-to-print-color-ansi-logos-of-linux/ +[10]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Linux-Mint-System-Information.png +[11]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Ubuntu-System-Information.png +[12]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Ubuntu-System-Information-with-Logo.png +[13]:https://github.com/dylanaraps/neofetch From bdf44f06b755b5bb27e66929f68e21eb5c25a1cc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ezio Date: Tue, 15 Nov 2016 22:26:47 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 047/220] =?UTF-8?q?20161115-3=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...che-Modules-are-Enabled-Loaded in Linux.md | 177 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 177 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20161115-How-to-Check-Which-Apache-Modules-are-Enabled-Loaded in Linux.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20161115-How-to-Check-Which-Apache-Modules-are-Enabled-Loaded in Linux.md b/sources/tech/20161115-How-to-Check-Which-Apache-Modules-are-Enabled-Loaded in Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..2444f2a308 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20161115-How-to-Check-Which-Apache-Modules-are-Enabled-Loaded in Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,177 @@ +How to Check Which Apache Modules are Enabled/Loaded in Linux +============================================================ + +In this guide, we will briefly talk about the Apache web server front-end and how to list or check which Apache modules have been enabled on your server. + +Apache is built, based on the principle of modularity, this way, it enables web server administrators to add different modules to extend its primary functionalities and [enhance apache performance][5] as well. + +Some of the common Apache modules include: + +1. mod_ssl – which offers [HTTPS for Apache][1]. +2. mod_rewrite – which allows for matching url patterns with regular expressions, and perform a transparent redirect using [.htaccess tricks][2], or apply a HTTP status code response. +3. mod_security – which offers you to [protect Apache against Brute Force or DDoS attacks][3]. +4. mod_status – that allows you to [monitor Apache web server load and page statics][4]. + +In Linux, the apachectl or apache2ctl command is used to control Apache HTTP server interface, it is a front-end to Apache. + +You can display the usage information for apache2ctl as below: + +``` +$ apache2ctl help +OR +$ apachectl help +``` +apachectl help +``` +Usage: /usr/sbin/httpd [-D name] [-d directory] [-f file] + [-C "directive"] [-c "directive"] + [-k start|restart|graceful|graceful-stop|stop] + [-v] [-V] [-h] [-l] [-L] [-t] [-S] +Options: + -D name : define a name for use in directives + -d directory : specify an alternate initial ServerRoot + -f file : specify an alternate ServerConfigFile + -C "directive" : process directive before reading config files + -c "directive" : process directive after reading config files + -e level : show startup errors of level (see LogLevel) + -E file : log startup errors to file + -v : show version number + -V : show compile settings + -h : list available command line options (this page) + -l : list compiled in modules + -L : list available configuration directives + -t -D DUMP_VHOSTS : show parsed settings (currently only vhost settings) + -S : a synonym for -t -D DUMP_VHOSTS + -t -D DUMP_MODULES : show all loaded modules + -M : a synonym for -t -D DUMP_MODULES + -t : run syntax check for config files +``` + +apache2ctl can function in two possible modes, a Sys V init mode and pass-through mode. In the SysV init mode, apache2ctl takes simple, one-word commands in the form below: + +``` +$ apachectl command +OR +$ apache2ctl command +``` + +For instance, to start Apache and check its status, run these two commands with root user privileges by employing the [sudo command][6], in case you are a normal user: + +``` +$ sudo apache2ctl start +$ sudo apache2ctl status +``` +Check Apache Status +``` +tecmint@TecMint ~ $ sudo apache2ctl start +AH00558: apache2: Could not reliably determine the server's fully qualified domain name, using 127.0.1.1\. Set the 'ServerName' directive globally to suppress this message +httpd (pid 1456) already running +tecmint@TecMint ~ $ sudo apache2ctl status +Apache Server Status for localhost (via 127.0.0.1) + +Server Version: Apache/2.4.18 (Ubuntu) +Server MPM: prefork +Server Built: 2016-07-14T12:32:26 + +------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +Current Time: Tuesday, 15-Nov-2016 11:47:28 IST +Restart Time: Tuesday, 15-Nov-2016 10:21:46 IST +Parent Server Config. Generation: 2 +Parent Server MPM Generation: 1 +Server uptime: 1 hour 25 minutes 41 seconds +Server load: 0.97 0.94 0.77 +Total accesses: 2 - Total Traffic: 3 kB +CPU Usage: u0 s0 cu0 cs0 +.000389 requests/sec - 0 B/second - 1536 B/request +1 requests currently being processed, 4 idle workers + +__W__........................................................... +................................................................ +...................... + +Scoreboard Key: +"_" Waiting for Connection, "S" Starting up, "R" Reading Request, +"W" Sending Reply, "K" Keepalive (read), "D" DNS Lookup, +"C" Closing connection, "L" Logging, "G" Gracefully finishing, +"I" Idle cleanup of worker, "." Open slot with no current process +``` + +And when operating in pass-through mode, apache2ctl can take all the Apache arguments in the following syntax: + +``` +$ apachectl [apache-argument] +$ apache2ctl [apache-argument] +``` + +All the Apache-arguments can be listed as follows: + +``` +$ apache2 help [On Debian based systems] +$ httpd help [On RHEL based systems] +``` + +#### Check Enabled Apache Modules + +Therefore, in order to check which modules are enabled on your Apache web server, run the applicable command below for your distribution, where `-t -D DUMP_MODULES` is a Apache-argument to show all enabled/loaded modules: + +``` +--------------- On Debian based systems --------------- +$ apache2ctl -t -D DUMP_MODULES +OR +$ apache2ctl -M +``` + +``` +--------------- On RHEL based systems --------------- +$ apachectl -t -D DUMP_MODULES +OR +$ httpd -M +$ apache2ctl -M +``` +List Apache Enabled Loaded Modules +``` +[root@tecmint httpd]# apachectl -M +Loaded Modules: + core_module (static) + mpm_prefork_module (static) + http_module (static) + so_module (static) + auth_basic_module (shared) + auth_digest_module (shared) + authn_file_module (shared) + authn_alias_module (shared) + authn_anon_module (shared) + authn_dbm_module (shared) + authn_default_module (shared) + authz_host_module (shared) + authz_user_module (shared) + authz_owner_module (shared) + authz_groupfile_module (shared) + authz_dbm_module (shared) + authz_default_module (shared) + ldap_module (shared) + authnz_ldap_module (shared) + include_module (shared) +.... +``` + +That’s all! in this simple tutorial, we explained how to use the Apache front-end tools to list enabled/loaded apache modules. Keep in mind that you can get in touch using the feedback form below to send us your questions or comments concerning this guide. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.tecmint.com/check-apache-modules-enabled + +作者：[Aaron Kili][a] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/aaronkili/ +[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/install-lets-encrypt-ssl-certificate-to-secure-apache-on-rhel-centos/ +[2]:http://www.tecmint.com/apache-htaccess-tricks/ +[3]:http://www.tecmint.com/protect-apache-using-mod_security-and-mod_evasive-on-rhel-centos-fedora/ +[4]:http://www.tecmint.com/monitor-apache-web-server-load-and-page-statistics/ +[5]:http://www.tecmint.com/apache-performance-tuning/ +[6]:http://www.tecmint.com/su-vs-sudo-and-how-to-configure-sudo-in-linux/ From bf1f519d0631e91e43e78a66c4ffc91d19417020 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ezio Date: Tue, 15 Nov 2016 22:28:59 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 048/220] =?UTF-8?q?20161115-4=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...o Know Plugged USB Device Name in Linux.md | 100 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 100 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20161031 4 Useful Way to Know Plugged USB Device Name in Linux.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20161031 4 Useful Way to Know Plugged USB Device Name in Linux.md b/sources/tech/20161031 4 Useful Way to Know Plugged USB Device Name in Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e71b77443e --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20161031 4 Useful Way to Know Plugged USB Device Name in Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,100 @@ +4 Useful Way to Know Plugged USB Device Name in Linux +============================================================ + +As a newbie, one of the many [things you should master in Linux][1] is identification of devices attached to your system. It may be your computer’s hard disk, an external hard drive or removable media such USB drive or SD Memory card. + +Using USB drives for file transfer is so common today, and for those (new Linux users) who prefer to use the command line, learning the different ways to identify a USB device name is very important, when you need to format it. + +Once you attach a device to your system such as a USB, especially on a desktop, it is automatically mounted to a given directory, normally under /media/username/device-label and you can then access the files in it from that directory. However, this is not the case with a server where you have to[ manually mount a device][2] and specify its mount point. + +Linux identifies devices using special device files stored in `/dev` directory. Some of the files you will find in this directory include `/dev/sda` or `/dev/hda` which represents your first master drive, each partition will be represented by a number such as `/dev/sda1` or `/dev/hda1` for the first partition and so on. + +``` +$ ls /dev/sda* +``` +[ + ![List All Linux Device Names](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/List-All-Linux-Device-Names.png) +][3] + +List All Linux Device Names + +Now let’s find out device names using some different command-line tools as shown: + +### Find Out Plugged USB Device Name Using df Command + +To view each device attached to your system as well as its mount point, you can use the [df command][4](checks Linux disk space utilization) as shown in the image below: + +``` +$ df -h +``` +[ + ![Find USB Device Name Using df Command](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Find-USB-Device-Name.png) +][5] + +Find USB Device Name Using df Command + +### Use lsblk Command to Find USB Device Name + +You can also use the [lsblk command (list block devices)][6] which lists all block devices attached to your system like so: + +``` +$ lsblk +``` +[ + ![List Linux Block Devices](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/List-Linux-Block-Devices.png) +][7] + +List Linux Block Devices + +### Identify USB Device Name with fdisk Utility + +[fdisk is a powerful utility][8] which prints out the partition table on all your block devices, a USB drive inclusive, you can run it will root privileges as follows: + +``` +$ sudo fdisk -l +``` +[ + ![List Partition Table of Block Devices](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/List-Partition-Table.png) +][9] + +List Partition Table of Block Devices + +### Determine USB Device Name with dmesg Command + +dmesg is an important command that prints or controls the kernel ring buffer, a data structure which [stores information about the kernel’s operations][10]. + +Run the command below to view kernel operation messages which will as well print information about your USB device: + +``` +$ dmesg +``` +[ + ![dmesg - Prints USB Device Name](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/dmesg-shows-kernel-information.png) +][11] + +dmesg – Prints USB Device Name + +That is all for now, in this article, we have covered different approaches of how to find out a USB device name from the command line. You can also share with us any other methods for the same purpose or perhaps offer us your thoughts about the article via the response section below. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.tecmint.com/find-usb-device-name-in-linux + +作者：[Aaron Kili ][a] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/aaronkili/ +[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/tag/linux-tricks/ +[2]:http://www.tecmint.com/mount-filesystem-in-linux/ +[3]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/List-All-Linux-Device-Names.png +[4]:http://www.tecmint.com/how-to-check-disk-space-in-linux/ +[5]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Find-USB-Device-Name.png +[6]:http://www.tecmint.com/commands-to-collect-system-and-hardware-information-in-linux/ +[7]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/List-Linux-Block-Devices.png +[8]:http://www.tecmint.com/fdisk-commands-to-manage-linux-disk-partitions/ +[9]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/List-Partition-Table.png +[10]:http://www.tecmint.com/dmesg-commands/ +[11]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/dmesg-shows-kernel-information.png From c6f3bf1ca3792208f237905569f2e5d1d623cbaa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ezio Date: Tue, 15 Nov 2016 22:30:53 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 049/220] =?UTF-8?q?20161115-5=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...ess and Decompress a .bz2 File in Linux.md | 117 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 117 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20161103 How to Compress and Decompress a .bz2 File in Linux.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20161103 How to Compress and Decompress a .bz2 File in Linux.md b/sources/tech/20161103 How to Compress and Decompress a .bz2 File in Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..8bf7468da7 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20161103 How to Compress and Decompress a .bz2 File in Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,117 @@ +How to Compress and Decompress a .bz2 File in Linux +============================================================ + +To compress a file(s), is to significantly decrease the size of the file(s) by encoding data in the file(s) using less bits, and it is normally a useful practice [during backup and transfer of a file(s)][1] over a network. On the other hand, decompressing a file(s) means restoring data in the file(s) to its original state. + +There are several [file compression and decompression tools][2] available in Linux such as gzip, 7-zip, Lrzip, [PeaZip][3] and many more. + +In this tutorial, we will look at how to compress and decompress `.bz2` files using the bzip2 tool in Linux. + +Bzip2 is a well known compression tool and it’s available on most if not all the major Linux distributions, you can use the appropriate command for your distribution to install it. + +``` +$ sudo apt install bzip2 [On Debian/Ubuntu] +$ sudo yum install bzip2 [On CentOS/RHEL] +$ sudo dnf install bzip2 [On Fedora 22+] +``` + +The conventional syntax of using bzip2 is: + +``` +$ bzip2 option(s) filenames +``` + +### How to Use “bzip2” to Compress Files in Linux + +You can compress a file as below, where the flag `-z` enables file compression: + +``` +$ bzip2 filename +OR +$ bzip2 -z filename +``` + +To compress a `.tar` file, use the command format: + +``` +$ bzip2 -z backup.tar +``` + +Important: By default, bzip2 deletes the input files during compression or decompression, to keep the input files, use the `-k` or `--keep` option. + +In addition, the `-f` or `--force` flag will force bzip2 to overwrite an existing output file. + +``` +------ To keep input file ------ +$ bzip2 -zk filename +$ bzip2 -zk backup.tar +``` + +You can as well set the block size to 100k upto 900k, using `-1` or `--fast` to `-9` or –best as shown in the below examples: + +``` +$ bzip2 -k1 Etcher-linux-x64.AppImage +$ ls -lh Etcher-linux-x64.AppImage.bz2 +$ bzip2 -k9 Etcher-linux-x64.AppImage +$ bzip2 -kf9 Etcher-linux-x64.AppImage +$ ls -lh Etcher-linux-x64.AppImage.bz2 +``` + +The screenshot below shows how to use options to keep the input file, force bzip2 to overwrite an output file and set the block size during compression. + +[ + ![Compress Files Using bzip2 in Linux](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Compress-Files-Using-bzip2-in-Linux.png) +][4] + +Compress Files Using bzip2 in Linux + +### How to Use “bzip2” to Decompress Files in Linux + +To decompress a `.bz2` file, make use of the `-d` or `--decompress` option like so: + +``` +$ bzip2 -d filename.bz2 +``` + +Note: The file must end with a `.bz2` extension for the command above to work. + +``` +$ bzip2 -vd Etcher-linux-x64.AppImage.bz2 +$ bzip2 -vfd Etcher-linux-x64.AppImage.bz2 +$ ls -l Etcher-linux-x64.AppImage +``` +[ + ![Decompress bzip2 File in Linux](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Decompression-bzip2-File-in-Linux.png) +][5] + +Decompress bzip2 File in Linux + +To view the bzip2 help page and man page, type the command below: + +``` +$ bzip2 -h +$ man bzip2 +``` + +Lastly, with the simple elaborations above, I believe you are now capable of compressing and decompressing `.bz2` files using the bzip2 tool in Linux. However, for any questions or feedback, reach us using the comment section below. + +Importantly, you may want to go over a few important [Tar command examples][6] in Linux so as to learn using the tar utility to [create compressed archive files][7]. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.tecmint.com/linux-compress-decompress-bz2-files-using-bzip2 + +作者：[Aaron Kili][a] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/aaronkili/ +[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/rsync-local-remote-file-synchronization-commands/ +[2]:http://www.tecmint.com/command-line-archive-tools-for-linux/ +[3]:http://www.tecmint.com/peazip-linux-file-manager-and-file-archive-tool/ +[4]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Compress-Files-Using-bzip2-in-Linux.png +[5]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Decompression-bzip2-File-in-Linux.png +[6]:http://www.tecmint.com/18-tar-command-examples-in-linux/ +[7]:http://www.tecmint.com/compress-files-and-finding-files-in-linux/ From b9ab752200b8ace1b43e41fe71eaafb4781060d9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ezio Date: Tue, 15 Nov 2016 22:32:38 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 050/220] =?UTF-8?q?20161115-6=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... and Copy Files from ISO Image in Linux.md | 115 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 115 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20161028 3 Ways to Extract and Copy Files from ISO Image in Linux.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20161028 3 Ways to Extract and Copy Files from ISO Image in Linux.md b/sources/tech/20161028 3 Ways to Extract and Copy Files from ISO Image in Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..20faf70169 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20161028 3 Ways to Extract and Copy Files from ISO Image in Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,115 @@ +3 Ways to Extract and Copy Files from ISO Image in Linux +============================================================ + +Let’s say you have a large ISO file on your Linux server and you wanted to access, extract or copy one single file from it. How do you do it? Well in Linux there are couple ways do it. + +For example, you can use standard mount command to mount an ISO image in read-only mode using the loop device and then copy the files to another directory. + +### Mount or Extract ISO File in Linux + +To do so, you must have an ISO file (I used ubuntu-16.10-server-amd64.iso ISO image) and mount point directory to mount or extract ISO files. + +First create an mount point directory, where you will going to mount the image as shown: + +``` +$ sudo mkdir /mnt/iso +``` + +Once directory has been created, you can easily mount ubuntu-16.10-server-amd64.iso file and verify its content by running following command. + +``` +$ sudo mount -o loop ubuntu-16.10-server-amd64.iso /mnt/iso +$ ls /mnt/iso/ +``` +[ + ![Mount ISO File in Linux](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Mount-ISO-File-in-Linux.png) +][1] + +Mount ISO File in Linux + +Now you can go inside the mounted directory (/mnt/iso) and access the files or copy the files to `/tmp`directory using [cp command][2]. + +``` +$ cd /mnt/iso +$ sudo cp md5sum.txt /tmp/ +$ sudo cp -r ubuntu /tmp/ +``` +[ + ![Copy Files From ISO File in Linux](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Copy-Files-From-ISO-File-in-Linux.png) +][3] + +Copy Files From ISO File in Linux + +Note: The `-r` option used to copy directories recursively, if you want you can also [monitor progress of copy command][4]. + +### Extract ISO Content Using 7zip Command + +If you don’t want to mount ISO file, you can simply install 7zip, is an open source archive program used to pack or unpack different number of formats including TAR, XZ, GZIP, ZIP, BZIP2, etc.. + +``` +$ sudo apt-get install p7zip-full p7zip-rar [On Debian/Ubuntu systems] +$ sudo yum install p7zip p7zip-plugins [On CentOS/RHEL systems] +``` + +Once 7zip program has been installed, you can use 7z command to extract ISO file contents. + +``` +$ 7z x ubuntu-16.10-server-amd64.iso +``` +[ + ![7zip - Extract ISO File Content in Linux](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Extract-ISO-Content-in-Linux.png) +][5] + +7zip – Extract ISO File Content in Linux + +Note: As compared to Linux mount command, 7zip seems much faster and smart enough to pack or unpack any archive formats. + +### Extract ISO Content Using isoinfo Command + +The isoinfo command is used for directory listings of iso9660 images, but you can also use this program to extract files. + +As I said isoinfo program perform directory listing, so first list the content of ISO file. + +``` +$ isoinfo -i ubuntu-16.10-server-amd64.iso -l +``` +[ + ![List ISO Content in Linux](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/List-ISO-Content-in-Linux.png) +][6] + +List ISO Content in Linux + +Now you can extract a single file from an ISO image like so: + +``` +$ isoinfo -i ubuntu-16.10-server-amd64.iso -x MD5SUM.TXT > MD5SUM.TXT +``` + +Note: The redirection is needed as `-x` option extracts to stdout. + +[ + ![Extract Single File from ISO in Linux](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Extract-Single-File-from-ISO-in-Linux.png) +][7] + +Extract Single File from ISO in Linux + +Well, there are many ways to do, if you know any useful command or program to extract or copy files from ISO file do share us via comment section. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.tecmint.com/extract-files-from-iso-files-linux + +作者：[Ravi Saive][a] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/admin/ +[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Mount-ISO-File-in-Linux.png +[2]:http://www.tecmint.com/advanced-copy-command-shows-progress-bar-while-copying-files/ +[3]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Copy-Files-From-ISO-File-in-Linux.png +[4]:http://www.tecmint.com/monitor-copy-backup-tar-progress-in-linux-using-pv-command/ +[5]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Extract-ISO-Content-in-Linux.png +[6]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/List-ISO-Content-in-Linux.png +[7]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Extract-Single-File-from-ISO-in-Linux.png From db9b5201c00ce715940f8b695f5c42b0eb99b83f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ezio Date: Tue, 15 Nov 2016 22:34:53 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 051/220] =?UTF-8?q?20161115-7=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... Command By Last Modified Date and Time.md | 112 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 112 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20161027 How to Sort Output of ls Command By Last Modified Date and Time.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20161027 How to Sort Output of ls Command By Last Modified Date and Time.md b/sources/tech/20161027 How to Sort Output of ls Command By Last Modified Date and Time.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e94b00b94c --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20161027 How to Sort Output of ls Command By Last Modified Date and Time.md @@ -0,0 +1,112 @@ +How to Sort Output of ‘ls’ Command By Last Modified Date and Time +============================================================ + +One of the commonest things a Linux user will always do on the command line is [listing the contents of a directory][1]. As we may already know, [ls][2] and [dir][3] are the two commands available on Linux for listing directory content, with the former being more popular and in most cases, preferred by users. + +When listing directory contents, the results can be sorted based on several criteria such as alphabetical order of filenames, modification time, access time, version and file size. Sorting using each of these file properties can be enabled by using a specific flag. + +In this brief [ls command guide][4], we will look at how to [sort the output of ls command][5] by last modification time (date and time). + +Let us start by executing some [basic ls commands][6]. + +### Linux Basic ls Commands + +1. Running ls command without appending any argument will list current working directory contents. + +``` +$ ls +``` +[ + ![List Content of Working Directory](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/List-Content-of-Working-Directory.png) +][7] + +List Content of Working Directory + +2. To list contents of any directory, for example /etc directory use: + +``` +$ ls /etc +``` +[ + ![List Contents of Directory](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/List-Contents-of-Directory.png) +][8] + +List Contents of Directory + +3. A directory always contains a few hidden files (at least two), therefore, to show all files in a directory, use the `-a` or `--all` flag: + +``` +$ ls -a +``` +[ + ![List Hidden Files in Directory](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/List-Hidden-Files-in-Directory.png) +][9] + +List Hidden Files in Directory + +4. You can as well print detailed information about each file in the ls output, such as the file permissions, number of links, owner’s name and group owner, file size, time of last modification and the file/directory name. + +This is activated by the `-l` option, which means a long listing format as in the next screenshot: + +``` +$ ls -l +``` +[ + ![Long List Directory Contents](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/ls-Long-List-Format.png) +][10] + +Long List Directory Contents + +### Sort Files Based on Time and Date + +5. To list files in a directory and [sort them last modified date and time][11], make use of the `-t` option as in the command below: + +``` +$ ls -lt +``` +[ + ![Sort ls Output by Date and Time](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Sort-ls-Output-by-Date-and-Time.png) +][12] + +Sort ls Output by Date and Time + +6. If you want a reverse sorting files based on date and time, you can use the `-r` option to work like so: + +``` +$ ls -ltr +``` +[ + ![Sort ls Output Reverse by Date and Time](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Sort-ls-Output-Reverse-by-Date-and-Time.png) +][13] + +Sort ls Output Reverse by Date and Time + +We will end here for now, however, there is more usage information and options in the [ls command][14], so make it a point to look through it or any other guides offering [ls command tricks every Linux user should know][15] or [use sort command][16]. Last but not least, you can reach us via the feedback section below. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.tecmint.com/sort-ls-output-by-last-modified-date-and-time + +作者：[Aaron Kili][a] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/aaronkili/ +[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/file-and-directory-management-in-linux/ +[2]:http://www.tecmint.com/15-basic-ls-command-examples-in-linux/ +[3]:http://www.tecmint.com/linux-dir-command-usage-with-examples/ +[4]:http://www.tecmint.com/tag/linux-ls-command/ +[5]:http://www.tecmint.com/sort-command-linux/ +[6]:http://www.tecmint.com/15-basic-ls-command-examples-in-linux/ +[7]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/List-Content-of-Working-Directory.png +[8]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/List-Contents-of-Directory.png +[9]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/List-Hidden-Files-in-Directory.png +[10]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/ls-Long-List-Format.png +[11]:http://www.tecmint.com/find-and-sort-files-modification-date-and-time-in-linux/ +[12]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Sort-ls-Output-by-Date-and-Time.png +[13]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Sort-ls-Output-Reverse-by-Date-and-Time.png +[14]:http://www.tecmint.com/tag/linux-ls-command/ +[15]:http://www.tecmint.com/linux-ls-command-tricks/ +[16]:http://www.tecmint.com/linux-sort-command-examples/ From 5eb54da2604e8c829eebe87109a1fb77e399ef19 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ezio Date: Tue, 15 Nov 2016 22:36:49 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 052/220] =?UTF-8?q?20161115-8=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... to Ubuntu Linux Kernel Without Rebooting.md | 100 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 100 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20161021 Livepatch – Apply Critical Security Patches to Ubuntu Linux Kernel Without Rebooting.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20161021 Livepatch – Apply Critical Security Patches to Ubuntu Linux Kernel Without Rebooting.md b/sources/tech/20161021 Livepatch – Apply Critical Security Patches to Ubuntu Linux Kernel Without Rebooting.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..587b06e078 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20161021 Livepatch – Apply Critical Security Patches to Ubuntu Linux Kernel Without Rebooting.md @@ -0,0 +1,100 @@ +Livepatch – Apply Critical Security Patches to Ubuntu Linux Kernel Without Rebooting +============================================================ + +If you are a system administrator in charge of maintaining critical systems in enterprise environments, we are sure you know two important things: + +1) Finding a downtime window to install security patches in order to handle kernel or operating system vulnerabilities can be difficult. If the company or business you work for does not have security policies in place, operations management may end up favoring uptime over the need to solve vulnerabilities. Additionally, internal bureaucracy can cause delays in granting approvals for a downtime. Been there myself. + +2) Sometimes you can’t really afford a downtime, and should be prepared to mitigate any potential exposures to malicious attacks some other way. + +The good news is that Canonical has recently released (actually, a couple of days ago) its Livepatchservice to apply critical kernel patches to Ubuntu 16.04 (64-bit edition / 4.4.x kernel) without the need for a later reboot. Yes, you read that right: with Livepatch, you don’t need to restart your Ubuntu 16.04 server in order for the security patches to take effect. + +### Signing up for Ubuntu Livepatch + +In order to use Canonical Livepatch Service, you need to sign up at [https://auth.livepatch.canonical.com/][1] and indicate if you are a regular Ubuntu user or an Advantage subscriber (paid option). All Ubuntu users can link up to 3 different machines to Livepatch through the use of a token: + +[ + ![Canonical Livepatch Service](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Canonical-Livepatch-Service.png) +][2] + +Canonical Livepatch Service + +In the next step you will be prompted to enter your Ubuntu One credentials or sign up for a new account. If you choose the latter, you will need to confirm your email address in order to finish your registration: + +[ + ![Ubuntu One Confirmation Mail](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Ubuntu-One-Confirmation-Mail.png) +][3] + +Ubuntu One Confirmation Mail + +Once you click on the link above to confirm your email address, you’ll be ready to go back to [https://auth.livepatch.canonical.com/][4] and get your Livepatch token. + +### Getting and Using your Livepatch Token + +To begin, copy the unique token assigned to your Ubuntu One account: + +[ + ![Canonical Livepatch Token](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Livepatch-Token.png) +][5] + +Canonical Livepatch Token + +Then go to a terminal and type: + +``` +$ sudo snap install canonical-livepatch +``` + +The above command will install the livepatch, whereas + +``` +$ sudo canonical-livepatch enable [YOUR TOKEN HERE] +``` + +will enable it for your system. If this last command indicates it can’t find canonical-livepatch, make sure `/snap/bin` has been added to your path. A workaround consists of changing your working directory to `/snap/bin` and do. + +``` +$ sudo ./canonical-livepatch enable [YOUR TOKEN HERE] +``` +[ + ![Install Livepatch in Ubuntu](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Install-Livepatch-in-Ubuntu.png) +][6] + +Install Livepatch in Ubuntu + +Overtime, you’ll want to check the description and the status of patches applied to your kernel. Fortunately, this is as easy as doing. + +``` +$ sudo ./canonical-livepatch status --verbose +``` + +as you can see in the following image: + +[ + ![Check Livepatch Status in Ubuntu](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Check-Livepatch-Status.png) +][7] + +Check Livepatch Status in Ubuntu + +Having enabled Livepatch on your Ubuntu server, you will be able to reduce planned and unplanned downtimes at a minimum while keeping your system secure. Hopefully Canonical’s initiative will award you a pat on the back by management – or better yet, a raise. + +Feel free to let us know if you have any questions about this article. Just drop us a note using the comment form below and we will get back to you as soon as possible. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.tecmint.com/livepatch-install-critical-security-patches-to-ubuntu-kernel + +作者：[Gabriel Cánepa][a] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/gacanepa/ +[1]:https://auth.livepatch.canonical.com/ +[2]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Canonical-Livepatch-Service.png +[3]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Ubuntu-One-Confirmation-Mail.png +[4]:https://auth.livepatch.canonical.com/ +[5]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Livepatch-Token.png +[6]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Install-Livepatch-in-Ubuntu.png +[7]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Check-Livepatch-Status.png From 8544d3622d370ef6fe71c615aa5766aa5938ccec Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ezio Date: Tue, 15 Nov 2016 22:45:41 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 053/220] =?UTF-8?q?20161115-7=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...llecting Your Data Without Your Consent.md | 68 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 68 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20161115 Is Mozilla Firefox Collecting Your Data Without Your Consent.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20161115 Is Mozilla Firefox Collecting Your Data Without Your Consent.md b/sources/tech/20161115 Is Mozilla Firefox Collecting Your Data Without Your Consent.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..a22768e8e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20161115 Is Mozilla Firefox Collecting Your Data Without Your Consent.md @@ -0,0 +1,68 @@ +Is Mozilla Firefox Collecting Your Data Without Your Consent? +============================================================ + + ![Mozilla Firefox collects your data](https://iwf1.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Mozilla-Firefox-collects-your-data-730x429.jpg) + + +A geolocation service packaged with Firefox web-browser is running in the background even while the latter is closed. + +We’ve still not fully recovered from the news about the scandalous browser add-on which meant to protect users privacy but instead **[sells their information to third-party companies][1]**, and already we are perhaps in front of another, much bigger in scale, new outrage. + +**MLS** is Mozilla Location Service which lets devices determine their location based on network infrastructure like WiFi access points, cell towers and Bluetooth beacons. + +Pretty much, it is Mozilla’s equivalent to Google Location Service which is the service used when you turn on your GPS on Android devices and opt for ‘High accuracy’ mode. + +Those of you who ever experienced GPS issues will probably know to appreciate how accurate this mode actually is. + +But besides being able to accurately pinpoint your location, another side of it is that the service, through the use of WiFi networks, is able to collect personally identifiable information of both the **users who knowingly contribute to the database** and the **owners of the WiFi devices being scanned**. + +That being said, Mozilla also mentions you can opt out from the service, but can you really? + +### When The Background Becomes Your Privacy Foreground + +Being a [crowdsource][2] project, in order to maintain and grow MLS, Mozilla is in fact dependent of users contributions, thus they’ve developed a number of ways through which users can participate. + +One of these ways, meant to be used by end users is a Android app called Stumbler: + +> “Mozilla Stumbler is an open-source wireless network scanner which collects GPS, cellular and wireless network metadata for our crowd-sourced location database.”[1] + +Yet Stumbler is not only a standalone app but also a service used by Firefox for Android “to contribute data and enhance” MLS. + +The problem with that service lies in the fact it runs in the background without most users are aware of it and **even though you may disable it**. + +According to Mozilla[1], to enable the service you need to open the Settings menu (in Firefox for Android) -> Open the Privacy section -> scroll to the bottom to see the Data Choices, and finally, Check the Mozilla Location Service box. + +[ + ![Mozilla Location Services is unchecked yet Stumbler is on](http://iwf1.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Mozilla-Location-Services-is-unchecked-yet-Stumler-is-on-730x602.jpg) +][3] + +Mozilla Location Services is unchecked yet Stumbler is on + +In reality, you’ll find that the Stumbler service is **actively running on your device in the background**, meaning it’s practically invisible because it has no interface, even though the MLS box is unchecked and furthermore, even if all the Data Choices check boxes are unchecked and Firefox browser itself is closed. + +Apparently, the only way to stop stumbler is by ending it directly, however to do so, you’ll first need a way to detect it’s running and ultimately, that’s just a temporary solution that only lasts until the device’s next reboot. + +### How To Stay Safer? + +In order to exempt yourself from MLS data collection, there are still a few methods you may practice, in the hope those wouldn’t be disregarded by Mozilla just like the MLS check box in Firefox for Android. + +Make your wireless network hidden or add the string “_nomap” to the end of its name, e.g “myWirelessNetwork” becomes “myWirelessNetwork_nomap”. This should signal Mozilla’s applications that you do not wish to participate in their data collection. + +As for the Stumbler service on Android, due to being a service (as opposed to a process), you’ll probably won’t be able to see it in the list of running processes / recent apps. Thus, either use a dedicated app to close it or enable “Developer Options” and go to “Running services” -> tap on Firefox and finally, stop “stumbler”. + + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://iwf1.com/is-mozilla-firefox-collecting-your-data-without-your-consent/ + +作者：[Liron][a] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:https://iwf1.com/is-mozilla-firefox-collecting-your-data-without-your-consent/ +[1]:https://iwf1.com/shock-this-popular-browser-add-on-sells-your-browsing-history/ +[2]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowdsourcing +[3]:http://iwf1.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Mozilla-Location-Services-is-unchecked-yet-Stumler-is-on.jpg From 6aedb6d9f9ee5d36bf2e14adf3d7b496dc036033 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ezio Date: Tue, 15 Nov 2016 22:48:12 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 054/220] =?UTF-8?q?20161115-8=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... Like Windows 10 Using These Extensions.md | 78 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 78 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20161113 Make KDE Plasma 5 Desktop Look and Feel Like Windows 10 Using These Extensions.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20161113 Make KDE Plasma 5 Desktop Look and Feel Like Windows 10 Using These Extensions.md b/sources/tech/20161113 Make KDE Plasma 5 Desktop Look and Feel Like Windows 10 Using These Extensions.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ab7789ea31 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20161113 Make KDE Plasma 5 Desktop Look and Feel Like Windows 10 Using These Extensions.md @@ -0,0 +1,78 @@ +Make KDE Plasma 5 Desktop Look & Feel Like Windows 10 Using These Extensions +============================================================ + + ![kde-plasma-to-windows-10](https://iwf1.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/KDE-Plasma-to-Windows-10.jpg) + +With a few steps, here’s how you can turn KDE Plasma 5 desktop into Windows 10. + + +Other than the menu, much of Plasma desktop is already pretty much resembling Win 10\. Therefore, it only require a few light touches in order to make the two almost identical. + +### The Start Menu + +The first and probably most iconic part of making Plasma look like Win 10 is by achieving the Win 10 ‘Start Menu’ look. + +This can be easily done by installing [Zren’s Tiled Menu][1]. + +#### To install: + +1. Right click on Plasma Desktop -> Unlock Widgets +2. Right click on Plasma Desktop -> Add Widgets +3. Get new widgets -> Download New Plasma Widgets +4. Search for “Tiled Menu” -> Install + +#### To activate: + +1. Right click on your current menu button -> Alternatives… +2. Select “Tiled Menu” -> click Switch + +[ + ![KDE Tiled Menu extension.](http://iwf1.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/KDE-Tiled-Menu-extension-730x619.jpg) +][2] + +KDE Tiled Menu extension. + +### The Theme + +The next you might inquire after the menu is a theme. Luckily, [K10ne][3] offers you a Win 10 theme experience. + +#### To install: + +1. Open up “System Settings” from Plasma’s menu -> Workspace Theme +2. Select “Desktop Theme” from the sidebar -> Get new Theme +3. Search for “K10ne” -> Install + +#### To activate: + +1. Open up “System Settings” from Plasma’s menu -> Workspace Theme +2. Select “Desktop Theme” from the sidebar -> “K10ne” +3. Apply + +### The Task Bar + +Lastly, you might also want to incorporate a more Win 10 style task bar, just to have a more complete experience. + +This time, the package you need, called “Icons-only Task Manager”, usually installed by default by most distros. If you don’t have it – inquire your distro’s appropriate channels how to get it. + +#### To activate: + +1. Right click on Plasma Desktop -> Unlock Widgets +2. Right click on Plasma Desktop -> Add Widgets +3. Drag & drop “Icons-only Task Manager” to the suitable place on your desktop’s panel + + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://iwf1.com/make-kde-plasma-5-desktop-look-feel-like-windows-10-using-these-extensions/ + +作者：[Liron][a] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:https://iwf1.com/tag/linux +[1]:https://github.com/Zren/plasma-applets/tree/master/tiledmenu +[2]:http://iwf1.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/KDE-Tiled-Menu-extension.jpg +[3]:https://store.kde.org/p/1153465/ From accb5d4dde4c740ac1ca66e19157be00f559f957 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ezio Date: Tue, 15 Nov 2016 22:51:45 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 055/220] =?UTF-8?q?20161115-9=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...t The Performance Of WordPress Vs Ghost.md | 231 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 231 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20161114 Apache Vs Nginx Vs Node.js And What It Means About The Performance Of WordPress Vs Ghost.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20161114 Apache Vs Nginx Vs Node.js And What It Means About The Performance Of WordPress Vs Ghost.md b/sources/tech/20161114 Apache Vs Nginx Vs Node.js And What It Means About The Performance Of WordPress Vs Ghost.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..f972b91ba8 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20161114 Apache Vs Nginx Vs Node.js And What It Means About The Performance Of WordPress Vs Ghost.md @@ -0,0 +1,231 @@ +Apache Vs Nginx Vs Node.js And What It Means About The Performance Of WordPress Vs Ghost +============================================================ + + ![Node vs Apache vs Nginx](https://iwf1.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Node-vs-Apache-vs-Nginx-730x430.jpg) + +Ultimate battle of the giants: can the rising star Node.js prevail against the titans Apache and Nginx? + + +Just like you, I too have read the various kinds of opinions / facts which are scattered all over the Internet throughout all sorts of sources, some of which I consider reliable, while others, perhaps shady or doubtful. + +Many of the sources I read were quite contradicting, ahm – did someone say StackOverflow?[1][2], others showed a clear yet surprising results[3] thus having a crucial role in pushing me towards running my own tests and experiments. + +At first, I did some thought experiments thinking I may avoid all the hassle of building and running physical tests of my own – I was drowning deep in those before I even knew it. + +Nonetheless, looking backwards on it, it seem that my initial thoughts were quite accurate after all and have been reaffirmed by my tests; a fact which reminds me of what I learned back in school regarding Einstein and his photoelectric effect experiments where he faced a wave–particle duality and initially concluded that the experiments were affected by his state of mind, that is, when he expected the result would be a wave then so it was and vice versa. + +That said, I’m pretty sure my results won’t prove to be a duality anytime in the near future, although my own state of mind probably did had an effect, to some extents, on them. + +### About The Comparison + +One of the sources I read came up with a revolutionary way, in my view, to deal with the natural subjectiveness and personal biases an author may have. + +A way which I decided to embrace as-well, thus I declare the following in advance: + +Developers spend many years honing their craft. Those who reach higher levels usually make their own choice based on a host of factors. It’s subjective; you’ll promote and defend your technology decision. + +That said, the point of this comparison is not to become another “use whatever suits you, buddy” article. I will make recommendations based on my own experience, requirements and biases. You’ll agree with some points and disagree with others; that’s great — your comments will help others make an informed choice. + +And thank you to Craig Buckler of [SitePoint][2] for re-enlightening me regarding the purpose of comparisons – a purpose I tend re-forgetting as I’m trying to please all visitors. + +### About The Tests + +All test were ran locally on an: + +* Intel core i7-2600k machine of 4 cores and 8 threads. +* **[Gentoo Linux][1]** is the operating system used to run the tests. + +The tool used for benchmarking: ApacheBench, Version 2.3 <$Revision: 1748469 $>. + +The tests included a series of benchmarks, starting from 1,000 to 10,000 requests and a concurrency of 100 to 1,000 – the results were quite surprising. + +In addition, stress test to measure server function under high load was also issued. + +As for the content, the main focus was about a static file containing a number of Lorem Ipsum verses with headings and an image. + +[ + ![Lorem Ipsum and ApacheBenchmark](http://iwf1.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Lorem-Ipsum-and-ApacheBenchmark-730x411.jpg) +][3] + +Lorem Ipsum and ApacheBenchmark + +The reason I decided to focus on static files is because they remove all sorts of rendering factors that may have an effect on the tests, such as: the speed of a programming language interpreter, how well is an interpreter integrated with the server, etc… + +Also, based on my own experience, a substantial part of the average page load time is usually being spent on static content such as images for example, therefore in order to see which server could save us the most of that precious time it seem more realistic to focus on that part. + +That aside, I also wanted to test a more real case scenario where I benchmarked each server upon running a dynamic page of different CMSs (more details about that later on). + +### The Servers + +As I’m running Gentoo Linux, you could say that either one of my HTTP servers is starting from an optimized state to begin with, since I built them using only the use-flags I actually needed. I.e there shouldn’t be any unnecessary code or module loading or running in the background while I ran my tests. + +[ + ![Apache vs Nginx vs Node.js use-flags](http://iwf1.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Apache-vs-Nginx-vs-Node.js-use-flags-730x241.jpg) +][4] + +Apache vs Nginx vs Node.js use-flags + +### Apache + +`$: curl -i http://localhost/index.html +HTTP/1.1 200 OK +Date: Sun, 30 Oct 2016 15:35:44 GMT +Server: Apache +Last-Modified: Sun, 30 Oct 2016 14:13:36 GMT +ETag: "2cf2-54015b280046d" +Accept-Ranges: bytes +Content-Length: 11506 +Cache-Control: max-age=600 +Expires: Sun, 30 Oct 2016 15:45:44 GMT +Vary: Accept-Encoding +Content-Type: text/html` + +Apache was configured with “event mpm”. + +### Nginx + +`$: curl -i http://localhost/index.html +HTTP/1.1 200 OK +Server: nginx/1.10.1 +Date: Sun, 30 Oct 2016 14:17:30 GMT +Content-Type: text/html +Content-Length: 11506 +Last-Modified: Sun, 30 Oct 2016 14:13:36 GMT +Connection: keep-alive +Keep-Alive: timeout=20 +ETag: "58160010-2cf2" +Accept-Ranges: bytes` + +Nginx included various tweaks, among them: “sendfile on”, “tcp_nopush on” and “tcp_nodelay on”. + +### Node.js + +`$: curl -i http://127.0.0.1:8080 +HTTP/1.1 200 OK +Content-Length: 11506 +Etag: 15 +Last-Modified: Thu, 27 Oct 2016 14:09:58 GMT +Content-Type: text/html +Date: Sun, 30 Oct 2016 16:39:47 GMT +Connection: keep-alive` + +The Node.js server used in the static tests was custom built from scratch, tailor made to be as lightweight and fast as possible – no external modules (outside of Node’s core) were used. + +### The Results + +Click on the images to enlarge: + +[ + ![Apache vs Nginx vs Node: performance under requests load (per 100 concurrent users)](http://iwf1.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/requests-730x234.jpg) +][5] + +Apache vs Nginx vs Node: performance under requests load (per 100 concurrent users) + +[ + ![Apache vs Nginx vs Node: performance under concurrent users load](http://iwf1.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/concurrency-730x234.jpg) +][6] + +Apache vs Nginx vs Node: performance under concurrent users load (per 1,000 requests) + +### Stress Testing + +[ + ![Apache vs Nginx vs Node: time to complete 100,000 requests with concurrency of 1,000](http://iwf1.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/stress.jpg) +][7] + +Apache vs Nginx vs Node: time to complete 100,000 requests with concurrency of 1,000 + +### What Can We Learn From The Results? + +Judging by the results above, it appears that Nginx can complete the highest amount of requests in the least amount of time, in other words, **Nginx** is the fastest HTTP server. + +Another thing we can learn, which is quite surprising as a matter of fact, is that Node.js can be faster than Nginx and Apache in some cases, given the right amount of concurrent users and requests. + +To those who wonder, the answer is NO, when the number of requests was raised during the concurrency test then Nginx would return to a leading position. + +Unlike Apache and Nginx, Node.js, especially clustered Node, seem to be indifferent to the number of concurrent users hitting it. As the chart shows, clustered Node keeps a straight line at around 0.1 seconds while both Apache and Nginx suffer a variation of about 0.2 seconds. + +A conclusion that can be drawn based on the above statistics is that the smaller the site is the less it matters which server it uses. However, as the site grows larger audience, the more apparent the impact an HTTP server has. + +At the bottom line, when it comes to the raw speed of each server, as it’s depicted by the stress test, my sense is that the most crucial factor behind the performance is not some special algorithm but what it comes down to is actually the programming language each server is running. + +As both Apache and Nginx are using C language – which is AOT (Ahead Of Time) compiled language, Node.js on the other hand is using JavaScript – which is an interpreted / JIT (Just In Time) compiled language. This means there’s additional work for the Node.js server on its way to execute a program. + +This sense I base not only upon the results above but also upon further results, which you’ll see below, where I got pretty much the same performance parity even when using an optimized Node.js server built with the popular Express framework. + +### The Bigger Picture + +At the end of the day, an HTTP server is quite useless without the content it serves. Therefore when looking to compare web servers, a vital part we must take into account is the content we wish to run on top of it. + +Although other function exists as well, the most widely popular use done with an HTTP server is running a website. Hence, to see the real life implications of each server’s performance I decided to compare WordPress – the most widely used CMS (Content Management System) in the world, with Ghost – a rising star with a gimmick of using JavaScript at its core. + +Will a Ghost web-page based on JavaScript alone be able to outperform a WordPress page running on top of PHP and Apache / Nginx? + +That’s an interesting question since Ghost has the advantage of using a single, coherent tool for its actions – no additional layers needed, whereas WordPress needs to rely on the integration between Apache / Nginx and PHP, an integration which might incur significant performance drawbacks. + +Adding to that, there’s also a significant performance difference between PHP and Node.js in favor of the latter, which I’ll briefly talk about below, things might come out a bit differently than initially seemed. + +### PHP Vs Node.js + +In order to compare WordPress and Ghost we must first consider an essential component which affects both. + +Essentially, WordPress is a PHP based CMS while Ghost is Node.js (JavaScript) based. Unlike PHP, Node.js enjoys the following advantages: + +* Non-blocking I/O +* Event driven +* Modern, less legacy code encumbered + +Since there are plenty of comparisons out there explaining and demonstrating Node.js raw speed over PHP (including PHP 7) I shall not elaborate further on the subject, Google it, I implore you. + +So, given that Node.js outperforms PHP in general, will it be significant enough to make a Node.js website faster than Apache / Nginx with PHP? + +### WordPress Vs Ghost + +When comparing WordPress to Ghost some would say it’s like comparing apples to oranges and for the most part I’ll agree, as WordPress is a fully fledged CMS while Ghost is basically just a blogging platform at the moment. + +However, the two still share many overlapping areas where both can be used to publish thoughts to the world. + +Given that premise, how can we compare the 2 while one runs on totally different code base than the other, including themes and core features. + +Indeed, a scientific lab-conditioned test would be hard to devise. However, in this comparison I’m interested in a more real life case scenario, where WordPress gets to keep its theme and so does Ghost. Thus, the goal here is to have both platform’s web-pages similar in size as possible and let PHP and Node.js do their magic behind the scenes. + +Since the results were measured against different criteria and most importantly not exact same sizes, it wouldn’t be fair to display them side by side in a chart. Hence a table is used instead: + +[ + ![Node vs Nginx vs Apache comparison table](http://iwf1.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Node-vs-Nginx-vs-Apache-comparison-table-730x185.jpg) +][8] + +Node vs Nginx vs Apache running WordPress & Ghost. Top 2 rows are WordPress, bottom 2 are Ghost + +As you can see, despite the fact Ghost (Node.js) is loading a smaller sized page (you’d be surprised how much difference can 1kB make) it still remains slower than both WordPress with Nginx and with Apache. + +Also, does preempting every Node server hit with Nginx proxy that serves as a load balancer actually contributes or detracts from performance? + +Well, according to the table above, if it has any effect at all then it is a detracting one – which is a reasonable outcome as adding another layer should make things slower. However, the numbers above shows it just might be negligible. + +But the most important thing the table above shows us is that even though Node.js is faster than PHP, the role an HTTP server has, may surpass the importance of what type of programming language a certain web platform uses. + +Of course, on the other hand, if the page loaded was a lot more reliant on server-side script serving, then the results would of wind up a bit different, I suspect. + +At the end of it, if a web platform really wants to beat WordPress at its own game, performance-wise that is, the conclusion rising from this comparison is it’ll have to have some sort of customized tool a-la PHP-FPM, that will communicate with JavaScript directly (instead of running it as a server) thus it could fully harness JS power to reach a better performance. + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://iwf1.com/apache-vs-nginx-vs-node-js-and-what-it-means-about-the-performance-of-wordpress-vs-ghost/ + +作者：[Liron][a] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:https://iwf1.com/tag/linux +[1]:http://iwf1.com/5-reasons-use-gentoo-linux/ +[2]:https://www.sitepoint.com/sitepoint-smackdown-php-vs-node-js/ +[3]:http://iwf1.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Lorem-Ipsum-and-ApacheBenchmark.jpg +[4]:http://iwf1.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Apache-vs-Nginx-vs-Node.js-use-flags.jpg +[5]:http://iwf1.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/requests.jpg +[6]:http://iwf1.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/concurrency.jpg +[7]:http://iwf1.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/stress.jpg +[8]:http://iwf1.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Node-vs-Nginx-vs-Apache-comparison-table.jpg From 55f7d05b39a4960d6b0ee15361591109da595396 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ezio Date: Tue, 15 Nov 2016 22:54:00 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 056/220] =?UTF-8?q?20161115-10=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...Backup Your SMS MMS Messages On Android.md | 84 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 84 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20161017 How To Manually Backup Your SMS MMS Messages On Android.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20161017 How To Manually Backup Your SMS MMS Messages On Android.md b/sources/tech/20161017 How To Manually Backup Your SMS MMS Messages On Android.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..93936e8fbd --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20161017 How To Manually Backup Your SMS MMS Messages On Android.md @@ -0,0 +1,84 @@ + How To Manually Backup Your SMS / MMS Messages On Android? +============================================================ + + ![Android backup sms mms](https://iwf1.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Android-backup-sms-mms.jpg) + +If you’re switching a device or upgrading your system, making a backup of your data might be of crucial importance. + + +One of the places where our important data may lie, is in our SMS / MMS messages, be it of sentimental or utilizable value, backing it up might prove quite useful. + +However, unlike our photos, videos or song files which can be transferred and backed up with relative ease, backing our SMS / MMS usually proves to be a bit more complicated task that commonly require involving a third party-app or service. + +### Why Do It Manually? + +Although there currently exist quite a bit of different apps that might take care of backing SMS and MMS for you, you may want to consider doing it manually for the following reasons: + +1. Apps **may not work** on different devices or different Android versions. +2. Apps may backup your data by uploading it to the Internet cloud therefore requiring you to **jeopardize the safety** of your content. +3. By backing up manually, you have complete control over where your data goes and what it goes through, thus **limiting the risk of spyware** in the process. +4. Doing it manually can be overall **less time consuming, easier and more straightforward**than any other way. + +### How To Backup SMS / MMS Manually? + +To backup your SMS / MMS messages manually you’ll need to have an Android tool called [adb][1]installed on your computer. + +Now, the important thing to know regarding SMS / MMS is that Android stores them in a database commonly named **mmssms.db.** + +Since the location of that database may differ between one device to another and also because other SMS apps can create databases of their own, such as, gommssms.db created by GO SMS app, the first thing you’d want to do is to search for these databases. + +So, open up your CLI tool (I use Linux Terminal, you may use Windows CMD or PowerShell) and issue the following commands: + +Note: below is a series of commands needed for the task and later is the explanation of what each command does. + +` +adb root + +adb shell + +find / -name "*mmssms*" + +exit + +adb pull /PATH/TO/mmssms.db /PATH/TO/DESTINATION/FOLDER + +` + +#### Explanation: + +We start with adb root command in order to start adb in root mode – so that we’ll have permissions to reach system protected files as well. + +“adb shell” is used to get inside the device shell. + +Next, the “find” command is used to search for the databases. (in my case it’s found in: /data/data/com.android.providers.telephony/databases/mmssms.db) + +* Tip: if your Terminal prints too many irrelevant results, try refining your “find” parameters (google it). + +[ + ![Android SMS&MMS databases](http://iwf1.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Android-SMSMMS-databases-730x726.jpg) +][2] + +Android SMS&MMS databases + +Then we use exit command in order to exit back to our local system directory. + +Lastly, adb pull is used to copy the database files into a folder on our computer. + +Now, once you’re ready to restore your SMS / MMS messages, whether it’s on a new device or a new system version, simply search again for the location of mmssms on the new system and replace it with the one you’ve backed. + +Use adb push to replace it, e.g: adb push ~/Downloads/mmssms.db /data/data/com.android.providers.telephony/databases/mmssms.db + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://iwf1.com/how-to-manually-backup-your-sms-mms-messages-on-android/ + +作者：[Liron ][a] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:https://iwf1.com/tag/android +[1]:http://developer.android.com/tools/help/adb.html +[2]:http://iwf1.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Android-SMSMMS-databases.jpg From f0c2a91cfd48626c4b52ee92172553fe7de262fa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ezio Date: Tue, 15 Nov 2016 23:00:04 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 057/220] =?UTF-8?q?20161115-11=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...and Manage Custom Apps with IBM Bluemix.md | 175 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 175 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20161115 Build Deploy and Manage Custom Apps with IBM Bluemix.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20161115 Build Deploy and Manage Custom Apps with IBM Bluemix.md b/sources/tech/20161115 Build Deploy and Manage Custom Apps with IBM Bluemix.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..f3886399aa --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20161115 Build Deploy and Manage Custom Apps with IBM Bluemix.md @@ -0,0 +1,175 @@ +Build, Deploy and Manage Custom Apps with IBM Bluemix +============================================================ + + + ![IBM Blue mix logo](http://i1.wp.com/opensourceforu.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/IBM-Blue-mix-logo.jpg?resize=300%2C266) + +_IBM’s Bluemix affords developers an opportunity to build, deploy and manage custom apps. Bluemix is built on Cloud Foundry. It supports a number of programming languages as well as OpenWhisk, which allows developers to call any function without the need for resource management._ + +Bluemix is an open standards, cloud-based platform implemented by IBM. It has an open architecture which enables organisations to create, develop and manage their applications on the cloud. It is based on Cloud Foundry and hence can be considered as a Platform as a Service (PaaS). With Bluemix, developers need not worry about cloud configurations, but can concentrate on their applications. Cloud configurations will be done automatically by Bluemix. + +Bluemix also provides a dashboard, with which developers can create, manage and view services and applications, while monitoring resource usage also. +It supports the following programming languages: + +* Java +* Python +* Ruby on Rails +* PHP +* Node.js + +It also supports OpenWhisk (Function as a Service), which is also an IBM product that allows developers to call any function without requiring any resource management. + +![Figure 1 An Overview of IBM Bluemix](http://i1.wp.com/opensourceforu.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Figure-1-An-Overview-of-IBM-Bluemix.jpg?resize=296%2C307) + +Figure 1: An Overview of IBM Bluemix + +![Figure 2 The IBM Bluemix architecture](http://i0.wp.com/opensourceforu.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Figure-2-The-IBM-Bluemix-architecture.jpg?resize=350%2C239) + +Figure 2: The IBM Bluemix architecture + +![Figure 3 Creating an organisation in IBM Bluemix](http://i0.wp.com/opensourceforu.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Figure-3-Creating-an-organisation-in-IBM-Bluemix.jpg?resize=350%2C280) + +Figure 3: Creating an organisation in IBM Bluemix + +**How IBM Bluemix works** +Bluemix is built on top of IBM’s SoftLayer IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service). It uses Cloud Foundry as an open source PaaS. It starts by pushing code through Cloud Foundry, which plays the role of combining the code and suitable runtime environment based on the programming language in which the application is written. IBM services, third party services or community built services can be used for different functionalities. Secure connectors can be used to connect to on-premise systems and the cloud. + +![Figure 4 Setting up Space in IBM Bluemix](http://i1.wp.com/opensourceforu.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Figure-4-Setting-up-Space-in-IBM-Bluemix.jpg?resize=350%2C267) + +Figure 4: Setting up Space in IBM Bluemix + +![Figure 5 The app template](http://i2.wp.com/opensourceforu.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Figure-5-The-app-template.jpg?resize=350%2C135) + +Figure 5: The app template + +![Figure 6 IBM Bluemix supported programming languages](http://i1.wp.com/opensourceforu.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Figure-6-IBM-Bluemix-supported-programming-languages.jpg?resize=350%2C173) + +Figure 6: IBM Bluemix supported programming languages + +**Creating an app in Bluemix** +In this article, we will create a sample ‘Hello World’ application in IBM Bluemix by using the Liberty for Java starter pack, in just a few simple steps. + +1\. Go to [_https://console.ng.bluemix.net/registration/_][2]. + +2\. Confirm the Bluemix account. + +3\. Click on the confirmation link in the mail to complete the sign up process. + +4\. Give your email ID and click on _Continue_ to log in. + +5\. Enter the password and click on _Log in._ + +6. _Set up_ and _Environment_ share resources in specific regions. + +7\. Create Space to manage access and roll-back in Bluemix. We can map Spaces to development stages such as dev, test, uat, pre-prod and prod. + + ![Figure 7 Naming the app](http://i1.wp.com/opensourceforu.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Figure-7-Naming-the-app.jpg?resize=350%2C133) + +Figure 7: Naming the app + +![Figure 8 Knowing when the app is ready](http://i1.wp.com/opensourceforu.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Figure-8-Knowing-when-the-app-is-ready.jpg?resize=350%2C170) + +Figure 8: Knowing when the app is ready + +![Figure 9 The IBM Bluemix Java App](http://i1.wp.com/opensourceforu.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Figure-9-The-IBM-Bluemix-Java-App.jpg?resize=350%2C151) + +Figure 9: The IBM Bluemix Java App + +8\. Once this initial configuration is completed, click on_ I’m ready_. _Good to Go_! + +9\. Verify the IBM Bluemix dashboard after successfully logging in, specifically sections such as Cloud Foundry Apps where 2GB is available and Virtual Server where 0 instances are available, as of now. + +10\. Click on _Create app_. Choose the template for app creation. In our case, we will go for a Web app. + +11\. How do you get started? Click on Liberty for Java, and then verify the description. + +12\. Click on _Continue_. + +13\. What do you want to name your new app? For this article, let’s use osfy-bluemix-tutorial and click on _Finish_. + +14\. It will take some time to create resources and to host an application on Bluemix. + +15\. In a few minutes, your app will be up and running. Note the URL of the application. + +16\. Visit the application’s URL _http://osfy-bluemix-tutorial.au-syd.mybluemix.net/_. Bingo, our first Java application is up and running on IBM Bluemix. + +17\. To verify the source code, click on _Files_ and navigate to different files and folders in the portal. + +18\. The _Logs_ section provides all the activity logs, starting from the application’s creation. + +19\. The _Environment Variables_ section provides details on all the environment variables of VCAP_Services as well as those that are user defined. + +20\. To verify the application’s consumption of resources, go to the Liberty for Java section. + +21\. The _Overview_ section of each application contains details regarding resources, the application’s health, and activity logs, by default. + +22\. Open Eclipse, go to the Help menu and click on _Eclipse Marketplace_. + +23\. Find _IBM Eclipse tools_ for _Bluemix_ and click on _Install_. + +24\. Confirm the selected features and install them in Eclipse. + +25\. Download the application starter code. Import it into Eclipse by clicking on _File Menu_, select _Import Existing Projects_ into _Workspace_ and start modifying the existing code. + +![Figure 10 The Java app source files](http://i1.wp.com/opensourceforu.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Figure-10-The-Java-app-source-files.jpg?resize=350%2C173) + +Figure 10: The Java app source files + +![Figure 11 The Java app logs](http://i1.wp.com/opensourceforu.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Figure-11-The-Java-app-logs.jpg?resize=350%2C133) + +Figure 11: The Java app logs + +![Figure 12 Java app -- Liberty for Java](http://i0.wp.com/opensourceforu.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Figure-12-Java-app-Liberty-for-Java.jpg?resize=350%2C169) + +Figure 12: Java app — Liberty for Java + +**[ +][1]Why IBM Bluemix?** +Here are some compelling reasons to use IBM Bluemix: + +* Supports multiple languages and platforms +* Free trial + + 1\. Minimal registration process + + 2\. No credit card required + + 3\. 30-days trial period – with quotas of 2GB of runtime, 20 services, 500 routes + + 4\. Unlimited access to standard support + + 5\. No production use limitations + +* Pay only for the use of each runtime and service +* Quick set-up – hence faster time to market +* Continuous delivery of new features +* Secure integration with on-premise resources +* Use cases + + 1\. Web applications and mobile back-ends + + 2\. APIs and on-premise integration + +* DevOps services are available as SaaS on the cloud and support continuous delivery of: + + 1\. Web IDE + + 2\. SCM + + 3\. Agile planning + + 4\. Delivery pipeline service + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://opensourceforu.com/2016/11/build-deploy-manage-custom-apps-ibm-bluemix/ + +作者：[MITESH_SONI][a] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://opensourceforu.com/author/mitesh_soni/ +[1]:http://opensourceforu.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Figure-7-Naming-the-app.jpg +[2]:https://console.ng.bluemix.net/registration/ From 9776224e11f197089189892ee3c84be1c97ca8fd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ezio Date: Tue, 15 Nov 2016 23:06:10 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 058/220] =?UTF-8?q?20161115-12=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... RUNS ON 99.6 OF TOP 500 SUPERCOMPUTERS.md | 87 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 87 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20161115 LINUX NOW RUNS ON 99.6 OF TOP 500 SUPERCOMPUTERS.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20161115 LINUX NOW RUNS ON 99.6 OF TOP 500 SUPERCOMPUTERS.md b/sources/talk/20161115 LINUX NOW RUNS ON 99.6 OF TOP 500 SUPERCOMPUTERS.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..cc283977e9 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20161115 LINUX NOW RUNS ON 99.6 OF TOP 500 SUPERCOMPUTERS.md @@ -0,0 +1,87 @@ +LINUX NOW RUNS ON 99.6% OF TOP 500 SUPERCOMPUTERS +============================================================ + +[ + ![Linux rules the world of supercomputers](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Linux-King-Supercomputer-world-min.jpg) +][12] + +_Brief: Linux may have just 2% in the desktop market share, but when it comes to supercomputers, Linux is simply ruling it with over 99% of the share._ + +Linux running on more than 99% of the top 500 fastest supercomputers in the world is no surprise. If you followed our previous reports, in the year 2015, [Linux was running on more than 97% of the top 500 supercomputers][13]. This year, it just got better. + +[#Linux now runs on more than 99% of top 500 #supercomputers in the world][4] + +[CLICK TO TWEET][5] + +This information is collected by an independent organization [Top500][14] that publishes the details about the top 500 fastest supercomputers known to them, twice a year. You can [go the website and filter out the list][15] based on country, OS type used, vendors etc. Don’t worry, I’ll do it for you to present some of the most interesting facts from this year’s list. + +### LINUX GOT 498 OUT OF 500 + +If I have to break it down in numbers, 498 out of the top 500 supercomputers run Linux. Rest of the two supercomputers run Unix-based OS. Windows, which was running on 1 supercomputer until last year, is nowhere in the list this year. Perhaps, none of the supercomputers can run Windows 10 (pun intended). + +To summarize the list of top 500 supercomputers based on OS this year: + +* Linux: 498 +* Unix: 2 +* Windows: 0 + +To give you a year wise summary of Linux shares on the top 500 supercomputers: + +* In 2012: 94% +* In [2013][6]: 95% +* In [2014][7]: 97% +* In [2015][8]: 97.2% +* In 2016: 99.6% +* In 2017: ??? + +In addition to that, first 380 fastest supercomputers run Linux, including of course the fastest supercomputer based in China. Unix is used by the 386th and 387th ranked supercomputers also based in China. + +### SOME OTHER INTERESTING STATS ABOUT FASTEST SUPERCOMPUTERS + +[ + ![List of top 10 fastest supercomputers in the world in 2016](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/fastest-supercomputers.png) +][16] + +Moving Linux aside, I was looking at the list and thought of sharing some other interesting stats with you. + +* World’s fastest supercomputer is [Sunway TaihuLight][9]. It based in [National Supercomputing Center in Wuxi][10], China. It has a speed of 93PFLOPS. +* World’s second fastest supercomputer is also based in China ([Tianhe-2][11]) while the third spot is taken by US based Titan. +* Out of the top 10 fastest supercomputers, USA has 5, Japan and China have 2 each while Switzerland has 1. +* US and China both have 171 supercomputers each in the list of the top 500 supercomputers. +* Japan has 27, France has 20, while India, Russia and Saudi Arabia has 5 supercomputers in the list. + +[Suggested ReaddigiKam 5.0 Released! Install It In Ubuntu Linux][17] + +Some interesting facts, isn’t it? You can filter out your own list [here][18] to further details. For the moment I am happy to brag about Linux running on 99% of the top 500 supercomputers and look forward to a perfect score of 100% next year. + +While you are reading it, do share this article on social media. It’s an achievement for Linux and we got to show off :P + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/linux-99-percent-top-500-supercomputers + +作者：[Abhishek Prakash ][a] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/ +[1]:https://twitter.com/share?original_referer=https%3A%2F%2Fitsfoss.com%2F&source=tweetbutton&text=Linux+Now+Runs+On+99.6%25+Of+Top+500+Supercomputers&url=https%3A%2F%2Fitsfoss.com%2Flinux-99-percent-top-500-supercomputers%2F&via=%40itsfoss +[2]:https://www.linkedin.com/cws/share?url=https://itsfoss.com/linux-99-percent-top-500-supercomputers/ +[3]:http://pinterest.com/pin/create/button/?url=https://itsfoss.com/linux-99-percent-top-500-supercomputers/&description=Linux+Now+Runs+On+99.6%25+Of+Top+500+Supercomputers&media=https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Linux-King-Supercomputer-world-min.jpg +[4]:https://twitter.com/share?text=%23Linux+now+runs+on+more+than+99%25+of+top+500+%23supercomputers+in+the+world&via=itsfoss&related=itsfoss&url=https://itsfoss.com/linux-99-percent-top-500-supercomputers/ +[5]:https://twitter.com/share?text=%23Linux+now+runs+on+more+than+99%25+of+top+500+%23supercomputers+in+the+world&via=itsfoss&related=itsfoss&url=https://itsfoss.com/linux-99-percent-top-500-supercomputers/ +[6]:https://itsfoss.com/95-percent-worlds-top-500-supercomputers-run-linux/ +[7]:https://itsfoss.com/97-percent-worlds-top-500-supercomputers-run-linux/ +[8]:https://itsfoss.com/linux-runs-97-percent-worlds-top-500-supercomputers/ +[9]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunway_TaihuLight +[10]:https://www.top500.org/site/50623 +[11]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianhe-2 +[12]:https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Linux-King-Supercomputer-world-min.jpg +[13]:https://itsfoss.com/linux-runs-97-percent-worlds-top-500-supercomputers/ +[14]:https://www.top500.org/ +[15]:https://www.top500.org/statistics/sublist/ +[16]:https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/fastest-supercomputers.png +[17]:https://itsfoss.com/digikam-5-0-released-install-it-in-ubuntu-linux/ +[18]:https://www.top500.org/statistics/sublist/ From 02ec83ae926a0afa56007f3a8e7f86c8b6cefc22 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ezio Date: Tue, 15 Nov 2016 23:10:04 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 059/220] =?UTF-8?q?20161115-13=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...D PER APPLICATION NOTIFICATION SETTINGS.md | 47 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 47 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20161110 XFCE GETS A DO NOT DISTURB MODE AND PER APPLICATION NOTIFICATION SETTINGS.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20161110 XFCE GETS A DO NOT DISTURB MODE AND PER APPLICATION NOTIFICATION SETTINGS.md b/sources/tech/20161110 XFCE GETS A DO NOT DISTURB MODE AND PER APPLICATION NOTIFICATION SETTINGS.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..d42f8dcffb --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20161110 XFCE GETS A DO NOT DISTURB MODE AND PER APPLICATION NOTIFICATION SETTINGS.md @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +[XFCE GETS A `DO NOT DISTURB` MODE AND PER APPLICATION NOTIFICATION SETTINGS][7] +============================================================ + +The Xfce developers are busy [porting][3] Xfce applications and components to GTK3, and in the process, they are also adding new features. + +**"Do not disturb"**, a much requested feature, landed in _xfce4-notifyd_ 0.3.4 (the Xfce notification daemon) [recently][4]. Using this, you can suppress notification bubbles for a limited time-frame. + +Furthermore, **the latest _xfce4-notifyd_ includes an option to enable or disable notifications on a per-application basis**. + +After an application sends a notification, the app is added to a list in the notification settings. From here, you can control which applications can show notifications. + +Both the "Do not disturb" mode and the application-specific notification settings can be found in _Settings > Notifications_: + +[ + ![](https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-fvSesp1ukaQ/WCR8JQVgfiI/AAAAAAAAYl8/IJ1CshVQizs9aG2ClfraVaNjKP3OyxvAgCLcB/s400/xfce-do-not-disturb.png) +][5] + +Right now there's no way of accessing notifications missed due to the "Do not disturb" mode being enabled. However, **a notification logging / persistence feature is expected in a future release.** + +And finally, yet** another feature** in _xfce4-notifyd_ 0.3.4 is an **option display notifications on the primary monitor** (until now, notifications were displayed on the active monitor).This option is not available in the GUI for now, and it must be enabled using Xfconf (Settings Editor), by adding a Boolean property, called "/primary-monitor" (without the quotes), to _xfce4-notifyd_ and set it to "True": + +[ + ![](https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-M8xZpEHMrq8/WCR9EufvsnI/AAAAAAAAYmA/nLI5JQUtmE0J9TgvNM9ZKGHBdwwBhRH3QCLcB/s400/xfce-xfconf.png) +][6] + +**_xfce4-notifyd_ 0.3.4 is not available in a PPA right now, but it will probably be added to the [Xfce GTK3 PPA][1] soon.** + +**If you want to build it from source, download it from [HERE][2].** + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.webupd8.org/2016/11/xfce-gets-do-not-disturb-mode-and-per.html + +作者：[Andrew ][a] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://www.webupd8.org/p/about.html +[1]:https://launchpad.net/~xubuntu-dev/+archive/ubuntu/xfce4-gtk3 +[2]:http://archive.xfce.org/src/apps/xfce4-notifyd/0.3/ +[3]:https://wiki.xfce.org/releng/4.14/roadmap +[4]:http://simon.shimmerproject.org/2016/11/09/xfce4-notifyd-0-3-4-released-do-not-disturb-and-per-application-settings/ +[5]:https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-fvSesp1ukaQ/WCR8JQVgfiI/AAAAAAAAYl8/IJ1CshVQizs9aG2ClfraVaNjKP3OyxvAgCLcB/s1600/xfce-do-not-disturb.png +[6]:https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-M8xZpEHMrq8/WCR9EufvsnI/AAAAAAAAYmA/nLI5JQUtmE0J9TgvNM9ZKGHBdwwBhRH3QCLcB/s1600/xfce-xfconf.png +[7]:http://www.webupd8.org/2016/11/xfce-gets-do-not-disturb-mode-and-per.html From c321ab432591e231575e866590655faf0a3339f0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ezio Date: Tue, 15 Nov 2016 23:14:27 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 060/220] =?UTF-8?q?20161115-14=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...pse Che a next-generation web-based IDE.md | 40 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 40 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20161114 Introduction to Eclipse Che a next-generation web-based IDE.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20161114 Introduction to Eclipse Che a next-generation web-based IDE.md b/sources/tech/20161114 Introduction to Eclipse Che a next-generation web-based IDE.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..fdc3f65590 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20161114 Introduction to Eclipse Che a next-generation web-based IDE.md @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +Introduction to Eclipse Che, a next-generation, web-based IDE +============================================================ + ![Introduction to Eclipse Che, a next-generation, web-based IDE](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/images/education/EDU_OSDC_OpenClass_520x292_FINAL_JD.png?itok=ETOrrpcP "Introduction to Eclipse Che, a next-generation, web-based IDE") + +>Image by : opensource.com + +Correctly installing and configuring an integrated development environment, workspace, and build tools in order to contribute to a project can be a daunting or time consuming task, even for experienced developers. Tyler Jewell, CEO of [Codenvy][1], faced this problem when he was attempting to set up a simple Java project when he was working on getting his coding skills back after dealing with some health issues and having spent time in managerial positions. After multiple days of struggling, Jewell could not get the project to work, but inspiration struck him. He wanted to make it so that "anyone, anytime can contribute to a project with installing software." + +It is this idea that lead to the development of [Eclipse Che][2]. + +Eclipse Che is a web-based integrated development environment (IDE) and workspace. Workspaces in Eclipse Che are bundled with an appropriate runtime stack and serve their own IDE, all in one tightly integrated bundle. A project in one of these workspaces has everything it needs to run without the developer having to do anything more than picking the correct stack when creating a workspace. + +The ready-to-go bundled stacks included with Eclipse Che cover most of the modern popular languages. There are stacks for C++, Java, Go, PHP, Python, .NET, Node.js, Ruby on Rails, and Android development. A Stack Library provides even more options and if that is not enough, there is the option to create a custom stack that can provide specialized environments. + +Eclipse Che is a full-featured IDE, not a simple web-based text editor. It is built on Orion and the JDT. Intellisense and debugging are both supported, and version control with both Git and Subversion is integrated. The IDE can even be shared by multiple users for paired programming. With just a web browser, a developer can write and debug their code. However, if a developer would prefer to use a desktop-based IDE, it is possible to connect to the workspace with a SSH connection. + +One of the major technologies underlying Eclipse Che are [Linux containers][3], using Docker. Workspaces are built using Docker and installing a local copy of Eclipse Che requires nothing but Docker and a small script file. The first time `che.sh start` is run, the requisite Docker containers are downloaded and run. If setting up Docker to install Eclipse Che is too much work for you, Codenvy does offer online hosting options. They even provide 4GB workspaces for open source projects for any contributor to the project. Using Codenvy's hosting option or another online hosting method, it is possible to provide a url to potential contributors that will automatically create a workspace complete with a project's code, all with one click. + +Beyond Codenvy, contributors to Eclipse Che include Microsoft, Red Hat, IBM, Samsung, and many others. Several of the contributors are working on customized versions of Eclipse Che for their own specific purposes. For example, Samsung's [Artik IDE][4] for IoT projects. A web-based IDE might turn some people off, but Eclipse Che has a lot to offer, and with so many big names in the industry involved, it is worth checking out. + +* * * + +If you are interested in learning more about Eclipse Che, [CheConf 2016][5] takes place on November 15\. CheConf 2016 is an online conference and registration is free. Sessions start at 11:00 am Eastern time (4:00 pm UTC) and end at 5:30 pm Eastern time (10:30 pm UTC). + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/life/16/11/introduction-eclipse-che + +作者：[Joshua Allen Holm][a] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:https://opensource.com/users/holmja +[1]:http://codenvy.com/ +[2]:http://eclipse.org/che +[3]:https://opensource.com/resources/what-are-linux-containers +[4]:http://eclipse.org/che/artik +[5]:https://eclipse.org/che/checonf/ From 63742d34dec0de2a28e2b48a8a9df2fc3c8eab9f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ezio Date: Tue, 15 Nov 2016 23:21:05 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 061/220] =?UTF-8?q?20161115-15=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...heck if port is in use on Linux or Unix.md | 125 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 125 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20161110 How to check if port is in use on Linux or Unix.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20161110 How to check if port is in use on Linux or Unix.md b/sources/tech/20161110 How to check if port is in use on Linux or Unix.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..5c2451b9ea --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20161110 How to check if port is in use on Linux or Unix.md @@ -0,0 +1,125 @@ +How to check if port is in use on Linux or Unix +============================================================ + +[ + ![](https://s0.cyberciti.org/images/category/old/linux-logo.png) +][1] + +How do I determine if a port is in use under Linux or Unix-like system? How can I verify which ports are listening on Linux server? + +It is important you verify which ports are listing on the server’s network interfaces. You need to pay attention to open ports to detect an intrusion. Apart from an intrusion, for troubleshooting purposes, it may be necessary to check if a port is already in use by a different application on your servers. For example, you may install Apache and Nginx server on the same system. So it is necessary to know if Apache or Nginx is using TCP port # 80/443\. This quick tutorial provides steps to use the netstat, nmap and lsof command to check the ports in use and view the application that is utilizing the port. + +### How to check the listening ports and applications on Linux: + +1. Open a terminal application i.e. shell prompt. +2. Run any one of the following command: + + ``` + sudo lsof -i -P -n | grep LISTEN + sudo netstat -tulpn | grep LISTEN + sudo nmap -sTU -O IP-address-Here + ``` + +Let us see commands and its output in details. + +### Option #1: lsof command + +The syntax is: + +``` +$ sudo lsof -i -P -n +$ sudo lsof -i -P -n | grep LISTEN +$ doas lsof -i -P -n | grep LISTEN +``` + +### [OpenBSD] ### + +Sample outputs: + +[ + ![Fig.01: Check the listening ports and applications with lsof command](https://s0.cyberciti.org/uploads/faq/2016/11/lsof-outputs.png) +][2] + +Fig.01: Check the listening ports and applications with lsof command + +Consider the last line from above outputs: + +``` +sshd 85379 root 3u IPv4 0xffff80000039e000 0t0 TCP 10.86.128.138:22 (LISTEN) +``` + +- sshd is the name of the application. +- 10.86.128.138 is the IP address to which sshd application bind to (LISTEN) +- 22 is the TCP port that is being used (LISTEN) +- 85379 is the process ID of the sshd process + +### Option #2: netstat command + +You can check the listening ports and applications with netstat as follows. + +### Linux netstat syntax + +``` +$ netstat -tulpn | grep LISTEN +``` + +### FreeBSD/MacOS X netstat syntax + +``` +$ netstat -anp tcp | grep LISTEN +$ netstat -anp udp | grep LISTEN +``` + +### OpenBSD netstat syntax + +```` +$ netstat -na -f inet | grep LISTEN +$ netstat -nat | grep LISTEN +``` + +### Option #3: nmap command + +The syntax is: + +``` +$ sudo nmap -sT -O localhost +$ sudo nmap -sU -O 192.168.2.13 ##[ list open UDP ports ]## +$ sudo nmap -sT -O 192.168.2.13 ##[ list open TCP ports ]## +``` + +Sample outputs: + +[ + ![Fig.02: Determines which ports are listening for TCP connections using nmap](https://s0.cyberciti.org/uploads/faq/2016/11/nmap-outputs.png) +][3] + +Fig.02: Determines which ports are listening for TCP connections using nmap + +You can combine TCP/UDP scan in a single command: + +`$ sudo nmap -sTU -O 192.168.2.13` + +### A note about Windows users + +You can check port usage from Windows operating system using following command: + +``` +netstat -bano | more +netstat -bano | grep LISTENING +netstat -bano | findstr /R /C:"[LISTING]" +```` + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/unix-linux-check-if-port-is-in-use-command/ + +作者：[ VIVEK GITE][a] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/unix-linux-check-if-port-is-in-use-command/ +[1]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/category/linux/ +[2]:http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/unix-linux-check-if-port-is-in-use-command/lsof-outputs/ +[3]:http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/unix-linux-check-if-port-is-in-use-command/nmap-outputs/ From 8a528a30087be71482a269a6f49782aed6f3fd95 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ezio Date: Tue, 15 Nov 2016 23:23:47 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 062/220] =?UTF-8?q?20161115-16=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...rk Password From Terminal In Arch Linux.md | 106 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 106 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20161110 How To Update Wifi Network Password From Terminal In Arch Linux.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20161110 How To Update Wifi Network Password From Terminal In Arch Linux.md b/sources/tech/20161110 How To Update Wifi Network Password From Terminal In Arch Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..f72358efda --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20161110 How To Update Wifi Network Password From Terminal In Arch Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,106 @@ +How To Update Wifi Network Password From Terminal In Arch Linux +============================================================ + ![Update Wifi Network Password From Terminal In Arch Linux](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/plugins/lazy-load/images/1x1.trans.gif) + +After changing the Wifi Network password in my Router, My Arch Linux test machine lost the Internet connection. So I wanted to update the new password from Terminal because my Arch Linux test box doesn’t have graphical desktop environment. Changing old wifi password to new password is pretty easy in GUI mode. I will simply open the network manager and update the new password to the wifi in few seconds. However, I am not aware of updating the wifi network password from command line in Arch Linux. So, I started to dig into Google and find a perfect solution from the Arch Linux forum. In case you ever been in the same situation, read on. It’s not that difficult. + + +### Update Wifi Network Password From Terminal + +After changing the password in Router, I ran _wifi-menu_ command to update the new password. But It kept throwing the following error. + +``` +sudo wifi-menu +``` + +It displayed the list of available wifi networks. + +[ + ![sksk_001](http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/sk@sk_001-1.png) +][2] + +My wifi network name is Murugs9376. Then, I selected my network and hit OK button. Instead of asking the new password (I thought it was going to ask me if the password has been changed.), It showed the following error. + +``` +Interface 'wlp9s0' is controlled by netctl-auto +WPA association/authentication failed for interface 'wlp9s0' +``` + +[ + ![sksk_002](http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/sk@sk_002-1.png) +][3] + +I don’t have much experience in Arch based distributions. So I went thorough the Arch linux forum hoping for the solution. Thankfully, someone has posted the same problem and got the workaround from one of the fellow Arch user. Following is the solution to update the wifi network password from Terminal in Arch based distributions. + +The network profiles is stored in the /etc/netctl/ folder. For example, here is my Arch Linux test box wifi network profile details. + +``` +ls /etc/netctl/ + +Sample Output: + +examples ostechnix 'wlp9s0-Chendhan Cell Service' wlp9s0-Pratheesh +hooks wlp9s0 wlp9s0-Murugu9376 +interfaces wlp9s0-AndroidAP wlp9s0-none +``` + +[ + ![sksk_003](http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/sk@sk_003-1.png) +][4] + +All I need to update the new password is to delete the my wifi network profile (Ex. wlp9s0-Murugs9376) and re-run the _wifi-menu_ command to new password. + +So, first let us delete the wifi profile using command: + +``` +sudo rm /etc/netctl/wlp9s0-Murugu9376 +``` + +After deleting the profile, run wifi-menu command to update the new password. + +``` +sudo wifi-menu +``` + +Select the wifi-network and press ENTER. + +[ + ![sksk_004](http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/sk@sk_004-1.png) +][5] + +Enter a name for the profile. + +[ + ![sksk_005](http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/sk@sk_005-1.png) +][6] + +Finally, Enter the security key to the network profile and hit ENTER key. + +[ + ![sksk_006](http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/sk@sk_006-1.png) +][7] + +That’s it. Now, we have updated the password to the wifi network. As you can see, updating password from Terminal in Arch Linux is no big deal. Anyone could do it in a matter of seconds. + +If you find this guide useful, please share it on your social networks and support us. + +Cheers! + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.ostechnix.com/update-wifi-network-password-terminal-arch-linux/ + +作者：[ SK][a] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/ +[1]:http://ostechnix.tradepub.com/free/w_pacb38/prgm.cgi?a=1 +[2]:http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/sk@sk_001-1.png +[3]:http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/sk@sk_002-1.png +[4]:http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/sk@sk_003-1.png +[5]:http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/sk@sk_004-1.png +[6]:http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/sk@sk_005-1.png +[7]:http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/sk@sk_006-1.png From 57d59d015aa290f914011ee5eca29950e8639e19 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ezio Date: Tue, 15 Nov 2016 23:27:27 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 063/220] =?UTF-8?q?20161115-17=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...iners save IoT from a security meltdown.md | 172 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 172 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20161111 Can Linux containers save IoT from a security meltdown.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20161111 Can Linux containers save IoT from a security meltdown.md b/sources/tech/20161111 Can Linux containers save IoT from a security meltdown.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..78ce74f0da --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20161111 Can Linux containers save IoT from a security meltdown.md @@ -0,0 +1,172 @@ +### [Can Linux containers save IoT from a security meltdown?][28] + + ![](http://hackerboards.com/files/internet_of_things_wikimedia1-thm.jpg) +In this final IoT series post, Canonical and Resin.io champion Linux container technology as a solution to IoT security and interoperability challenges. + +| + ![](http://hackerboards.com/files/samsung_artik710-thm.jpg) + +**Artik 7** | + +Despite growing security threats, the Internet of Things hype shows no sign of abating. Feeling the FoMo, companies are busily rearranging their roadmaps for IoT. The transition to IoT runs even deeper and broader than the mobile revolution. Everything gets swallowed in the IoT maw, including smartphones, which are often our windows on the IoT world, and sometimes our hubs or sensor endpoints. + +New IoT focused processors and embedded boards continue to reshape the tech landscape. Since our [Linux and Open Source Hardware for IoT][5] story in September, we’ve seen [Intel Atom E3900][6] “Apollo Lake” SoCs aimed at IoT gateways, as well as [new Samsung Artik modules][7], including a Linux-driven, 64-bit Artik 7 COM for gateways and an RTOS-ready, Cortex-M4 Artik 0\. ARM announced [Cortex-M23 and Cortex-M33][8] cores for IoT endpoints featuring ARMv8-M and TrustZone security. + +Security is a selling point for these products, and for good reason. The Mirai botnet that recently attacked the Dyn service and blacked out much of the U.S. Internet for a day brought Linux-based IoT into the forefront — and not in a good way. Just as IoT devices can be turned to the dark side via DDoS, the devices and their owners can also be the victimized directly by malicious attacks. + +| + ![](http://hackerboards.com/files/arm_cortexm33m23-thm.jpg) + +**Cortex-M33 and -M23** | + +The Dyn attack reinforced the view that IoT will more confidently move forward in more controlled and protected industrial environments rather than the home. It’s not that consumer [IoT security technology][9] is unavailable, but unless products are designed for security from scratch, as are many of the solutions in our [smart home hub story][10], security adds cost and complexity. + +In this final, future-looking segment of our IoT series, we look at two Linux-based, Docker-oriented container technologies that are being proposed as solutions to IoT security. Containers might also help solve the ongoing issues of development complexity and barriers to interoperability that we explored in our story on [IoT frameworks][11]. + +We spoke with Canonical’s Oliver Ries, VP Engineering Ubuntu Client Platform about his company’s Ubuntu Core and its Docker-friendly, container-like Snaps package management technology. We also interviewed Resin.io CEO and co-founder Alexandros Marinos about his company’s new Docker-based ResinOS for IoT. + +**Ubuntu Core Snaps to** + +Canonical’s IoT-oriented [Snappy Ubuntu Core][12] version of Ubuntu is built around a container-like snap package management mechanism, and offers app store support. The snaps technology was recently [released on its own][13] for other Linux distributions. On November 3, Canonical released [Ubuntu Core 16][14], which improves white label app store and update control services. + +
+[ + ![](http://hackerboards.com/files/canonical_ubuntucore16_diagram-sm.jpg) +][15] +**Classic Ubuntu (left) architecture vs. Ubuntu Core 16** +(click image to enlarge) +
+ +The snap mechanism offers automatic updates, and helps block unauthorized updates. Using transactional systems management, snaps ensure that updates either deploy as intended or not at all. In Ubuntu Core, security is further strengthened with AppArmor, and the fact that all application files are kept in separate silos, and are read-only. + +| + ![](http://hackerboards.com/files/limesdr-thm.jpg) + +**LimeSDR** | + +Ubuntu Core, which was part of our recent [survey of open source IoT OSes][16], now runs on Gumstix boards, Erle Robotics drones, Dell Edge Gateways, the [Nextcloud Box][17], LimeSDR, the Mycroft home hub, Intel’s Joule, and SBCs compliant with Linaro’s 96Boards spec. Canonical is also collaborating with the Linaro IoT and Embedded (LITE) Segment Group on its [96Boards IoT Edition][18]Initially, 96Boards IE is focused on Zephyr-driven Cortex-M4 boards like Seeed’s [BLE Carbon][19], but it will expand to gateway boards that can run Ubuntu Core. + +“Ubuntu Core and snaps have relevance from edge to gateway to the cloud,” says Canonical’s Ries. “The ability to run snap packages on any major distribution, including Ubuntu Server and Ubuntu for Cloud, allows us to provide a coherent experience. Snaps can be upgraded in a failsafe manner using transactional updates, which is important in an IoT world moving to continuous updates for security, bug fixes, or new features.” + +| + ![](http://hackerboards.com/files/nextcloud_box3-thm.jpg) + +**Nextcloud Box** | + +Security and reliability are key points of emphasis, says Ries. “Snaps can run completely isolated from one another and from the OS, making it possible for two applications to securely run on a single gateway,” he says. “Snaps are read-only and authenticated, guaranteeing the integrity of the code.” + +Ries also touts the technology for reducing development time. “Snap packages allow a developer to deliver the same binary package to any platform that supports it, thereby cutting down on development and testing costs, deployment time, and update speed,” says Ries. “With snap packages, the developer is in full control of the lifecycle, and can update immediately. Snap packages provide all required dependencies, so developers can choose which components they use.” + +**ResinOS: Docker for IoT** + +Resin.io, which makes the commercial IoT framework of the same name, recently spun off the framework’s Yocto Linux based [ResinOS 2.0][20]” target=”new”>ResinOS 2.0 as an open source project. Whereas Ubuntu Core runs Docker container engines within snap packages, ResinOS runs Docker on the host. The minimalist ResinOS abstracts the complexity of working with Yocto code, enabling developers to quickly deploy Docker containers. + +
+[ + ![](http://hackerboards.com/files/resinio_resinos_arch-sm.jpg) +][21] +**ResinOS 2.0 architecture** +(click image to enlarge) +
+ +Like the Linux-based CoreOS, ResinOS integrates systemd control services and a networking stack, enabling secure rollouts of updated applications over a heterogeneous network. However, it’s designed to run on resource constrained devices such as ARM hacker boards, whereas CoreOS and other Docker-oriented OSes like the Red Hat based Project Atomic are currently x86 only and prefer a resource-rich server platform. ResinOS can run on 20 Linux devices and counting, including the Raspberry Pi, BeagleBone, and Odroid-C1. + +“We believe that Linux containers are even more important for embedded than for the cloud,” says Resin.io’s Marinos. “In the cloud, containers represent an optimization over previous processes, but in embedded they represent the long-delayed arrival of generic virtualization.” + +| + ![](http://hackerboards.com/files/beaglebone-hand-thm.jpg) + +**BeagleBone +Black** | + +When applied to IoT, full enterprise virtual machines have performance issues and restrictions on direct hardware access, says Marinos. Mobile VMs like OSGi and Android’s Dalvik can been used for IoT, but they require Java among other limitations. + +Using Docker may seem natural for enterprise developers, but how do you convince embedded hackers to move to an entirely new paradigm? “Rather than transferring practices from the cloud wholesale, ResinOS is optimized for embedded,” answers Marinos. In addition, he says, containers are better than typical IoT technologies at containing failure. “If there’s a software defect, the host OS can remain functional and even connected. To recover, you can either restart the container or push an update. The ability to update a device without rebooting it further removes failure opportunities.” + +According to Marinos, other benefits accrue from better alignment with the cloud, such as access to a broader set of developers. Containers provide “a uniform paradigm across data center and edge, and a way to easily transfer technology, workflows, infrastructure, and even applications to the edge,” he adds. + +The inherent security benefits in containers are being augmented with other technologies, says Marinos. “As the Docker community pushes to implement signed images and attestation, these naturally transfer to ResinOS,” he says. “Similar benefits accrue when the Linux kernel is hardened to improve container security, or gains the ability to better manage resources consumed by a container.” + +Containers also fit in well with open source IoT frameworks, says Marinos. “Linux containers are easy to use in combination with an almost endless variety of protocols, applications, languages and libraries,” says Marinos. “Resin.io has participated in the AllSeen Alliance, and we have worked with partners who use IoTivity and Thread.” + +**Future IoT: Smarter Gateways and Endpoints** + +Marinos and Canonical’s Ries agree on several future trends in IoT. First, the original conception of IoT, in which MCU-based endpoints communicate directly with the cloud for processing, is quickly being replaced with a fog computing architecture. That calls for more intelligent gateways that do a lot more than aggregate data and translate between ZigBee and WiFi. + +Second, gateways and smart edge devices are increasingly running multiple apps. Third, many of these devices will provide onboard analytics, which we’re seeing in the latest [smart home hubs][22]. Finally, rich media will soon become part of the IoT mix. + +
+[ + ![](http://hackerboards.com/files/eurotech_reliagate2026-sm.jpg) +][23] [ + ![](http://hackerboards.com/files/advantech_ubc221-sm.jpg) +][24] +**Some recent IoT gateways: Eurotech’s [ReliaGate 20-26][1] and Advantech’s [UBC-221][2]** +(click images to enlarge) +
+ +“Intelligent gateways are taking over a lot of the processing and control functions that were originally envisioned for the cloud,” says Marinos. “Accordingly, we’re seeing an increased push for containerization, so feature- and security-related improvements can be deployed with a cloud-like workflow. The decentralization is driven by factors such as the mobile data crunch, an evolving legal framework, and various physical limitations.” + +Platforms like Ubuntu Core are enabling an “explosion of software becoming available for gateways,” says Canonical’s Ries. “The ability to run multiple applications on a single device is appealing both for users annoyed with the multitude of single-function devices, and for device owners, who can now generate ongoing software revenues.” + +
+[ + ![](http://hackerboards.com/files/myomega_mynxg-sm.jpg) +][25] [ + ![](http://hackerboards.com/files/technexion_ls1021aiot_front-sm.jpg) +][26] +**Two more IoT gateways: [MyOmega MYNXG IC2 Controller (left) and TechNexion’s ][3][LS1021A-IoT Gateway][4]** +(click images to enlarge) +
+ +It’s not only gateways — endpoints are getting smarter, too. “Reading a lot of IoT coverage, you get the impression that all endpoints run on microcontrollers,” says Marinos. “But we were surprised by the large amount of Linux endpoints out there like digital signage, drones, and industrial machinery, that perform tasks rather than operate as an intermediary. We call this the shadow IoT.” + +Canonical’s Ries agrees that a single-minded focus on minimalist technology misses out on the emerging IoT landscape. “The notion of ‘lightweight’ is very short lived in an industry that’s developing as fast as IoT,” says Ries. “Today’s premium consumer hardware will be powering endpoints in a matter of months.” + +While much of the IoT world will remain lightweight and “headless,” with sensors like accelerometers and temperature sensors communicating in whisper thin data streams, many of the newer IoT applications use rich media. “Media input/output is simply another type of peripheral,” says Marinos. “There’s always the issue of multiple containers competing for a limited resource, but it’s not much different than with sensor or Bluetooth antenna access.” + +Ries sees a trend of “increasing smartness at the edge” in both industrial and home gateways. “We are seeing a large uptick in AI, machine learning, computer vision, and context awareness,” says Ries. “Why run face detection software in the cloud and incur delays and bandwidth and computing costs, when the same software could run at the edge?” + +As we explored in our [opening story][27] of this IoT series, there are IoT issues related to security such as loss of privacy and the tradeoffs from living in a surveillance culture. There are also questions about the wisdom of relinquishing one’s decisions to AI agents that may be controlled by someone else. These won’t be fully solved by containers, snaps, or any other technology. + +Perhaps we’d be happier if Alexa handled the details of our lives while we sweat the big stuff, and maybe there’s a way to balance privacy and utility. For now, we’re still exploring, and that’s all for the good. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://hackerboards.com/can-linux-containers-save-iot-from-a-security-meltdown/ + +作者：[Eric Brown][a] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://hackerboards.com/can-linux-containers-save-iot-from-a-security-meltdown/ +[1]:http://hackerboards.com/atom-based-gateway-taps-new-open-source-iot-cloud-platform/ +[2]:http://hackerboards.com/compact-iot-gateway-runs-yocto-linux-on-quark/ +[3]:http://hackerboards.com/wireless-crazed-customizable-iot-gateway-uses-arm-or-x86-coms/ +[4]:http://hackerboards.com/iot-gateway-runs-linux-on-qoriq-accepts-arduino-shields/ +[5]:http://hackerboards.com/linux-and-open-source-hardware-for-building-iot-devices/ +[6]:http://hackerboards.com/intel-launches-14nm-atom-e3900-and-spins-an-automotive-version/ +[7]:http://hackerboards.com/samsung-adds-first-64-bit-and-cortex-m4-based-artik-modules/ +[8]:http://hackerboards.com/new-cortex-m-chips-add-armv8-and-trustzone/ +[9]:http://hackerboards.com/exploring-security-challenges-in-linux-based-iot-devices/ +[10]:http://hackerboards.com/linux-based-smart-home-hubs-advance-into-ai/ +[11]:http://hackerboards.com/open-source-projects-for-the-internet-of-things-from-a-to-z/ +[12]:http://hackerboards.com/lightweight-snappy-ubuntu-core-os-targets-iot/ +[13]:http://hackerboards.com/canonical-pushes-snap-as-a-universal-linux-package-format/ +[14]:http://hackerboards.com/ubuntu-core-16-gets-smaller-goes-all-snaps/ +[15]:http://hackerboards.com/files/canonical_ubuntucore16_diagram.jpg +[16]:http://hackerboards.com/open-source-oses-for-the-internet-of-things/ +[17]:http://hackerboards.com/private-cloud-server-and-iot-gateway-runs-ubuntu-snappy-on-rpi/ +[18]:http://hackerboards.com/linaro-beams-lite-at-internet-of-things-devices/ +[19]:http://hackerboards.com/96boards-goes-cortex-m4-with-iot-edition-and-carbon-sbc/ +[20]:http://hackerboards.com/can-linux-containers-save-iot-from-a-security-meltdown/%3Ca%20href= +[21]:http://hackerboards.com/files/resinio_resinos_arch.jpg +[22]:http://hackerboards.com/linux-based-smart-home-hubs-advance-into-ai/ +[23]:http://hackerboards.com/files/eurotech_reliagate2026.jpg +[24]:http://hackerboards.com/files/advantech_ubc221.jpg +[25]:http://hackerboards.com/files/myomega_mynxg.jpg +[26]:http://hackerboards.com/files/technexion_ls1021aiot_front.jpg +[27]:http://hackerboards.com/an-open-source-perspective-on-the-internet-of-things-part-1/ +[28]:http://hackerboards.com/can-linux-containers-save-iot-from-a-security-meltdown/ From de0166238be57fe8849c3c3353afb465589b5f11 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ezio Date: Tue, 15 Nov 2016 23:29:54 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 064/220] =?UTF-8?q?20161115-18=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...X DISTROS FOR PEOPLE WHO BREATHE ONLINE.md | 109 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 109 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20161107 CLOUD FOCUSED LINUX DISTROS FOR PEOPLE WHO BREATHE ONLINE.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20161107 CLOUD FOCUSED LINUX DISTROS FOR PEOPLE WHO BREATHE ONLINE.md b/sources/tech/20161107 CLOUD FOCUSED LINUX DISTROS FOR PEOPLE WHO BREATHE ONLINE.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..aee96fcbcb --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20161107 CLOUD FOCUSED LINUX DISTROS FOR PEOPLE WHO BREATHE ONLINE.md @@ -0,0 +1,109 @@ +CLOUD FOCUSED LINUX DISTROS FOR PEOPLE WHO BREATHE ONLINE +============================================================ + +[ + ![Best Linux distributions for cloud computing](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/cloud-centric-Linux-distributions.jpg) +][6] + +_Brief: We list some _Cloud centric_ Linux distributions that might be termed as real Linux alternatives to Chrome OS._ + +The world is moving to cloud-based services and we all know the kind of love that Chrome OS got. Well, it does deserve respect. It’s super fast, light, power-efficient, minimalistic, beautifully designed and utilizes the full potential of cloud that technology permits today. + +Although [Chrome OS][7] is exclusively available only for Google’s hardware, there are other means to experience the potential of cloud computing right on your laptop or desktop. + +As I have repeatedly said, there is always something for everybody in the Linux domain, be it [Linux distributions that look like Windows][8] or Mac OS. Linux is all about sharing, love and some really bleeding edge computing experience. Let’s crack this list right away! + +### 1\. CUB LINUX + + ![Cub Linux Desktop](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/cub1.jpg) + +It is not Chrome OS. But the above image is featuring the desktop of [Cub Linux][9]. Say what? + +Cub Linux is no news for Linux users. But if you already did not know, Cub Linux is the web focused Linux distro that is inspired from mainstream Chrome OS. It is also the open source brother of Chrome OS from mother Linux. + +Chrome OS has the Chrome Browser as it’s primary component. Not so long ago, a project by name [Chromixium OS][10] was started to recreate Chrome OS like experience by using the Chromium Browser in place of Chrome Browser. Due to some legal issues, the name was later changed to Cub Linux (Chromium+Ubuntu). + + ![cub2](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/cub2.jpg) + +Well, history apart, as the name hints, Cub Linux is based on Ubuntu, features the lightweight Openbox Desktop Environment. The Desktop is customized to give a Chrome OS impression and looks really neat. + +In the apps department, you can install the web applications from the Chrome web store and all the Ubuntu software. Yup, with all the snappy apps of the Chrome OS, You’ll still get the Ubuntu goodies. + +As far as the performance is concerned, the operating system is super fast thanks to its Openbox Desktop Environment. Based on Ubuntu Linux, the stability of Cub Linux is unquestionable. The desktop itself is a treat to the eyes with all its smooth animations and beautiful UI. + +[Suggested Read[Year 2013 For Linux] 2 Linux Distributions Discontinued][11] + +I suggest Cub Linux to anybody who spends most their times on a browser and do some home tasks now and then. Well, a browser is all you need and a browser is exactly what you’ll get. + +### 2\. PEPPERMINT OS + +A good number of people look towards Linux because they want a no-BS computing experience. Some people do not really like the hassle of an anti-virus, a defragmenter, a cleaner etcetera as they want an operating system and not a baby. And I must say Peppermint OS is really good at being no-BS. [Peppermint OS][12] developers have put a good amount of effort in understanding the user requirements and needs. + + ![pep1](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/pep1.jpg) + +There is a very small number of selected software included by default. The traditional ideology of including a couple apps from every software category is ditched here for good. The power to customize the computer as per needs has been given to the user. By the way, do we really need to install so many applications when we can get web alternatives for almost all the applications? + +Ice + +Ice is a utile little tool that converts your favorite and most used websites into desktop applications that you can directly launch from your desktop or the menu. It’s what we call a site-specific browser. + + ![pep4](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/pep4.jpg) + +Love facebook? Why not make a facebook web app on your desktop for quick launch? While there are people complaining about a decent Google drive application for Linux, Ice allows you to access Drive with just a click. Not just Drive, the functionality of Ice is limited only by your imagination. + +Peppermint OS 7 is based on Ubuntu 16.04\. It not only provides a smooth, rock solid performance but also a very swift response. A heavily customizes LXDE will be your home screen. And the customization I’m speaking about is driven to achieve both a snappy performance as well as visual appeal. + +Peppermint OS hits more of a middle ground in the cloud-native operating system types. Although the skeleton of the OS is designed to support the speedy cloudy apps, the native Ubuntu application play well too. If you are someone like me who wants an OS that is balanced in online-offline capabilities, [Peppermint OS is for you][13]. + +[Suggested ReadPennsylvania High School Distributes 1,700 Ubuntu Laptops to Students][14] + +### 3.APRICITY OS + +[Apricity OS][15] stole the show for being one of the top aesthetically pleasing Linux distros out there. It’s just gorgeous. It’s like the Mona Lisa of the Linux domain. But, there’s more to it than just the looks. + + ![ap2](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/ap2.jpg) + +The prime reason [Apricity OS][16] makes this list is because of its simplicity. While OS desktop design is getting chaotic and congested with elements (and I’m not talking only about non-Linux operating systems), Apricity de-clutters everything and simplifies the very basic human-desktop interaction. Gnome desktop environment is customized beautifully here. They made it really simpler. + +The pre-installed software list is really small. Almost all Linux distros have the same pre-installed software. But Apricity OS has a completely new set of software. Chrome instead of Firefox. I was really waiting for this.  I mean why not give us what’s rocking out there? + +Apricity OS also features the Ice tool that we discussed in the last segment. But instead of Firefox, Chrome browser is used in website-desktop integration. Apricity OS has Numix Circle icons by default and everytime you add a popular webapp, there will be a beautiful icon placed on your Dock. + + ![](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/ap1.jpg) + +See what I mean? + +Apricity OS is based on Arch Linux. (So anybody looking for a quick start with Arch, and a beautiful at that one, download that Apricity ISO [here][17]) Apricity fully upholds the Arch principle of freedom of choice. Within just 10 minutes on the Ice, and you’ll have all your favorite webapps set up. + +Gorgeous backgrounds, minimalistic desktop and a great functionality. These make Apricity OS a really great choice for setting up an amazing cloud-centric system. It’ll take 5 mins for Apricity OS to make you fall in love with it. I mean it. + +There you have it, people. Cloud-centric Linux distros for online dwellers. Do give us your take on the webapp-native app topic. Don’t forget to share. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/cloud-focused-linux-distros/ + +作者：[Aquil Roshan ][a] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:https://itsfoss.com/author/aquil/ +[1]:https://itsfoss.com/author/aquil/ +[2]:https://itsfoss.com/cloud-focused-linux-distros/#comments +[3]:https://twitter.com/share?original_referer=https%3A%2F%2Fitsfoss.com%2F&source=tweetbutton&text=Cloud+Focused+Linux+Distros+For+People+Who+Breathe+Online&url=https%3A%2F%2Fitsfoss.com%2Fcloud-focused-linux-distros%2F&via=%40itsfoss +[4]:https://www.linkedin.com/cws/share?url=https://itsfoss.com/cloud-focused-linux-distros/ +[5]:http://pinterest.com/pin/create/button/?url=https://itsfoss.com/cloud-focused-linux-distros/&description=Cloud+Focused+Linux+Distros+For+People+Who+Breathe+Online&media=https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/cloud-centric-Linux-distributions.jpg +[6]:https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/cloud-centric-Linux-distributions.jpg +[7]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrome_OS +[8]:https://itsfoss.com/windows-like-linux-distributions/ +[9]:https://cublinux.com/ +[10]:https://itsfoss.com/chromixiumos-released/ +[11]:https://itsfoss.com/year-2013-linux-2-linux-distributions-discontinued/ +[12]:https://peppermintos.com/ +[13]:https://peppermintos.com/ +[14]:https://itsfoss.com/pennsylvania-high-school-ubuntu/ +[15]:https://apricityos.com/ +[16]:https://itsfoss.com/apricity-os/ +[17]:https://apricityos.com/ From 6d61b5feb3019ad8419ce6884a2a0594c1155d84 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ezio Date: Tue, 15 Nov 2016 23:42:04 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 065/220] =?UTF-8?q?20161115-19=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...ines & SteamOS after a year in the wild.md | 114 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 114 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20161110 User Editorial Steam Machines & SteamOS after a year in the wild.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20161110 User Editorial Steam Machines & SteamOS after a year in the wild.md b/sources/tech/20161110 User Editorial Steam Machines & SteamOS after a year in the wild.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e7708efeda --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20161110 User Editorial Steam Machines & SteamOS after a year in the wild.md @@ -0,0 +1,114 @@ +User Editorial: Steam Machines & SteamOS after a year in the wild +==== + + +On this day, last year, [Valve released Steam Machines onto the world][2], after the typical Valve delays. While the state of the Linux desktop regarding gaming has improved, Steam Machines have not taken off as a platform, and SteamOS remains stagnant. What happened with these projects from Valve? Why were they created, why did they fail, and what could have been done to make them succeed? + +**Context** + +In 2012, when Windows 8 released, it included an app store, much like iOS and Android. With the new touch-friendly user interface Microsoft debuted, there was a new set of APIs available called “WinRT,” for creating these immersive touch-friendly applications in the UI language called “Metro.” Applications created with this new API, however, could only be distributed via the Windows Store, with Microsoft taking out a 30% cut, just like the other stores. To Gabe Newell, CEO of Valve, this was unacceptable, and he saw the risks of Microsoft using its position to push the Windows Store and Metro applications to crush Valve, like what they had done to Netscape using Internet Explorer. + +To Valve, the strength of the PC running Windows was it that was an open platform, where anyone could run whatever they want without control over the operating system or hardware vendor. The alternative to these proprietary platforms closing in on third-party application stores like Steam was to push a truly open platform that grants freedoms to change, to everyone – Linux. Linux is just a kernel, but you can easily create an operating system with it and other software like the GNU core utilities and Gnome, such as Ubuntu. While pushing Ubuntu and other Linux distributions would allow Valve a sanctuary platform in case Microsoft or Apple turned hostile, Linux gave them possibilities to create a new platform. + +**Conception** + +Valve seemed to have found an opportunity in the console space, if we can call Steam Machines consoles. To achieve the user interface expectations of a console, being used on a large screen television from afar, Big Picture Mode was created. A core principle of the machines was openness; the software was able to be swapped out for Windows, as an example, and the CAD designs for the controller are available for people’s projects. + +Originally, Valve had planned to create their own box as a “flagship” machine. However, these only shipped as prototypes to testers in 2013\. They would also let other OEMs like Dell create their own Steam Machines as well, and allow a variety of pricing and specification options. A company called “Xi3” showed their small box, small enough to fit into a palm, as a possible candidate to become a premiere Steam Machine, which created more hype around Steam Machines. Ultimately, Valve decided to only go with OEM partners to make and advertise Steam Machines, rather than doing it themselves. + +More “out there” ideas were considered. Biometrics, gaze tracking, and motion controllers were considered for the controller. Of them, the released Steam Controller had a gyroscope, and the HTC Vive controllers had various tracking and motion features that may have been originally intended for the original controller concepts. The controller was also originally intended to be more radical in its approach, with a touchscreen in the middle that had customizable, context-sensitive actions. Ultimately, the launch controller was more conservative, but still had features like the dual trackpads and advanced software that gave it flexibility. Valve had also considered making a version of Steam Machines and SteamOS for smaller hardware like laptops. This ultimately never bore any fruit, though the “Smach Z” handheld could be compared to this. + +In [September 2013][3], Valve had announced Steam Machines and SteamOS, with an expected release in the middle of 2014\. The aforementioned 300 prototype machines were released to testers in December, and in January, 2000 more machines were provided to developers. SteamOS was released for testers experienced with Linux to try out. With the feedback given, Valve had decided to delay the release until November 2015. + +The late launch caused problems with partners; Dell’s Steam Machine was launched a year early running Windows as the Alienware Alpha, with extra software to improve usability with a controller. + +**Launch** + +With the launch, Valve and their OEM partners released their machines, and Valve also released the Steam Controller and the Steam Link. A retail presence was established with GameStop and other brick and mortar stores providing space. Before release, some OEMs pulled out of the launch; Origin PC and Falcon Northwest, two high-end boutique builders. They had claimed performance issues and limitations had made them decide not to ship SteamOS. + +The machines had launched to mixed reviews. The Steam Link was praised and many had considered buying one for their existing PC instead of buying a Steam Machine for the living room. The Steam Controller reception was muddled, due to its rich feature set but high learning curve. The Steam Machines themselves ultimately launched to the muddiest reception, however. Reviewers like LinusTechTips noticed glaring defects with the SteamOS software, including performance issues. Many of the machines were criticized for their high price point and poor value, especially when compared to the option of building a PC from the perspective of a PC gamer, or the price in comparison to other consoles. The use of SteamOS was criticized over compatibility, bugs, and lower performance than Windows. Of the available options, the Alienware Steam Machine was considered to be the most interesting option due to its value relative to other machines and small form factor. + +By using Debian Linux as the base, Valve had many “launch titles” for the platform, as they had a library of pre-existing Linux titles. The initial availability of games was seen as favourable over other consoles. However, many titles originally announced for the platform never came out, or came out much later. Rocket League and Mad Max only came out only recently after the initial announcements a year ago, and titles like The Witcher 3 and Batman: Arkham Knight never came for the platform, despite initial promises from Valve or publishers. In the case of The Witcher 3, the developer, CD Projekt Red, had denied they ever announced a port, despite their game appearing in a list of titles on sale that had or were announced to have Linux and SteamOS support. In addition, many “AAA” titles have not been ported; though this situation continues to improve over time. + +**Neglect** + +With the Steam Machines launched, developers at Valve had moved on to other projects. Of the projects being worked on, virtual reality was seen as the most important, with about a third of employees working on it as of June. Valve had seen virtual reality as something to develop, and Steam as the prime ecosystem for delivering VR. Using HTC to manufacture, they had designed their own virtual reality headset and controllers, and would continue to develop new revisions. However, Linux and Steam Machines had fallen to the wayside with this focus. SteamVR, until recently, did not support Linux (it's still not public yet, but it was shown off at SteamDevDays on Linux), which put into question Valve’s commitments to Steam Machines and Linux as an open platform with a future. + +There has been little development to SteamOS itself. The last major update, SteamOS 2.0 was mostly synchronizing with upstream Debian and required a reinstallation, and continued patches simply continue synchronizing with upstream sources. While Valve has made improvements to projects like Mesa, which have improved performance for many users, it has done little with Steam Machines as a product. + +Many features continue to go undeveloped. Steam’s built in functionality like chat and broadcasting continue to be weak, but this affects all platforms that Steam runs on. More pressingly, services like Netflix, Twitch, and Spotify are not integrated into the interface like most major consoles, but accessing them requires using the browser, which can be slow and clunky, if it even achieves what is wanted, or to bring in software from third-party sources, which requires using the terminal, and the software might not be very usable using a controller –this is a poor UX for what’s considered to be an appliance. + +Valve put little effort into marketing the platform, preferring to leave this to OEMs. However, most OEMs were either boutique builders or makers or barebones builders. Of the OEMs, only Dell was the major player in the PC market, and the only one who pushed Steam Machines with advertisements. + +Sales were not strong. With 500,000 controllers sold 7 months on (stated in June 2016), including those bundled with a Steam Machine. This puts retail Steam Machines, not counting machines people have installed SteamOS on, in the low hundred thousand mark. Compared to the existing PC and console install bases, this is low. + +**Post-mortem thoughts** + +So, with the story of what happened, can we identify why Steam Machines failed, and ways they could succeed in the future? + +_Vision and purpose_ + +Steam Machines did not make clear what they were in the market, nor did any advantages particularly stand out. On the PC flank, building PCs had become popular and is a cheaper option with better upgrade and flexibility options. On the console flank, they were outflanked by consoles with low initial investment, despite a possibly higher TCO with game prices, and a far simpler user experience. + +With PCs, flexibility is seen as a core asset, with users being able to use their machines beyond gaming, doing work and other tasks. While Steam Machines were just PCs running SteamOS with no restrictions, the SteamOS software and marketing had solidified their view as consoles to PC gamers, compounded by the price and lower flexibility in hardware with some options. In the living room where these machines could have made sense to PC gamers, the Steam Link offered a way to access content on a PC in another room, and small form factor hardware like NUCs and Mini-ITX motherboards allowed for custom built PCs that are more socially acceptable in living rooms. The SteamOS software was also available to “convert” these PCs into Steam Machines, but people seeking flexibility and compatibility often opted for a Linux or Windows desktop. Recent strides in Windows and desktop Linux have simplified maintenance tasks associated with desktop-experience computers, automating most of it. + +With consoles, simplicity is a virtue. Even as they have expanded in their roles, with media features often a priority, they are still a plug and play experience where compatibility and experience are guaranteed, with a low barrier of entry. Consoles also have long life cycles, ranging from four to seven years, and the fixed hardware during this life cycle allow developers to target and optimize especially for their specifications and features. New mid-life upgrades like “Scorpio” and PlayStation 4 Pro may change the unified experience previously shared by users, but manufactures are requiring games to work on the original model consoles to avoid the most problematic aspects. To keep users attached to the systems, social networks and exclusive games are used. Games also come on discs that can be freely reused and resold, which is a positive for retailers and users. Steam Machines have none of these guarantees; they carry PC complexity and higher initial prices despite a living room friendly exterior. + +_Reconciliation_ + +With this, Steam Machines could be seen as a “worst of both worlds” product, carrying the burdens of both kinds of product, without showing clearly as one or the other, or some kind of new product category. There also exist many deficiencies that neither party experiences, like lack of AAA titles that appear on consoles and Windows PCs, and lack of clients for services like Netflix. Despite this, Valve has shown little effort into improving the product or even trying to resolve the seemingly contradictory goals like the mutual distrust of PC and console gaming. + +Some things may make it impossible to reconcile the two concepts into one category or the other, though. Things like graphics settings and mods may make it hard to create a foolproof experience, and the complexity of the underlying system appears from time to time. + +One of the most complex parts is the concept of having a lineup – users need to evaluate not only the costs and specifications of a system, but its value and value relative to other systems. You need some way for the user to know that their hardware can run any given game, either by some automated benchmark system with comparison, or a grading system, though these need to be simple and need to support (almost) every game in the library. In addition, you also need to worry about how these systems and grades will age – what does a “2016 Grade A” machine mean three years from now? + +_Valve, effort, and organization_ + +Valve’s organizational structure may be detrimental to creating platforms like Steam Machines, let alone maintaining services like Steam. Their mostly leaderless structure with people supposedly moving their desks to ad-hoc units working on projects that they alone decide to work on can be great for creative endeavours, as well as research and development. It’s said Valve only hires what they consider to be the “cream of the crop,” with very strict standards, tying them to what they deem more "worthy" work. This view may be inaccurate though; as cliques often exist, the word of Gabe Newell is more important than the “leaked” employee handbook lets on, and people hired and then fired as needed, as a form of contractor working on certain aspects. + +However, this leaves projects that aren’t glamorous or interesting, but need persistent and often mundane work, to wither on the vine. Customer support for Valve has been a constant headache, with enraged users felt ignored, and Valve sometimes only acting when legally required to do so, like with the automated refund system that was forced into action by Australian and European legislation, or the Counter-Strike: Global Offensive item gambling site controversy involving the gambling commission of Washington State that’s still ongoing. + +This has affected Steam Machines as a result. With the launch delayed by a year, some partners’ hands were forced, by Dell launching the Alienware Steam Machine a year earlier as the Alienware Alpha – causing the hardware to be outdated on launch. These delays may have also affected game availability as well. The opinions of developers and hardware partners as a result of the delayed and non-monumental launch are not clear. Valve’s platform for virtual reality simply wasn’t available on Linux, and as such, SteamOS, until recently, even as SteamVR was receiving significant developer effort. + +The “long game” + +Valve is seen as playing a “long game” with Steam Machines and SteamOS, though it appears as if there is no roadmap. An example of Valve aiming for the long term is with Steam, from its humble and initially reviled beginnings as a patching platform for their games to the popular distribution and social network it is today. It also helped that Steam was required to play Valve’s games like Half-Life 2 and Counter-Strike 1.6\. However, it doesn’t seem as if Valve is putting in the effort to Steam Machines as they did with Steam before. There is also entrenched competition that Steam in the early days never really dealt with. Their competition includes arguably Valve itself, with Steam on Windows. + +_Gambit_ + +With the lack of developments in Steam Machines, one wonders if the platform was a bargaining chip of sorts. Steam Machines had been originally started over Valve’s Linux efforts took fruit because of concerns that Microsoft and Apple would have pushed them out of the market with native app stores, and Steam Machines grew so Valve would have a safe haven in case this happened, and a bargaining chip so Valve can remind the developers of its host platforms of possible independence. When these turned out to be non-threatening, Valve slowed down development. I don’t see this however; Valve has expended a lot of goodwill with hardware partners and developers trying to push this, only to halt it. You could say both Microsoft and Valve called each other’s bluffs – Microsoft with a locked-down Windows 8, and Valve’s capability as an independent player. + +Even then, who is to say developers wouldn’t follow Microsoft with a locked-in platform, if they can offer superior deals to publishers, or better customer relationships? In addition, now Microsoft is pushing Xbox on Windows integration with cross-buy, Xbox Live integration, and Xbox exclusive games on Windows, all while preserving Windows as an open platform – arguably more a threat to Steam. + +Another point you could argue is that all of this with Steam Machines was simply to push Linux adoption with PC gaming, and Steam Machines were simply to make it more palatable to publishers and developers by implying a large push and continued support. However, this made it an awfully expensive gambit, and developers continued to support Linux before and after Steam Machines, and could have backfired with developers pulling out of Linux due to the lack of the Promised Land of SteamOS coming. + +**My opinions on what could have been done** + +I think there’s an interesting product with Steam Machines, and that there is a market for it, but lack of interest and effort, as well as possible confusion in what it should have been has been damaging for it. I see Steam Machines as a way to cut out the complexity of PC gaming of worrying about parts, life cycles, and maintenance; while giving the advantages like cheap games, mods, and an open platform that can be fiddled with if the user desires. However, they need to get core aspects like pricing, marketing, lineup, and software right. + +I think Steam Machines can make compromises on things like upgradability (Though it’s possible to preserve this – but it should be done with attention to user experience.) and choices, to reduce friction. PCs would still exist to these options. The paralysis of choice is a real dilemma, and the sheer amount of poorly valued options available with Steam Machines didn't help. Valve needs a flagship machine to lead Steam Machines. Arguably, the Alienware model was close, but it wasn’t made officially so. There’s good industrial design talent in Valve, and if they focused on their own machine, and with effort put in, it might be worth it. A company like Dell or HTC can manufacture for Valve, bringing their experience in. Defining life cycles and only having one or two specifications updated periodically would help, especially if they worked with developers to establish this is a baseline that should be supported. I’m not sure with OEMs; if Valve is putting their effort behind one machine, they might be made redundant and ultimately only hindering development of the platform. + +Addressing the software issues is essential. The lack of integration with services like Netflix and Twitch that exist fluidly on console and easily put into place on PC, despite living room user interface issues, are holding Steam Machines back. Although Valve has slowly been acquiring movie licenses for distribution on Steam, people will use existing and trusted streaming sources. This needs to be addressed, especially as people use their consoles as parts of their home theatre. Fixing issues with the Steam client and platform are essential, and feature parity with other platforms is a good idea. Performance issues with Linux and its graphics stack are also a problem, but this is slowly improving. Getting ports of games will also be another issue. Game porting shops like Feral Interactive and Aspyr Media help the library, but they need to be contracted by publishers and developers, and they often use wrappers that add overhead. Valve has helped studios directly with porting, such as with Rocket League, but this has rarely happened and when it did, slowly at the typical Valve pace. The monolith of AAA games can’t be ignored either – the situation has improved dramatically, but studios like Bethesda are still reluctant to port, especially with a small user base, lack of support from Valve with Steam Machines even if Linux is doing relatively well, and the lack of extra DRM like Denuvo. + +Valve also needs to put effort into the other bits beyond hardware and software. With one machine, they have an interest and can subsidize the hardware effectively. This would put it into parity with consoles, and possibly cheaper than custom built PCs. Efforts to marketing the product to market segments that would be interested in the machines are essential, whatever they are. (I myself would be interested in the machines. I don’t like the hassle of dealing with PC building or the premium on prebuilt machines, but consoles often lack the games I want to play, and I have an existing library of games on Steam I acquired cheaply.) Retail partners may not be effective, due to their interest in selling and reselling physical copies of games. + +Even with my suggestions towards the platform and product, I’m not sure how effective it would be to help Steam Machines achieve their full potential and do well in the marketplace. Ultimately, learning from not just your own mistakes, but the mistakes of previous entrants like 3DO and Pippin who relied on an open platform or were descended from desktop-experience computing, which are relevant to Valve’s current situation, and the future of Nintendo's Switch, which steps into the realm of possible confusion between values. + +_Note: Clearing up done by liamdawe, all thoughts are from the submitter._  + +This article was submitted by a guest, we encourage anyone to [submit their own articles][1]. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.gamingonlinux.com/articles/user-editorial-steam-machines-steamos-after-a-year-in-the-wild.8474 + +作者：[calvin][a] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:https://www.gamingonlinux.com/profiles/5163 +[1]:https://www.gamingonlinux.com/submit-article/ +[2]:https://www.gamingonlinux.com/articles/steam-machines-steam-link-steam-controller-officially-released-steamos-sale.6201 +[3]:https://www.gamingonlinux.com/articles/valve-announces-steam-machines-you-can-win-one-too.2469 From 78fe5c70bf876a337f0eb27b106522bd95d79ace Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ezio Date: Tue, 15 Nov 2016 23:44:53 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 066/220] =?UTF-8?q?20161115-20=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...107 When to use NGINX instead of Apache.md | 56 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 56 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20161107 When to use NGINX instead of Apache.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20161107 When to use NGINX instead of Apache.md b/sources/tech/20161107 When to use NGINX instead of Apache.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ce16e81a37 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20161107 When to use NGINX instead of Apache.md @@ -0,0 +1,56 @@ +When to use NGINX instead of Apache +===== + +>They're both popular open-source web servers but, according to NGINX CEO Gus Robertson, they have different use cases. And Microsoft? Its web server has dropped below 10 percent of all active websites for the first time in 20 years. + + ![web-server-popularity-october-2016.png](http://zdnet1.cbsistatic.com/hub/i/r/2016/11/07/f38d190e-046c-49e6-b451-096ee0776a04/resize/770xauto/b009f53417e9a4af207eff6271b90c43/web-server-popularity-october-2016.png) + +Apache is the top web server, but NGINX continues to gain and Microsoft IIS falls below 10 percent for the first time in decades. + +[NGINX][4] has risen to become the number two web server. It surpassed [Microsoft Internet Information Services (IIS)][5] long ago and has been creeping up on long-time top web server [Apache][6]. But, NGINX CEO Gus Roberston said in an interview, Apache and NGINX are not after the same audiences. + +"I think Apache is a great web server. NGINX is different use case," said Robertson. "We don't see Apache as a rival. Our customers use NGINX to replace hardware load balancers and build micro-services neither of which is Apache." + +Indeed, Robertson finds that many customers use both open-source web services. "Customers will use NGINX in front of Apache for load balancing and applications. Our architecture is quite different and we can do better concurrent web services." He also said NGINX works better in cloud configurations. + +He concluded, "We're the only web server still growing, everyone else is still shrinking." + +These gains, coupled with Microsoft's loss of 1.2 million active sites, led to Microsoft's share of active sites dropping to 9.27 percent, the first time that it has fallen below 10 percent. Apache increased its market share by 0.19 percentage points and continues to dominate, now with 46.30 percent of active sites. Still, it is true that over the years Apache has been slowly declining, while NGINX is now at 19 percent.That's not quite true. According to the [October Netcraft web server survey][7], Apache saw the largest increase of active sites this month, gaining 1.8 million, while NGINX gained 400,000, the second-largest growth. + +NGINX's developers are seeking to make their open-core commercial web server, [NGINX Plus][8], more competitive by continuing to improve it. With the latest release, [NGINX Plus Release 11 (R11][9]), the server is both easier to extend and customize, and support a broader range of deployments. + +The biggest addition is binary compatibility for [dynamic modules][10]. This means that dynamic modules that have been compiled against the [open-source NGINX software][11] can be loaded into NGINX Plus. + +This means you can leverage the large number of [third‑party NGINX modules][12] to extend and add functionality to NGINX Plus, drawing from a range of open-source and commercially produced modules. Developers can create custom extensions, add‑ons, and new products based on the supported NGINX Plus core. + +NGINX Plus R11 also added other enhancements: + +* [Improved TCP/UDP load balancing][1] -- New features include SSL server name routing, new logging functionality, additional variables, and improved PROXY protocol support. These new features enhance debugging capabilities and enable you to support a broader range of enterprise applications. +* [Better geolocation by IP address][2] -- The third‑party GeoIP2 module is now certified and provided to NGINX Plus customers. This new version provides localized and richer location detail than the original GeoIP module. +* [Enhanced nginScript module][3] -- nginScript is the next‑generation configuration language for NGINX Plus, based on JavaScript. New features enable you to modify request and response data on the fly in the Stream (TCP/UDP) module. + +The end result? NGINX is poised to continue to make the race for the top web server a two-horse race. Microsoft IIS? It continues to slowly fade away. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.zdnet.com/article/when-to-use-nginx-instead-of-apache/ + +作者：[ Steven J. Vaughan-Nichols][a] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://www.zdnet.com/meet-the-team/us/steven-j-vaughan-nichols/ +[1]:https://www.nginx.com/blog/nginx-plus-r11-released/?utm_source=nginx-plus-r11-released&utm_medium=blog#r11-tcp-udp-lb +[2]:https://www.nginx.com/blog/nginx-plus-r11-released/?utm_source=nginx-plus-r11-released&utm_medium=blog#r11-geoip2 +[3]:https://www.nginx.com/blog/nginx-plus-r11-released/?utm_source=nginx-plus-r11-released&utm_medium=blog#r11-nginScript +[4]:https://www.nginx.com/ +[5]:https://www.iis.net/ +[6]:https://httpd.apache.org/ +[7]:https://news.netcraft.com/archives/2016/10/21/october-2016-web-server-survey.html +[8]:https://www.nginx.com/products/ +[9]:https://www.nginx.com/blog/nginx-plus-r11-released/ +[10]:https://www.nginx.com/blog/nginx-plus-r11-released/?utm_source=nginx-plus-r11-released&utm_medium=blog#r11-dynamic-modules +[11]:https://www.nginx.com/products/download-oss/ +[12]:https://www.nginx.com/resources/wiki/modules/index.html?utm_source=nginx-plus-r11-released&utm_medium=blog From c6a91433f823d8af371aae72f76086f68c6d5d28 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: David Dai Date: Wed, 16 Nov 2016 10:09:14 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 067/220] Translating 20161114 How to Check Timezone in Linux.md --- sources/tech/20161114 How to Check Timezone in Linux.md | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20161114 How to Check Timezone in Linux.md b/sources/tech/20161114 How to Check Timezone in Linux.md index bae648fcdf..2bd995ace5 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20161114 How to Check Timezone in Linux.md +++ b/sources/tech/20161114 How to Check Timezone in Linux.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +Translating by StdioA + How to Check Timezone in Linux ============================================================ From 284d22afa6ac083dc6daf26716861476c8a918cd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Wed, 16 Nov 2016 10:39:34 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 068/220] translating --- ...103 How to Compress and Decompress a .bz2 File in Linux.md | 4 ++++ 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20161103 How to Compress and Decompress a .bz2 File in Linux.md b/sources/tech/20161103 How to Compress and Decompress a .bz2 File in Linux.md index 8bf7468da7..676fc027aa 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20161103 How to Compress and Decompress a .bz2 File in Linux.md +++ b/sources/tech/20161103 How to Compress and Decompress a .bz2 File in Linux.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +translating--geekpi + How to Compress and Decompress a .bz2 File in Linux ============================================================ @@ -115,3 +117,5 @@ via: http://www.tecmint.com/linux-compress-decompress-bz2-files-using-bzip2 [5]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Decompression-bzip2-File-in-Linux.png [6]:http://www.tecmint.com/18-tar-command-examples-in-linux/ [7]:http://www.tecmint.com/compress-files-and-finding-files-in-linux/ + + From 9c3674db38221c7c5ac530eec70b08fb7a559fa0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Mars Wong Date: Wed, 16 Nov 2016 11:01:46 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 069/220] OneNewLife translating --- sources/tech/20161107 When to use NGINX instead of Apache.md | 4 +++- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20161107 When to use NGINX instead of Apache.md b/sources/tech/20161107 When to use NGINX instead of Apache.md index ce16e81a37..c650816cb1 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20161107 When to use NGINX instead of Apache.md +++ b/sources/tech/20161107 When to use NGINX instead of Apache.md @@ -1,9 +1,11 @@ +OneNewLife translating + When to use NGINX instead of Apache ===== >They're both popular open-source web servers but, according to NGINX CEO Gus Robertson, they have different use cases. And Microsoft? Its web server has dropped below 10 percent of all active websites for the first time in 20 years. - ![web-server-popularity-october-2016.png](http://zdnet1.cbsistatic.com/hub/i/r/2016/11/07/f38d190e-046c-49e6-b451-096ee0776a04/resize/770xauto/b009f53417e9a4af207eff6271b90c43/web-server-popularity-october-2016.png) + ![web-server-popularity-october-2016.png](http://zdnet1.cbsistatic.com/hub/i/r/2016/11/07/f38d190e-046c-49e6-b451-096ee0776a04/resize/770xauto/b009f53417e9a4af207eff6271b90c43/web-server-popularity-october-2016.png) Apache is the top web server, but NGINX continues to gain and Microsoft IIS falls below 10 percent for the first time in decades. From 7a7bb967e3a0c37ff645c7157116a82ed31f1806 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Wed, 16 Nov 2016 11:15:58 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 070/220] translated --- ...ess and Decompress a .bz2 File in Linux.md | 121 ------------------ ...ess and Decompress a .bz2 File in Linux.md | 121 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 121 insertions(+), 121 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20161103 How to Compress and Decompress a .bz2 File in Linux.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20161103 How to Compress and Decompress a .bz2 File in Linux.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20161103 How to Compress and Decompress a .bz2 File in Linux.md b/sources/tech/20161103 How to Compress and Decompress a .bz2 File in Linux.md deleted file mode 100644 index 676fc027aa..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20161103 How to Compress and Decompress a .bz2 File in Linux.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,121 +0,0 @@ -translating--geekpi - -How to Compress and Decompress a .bz2 File in Linux -============================================================ - -To compress a file(s), is to significantly decrease the size of the file(s) by encoding data in the file(s) using less bits, and it is normally a useful practice [during backup and transfer of a file(s)][1] over a network. On the other hand, decompressing a file(s) means restoring data in the file(s) to its original state. - -There are several [file compression and decompression tools][2] available in Linux such as gzip, 7-zip, Lrzip, [PeaZip][3] and many more. - -In this tutorial, we will look at how to compress and decompress `.bz2` files using the bzip2 tool in Linux. - -Bzip2 is a well known compression tool and it’s available on most if not all the major Linux distributions, you can use the appropriate command for your distribution to install it. - -``` -$ sudo apt install bzip2 [On Debian/Ubuntu] -$ sudo yum install bzip2 [On CentOS/RHEL] -$ sudo dnf install bzip2 [On Fedora 22+] -``` - -The conventional syntax of using bzip2 is: - -``` -$ bzip2 option(s) filenames -``` - -### How to Use “bzip2” to Compress Files in Linux - -You can compress a file as below, where the flag `-z` enables file compression: - -``` -$ bzip2 filename -OR -$ bzip2 -z filename -``` - -To compress a `.tar` file, use the command format: - -``` -$ bzip2 -z backup.tar -``` - -Important: By default, bzip2 deletes the input files during compression or decompression, to keep the input files, use the `-k` or `--keep` option. - -In addition, the `-f` or `--force` flag will force bzip2 to overwrite an existing output file. - -``` ------- To keep input file ------ -$ bzip2 -zk filename -$ bzip2 -zk backup.tar -``` - -You can as well set the block size to 100k upto 900k, using `-1` or `--fast` to `-9` or –best as shown in the below examples: - -``` -$ bzip2 -k1 Etcher-linux-x64.AppImage -$ ls -lh Etcher-linux-x64.AppImage.bz2 -$ bzip2 -k9 Etcher-linux-x64.AppImage -$ bzip2 -kf9 Etcher-linux-x64.AppImage -$ ls -lh Etcher-linux-x64.AppImage.bz2 -``` - -The screenshot below shows how to use options to keep the input file, force bzip2 to overwrite an output file and set the block size during compression. - -[ - ![Compress Files Using bzip2 in Linux](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Compress-Files-Using-bzip2-in-Linux.png) -][4] - -Compress Files Using bzip2 in Linux - -### How to Use “bzip2” to Decompress Files in Linux - -To decompress a `.bz2` file, make use of the `-d` or `--decompress` option like so: - -``` -$ bzip2 -d filename.bz2 -``` - -Note: The file must end with a `.bz2` extension for the command above to work. - -``` -$ bzip2 -vd Etcher-linux-x64.AppImage.bz2 -$ bzip2 -vfd Etcher-linux-x64.AppImage.bz2 -$ ls -l Etcher-linux-x64.AppImage -``` -[ - ![Decompress bzip2 File in Linux](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Decompression-bzip2-File-in-Linux.png) -][5] - -Decompress bzip2 File in Linux - -To view the bzip2 help page and man page, type the command below: - -``` -$ bzip2 -h -$ man bzip2 -``` - -Lastly, with the simple elaborations above, I believe you are now capable of compressing and decompressing `.bz2` files using the bzip2 tool in Linux. However, for any questions or feedback, reach us using the comment section below. - -Importantly, you may want to go over a few important [Tar command examples][6] in Linux so as to learn using the tar utility to [create compressed archive files][7]. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.tecmint.com/linux-compress-decompress-bz2-files-using-bzip2 - -作者：[Aaron Kili][a] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/aaronkili/ -[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/rsync-local-remote-file-synchronization-commands/ -[2]:http://www.tecmint.com/command-line-archive-tools-for-linux/ -[3]:http://www.tecmint.com/peazip-linux-file-manager-and-file-archive-tool/ -[4]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Compress-Files-Using-bzip2-in-Linux.png -[5]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Decompression-bzip2-File-in-Linux.png -[6]:http://www.tecmint.com/18-tar-command-examples-in-linux/ -[7]:http://www.tecmint.com/compress-files-and-finding-files-in-linux/ - - diff --git a/translated/tech/20161103 How to Compress and Decompress a .bz2 File in Linux.md b/translated/tech/20161103 How to Compress and Decompress a .bz2 File in Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..6dec830189 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20161103 How to Compress and Decompress a .bz2 File in Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,121 @@ +如何在Linux中压缩及解压缩.bz2文件 +============================================================ + +压缩文件是使用较少的位对文件中的数据进行编码来显著地减小文件的大小，并且[在文件的备份和传送期间][1]是一个有用的实践。 另一方面，解压文件意味着将文件中的数据恢复到原始状态。 + +Linux中几个[文件压缩和解压缩工具][2],比如gzip、7-zip、Lrzip、[PeaZip][3]等等。 + +本篇教程中，我们将如何在Linux中使用bzip2工具压缩及解压缩`.bz2`文件。 + +bzip2是一个非常有名的压缩工具，并且在大多数主流Linux发行版上都有，你可以在你的发行版上用合适的命令来安装。 + +``` +$ sudo apt install bzip2 [On Debian/Ubuntu] +$ sudo yum install bzip2 [On CentOS/RHEL] +$ sudo dnf install bzip2 [On Fedora 22+] +``` + +使用bzip2的常规语法是： + +``` +$ bzip2 option(s) filenames +``` + +### 如何在Linux中使用“bzip2”压缩文件 + +你可以如下压缩一个文件，使用`-z`标志启用压缩： + +``` +$ bzip2 filename +或者 +$ bzip2 -z filename +``` + +要压缩一个`.tar`文件，使用的命令为： + +``` +$ bzip2 -z backup.tar +``` + +重要：bzip2默认会在压缩及解压缩文件中删除输入文件，要保留输入文件，使用`-k`或者`--keep`选项。 + +额外地，`-f`或者`--force`标志会强制让bzip2覆盖输出文件 + +``` +------ 要保留输入文件 ------ +$ bzip2 -zk filename +$ bzip2 -zk backup.tar +``` + +你也可以设置块的大小从100k到900k，使用`-1`或者`--fast`到`-9`或者`--best`： + +``` +$ bzip2 -k1 Etcher-linux-x64.AppImage +$ ls -lh Etcher-linux-x64.AppImage.bz2 +$ bzip2 -k9 Etcher-linux-x64.AppImage +$ bzip2 -kf9 Etcher-linux-x64.AppImage +$ ls -lh Etcher-linux-x64.AppImage.bz2 +``` + +下面的截屏展示了如何使用选项来保留输入文件，强制bzip2覆盖输出文件，并且在压缩中设置块的大小。 + +[ + ![Compress Files Using bzip2 in Linux](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Compress-Files-Using-bzip2-in-Linux.png) +][4] + +在Linux中使用bzip2压缩文件 + +### 如何在Linux中使用“bzip2”解压缩文件 + +要解压缩`.bz2`文件，确保使用`-d`或者`--decompress`选项： + +``` +$ bzip2 -d filename.bz2 +``` + +注意：这个文件必须是`.bz2`的扩展名，上面的命令才能使用。 + +``` +$ bzip2 -vd Etcher-linux-x64.AppImage.bz2 +$ bzip2 -vfd Etcher-linux-x64.AppImage.bz2 +$ ls -l Etcher-linux-x64.AppImage +``` +[ + ![Decompress bzip2 File in Linux](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Decompression-bzip2-File-in-Linux.png) +][5] + +Decompress bzip2 File in Linux +在Linux中解压bzip2文件 + +要浏览bzip2的帮助及man页面，输入下面的命令： + +``` +$ bzip2 -h +$ man bzip2 +``` + +最后，通过上面简单的阐述，我相信你现在已经可以在Linux中压缩及解压缩`bz2`文件了。然而，有任何的问题和反馈，可以在评论区中留言。 + +重要的是，你可能想在Linux中查看一些重要的[tar命令示例][6]，以便学习使用tar命令来[创建压缩归档文件][7]。 + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.tecmint.com/linux-compress-decompress-bz2-files-using-bzip2 + +作者：[Aaron Kili][a] +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/aaronkili/ +[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/rsync-local-remote-file-synchronization-commands/ +[2]:http://www.tecmint.com/command-line-archive-tools-for-linux/ +[3]:http://www.tecmint.com/peazip-linux-file-manager-and-file-archive-tool/ +[4]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Compress-Files-Using-bzip2-in-Linux.png +[5]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Decompression-bzip2-File-in-Linux.png +[6]:http://www.tecmint.com/18-tar-command-examples-in-linux/ +[7]:http://www.tecmint.com/compress-files-and-finding-files-in-linux/ + + From 6c8a62870ced644b20b38b3b2a65249b28a54b5c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Wed, 16 Nov 2016 11:09:28 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 071/220] PROOF:20161108 A Practical Guide to Nmap (Network Security Scanner) in Kali Linux @DockerChen --- ...Network Security Scanner) in Kali Linux.md | 192 ++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 86 insertions(+), 106 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20161108 A Practical Guide to Nmap (Network Security Scanner) in Kali Linux.md b/translated/tech/20161108 A Practical Guide to Nmap (Network Security Scanner) in Kali Linux.md index 8685a7dc08..455db8a71c 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20161108 A Practical Guide to Nmap (Network Security Scanner) in Kali Linux.md +++ b/translated/tech/20161108 A Practical Guide to Nmap (Network Security Scanner) in Kali Linux.md @@ -1,179 +1,168 @@ +在 Kali Linux 下实战 Nmap（网络安全扫描器） +======== + +在这第二篇 Kali Linux 文章中, 将讨论称为 ‘[nmap][30]‘ 的网络工具。虽然 nmap 不是 Kali 下唯一的一个工具，但它是最[有用的网络映射工具][29]之一。 -# 一份关于在Kali Linux下使用Nmap（网络安全扫描器）的实用指南 -在这第二篇Kali Linux文章中, 将讨论称为‘[nmap][30]‘的网络工具。虽然nmap不是Kali下唯一的一个工具，但它是最[有用的网络映射工具][29]之一。 +- [第一部分-为初学者准备的Kali Linux安装指南][4] -1. [第一部分-为初学者准备的Kali Linux安装指南][4] +Nmap， 是 Network Mapper 的缩写，由 Gordon Lyon 维护(更多关于 Mr. Lyon 的信息在这里: [http://insecure.org/fyodor/][28]) ，并被世界各地许多的安全专业人员使用。 -Nmap,是Network Mapper的缩写,由Gordon Lyon维护(更多关于Mr. Lyon的信息在这里: [http://insecure.org/fyodor/][28]) ，并被世界各地许多的安全专业人员使用。 +这个工具在 Linux 和 Windows 下都能使用，并且是用命令行驱动的。相对于那些令人害怕的命令行，对于 nmap，在这里有一个美妙的图形化前端叫做 zenmap。 -这个工具在Linux和Windows都能使用，并且是用命令行驱动的。相对于那些令人害怕的命令行，对于nmap，在这里有一个美妙的图形化前端叫做zenmap。 +强烈建议个人去学习 nmap 的命令行版本，因为与图形化版本 zenmap 相比，它提供了更多的灵活性。 -强烈建议个人去学习nmap的CLI版本，因为与图形化版本zenmap相比，它提供了更多的灵活性。 +对服务器进行 nmap 扫描的目的是什么？很好的问题。Nmap 允许管理员快速彻底地了解网络上的系统，因此，它的名字叫 Network MAPper 或者 nmap。 -nmap服务器的目的是什么？很好的问题。Nmap允许管理员快速彻底地了解网络上的系统，因此，它的名字叫Network MAPper或者nmap。 +Nmap 能够快速找到活动的主机和与该主机相关联的服务。Nmap 的功能还可以通过结合 Nmap 脚本引擎（通常缩写为 NSE）进一步被扩展。 -Nmap能够快速找到活动的主机和与该主机相关联的服务。Nmap的功能还可以进一步被扩展，通过结合Nmap脚本引擎，通常缩写为NSE。 +这个脚本引擎允许管理员快速创建可用于确定其网络上是否存在新发现的漏洞的脚本。已经有许多脚本被开发出来并且包含在大多数的 nmap 安装中。 -此脚本引擎允许管理员快速创建可用于确定其网络上是否存在新发现的漏洞的脚本。许多脚本已经被开发并且包含在大多数的nmap安装中。 - - -提醒一句- nmap是被有好的和坏的意图的人共同使用的。应该非常小心，以确保你不使用nmap对系统的权限没有明确提供在书面/法律协议上进行攻击。请在使用nmap工具的时候注意！ +提醒一句 - 使用 nmap 的人既可能是善意的，也可能是恶意的。应该非常小心，确保你不要使用 nmap 对没有明确得到书面许可的系统进行扫描。请在使用 nmap 工具的时候注意！ #### 系统要求 -1. [Kali Linux][3] (nmap可以用于其他操作系统并且功能也和这个指南里面讲的类似). -2. 有另一台计算机并且装有nmap的计算机有权限扫描它-这通常很容易通过软件来实现，例如[VirtualBox][2]，可以创建虚拟机. - 1. 想要有一个好的机器来联系，请阅读Metasploitable 2 - 2. 下载MS2 [Metasploitable2][1] -3. 一个与网络有效的工作连接或者是使用虚拟机，就可以为这两台计算机建立有效的内部网络连接 +1. [Kali Linux][3] (nmap 可以用于其他操作系统，并且功能也和这个指南里面讲的类似)。 +2. 另一台计算机，并且装有 nmap 的计算机有权限扫描它 - 这通常很容易通过软件来实现，例如通过 [VirtualBox][2] 创建虚拟机。 + 1. 想要有一个好的机器来练习一下，可以了解一下 Metasploitable 2。 + 2. 下载 MS2 ：[Metasploitable2][1]。 +3. 一个可以工作的网络连接，或者是使用虚拟机就可以为这两台计算机建立有效的内部网络连接。 -### Kali Linux – 使用Nmap +### Kali Linux – 使用 Nmap -The first step to working with nmap is to log into the Kali Linux machine and if desired, start a graphical session (This first article in this series installed [Kali Linux with the Enlightenment Desktop Environment][27]). -使用nmap的第一步是登录Kali Linux，如果需要，就启动一个图形会话（本系列的第一篇文章安装了[Kali Linux with Enlightenment桌面环境] [27]）。 +使用 nmap 的第一步是登录 Kali Linux，如果需要，就启动一个图形会话（本系列的第一篇文章安装了 [Kali Linux 的 Enlightenment 桌面环境] [27]）。 - -在安装过程中，安装程序将提示用户输入需要登录的“root”用户和密码。 一旦登录到Kali Linux机器，使用命令'startx'就可以启动Enlightenment桌面环境 - 值得注意的是nmap不需要运行桌面环境。 +在安装过程中，安装程序将提示用户输入用来登录的“root”用户和密码。 一旦登录到 Kali Linux 机器，使用命令`startx`就可以启动 Enlightenment 桌面环境 - 值得注意的是 nmap 不需要运行桌面环境。 ``` # startx ``` -[ ![Start Desktop Environment in Kali Linux](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Start-Desktop-Environment-in-Kali-Linux.png) -][26] +*在 Kali Linux 中启动桌面环境* -在Kali Linux中启动桌面环境 +一旦登录到 Enlightenment，将需要打开终端窗口。通过点击桌面背景，将会出现一个菜单。导航到终端可以进行如下操作：应用程序 -> 系统 -> 'Xterm' 或 'UXterm' 或 '根终端'。 -一旦登录启用，将需要打开终端窗口。 通过点击桌面背景，将会出现一个菜单。 导航到终端可以进行如下操作：应用程序 - >系统 - >'Xterm'或'UXterm'或'根终端'。 +作者是名为 '[Terminator] [25]' 的 shell 程序的粉丝，但是这可能不会显示在 Kali Linux 的默认安装中。这里列出的所有 shell 程序都可用于使用 nmap 。 -作者是shell程序的粉丝叫'[Terminator] [25]'，但是这可能不会显示在Kali Linux的默认安装中。 列出的所有shell程序都出于使用nmap的目的。 - -[ ![Launch Terminal in Kali Linux](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Launch-Terminal-in-Kali-Linux.png) -][24] -在Kali Linux下启动终端 +*在 Kali Linux 下启动终端* +一旦终端启动，nmap 的乐趣就开始了。 对于这个特定的教程，将会创建一个 Kali 机器和 Metasploitable机器之间的私有网络。 -一旦终端启动，nmap的乐趣就开始了。 对于这个特定的教程，创建了一个具有Kali机器和Metasploitable机器的专用网络。 +这会使事情变得更容易和更安全，因为私有的网络范围将确保扫描保持在安全的机器上，防止易受攻击的 Metasploitable 机器被其他人攻击。 + +### 怎样在我的网络上找到活动主机 +在此示例中，这两台计算机都位于专用的 192.168.56.0/24 网络上。 Kali 机器的 IP 地址为 192.168.56.101，要扫描的 Metasploitable 机器的 IP 地址为 192.168.56.102。 -这会使事情变得更容易和更安全，因为私有的网络范围将确保扫描保持在安全的机器上，防止易受攻击的Metasploitable机器被其他人攻击。 - -在此示例中，这两台计算机都位于专用的192.168.56.0 / 24网络上。 Kali机器的IP地址为192.168.56.101，要扫描的Metasploitable机器的IP地址为192.168.56.102。 - - -虽然IP地址信息不可用，但是 快速nmap扫描可以帮助确定在特定网络上存在什么， 此扫描称为“Simple List”扫描，因此将`-sL`参数传递给nmap命令。 +假如我们不知道 IP 地址信息，但是可以通过快速 nmap 扫描来帮助确定在特定网络上哪些是活动主机。这种扫描称为 “简单列表” 扫描，将 `-sL`参数传递给 nmap 命令。 ``` # nmap -sL 192.168.56.0/24 ``` -[ + ![Nmap - Scan Network for Live Hosts](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Nmap-Scan-Network.png) -][23] -Nmap – 扫描网络上的存活主机 +*Nmap – 扫描网络上的活动主机* -悲伤的是，这个初始扫描没有返回任何活主机。 有时，这是某些操作系统处理[端口扫描网络流量] [22]的一个因素。 +悲伤的是，这个初始扫描没有返回任何活动主机。 有时，这是某些操作系统处理[端口扫描网络流量][22]的一个方法。 + +###在我的网络中找到并 ping 所有活动主机 - -不用担心，在这里有一些技巧可以使nmap尝试找到这些机器。 下一个技巧会告诉nmap只是尝试ping 192.168.56.0/24网络中的所有地址。 +不用担心，在这里有一些技巧可以使 nmap 尝试找到这些机器。 下一个技巧会告诉 nmap 尝试去 ping 192.168.56.0/24 网络中的所有地址。 ``` # nmap -sn 192.168.56.0/24 ``` -[ ![Nmap - Ping All Connected Live Network Hosts](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Nmap-Ping-All-Network-Live-Hosts.png) -][21] -Nmap – Ping所有已连接的活动网络主机 -这个时间nmap会返回一些潜在的主机来进行扫描！ 在此命令中，`-sn`禁用nmap的尝试端口扫描主机的默认行为，只是让nmap尝试ping主机。 +*Nmap – Ping 所有已连接的活动网络主机* + +这次 nmap 会返回一些潜在的主机来进行扫描！ 在此命令中，`-sn` 禁用 nmap 的尝试对主机端口扫描的默认行为，只是让 nmap 尝试 ping 主机。 +### 找到主机上的开放端口 -让我们尝试让nmap端口扫描这些特定的主机，看看会出现什么。 +让我们尝试让 nmap 端口扫描这些特定的主机，看看会出现什么。 ``` # nmap 192.168.56.1,100-102 ``` -[ ![Nmap - Network Ports Scan on Host](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Nmap-Scan-for-Ports-on-Hosts.png) -][20] -Nmap – 在主机上扫描网络端口 +*Nmap – 在主机上扫描网络端口* -哇! 这一次nmap挖到了一个金矿。 这个特定的主机有相当多的[开放网络端口] [19]。 +哇! 这一次 nmap 挖到了一个金矿。 这个特定的主机有相当多的[开放网络端口][19]。 -这些端口都指代在此特定机器上的某种监听服务。 从早期回忆，192.168.56.102的IP地址会分配给性易受攻击的机器，因此这就是为什么会有这么多[开放端口在这个主机上] [18]。 +这些端口全都代表着在此特定机器上的某种监听服务。 我们前面说过，192.168.56.102 的 IP 地址会分配给一台易受攻击的机器，这就是为什么在这个主机上会有这么多[开放端口][18]。 +在大多数机器上打开这么多端口是非常不正常的，所以赶快调查这台机器是个明智的想法。管理员可以检查下网络上的物理机器，并在本地查看这些机器，但这不会很有趣，特别是当 nmap 可以为我们更快地做到时！ + +### 找到主机上监听端口的服务 -在大多数机器上打开这个端口是非常不正常的，所以它可能是一个明智的想法，因为可以非常紧密地调查这台机器。 管理员可以跟踪网络上的物理机器，并在本地查看这台机器，但这不会很有趣，特别是当nmap可以做到我们更快！ +下一个扫描是服务扫描，通常用于尝试确定机器上什么[服务监听在特定的端口][17]。 - -下一个扫描是服务扫描，通常用于尝试确定机器上什么[服务在特定的端口被监听] [17]。 - -Nmap将探测所有打开的端口，并尝试从每个端口上运行的服务中获取信息。 +Nmap 将探测所有打开的端口，并尝试从每个端口上运行的服务中获取信息。 ``` # nmap -sV 192.168.56.102 ``` -[ + ![Nmap - Scan Network Services Listening of Ports](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Nmap-Scan-Network-Services-Ports.png) -][16] -Nmap – 扫描网络服务监听端口 +*Nmap – 扫描网络服务监听端口* -请注意这次nmap提供了一些关于nmap在特定端口运行的建议（在白框中突出显示），而且nmap也试图[确认这个操作系统的信息][15]运行在这台机器上和它的主机名（也非常成功！）。 -Notice this time nmap provided some suggestions on what nmap thought might be running on this particular port (highlighted in the white box). Also nmap also tried to [determine information about the operating system][15]running on this machine as well as its hostname (with great success too!). +请注意这次 nmap 提供了一些关于 nmap 在特定端口运行的建议（在白框中突出显示），而且 nmap 也试图确认运行在这台机器上的[这个操作系统的信息][15]和它的主机名（也非常成功！）。 -查看这个输出，应该引起网络管理员相当多的关注。 第一行声称VSftpd版本2.3.4正在这台机器上运行！ 这是一个真正的旧版本的VSftpd。 +查看这个输出，应该引起网络管理员相当多的关注。 第一行声称 VSftpd 版本 2.3.4 正在这台机器上运行！ 这是一个真正的旧版本的 VSftpd。 -通过查找ExploitDB,一个非常严重的漏洞是在2001被发现，这是一个特别的版本(ExploitDB ID – 17491)。 +通过查找 ExploitDB，对于这个版本早在 2001 年就发现了一个非常严重的漏洞（ExploitDB ID – 17491）。 + +### 发现主机上上匿名 ftp 登录 -让我们使用nmap更加清楚的查看这个特别的端口并且看看可以确认什么东西。 +让我们使用 nmap 更加清楚的查看这个端口，并且看看可以确认什么。 ``` # nmap -sC 192.168.56.102 -p 21 ``` -[ - ![Nmap - Scan Particular Post on Machine](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Nmap-Scan-Particular-Port-on-Host.png) -][14] + +![Nmap - Scan Particular Post on Machine](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Nmap-Scan-Particular-Port-on-Host.png) -Nmap – 扫描机器上的特定邮件 +*Nmap – 扫描机器上的特定端口* -使用此命令，让nmap在主机上的FTP端口（-p 21）上运行其默认脚本（-sC）。 虽然它可能是也可能不是一个问题，但是nmap确实发现[匿名FTP登录是允许的] [13]在这个特定的服务器。 +使用此命令，让 nmap 在主机上的 FTP 端口（`-p 21`）上运行其默认脚本（`-sC`）。 虽然它可能是、也可能不是一个问题，但是 nmap 确实发现在这个特定的服务器[是允许匿名 FTP 登录的][13]。 + +### 检查主机上的漏洞 -这与早先有关具有旧漏洞的VSftd的知识相匹配，应该引起一些关注。 让我们看看nmap是否有任何脚本来试图检查VSftpd漏洞。 +这与我们早先知道 VSftd 有旧漏洞的知识相匹配，应该引起一些关注。 让我们看看 nmap有没有脚本来尝试检查 VSftpd 漏洞。 ``` # locate .nse | grep ftp ``` -[ - ![Nmap - Scan VSftpd Vulnerability](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Nmap-Scan-Service-Vulnerability.png) -][12] + +![Nmap - Scan VSftpd Vulnerability](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Nmap-Scan-Service-Vulnerability.png) -Nmap – 扫描VSftpd漏洞 +*Nmap – 扫描 VSftpd 漏洞* -注意nmap有一个NSE脚本已经用来处理VSftpd后门问题！ 让我们尝试对这个主机运行这个脚本，看看会发生什么，但首先知道如何使用脚本可能是很重要的。 +注意 nmap 已有一个 NSE 脚本已经用来处理 VSftpd 后门问题！让我们尝试对这个主机运行这个脚本，看看会发生什么，但首先知道如何使用脚本可能是很重要的。 ``` # nmap --script-help=ftp-vsftd-backdoor.nse ``` -[ - ![Learn Nmap NSE Script Usage](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Nmap-Learn-NSE-Script.png) -][11] + +![Learn Nmap NSE Script Usage](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Nmap-Learn-NSE-Script.png) -了解Nmap NSE脚本使用情况 +*了解 Nmap NSE 脚本使用* -通过这个描述，很明显，这个脚本可以用来试图查看这个特定的机器是否容易受到先前识别的ExploitDB问题。 +通过这个描述，很明显，这个脚本可以用来试图查看这个特定的机器是否容易受到先前识别的 ExploitDB 问题的影响。 让我们运行这个脚本，看看会发生什么。 @@ -181,49 +170,40 @@ Nmap – 扫描VSftpd漏洞 # nmap --script=ftp-vsftpd-backdoor.nse 192.168.56.102 -p 21 ``` -[ - ![Nmap - Scan Host for Vulnerable](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Nmap-Scan-Host-for-Vulnerable.png) -][10] + +![Nmap - Scan Host for Vulnerable](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Nmap-Scan-Host-for-Vulnerable.png) -Nmap – 扫描易受攻击的主机 +*Nmap – 扫描易受攻击的主机* +耶！Nmap 的脚本返回了一些危险的消息。 这台机器可能面临风险，之后可以进行更加详细的调查。虽然这并不意味着机器缺乏对风险的抵抗力和可以被用于做一些可怕/糟糕的事情，但它应该给网络/安全团队带来一些关注。 -Yikes！ Nmap的脚本返回了一些危险的消息。 这台机器可能是一个很好的候选者，之后可以进行更加详细的调查。 这并不意味着机器缺乏抵抗力和可以被用于做一些可怕/糟糕的事情，但它应该给网络/安全团队带来一些关注。 - - -Nmap具有极高的选择性和极高的能力。 到目前为止已经做的大多数尝试保持nmap的网络流量适度保持平稳，然而以这种方式扫描个人拥有的网络可能是非常耗时的。 -Nmap有能力做一个更积极的扫描，往往会产生大部分相同的信息，但在一个命令，而不是几个。 让我们来看看积极的扫描的输出（注意 - 积极的扫描可以被关闭[入侵检测/预防系统][9]!). +Nmap 具有极高的选择性，非常平稳。 到目前为止已经做的大多数扫描， nmap 的网络流量都保持适度平稳，然而以这种方式扫描对个人拥有的网络可能是非常耗时的。 + +Nmap 有能力做一个更积极的扫描，往往一个命令就会产生之前几个命令一样的信息。 让我们来看看积极的扫描的输出（注意 - 积极的扫描会触发[入侵检测/预防系统][9]!）。 ``` # nmap -A 192.168.56.102 ``` -[ - ![Nmap - Complete Network Scan on Host](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Nmap-Scan-Network-Host.png) -][8] +![Nmap - Complete Network Scan on Host](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Nmap-Scan-Network-Host.png) -Nmap – 在主机上完成网络扫描 +*Nmap – 在主机上完成网络扫描* +注意这一次，使用一个命令，nmap 返回了很多关于在这台特定机器上运行的开放端口、服务和配置的信息。 这些信息中的大部分可用于帮助确定[如何保护本机][7]以及评估网络上可能运行的软件。 -注意这一次，使用一个命令，nmap返回了很多关于在这台特定机器上运行的开放端口，服务和配置的信息。 这些信息中的大部分可用于帮助确定[如何保护本机] [7]以及评估网络上可能存在的软件。 +这只是 nmap 可用于在主机或网段上找到的许多有用信息的很短的一个列表。强烈敦促个人在个人拥有的网络上继续[以nmap][6] 进行实验。（不要通过扫描其他主机来练习！）。 -这只是nmap可用于在主机或网段上找到的许多有用事情的简短列表。 强烈敦促个人在个人拥有的网络上继续[以nmap] [6]进行实验。（不要通过扫描其他实体练习！）。 +有一个关于 Nmap 网络扫描的官方指南，作者 Gordon Lyon，可从[亚马逊](http://amzn.to/2eFNYrD)上获得。 -有一个关于Nmap网络扫描的官方指南，作者Gordon Lyon，可从亚马逊上获得。 - -
[ - ![Nmap Network Scanning Guide](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Nmap-Network-Security-Scanner-Guide.png) -][5]
+方便的话可以留下你的评论和问题（或者使用 nmap 扫描器的技巧）。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: http://www.tecmint.com/nmap-network-security-scanner-in-kali-linux/ 作者：[Rob Turner][a] - 译者：[DockerChen](https://github.com/DockerChen) - -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From a1d6c43cd288c4f09ad05c3dadb33efc17665cd1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Wed, 16 Nov 2016 11:15:23 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 072/220] PUB:20161108 A Practical Guide to Nmap (Network Security Scanner) in Kali Linux @DockerChen --- ...ical Guide to Nmap (Network Security Scanner) in Kali Linux.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20161108 A Practical Guide to Nmap (Network Security Scanner) in Kali Linux.md (100%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20161108 A Practical Guide to Nmap (Network Security Scanner) in Kali Linux.md b/published/20161108 A Practical Guide to Nmap (Network Security Scanner) in Kali Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/tech/20161108 A Practical Guide to Nmap (Network Security Scanner) in Kali Linux.md rename to published/20161108 A Practical Guide to Nmap (Network Security Scanner) in Kali Linux.md From d7cf2252e7a7e9d95bf881d96bb5c668894039be Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Markgolzh Date: Wed, 16 Nov 2016 21:45:28 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 073/220] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E4=B8=AD=20by=20zky0?= =?UTF-8?q?01?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 翻译中 by zky001 --- ...Sort Output of ls Command By Last Modified Date and Time.md | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20161027 How to Sort Output of ls Command By Last Modified Date and Time.md b/sources/tech/20161027 How to Sort Output of ls Command By Last Modified Date and Time.md index e94b00b94c..f970113f95 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20161027 How to Sort Output of ls Command By Last Modified Date and Time.md +++ b/sources/tech/20161027 How to Sort Output of ls Command By Last Modified Date and Time.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +翻译中 by zky001 How to Sort Output of ‘ls’ Command By Last Modified Date and Time ============================================================ @@ -88,7 +89,7 @@ We will end here for now, however, there is more usage information and options i via: http://www.tecmint.com/sort-ls-output-by-last-modified-date-and-time 作者：[Aaron Kili][a] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +译者：[zky001](https://github.com/zky001) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 40a631a44ea0f479360847335e5d960a5bc4096b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Thu, 17 Nov 2016 11:01:29 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 074/220] PROOF:20161026 How to Check Bad Sectors or Bad Blocks on Hard Disk in Linux @alim0x --- ...ors or Bad Blocks on Hard Disk in Linux.md | 30 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20161026 How to Check Bad Sectors or Bad Blocks on Hard Disk in Linux.md b/translated/tech/20161026 How to Check Bad Sectors or Bad Blocks on Hard Disk in Linux.md index 4c05f2e182..aac2fa7e13 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20161026 How to Check Bad Sectors or Bad Blocks on Hard Disk in Linux.md +++ b/translated/tech/20161026 How to Check Bad Sectors or Bad Blocks on Hard Disk in Linux.md @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ -在 Linux 上检测硬盘坏道和坏块 +在 Linux 上检测硬盘上的坏道和坏块 === -让我们从定义坏道和坏块开始说起，它们是一块磁盘或闪存上不再能够被读写的部分，一般是由于磁盘表面特定的[物理损坏][7]或闪存晶体管失效导致的。 +让我们从坏道和坏块的定义开始说起，它们是一块磁盘或闪存上不再能够被读写的部分，一般是由于磁盘表面特定的[物理损坏][7]或闪存晶体管失效导致的。 随着坏道的继续积累，它们会对你的磁盘或闪存容量产生令人不快或破坏性的影响，甚至可能会导致硬件失效。 @@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ ### 在 Linux 上使用坏块工具检查坏道 -坏块工具可以让用户扫描设备检查坏道或坏块。设备可以是一个磁盘或外置磁盘，由一个如 /dev/sdc 这样的文件代表。 +坏块工具可以让用户扫描设备检查坏道或坏块。设备可以是一个磁盘或外置磁盘，由一个如 `/dev/sdc` 这样的文件代表。 首先，通过超级用户权限执行 [fdisk 命令][5]来显示你的所有磁盘或闪存的信息以及它们的分区信息： @@ -24,9 +24,9 @@ $ sudo fdisk -l [![列出 Linux 文件系统分区](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/List-Linux-Filesystem-Partitions.png)][4] -列出 Linux 文件系统分区 +*列出 Linux 文件系统分区* -然后用这个命令检查你的 Linux 硬盘上的坏道/坏块： +然后用如下命令检查你的 Linux 硬盘上的坏道/坏块： ``` $ sudo badblocks -v /dev/sda10 > badsectors.txt @@ -35,15 +35,15 @@ $ sudo badblocks -v /dev/sda10 > badsectors.txt [![在 Linux 上扫描硬盘坏道](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Scan-Hard-Disk-Bad-Sectors-in-Linux.png)][3] -在 Linux 上扫描硬盘坏道 +*在 Linux 上扫描硬盘坏道* -上面的命令中，badblocks 扫描设备 /dev/sda10（记得指定你的实际设备），-v 选项让它显示操作的详情。另外，这里使用了输出重定向将操作结果重定向到了文件 badsectors.txt。 +上面的命令中，badblocks 扫描设备 `/dev/sda10`（记得指定你的实际设备），`-v` 选项让它显示操作的详情。另外，这里使用了输出重定向将操作结果重定向到了文件 `badsectors.txt`。 如果你在你的磁盘上发现任何坏道，卸载磁盘并像下面这样让系统不要将数据写入回报的扇区中。 -你需要执行 e2fsck（针对 ext2/ext3/ext4 文件系统）或 fsck 命令，命令中还需要用到 badsectors.txt 文件和设备文件。 +你需要执行 `e2fsck`（针对 ext2/ext3/ext4 文件系统）或 `fsck` 命令，命令中还需要用到 `badsectors.txt` 文件和设备文件。 -`-l` 选项告诉命令将指定文件名文件（badsectors.txt）中列出的扇区号码加入坏块列表。 +`-l` 选项告诉命令将在指定的文件 `badsectors.txt` 中列出的扇区号码加入坏块列表。 ``` ------------ 针对 for ext2/ext3/ext4 文件系统 ------------ @@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ $ sudo fsck -l badsectors.txt /dev/sda10 这个方法对带有 S.M.A.R.T（Self-Monitoring, Analysis and Reporting Technology，自我监控分析报告技术）系统的现代磁盘（ATA/SATA 和 SCSI/SAS 硬盘以及固态硬盘）更加的可靠和高效。S.M.A.R.T 系统能够帮助检测，报告，以及可能记录它们的健康状况，这样你就可以找出任何可能出现的硬件失效。 -你可以使用以下命令安装 smartmontools： +你可以使用以下命令安装 `smartmontools`： ``` ------------ 在基于 Debian/Ubuntu 的系统上 ------------ @@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ $ sudo yum install smartmontools ``` -安装完成之后，使用 smartctl 控制磁盘集成的 S.M.A.R.T 系统。你可以这样查看它的手册或帮助： +安装完成之后，使用 `smartctl` 控制磁盘集成的 S.M.A.R.T 系统。你可以这样查看它的手册或帮助： ``` $ man smartctl @@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ $ smartctl -h ``` -然后执行 smartctrl 命令并在命令中指定你的设备作为参数，以下命令包含了参数 `-H` 或 `--health` 以显示 SMART 整体健康自我评估测试结果。 +然后执行 `smartctrl` 命令并在命令中指定你的设备作为参数，以下命令包含了参数 `-H` 或 `--health` 以显示 SMART 整体健康自我评估测试结果。 ``` $ sudo smartctl -H /dev/sda10 @@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ $ sudo smartctl -H /dev/sda10 [![检查 Linux 硬盘健康](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Check-Linux-Hard-Disk-Health.png)][2] -检查 Linux 硬盘健康 +*检查 Linux 硬盘健康* 上面的结果指出你的硬盘很健康，近期内不大可能发生硬件失效。 @@ -102,10 +102,8 @@ via: http://www.tecmint.com/check-linux-hard-disk-bad-sectors-bad-blocks/ 作者：[Aaron Kili][a] - 译者：[alim0x](https://github.com/alim0x) - -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 1ca1449017d27753eac0c6d005a4690807b54bd6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Thu, 17 Nov 2016 11:01:47 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 075/220] PUB:20161026 How to Check Bad Sectors or Bad Blocks on Hard Disk in Linux @alim0x --- ...ow to Check Bad Sectors or Bad Blocks on Hard Disk in Linux.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20161026 How to Check Bad Sectors or Bad Blocks on Hard Disk in Linux.md (100%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20161026 How to Check Bad Sectors or Bad Blocks on Hard Disk in Linux.md b/published/20161026 How to Check Bad Sectors or Bad Blocks on Hard Disk in Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/tech/20161026 How to Check Bad Sectors or Bad Blocks on Hard Disk in Linux.md rename to published/20161026 How to Check Bad Sectors or Bad Blocks on Hard Disk in Linux.md From 064118d46d8ebb98fce3c815d6daf76d0c3280f4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Thu, 17 Nov 2016 11:22:39 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 076/220] PROOF:20161103 How to Compress and Decompress a .bz2 File in Linux @geekpi --- ...ess and Decompress a .bz2 File in Linux.md | 47 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 21 insertions(+), 26 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20161103 How to Compress and Decompress a .bz2 File in Linux.md b/translated/tech/20161103 How to Compress and Decompress a .bz2 File in Linux.md index 6dec830189..c999566ef6 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20161103 How to Compress and Decompress a .bz2 File in Linux.md +++ b/translated/tech/20161103 How to Compress and Decompress a .bz2 File in Linux.md @@ -1,13 +1,13 @@ -如何在Linux中压缩及解压缩.bz2文件 +如何在 Linux 中压缩及解压缩 .bz2 文件 ============================================================ -压缩文件是使用较少的位对文件中的数据进行编码来显著地减小文件的大小，并且[在文件的备份和传送期间][1]是一个有用的实践。 另一方面，解压文件意味着将文件中的数据恢复到原始状态。 +对文件进行压缩，可以通过使用较少的字节对文件中的数据进行编码来显著地减小文件的大小，并且在跨网络的[文件的备份和传送][1]时很有用。 另一方面，解压文件意味着将文件中的数据恢复到初始状态。 -Linux中几个[文件压缩和解压缩工具][2],比如gzip、7-zip、Lrzip、[PeaZip][3]等等。 +Linux 中有几个[文件压缩和解压缩工具][2]，比如gzip、7-zip、Lrzip、[PeaZip][3] 等等。 -本篇教程中，我们将如何在Linux中使用bzip2工具压缩及解压缩`.bz2`文件。 +本篇教程中，我们将介绍如何在 Linux 中使用 bzip2 工具压缩及解压缩`.bz2`文件。 -bzip2是一个非常有名的压缩工具，并且在大多数主流Linux发行版上都有，你可以在你的发行版上用合适的命令来安装。 +bzip2 是一个非常有名的压缩工具，并且在大多数主流 Linux 发行版上都有，你可以在你的发行版上用合适的命令来安装它。 ``` $ sudo apt install bzip2 [On Debian/Ubuntu] @@ -15,13 +15,13 @@ $ sudo yum install bzip2 [On CentOS/RHEL] $ sudo dnf install bzip2 [On Fedora 22+] ``` -使用bzip2的常规语法是： +使用 bzip2 的常规语法是： ``` $ bzip2 option(s) filenames ``` -### 如何在Linux中使用“bzip2”压缩文件 +### 如何在 Linux 中使用“bzip2”压缩文件 你可以如下压缩一个文件，使用`-z`标志启用压缩： @@ -37,9 +37,9 @@ $ bzip2 -z filename $ bzip2 -z backup.tar ``` -重要：bzip2默认会在压缩及解压缩文件中删除输入文件，要保留输入文件，使用`-k`或者`--keep`选项。 +重要：bzip2 默认会在压缩及解压缩文件时删除输入文件（原文件），要保留输入文件，使用`-k`或者`--keep`选项。 -额外地，`-f`或者`--force`标志会强制让bzip2覆盖输出文件 +此外，`-f`或者`--force`标志会强制让 bzip2 覆盖已有的输出文件。 ``` ------ 要保留输入文件 ------ @@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ $ bzip2 -zk filename $ bzip2 -zk backup.tar ``` -你也可以设置块的大小从100k到900k，使用`-1`或者`--fast`到`-9`或者`--best`： +你也可以设置块的大小，从 100k 到 900k，分别使用`-1`或者`--fast`到`-9`或者`--best`： ``` $ bzip2 -k1 Etcher-linux-x64.AppImage @@ -57,15 +57,13 @@ $ bzip2 -kf9 Etcher-linux-x64.AppImage $ ls -lh Etcher-linux-x64.AppImage.bz2 ``` -下面的截屏展示了如何使用选项来保留输入文件，强制bzip2覆盖输出文件，并且在压缩中设置块的大小。 +下面的截屏展示了如何使用选项来保留输入文件，强制 bzip2 覆盖输出文件，并且在压缩中设置块的大小。 -[ - ![Compress Files Using bzip2 in Linux](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Compress-Files-Using-bzip2-in-Linux.png) -][4] +![Compress Files Using bzip2 in Linux](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Compress-Files-Using-bzip2-in-Linux.png) -在Linux中使用bzip2压缩文件 +*在 Linux 中使用 bzip2 压缩文件* -### 如何在Linux中使用“bzip2”解压缩文件 +### 如何在 Linux 中使用“bzip2”解压缩文件 要解压缩`.bz2`文件，确保使用`-d`或者`--decompress`选项： @@ -80,24 +78,21 @@ $ bzip2 -vd Etcher-linux-x64.AppImage.bz2 $ bzip2 -vfd Etcher-linux-x64.AppImage.bz2 $ ls -l Etcher-linux-x64.AppImage ``` -[ - ![Decompress bzip2 File in Linux](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Decompression-bzip2-File-in-Linux.png) -][5] -Decompress bzip2 File in Linux -在Linux中解压bzip2文件 +![Decompress bzip2 File in Linux](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Decompression-bzip2-File-in-Linux.png) -要浏览bzip2的帮助及man页面，输入下面的命令： +*在 Linux 中解压 bzip2 文件* + +要浏览 bzip2 的帮助及 man 页面，输入下面的命令： ``` $ bzip2 -h $ man bzip2 ``` -最后，通过上面简单的阐述，我相信你现在已经可以在Linux中压缩及解压缩`bz2`文件了。然而，有任何的问题和反馈，可以在评论区中留言。 - -重要的是，你可能想在Linux中查看一些重要的[tar命令示例][6]，以便学习使用tar命令来[创建压缩归档文件][7]。 +最后，通过上面简单的阐述，我相信你现在已经可以在 Linux 中压缩及解压缩`bz2`文件了。然而，有任何的问题和反馈，可以在评论区中留言。 +重要的是，你可能想在 Linux 中查看一些重要的 [tar 命令示例][6]，以便学习使用 tar 命令来[创建压缩归档文件][7]。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -105,7 +100,7 @@ via: http://www.tecmint.com/linux-compress-decompress-bz2-files-using-bzip2 作者：[Aaron Kili][a] 译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From f60b20c2e48128d08bd6b6f55672629b951b3df3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Thu, 17 Nov 2016 11:22:59 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 077/220] PUB:20161103 How to Compress and Decompress a .bz2 File in Linux @geekpi --- ...0161103 How to Compress and Decompress a .bz2 File in Linux.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20161103 How to Compress and Decompress a .bz2 File in Linux.md (100%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20161103 How to Compress and Decompress a .bz2 File in Linux.md b/published/20161103 How to Compress and Decompress a .bz2 File in Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/tech/20161103 How to Compress and Decompress a .bz2 File in Linux.md rename to published/20161103 How to Compress and Decompress a .bz2 File in Linux.md From 16142cdca47cf9b4fe6db9ae7225edc68fdea2c6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Thu, 17 Nov 2016 12:51:13 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 078/220] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=B7=B2=E6=A0=A1=E5=AF=B9=E5=8F=91?= =?UTF-8?q?=E5=B8=83?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...t of developers use open source at work.md | 29 ------------------- 1 file changed, 29 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 translated/tech/20161103 98 percent of developers use open source at work.md diff --git a/translated/tech/20161103 98 percent of developers use open source at work.md b/translated/tech/20161103 98 percent of developers use open source at work.md deleted file mode 100644 index d1bd57e5e1..0000000000 --- a/translated/tech/20161103 98 percent of developers use open source at work.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,29 +0,0 @@ -# 98%的开发者在工作中使用开源软件 - - ![developer using open source](http://i0.wp.com/opensourceforu.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/developer.jpg?resize=750%2C500) - -开源每天会达到新的高度。但是一个新的研究表明超过98%的开发者在工作中使用开源工具。 - -Git仓库管理[GitLab][1]进行了一项调查披露了一些关于开源接受度的有趣事实。由开发人员引导的调查声称98%的开发者更喜欢在工作中使用开源，91%选择在工作和个人项目中使用相同的开发工具。此外，92%的人认为分布式版本控制系统（Git仓库）在工作中很重要。 - -在所有的偏好编程语言中，JavaScript占了51%的受访者。它后面是Python、PHP、Java、Swift和Objective-C。86%的开发者认为安全是代码的主要判断标准。 - -GitLab首席执行官兼联合创始人Sid Sijbrandij在一次声明中表示：“尽管过程驱动的开发技术在过去已经取得了成功，但开发人员正在寻找一种更自然的软件开发演进以促进项目生命周期内的协作和信息共享”。 - -GitLab surveyed 362 startup and enterprise CTOs, developers and DevOps professionals who used its repository platform between July 6 and 27. -GitLab调查了在7月6日和27日之间使用其存储库平台的362家创业和企业CTO，开发人员和DevOps专业人士。 - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://opensourceforu.com/2016/11/98-percent-developers-use-open-source-at-work/ - -作者：[JAGMEET SINGH ][a] - -译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) - -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: http://opensourceforu.com/author/jagmeet-singh/ -[1]:https://about.gitlab.com/2016/11/02/global-developer-survey-2016/ From 48a096fe9879809e189224d57e1df42ee8ba3d80 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Thu, 17 Nov 2016 13:46:08 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 079/220] PROOF:20160815 The cost of small modules MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @Yinr 翻译的很用心！不错！ --- .../20160815 The cost of small modules.md | 40 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 21 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20160815 The cost of small modules.md b/translated/tech/20160815 The cost of small modules.md index 10586d549f..b80cfc3d22 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20160815 The cost of small modules.md +++ b/translated/tech/20160815 The cost of small modules.md @@ -1,9 +1,11 @@ -小模块的开销 +JavaScript 小模块的开销 ==== -大约一年之前，我在将一个大型 JavaScript 代码库重构为小模块时发现了 Browserify 和 Webpack 中一个令人沮丧的事实： +更新（2016/10/30）：我写完这篇文章之后，我在[这个基准测试中发了一个错误](https://github.com/nolanlawson/cost-of-small-modules/pull/8)，会导致 Rollup 比它预期的看起来要好一些。不过，整体结果并没有明显的不同（Rollup 仍然击败了 Browserify 和 Webpack，虽然它并没有像 Closure 十分好），所以我只是更新了图表。该基准测试包括了 [RequireJS 和 RequireJS Almond 打包器](https://github.com/nolanlawson/cost-of-small-modules/pull/5)，所以文章中现在也包括了它们。要看原始帖子，可以查看[历史版本](https://web.archive.org/web/20160822181421/https://nolanlawson.com/2016/08/15/the-cost-of-small-modules/)。 -> “代码越模块化，代码体积就越大。”- Nolan Lawson +大约一年之前，我在将一个大型 JavaScript 代码库重构为更小的模块时发现了 Browserify 和 Webpack 中一个令人沮丧的事实： + +> “代码越模块化，代码体积就越大。:< ”- Nolan Lawson 过了一段时间，Sam Saccone 发布了一些关于 [Tumblr][1] 和 [Imgur][2] 页面加载性能的出色的研究。其中指出： @@ -15,9 +17,9 @@ 一个页面中包含的 JavaScript 脚本越多，页面加载也将越慢。庞大的 JavaScript 包会导致浏览器花费更多的时间去下载、解析和执行，这些都将加长载入时间。 -即使当你使用如 Webpack [code splitting][3]、Browserify [factor bundles][4] 等工具将代码分解为多个包，时间的花费也仅仅是被延迟到页面生命周期的晚些时候。JavaScript 迟早都将有一笔开销。 +即使当你使用如 Webpack [code splitting][3]、Browserify [factor bundles][4] 等工具将代码分解为多个包，该开销也仅仅是被延迟到页面生命周期的晚些时候。JavaScript 迟早都将有一笔开销。 -此外，由于 JavaScript 是一门动态语言，同时流行的 [CommonJS][5] 模块也是动态的，所以这就使得在最终分发给用户的代码中剔除无用的代码变得异常困难。譬如你可能只使用到 jQuery 中的 $.ajax，但是通过载入 jQuery 包，你将以整个包为代价。 +此外，由于 JavaScript 是一门动态语言，同时流行的 [CommonJS][5] 模块也是动态的，所以这就使得在最终分发给用户的代码中剔除无用的代码变得异常困难。譬如你可能只使用到 jQuery 中的 $.ajax，但是通过载入 jQuery 包，你将付出整个包的代价。 JavaScript 社区对这个问题提出的解决办法是提倡 [小模块][6] 的使用。小模块不仅有许多 [美好且实用的好处][7] 如易于维护，易于理解，易于集成等，而且还可以通过鼓励包含小巧的功能而不是庞大的库来解决之前提到的 jQuery 的问题。 @@ -66,7 +68,7 @@ $ browserify node_modules/qs | browserify-count-modules 顺带一提，我写过的最大的开源站点 [Pokedex.org][21] 包含了 4 个包，共 311 个模块。 -让我们先暂时忽略这些 JavaScript 包的实际大小，我认为去探索一下一定数量的模块本身开销会事一件有意思的事。虽然 Sam Saccone 的文章 [“2016 年 ES2015 转译的开销”][22] 已经广为流传，但是我认为他的结论还未到达足够深度，所以让我们挖掘的稍微再深一点吧。 +让我们先暂时忽略这些 JavaScript 包的实际大小，我认为去探索一下一定数量的模块本身开销会是一件有意思的事。虽然 Sam Saccone 的文章 [“2016 年 ES2015 转译的开销”][22] 已经广为流传，但是我认为他的结论还未到达足够深度，所以让我们挖掘的稍微再深一点吧。 ### 测试环节！ @@ -86,13 +88,13 @@ console.log(total) module.exports = 1 ``` -我测试了五种打包方法：Browserify, 带 [bundle-collapser][24] 插件的 Browserify, Webpack, Rollup 和 Closure Compiler。对于 Rollup 和 Closure Compiler 我使用了 ES6 模块，而对于 Browserify 和 Webpack 则用的 CommonJS，目的是为了不涉及其各自缺点而导致测试的不公平（由于它们可能需要做一些转译工作，如 Babel 一样，而这些工作将会增加其自身的运行时间）。 +我测试了五种打包方法：Browserify、带 [bundle-collapser][24] 插件的 Browserify、Webpack、Rollup 和 Closure Compiler。对于 Rollup 和 Closure Compiler 我使用了 ES6 模块，而对于 Browserify 和 Webpack 则用的是 CommonJS，目的是为了不涉及其各自缺点而导致测试的不公平（由于它们可能需要做一些转译工作，如 Babel 一样，而这些工作将会增加其自身的运行时间）。 -为了更好地模拟一个生产环境，我将带 -mangle 和 -compress 参数的 Uglify 用于所有的包，并且使用 gzip 压缩后通过 GitHub Pages 用 HTTPS 协议进行传输。对于每个包，我一共下载并执行 15 次，然后取其平均值，并使用 performance.now() 函数来记录载入时间（未使用缓存）与执行时间。 +为了更好地模拟一个生产环境，我对所有的包采用带 `-mangle` 和 `-compress` 参数的 `Uglify` ，并且使用 gzip 压缩后通过 GitHub Pages 用 HTTPS 协议进行传输。对于每个包，我一共下载并执行 15 次，然后取其平均值，并使用 `performance.now()` 函数来记录载入时间（未使用缓存）与执行时间。 ### 包大小 -在我们查看测试结果之前，我们有必要先来看一眼我们要测试的包文件。一下是每个包最小处理后但并未使用 gzip 压缩时的体积大小（单位：Byte）： +在我们查看测试结果之前，我们有必要先来看一眼我们要测试的包文件。以下是每个包最小处理后但并未使用 gzip 压缩时的体积大小（单位：Byte）： | | 100 个模块 | 1000 个模块 | 5000 个模块 | | --- | --- | --- | --- | @@ -110,7 +112,7 @@ module.exports = 1 | rollup | 300 | 2145 | 11510 | | closure | 302 | 2140 | 11789 | -Browserify 和 Webpack 的工作方式是隔离各个模块到各自的函数空间，然后声明一个全局载入器，并在每次 require() 函数调用时定位到正确的模块处。下面是我们的 Browserify 包的样子： +Browserify 和 Webpack 的工作方式是隔离各个模块到各自的函数空间，然后声明一个全局载入器，并在每次 `require()` 函数调用时定位到正确的模块处。下面是我们的 Browserify 包的样子： ``` (function e(t,n,r){function s(o,u){if(!n[o]){if(!t[o]){var a=typeof require=="function"&&require;if(!u&&a)return a(o,!0);if(i)return i(o,!0);var f=new Error("Cannot find module '"+o+"'");throw f.code="MODULE_NOT_FOUND",f}var l=n[o]={exports:{}};t[o][0].call(l.exports,function(e){var n=t[o][1][e];return s(n?n:e)},l,l.exports,e,t,n,r)}return n[o].exports}var i=typeof require=="function"&&require;for(var o=0;o @@ -144,7 +146,7 @@ Browserify 和 Webpack 的工作方式是隔离各个模块到各自的函数空 在 100 个模块时，各包的差异是微不足道的，但是一旦模块数量达到 1000 个甚至 5000 个时，差异将会变得非常巨大。iPod Touch 在不同包上的差异并不明显，而对于具有一定年代的 Nexus 5 来说，Browserify 和 Webpack 明显耗时更多。 -与此同时，我发现有意思的是 Rollup 和 Closure 的运行开销对于 iPod 而言几乎可以忽略，并且与模块的数量关系也不大。而对于 Nexus 5 来说，运行的开销并非完全可以忽略，但它们仍比 Browserify 或 Webpack 低很多。后者若未在几百毫秒内完成加载则将会占用主线程的好几帧的时间，这就意味着用户界面将冻结并且等待直到模块载入完成。 +与此同时，我发现有意思的是 Rollup 和 Closure 的运行开销对于 iPod 而言几乎可以忽略，并且与模块的数量关系也不大。而对于 Nexus 5 来说，运行的开销并非完全可以忽略，但 Rollup/Closure 仍比 Browserify/Webpack 低很多。后者若未在几百毫秒内完成加载则将会占用主线程的好几帧的时间，这就意味着用户界面将冻结并且等待直到模块载入完成。 值得注意的是前面这些测试都是在千兆网速下进行的，所以在网络情况来看，这只是一个最理想的状况。借助 Chrome 开发者工具，我们可以认为地将 Nexus 5 的网速限制到 3G 水平，然后来看一眼这对测试产生的影响（[查看表格][30]）： @@ -152,13 +154,13 @@ Browserify 和 Webpack 的工作方式是隔离各个模块到各自的函数空 一旦我们将网速考虑进来，Browserify/Webpack 和 Rollup/Closure 的差异将变得更为显著。在 1000 个模块规模（接近于 Reddit 1050 个模块的规模）时，Browserify 花费的时间比 Rollup 长大约 400 毫秒。然而 400 毫秒已经不是一个小数目了，正如 Google 和 Bing 指出的，亚秒级的延迟都会 [对用户的参与产生明显的影响][32] 。 -还有一件事需要指出，那就是这个测试并非测量 100 个、1000 个或者 5000 个模块的每个模块的精确运行时间。因为这还与你对 require() 函数的使用有关。在这些包中，我采用的是对每个模块调用一次 require() 函数。但如果你每个模块调用了多次 require() 函数（这在代码库中非常常见）或者你多次动态调用 require() 函数（例如在子函数中调用 require() 函数），那么你将发现明显的性能退化。 +还有一件事需要指出，那就是这个测试并非测量 100 个、1000 个或者 5000 个模块的每个模块的精确运行时间。因为这还与你对 `require()` 函数的使用有关。在这些包中，我采用的是对每个模块调用一次 `require()` 函数。但如果你每个模块调用了多次 `require()` 函数（这在代码库中非常常见）或者你多次动态调用 `require()` 函数（例如在子函数中调用 `require()` 函数），那么你将发现明显的性能退化。 Reddit 的移动站点就是一个很好的例子。虽然该站点有 1050 个模块，但是我测量了它们使用 Browserify 的实际执行时间后发现比“1000 个模块”的测试结果差好多。当使用那台运行 Chrome 的 Nexus 5 时，我测出 Reddit 的 Browserify require() 函数耗时 2.14 秒。而那个“1000 个模块”脚本中的等效函数只需要 197 毫秒（在搭载 i7 处理器的 Surface Book 上的桌面版 Chrome，我测出的结果分别为 559 毫秒与 37 毫秒，虽然给出桌面平台的结果有些令人惊讶）。 -这结果提示我们有必要对每个模块使用多个 require() 函数的情况再进行一次测试。不过，我并不认为这对 Browserify 和 Webpack 会是一个公平的测试，因为 Rollup 和 Closure 都会将重复的 ES6 库导入处理为一个的顶级变量声明，同时也阻止了顶层空间以外的其他区域的导入。所以根本上来说，Rollup 和 Closure 中一个导入和多个导入的开销是相同的，而对于 Browserify 和 Webpack，运行开销随 require() 函数的数量线性增长。 +这结果提示我们有必要对每个模块使用多个 `require()` 函数的情况再进行一次测试。不过，我并不认为这对 Browserify 和 Webpack 会是一个公平的测试，因为 Rollup 和 Closure 都会将重复的 ES6 库导入处理为一个的顶级变量声明，同时也阻止了顶层空间以外的其他区域的导入。所以根本上来说，Rollup 和 Closure 中一个导入和多个导入的开销是相同的，而对于 Browserify 和 Webpack，运行开销随 `require()` 函数的数量线性增长。 -为了我们这个分析的目的，我认为最好假设模块的数量是性能的短板。而事实上，“5000 个模块”也是一个比“5000 个 require() 函数调用”更好的度量标准。 +为了我们这个分析的目的，我认为最好假设模块的数量是性能的短板。而事实上，“5000 个模块”也是一个比“5000 个 `require()` 函数调用”更好的度量标准。 ### 结论 @@ -168,11 +170,11 @@ Reddit 的移动站点就是一个很好的例子。虽然该站点有 1050 个 给出这些结果之后，我对 Closure Compiler 和 Rollup 在 JavaScript 社区并没有得到过多关注而感到惊讶。我猜测或许是因为（前者）需要依赖 Java，而（后者）仍然相当不成熟并且未能做到开箱即用（详见 [Calvin’s Metcalf 的评论][37] 中作的不错的总结）。 -即使没有足够数量的 JavaScript 开发者加入到 Rollup 或 Closure 的队伍中，我认为 npm 包作者们也已准备好了去帮助解决这些问题。如果你使用 npm 安装 lodash，你将会发其现主要的导入是一个巨大的 JavaScript 模块，而不是你期望的 Lodash 的超模块（hyper-modular）特性（require('lodash/uniq')，require('lodash.uniq') 等等）。对于 PouchDB，我们做了一个类似的声明以 [使用 Rollup 作为预发布步骤][38]，这将产生对于用户而言尽可能小的包。 +即使没有足够数量的 JavaScript 开发者加入到 Rollup 或 Closure 的队伍中，我认为 npm 包作者们也已准备好了去帮助解决这些问题。如果你使用 npm 安装 lodash，你将会发其现主要的导入是一个巨大的 JavaScript 模块，而不是你期望的 Lodash 的超模块（hyper-modular）特性（`require('lodash/uniq')`，`require('lodash.uniq')` 等等）。对于 PouchDB，我们做了一个类似的声明以 [使用 Rollup 作为预发布步骤][38]，这将产生对于用户而言尽可能小的包。 同时，我创建了 [rollupify][39] 来尝试将这过程变得更为简单一些，只需拖动到已存在的 Browserify 工程中即可。其基本思想是在你自己的项目中使用导入（import）和导出（export）（可以使用 [cjs-to-es6][40] 来帮助迁移），然后使用 require() 函数来载入第三方包。这样一来，你依旧可以在你自己的代码库中享受所有模块化的优点，同时能导出一个适当大小的大模块来发布给你的用户。不幸的是，你依旧得为第三方库付出一些代价，但是我发现这是对于当前 npm 生态系统的一个很好的折中方案。 -所以结论如下：一个大的 JavaScript 包比一百个小 JavaScript 模块要快。尽管这是事实，我依旧希望我们社区能最终发现我们所处的困境————提倡小模块的原则对开发者有利，但是对用户不利。同时希望能优化我们的工具，使得我们可以对两方面都有利。 +所以结论如下：**一个大的 JavaScript 包比一百个小 JavaScript 模块要快**。尽管这是事实，我依旧希望我们社区能最终发现我们所处的困境————提倡小模块的原则对开发者有利，但是对用户不利。同时希望能优化我们的工具，使得我们可以对两方面都有利。 ### 福利时间！三款桌面浏览器 @@ -205,15 +207,15 @@ Firefox 48 ([查看表格][45]) [![Nexus 5 (3G) RequireJS 结果][53]](https://nolanwlawson.files.wordpress.com/2016/08/2016-08-20-14_45_29-small_modules3-xlsx-excel.png) - +更新 3: 我写了一个 [optimize-js](http://github.com/nolanlawson/optimize-js) ，它会减少一些函数内的函数的解析成本。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -via: https://nolanlawson.com/2016/08/15/the-cost-of-small-modules/?utm_source=javascriptweekly&utm_medium=email +via: https://nolanlawson.com/2016/08/15/the-cost-of-small-modules/ 作者：[Nolan][a] 译者：[Yinr](https://github.com/Yinr) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 85de2e152d93ce3bdf02d145eb2ba395cd22f53d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Thu, 17 Nov 2016 13:46:36 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 080/220] PUB:20160815 The cost of small modules @Yinr --- .../tech => published}/20160815 The cost of small modules.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20160815 The cost of small modules.md (100%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20160815 The cost of small modules.md b/published/20160815 The cost of small modules.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/tech/20160815 The cost of small modules.md rename to published/20160815 The cost of small modules.md From 8e57cd1050abec6b41a9ea4558d01a5dfb47bc35 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: yangmingming Date: Thu, 17 Nov 2016 13:46:37 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 081/220] yangmingming translating --- ...mmand Line Downloader) command examples.md | 103 +++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 51 insertions(+), 52 deletions(-) rename {sources => translated}/tech/20160513 aria2 (Command Line Downloader) command examples.md (54%) mode change 100644 => 100755 diff --git a/sources/tech/20160513 aria2 (Command Line Downloader) command examples.md b/translated/tech/20160513 aria2 (Command Line Downloader) command examples.md old mode 100644 new mode 100755 similarity index 54% rename from sources/tech/20160513 aria2 (Command Line Downloader) command examples.md rename to translated/tech/20160513 aria2 (Command Line Downloader) command examples.md index b0bacc93a0..b037861361 --- a/sources/tech/20160513 aria2 (Command Line Downloader) command examples.md +++ b/translated/tech/20160513 aria2 (Command Line Downloader) command examples.md @@ -1,52 +1,52 @@ -yangmingming translating -# aria2 (Command Line Downloader) command examples +# aria2 （命令行下载器）命令行实例 -[aria2][4] is a Free, open source, lightweight multi-protocol & multi-source command-line download utility. It supports HTTP/HTTPS, FTP, SFTP, BitTorrent and Metalink. aria2 can be manipulated via built-in JSON-RPC and XML-RPC interfaces. aria2 automatically validates chunks of data while downloading a file. It can download a file from multiple sources/protocols and tries to utilize your maximum download bandwidth. By default all the Linux Distribution included aria2, so we can install easily from official repository. some of the GUI download manager using aria2 as a plugin to improve the download speed like [uget][3]. +[aria2][4] 是一个免费的、开源的、轻量级多协议和多源命令行下载工具。它支持 HTTP/HTTPS、 FTP、 SFTP、 BitTorrent 和 Metalink 协议。aria2 可以通过内建的 JSON-RPC 和 XML-RPC 接口来操纵。aria2 下载文件的时候，自动验证数据块。它可以通过多源或者多协议下载一个文件，并且尝试利用你的最大下载带宽。默认情况下，所有的 Linux 发行版都包括 aria2，所以我们可以从官方库中很容易的安装。一些 GUI 下载管理器例如 [uget][3] 使用 aria2作为一个插件来提高下载速度。 -#### Aria2 Features -* HTTP/HTTPS GET support -* HTTP Proxy support -* HTTP BASIC authentication support -* HTTP Proxy authentication support -* FTP support(active, passive mode) -* FTP through HTTP proxy(GET command or tunneling) -* Segmented download -* Cookie support -* It can run as a daemon process. -* BitTorrent protocol support with fast extension. -* Selective download in multi-file torrent -* Metalink version 3.0 support(HTTP/FTP/BitTorrent). -* Limiting download/upload speed +#### Aria2 特性 -#### 1) Install aria2 on Linux +* HTTP/HTTPS GET 支持 +* HTTP 代理支持 +* HTTP BASIC 认证支持 +* HTTP 代理认证支持 +* FTP 支持（主动、被动模式） +* 通过 HTTP 代理的 FTP（GET 命令行或者隧道） +* 分段下载 +* Cookie 支持 +* 可以作为守护进程运行。 +* 使用 快速扩展的 BitTorrent 协议支持 +* 在多 torrent 文件下选择性下载 +* Metalink 3.0 版本支持（HTTP/FTP/BitTorrent）。 +* 限制下载、上传速度 -We can easily install aria2 command line downloader to all the Linux Distribution such as Debian, Ubuntu, Mint, RHEL, CentOS, Fedora, suse, openSUSE, Arch Linux, Manjaro, Mageia, etc.. Just fire the below command to install. For CentOS, RHEL systems we need to enable [uget][2] or [RPMForge][1] repository. +#### 1) Linux 下安装 aria2 + +我们可以很容易的在所有的 Linux 发行版 上安装 aria2 命令行下载器，例如 Debian、 Ubuntu、 Mint、 RHEL、 CentOS、 Fedora、 suse、 openSUSE、 Arch Linux、 Manjaro、 Mageia 等等……只需要输入下面的命令安装即可。对于 CentOS、 RHEL 系统，我们需要开启 [uget][2] 或者 [RPMForge][1] 库的支持。 ``` -[For Debian, Ubuntu & Mint] +[对于 Debian、 Ubuntu 和 Mint] $ sudo apt-get install aria2 -[For CentOS, RHEL, Fedora 21 and older Systems] +[对于 CentOS、 RHEL、 Fedora 21 和更早些的操作系统] # yum install aria2 -[Fedora 22 and later systems] +[Fedora 22 和 之后的系统] # dnf install aria2 -[For suse & openSUSE] +[对于 suse 和 openSUSE] # zypper install wget [Mageia] # urpmi aria2 -[For Debian, Ubuntu & Mint] +[对于 Debian、 Ubuntu 和 Mint] $ sudo pacman -S aria2 ``` -#### 2) Download Single File +#### 2) 下载单个文件 -The below command will download the file from given URL and stores in current directory, while downloading the file we can see the (date, time, download speed & download progress) of file. +下面的命令将会从指定的 URL 中下载一个文件，并且保存在当前目录，在下载文件的过程中，我们可以看到文件的（日期、时间、下载速度和下载进度）。 ``` # aria2c https://download.owncloud.org/community/owncloud-9.0.0.tar.bz2 @@ -63,9 +63,9 @@ Status Legend: ``` -#### 3) Save the file with different name +#### 3) 使用不同的名字保存文件 -We can save the file with different name & format while initiate downloading, using -o (lowercase) option. Here we are going to save the filename with owncloud.zip. +在初始化下载的时候，我们可以使用 -o（小写）选项在保存文件的时候使用不同的名字。这儿我们将要使用 owncloud.zip 文件名来保存文件。 ``` # aria2c -o owncloud.zip https://download.owncloud.org/community/owncloud-9.0.0.tar.bz2 @@ -82,9 +82,9 @@ Status Legend: ``` -#### 4) Limit download speed +#### 4) 下载速度限制 -By default aria2 utilize full bandwidth for downloading file and we can’t use anything on server before download completion (Which will affect other service accessing bandwidth). So better use –max-download-limit option to avoid further issue while downloading big size file. +默认情况下，aria2 利用全带宽限制文件，在文件下载完成之前，我们不可以在服务器上使用任何东西（这将会影响其他服务访问带宽）。所以在下载大文件时最好使用 –max-download-limit 选项来避免进一步的问题。 ``` # aria2c --max-download-limit=500k https://download.owncloud.org/community/owncloud-9.0.0.tar.bz2 @@ -101,9 +101,9 @@ Status Legend: ``` -#### 5) Download Multiple Files +#### 5) 下载多个文件 -The below command will download more then on file from the location and stores in current directory, while downloading the file we can see the (date, time, download speed & download progress) of file. +下面的命令将会从指定位置下载不止一个文件并保持到当前目录，在下载文件的过程中，我们可以看到文件的（日期、时间、下载速度和下载进度）。 ``` # aria2c -Z https://download.owncloud.org/community/owncloud-9.0.0.tar.bz2 ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/wget/wget-1.17.tar.gz @@ -123,11 +123,10 @@ Status Legend: ``` -#### 6) Resume Incomplete download +#### 6) 恢复不完整下载 -Make sure, whenever going to download big size of file (eg: ISO Images), i advise you to use -c option which will help us to resume the existing incomplete download from the state and complete as usual when we are facing any network connectivity issue or system problems. Otherwise when you are download again, it will initiate the fresh download and store to different file name (append .1 to the filename automatically). Note: If any interrupt happen, aria2 save file with .aria2 extension. +当你遇到一些网络连接问题或者系统问题的时候，并将要下载一个大文件（例如： ISO 镜像文件），我建议你使用 -c 选项，他可以通过状态帮助我们恢复已经存在的未完成的下载，并且像往常一样完成。不然的话，当你再次下载，它将会初始化新的下载，并保存成一个不同的文件名（自动的在文件名后面添加 .1 ）。注意：如果任意打断发生，aria2 使用 .aria2 后缀保存文件。 - ``` # aria2c -c https://download.owncloud.org/community/owncloud-9.0.0.tar.bz2 [#db0b08 8.2MiB/21MiB(38%) CN:1 DL:3.1MiB ETA:4s]^C @@ -143,7 +142,7 @@ db0b08|INPR| 3.3MiB/s|/opt/owncloud-9.0.0.tar.bz2 Status Legend: (INPR):download in-progress. -aria2 will resume download if the transfer is restarted. +如果重新启动传输，aria2 将会恢复下载 # aria2c -c https://download.owncloud.org/community/owncloud-9.0.0.tar.bz2 [#873d08 21MiB/21MiB(98%) CN:1 DL:2.7MiB] @@ -159,9 +158,9 @@ Status Legend: ``` -#### 7) Get the input from file +#### 7) 从文件获取输入 -Alternatively wget can get the list of input URL’s from file and start downloading. We need to create a file and store each URL in separate line. Add -i option with aria2 command to perform this action. +或许 wget 可以从一个文件获取输入的 URL 列表来下载。我们需要创建一个文件，将每一个 URL 存储在单独的行中。ara2 命令行可以添加 -i 选项来执行此操作。 ``` # aria2c -i test-aria2.txt @@ -181,9 +180,9 @@ Status Legend: ``` -#### 8) Download using 2 connections per host +#### 8) 每个主机使用两个连接来下载 -The maximum number of connections to one server for each download. By default this will establish one connection to each host. We can establish more then one connection to each host to speedup download by adding -x2 (2 means, two connection) option with aria2 command +默认情况，每次下载连接到一台服务器的最大数目，对于一条主机只能建立一条。我们可以通过 aria2 命令行添加 -x2（2 表示两个连接）来创建到每台主机多于一个连接，以加快下载速度。 ``` # aria2c -x2 https://download.owncloud.org/community/owncloud-9.0.0.tar.bz2 @@ -200,9 +199,9 @@ Status Legend: ``` -#### 9) Download Torrent Files +#### 9) 下载种子文件 -We can directly download a Torrent files using aria2 command. +我们可以使用 aria2 命令行直接下载一个种子文件 ``` # aria2c https://torcache.net/torrent/C86F4E743253E0EBF3090CCFFCC9B56FA38451A3.torrent?title=[kat.cr]irudhi.suttru.2015.official.teaser.full.hd.1080p.pathi.team.sr @@ -222,27 +221,27 @@ Status Legend: ``` -#### 10) Download BitTorrent Magnet URI +#### 10) 下载 Bit 种子磁力链接 -Also we can directly download a Torrent files through BitTorrent Magnet URI using aria2 command. +使用 aria2 我们也可以通过 bit 磁力链接直接下载一个种子文件 ``` # aria2c 'magnet:?xt=urn:btih:248D0A1CD08284299DE78D5C1ED359BB46717D8C' ``` -#### 11) Download BitTorrent Metalink +#### 11) 下载 Metalink Bit 种子 -Also we can directly download a Metalink file using aria2 command. +我们也可以通过 aria2 命令行直接下载一个 Metalink 文件。 ``` # aria2c https://curl.haxx.se/metalink.cgi?curl=tar.bz2 ``` -#### 12) Download a file from password protected site +#### 12) 从密码保护的网站下载一个文件 -Alternatively we can download a file from password protected site. The below command will download the file from password protected site. +或者，我们也可以从一个密码保护网站下载一个文件。下面的命令行将会从一个密码保护网站中下载文件。 ``` # aria2c --http-user=xxx --http-password=xxx https://download.owncloud.org/community/owncloud-9.0.0.tar.bz2 @@ -251,9 +250,9 @@ Alternatively we can download a file from password protected site. The below com ``` -#### 13) Read more about aria2 +#### 13) 阅读更多关于 aria2 -If you want to know more option which is available for wget, you can grep the details on your terminal itself by firing below commands.. +如果你希望了解了解更多选项 —— 它们同时适用于 wget，可以输入下面的命令行在你自己的终端获取详细信息： ``` # man aria2c @@ -262,7 +261,7 @@ or ``` -Enjoy…) +谢谢欣赏 …） -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -270,7 +269,7 @@ via: http://www.2daygeek.com/aria2-command-line-download-utility-tool/ 作者：[MAGESH MARUTHAMUTHU][a] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +译者：[yangmingming](https://github.com/yangmingming) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) From 7817e12fa5b2c2d8e0e66e1eeb6c91e6eeae72f3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Stdio A Date: Thu, 17 Nov 2016 18:12:09 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 082/220] Finish 20161114 How to Check Timezone in Linux --- ...20161114 How to Check Timezone in Linux.md | 90 ------------------- ...20161114 How to Check Timezone in Linux.md | 82 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 82 insertions(+), 90 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20161114 How to Check Timezone in Linux.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20161114 How to Check Timezone in Linux.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20161114 How to Check Timezone in Linux.md b/sources/tech/20161114 How to Check Timezone in Linux.md deleted file mode 100644 index 2bd995ace5..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20161114 How to Check Timezone in Linux.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,90 +0,0 @@ -Translating by StdioA - -How to Check Timezone in Linux -============================================================ - -In this short article, we will walk newbies through the various simple ways of checking system timezone in Linux. Time management on a Linux machine especially a production server is always an important aspect of system administration. - -There are a number of time management utilities available on Linux such as date and timedatectlcommands to get the current timezone of system and [synchronize with a remote NTP server][1] to enable an automatic and more accurate system time handling. - -Well, let us dive into the different ways of finding out our Linux system timezone. - -1. We will start by using the traditional date command to find out present timezone as follows: - -``` -$ date -``` - -Alternatively, type the command below, where `%Z` format prints the alphabetic timezone and `%z` prints the numeric timezone: - -``` -$ date +”%Z %z” -``` -[ - ![Find Linux Timezone](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Find-Linux-Timezone.png) -][2] - -Find Linux Timezone - -Note: There are many formats in the date man page that you can make use of, to alter the output of the date command: - -``` -$ man date -``` - -2. Next, you can likewise use timedatectl, when you run it without any options, the command displays an overview of the system including the timezone like so: - -``` -$ timedatectl -``` - -More so, try to employ a pipeline and [grep command][3] to only filter the timezone as below: - -``` -$ timedatectl | grep “Time zone” -``` -[ - ![Find Current Linux Timezone](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Find-Current-Linux-Timezone.png) -][4] - -Find Current Linux Timezone - -Learn how to [set timezone in Linux using timedatectl][5] command. - -3. In addition, display the content of the file `/etc/timezone` using [cat utility][6] to check your timezone: - -``` -$ cat /etc/timezone -``` -[ - ![Check Timezone of Linux](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Check-Timezone-of-Linux.png) -][7] - -Check Timezone of Linux - -For REHL/CentOS/Fedora users, here is one more command for the same purpose: - -``` -$ grep ZONE /etc/sysconfig/clock -``` - -That’s all! Do not forget to share you thoughts about the article by means of the feedback form below. Importantly, you should look through this time management guide for Linux to get more insight into handling time on your system, it has simple and easy-to-follow examples. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.tecmint.com/check-linux-timezone - -作者：[Aaron Kili ][a] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/aaronkili/ -[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/install-ntp-server-in-centos/ -[2]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Find-Linux-Timezone.png -[3]:http://www.tecmint.com/12-practical-examples-of-linux-grep-command/ -[4]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Find-Current-Linux-Timezone.png -[5]:http://www.tecmint.com/set-time-timezone-and-synchronize-time-using-timedatectl-command/ -[6]:http://www.tecmint.com/13-basic-cat-command-examples-in-linux/ -[7]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Check-Timezone-of-Linux.png diff --git a/translated/tech/20161114 How to Check Timezone in Linux.md b/translated/tech/20161114 How to Check Timezone in Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..d68b90b189 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20161114 How to Check Timezone in Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,82 @@ +在 Linux 中查看你的时区 +============================================================ + +在这篇短文中，我们将向你简单介绍几种 Linux 下查看系统时区的简单方法。在 Linux 机器中，尤其是生产服务器上的时间管理技能，是在系统管理中一个极其重要的方面。 + +Linux 包含多种可用的时间管理工具，比如 `date` 或 `timedatectlcommands`，你可以用它们来获取当前系统时区，也可以[将系统时间与 NTP 服务器同步][1]，来自动地、更精确地进行时间管理。 + +好，我们一起来看几种查看我们的 Linux 系统时区的不用方法。 + +1. 我们从使用传统的 `date` 命令开始。使用下面的命令，来看一看我们的当前时区： + +``` +$ date +``` + +或者，你也可以使用下面的命令。其中 `%Z` 格式可以输出字符形式的时区，而 `%z` 输出数字形式的时区： + +``` +$ date +”%Z %z” +``` +[![Find Linux Timezone](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Find-Linux-Timezone.png)][2] + +查看 Linux 时区 + +注意：`date` 的手册页中包含很多输出格式，你可以利用它们，来替换你的 `date` 命令的输出内容： + +``` +$ man date +``` + +2. 接下来，你同样可以用 `timedatectl` 命令。当你不带任何参数运行它时，这条命令可以像下图一样，输出系统时间概览，其中包含当前时区： + +``` +$ timedatectl +``` + +然后，你可以在命令中提供一条管道，然后用 [grep 命令][3] 来像下面一样，只过滤出时区信息： + +``` +$ timedatectl | grep “Time zone” +``` +[![Find Current Linux Timezone](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Find-Current-Linux-Timezone.png)][4] + +查看当前 Linux 时区 + +同样，我们可以学习如何使用 timedatectl 来[设置 Linux 时区][5]。 + +3. 进一步，使用 [cat 工具][6]显示文件 `/etc/timezone` 的内容，来查看你的时区： + +``` +$ cat /etc/timezone +``` +[![Check Timezone of Linux](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Check-Timezone-of-Linux.png)][7] + +在 Linux 中查看时区 + +对于 RHEL/CentOS/Fedora 用户，这里还有一条可以起到同样效果的命令： + +``` +$ grep ZONE /etc/sysconfig/clock +``` + +就这些了！别忘了在下面的反馈栏中分享你对于这篇文章中的看法。重要的是：你应该通过这篇 Linux 时区管理指南来学习更多系统时间管理的知识，因为它含有很多易于操作的实例。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.tecmint.com/check-linux-timezone + +作者：[Aaron Kili][a] +译者：[StdioA](https://github.com/StdioA) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/aaronkili/ +[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/install-ntp-server-in-centos/ +[2]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Find-Linux-Timezone.png +[3]:http://www.tecmint.com/12-practical-examples-of-linux-grep-command/ +[4]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Find-Current-Linux-Timezone.png +[5]:http://www.tecmint.com/set-time-timezone-and-synchronize-time-using-timedatectl-command/ +[6]:http://www.tecmint.com/13-basic-cat-command-examples-in-linux/ +[7]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Check-Timezone-of-Linux.png From 3fee48b72d22ebc54e4db25097b8d12348dec408 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Markgolzh Date: Thu, 17 Nov 2016 22:39:37 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 083/220] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E5=AE=8C=E6=88=90?= =?UTF-8?q?=EF=BC=8C=E5=88=A0=E9=99=A4=E5=8E=9F=E6=96=87?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 删除原文 --- ... Command By Last Modified Date and Time.md | 113 ------------------ 1 file changed, 113 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20161027 How to Sort Output of ls Command By Last Modified Date and Time.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20161027 How to Sort Output of ls Command By Last Modified Date and Time.md b/sources/tech/20161027 How to Sort Output of ls Command By Last Modified Date and Time.md deleted file mode 100644 index f970113f95..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20161027 How to Sort Output of ls Command By Last Modified Date and Time.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,113 +0,0 @@ -翻译中 by zky001 -How to Sort Output of ‘ls’ Command By Last Modified Date and Time -============================================================ - -One of the commonest things a Linux user will always do on the command line is [listing the contents of a directory][1]. As we may already know, [ls][2] and [dir][3] are the two commands available on Linux for listing directory content, with the former being more popular and in most cases, preferred by users. - -When listing directory contents, the results can be sorted based on several criteria such as alphabetical order of filenames, modification time, access time, version and file size. Sorting using each of these file properties can be enabled by using a specific flag. - -In this brief [ls command guide][4], we will look at how to [sort the output of ls command][5] by last modification time (date and time). - -Let us start by executing some [basic ls commands][6]. - -### Linux Basic ls Commands - -1. Running ls command without appending any argument will list current working directory contents. - -``` -$ ls -``` -[ - ![List Content of Working Directory](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/List-Content-of-Working-Directory.png) -][7] - -List Content of Working Directory - -2. To list contents of any directory, for example /etc directory use: - -``` -$ ls /etc -``` -[ - ![List Contents of Directory](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/List-Contents-of-Directory.png) -][8] - -List Contents of Directory - -3. A directory always contains a few hidden files (at least two), therefore, to show all files in a directory, use the `-a` or `--all` flag: - -``` -$ ls -a -``` -[ - ![List Hidden Files in Directory](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/List-Hidden-Files-in-Directory.png) -][9] - -List Hidden Files in Directory - -4. You can as well print detailed information about each file in the ls output, such as the file permissions, number of links, owner’s name and group owner, file size, time of last modification and the file/directory name. - -This is activated by the `-l` option, which means a long listing format as in the next screenshot: - -``` -$ ls -l -``` -[ - ![Long List Directory Contents](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/ls-Long-List-Format.png) -][10] - -Long List Directory Contents - -### Sort Files Based on Time and Date - -5. To list files in a directory and [sort them last modified date and time][11], make use of the `-t` option as in the command below: - -``` -$ ls -lt -``` -[ - ![Sort ls Output by Date and Time](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Sort-ls-Output-by-Date-and-Time.png) -][12] - -Sort ls Output by Date and Time - -6. If you want a reverse sorting files based on date and time, you can use the `-r` option to work like so: - -``` -$ ls -ltr -``` -[ - ![Sort ls Output Reverse by Date and Time](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Sort-ls-Output-Reverse-by-Date-and-Time.png) -][13] - -Sort ls Output Reverse by Date and Time - -We will end here for now, however, there is more usage information and options in the [ls command][14], so make it a point to look through it or any other guides offering [ls command tricks every Linux user should know][15] or [use sort command][16]. Last but not least, you can reach us via the feedback section below. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.tecmint.com/sort-ls-output-by-last-modified-date-and-time - -作者：[Aaron Kili][a] -译者：[zky001](https://github.com/zky001) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/aaronkili/ -[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/file-and-directory-management-in-linux/ -[2]:http://www.tecmint.com/15-basic-ls-command-examples-in-linux/ -[3]:http://www.tecmint.com/linux-dir-command-usage-with-examples/ -[4]:http://www.tecmint.com/tag/linux-ls-command/ -[5]:http://www.tecmint.com/sort-command-linux/ -[6]:http://www.tecmint.com/15-basic-ls-command-examples-in-linux/ -[7]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/List-Content-of-Working-Directory.png -[8]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/List-Contents-of-Directory.png -[9]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/List-Hidden-Files-in-Directory.png -[10]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/ls-Long-List-Format.png -[11]:http://www.tecmint.com/find-and-sort-files-modification-date-and-time-in-linux/ -[12]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Sort-ls-Output-by-Date-and-Time.png -[13]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Sort-ls-Output-Reverse-by-Date-and-Time.png -[14]:http://www.tecmint.com/tag/linux-ls-command/ -[15]:http://www.tecmint.com/linux-ls-command-tricks/ -[16]:http://www.tecmint.com/linux-sort-command-examples/ From 26ac1dfc0e2fb562c253a99bf14d4e0b50a1ec24 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Markgolzh Date: Thu, 17 Nov 2016 22:43:36 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 084/220] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E5=AE=8C=E6=88=90?= =?UTF-8?q?=EF=BC=8C=E5=A2=9E=E5=8A=A0=E8=AF=91=E6=96=87?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 增加译文 --- ... Command By Last Modified Date and Time.md | 212 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 212 insertions(+) create mode 100644 translated/tech/20161027 How to Sort Output of ls Command By Last Modified Date and Time.md diff --git a/translated/tech/20161027 How to Sort Output of ls Command By Last Modified Date and Time.md b/translated/tech/20161027 How to Sort Output of ls Command By Last Modified Date and Time.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..78f9ca75ce --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20161027 How to Sort Output of ls Command By Last Modified Date and Time.md @@ -0,0 +1,212 @@ +翻译完成 by zky001 + +如何通过最后修改的日期和时间对ls命令的输出进行排序 + +============================================================ + +Linux用户常常做的一个事情是，是在命令行[列出目录内容][1]。 + +我们已经知道，[ls][2]和[dir][3]是两个可用在列出目录内容的Linux命令，前者是更受欢迎的，在大多数情况下，是用户的首选。 + +我们列出目录内容，可以按照不同的标准进行排序，例如文件名，修改时间，添加时间，版本或者文件大小。 + +可以通过指定一个特别的参数来使用这些文件的属性进行排序。 + +在这个简洁的[ls命令指导][4]中，我们将看看如何通过上次修改时间 (日期和时分秒)[排序ls命令的输出结果][5] 。 + +让我们由执行一些基本的[ls命令][6]开始 + +### Linux基本ls命令 + + + +1. 不带任何参数运行ls命令将列出当前工作目录的内容。 + + + + + +``` + +$ ls + +``` + +[![List Content of Working Directory](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/List-Content-of-Working-Directory.png)][7] + + + +列出工作目录的内容 + + + +2.要列出任何目录的内容，例如 /etc 目录使用： + + + +``` + +$ ls /etc + +``` + +[![List Contents of Directory](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/List-Contents-of-Directory.png)][8] + + + + +列出工作目录/etc的内容 + + + + +3.一个目录总是包含一些隐藏的文件（至少有两个），因此，要展示目录中的所有文件，使用“-a”或“-all”标志: + + + +``` + +$ ls -a + +``` + +[![List Hidden Files in Directory](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/List-Hidden-Files-in-Directory.png)][9] + + + +列出工作目录的隐藏文件 + +4.你还可以打印输出的每一个文件的详细信息,例如文件权限，链接数， + +所有者名称和组所有者，文件大小，最后修改的时间和文件/目录名称。 + +这是由` -l `选项来设置，这意味着一个如下面的屏幕截图般的长长的列表格式 + + + +``` + +$ ls -l + +``` + +[![Long List Directory Contents](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/ls-Long-List-Format.png)][10] + + + +长列表目录内容 + +###基于日期和基于时刻排序文件 + + + + + +5. + +要在目录中列出文件并[对最后修改日期和时间进行排序][11]，在下面的命令中使用“-t”选项: + + + +``` + +$ ls -lt + +``` + +[![Sort ls Output by Date and Time](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Sort-ls-Output-by-Date-and-Time.png)][12] + + + + +按日期和时间排序ls输出内容 + + + +6. + +如果你想要一个基于日期和时间的逆向排序文件，你可以使用“-r”选项来工作，像这样： + + + + + +``` + +$ ls -ltr + +``` + +[![Sort ls Output Reverse by Date and Time](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Sort-ls-Output-Reverse-by-Date-and-Time.png)][13] + + +按日期和时间排序的逆向输出 + + + + + +我们将在这里结束，但是，有更多的使用信息和选项在[ls命令][14]， + + +因此，使它成为一个点来看看它或任何其他指南提供[每一个用户应该知道ls的命令技巧][15]或[使用排序命令][16]。 + +最后但并非最不重要的，你可以通过以下反馈部分联系我们 + + + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + + + +via: http://www.tecmint.com/sort-ls-output-by-last-modified-date-and-time + + + +作者：[Aaron Kili][a] + +译者：[zky001](https://github.com/zky001) + +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + + + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + + + +[a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/aaronkili/ + +[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/file-and-directory-management-in-linux/ + +[2]:http://www.tecmint.com/15-basic-ls-command-examples-in-linux/ + +[3]:http://www.tecmint.com/linux-dir-command-usage-with-examples/ + +[4]:http://www.tecmint.com/tag/linux-ls-command/ + +[5]:http://www.tecmint.com/sort-command-linux/ + +[6]:http://www.tecmint.com/15-basic-ls-command-examples-in-linux/ + +[7]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/List-Content-of-Working-Directory.png + +[8]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/List-Contents-of-Directory.png + +[9]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/List-Hidden-Files-in-Directory.png + +[10]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/ls-Long-List-Format.png + +[11]:http://www.tecmint.com/find-and-sort-files-modification-date-and-time-in-linux/ + +[12]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Sort-ls-Output-by-Date-and-Time.png + +[13]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Sort-ls-Output-Reverse-by-Date-and-Time.png + +[14]:http://www.tecmint.com/tag/linux-ls-command/ + +[15]:http://www.tecmint.com/linux-ls-command-tricks/ + +[16]:http://www.tecmint.com/linux-sort-command-examples/ + From 483a8dfd76427e4a8302924ebd07a248aa0a9da3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Chang Liu Date: Thu, 17 Nov 2016 23:16:41 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 085/220] Update 20161023 HOW TO SHARE STEAM GAME FILES BETWEEN LINUX AND WINDOWS.md MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 准备翻译该文。 --- ...3 HOW TO SHARE STEAM GAME FILES BETWEEN LINUX AND WINDOWS.md | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20161023 HOW TO SHARE STEAM GAME FILES BETWEEN LINUX AND WINDOWS.md b/sources/tech/20161023 HOW TO SHARE STEAM GAME FILES BETWEEN LINUX AND WINDOWS.md index 160f9eba5c..eeca953a30 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20161023 HOW TO SHARE STEAM GAME FILES BETWEEN LINUX AND WINDOWS.md +++ b/sources/tech/20161023 HOW TO SHARE STEAM GAME FILES BETWEEN LINUX AND WINDOWS.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +FSSlc translating + HOW TO SHARE STEAM GAME FILES BETWEEN LINUX AND WINDOWS ============ From 203146f9cc0493bf3e318261b9b356f96739b18c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Lv Feng Date: Thu, 17 Nov 2016 23:34:42 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 086/220] Update 20161109 How to Recover a Deleted File in Linux.md --- ...20161109 How to Recover a Deleted File in Linux.md | 11 +++++++++-- 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20161109 How to Recover a Deleted File in Linux.md b/sources/tech/20161109 How to Recover a Deleted File in Linux.md index 8e1763a147..7f127b19d4 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20161109 How to Recover a Deleted File in Linux.md +++ b/sources/tech/20161109 How to Recover a Deleted File in Linux.md @@ -7,17 +7,23 @@ Did this ever happen to you? You realized that you had mistakenly deleted a file In the first case, you can always go to the Trash, [search for the file][6], and restore it to its original location. But what about the second case? As I am sure you probably know, the Linux command line does not send removed files anywhere – it REMOVES them. Bum. They’re gone. 在第一种情况下，你可以到垃圾箱，[搜索文件][6]，然后把它重新存储到它原始的位置。但是第二种情况又该怎么办呢？我想你可能也知道，Linux 命令行不会把被删除的文件放到任何位置，而是直接把它们清除了，于是它们不再存在了。 -In this article we will share a tip that may be helpful to prevent this from happening to you, and a tool that you may consider using if at any point you are careless enough to do it anyway. +In this article we will share a tip that may be helpful to prevent this from happening to you, and a tool that you may consider using if at any point you are careless enough to do it anyway.、 +在这篇文章里，我将分享一个可能很有帮助的技巧来阻止这件事发生在你身上。同时，我也会分享一个你可能会考虑使用的工具，当你由于过分粗心而删除了某些不该删除的文件时。 ### Create an alias to ‘rm -i’ +### 为 ’rm -i‘ 创建一个别名 The `-i` switch, when used with rm (and also other [file-manipulation tools such as cp or mv][5]) causes a prompt to appear before removing a file. +当 ‘-i' 选项和 rm 命令（也包括其他[文件处理命令比如 cp 或者 mv][5]）同时使用时，在删除文件前会出现一个提示。 The same applies to [copying, moving, or renaming a file][4] in a location where one with the same name exists already. +这同样也可以运用到[复制，移动或重命名一个文件][4]，当所在位置已经存在一个和目标文件同名的文件时。 This prompt gives you a second chance to consider if you actually want to remove the file – if you confirm the prompt, it will be gone. In that case, I’m sorry but this tip will not protect you from your own carelessness. +这个提示给你第二次机会来考虑你是否真的想删除该文件 - 如果你在这个提示上选择确定，那么文件就被删除了。在那种情况下，很抱歉，这个技巧没能保护你远离粗心。 To replace rm with an alias to `'rm -i'`, do: +为了让 rm 成为 ‘rm -i’ 别名，这样做： ``` alias rm='rm -i' @@ -25,9 +31,10 @@ alias rm='rm -i' ``` The alias command will confirm that rm is now aliased: +别名命令将确定 rm 现在已经成为了别名： [ - ![Add Alias rm Command](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Add-Alias-rm-Command.png) + ![增加 rm 别名的命令](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Add-Alias-rm-Command.png) ][3] Add Alias rm Command From 35bdfc81102ed740fbf762af1cd79bfb8a0e8c13 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Markgolzh Date: Fri, 18 Nov 2016 07:04:15 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 087/220] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E4=B8=AD=20by=20zky0?= =?UTF-8?q?01?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 翻译中 by zky001 --- ...20161110 How to check if port is in use on Linux or Unix.md | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20161110 How to check if port is in use on Linux or Unix.md b/sources/tech/20161110 How to check if port is in use on Linux or Unix.md index 5c2451b9ea..b1b50578ab 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20161110 How to check if port is in use on Linux or Unix.md +++ b/sources/tech/20161110 How to check if port is in use on Linux or Unix.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +翻译中 by zky001 How to check if port is in use on Linux or Unix ============================================================ @@ -114,7 +115,7 @@ netstat -bano | findstr /R /C:"[LISTING]" via: https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/unix-linux-check-if-port-is-in-use-command/ 作者：[ VIVEK GITE][a] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +译者：[zky001](https://github.com/zky001) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From bd21e9153d1358dab45122c5beb5b8b7f3368da6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: jasminepeng Date: Fri, 18 Nov 2016 09:26:09 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 088/220] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=A0=A1=E5=AF=B9=E5=AE=8C=E6=AF=95?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 校对完毕 --- ...hy and how I became a software engineer.md | 63 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 32 insertions(+), 31 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/talk/my-open-source-story/20160429 Why and how I became a software engineer.md b/translated/talk/my-open-source-story/20160429 Why and how I became a software engineer.md index 2e024c33bf..1c84a869d8 100644 --- a/translated/talk/my-open-source-story/20160429 Why and how I became a software engineer.md +++ b/translated/talk/my-open-source-story/20160429 Why and how I became a software engineer.md @@ -1,43 +1,43 @@ -我成为一名软件工程师的原因和经历 +我成为软件工程师的原因和经历 ========================================== ![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/images/life/myopensourcestory.png?itok=6TXlAkFi) 1989 年乌干达首都，坎帕拉。 -赞美我的父母，他们机智的把我送到叔叔的办公室，去学着用电脑，而非将我留在家里添麻烦。几日后，我和另外六、七个小孩，还有一台放置在与讲台相垂直课桌子上的崭新电脑，一起置身于 21 层楼高的狭小房间中。很明显我们还不够格去碰那家伙。在长达三周无趣的 DOS 命令学习后，终于迎来了这美妙的时光。终于轮到我来输 **copy doc.txt d:** 了。 +我明智的父母决定与其将我留在家里添麻烦，不如把我送到叔叔的办公室学学电脑。几天后，我和另外六、七个小孩，还有一台放置在课桌上的崭新电脑，一起置身于 21 层楼的一间狭小房屋中。很明显我们还不够格去碰那家伙。在长达三周无趣的 DOS 命令学习后，美好时光来到，终于轮到我来输 **copy doc.txt d:** 啦。 -那奇怪的声音其实是将一个简单文件写入五英寸软盘的声音，但听起来却像音乐般美妙。那段时间，这块软盘简直成为了我的至宝。我把所有我可以拷贝的东西都放在上面了。然而，1989 年的乌干达，人们的生活十分正经，相较而言捣鼓电脑，拷贝文件还有格式化磁盘就称不上正经。我不得不专注于自己的学业，这让我离开了计算机科学走入了建筑工程学。 +那将文件写入五英寸软盘的奇怪的声音，听起来却像音乐般美妙。那段时间，这块软盘简直成为了我的至宝。我把所有可以拷贝的东西都放在上面了。然而，1989 年的乌干达，人们的生活十分“正统”，相比较而言，捣鼓电脑，拷贝文件还有格式化磁盘就称不上“正统”。于是我不得不专注于自己接受的教育，远离计算机科学，走入建筑工程学。 -在这些年里，我和同龄人一样，干过很多份工作也学到了许多技能。我教过幼儿园的小朋友，也教过大人如何使用软件，在服装店工作过，还在教堂中担任过付费招待。在我获取堪萨斯大学的学位时，我正在技术高管的手下做技术助理，其实也就听上去比较洋气，也就是搞搞学生数据库而已。 +之后几年里，我和同龄人一样，干过很多份工作也学到了许多技能。我教过幼儿园的小朋友，也教过大人如何使用软件，在服装店工作过，还在教堂中担任过引座员。在我获取堪萨斯大学的学位时，我正在技术管理员的手下做技术助理，听上去比较神气，其实也就是搞搞学生数据库而已。 -当我 2007 年毕业时，这些技术已经变得不可或缺。建筑工程学的方方面面都与计算机科学深深的交织在一起，所以我们也都在不经意间也都学了些简单的编程知识。我对于这方面一直很着迷。但由于我不得不成为一位正经的工程师，所以我发展了一项私人爱好：写科幻小说。 +当我 2007 年毕业时，计算机技术已经变得不可或缺。建筑工程学的方方面面都与计算机科学深深的交织在一起，所以我们不经意间学了些简单的编程知识。我对于这方面一直很着迷，但我不得不成为一位“正统”的工程师，由此我发展了一项秘密的私人爱好：写科幻小说。 -在我的故事中，我以我笔下的女英雄的形式存在。她们都是编程能力出众的科学家，总是在冒险的途中用自己的技术发明战胜那些渣渣们，有时发明要在战斗中进行。我想出的这些“新技术”，一般基于真实世界中的发明。也有些是从买来的科幻小说中读到的。这就意味着我需要了解这些技术的原理，而且我的研究使我有意无意的关注了许多有趣的 subreddit 和电子杂志 +在我的故事中，我以我笔下的女主角的形式存在。她们都是编程能力出众的科学家，总是卷入冒险，并用自己的技术发明战胜那些渣渣们，有时甚至要在现场发明新方法。我提到的这些“新技术”，有的是基于真实世界中的发明，也有些是从科幻小说中读到的。这就意味着我需要了解这些技术的原理，而且我的研究使我关注了许多有趣的订阅号和电子杂志。 ### 开源：巨大的宝库 -在我的经历中，那几周花在 DOS 命令上的时间仍然记忆犹新，在一些偏门的项目上耗费心血，并占据了宝贵的学习时间。Geocities 一向所有 Yahoo! 用户开放，我就创建了一个网站，用于发布一些由我用小型数码相机拍摄的个人图片。这个网站是我随性而为的，用来帮助家人和朋友，解决一些他们所遇到的电脑问题。同时也为教堂搭建了一个图书馆数据库。 +那几周在 DOS 命令上花费的经历对我影响巨大，我在一些非专业的项目上耗费心血，并占据了宝贵的学习时间。Geocities 刚向所有 Yahoo! 用户开放时，我就创建了一个网站，用于发布一些用小型数码相机拍摄的个人图片。我建立多个免费网站，帮助家人和朋友解决一些他们所遇到的电脑问题，还为教堂搭建了一个图书馆数据库。 -这意味着，我需要一直研究并尝试获取更多的信息，使它们变得更棒。上帝保佑，让互联网和开源砸在了我的面前。然后，30 天试用和 license 限制对我而言就变成了过去式。我可以完全不受这些限制，持续的使用 GIMP、Inkscape 和 OpenOffice。 +这意味着，我需要一直研究并尝试获取更多的信息，使它们变得更棒。互联网上帝保佑我，让开源进入我的视野。突然之间，30 天试用期和 license 限制对我而言就变成了过去式。我可以完全不受这些限制，继续使用 GIMP、Inkscape 和 OpenOffice。 -### 是时候正经了 +### 是正经做些事情的时候了 -我很幸运，有商业伙伴看出了我故事中的奇妙。她也是个想象力丰富的人，对更高效、更便捷的互联这个世界，充满了各种美好的想法。我们根据我们以往成功道路中经历的痛点制定了解决方案，但执行却成了一个问题。我们都缺乏那种将产品带入生活的能力，每当我们试图将想法带到投资人面前时，都表现的尤为突出。 +我很幸运，有商业伙伴喜欢我的经历。她也是个想象力丰富的人，期待更高效、更便捷的互联世界。我们根据我们以往成功道路中经历的弱点制定了解决方案，但执行却成了一个问题。我们都缺乏给产品带来活力的能力，每当我们试图将想法带到投资人面前时，这表现的尤为突出。 -我们需要学习编程。所以在 2015 年的夏末，我们踏上了征途，来到了 Holberton 学校的阶前。那是一所座落于旧金山由社区推进，基于项目教学的学校。 +我们需要学习编程。于是 2015 年夏末，我们来到 Holberton 学校。那是一所座落于旧金山，由社区推进，基于项目教学的学校。 -我的商业伙伴一天早上找到我，并开始了一段充满她方式的对话，每当她有疯狂想法想要拉我入伙时。 +一天早晨我的商业伙伴来找我，以她独有的方式（每当她有疯狂想法想要拉我入伙时），进行一场对话。 -**Zee**: Gloria，我想和你说点事，在拒绝前能先听我说完吗？ +**Zee**: Gloria，我想和你说点事，在你说“不”前能先听我说完吗？ **Me**: 不行。 -**Zee**: 我们想要申请一所学校的全栈工程师。 +**Zee**: 为做全栈工程师，咱们申请上一所学校吧。 **Me**: 什么？ -**Zee**: 就是这，看！就是这所学校，我们要申请这所学校学习编程。 +**Zee**: 就是这，看！就是这所学校，我们要申请这所学校来学习编程。 **Me**: 我不明白。我们不是正在网上学 Python 和… @@ -45,39 +45,40 @@ **Me**: 那… -**Zee**: 还不相信吗？ +**Zee**: 这就是不信任我了。 -**Me**: 好吧…我看看。 +**Me**: 好吧 … 给我看看。 ### 抛开偏见 -我看到的和我们在网上听说的几乎差不多。这简直太棒了，以至于让人觉得不太真实，但我们还是决定尝试一下，双脚起跳，看看结果如何。 +我读到的和我们在网上看的的似乎很相似。这简直太棒了，以至于让人觉得不太真实，但我们还是决定尝试一下，全力以赴，看看结果如何。 -要成为学生，我们需要经历四个步骤，仅仅是针对才能和态度，无关学历和编程经历的筛选。筛选便是课程的开始，通过它我们开始学习与合作。 +要成为学生，我们需要经历四步选择，不过选择的依据仅仅是天赋和动机，而不是学历和编程经历。筛选便是课程的开始，通过它我们开始学习与合作。 -根据我和我合作伙伴的经验，相比 Holberton 学校的申请流程，其他的申请流程实在是太无聊了。就像场游戏。如果你完成了一项挑战，你就能通往下一关，在那里有别的有趣的挑战正等着你。我们创建了 Twitter 账号，在 Medium 上写博客，为了创建网站而学习 HTML 和 CSS， 打造了一个充满活力的社区，虽然在此之前我们并不知晓有谁会来。 +根据我和我伙伴的经验， Holberton 学校的申请流程比其他的申请流程有趣太多了，就像场游戏。如果你完成了一项挑战，就能通往下一关，在那里有别的有趣的挑战正等着你。我们创建了 Twitter 账号，在 Medium 上写博客，为创建网站而学习 HTML 和 CSS， 打造了一个充满活力的在线社区，虽然在此之前我们并不知晓有谁会来。 -在线社区最吸引人的就是我们使用电脑的经验是多种多样的，而我们的背景和性别并非创始人（我们私下里称他为“The Trinity（三位一体）”）做出选择的因素。大家只是喜欢聚在一块交流。我们都是通过学习编程来提升自己计算机技术的聪明人。 +在线社区最吸引人的就是大家有多种多样的使用电脑的经验，而背景和性别不是社区创始人（我们私下里称他们为“The Trinity”）做出选择的因素。大家只是喜欢聚在一块儿交流。我们都行进在通过学习编程来提升自己计算机技术的旅途上。 -相较于其他的的申请流程，我们不需要泄露很多的身份信息。就像我的商业伙伴，她的名字里看不出她的性别和种族。直到最后一个步骤，在视频聊天的时候， The Trinity 才知道她是一位有色人种女性。迄今为止，促使她达到这个程度的只是她的热情和才华。肤色和性别，并没有妨碍或者帮助到她。还有比这更酷的吗？ +相较于其他的的申请流程，我们不需要泄露很多的身份信息。就像我的伙伴，她的名字里看不出她的性别和种族。直到最后一个步骤，在视频聊天的时候， The Trinity 才知道她是一位有色人种女性。迄今为止，促使她达到这个级别的只是她的热情和才华。肤色和性别并没有妨碍或者帮助到她。还有比这更酷的吗？ -那个我们获得录取通知书的晚上，我们知道我们的命运已经改变，我们获得了原先梦寐以求的生活。2016 年 1 月 22 日，我们来到北至巴特瑞大街 98 号，去见我们的小伙伴 [Hippokampoiers][2]，这是我们的初次见面。很明显，在见面之前，“The Trinity”就已经开始做一些令人激动的事了。他们已经聚集了一批形形色色的人，他们都专注于成为全栈工程师，并为之乐此不疲。 +获得录取通知书的晚上，我们知道生活将向我们的梦想转变。2016 年 1 月 22 日，我们来到巴特瑞大街 98 号，去见我们的同学们 [Hippokampoiers][2]，这是我们的初次见面。很明显，在见面之前，“The Trinity”已经做了很多工作，聚集了一批形形色色的人，他们充满激情与热情，致力于成长为全栈工程师。 -这所大学有种与众不同的体验。感觉每天都是向编程的一次竭力的冲锋。我们着手的工程，并不会有很多指导，我们需要使用一切我们可以使用的资源找出解决方案。[Holberton 学校][1] 的办学宗旨便是向学员提供，相较于我们已知而言，更为多样的信息渠道。MOOCs（大型开放式课程）、教程、可用的开源软件和项目，以及线上社区层出不穷，将我们完成项目所需要的知识全都衔接了起来。加之宝贵的导师团队来指导我们制定解决方案，这所学校变得并不仅仅是一所学校；我们已经成为了求学者的社区。任何对软件工程感兴趣并对这种学习方法感兴趣的人，我都十分推荐这所学校。下次开课在 2016 年 10 月，并且会接受新的申请。虽然会让人有些悲喜交加，但是那真的很值得。 +这所学校有种与众不同的体验。每天都是向某一方面编程的一次竭力的冲锋。交给我们的工程，并不会有很多指导，我们需要使用一切可以使用的资源找出解决方案。[Holberton 学校][1] 认为信息来源相较于以前已经大大丰富了。MOOCs（大型开放式课程）、教程、可用的开源软件和项目，以及线上社区等等，为我们完成项目提供了足够的知识。加之宝贵的导师团队来指导我们制定解决方案，这所学校变得并不仅仅是一所学校；我们已经成为了求学者的团体。任何对软件工程感兴趣并对这种学习方法感兴趣的人，我都强烈推荐这所学校。在这里的经历会让人有些悲喜交加，但是绝对值得。 ### 开源问题 -我最早使用的开源系统是 [Fedora][3]，一个 [Red Hat][4] 赞助的项目。在与 IRC 中一名成员一番惊慌失措的交流后，她推荐了这款免费的系统。 虽然在此之前，我还未独自安装过操作系统，但是这激起了我对开源的兴趣和日常使用计算机时对开源软件的依赖性。我们提倡为开源贡献代码，创造并使用开源的项目。我们的项目就在 Github 上，任何人都可以使用或是向它贡献出自己的力量。我们也会使用或以自己的方式为一些既存的开源项目做出贡献。在学校里，我们使用的大部分工具是开源的，例如 Fedora、[Vagrant][5]、[VirtualBox][6]、[GCC][7] 和 [Discourse][8]，仅举几例。 +我最早使用的开源系统是 [Fedora][3]，一个 [Red Hat][4] 赞助的项目。与 一名IRC 成员交流时，她推荐了这款免费的操作系统。 虽然在此之前，我还未独自安装过操作系统，但是这激起了我对开源的兴趣和日常使用计算机时对开源软件的依赖性。我们提倡为开源贡献代码，创造并使用开源的项目。我们的项目就在 Github 上，任何人都可以使用或是向它贡献出自己的力量。我们也会使用或以自己的方式为一些既存的开源项目做出贡献。在学校里，我们使用的大部分工具是开源的，例如 Fedora、[Vagrant][5]、[VirtualBox][6]、[GCC][7] 和 [Discourse][8]，仅举几例。 -重回软件工程师之路以后，我始终憧憬着有这样一个时刻——能为开源社区做出一份贡献，能与他人分享我所掌握的知识。 +在向软件工程师行进的路上，我始终憧憬着有朝一日能为开源社区做出一份贡献，能与他人分享我所掌握的知识。 -### Diversity Matters -站在教室里，在着 29 双明亮的眼睛关注下交流心得，真是令人陶醉。学员中有 40% 是女性，有 44% 的有色人种。当你是一位有色人种且为女性，并身处于这个以缺乏多样而著名的领域时，这些数字就变得非常重要了。那是高科技圣地麦加上的绿洲。我知道我做到了。 +### 多样性问题 -想要成为一个全栈的工程师是十分困难的，你甚至很难了解这意味着什么。这是一条充满挑战的路途，道路四周布满了对收获的未知。科技推动着未来飞速发展，而你也是美好未来很重要的一部分。虽然媒体在持续的关注解决科技公司的多样化的问题，但是如果能认清自己，了解自己，知道自己为什么想成为一名全栈工程师，这样你便能觅得一处生根发芽。 +站在教室里，和 29 位求学者交流心得，真是令人陶醉。学员中 40% 是女性， 44% 是有色人种。当你是一位有色人种且为女性，并身处于这个以缺乏多样性而著名的领域时，这些数字就变得非常重要了。这是高科技圣地麦加上的绿洲，我到达了。 -不过可能最重要的是，提醒人们女性在计算机的发展史上扮演着多么重要的角色，以帮助更多的女性回归到科技界，并使她们充满期待，而非对自己的性别与能力感到犹豫。她们的才能将会描绘出不仅仅是科技的未来，而是整个世界的未来。 +想要成为一个全栈工程师是十分困难的，你甚至很难了解这意味着什么。这是一条充满挑战但又有丰富回报的旅途。科技推动着未来飞速发展，而你也是美好未来很重要的一部分。虽然媒体在持续的关注解决科技公司的多样化的问题，但是如果能认清自己，清楚自己的背景，知道自己为什么想成为一名全栈工程师，你便能在某一方面迅速成长。 + +不过可能最重要的是，告诉大家，女性在计算机的发展史上扮演过多么重要的角色，以帮助更多的女性回归到科技界，而且在给予就业机会时，不会因性别等因素而感到犹豫。女性的才能将会共同影响科技的未来，以及整个世界的未来。 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ @@ -86,7 +87,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/life/16/4/my-open-source-story-gloria-bwandungi 作者：[Gloria Bwandungi][a] 译者：[martin2011qi](https://github.com/martin2011qi) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[jasminepeng](https://github.com/jasminepeng) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 91a2ed0e7136cba2d4c6a82f2b093172af08bda8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?=E7=8E=8B=E5=BF=97=E5=9D=A4?= Date: Thu, 17 Nov 2016 20:32:13 -0500 Subject: [PATCH 089/220] translation complete --- ...You Consider Riding in a Driverless Car.md | 33 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 15 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/talk/20161027 Would You Consider Riding in a Driverless Car.md b/sources/talk/20161027 Would You Consider Riding in a Driverless Car.md index 9204dbcd5a..5587718355 100644 --- a/sources/talk/20161027 Would You Consider Riding in a Driverless Car.md +++ b/sources/talk/20161027 Would You Consider Riding in a Driverless Car.md @@ -1,35 +1,32 @@ -willcoderwang translating +# 你会考虑乘坐无人驾驶汽车吗？ -# Would You Consider Riding in a Driverless Car? +![](https://maketecheasier-2d0f.kxcdn.com/assets/uploads/2016/10/Writers-Opinion-Driverless-Car-Featured.jpg "你会考虑乘坐无人驾驶汽车吗？") -![](https://maketecheasier-2d0f.kxcdn.com/assets/uploads/2016/10/Writers-Opinion-Driverless-Car-Featured.jpg "Would You Consider Riding in a Driverless Car?s") +技术经历了重大运动。最近我们遇到的是如苹果手表及克隆，FitBits， 谷歌眼镜等可穿戴设备。看起来下一个就是人们研究了很长时间的无人驾驶汽车了。 -Technology goes through major movements. The last one we entered into was the wearables phase with the Apple Watch and clones, FitBits, and Google Glass. It seems like the next phase they’ve been working on for quite a while is the driverless car. +这些汽车，有时叫做自动汽车，自动驾驶汽车，或机器人汽车，确实可以依靠技术自己驾驶。它们能探测周边环境，如障碍物和标志，并使用 GPS 找到自己的路线。但是它们驾驶起来安全吗？我们请教我们的技术编辑，“你会考虑乘坐无人驾驶汽车吗？ +### 我们的观点 -These cars, sometimes called autonomous cars, self-driving cars, or robotic cars, would literally drive themselves thanks to technology. They detect their surroundings, such as obstacles and signs, and use GPS to find their way. But would they be safe to drive in? We asked our technology-minded writers, “Would you consider riding in a driverless car? +**Derrik** 说他会乘坐无人驾驶汽车，因为 “_技术就在那里，而且很多聪明的人研究了很长时间。_” 他承认它们还是有些问题，但他相信很多事故的发生是因为人的参与。但是如果不考虑人，他认为乘坐无人驾驶汽车“_难以置信地安全_。” -### Our Opinion +对 **Phil**来说，这些汽车让他“发毛”，但他也承认这是他想象出的，因为他从没乘坐过。他同意 Derrik 这些技术是高度发达的观点，也知道它的原理，但仍然认为“_ 做为勒德主义者，很难接受_” 他甚至坦白说很少使用巡航定速。他认为依赖它太多的司机会让他感到不安全。 -**Derrik** reports that he would ride in a driver-less car because “_the technology is there and a lot of smart people have been working on it for a long time._” He admits there are issues with them, but for the most part he believes a lot of the accidents happen when a human does get involved. But if you take humans out of the equation, he thinks riding in a driverless car “_would be incredibly safe_.” +![writers-opinion-driverless-car](https://maketecheasier-2d0f.kxcdn.com/assets/uploads/2016/10/Writers-Opinion-Driverless-Car.jpg "编辑对无人驾驶汽车的观点") -For **Phil**, these cars give him “the willies,” yet he admits that’s only in the abstract as he’s never ridden in one. He agrees with Derrik that the tech is well developed and knows how it works, but then sees himself as “a_ tough sell being a bit of a luddite at heart._” He admits to even rarely using cruise control. Yet he agrees that a driver relying on it too much would be what would make him feel unsafe. +**Robert** 认为“_这个概念确实有点怪，_”但原则上他看不到汽车不向那个方向发展的理由。 他指出飞机已经走了那条路，而且变得更加安全， 他认为事故发生的主因是“_人们过于依赖科技，而当科技出现故障时不知所措而产生的错误。_” -![writers-opinion-driverless-car](https://maketecheasier-2d0f.kxcdn.com/assets/uploads/2016/10/Writers-Opinion-Driverless-Car.jpg "writers-opinion-driverless-car") +他是一个“焦虑乘客”， 更喜欢控制整个局面， 即对他来说就是他的车子在向哪里开。如果是以低速在城市中驾驶他感觉还好，但如果是在“宽不够两辆车交叉通过的绕来绕去的英国乡村道路”上，则决不可以。他和 Phil 都认为英国道路与美国不同。他建议让别人去做小白鼠， 等到确定安全了再乘坐。 -**Robert** agrees that “_the concept is a little freaky,_” but in principle he doesn’t see why cars shouldn’t go in that direction. He notes that planes have gone that route and become much safer, and he believes the accidents we see are mainly “_caused by human error due to over-relying on the technology then not knowing what to do when it fails._” +对 **Mahesh**来说， 他绝对会乘坐无人驾驶汽车，因为他知道这些汽车公司“ 拥有安全技术，决不会让他们的顾客去冒险。 ” 他承认安全与否还与车辆行驶的道路有关。 -He’s a bit of an “anxious passenger” as it is, preferring to have control over the situation, so for him much of it would have to do with where he car is being driven. He’d be okay with it if it was driving in the city at slow speeds but definitely not on “motorways of weaving English country roads with barely enough room for two cars to drive past each other.” He and Phil both see English roads as much different than American ones. He suggests letting others be the guinea pigs and joining in after it’s known to be safe. +我的观点有些像这些观点的折中。虽然平时我会投入到新科技中，但要拿生命去冒险，我不会那么做。我承认这些汽车发展了很久，所以很安全。而且诚恳地说，路上有很多司机比无人驾驶汽车还要危险很多。但像 Robert 一样，我想我会让其他人去做小白鼠，等到它更普遍了再去乘坐。 -For **Mahesh**, he would definitely ride in a driverless car, as he knows that the companies with these cars “_have robust technology and would never put their customers at risk._” He agrees that it depends on the roads that the cars are being driven on. +### 你的观点 -My opinion kind of floats in the middle of all the others. While I’m normally one to jump readily into new technology, putting my life at risk makes it different. I agree that the cars have been in development so long they’re bound to be safe. And frankly there are many drivers on the road that are much more dangerous than driverless cars. But like Robert, I think I’ll let others be the guinea pigs and will welcome the technology once it becomes a bit more commonplace. +在这个问题上，你的观点是什么呢？ 你会信任新生的科学技术？ 还是乘坐无人驾驶汽车时会紧张到不行？ 你会考虑乘坐无人驾驶汽车吗？ 在下面的评论里加入讨论吧。 -### Your Opinion - -Where do you sit with this issue? Do you trust this emerging technology? Or would you be a nervous nelly in one of these cars? Would you consider driving in a driverless car? Jump into the discussion below in the comments. - -Image Credit: [Steve Jurvetson][4] and [Steve Jurvetson at Wikimedia Commons][3] +图片来自: [Steve Jurvetson][4] 和 [Steve Jurvetson at Wikimedia Commons][3] -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- From 5efecac6d9884bbab01ddfcc48303368f01bfc15 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?=E7=8E=8B=E5=BF=97=E5=9D=A4?= Date: Thu, 17 Nov 2016 20:47:37 -0500 Subject: [PATCH 090/220] checked --- ...27 Would You Consider Riding in a Driverless Car.md | 10 +++++----- 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/talk/20161027 Would You Consider Riding in a Driverless Car.md b/sources/talk/20161027 Would You Consider Riding in a Driverless Car.md index 5587718355..61fac29fa7 100644 --- a/sources/talk/20161027 Would You Consider Riding in a Driverless Car.md +++ b/sources/talk/20161027 Would You Consider Riding in a Driverless Car.md @@ -2,29 +2,29 @@ ![](https://maketecheasier-2d0f.kxcdn.com/assets/uploads/2016/10/Writers-Opinion-Driverless-Car-Featured.jpg "你会考虑乘坐无人驾驶汽车吗？") -技术经历了重大运动。最近我们遇到的是如苹果手表及克隆，FitBits， 谷歌眼镜等可穿戴设备。看起来下一个就是人们研究了很长时间的无人驾驶汽车了。 +技术经历了多次重大运动。最近我们经历的是如苹果手表及克隆，FitBits， 谷歌眼镜等可穿戴设备。看起来下一个就是人们研究了很长时间的无人驾驶汽车了。 这些汽车，有时叫做自动汽车，自动驾驶汽车，或机器人汽车，确实可以依靠技术自己驾驶。它们能探测周边环境，如障碍物和标志，并使用 GPS 找到自己的路线。但是它们驾驶起来安全吗？我们请教我们的技术编辑，“你会考虑乘坐无人驾驶汽车吗？ ### 我们的观点 -**Derrik** 说他会乘坐无人驾驶汽车，因为 “_技术就在那里，而且很多聪明的人研究了很长时间。_” 他承认它们还是有些问题，但他相信很多事故的发生是因为人的参与。但是如果不考虑人，他认为乘坐无人驾驶汽车“_难以置信地安全_。” +**Derrik** 说他会乘坐无人驾驶汽车，因为 “_技术就在那里，而且是很多聪明能干的人研究了很长时间。_” 他承认它们还是有些问题，但他相信很多事故的发生是因为有人的参与。如果不考虑人，他认为乘坐无人驾驶汽车会“_难以置信的安全_。” 对 **Phil**来说，这些汽车让他“发毛”，但他也承认这是他想象出的，因为他从没乘坐过。他同意 Derrik 这些技术是高度发达的观点，也知道它的原理，但仍然认为“_ 做为勒德主义者，很难接受_” 他甚至坦白说很少使用巡航定速。他认为依赖它太多的司机会让他感到不安全。 ![writers-opinion-driverless-car](https://maketecheasier-2d0f.kxcdn.com/assets/uploads/2016/10/Writers-Opinion-Driverless-Car.jpg "编辑对无人驾驶汽车的观点") -**Robert** 认为“_这个概念确实有点怪，_”但原则上他看不到汽车不向那个方向发展的理由。 他指出飞机已经走了那条路，而且变得更加安全， 他认为事故发生的主因是“_人们过于依赖科技，而当科技出现故障时不知所措而产生的错误。_” +**Robert** 认为“_这个概念确实有点怪，_”但原则上他看不到汽车不向那个方向发展的理由。 他指出飞机已经走了那条路，而且变得更加安全， 他认为事故发生的主因是“_人们过于依赖科技，而当科技出现故障时因不知所措而产生的错误。_” 他是一个“焦虑乘客”， 更喜欢控制整个局面， 即对他来说就是他的车子在向哪里开。如果是以低速在城市中驾驶他感觉还好，但如果是在“宽不够两辆车交叉通过的绕来绕去的英国乡村道路”上，则决不可以。他和 Phil 都认为英国道路与美国不同。他建议让别人去做小白鼠， 等到确定安全了再乘坐。 对 **Mahesh**来说， 他绝对会乘坐无人驾驶汽车，因为他知道这些汽车公司“ 拥有安全技术，决不会让他们的顾客去冒险。 ” 他承认安全与否还与车辆行驶的道路有关。 -我的观点有些像这些观点的折中。虽然平时我会投入到新科技中，但要拿生命去冒险，我不会那么做。我承认这些汽车发展了很久，所以很安全。而且诚恳地说，路上有很多司机比无人驾驶汽车还要危险很多。但像 Robert 一样，我想我会让其他人去做小白鼠，等到它更普遍了再去乘坐。 +我的观点有些像这些观点的折中。虽然平时我会快速地投入到新科技中，但如果要拿生命去冒险，我不会那么做。我承认这些汽车发展了很久，所以很安全。而且诚恳地说，路上有很多司机比无人驾驶汽车还要危险得多。但像 Robert 一样，我想我会让其他人去做小白鼠，等到它更普遍了再去乘坐。 ### 你的观点 -在这个问题上，你的观点是什么呢？ 你会信任新生的科学技术？ 还是乘坐无人驾驶汽车时会紧张到不行？ 你会考虑乘坐无人驾驶汽车吗？ 在下面的评论里加入讨论吧。 +在这个问题上，你的观点是什么呢？ 你会信任新生的科学技术呢，还是乘坐无人驾驶汽车时会紧张到不行？ 你会考虑乘坐无人驾驶汽车吗？ 在下面的评论里加入讨论吧。 图片来自: [Steve Jurvetson][4] 和 [Steve Jurvetson at Wikimedia Commons][3] From 2bd8b66bb1ddaef86263f0c747cf91614c4e5b14 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?=E7=8E=8B=E5=BF=97=E5=9D=A4?= Date: Thu, 17 Nov 2016 20:50:25 -0500 Subject: [PATCH 091/220] move file to translated directory --- ...You Consider Riding in a Driverless Car.md | 54 ------------------- 1 file changed, 54 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/talk/20161027 Would You Consider Riding in a Driverless Car.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20161027 Would You Consider Riding in a Driverless Car.md b/sources/talk/20161027 Would You Consider Riding in a Driverless Car.md deleted file mode 100644 index 61fac29fa7..0000000000 --- a/sources/talk/20161027 Would You Consider Riding in a Driverless Car.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,54 +0,0 @@ -# 你会考虑乘坐无人驾驶汽车吗？ - -![](https://maketecheasier-2d0f.kxcdn.com/assets/uploads/2016/10/Writers-Opinion-Driverless-Car-Featured.jpg "你会考虑乘坐无人驾驶汽车吗？") - -技术经历了多次重大运动。最近我们经历的是如苹果手表及克隆，FitBits， 谷歌眼镜等可穿戴设备。看起来下一个就是人们研究了很长时间的无人驾驶汽车了。 - -这些汽车，有时叫做自动汽车，自动驾驶汽车，或机器人汽车，确实可以依靠技术自己驾驶。它们能探测周边环境，如障碍物和标志，并使用 GPS 找到自己的路线。但是它们驾驶起来安全吗？我们请教我们的技术编辑，“你会考虑乘坐无人驾驶汽车吗？ - -### 我们的观点 - -**Derrik** 说他会乘坐无人驾驶汽车，因为 “_技术就在那里，而且是很多聪明能干的人研究了很长时间。_” 他承认它们还是有些问题，但他相信很多事故的发生是因为有人的参与。如果不考虑人，他认为乘坐无人驾驶汽车会“_难以置信的安全_。” - -对 **Phil**来说，这些汽车让他“发毛”，但他也承认这是他想象出的，因为他从没乘坐过。他同意 Derrik 这些技术是高度发达的观点，也知道它的原理，但仍然认为“_ 做为勒德主义者，很难接受_” 他甚至坦白说很少使用巡航定速。他认为依赖它太多的司机会让他感到不安全。 - -![writers-opinion-driverless-car](https://maketecheasier-2d0f.kxcdn.com/assets/uploads/2016/10/Writers-Opinion-Driverless-Car.jpg "编辑对无人驾驶汽车的观点") - -**Robert** 认为“_这个概念确实有点怪，_”但原则上他看不到汽车不向那个方向发展的理由。 他指出飞机已经走了那条路，而且变得更加安全， 他认为事故发生的主因是“_人们过于依赖科技，而当科技出现故障时因不知所措而产生的错误。_” - -他是一个“焦虑乘客”， 更喜欢控制整个局面， 即对他来说就是他的车子在向哪里开。如果是以低速在城市中驾驶他感觉还好，但如果是在“宽不够两辆车交叉通过的绕来绕去的英国乡村道路”上，则决不可以。他和 Phil 都认为英国道路与美国不同。他建议让别人去做小白鼠， 等到确定安全了再乘坐。 - -对 **Mahesh**来说， 他绝对会乘坐无人驾驶汽车，因为他知道这些汽车公司“ 拥有安全技术，决不会让他们的顾客去冒险。 ” 他承认安全与否还与车辆行驶的道路有关。 - -我的观点有些像这些观点的折中。虽然平时我会快速地投入到新科技中，但如果要拿生命去冒险，我不会那么做。我承认这些汽车发展了很久，所以很安全。而且诚恳地说，路上有很多司机比无人驾驶汽车还要危险得多。但像 Robert 一样，我想我会让其他人去做小白鼠，等到它更普遍了再去乘坐。 - -### 你的观点 - -在这个问题上，你的观点是什么呢？ 你会信任新生的科学技术呢，还是乘坐无人驾驶汽车时会紧张到不行？ 你会考虑乘坐无人驾驶汽车吗？ 在下面的评论里加入讨论吧。 - -图片来自: [Steve Jurvetson][4] 和 [Steve Jurvetson at Wikimedia Commons][3] - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.maketecheasier.com/riding-driverless-car/?utm_medium=feed&utm_source=feedpress.me&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+maketecheasier - -作者：[Laura Tucker][a] - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) - -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://www.maketecheasier.com/author/lauratucker/ -[1]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/riding-driverless-car/#comments -[2]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/author/lauratucker/ -[3]:https://commons.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Inside_the_Google_RoboCar_today_with_PlanetLabs.jpg -[4]:https://commons.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jurvetson_Google_driverless_car_trimmed.jpg -[5]:https://support.google.com/adsense/troubleshooter/1631343 -[6]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/best-wordpress-video-plugins/ -[7]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/hidden-google-games/ -[8]:mailto:?subject=Would%20You%20Consider%20Riding%20in%20a%20Driverless%20Car?&body=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.maketecheasier.com%2Friding-driverless-car%2F -[9]:http://twitter.com/share?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.maketecheasier.com%2Friding-driverless-car%2F&text=Would+You+Consider+Riding+in+a+Driverless+Car%3F -[10]:http://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.maketecheasier.com%2Friding-driverless-car%2F -[11]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/category/opinion/ From 2f53126d4b2ff89bb65f8d60fd5ea20e06284d6a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?=E7=8E=8B=E5=BF=97=E5=9D=A4?= Date: Thu, 17 Nov 2016 20:53:32 -0500 Subject: [PATCH 092/220] move to translated/talk --- ...You Consider Riding in a Driverless Car.md | 54 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 54 insertions(+) create mode 100644 translated/talk/20161027 Would You Consider Riding in a Driverless Car.md diff --git a/translated/talk/20161027 Would You Consider Riding in a Driverless Car.md b/translated/talk/20161027 Would You Consider Riding in a Driverless Car.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..61fac29fa7 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/talk/20161027 Would You Consider Riding in a Driverless Car.md @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +# 你会考虑乘坐无人驾驶汽车吗？ + +![](https://maketecheasier-2d0f.kxcdn.com/assets/uploads/2016/10/Writers-Opinion-Driverless-Car-Featured.jpg "你会考虑乘坐无人驾驶汽车吗？") + +技术经历了多次重大运动。最近我们经历的是如苹果手表及克隆，FitBits， 谷歌眼镜等可穿戴设备。看起来下一个就是人们研究了很长时间的无人驾驶汽车了。 + +这些汽车，有时叫做自动汽车，自动驾驶汽车，或机器人汽车，确实可以依靠技术自己驾驶。它们能探测周边环境，如障碍物和标志，并使用 GPS 找到自己的路线。但是它们驾驶起来安全吗？我们请教我们的技术编辑，“你会考虑乘坐无人驾驶汽车吗？ + +### 我们的观点 + +**Derrik** 说他会乘坐无人驾驶汽车，因为 “_技术就在那里，而且是很多聪明能干的人研究了很长时间。_” 他承认它们还是有些问题，但他相信很多事故的发生是因为有人的参与。如果不考虑人，他认为乘坐无人驾驶汽车会“_难以置信的安全_。” + +对 **Phil**来说，这些汽车让他“发毛”，但他也承认这是他想象出的，因为他从没乘坐过。他同意 Derrik 这些技术是高度发达的观点，也知道它的原理，但仍然认为“_ 做为勒德主义者，很难接受_” 他甚至坦白说很少使用巡航定速。他认为依赖它太多的司机会让他感到不安全。 + +![writers-opinion-driverless-car](https://maketecheasier-2d0f.kxcdn.com/assets/uploads/2016/10/Writers-Opinion-Driverless-Car.jpg "编辑对无人驾驶汽车的观点") + +**Robert** 认为“_这个概念确实有点怪，_”但原则上他看不到汽车不向那个方向发展的理由。 他指出飞机已经走了那条路，而且变得更加安全， 他认为事故发生的主因是“_人们过于依赖科技，而当科技出现故障时因不知所措而产生的错误。_” + +他是一个“焦虑乘客”， 更喜欢控制整个局面， 即对他来说就是他的车子在向哪里开。如果是以低速在城市中驾驶他感觉还好，但如果是在“宽不够两辆车交叉通过的绕来绕去的英国乡村道路”上，则决不可以。他和 Phil 都认为英国道路与美国不同。他建议让别人去做小白鼠， 等到确定安全了再乘坐。 + +对 **Mahesh**来说， 他绝对会乘坐无人驾驶汽车，因为他知道这些汽车公司“ 拥有安全技术，决不会让他们的顾客去冒险。 ” 他承认安全与否还与车辆行驶的道路有关。 + +我的观点有些像这些观点的折中。虽然平时我会快速地投入到新科技中，但如果要拿生命去冒险，我不会那么做。我承认这些汽车发展了很久，所以很安全。而且诚恳地说，路上有很多司机比无人驾驶汽车还要危险得多。但像 Robert 一样，我想我会让其他人去做小白鼠，等到它更普遍了再去乘坐。 + +### 你的观点 + +在这个问题上，你的观点是什么呢？ 你会信任新生的科学技术呢，还是乘坐无人驾驶汽车时会紧张到不行？ 你会考虑乘坐无人驾驶汽车吗？ 在下面的评论里加入讨论吧。 + +图片来自: [Steve Jurvetson][4] 和 [Steve Jurvetson at Wikimedia Commons][3] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.maketecheasier.com/riding-driverless-car/?utm_medium=feed&utm_source=feedpress.me&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+maketecheasier + +作者：[Laura Tucker][a] + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) + +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.maketecheasier.com/author/lauratucker/ +[1]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/riding-driverless-car/#comments +[2]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/author/lauratucker/ +[3]:https://commons.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Inside_the_Google_RoboCar_today_with_PlanetLabs.jpg +[4]:https://commons.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jurvetson_Google_driverless_car_trimmed.jpg +[5]:https://support.google.com/adsense/troubleshooter/1631343 +[6]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/best-wordpress-video-plugins/ +[7]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/hidden-google-games/ +[8]:mailto:?subject=Would%20You%20Consider%20Riding%20in%20a%20Driverless%20Car?&body=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.maketecheasier.com%2Friding-driverless-car%2F +[9]:http://twitter.com/share?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.maketecheasier.com%2Friding-driverless-car%2F&text=Would+You+Consider+Riding+in+a+Driverless+Car%3F +[10]:http://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.maketecheasier.com%2Friding-driverless-car%2F +[11]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/category/opinion/ From 350654f3d96eeccfcff183515c48e9b76844170b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?=E7=8E=8B=E5=BF=97=E5=9D=A4?= Date: Thu, 17 Nov 2016 21:12:11 -0500 Subject: [PATCH 093/220] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=94=B3=E8=AF=B7=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=20?= =?UTF-8?q?20161017=20How=20To=20Manually=20Backup=20Your=20SMS=20MMS=20Me?= =?UTF-8?q?ssages=20On=20Android.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...How To Manually Backup Your SMS MMS Messages On Android.md | 4 +++- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20161017 How To Manually Backup Your SMS MMS Messages On Android.md b/sources/tech/20161017 How To Manually Backup Your SMS MMS Messages On Android.md index 93936e8fbd..7bec0f85cb 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20161017 How To Manually Backup Your SMS MMS Messages On Android.md +++ b/sources/tech/20161017 How To Manually Backup Your SMS MMS Messages On Android.md @@ -1,4 +1,6 @@ - How To Manually Backup Your SMS / MMS Messages On Android? +willcoderewang 翻译中 + +How To Manually Backup Your SMS / MMS Messages On Android? ============================================================ ![Android backup sms mms](https://iwf1.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Android-backup-sms-mms.jpg) From dbc9e309e10a50bfde8e67e1f6e10dc460ed38d4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?=E7=8E=8B=E5=BF=97=E5=9D=A4?= Date: Thu, 17 Nov 2016 21:15:58 -0500 Subject: [PATCH 094/220] add my ID --- .../20161027 Would You Consider Riding in a Driverless Car.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translated/talk/20161027 Would You Consider Riding in a Driverless Car.md b/translated/talk/20161027 Would You Consider Riding in a Driverless Car.md index 61fac29fa7..b6a4203097 100644 --- a/translated/talk/20161027 Would You Consider Riding in a Driverless Car.md +++ b/translated/talk/20161027 Would You Consider Riding in a Driverless Car.md @@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ via: https://www.maketecheasier.com/riding-driverless-car/?utm_medium=feed&utm_s 作者：[Laura Tucker][a] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +译者：[willcoderwang](https://github.com/willcoderwang) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) From 1a6183274986823d589988fc386541fe5b364dcd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Lv Feng Date: Fri, 18 Nov 2016 15:13:17 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 095/220] Update 20161109 How to Recover a Deleted File in Linux.md --- ... How to Recover a Deleted File in Linux.md | 19 +++++++++++++++---- 1 file changed, 15 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20161109 How to Recover a Deleted File in Linux.md b/sources/tech/20161109 How to Recover a Deleted File in Linux.md index 7f127b19d4..cf4d1acb0c 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20161109 How to Recover a Deleted File in Linux.md +++ b/sources/tech/20161109 How to Recover a Deleted File in Linux.md @@ -38,34 +38,41 @@ The alias command will confirm that rm is now aliased: ][3] Add Alias rm Command +增加 rm 别名的命令 However, this will only last during the current user session in the current shell. To make the change permanent, you will have to save it to `~/.bashrc` (some distributions may use `~/.profile` instead) as shown below: +然而，这样做只在当前用户对话的当前 shell 上有效。为了永久改变，你必须像下面展示的这样把它保存到　'~/.bashrc'　中（一些版本的　Linux 系统可能使用的是　'~/.profile'）。 [ - ![Add Alias Permanently in Linux](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Add-Alias-Permanently-in-Linux.png) + ![在 Linux 中永久增添别名](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Add-Alias-Permanently-in-Linux.png) ][2] -Add Alias Permanently in Linux +在 Linux 中永久增添别名 In order for the changes in `~/.bashrc` (or `~/.profile`) to take effect immediately, source the file from the current shell: +为了使在 '~/.bashrc'（或 '~/.profile'）中的改变立即生效，从当前 shell 中搜索文件： ``` . ~/.bashr ``` [ - ![Active Alias in Linux](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Active-Alias-in-Linux.png) + ![在 Linux 中激活别名](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Active-Alias-in-Linux.png) ][1] -Active Alias in Linux +在 Linux 中激活别名 ### The forensics tool – Foremost +### 取证工具　－　Foremost Hopefully, you will be careful with your files and will only need to use this tool while recovering a lost file from an external disk or USB drive. +但愿你对于你的文件足够小心，只有需要恢复一个来自外部磁盘或 USB 设备的丢失文件时才使用这个工具。 However, if you realize you accidentally removed a file in your system and are going to panic – don’t. Let’s take a look at foremost, a forensics tool that was designed for this kind of scenarios. +然而，当你意识到你意外的删除了系统中的一个文件并将要感到恐慌时－不用担心。让我们来看一看 Foremost，　一个被设计用来处理这种状况的取证工具。 To install foremost in CentOS/RHEL 7, you will need to enable Repoforge first: +为了在 CentOS/RHEL 7　中安装　Foremost，　你需要首先启用 Repoforge： ``` # rpm -Uvh http://pkgs.repoforge.org/rpmforge-release/rpmforge-release-0.5.3-1.el7.rf.x86_64.rpm @@ -74,6 +81,7 @@ To install foremost in CentOS/RHEL 7, you will need to enable Repoforge first ``` Whereas in Debian and derivatives, just do +然而在 Debian 及其派生系统中，只需这样： ``` # aptitude install foremost @@ -81,6 +89,7 @@ Whereas in Debian and derivatives, just do ``` Once the installation has completed, let’s proceed with a simple test. We will begin by removing an image file named `nosdos.jpg` from the /boot/images directory: +安装完成以后，让我们以一个简单的测试开始。我们首先删除 /boot/images 目录下一个名为 'nosdos.jpg' 的图像文件： ``` # cd images @@ -89,6 +98,7 @@ Once the installation has completed, let’s proceed with a simple test. We will ``` To recover it, use foremost as follows (you’ll need to identify the underlying partition first – `/dev/sda1` is where `/boot` resides in this case): +为了恢复这个文件，像下面这样使用 Foremost（你需要首先确认潜在分区 - 在这种情况下， '/boot' 位于 '/dev/sda1' 分区中） ``` # foremost -t jpg -i /dev/sda1 -o /home/gacanepa/rescued @@ -96,6 +106,7 @@ To recover it, use foremost as follows (you’ll need to identify the underlying ``` where /home/gacanepa/rescued is a directory on a separate disk – keep in mind that recovering files on the same drive where the removed ones were located is not a wise move. +/home/gacanepa/rescued 是单独磁盘中的一个目录－记住恢复的文件位于和删除的文件相同的驱动中 If, during the recovery, you occupy the same disk sectors where the removed files used to be, it may not be possible to recover anything. Additionally, it is essential to stop all your activities before performing the recovery. From ec6a4fb423c7bbaa2f7e55a7f360b67b6f6c51c6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Lv Feng Date: Fri, 18 Nov 2016 15:53:23 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 096/220] Update 20161109 How to Recover a Deleted File in Linux.md --- .../20161109 How to Recover a Deleted File in Linux.md | 9 +++++++-- 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20161109 How to Recover a Deleted File in Linux.md b/sources/tech/20161109 How to Recover a Deleted File in Linux.md index cf4d1acb0c..dd61984569 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20161109 How to Recover a Deleted File in Linux.md +++ b/sources/tech/20161109 How to Recover a Deleted File in Linux.md @@ -106,17 +106,22 @@ To recover it, use foremost as follows (you’ll need to identify the underlying ``` where /home/gacanepa/rescued is a directory on a separate disk – keep in mind that recovering files on the same drive where the removed ones were located is not a wise move. -/home/gacanepa/rescued 是单独磁盘中的一个目录－记住恢复的文件位于和删除的文件相同的驱动中 +/home/gacanepa/rescued 是单独磁盘中的一个目录 － 请记住把文件恢复到被删除文件所位于的驱动中不是一个明智的做法。 If, during the recovery, you occupy the same disk sectors where the removed files used to be, it may not be possible to recover anything. Additionally, it is essential to stop all your activities before performing the recovery. +如果在恢复过程中，占用了被删除文件过去所位于的磁盘分区，那么可能没法恢复文件。另外，在进行文件恢复操作前停止所有进程也是至关重要的。 After foremost has finished executing, the recovered file (if recovery was possible) will be found inside the /home/gacanepa/rescued/jpg directory. +当 Foremost 执行文件恢复操作完成以后，恢复文件（如果可以恢复）将能够在目录 /home/gacanepa/rescue/jpg 中找到。 ##### Summary +##### 总结 In this article we have explained how to avoid removing a file accidentally and how to attempt to recover it if such an undesired event happens. Be warned, however, that foremost can take quite a while to run depending on the size of the partition. +这篇在文章中，我们阐述了如何避免意外删除一个不该删除的文件以及如何恢复文件如果这样一件不期望的事情发生。然而，警告一下， Foremost 需要花费一段时间运行，长短取决于分区的大小。 As always, don’t hesitate to let us know if you have questions or comments. Feel free to drop us a note using the form below. +一如既往，如果你有什么问题或想法，不要犹豫，让我们知道。请自由使用下面的形式给我们留下一个注记。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -124,7 +129,7 @@ via: http://www.tecmint.com/recover-deleted-file-in-linux/ 作者：[ Gabriel Cánepa][a] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +译者：[ucasFL](https://github.com/ucasFL) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) From 3337ed2db39fff10f6ffda37cf9076536e808242 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Lv Feng Date: Fri, 18 Nov 2016 16:01:30 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 097/220] Update 20161109 How to Recover a Deleted File in Linux.md --- ... How to Recover a Deleted File in Linux.md | 40 ++++--------------- 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 33 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20161109 How to Recover a Deleted File in Linux.md b/sources/tech/20161109 How to Recover a Deleted File in Linux.md index dd61984569..a189edd764 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20161109 How to Recover a Deleted File in Linux.md +++ b/sources/tech/20161109 How to Recover a Deleted File in Linux.md @@ -1,28 +1,19 @@ -# How to Recover a Deleted File in Linux -# 在 Linux 中如何还原一个删除了的文件 +# 如何在 Linux 中恢复一个删除了的文件 -Did this ever happen to you? You realized that you had mistakenly deleted a file – either through the Del key, or using `rm` in the command line. 你曾经是否遇到这样的事？你意识到你已经通过删除键或者在命令行中使用 ‘rm’ 命令错误的删除了一个不该删除的文件。 -In the first case, you can always go to the Trash, [search for the file][6], and restore it to its original location. But what about the second case? As I am sure you probably know, the Linux command line does not send removed files anywhere – it REMOVES them. Bum. They’re gone. 在第一种情况下，你可以到垃圾箱，[搜索文件][6]，然后把它重新存储到它原始的位置。但是第二种情况又该怎么办呢？我想你可能也知道，Linux 命令行不会把被删除的文件放到任何位置，而是直接把它们清除了，于是它们不再存在了。 -In this article we will share a tip that may be helpful to prevent this from happening to you, and a tool that you may consider using if at any point you are careless enough to do it anyway.、 在这篇文章里，我将分享一个可能很有帮助的技巧来阻止这件事发生在你身上。同时，我也会分享一个你可能会考虑使用的工具，当你由于过分粗心而删除了某些不该删除的文件时。 -### Create an alias to ‘rm -i’ ### 为 ’rm -i‘ 创建一个别名 -The `-i` switch, when used with rm (and also other [file-manipulation tools such as cp or mv][5]) causes a prompt to appear before removing a file. 当 ‘-i' 选项和 rm 命令（也包括其他[文件处理命令比如 cp 或者 mv][5]）同时使用时，在删除文件前会出现一个提示。 -The same applies to [copying, moving, or renaming a file][4] in a location where one with the same name exists already. 这同样也可以运用到[复制，移动或重命名一个文件][4]，当所在位置已经存在一个和目标文件同名的文件时。 -This prompt gives you a second chance to consider if you actually want to remove the file – if you confirm the prompt, it will be gone. In that case, I’m sorry but this tip will not protect you from your own carelessness. 这个提示给你第二次机会来考虑你是否真的想删除该文件 - 如果你在这个提示上选择确定，那么文件就被删除了。在那种情况下，很抱歉，这个技巧没能保护你远离粗心。 -To replace rm with an alias to `'rm -i'`, do: 为了让 rm 成为 ‘rm -i’ 别名，这样做： ``` @@ -30,18 +21,15 @@ alias rm='rm -i' ``` -The alias command will confirm that rm is now aliased: 别名命令将确定 rm 现在已经成为了别名： [ ![增加 rm 别名的命令](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Add-Alias-rm-Command.png) ][3] -Add Alias rm Command 增加 rm 别名的命令 -However, this will only last during the current user session in the current shell. To make the change permanent, you will have to save it to `~/.bashrc` (some distributions may use `~/.profile` instead) as shown below: -然而，这样做只在当前用户对话的当前 shell 上有效。为了永久改变，你必须像下面展示的这样把它保存到　'~/.bashrc'　中（一些版本的　Linux 系统可能使用的是　'~/.profile'）。 +然而，这样做只在当前用户对话的当前 shell 上有效。为了永久改变，你必须像下面展示的这样把它保存到　'~/.bashrc'　中（一些版本的　Linux 系统可能是　'~/.profile'）。 [ ![在 Linux 中永久增添别名](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Add-Alias-Permanently-in-Linux.png) @@ -49,8 +37,7 @@ However, this will only last during the current user session in the current shel 在 Linux 中永久增添别名 -In order for the changes in `~/.bashrc` (or `~/.profile`) to take effect immediately, source the file from the current shell: -为了使在 '~/.bashrc'（或 '~/.profile'）中的改变立即生效，从当前 shell 中搜索文件： +为了让 '~/.bashrc'（或 '~/.profile'）中所做的改变立即生效，从当前 shell 中搜索文件： ``` . ~/.bashr @@ -62,16 +49,12 @@ In order for the changes in `~/.bashrc` (or `~/.profile`) to take effect imme 在 Linux 中激活别名 -### The forensics tool – Foremost ### 取证工具　－　Foremost -Hopefully, you will be careful with your files and will only need to use this tool while recovering a lost file from an external disk or USB drive. 但愿你对于你的文件足够小心，只有需要恢复一个来自外部磁盘或 USB 设备的丢失文件时才使用这个工具。 -However, if you realize you accidentally removed a file in your system and are going to panic – don’t. Let’s take a look at foremost, a forensics tool that was designed for this kind of scenarios. 然而，当你意识到你意外的删除了系统中的一个文件并将要感到恐慌时－不用担心。让我们来看一看 Foremost，　一个被设计用来处理这种状况的取证工具。 -To install foremost in CentOS/RHEL 7, you will need to enable Repoforge first: 为了在 CentOS/RHEL 7　中安装　Foremost，　你需要首先启用 Repoforge： ``` @@ -80,15 +63,13 @@ To install foremost in CentOS/RHEL 7, you will need to enable Repoforge first ``` -Whereas in Debian and derivatives, just do -然而在 Debian 及其派生系统中，只需这样： +然而在 Debian 及其派生系统中，只需这样做： ``` # aptitude install foremost ``` -Once the installation has completed, let’s proceed with a simple test. We will begin by removing an image file named `nosdos.jpg` from the /boot/images directory: 安装完成以后，让我们以一个简单的测试开始。我们首先删除 /boot/images 目录下一个名为 'nosdos.jpg' 的图像文件： ``` @@ -97,7 +78,6 @@ Once the installation has completed, let’s proceed with a simple test. We will ``` -To recover it, use foremost as follows (you’ll need to identify the underlying partition first – `/dev/sda1` is where `/boot` resides in this case): 为了恢复这个文件，像下面这样使用 Foremost（你需要首先确认潜在分区 - 在这种情况下， '/boot' 位于 '/dev/sda1' 分区中） ``` @@ -105,22 +85,16 @@ To recover it, use foremost as follows (you’ll need to identify the underlying ``` -where /home/gacanepa/rescued is a directory on a separate disk – keep in mind that recovering files on the same drive where the removed ones were located is not a wise move. -/home/gacanepa/rescued 是单独磁盘中的一个目录 － 请记住把文件恢复到被删除文件所位于的驱动中不是一个明智的做法。 +/home/gacanepa/rescued 是单独磁盘中的一个目录 － 请记住，把文件恢复到被删除文件所在驱动中不是一个明智的做法。 -If, during the recovery, you occupy the same disk sectors where the removed files used to be, it may not be possible to recover anything. Additionally, it is essential to stop all your activities before performing the recovery. -如果在恢复过程中，占用了被删除文件过去所位于的磁盘分区，那么可能没法恢复文件。另外，在进行文件恢复操作前停止所有进程也是至关重要的。 +如果在恢复过程中，占用了被删除文件过去所在的磁盘分区，那么可能没法恢复文件。另外，在进行文件恢复操作前停止所有进程也是至关重要的。 -After foremost has finished executing, the recovered file (if recovery was possible) will be found inside the /home/gacanepa/rescued/jpg directory. 当 Foremost 执行文件恢复操作完成以后，恢复文件（如果可以恢复）将能够在目录 /home/gacanepa/rescue/jpg 中找到。 -##### Summary ##### 总结 -In this article we have explained how to avoid removing a file accidentally and how to attempt to recover it if such an undesired event happens. Be warned, however, that foremost can take quite a while to run depending on the size of the partition. -这篇在文章中，我们阐述了如何避免意外删除一个不该删除的文件以及如何恢复文件如果这样一件不期望的事情发生。然而，警告一下， Foremost 需要花费一段时间运行，长短取决于分区的大小。 +这篇在文章中，我们阐述了如何避免意外删除一个不该删除的文件以及如何恢复文件如果这样一件不期望的事情发生。然而，警告一下， Foremost 需要花费一段时间运行，时间长短取决于分区的大小。 -As always, don’t hesitate to let us know if you have questions or comments. Feel free to drop us a note using the form below. 一如既往，如果你有什么问题或想法，不要犹豫，让我们知道。请自由使用下面的形式给我们留下一个注记。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- From 26f7ac04d880d4b4aaddf31bb172dbee87e909a3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Lv Feng Date: Fri, 18 Nov 2016 16:04:49 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 098/220] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E5=AE=8C=E6=88=90?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... How to Recover a Deleted File in Linux.md | 118 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 118 insertions(+) create mode 100644 translated/tech/20161109 How to Recover a Deleted File in Linux.md diff --git a/translated/tech/20161109 How to Recover a Deleted File in Linux.md b/translated/tech/20161109 How to Recover a Deleted File in Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..a189edd764 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20161109 How to Recover a Deleted File in Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,118 @@ +# 如何在 Linux 中恢复一个删除了的文件 + +你曾经是否遇到这样的事？你意识到你已经通过删除键或者在命令行中使用 ‘rm’ 命令错误的删除了一个不该删除的文件。 + +在第一种情况下，你可以到垃圾箱，[搜索文件][6]，然后把它重新存储到它原始的位置。但是第二种情况又该怎么办呢？我想你可能也知道，Linux 命令行不会把被删除的文件放到任何位置，而是直接把它们清除了，于是它们不再存在了。 + +在这篇文章里，我将分享一个可能很有帮助的技巧来阻止这件事发生在你身上。同时，我也会分享一个你可能会考虑使用的工具，当你由于过分粗心而删除了某些不该删除的文件时。 + +### 为 ’rm -i‘ 创建一个别名 + +当 ‘-i' 选项和 rm 命令（也包括其他[文件处理命令比如 cp 或者 mv][5]）同时使用时，在删除文件前会出现一个提示。 + +这同样也可以运用到[复制，移动或重命名一个文件][4]，当所在位置已经存在一个和目标文件同名的文件时。 + +这个提示给你第二次机会来考虑你是否真的想删除该文件 - 如果你在这个提示上选择确定，那么文件就被删除了。在那种情况下，很抱歉，这个技巧没能保护你远离粗心。 + +为了让 rm 成为 ‘rm -i’ 别名，这样做： + +``` +alias rm='rm -i' + +``` + +别名命令将确定 rm 现在已经成为了别名： + +[ + ![增加 rm 别名的命令](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Add-Alias-rm-Command.png) +][3] + +增加 rm 别名的命令 + +然而，这样做只在当前用户对话的当前 shell 上有效。为了永久改变，你必须像下面展示的这样把它保存到　'~/.bashrc'　中（一些版本的　Linux 系统可能是　'~/.profile'）。 + +[ + ![在 Linux 中永久增添别名](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Add-Alias-Permanently-in-Linux.png) +][2] + +在 Linux 中永久增添别名 + +为了让 '~/.bashrc'（或 '~/.profile'）中所做的改变立即生效，从当前 shell 中搜索文件： + +``` +. ~/.bashr + +``` +[ + ![在 Linux 中激活别名](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Active-Alias-in-Linux.png) +][1] + +在 Linux 中激活别名 + +### 取证工具　－　Foremost + +但愿你对于你的文件足够小心，只有需要恢复一个来自外部磁盘或 USB 设备的丢失文件时才使用这个工具。 + +然而，当你意识到你意外的删除了系统中的一个文件并将要感到恐慌时－不用担心。让我们来看一看 Foremost，　一个被设计用来处理这种状况的取证工具。 + +为了在 CentOS/RHEL 7　中安装　Foremost，　你需要首先启用 Repoforge： + +``` +# rpm -Uvh http://pkgs.repoforge.org/rpmforge-release/rpmforge-release-0.5.3-1.el7.rf.x86_64.rpm +# yum install foremost + +``` + +然而在 Debian 及其派生系统中，只需这样做： + +``` +# aptitude install foremost + +``` + +安装完成以后，让我们以一个简单的测试开始。我们首先删除 /boot/images 目录下一个名为 'nosdos.jpg' 的图像文件： + +``` +# cd images +# rm nosdos.jpg + +``` + +为了恢复这个文件，像下面这样使用 Foremost（你需要首先确认潜在分区 - 在这种情况下， '/boot' 位于 '/dev/sda1' 分区中） + +``` +# foremost -t jpg -i /dev/sda1 -o /home/gacanepa/rescued + +``` + +/home/gacanepa/rescued 是单独磁盘中的一个目录 － 请记住，把文件恢复到被删除文件所在驱动中不是一个明智的做法。 + +如果在恢复过程中，占用了被删除文件过去所在的磁盘分区，那么可能没法恢复文件。另外，在进行文件恢复操作前停止所有进程也是至关重要的。 + +当 Foremost 执行文件恢复操作完成以后，恢复文件（如果可以恢复）将能够在目录 /home/gacanepa/rescue/jpg 中找到。 + +##### 总结 + +这篇在文章中，我们阐述了如何避免意外删除一个不该删除的文件以及如何恢复文件如果这样一件不期望的事情发生。然而，警告一下， Foremost 需要花费一段时间运行，时间长短取决于分区的大小。 + +一如既往，如果你有什么问题或想法，不要犹豫，让我们知道。请自由使用下面的形式给我们留下一个注记。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.tecmint.com/recover-deleted-file-in-linux/ + +作者：[ Gabriel Cánepa][a] + +译者：[ucasFL](https://github.com/ucasFL) + +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/gacanepa/ +[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Active-Alias-in-Linux.png +[2]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Add-Alias-Permanently-in-Linux.png +[3]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Add-Alias-rm-Command.png +[4]:http://www.tecmint.com/rename-multiple-files-in-linux/ +[5]:http://www.tecmint.com/progress-monitor-check-progress-of-linux-commands/ +[6]:http://www.tecmint.com/linux-find-command-to-search-multiple-filenames-extensions/ From 22c6c56aee72f95e1dea5fd2e9de24749503df8f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Lv Feng Date: Fri, 18 Nov 2016 16:05:41 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 099/220] Delete 20161109 How to Recover a Deleted File in Linux.md --- ... How to Recover a Deleted File in Linux.md | 118 ------------------ 1 file changed, 118 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20161109 How to Recover a Deleted File in Linux.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20161109 How to Recover a Deleted File in Linux.md b/sources/tech/20161109 How to Recover a Deleted File in Linux.md deleted file mode 100644 index a189edd764..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20161109 How to Recover a Deleted File in Linux.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,118 +0,0 @@ -# 如何在 Linux 中恢复一个删除了的文件 - -你曾经是否遇到这样的事？你意识到你已经通过删除键或者在命令行中使用 ‘rm’ 命令错误的删除了一个不该删除的文件。 - -在第一种情况下，你可以到垃圾箱，[搜索文件][6]，然后把它重新存储到它原始的位置。但是第二种情况又该怎么办呢？我想你可能也知道，Linux 命令行不会把被删除的文件放到任何位置，而是直接把它们清除了，于是它们不再存在了。 - -在这篇文章里，我将分享一个可能很有帮助的技巧来阻止这件事发生在你身上。同时，我也会分享一个你可能会考虑使用的工具，当你由于过分粗心而删除了某些不该删除的文件时。 - -### 为 ’rm -i‘ 创建一个别名 - -当 ‘-i' 选项和 rm 命令（也包括其他[文件处理命令比如 cp 或者 mv][5]）同时使用时，在删除文件前会出现一个提示。 - -这同样也可以运用到[复制，移动或重命名一个文件][4]，当所在位置已经存在一个和目标文件同名的文件时。 - -这个提示给你第二次机会来考虑你是否真的想删除该文件 - 如果你在这个提示上选择确定，那么文件就被删除了。在那种情况下，很抱歉，这个技巧没能保护你远离粗心。 - -为了让 rm 成为 ‘rm -i’ 别名，这样做： - -``` -alias rm='rm -i' - -``` - -别名命令将确定 rm 现在已经成为了别名： - -[ - ![增加 rm 别名的命令](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Add-Alias-rm-Command.png) -][3] - -增加 rm 别名的命令 - -然而，这样做只在当前用户对话的当前 shell 上有效。为了永久改变，你必须像下面展示的这样把它保存到　'~/.bashrc'　中（一些版本的　Linux 系统可能是　'~/.profile'）。 - -[ - ![在 Linux 中永久增添别名](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Add-Alias-Permanently-in-Linux.png) -][2] - -在 Linux 中永久增添别名 - -为了让 '~/.bashrc'（或 '~/.profile'）中所做的改变立即生效，从当前 shell 中搜索文件： - -``` -. ~/.bashr - -``` -[ - ![在 Linux 中激活别名](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Active-Alias-in-Linux.png) -][1] - -在 Linux 中激活别名 - -### 取证工具　－　Foremost - -但愿你对于你的文件足够小心，只有需要恢复一个来自外部磁盘或 USB 设备的丢失文件时才使用这个工具。 - -然而，当你意识到你意外的删除了系统中的一个文件并将要感到恐慌时－不用担心。让我们来看一看 Foremost，　一个被设计用来处理这种状况的取证工具。 - -为了在 CentOS/RHEL 7　中安装　Foremost，　你需要首先启用 Repoforge： - -``` -# rpm -Uvh http://pkgs.repoforge.org/rpmforge-release/rpmforge-release-0.5.3-1.el7.rf.x86_64.rpm -# yum install foremost - -``` - -然而在 Debian 及其派生系统中，只需这样做： - -``` -# aptitude install foremost - -``` - -安装完成以后，让我们以一个简单的测试开始。我们首先删除 /boot/images 目录下一个名为 'nosdos.jpg' 的图像文件： - -``` -# cd images -# rm nosdos.jpg - -``` - -为了恢复这个文件，像下面这样使用 Foremost（你需要首先确认潜在分区 - 在这种情况下， '/boot' 位于 '/dev/sda1' 分区中） - -``` -# foremost -t jpg -i /dev/sda1 -o /home/gacanepa/rescued - -``` - -/home/gacanepa/rescued 是单独磁盘中的一个目录 － 请记住，把文件恢复到被删除文件所在驱动中不是一个明智的做法。 - -如果在恢复过程中，占用了被删除文件过去所在的磁盘分区，那么可能没法恢复文件。另外，在进行文件恢复操作前停止所有进程也是至关重要的。 - -当 Foremost 执行文件恢复操作完成以后，恢复文件（如果可以恢复）将能够在目录 /home/gacanepa/rescue/jpg 中找到。 - -##### 总结 - -这篇在文章中，我们阐述了如何避免意外删除一个不该删除的文件以及如何恢复文件如果这样一件不期望的事情发生。然而，警告一下， Foremost 需要花费一段时间运行，时间长短取决于分区的大小。 - -一如既往，如果你有什么问题或想法，不要犹豫，让我们知道。请自由使用下面的形式给我们留下一个注记。 - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.tecmint.com/recover-deleted-file-in-linux/ - -作者：[ Gabriel Cánepa][a] - -译者：[ucasFL](https://github.com/ucasFL) - -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/gacanepa/ -[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Active-Alias-in-Linux.png -[2]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Add-Alias-Permanently-in-Linux.png -[3]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Add-Alias-rm-Command.png -[4]:http://www.tecmint.com/rename-multiple-files-in-linux/ -[5]:http://www.tecmint.com/progress-monitor-check-progress-of-linux-commands/ -[6]:http://www.tecmint.com/linux-find-command-to-search-multiple-filenames-extensions/ From ba8ebb0c07c84958a66eaf10774eea76ab2967fc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Lv Feng Date: Fri, 18 Nov 2016 16:10:03 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 100/220] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E4=B8=AD?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...sktop Look and Feel Like Windows 10 Using These Extensions.md | 1 + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20161113 Make KDE Plasma 5 Desktop Look and Feel Like Windows 10 Using These Extensions.md b/sources/tech/20161113 Make KDE Plasma 5 Desktop Look and Feel Like Windows 10 Using These Extensions.md index ab7789ea31..6ad480d901 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20161113 Make KDE Plasma 5 Desktop Look and Feel Like Windows 10 Using These Extensions.md +++ b/sources/tech/20161113 Make KDE Plasma 5 Desktop Look and Feel Like Windows 10 Using These Extensions.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +ucasFL translating Make KDE Plasma 5 Desktop Look & Feel Like Windows 10 Using These Extensions ============================================================ From b176a2a6e93353093c9c51cf59e7fbc33699b344 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Lv Feng Date: Fri, 18 Nov 2016 16:11:26 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 101/220] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E4=B8=AD?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...NOT DISTURB MODE AND PER APPLICATION NOTIFICATION SETTINGS.md | 1 + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20161110 XFCE GETS A DO NOT DISTURB MODE AND PER APPLICATION NOTIFICATION SETTINGS.md b/sources/tech/20161110 XFCE GETS A DO NOT DISTURB MODE AND PER APPLICATION NOTIFICATION SETTINGS.md index d42f8dcffb..175220cc4e 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20161110 XFCE GETS A DO NOT DISTURB MODE AND PER APPLICATION NOTIFICATION SETTINGS.md +++ b/sources/tech/20161110 XFCE GETS A DO NOT DISTURB MODE AND PER APPLICATION NOTIFICATION SETTINGS.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +ｕｃａｓFL translating [XFCE GETS A `DO NOT DISTURB` MODE AND PER APPLICATION NOTIFICATION SETTINGS][7] ============================================================ From 28642e4e86a5eb446470b4307c90637d6ddbfddc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sat, 19 Nov 2016 09:54:21 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 102/220] PUB:20160429 Why and how I became a software engineer @martin2011qi --- .../20160429 Why and how I became a software engineer.md | 7 +++---- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) rename {translated/talk/my-open-source-story => published}/20160429 Why and how I became a software engineer.md (93%) diff --git a/translated/talk/my-open-source-story/20160429 Why and how I became a software engineer.md b/published/20160429 Why and how I became a software engineer.md similarity index 93% rename from translated/talk/my-open-source-story/20160429 Why and how I became a software engineer.md rename to published/20160429 Why and how I became a software engineer.md index 1c84a869d8..1f14d6f132 100644 --- a/translated/talk/my-open-source-story/20160429 Why and how I became a software engineer.md +++ b/published/20160429 Why and how I became a software engineer.md @@ -7,13 +7,13 @@ 我明智的父母决定与其将我留在家里添麻烦，不如把我送到叔叔的办公室学学电脑。几天后，我和另外六、七个小孩，还有一台放置在课桌上的崭新电脑，一起置身于 21 层楼的一间狭小房屋中。很明显我们还不够格去碰那家伙。在长达三周无趣的 DOS 命令学习后，美好时光来到，终于轮到我来输 **copy doc.txt d:** 啦。 -那将文件写入五英寸软盘的奇怪的声音，听起来却像音乐般美妙。那段时间，这块软盘简直成为了我的至宝。我把所有可以拷贝的东西都放在上面了。然而，1989 年的乌干达，人们的生活十分“正统”，相比较而言，捣鼓电脑，拷贝文件还有格式化磁盘就称不上“正统”。于是我不得不专注于自己接受的教育，远离计算机科学，走入建筑工程学。 +那将文件写入五英寸软盘的奇怪的声音，听起来却像音乐般美妙。那段时间，这块软盘简直成为了我的至宝。我把所有可以拷贝的东西都放在上面了。然而，1989 年的乌干达，人们的生活十分“正统”，相比较而言，捣鼓电脑、拷贝文件还有格式化磁盘就称不上“正统”。于是我不得不专注于自己接受的教育，远离计算机科学，走入建筑工程学。 之后几年里，我和同龄人一样，干过很多份工作也学到了许多技能。我教过幼儿园的小朋友，也教过大人如何使用软件，在服装店工作过，还在教堂中担任过引座员。在我获取堪萨斯大学的学位时，我正在技术管理员的手下做技术助理，听上去比较神气，其实也就是搞搞学生数据库而已。 当我 2007 年毕业时，计算机技术已经变得不可或缺。建筑工程学的方方面面都与计算机科学深深的交织在一起，所以我们不经意间学了些简单的编程知识。我对于这方面一直很着迷，但我不得不成为一位“正统”的工程师，由此我发展了一项秘密的私人爱好：写科幻小说。 -在我的故事中，我以我笔下的女主角的形式存在。她们都是编程能力出众的科学家，总是卷入冒险，并用自己的技术发明战胜那些渣渣们，有时甚至要在现场发明新方法。我提到的这些“新技术”，有的是基于真实世界中的发明，也有些是从科幻小说中读到的。这就意味着我需要了解这些技术的原理，而且我的研究使我关注了许多有趣的订阅号和电子杂志。 +在我的故事中，我以我笔下的女主角的形式存在。她们都是编程能力出众的科学家，总是卷入冒险，并用自己的技术发明战胜那些渣渣们，有时甚至要在现场发明新方法。我提到的这些“新技术”，有的是基于真实世界中的发明，也有些是从科幻小说中读到的。这就意味着我需要了解这些技术的原理，而且我的研究使我关注了许多有趣的 reddit 版块和电子杂志。 ### 开源：巨大的宝库 @@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ 获得录取通知书的晚上，我们知道生活将向我们的梦想转变。2016 年 1 月 22 日，我们来到巴特瑞大街 98 号，去见我们的同学们 [Hippokampoiers][2]，这是我们的初次见面。很明显，在见面之前，“The Trinity”已经做了很多工作，聚集了一批形形色色的人，他们充满激情与热情，致力于成长为全栈工程师。 -这所学校有种与众不同的体验。每天都是向某一方面编程的一次竭力的冲锋。交给我们的工程，并不会有很多指导，我们需要使用一切可以使用的资源找出解决方案。[Holberton 学校][1] 认为信息来源相较于以前已经大大丰富了。MOOCs（大型开放式课程）、教程、可用的开源软件和项目，以及线上社区等等，为我们完成项目提供了足够的知识。加之宝贵的导师团队来指导我们制定解决方案，这所学校变得并不仅仅是一所学校；我们已经成为了求学者的团体。任何对软件工程感兴趣并对这种学习方法感兴趣的人，我都强烈推荐这所学校。在这里的经历会让人有些悲喜交加，但是绝对值得。 +这所学校有种与众不同的体验。每天都是向某一方面编程的一次竭力的冲锋。交给我们的工程，并不会有很多指导，我们需要使用一切可以使用的资源找出解决方案。[Holberton 学校][1] 认为信息来源相较于以前已经大大丰富了。MOOC（大型开放式课程）、教程、可用的开源软件和项目，以及线上社区等等，为我们完成项目提供了足够的知识。加之宝贵的导师团队来指导我们制定解决方案，这所学校变得并不仅仅是一所学校；我们已经成为了求学者的团体。任何对软件工程感兴趣并对这种学习方法感兴趣的人，我都强烈推荐这所学校。在这里的经历会让人有些悲喜交加，但是绝对值得。 ### 开源问题 @@ -71,7 +71,6 @@ 在向软件工程师行进的路上，我始终憧憬着有朝一日能为开源社区做出一份贡献，能与他人分享我所掌握的知识。 - ### 多样性问题 站在教室里，和 29 位求学者交流心得，真是令人陶醉。学员中 40% 是女性， 44% 是有色人种。当你是一位有色人种且为女性，并身处于这个以缺乏多样性而著名的领域时，这些数字就变得非常重要了。这是高科技圣地麦加上的绿洲，我到达了。 From 6926e880e3409073fe0bf33b071715d929a05d9b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sat, 19 Nov 2016 10:03:31 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 103/220] PROOF:How to Check Timezone in Linux @StdioA --- ...20161114 How to Check Timezone in Linux.md | 29 ++++++++++++------- 1 file changed, 18 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20161114 How to Check Timezone in Linux.md b/translated/tech/20161114 How to Check Timezone in Linux.md index d68b90b189..51bad30d7b 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20161114 How to Check Timezone in Linux.md +++ b/translated/tech/20161114 How to Check Timezone in Linux.md @@ -5,9 +5,11 @@ Linux 包含多种可用的时间管理工具，比如 `date` 或 `timedatectlcommands`，你可以用它们来获取当前系统时区，也可以[将系统时间与 NTP 服务器同步][1]，来自动地、更精确地进行时间管理。 -好，我们一起来看几种查看我们的 Linux 系统时区的不用方法。 +好，我们一起来看几种查看我们的 Linux 系统时区的不同方法。 -1. 我们从使用传统的 `date` 命令开始。使用下面的命令，来看一看我们的当前时区： +### 1、我们从使用传统的 `date` 命令开始 + +使用下面的命令，来看一看我们的当前时区： ``` $ date @@ -18,9 +20,9 @@ $ date ``` $ date +”%Z %z” ``` -[![Find Linux Timezone](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Find-Linux-Timezone.png)][2] +![Find Linux Timezone](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Find-Linux-Timezone.png) -查看 Linux 时区 +*查看 Linux 时区* 注意：`date` 的手册页中包含很多输出格式，你可以利用它们，来替换你的 `date` 命令的输出内容： @@ -28,7 +30,9 @@ $ date +”%Z %z” $ man date ``` -2. 接下来，你同样可以用 `timedatectl` 命令。当你不带任何参数运行它时，这条命令可以像下图一样，输出系统时间概览，其中包含当前时区： +### 2、接下来，你同样可以用 `timedatectl` 命令 + +当你不带任何参数运行它时，这条命令可以像下图一样，输出系统时间概览，其中包含当前时区： ``` $ timedatectl @@ -39,20 +43,23 @@ $ timedatectl ``` $ timedatectl | grep “Time zone” ``` -[![Find Current Linux Timezone](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Find-Current-Linux-Timezone.png)][4] -查看当前 Linux 时区 +![Find Current Linux Timezone](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Find-Current-Linux-Timezone.png) + +*查看当前 Linux 时区* 同样，我们可以学习如何使用 timedatectl 来[设置 Linux 时区][5]。 -3. 进一步，使用 [cat 工具][6]显示文件 `/etc/timezone` 的内容，来查看你的时区： +###3、进一步，显示文件 /etc/timezone 的内容 + +使用 [cat 工具][6]显示文件 `/etc/timezone` 的内容，来查看你的时区： ``` $ cat /etc/timezone ``` -[![Check Timezone of Linux](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Check-Timezone-of-Linux.png)][7] +![Check Timezone of Linux](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Check-Timezone-of-Linux.png) -在 Linux 中查看时区 +*在 Linux 中查看时区* 对于 RHEL/CentOS/Fedora 用户，这里还有一条可以起到同样效果的命令： @@ -68,7 +75,7 @@ via: http://www.tecmint.com/check-linux-timezone 作者：[Aaron Kili][a] 译者：[StdioA](https://github.com/StdioA) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 9ffd3f3ee7830c237a092b1fa0c3ac954e4abfb8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sat, 19 Nov 2016 10:04:01 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 104/220] PUB:20161114 How to Check Timezone in Linux @StdioA --- .../tech => published}/20161114 How to Check Timezone in Linux.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20161114 How to Check Timezone in Linux.md (100%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20161114 How to Check Timezone in Linux.md b/published/20161114 How to Check Timezone in Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/tech/20161114 How to Check Timezone in Linux.md rename to published/20161114 How to Check Timezone in Linux.md From 83db758aa6e86d397ea848ff02b51863c96476ae Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: ypingcn <1344632698@qq.com> Date: Sat, 19 Nov 2016 13:23:43 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 105/220] =?UTF-8?q?=E3=80=90=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E4=B8=AD?= =?UTF-8?q?=E3=80=91LINUX=20NOW=20RUNS=20ON=2099.6%=20OF=20TOP=20500=20SUP?= =?UTF-8?q?ERCOMPUTERS?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...20161115 LINUX NOW RUNS ON 99.6 OF TOP 500 SUPERCOMPUTERS.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/talk/20161115 LINUX NOW RUNS ON 99.6 OF TOP 500 SUPERCOMPUTERS.md b/sources/talk/20161115 LINUX NOW RUNS ON 99.6 OF TOP 500 SUPERCOMPUTERS.md index cc283977e9..37d788f0ff 100644 --- a/sources/talk/20161115 LINUX NOW RUNS ON 99.6 OF TOP 500 SUPERCOMPUTERS.md +++ b/sources/talk/20161115 LINUX NOW RUNS ON 99.6 OF TOP 500 SUPERCOMPUTERS.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ LINUX NOW RUNS ON 99.6% OF TOP 500 SUPERCOMPUTERS ============================================================ - +ypingcn 翻译中 [ ![Linux rules the world of supercomputers](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Linux-King-Supercomputer-world-min.jpg) ][12] From 8b172a6c86325045e729f96bdf06d9aa891711d1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: ypingcn <1344632698@qq.com> Date: Sat, 19 Nov 2016 14:47:42 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 106/220] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E5=AE=8C=E6=88=90?= =?UTF-8?q?=E3=80=82=E3=80=90LINUX=20NOW=20RUNS=20ON=2099.6=20OF=20TOP=205?= =?UTF-8?q?00=20SUPERCOMPUTERS=E3=80=91?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... RUNS ON 99.6 OF TOP 500 SUPERCOMPUTERS.md | 87 ------------------- ... RUNS ON 99.6 OF TOP 500 SUPERCOMPUTERS.md | 86 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 86 insertions(+), 87 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/talk/20161115 LINUX NOW RUNS ON 99.6 OF TOP 500 SUPERCOMPUTERS.md create mode 100644 translated/talk/20161115 LINUX NOW RUNS ON 99.6 OF TOP 500 SUPERCOMPUTERS.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20161115 LINUX NOW RUNS ON 99.6 OF TOP 500 SUPERCOMPUTERS.md b/sources/talk/20161115 LINUX NOW RUNS ON 99.6 OF TOP 500 SUPERCOMPUTERS.md deleted file mode 100644 index 37d788f0ff..0000000000 --- a/sources/talk/20161115 LINUX NOW RUNS ON 99.6 OF TOP 500 SUPERCOMPUTERS.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,87 +0,0 @@ -LINUX NOW RUNS ON 99.6% OF TOP 500 SUPERCOMPUTERS -============================================================ -ypingcn 翻译中 -[ - ![Linux rules the world of supercomputers](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Linux-King-Supercomputer-world-min.jpg) -][12] - -_Brief: Linux may have just 2% in the desktop market share, but when it comes to supercomputers, Linux is simply ruling it with over 99% of the share._ - -Linux running on more than 99% of the top 500 fastest supercomputers in the world is no surprise. If you followed our previous reports, in the year 2015, [Linux was running on more than 97% of the top 500 supercomputers][13]. This year, it just got better. - -[#Linux now runs on more than 99% of top 500 #supercomputers in the world][4] - -[CLICK TO TWEET][5] - -This information is collected by an independent organization [Top500][14] that publishes the details about the top 500 fastest supercomputers known to them, twice a year. You can [go the website and filter out the list][15] based on country, OS type used, vendors etc. Don’t worry, I’ll do it for you to present some of the most interesting facts from this year’s list. - -### LINUX GOT 498 OUT OF 500 - -If I have to break it down in numbers, 498 out of the top 500 supercomputers run Linux. Rest of the two supercomputers run Unix-based OS. Windows, which was running on 1 supercomputer until last year, is nowhere in the list this year. Perhaps, none of the supercomputers can run Windows 10 (pun intended). - -To summarize the list of top 500 supercomputers based on OS this year: - -* Linux: 498 -* Unix: 2 -* Windows: 0 - -To give you a year wise summary of Linux shares on the top 500 supercomputers: - -* In 2012: 94% -* In [2013][6]: 95% -* In [2014][7]: 97% -* In [2015][8]: 97.2% -* In 2016: 99.6% -* In 2017: ??? - -In addition to that, first 380 fastest supercomputers run Linux, including of course the fastest supercomputer based in China. Unix is used by the 386th and 387th ranked supercomputers also based in China. - -### SOME OTHER INTERESTING STATS ABOUT FASTEST SUPERCOMPUTERS - -[ - ![List of top 10 fastest supercomputers in the world in 2016](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/fastest-supercomputers.png) -][16] - -Moving Linux aside, I was looking at the list and thought of sharing some other interesting stats with you. - -* World’s fastest supercomputer is [Sunway TaihuLight][9]. It based in [National Supercomputing Center in Wuxi][10], China. It has a speed of 93PFLOPS. -* World’s second fastest supercomputer is also based in China ([Tianhe-2][11]) while the third spot is taken by US based Titan. -* Out of the top 10 fastest supercomputers, USA has 5, Japan and China have 2 each while Switzerland has 1. -* US and China both have 171 supercomputers each in the list of the top 500 supercomputers. -* Japan has 27, France has 20, while India, Russia and Saudi Arabia has 5 supercomputers in the list. - -[Suggested ReaddigiKam 5.0 Released! Install It In Ubuntu Linux][17] - -Some interesting facts, isn’t it? You can filter out your own list [here][18] to further details. For the moment I am happy to brag about Linux running on 99% of the top 500 supercomputers and look forward to a perfect score of 100% next year. - -While you are reading it, do share this article on social media. It’s an achievement for Linux and we got to show off :P - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://itsfoss.com/linux-99-percent-top-500-supercomputers - -作者：[Abhishek Prakash ][a] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/ -[1]:https://twitter.com/share?original_referer=https%3A%2F%2Fitsfoss.com%2F&source=tweetbutton&text=Linux+Now+Runs+On+99.6%25+Of+Top+500+Supercomputers&url=https%3A%2F%2Fitsfoss.com%2Flinux-99-percent-top-500-supercomputers%2F&via=%40itsfoss -[2]:https://www.linkedin.com/cws/share?url=https://itsfoss.com/linux-99-percent-top-500-supercomputers/ -[3]:http://pinterest.com/pin/create/button/?url=https://itsfoss.com/linux-99-percent-top-500-supercomputers/&description=Linux+Now+Runs+On+99.6%25+Of+Top+500+Supercomputers&media=https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Linux-King-Supercomputer-world-min.jpg -[4]:https://twitter.com/share?text=%23Linux+now+runs+on+more+than+99%25+of+top+500+%23supercomputers+in+the+world&via=itsfoss&related=itsfoss&url=https://itsfoss.com/linux-99-percent-top-500-supercomputers/ -[5]:https://twitter.com/share?text=%23Linux+now+runs+on+more+than+99%25+of+top+500+%23supercomputers+in+the+world&via=itsfoss&related=itsfoss&url=https://itsfoss.com/linux-99-percent-top-500-supercomputers/ -[6]:https://itsfoss.com/95-percent-worlds-top-500-supercomputers-run-linux/ -[7]:https://itsfoss.com/97-percent-worlds-top-500-supercomputers-run-linux/ -[8]:https://itsfoss.com/linux-runs-97-percent-worlds-top-500-supercomputers/ -[9]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunway_TaihuLight -[10]:https://www.top500.org/site/50623 -[11]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianhe-2 -[12]:https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Linux-King-Supercomputer-world-min.jpg -[13]:https://itsfoss.com/linux-runs-97-percent-worlds-top-500-supercomputers/ -[14]:https://www.top500.org/ -[15]:https://www.top500.org/statistics/sublist/ -[16]:https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/fastest-supercomputers.png -[17]:https://itsfoss.com/digikam-5-0-released-install-it-in-ubuntu-linux/ -[18]:https://www.top500.org/statistics/sublist/ diff --git a/translated/talk/20161115 LINUX NOW RUNS ON 99.6 OF TOP 500 SUPERCOMPUTERS.md b/translated/talk/20161115 LINUX NOW RUNS ON 99.6 OF TOP 500 SUPERCOMPUTERS.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..cb4e7b779b --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/talk/20161115 LINUX NOW RUNS ON 99.6 OF TOP 500 SUPERCOMPUTERS.md @@ -0,0 +1,86 @@ +现在Linux运行在99.6%的TOP500超级计算机上 +============================================================ + +[ + ![Linux rules the world of supercomputers](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Linux-King-Supercomputer-world-min.jpg) +][12] + +_简介：虽然Linux在桌面操作系统只有2%的市场占有率，但是对于超级计算机来说，Linux用99%的市场占有率轻松地获取了统治地位_ + +Linux运行在超过99%的TOP500超级计算机上，这并不会让人感到惊讶。如果你关注了我们之前2015年的报道[《Linux正运行在超过97%的TOP500超级计算机》][13]，今年Linux表现得更好。 + +[#Linux now runs on more than 99% of top 500 #supercomputers in the world][4] + +[CLICK TO TWEET][5] + +这些信息是由独立组织[Top500][4]收集的，每两年他们会公布已知的最快的500台超级计算机的细节。你可以[打开这个网站，用以下条件筛选所需要的信息][15]：国家、使用的操作系统类型、所有者等。别担心，我将会从这份表格中筛选整理出今年几个有趣的事实。 + +### Linux运行在500台超级计算机中的498台 + +如果要将上面的百分比细化到具体数量的话，500台超级计算机中的498台运行着Linux。剩余的两台超级计算机运行着基于Unix的操作系统。Windows运行在一台超级计算机上，这情况一直持续到去年，今年的列表中没有出现Windows的身影。或许，这些超级计算机没一台能运行Windows 10（一语双关）。 + +总结一下今年表单上TOP500超级计算机所运行操作系统情况： + +* Linux: 498 +* Unix: 2 +* Windows: 0 + +还有一份总结，它清晰展现了每年Linux在TOP500超级计算机的份额的变化情况。 + +* 2012年: 94% +* [2013][6]年: 95% +* [2014][7]年: 97% +* [2015][8]年: 97.2% +* 2016年: 99.6% +* 2017年: ??? + +另外，最快的前380台超级计算机运行着Linux，包括中国那台最快的超级计算机。排名第386和第387的超级计算机运行着Unix，它们同样来自中国。 + +### 其他关于最快的超级计算机的有趣数据 + +[ + ![List of top 10 fastest supercomputers in the world in 2016](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/fastest-supercomputers.png) +][16] + +除去Linux，我在表单中搜寻，找到了几个有趣的数据想跟你分享。 + +* 全球最快的超级计算机是[神威太湖一号][9]. 它位于[国家超级计算无锡中心][10]。它有着93PFlops的速度. +* 全球第二快的超级计算机是中国的[天河二号][11]，第三的位置则属于美国的Titan。 +* 在速度前十的超级计算机中，美国占据了5台，日本和中国各有4台，瑞士有1台。 +* 美国和中国都各有171台超级计算机进入了TOP500的榜单中。 +* 日本有27台，法国有20台，印度、俄罗斯和沙特阿拉伯各有5台进入了榜单中。 + + +有趣的事实，不是吗？你能点击[这里][18]筛选出属于自己的榜单来获得更多信息。现在我很开心来宣传Linux运行在99%的TOP500超级计算机上，期待下一年能有100%的更好成绩。 + +当你在阅读这篇文章时，请在社交平台上分享这篇文章，这是Linux的一个成就，我们引以为豪~:P + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/linux-99-percent-top-500-supercomputers + +作者：[Abhishek Prakash ][a] +译者：[ypingcn](https://github.com/ypingcn) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/ +[1]: https://twitter.com/share?original_referer=https%3A%2F%2Fitsfoss.com%2F&source=tweetbutton&text=Linux+Now+Runs+On+99.6%25+Of+Top+500+Supercomputers&url=https%3A%2F%2Fitsfoss.com%2Flinux-99-percent-top-500-supercomputers%2F&via=%40itsfoss +[2]: https://www.linkedin.com/cws/share?url=https://itsfoss.com/linux-99-percent-top-500-supercomputers/ +[3]: http://pinterest.com/pin/create/button/?url=https://itsfoss.com/linux-99-percent-top-500-supercomputers/&description=Linux+Now+Runs+On+99.6%25+Of+Top+500+Supercomputers&media=https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Linux-King-Supercomputer-world-min.jpg +[4]: https://twitter.com/share?text=%23Linux+now+runs+on+more+than+99%25+of+top+500+%23supercomputers+in+the+world&via=itsfoss&related=itsfoss&url=https://itsfoss.com/linux-99-percent-top-500-supercomputers/ +[5]: https://twitter.com/share?text=%23Linux+now+runs+on+more+than+99%25+of+top+500+%23supercomputers+in+the+world&via=itsfoss&related=itsfoss&url=https://itsfoss.com/linux-99-percent-top-500-supercomputers/ +[6]: https://itsfoss.com/95-percent-worlds-top-500-supercomputers-run-linux/ +[7]: https://itsfoss.com/97-percent-worlds-top-500-supercomputers-run-linux/ +[8]: https://itsfoss.com/linux-runs-97-percent-worlds-top-500-supercomputers/ +[9]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunway_TaihuLight +[10]: https://www.top500.org/site/50623 +[11]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianhe-2 +[12]: https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Linux-King-Supercomputer-world-min.jpg +[13]: https://itsfoss.com/linux-runs-97-percent-worlds-top-500-supercomputers/ +[14]: https://www.top500.org/ +[15]: https://www.top500.org/statistics/sublist/ +[16]: https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/fastest-supercomputers.png +[17]: https://itsfoss.com/digikam-5-0-released-install-it-in-ubuntu-linux/ +[18]: https://www.top500.org/statistics/sublist/ From 9a5733e5132a2f244852a13ffb60262a46d19331 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Lv Feng Date: Sat, 19 Nov 2016 22:30:11 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 107/220] Update 20161113 Make KDE Plasma 5 Desktop Look and Feel Like Windows 10 Using These Extensions.md --- ... Like Windows 10 Using These Extensions.md | 33 ++++++++++++++++++- 1 file changed, 32 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20161113 Make KDE Plasma 5 Desktop Look and Feel Like Windows 10 Using These Extensions.md b/sources/tech/20161113 Make KDE Plasma 5 Desktop Look and Feel Like Windows 10 Using These Extensions.md index 6ad480d901..2c811dbd53 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20161113 Make KDE Plasma 5 Desktop Look and Feel Like Windows 10 Using These Extensions.md +++ b/sources/tech/20161113 Make KDE Plasma 5 Desktop Look and Feel Like Windows 10 Using These Extensions.md @@ -1,65 +1,96 @@ -ucasFL translating Make KDE Plasma 5 Desktop Look & Feel Like Windows 10 Using These Extensions +使用这些扩展让 KDE Plasma 5　桌面看起来感觉就像 Windows 10 ============================================================ ![kde-plasma-to-windows-10](https://iwf1.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/KDE-Plasma-to-Windows-10.jpg) With a few steps, here’s how you can turn KDE Plasma 5 desktop into Windows 10. +通过一些步骤，我将告诉你如何把 KDE Plasma 5 桌面变成 Windows 10 桌面 Other than the menu, much of Plasma desktop is already pretty much resembling Win 10\. Therefore, it only require a few light touches in order to make the two almost identical. +除了菜单， KDE Plasma 桌面的许多地方已经和 Win 10 桌面非常像了。因此，为了使二者几乎是一样的，只需要一些点亮工具 ### The Start Menu +### 开始菜单 The first and probably most iconic part of making Plasma look like Win 10 is by achieving the Win 10 ‘Start Menu’ look. +让 KDE Plasma 桌面看起来像 Win 10 桌面的第一环节和可能最形象的环节是实现 Win 10 的 ‘开始’ 菜单. This can be easily done by installing [Zren’s Tiled Menu][1]. +通过安装[Zren's Tiled Menu][1]，这很容易实现。 #### To install: +#### 安装 1. Right click on Plasma Desktop -> Unlock Widgets +1. 在 KDE Plasma 桌面上单击右键 -> 打开窗口部件 2. Right click on Plasma Desktop -> Add Widgets +2. 在 KDE Plasma 桌面上右键单击 -> 增添窗口部件 3. Get new widgets -> Download New Plasma Widgets +3. 获取新窗口部件 -> 下载新的 Plasma 窗口部件 4. Search for “Tiled Menu” -> Install +4. 搜索 "Tiled Mune" -> 安装 #### To activate: +#### 激活 1. Right click on your current menu button -> Alternatives… +1. 在你现在的菜单键上右键单击 -> 选择 2. Select “Tiled Menu” -> click Switch +2. 选择 "TIled Mune" ->点击 开启（Switch） [ ![KDE Tiled Menu extension.](http://iwf1.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/KDE-Tiled-Menu-extension-730x619.jpg) ][2] KDE Tiled Menu extension. +KDE Tiled 菜单扩展 ### The Theme +### 主题 The next you might inquire after the menu is a theme. Luckily, [K10ne][3] offers you a Win 10 theme experience. +弄好菜单以后，下一个你可能需要的就是主题。幸运的是， [K10ne][3] 提供了你一个 WIn 10 主题体验。 #### To install: +#### 安装： 1. Open up “System Settings” from Plasma’s menu -> Workspace Theme +1. 从 Plasma 桌面菜单打开“系统设置” -> 工作空间主题 2. Select “Desktop Theme” from the sidebar -> Get new Theme +2. 从侧边栏选择”桌面主题 -> 获取新主题 3. Search for “K10ne” -> Install +3. 搜索 "K10ne" -> 安装 #### To activate: +#### 激活 1. Open up “System Settings” from Plasma’s menu -> Workspace Theme +1. 从 Plasma 桌面菜单选择“系统设置” -> 工作空间主题 2. Select “Desktop Theme” from the sidebar -> “K10ne” +2. 从侧边栏选择“桌面主题” -> "K10ne" 3. Apply +3. 应用 ### The Task Bar +### 任务栏 Lastly, you might also want to incorporate a more Win 10 style task bar, just to have a more complete experience. +最后，为了有一个更加完整的体验，你可能也想拥有一个更加 Win 10 风格的任务栏， This time, the package you need, called “Icons-only Task Manager”, usually installed by default by most distros. If you don’t have it – inquire your distro’s appropriate channels how to get it. +这次，你需要的安装包，叫做　"Icons-only Task Manager"， 在大多数 Linux 发行版中，通常会默认安装。如果没有安装，需要通过你的系统的合适通道来获取它。 #### To activate: +#### 激活 1. Right click on Plasma Desktop -> Unlock Widgets +1. 在 Plasma 桌面上右键单击 -> 打开窗口部件 2. Right click on Plasma Desktop -> Add Widgets +2. 在 Plasma 桌面上右键单击 -> 增添部件 3. Drag & drop “Icons-only Task Manager” to the suitable place on your desktop’s panel +3. 把 "Icons-only Task Manager" 拖放到你的桌面面板的合适位置。 From 795cbae27e975895f2b5e5cd428aaabe6c8f63bd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Lv Feng Date: Sat, 19 Nov 2016 22:35:34 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 108/220] Update 20161113 Make KDE Plasma 5 Desktop Look and Feel Like Windows 10 Using These Extensions.md --- ... Like Windows 10 Using These Extensions.md | 42 +++---------------- 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 37 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20161113 Make KDE Plasma 5 Desktop Look and Feel Like Windows 10 Using These Extensions.md b/sources/tech/20161113 Make KDE Plasma 5 Desktop Look and Feel Like Windows 10 Using These Extensions.md index 2c811dbd53..5393d5b900 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20161113 Make KDE Plasma 5 Desktop Look and Feel Like Windows 10 Using These Extensions.md +++ b/sources/tech/20161113 Make KDE Plasma 5 Desktop Look and Feel Like Windows 10 Using These Extensions.md @@ -1,95 +1,63 @@ -Make KDE Plasma 5 Desktop Look & Feel Like Windows 10 Using These Extensions -使用这些扩展让 KDE Plasma 5　桌面看起来感觉就像 Windows 10 +通过安装扩展让 KDE Plasma 5　桌面看起来感觉就像 Windows 10 桌面 ============================================================ ![kde-plasma-to-windows-10](https://iwf1.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/KDE-Plasma-to-Windows-10.jpg) -With a few steps, here’s how you can turn KDE Plasma 5 desktop into Windows 10. 通过一些步骤，我将告诉你如何把 KDE Plasma 5 桌面变成 Windows 10 桌面 -Other than the menu, much of Plasma desktop is already pretty much resembling Win 10\. Therefore, it only require a few light touches in order to make the two almost identical. -除了菜单， KDE Plasma 桌面的许多地方已经和 Win 10 桌面非常像了。因此，为了使二者几乎是一样的，只需要一些点亮工具 +除了菜单， KDE Plasma 桌面的许多地方已经和 Win 10 桌面非常像了。因此，为了使二者看起来几乎是一样的，只需要一些点亮工具 -### The Start Menu ### 开始菜单 -The first and probably most iconic part of making Plasma look like Win 10 is by achieving the Win 10 ‘Start Menu’ look. -让 KDE Plasma 桌面看起来像 Win 10 桌面的第一环节和可能最形象的环节是实现 Win 10 的 ‘开始’ 菜单. - -This can be easily done by installing [Zren’s Tiled Menu][1]. +让 KDE Plasma 桌面看起来像 Win 10 桌面的第一环节以及可能最形象的环节是实现 Win 10 的 ‘开始’ 菜单. +. 通过安装[Zren's Tiled Menu][1]，这很容易实现。 -#### To install: #### 安装 -1. Right click on Plasma Desktop -> Unlock Widgets 1. 在 KDE Plasma 桌面上单击右键 -> 打开窗口部件 -2. Right click on Plasma Desktop -> Add Widgets 2. 在 KDE Plasma 桌面上右键单击 -> 增添窗口部件 -3. Get new widgets -> Download New Plasma Widgets 3. 获取新窗口部件 -> 下载新的 Plasma 窗口部件 -4. Search for “Tiled Menu” -> Install 4. 搜索 "Tiled Mune" -> 安装 -#### To activate: #### 激活 -1. Right click on your current menu button -> Alternatives… 1. 在你现在的菜单键上右键单击 -> 选择 -2. Select “Tiled Menu” -> click Switch 2. 选择 "TIled Mune" ->点击 开启（Switch） [ ![KDE Tiled Menu extension.](http://iwf1.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/KDE-Tiled-Menu-extension-730x619.jpg) ][2] -KDE Tiled Menu extension. KDE Tiled 菜单扩展 -### The Theme ### 主题 -The next you might inquire after the menu is a theme. Luckily, [K10ne][3] offers you a Win 10 theme experience. 弄好菜单以后，下一个你可能需要的就是主题。幸运的是， [K10ne][3] 提供了你一个 WIn 10 主题体验。 -#### To install: #### 安装： -1. Open up “System Settings” from Plasma’s menu -> Workspace Theme 1. 从 Plasma 桌面菜单打开“系统设置” -> 工作空间主题 -2. Select “Desktop Theme” from the sidebar -> Get new Theme 2. 从侧边栏选择”桌面主题 -> 获取新主题 -3. Search for “K10ne” -> Install 3. 搜索 "K10ne" -> 安装 -#### To activate: #### 激活 -1. Open up “System Settings” from Plasma’s menu -> Workspace Theme 1. 从 Plasma 桌面菜单选择“系统设置” -> 工作空间主题 -2. Select “Desktop Theme” from the sidebar -> “K10ne” 2. 从侧边栏选择“桌面主题” -> "K10ne" -3. Apply 3. 应用 -### The Task Bar ### 任务栏 -Lastly, you might also want to incorporate a more Win 10 style task bar, just to have a more complete experience. 最后，为了有一个更加完整的体验，你可能也想拥有一个更加 Win 10 风格的任务栏， -This time, the package you need, called “Icons-only Task Manager”, usually installed by default by most distros. If you don’t have it – inquire your distro’s appropriate channels how to get it. 这次，你需要的安装包，叫做　"Icons-only Task Manager"， 在大多数 Linux 发行版中，通常会默认安装。如果没有安装，需要通过你的系统的合适通道来获取它。 -#### To activate: #### 激活 -1. Right click on Plasma Desktop -> Unlock Widgets 1. 在 Plasma 桌面上右键单击 -> 打开窗口部件 -2. Right click on Plasma Desktop -> Add Widgets 2. 在 Plasma 桌面上右键单击 -> 增添部件 -3. Drag & drop “Icons-only Task Manager” to the suitable place on your desktop’s panel 3. 把 "Icons-only Task Manager" 拖放到你的桌面面板的合适位置。 @@ -99,7 +67,7 @@ This time, the package you need, called “Icons-only Task Manager”, usually i via: https://iwf1.com/make-kde-plasma-5-desktop-look-feel-like-windows-10-using-these-extensions/ 作者：[Liron][a] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +译者：[ucasFL](https://github.com/ucasFL) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From f4ab289564ab8be91d58fbaef56c0f349ca2ff37 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Lv Feng Date: Sat, 19 Nov 2016 22:35:57 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 109/220] Update 20161113 Make KDE Plasma 5 Desktop Look and Feel Like Windows 10 Using These Extensions.md --- ...ktop Look and Feel Like Windows 10 Using These Extensions.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20161113 Make KDE Plasma 5 Desktop Look and Feel Like Windows 10 Using These Extensions.md b/sources/tech/20161113 Make KDE Plasma 5 Desktop Look and Feel Like Windows 10 Using These Extensions.md index 5393d5b900..f1406e596f 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20161113 Make KDE Plasma 5 Desktop Look and Feel Like Windows 10 Using These Extensions.md +++ b/sources/tech/20161113 Make KDE Plasma 5 Desktop Look and Feel Like Windows 10 Using These Extensions.md @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -通过安装扩展让 KDE Plasma 5　桌面看起来感觉就像 Windows 10 桌面 +通过安装扩展让 KDE Plasma 5 桌面看起来感觉就像 Windows 10 桌面 ============================================================ ![kde-plasma-to-windows-10](https://iwf1.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/KDE-Plasma-to-Windows-10.jpg) From 5a56e493a4331f5f8b5ecfb0060be2ceb805cf3a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Lv Feng Date: Sat, 19 Nov 2016 22:39:38 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 110/220] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E5=AE=8C=E6=88=90?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... Like Windows 10 Using These Extensions.md | 78 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 78 insertions(+) create mode 100644 translated/tech/20161113 Make KDE Plasma 5 Desktop Look and Feel Like Windows 10 Using These Extensions.md diff --git a/translated/tech/20161113 Make KDE Plasma 5 Desktop Look and Feel Like Windows 10 Using These Extensions.md b/translated/tech/20161113 Make KDE Plasma 5 Desktop Look and Feel Like Windows 10 Using These Extensions.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..f1406e596f --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20161113 Make KDE Plasma 5 Desktop Look and Feel Like Windows 10 Using These Extensions.md @@ -0,0 +1,78 @@ +通过安装扩展让 KDE Plasma 5 桌面看起来感觉就像 Windows 10 桌面 +============================================================ + + ![kde-plasma-to-windows-10](https://iwf1.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/KDE-Plasma-to-Windows-10.jpg) + +通过一些步骤，我将告诉你如何把 KDE Plasma 5 桌面变成 Windows 10 桌面 + + +除了菜单， KDE Plasma 桌面的许多地方已经和 Win 10 桌面非常像了。因此，为了使二者看起来几乎是一样的，只需要一些点亮工具 + +### 开始菜单 + +让 KDE Plasma 桌面看起来像 Win 10 桌面的第一环节以及可能最形象的环节是实现 Win 10 的 ‘开始’ 菜单. +. +通过安装[Zren's Tiled Menu][1]，这很容易实现。 + +#### 安装 + +1. 在 KDE Plasma 桌面上单击右键 -> 打开窗口部件 +2. 在 KDE Plasma 桌面上右键单击 -> 增添窗口部件 +3. 获取新窗口部件 -> 下载新的 Plasma 窗口部件 +4. 搜索 "Tiled Mune" -> 安装 + +#### 激活 + +1. 在你现在的菜单键上右键单击 -> 选择 +2. 选择 "TIled Mune" ->点击 开启（Switch） + +[ + ![KDE Tiled Menu extension.](http://iwf1.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/KDE-Tiled-Menu-extension-730x619.jpg) +][2] + +KDE Tiled 菜单扩展 + +### 主题 + +弄好菜单以后，下一个你可能需要的就是主题。幸运的是， [K10ne][3] 提供了你一个 WIn 10 主题体验。 + +#### 安装： + +1. 从 Plasma 桌面菜单打开“系统设置” -> 工作空间主题 +2. 从侧边栏选择”桌面主题 -> 获取新主题 +3. 搜索 "K10ne" -> 安装 + +#### 激活 + +1. 从 Plasma 桌面菜单选择“系统设置” -> 工作空间主题 +2. 从侧边栏选择“桌面主题” -> "K10ne" +3. 应用 + +### 任务栏 + +最后，为了有一个更加完整的体验，你可能也想拥有一个更加 Win 10 风格的任务栏， + +这次，你需要的安装包，叫做　"Icons-only Task Manager"， 在大多数 Linux 发行版中，通常会默认安装。如果没有安装，需要通过你的系统的合适通道来获取它。 + +#### 激活 + +1. 在 Plasma 桌面上右键单击 -> 打开窗口部件 +2. 在 Plasma 桌面上右键单击 -> 增添部件 +3. 把 "Icons-only Task Manager" 拖放到你的桌面面板的合适位置。 + + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://iwf1.com/make-kde-plasma-5-desktop-look-feel-like-windows-10-using-these-extensions/ + +作者：[Liron][a] +译者：[ucasFL](https://github.com/ucasFL) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:https://iwf1.com/tag/linux +[1]:https://github.com/Zren/plasma-applets/tree/master/tiledmenu +[2]:http://iwf1.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/KDE-Tiled-Menu-extension.jpg +[3]:https://store.kde.org/p/1153465/ From 756ce44878d1c1c383907cf3d49d76dcb4206252 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Lv Feng Date: Sat, 19 Nov 2016 22:41:01 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 111/220] Delete 20161113 Make KDE Plasma 5 Desktop Look and Feel Like Windows 10 Using These Extensions.md --- ... Like Windows 10 Using These Extensions.md | 78 ------------------- 1 file changed, 78 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20161113 Make KDE Plasma 5 Desktop Look and Feel Like Windows 10 Using These Extensions.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20161113 Make KDE Plasma 5 Desktop Look and Feel Like Windows 10 Using These Extensions.md b/sources/tech/20161113 Make KDE Plasma 5 Desktop Look and Feel Like Windows 10 Using These Extensions.md deleted file mode 100644 index f1406e596f..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20161113 Make KDE Plasma 5 Desktop Look and Feel Like Windows 10 Using These Extensions.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,78 +0,0 @@ -通过安装扩展让 KDE Plasma 5 桌面看起来感觉就像 Windows 10 桌面 -============================================================ - - ![kde-plasma-to-windows-10](https://iwf1.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/KDE-Plasma-to-Windows-10.jpg) - -通过一些步骤，我将告诉你如何把 KDE Plasma 5 桌面变成 Windows 10 桌面 - - -除了菜单， KDE Plasma 桌面的许多地方已经和 Win 10 桌面非常像了。因此，为了使二者看起来几乎是一样的，只需要一些点亮工具 - -### 开始菜单 - -让 KDE Plasma 桌面看起来像 Win 10 桌面的第一环节以及可能最形象的环节是实现 Win 10 的 ‘开始’ 菜单. -. -通过安装[Zren's Tiled Menu][1]，这很容易实现。 - -#### 安装 - -1. 在 KDE Plasma 桌面上单击右键 -> 打开窗口部件 -2. 在 KDE Plasma 桌面上右键单击 -> 增添窗口部件 -3. 获取新窗口部件 -> 下载新的 Plasma 窗口部件 -4. 搜索 "Tiled Mune" -> 安装 - -#### 激活 - -1. 在你现在的菜单键上右键单击 -> 选择 -2. 选择 "TIled Mune" ->点击 开启（Switch） - -[ - ![KDE Tiled Menu extension.](http://iwf1.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/KDE-Tiled-Menu-extension-730x619.jpg) -][2] - -KDE Tiled 菜单扩展 - -### 主题 - -弄好菜单以后，下一个你可能需要的就是主题。幸运的是， [K10ne][3] 提供了你一个 WIn 10 主题体验。 - -#### 安装： - -1. 从 Plasma 桌面菜单打开“系统设置” -> 工作空间主题 -2. 从侧边栏选择”桌面主题 -> 获取新主题 -3. 搜索 "K10ne" -> 安装 - -#### 激活 - -1. 从 Plasma 桌面菜单选择“系统设置” -> 工作空间主题 -2. 从侧边栏选择“桌面主题” -> "K10ne" -3. 应用 - -### 任务栏 - -最后，为了有一个更加完整的体验，你可能也想拥有一个更加 Win 10 风格的任务栏， - -这次，你需要的安装包，叫做　"Icons-only Task Manager"， 在大多数 Linux 发行版中，通常会默认安装。如果没有安装，需要通过你的系统的合适通道来获取它。 - -#### 激活 - -1. 在 Plasma 桌面上右键单击 -> 打开窗口部件 -2. 在 Plasma 桌面上右键单击 -> 增添部件 -3. 把 "Icons-only Task Manager" 拖放到你的桌面面板的合适位置。 - - - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://iwf1.com/make-kde-plasma-5-desktop-look-feel-like-windows-10-using-these-extensions/ - -作者：[Liron][a] -译者：[ucasFL](https://github.com/ucasFL) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:https://iwf1.com/tag/linux -[1]:https://github.com/Zren/plasma-applets/tree/master/tiledmenu -[2]:http://iwf1.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/KDE-Tiled-Menu-extension.jpg -[3]:https://store.kde.org/p/1153465/ From 7f886fa888a33c4016dba8bae988b72026442c24 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Lv Feng Date: Sat, 19 Nov 2016 23:00:31 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 112/220] Update 20161110 XFCE GETS A DO NOT DISTURB MODE AND PER APPLICATION NOTIFICATION SETTINGS.md --- ...OT DISTURB MODE AND PER APPLICATION NOTIFICATION SETTINGS.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20161110 XFCE GETS A DO NOT DISTURB MODE AND PER APPLICATION NOTIFICATION SETTINGS.md b/sources/tech/20161110 XFCE GETS A DO NOT DISTURB MODE AND PER APPLICATION NOTIFICATION SETTINGS.md index 175220cc4e..731f6b65f1 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20161110 XFCE GETS A DO NOT DISTURB MODE AND PER APPLICATION NOTIFICATION SETTINGS.md +++ b/sources/tech/20161110 XFCE GETS A DO NOT DISTURB MODE AND PER APPLICATION NOTIFICATION SETTINGS.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -ｕｃａｓFL translating [XFCE GETS A `DO NOT DISTURB` MODE AND PER APPLICATION NOTIFICATION SETTINGS][7] +[XFCE 桌面新增 '免打扰‘模式以及单一应用提醒设置的新特性][7] ============================================================ The Xfce developers are busy [porting][3] Xfce applications and components to GTK3, and in the process, they are also adding new features. From 41603c31223e782b196d9aefba9a3b5f0f26d0e1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Lv Feng Date: Sun, 20 Nov 2016 00:22:12 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 113/220] Update 20161110 XFCE GETS A DO NOT DISTURB MODE AND PER APPLICATION NOTIFICATION SETTINGS.md --- ...D PER APPLICATION NOTIFICATION SETTINGS.md | 24 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20161110 XFCE GETS A DO NOT DISTURB MODE AND PER APPLICATION NOTIFICATION SETTINGS.md b/sources/tech/20161110 XFCE GETS A DO NOT DISTURB MODE AND PER APPLICATION NOTIFICATION SETTINGS.md index 731f6b65f1..2a88dba27b 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20161110 XFCE GETS A DO NOT DISTURB MODE AND PER APPLICATION NOTIFICATION SETTINGS.md +++ b/sources/tech/20161110 XFCE GETS A DO NOT DISTURB MODE AND PER APPLICATION NOTIFICATION SETTINGS.md @@ -1,39 +1,39 @@ -[XFCE GETS A `DO NOT DISTURB` MODE AND PER APPLICATION NOTIFICATION SETTINGS][7] -[XFCE 桌面新增 '免打扰‘模式以及单一应用提醒设置的新特性][7] +[XFCE 桌面新增 '免打扰‘模式以及单一应用通知设置的新特性][7] ============================================================ -The Xfce developers are busy [porting][3] Xfce applications and components to GTK3, and in the process, they are also adding new features. +Xfce　的开发者们正忙于把 Xfce 的应用和部件[转移][3]到 GTK3 上，在这个过程中，他们也增加了一些新的特性。 -**"Do not disturb"**, a much requested feature, landed in _xfce4-notifyd_ 0.3.4 (the Xfce notification daemon) [recently][4]. Using this, you can suppress notification bubbles for a limited time-frame. +**"免打扰“**，一个更加被需要的特性，[最近][4]已登陆到了 _xfce-notifyd_ 0.3.4 (Xfce 通知进程)上。 -Furthermore, **the latest _xfce4-notifyd_ includes an option to enable or disable notifications on a per-application basis**. +更近一步地，**最新的 _xfce-notifyd_ 包括一个选项可以在单一应用基础上开启或关闭通知。 -After an application sends a notification, the app is added to a list in the notification settings. From here, you can control which applications can show notifications. +当一个应用发出一个通知以后，这个应用就被加入到到了通知设置的列表里。从通知列表里，你可以控制哪些应用能够显示通知。 -Both the "Do not disturb" mode and the application-specific notification settings can be found in _Settings > Notifications_: +”免打扰“模式和特殊应用通知设置均可在 设置 > 通知 中找到： [ ![](https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-fvSesp1ukaQ/WCR8JQVgfiI/AAAAAAAAYl8/IJ1CshVQizs9aG2ClfraVaNjKP3OyxvAgCLcB/s400/xfce-do-not-disturb.png) ][5] -Right now there's no way of accessing notifications missed due to the "Do not disturb" mode being enabled. However, **a notification logging / persistence feature is expected in a future release.** -And finally, yet** another feature** in _xfce4-notifyd_ 0.3.4 is an **option display notifications on the primary monitor** (until now, notifications were displayed on the active monitor).This option is not available in the GUI for now, and it must be enabled using Xfconf (Settings Editor), by adding a Boolean property, called "/primary-monitor" (without the quotes), to _xfce4-notifyd_ and set it to "True": +现在，没有方法可以访问由于启用”免打扰“模式而错过的消息。然而，**通知记录／维持特性被期待在将来会释放。** + +最后， _xfce-notifyd_ 0.3.4 的**另一个特性**是**选择在基本监视器显示通知**（直到现在，通知都是显示在主动监视器）。这个特性目前在 GUI 上是不能用的，必须使用 Xfconf（设置编辑）在 _xfce-notifyd_ 增添一个叫做“／基本监视器”（没有引号）的布尔属性并设置为 "TRUE" 来启用该特性: [ ![](https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-M8xZpEHMrq8/WCR9EufvsnI/AAAAAAAAYmA/nLI5JQUtmE0J9TgvNM9ZKGHBdwwBhRH3QCLcB/s400/xfce-xfconf.png) ][6] -**_xfce4-notifyd_ 0.3.4 is not available in a PPA right now, but it will probably be added to the [Xfce GTK3 PPA][1] soon.** +**_xfce4-notifyd_ 0.3.4 特性目前在 PPA 上是不可用的，但是不久它可能被增添到[Xfce GTK3][1]中。** -**If you want to build it from source, download it from [HERE][2].** +**如果你想直接从源代码编译，从[这儿][2]下载。** -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: http://www.webupd8.org/2016/11/xfce-gets-do-not-disturb-mode-and-per.html 作者：[Andrew ][a] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +译者：[ucasFL](https://github.com/ucasFL) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From e268857afff56e274b6b197e222ab3944bfff51a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Lv Feng Date: Sun, 20 Nov 2016 00:23:01 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 114/220] Update 20161110 XFCE GETS A DO NOT DISTURB MODE AND PER APPLICATION NOTIFICATION SETTINGS.md --- ...OT DISTURB MODE AND PER APPLICATION NOTIFICATION SETTINGS.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20161110 XFCE GETS A DO NOT DISTURB MODE AND PER APPLICATION NOTIFICATION SETTINGS.md b/sources/tech/20161110 XFCE GETS A DO NOT DISTURB MODE AND PER APPLICATION NOTIFICATION SETTINGS.md index 2a88dba27b..6b2bd8081a 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20161110 XFCE GETS A DO NOT DISTURB MODE AND PER APPLICATION NOTIFICATION SETTINGS.md +++ b/sources/tech/20161110 XFCE GETS A DO NOT DISTURB MODE AND PER APPLICATION NOTIFICATION SETTINGS.md @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -[XFCE 桌面新增 '免打扰‘模式以及单一应用通知设置的新特性][7] +[XFCE 桌面新增 '免打扰'模式以及单一应用通知设置的新特性][7] ============================================================ Xfce　的开发者们正忙于把 Xfce 的应用和部件[转移][3]到 GTK3 上，在这个过程中，他们也增加了一些新的特性。 From 4f0c664b2b2736ff59c2eef68abf7fb788ba76f4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Lv Feng Date: Sun, 20 Nov 2016 00:23:26 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 115/220] Update 20161110 XFCE GETS A DO NOT DISTURB MODE AND PER APPLICATION NOTIFICATION SETTINGS.md --- ...OT DISTURB MODE AND PER APPLICATION NOTIFICATION SETTINGS.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20161110 XFCE GETS A DO NOT DISTURB MODE AND PER APPLICATION NOTIFICATION SETTINGS.md b/sources/tech/20161110 XFCE GETS A DO NOT DISTURB MODE AND PER APPLICATION NOTIFICATION SETTINGS.md index 6b2bd8081a..c00d520a32 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20161110 XFCE GETS A DO NOT DISTURB MODE AND PER APPLICATION NOTIFICATION SETTINGS.md +++ b/sources/tech/20161110 XFCE GETS A DO NOT DISTURB MODE AND PER APPLICATION NOTIFICATION SETTINGS.md @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -[XFCE 桌面新增 '免打扰'模式以及单一应用通知设置的新特性][7] +[XFCE 桌面新增‘免打扰’模式以及单一应用通知设置的新特性][7] ============================================================ Xfce　的开发者们正忙于把 Xfce 的应用和部件[转移][3]到 GTK3 上，在这个过程中，他们也增加了一些新的特性。 From 7224a3df47e58ea82aa7090f3d9df068f2c5a343 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Lv Feng Date: Sun, 20 Nov 2016 00:24:55 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 116/220] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E5=AE=8C=E6=88=90?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...D PER APPLICATION NOTIFICATION SETTINGS.md | 48 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 48 insertions(+) create mode 100644 translated/tech/20161110 XFCE GETS A DO NOT DISTURB MODE AND PER APPLICATION NOTIFICATION SETTINGS.md diff --git a/translated/tech/20161110 XFCE GETS A DO NOT DISTURB MODE AND PER APPLICATION NOTIFICATION SETTINGS.md b/translated/tech/20161110 XFCE GETS A DO NOT DISTURB MODE AND PER APPLICATION NOTIFICATION SETTINGS.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..c00d520a32 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20161110 XFCE GETS A DO NOT DISTURB MODE AND PER APPLICATION NOTIFICATION SETTINGS.md @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +[XFCE 桌面新增‘免打扰’模式以及单一应用通知设置的新特性][7] +============================================================ + +Xfce　的开发者们正忙于把 Xfce 的应用和部件[转移][3]到 GTK3 上，在这个过程中，他们也增加了一些新的特性。 + +**"免打扰“**，一个更加被需要的特性，[最近][4]已登陆到了 _xfce-notifyd_ 0.3.4 (Xfce 通知进程)上。 + +更近一步地，**最新的 _xfce-notifyd_ 包括一个选项可以在单一应用基础上开启或关闭通知。 + +当一个应用发出一个通知以后，这个应用就被加入到到了通知设置的列表里。从通知列表里，你可以控制哪些应用能够显示通知。 + +”免打扰“模式和特殊应用通知设置均可在 设置 > 通知 中找到： + +[ + ![](https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-fvSesp1ukaQ/WCR8JQVgfiI/AAAAAAAAYl8/IJ1CshVQizs9aG2ClfraVaNjKP3OyxvAgCLcB/s400/xfce-do-not-disturb.png) +][5] + + +现在，没有方法可以访问由于启用”免打扰“模式而错过的消息。然而，**通知记录／维持特性被期待在将来会释放。** + +最后， _xfce-notifyd_ 0.3.4 的**另一个特性**是**选择在基本监视器显示通知**（直到现在，通知都是显示在主动监视器）。这个特性目前在 GUI 上是不能用的，必须使用 Xfconf（设置编辑）在 _xfce-notifyd_ 增添一个叫做“／基本监视器”（没有引号）的布尔属性并设置为 "TRUE" 来启用该特性: + +[ + ![](https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-M8xZpEHMrq8/WCR9EufvsnI/AAAAAAAAYmA/nLI5JQUtmE0J9TgvNM9ZKGHBdwwBhRH3QCLcB/s400/xfce-xfconf.png) +][6] + +**_xfce4-notifyd_ 0.3.4 特性目前在 PPA 上是不可用的，但是不久它可能被增添到[Xfce GTK3][1]中。** + +**如果你想直接从源代码编译，从[这儿][2]下载。** + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.webupd8.org/2016/11/xfce-gets-do-not-disturb-mode-and-per.html + +作者：[Andrew ][a] +译者：[ucasFL](https://github.com/ucasFL) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://www.webupd8.org/p/about.html +[1]:https://launchpad.net/~xubuntu-dev/+archive/ubuntu/xfce4-gtk3 +[2]:http://archive.xfce.org/src/apps/xfce4-notifyd/0.3/ +[3]:https://wiki.xfce.org/releng/4.14/roadmap +[4]:http://simon.shimmerproject.org/2016/11/09/xfce4-notifyd-0-3-4-released-do-not-disturb-and-per-application-settings/ +[5]:https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-fvSesp1ukaQ/WCR8JQVgfiI/AAAAAAAAYl8/IJ1CshVQizs9aG2ClfraVaNjKP3OyxvAgCLcB/s1600/xfce-do-not-disturb.png +[6]:https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-M8xZpEHMrq8/WCR9EufvsnI/AAAAAAAAYmA/nLI5JQUtmE0J9TgvNM9ZKGHBdwwBhRH3QCLcB/s1600/xfce-xfconf.png +[7]:http://www.webupd8.org/2016/11/xfce-gets-do-not-disturb-mode-and-per.html From 1482213883fd5f191827ac70692d5f2aa989550d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Lv Feng Date: Sun, 20 Nov 2016 00:25:14 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 117/220] Delete 20161110 XFCE GETS A DO NOT DISTURB MODE AND PER APPLICATION NOTIFICATION SETTINGS.md --- ...D PER APPLICATION NOTIFICATION SETTINGS.md | 48 ------------------- 1 file changed, 48 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20161110 XFCE GETS A DO NOT DISTURB MODE AND PER APPLICATION NOTIFICATION SETTINGS.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20161110 XFCE GETS A DO NOT DISTURB MODE AND PER APPLICATION NOTIFICATION SETTINGS.md b/sources/tech/20161110 XFCE GETS A DO NOT DISTURB MODE AND PER APPLICATION NOTIFICATION SETTINGS.md deleted file mode 100644 index c00d520a32..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20161110 XFCE GETS A DO NOT DISTURB MODE AND PER APPLICATION NOTIFICATION SETTINGS.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,48 +0,0 @@ -[XFCE 桌面新增‘免打扰’模式以及单一应用通知设置的新特性][7] -============================================================ - -Xfce　的开发者们正忙于把 Xfce 的应用和部件[转移][3]到 GTK3 上，在这个过程中，他们也增加了一些新的特性。 - -**"免打扰“**，一个更加被需要的特性，[最近][4]已登陆到了 _xfce-notifyd_ 0.3.4 (Xfce 通知进程)上。 - -更近一步地，**最新的 _xfce-notifyd_ 包括一个选项可以在单一应用基础上开启或关闭通知。 - -当一个应用发出一个通知以后，这个应用就被加入到到了通知设置的列表里。从通知列表里，你可以控制哪些应用能够显示通知。 - -”免打扰“模式和特殊应用通知设置均可在 设置 > 通知 中找到： - -[ - ![](https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-fvSesp1ukaQ/WCR8JQVgfiI/AAAAAAAAYl8/IJ1CshVQizs9aG2ClfraVaNjKP3OyxvAgCLcB/s400/xfce-do-not-disturb.png) -][5] - - -现在，没有方法可以访问由于启用”免打扰“模式而错过的消息。然而，**通知记录／维持特性被期待在将来会释放。** - -最后， _xfce-notifyd_ 0.3.4 的**另一个特性**是**选择在基本监视器显示通知**（直到现在，通知都是显示在主动监视器）。这个特性目前在 GUI 上是不能用的，必须使用 Xfconf（设置编辑）在 _xfce-notifyd_ 增添一个叫做“／基本监视器”（没有引号）的布尔属性并设置为 "TRUE" 来启用该特性: - -[ - ![](https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-M8xZpEHMrq8/WCR9EufvsnI/AAAAAAAAYmA/nLI5JQUtmE0J9TgvNM9ZKGHBdwwBhRH3QCLcB/s400/xfce-xfconf.png) -][6] - -**_xfce4-notifyd_ 0.3.4 特性目前在 PPA 上是不可用的，但是不久它可能被增添到[Xfce GTK3][1]中。** - -**如果你想直接从源代码编译，从[这儿][2]下载。** - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.webupd8.org/2016/11/xfce-gets-do-not-disturb-mode-and-per.html - -作者：[Andrew ][a] -译者：[ucasFL](https://github.com/ucasFL) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:http://www.webupd8.org/p/about.html -[1]:https://launchpad.net/~xubuntu-dev/+archive/ubuntu/xfce4-gtk3 -[2]:http://archive.xfce.org/src/apps/xfce4-notifyd/0.3/ -[3]:https://wiki.xfce.org/releng/4.14/roadmap -[4]:http://simon.shimmerproject.org/2016/11/09/xfce4-notifyd-0-3-4-released-do-not-disturb-and-per-application-settings/ -[5]:https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-fvSesp1ukaQ/WCR8JQVgfiI/AAAAAAAAYl8/IJ1CshVQizs9aG2ClfraVaNjKP3OyxvAgCLcB/s1600/xfce-do-not-disturb.png -[6]:https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-M8xZpEHMrq8/WCR9EufvsnI/AAAAAAAAYmA/nLI5JQUtmE0J9TgvNM9ZKGHBdwwBhRH3QCLcB/s1600/xfce-xfconf.png -[7]:http://www.webupd8.org/2016/11/xfce-gets-do-not-disturb-mode-and-per.html From ed5c5f74157bf2a2c28e47589b0a508d194f1dd1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sun, 20 Nov 2016 11:35:03 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 118/220] PROOF:Make KDE Plasma 5 Desktop Look and Feel Like Windows 10 Using These Extensions @ucasFL --- ... Like Windows 10 Using These Extensions.md | 60 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 33 insertions(+), 27 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20161113 Make KDE Plasma 5 Desktop Look and Feel Like Windows 10 Using These Extensions.md b/translated/tech/20161113 Make KDE Plasma 5 Desktop Look and Feel Like Windows 10 Using These Extensions.md index f1406e596f..3ffae42dca 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20161113 Make KDE Plasma 5 Desktop Look and Feel Like Windows 10 Using These Extensions.md +++ b/translated/tech/20161113 Make KDE Plasma 5 Desktop Look and Feel Like Windows 10 Using These Extensions.md @@ -3,64 +3,70 @@ ![kde-plasma-to-windows-10](https://iwf1.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/KDE-Plasma-to-Windows-10.jpg) -通过一些步骤，我将告诉你如何把 KDE Plasma 5 桌面变成 Windows 10 桌面 +通过一些步骤，我将告诉你如何把 KDE Plasma 5 桌面变成 Windows 10 桌面。 -除了菜单， KDE Plasma 桌面的许多地方已经和 Win 10 桌面非常像了。因此，为了使二者看起来几乎是一样的，只需要一些点亮工具 +除了菜单， KDE Plasma 桌面的许多地方已经和 Win 10 桌面非常像了。因此，只需要一点点改动就可以使二者看起来几乎是一样。 ### 开始菜单 -让 KDE Plasma 桌面看起来像 Win 10 桌面的第一环节以及可能最形象的环节是实现 Win 10 的 ‘开始’ 菜单. -. -通过安装[Zren's Tiled Menu][1]，这很容易实现。 +让 KDE Plasma 桌面看起来像 Win 10 桌面的首要以及可能最有标志性的环节是实现 Win 10 的 ‘开始’ 菜单。 + +通过安装 [Zren's Tiled Menu][1]，这很容易实现。 #### 安装 -1. 在 KDE Plasma 桌面上单击右键 -> 打开窗口部件 -2. 在 KDE Plasma 桌面上右键单击 -> 增添窗口部件 -3. 获取新窗口部件 -> 下载新的 Plasma 窗口部件 -4. 搜索 "Tiled Mune" -> 安装 +1、 在 KDE Plasma 桌面上单击右键 -> 解锁窗口部件（Unlock Widgets） + +2、 在 KDE Plasma 桌面上单击右键 -> 增添窗口部件（ Add Widgets） + +3、 获取新窗口部件 -> 下载新的 Plasma 窗口部件（Download New Plasma Widgets） + +4、 搜索“Tiled Menu” -> 安装（Install） #### 激活 -1. 在你现在的菜单键上右键单击 -> 选择 -2. 选择 "TIled Mune" ->点击 开启（Switch） +1、 在你当前的菜单按钮上单击右键 -> 替代……（Alternatives…） -[ - ![KDE Tiled Menu extension.](http://iwf1.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/KDE-Tiled-Menu-extension-730x619.jpg) -][2] +2、 选择 "TIled Mune" ->点击切换（Switch） -KDE Tiled 菜单扩展 +![KDE Tiled Menu extension.](http://iwf1.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/KDE-Tiled-Menu-extension-730x619.jpg) + +*KDE Tiled 菜单扩展* ### 主题 -弄好菜单以后，下一个你可能需要的就是主题。幸运的是， [K10ne][3] 提供了你一个 WIn 10 主题体验。 +弄好菜单以后，下一个你可能需要的就是主题。幸运的是， [K10ne][3] 提供了一个 WIn 10 主题体验。 #### 安装： -1. 从 Plasma 桌面菜单打开“系统设置” -> 工作空间主题 -2. 从侧边栏选择”桌面主题 -> 获取新主题 -3. 搜索 "K10ne" -> 安装 +1、 从 Plasma 桌面菜单打开“系统设置（System Settings）” -> 工作空间主题（Workspace Theme） + +2、 从侧边栏选择“桌面主题（Desktop Theme）” -> 获取新主题（Get new Theme） + +3、 搜索“K10ne” -> 安装（Install） #### 激活 -1. 从 Plasma 桌面菜单选择“系统设置” -> 工作空间主题 -2. 从侧边栏选择“桌面主题” -> "K10ne" -3. 应用 +1、 从 Plasma 桌面菜单选择“系统设置（System Settings）” -> 工作空间主题（Workspace Theme） + +2、 从侧边栏选择“桌面主题（Desktop Theme）” -> "K10ne" + +3、 应用（Apply） ### 任务栏 最后，为了有一个更加完整的体验，你可能也想拥有一个更加 Win 10 风格的任务栏， -这次，你需要的安装包，叫做　"Icons-only Task Manager"， 在大多数 Linux 发行版中，通常会默认安装。如果没有安装，需要通过你的系统的合适通道来获取它。 +这次，你需要的安装包，叫做“Icons-only Task Manager”， 在大多数 Linux 发行版中，通常会默认安装。如果没有安装，需要通过你的系统的合适通道来获取它。 #### 激活 -1. 在 Plasma 桌面上右键单击 -> 打开窗口部件 -2. 在 Plasma 桌面上右键单击 -> 增添部件 -3. 把 "Icons-only Task Manager" 拖放到你的桌面面板的合适位置。 +1、 在 Plasma 桌面上单击右键 -> 打开窗口部件（Unlock Widgets） +2、 在 Plasma 桌面上单击右键 -> 增添部件（Add Widgets） +3、 把“Icons-only Task Manager”拖放到你的桌面面板的合适位置。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -68,7 +74,7 @@ via: https://iwf1.com/make-kde-plasma-5-desktop-look-feel-like-windows-10-using- 作者：[Liron][a] 译者：[ucasFL](https://github.com/ucasFL) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From f5d00bd8113d6157c6230e6e6ed072e28e502aa7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sun, 20 Nov 2016 11:35:25 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 119/220] PUB:Make KDE Plasma 5 Desktop Look and Feel Like Windows 10 Using These Extensions @ucasFL --- ...esktop Look and Feel Like Windows 10 Using These Extensions.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20161113 Make KDE Plasma 5 Desktop Look and Feel Like Windows 10 Using These Extensions.md (100%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20161113 Make KDE Plasma 5 Desktop Look and Feel Like Windows 10 Using These Extensions.md b/published/20161113 Make KDE Plasma 5 Desktop Look and Feel Like Windows 10 Using These Extensions.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/tech/20161113 Make KDE Plasma 5 Desktop Look and Feel Like Windows 10 Using These Extensions.md rename to published/20161113 Make KDE Plasma 5 Desktop Look and Feel Like Windows 10 Using These Extensions.md From a6e6725263bf8489d6975d982e6df7469bd43945 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: rusking Date: Sun, 20 Nov 2016 12:22:07 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 120/220] Delete 20161102 Arch Linux - In a world of polish DIY never felt so good.md MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 翻译完成 --- ... world of polish DIY never felt so good.md | 58 ------------------- 1 file changed, 58 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/talk/20161102 Arch Linux - In a world of polish DIY never felt so good.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20161102 Arch Linux - In a world of polish DIY never felt so good.md b/sources/talk/20161102 Arch Linux - In a world of polish DIY never felt so good.md deleted file mode 100644 index 4c4939ed2f..0000000000 --- a/sources/talk/20161102 Arch Linux - In a world of polish DIY never felt so good.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,58 +0,0 @@ -Rusking Translating... - -# Arch Linux: In a world of polish, DIY never felt so good - - ![Tripple Renault photo by Gilles Paire via Shutterstock ](https://regmedia.co.uk/2016/10/31/tripple_renault_photo_by_gilles_paire_via_shutterstock.jpg?x=648&y=348&crop=1) - -Dig through the annals of Linux journalism and you'll find a surprising amount of coverage of some pretty obscure distros. Flashy new distros like Elementary OS and Solus garner attention for their slick interfaces, and anything shipping with a MATE desktop gets coverage by simple virtue of using MATE. - -Thanks to television shows like _Mr Robot_, I fully expect coverage of even Kali Linux to be on the uptick soon. - -In all that coverage, though, there's one very widely used distro that's almost totally ignored: Arch Linux. - -Arch gets very little coverage for a several reasons, not the least of which is that it's somewhat difficult to install and requires you feel comfortable with the command line to get it working. Worse, from the point of view of anyone trying to appeal to mainstream users, that difficulty is by design - nothing keeps the noobs out like a daunting install process. - -It's a shame, though, because once the installation is complete, Arch is actually - in my experience - far easier to use than any other Linux distro I've tried. - -But yes, installation is a pain. Hand-partitioning, hand-mounting and generating your own `fstab` files takes more time and effort than clicking "install" and merrily heading off to do something else. But the process of installing Arch teaches you a lot. It pulls back the curtain so you can see what's behind it. In fact it makes the curtain disappear entirely. In Arch, _you_ are the person behind the curtain. - -In addition to its reputation for being difficult to install, Arch is justly revered for its customizability, though this is somewhat misunderstood. There is no "default" desktop in Arch. What you want installed on top of the base set of Arch packages is entirely up to you. - - ![ARCH "DESKTOP" SCREENSHOT LINUX - OBVS VARIES DEPENDING ON USER ](https://regmedia.co.uk/2016/11/01/arch.jpg?x=648&y=364&infer_y=1 "ARCH "DESKTOP" SCREENSHOT LINUX - OBVS VARIES DEPENDING ON USER ") - -While you can see this as infinite customizability, you can also see it as totally lacking in customization. For example, unlike - say - Ubuntu there is almost no patching or customization happening in Arch. Arch developers simply pass on what upstream developers have released, end of story. For some this good; you can run "pure" GNOME, for instance. But in other cases, some custom patching can take care of bugs that upstream devs might not prioritize. - -The lack of a default set of applications and desktop system also does not make for tidy reviews - or reviews at all really, since what I install will no doubt be different to what you choose. I happened to select a very minimal setup of bare Openbox, tint2 and dmenu. You might prefer the latest release of GNOME. We'd both be running Arch, but our experiences of it would be totally different. This is of course true of any distro, but most others have a default desktop at least. - -Still there are common elements that together can make the basis of an Arch review. There is, for example, the primary reason I switched - Arch is a rolling release distro. This means two things. First, the latest kernels are delivered as soon as they're available and reasonably stable. This means I can test things that are difficult to test with other distros. The other big win for a rolling distro is that all updates are delivered when they're ready. Not only does this mean newer software sooner, it means there's no massive system updates that might break things. - -Many people feel that Arch is less stable because it's rolling, but in my experience over the last nine months I would argue the opposite. - -I have yet to break anything with an update. I did once have to rollback because my /boot partition wasn't mounted when I updated and changes weren't written, but that was pure user error. Bugs that do surface (like some regressions related to the trackpad on a Dell XPS laptop I was testing) are fixed and updates are available much faster than they would be with a non-rolling distro. In short, I've found Arch's rolling release updates to be far more stable than anything else I've been using along side it. The only caveat I have to add to that is read the wiki and pay close attention to what you're updating. - -This brings us to the main reason I suspect that Arch's appeal is limited - you have to pay attention to what you're doing. Blindly updating Arch is risky - but it's risky with any distro; you've just been conditioned to think it's not because you have no choice. - -All of which leads me to the other major reason I embraced Arch - the [Arch Philosophy][1]. The part in particular that I find appealing is this bit: "[Arch] is targeted at the proficient GNU/Linux user, or anyone with a do-it-yourself attitude who is willing to read the documentation, and solve their own problems." - -As Linux moves further into the mainstream developers seem to feel a greater need to smooth over all the rough areas - as if mirroring the opaque user experience of proprietary software were somehow the apex of functionality. - -Strange though it sounds in this day and age, there are many of us who actually prefer to configure things ourselves. In this sense Arch may well be the last refuge of the DIY Linux user. ® - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.theregister.co.uk/2016/11/02/arch_linux_taster/ - -作者：[Scott Gilbertson][a] - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) - -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:http://www.theregister.co.uk/Author/1785 -[1]:https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Arch_Linux -[2]:http://www.theregister.co.uk/Author/1785 -[3]:https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=http://www.theregister.co.uk/2016/11/02/arch_linux_taster/&title=Arch%20Linux%3A%20In%20a%20world%20of%20polish%2C%20DIY%20never%20felt%20so%20good&summary=Last%20refuge%20for%20purists -[4]:http://twitter.com/share?text=Arch%20Linux%3A%20In%20a%20world%20of%20polish%2C%20DIY%20never%20felt%20so%20good&url=http://www.theregister.co.uk/2016/11/02/arch_linux_taster/&via=theregister -[5]:http://www.reddit.com/submit?url=http://www.theregister.co.uk/2016/11/02/arch_linux_taster/&title=Arch%20Linux%3A%20In%20a%20world%20of%20polish%2C%20DIY%20never%20felt%20so%20good From d417a5f5efafb12eb4f7958ba38aa38fb3a6acb4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: rusking Date: Sun, 20 Nov 2016 12:33:41 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 121/220] Create Arch Linux: In a world of polish, DIY never felt so good MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 翻译完成 --- ... a world of polish, DIY never felt so good | 68 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 68 insertions(+) create mode 100644 translated/talk/Arch Linux: In a world of polish, DIY never felt so good diff --git a/translated/talk/Arch Linux: In a world of polish, DIY never felt so good b/translated/talk/Arch Linux: In a world of polish, DIY never felt so good new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..5bc7031455 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/talk/Arch Linux: In a world of polish, DIY never felt so good @@ -0,0 +1,68 @@ +Arch Linux: DIY用户的终结圣地 + +![Tripple Renault photo by Gilles Paire via +Shutterstock ](https://regmedia.co.uk/2016/10/31/tripple_renault_photo_by_gilles_paire_via_shutterstock.jpg?x=648&y=348&crop=1) + +深入研究下Linux系统的新闻史，你会发现其中有一些鲜为人知的Linux发行版，而且关于这些操作系统的新闻报道的数量也十分惊人。 + +新发行版中的佼佼者，比如Elementary +OS和Solus操作系统因其华丽的界面而被大家所关注，并且，任何搭载MATE桌面环境的操作系统都因其简洁性而被广泛报道。 + +感谢像《黑客军团》这样的电视节目，我确信关于Kali Linux系统的报道将会飙升。 + +尽管有很多关于Linux系统的报道，然而仍然有一个被广泛使用的Linux发行版几乎被大家完全遗忘了：Arch Linux系统。 + +关于Arch的新闻报道很少的原因有很多，其中最主要的原因是它很难安装，而且你还得熟练地在命令行下完成各种配置以使其正常运行。更可怕的是，大多数的用户认为最难的是配置系统，复杂的安装过程令无数的菜鸟们望而怯步。 + +这的确很遗憾，在我看来，实际上一旦安装完成后，Arch比我用过的其它Linux发行版更容易得多。 + +确实如此，Arch的安装过程很让人蛋疼。有些发行版的安装过程只需要点击“安装”后就可以放手地去干其它事了。Arch相对来说要花费更多的时间和精力去完成硬盘分区，手动挂载，生成fstab文件等。但是从Arch的安装过程中，我们学到很多。它掀开帷幕，让我们弄明白很多背后的东西。事实上，这个帷幕已经彻底消失了，在Arch的世界里，你就是帷幕背后的主宰。 + +除了大家所熟知的难安装外，Arch甚至没有自己默认的桌面环境，虽然这有些让人难以理解，但是Arch也因其可定制化而被广泛推崇。你可以自行决定在Arch的基础软件包上安装任何东西。 + + ![ARCH "DESKTOP" SCREENSHOT LINUX - +OBVS VARIES DEPENDING ON USER ](https://regmedia.co.uk/2016/11/01/arch.jpg?x=648&y=364&infer_y=1 +"ARCH "DESKTOP" SCREENSHOT LINUX - OBVS VARIES DEPENDING ON USER +") +你可以认为Arch是高度可定制化的，或者说它完全没有定制化。比如，不像Ubuntu系统那样，Arch几乎没有修改过或是定制开发后的软件包。Arch的开发者从始至终都使用上游开发者提供的软件包。对于部分用户来说，这种情况非常棒。比如，你可以使用纯粹的未定制化开发过的GNOME桌面环境。但是，在某些情况下，一些上游开发者未更新过的定制化软件包可能存在很多的缺陷。  + +由于Arch缺乏一些默认的应用程序和桌面系统，这完全不利于用户管理自己的桌面环境。我曾经使用最小化安装配置Openbox，tint2和dmenu桌面管理工具，但是安装后的效果却跟我很失望。因此，我更倾向于使用最新版的GNOME桌面系统。在使用Arch的过程中，我们会同时安装一个桌面环境，但是这给我们的体验是完全不一样的。对于任何发行版来说，这种做法是正确的，但是大多数的Linux系统都至少会使用一个默认的桌面环境。 + +然而Arch还是有很多共性的元素一起构成这个基本系统。比如说，我使用Arch系统的主要原因是因为它是一个滚动更新的发行版。这意味着两件事情。首先，Arch使用最新的稳定版内核。这就意味着我可以在Arch系统里完成在其它Linux发行版中很难完成的测试。滚动版最大的一个好处就是所有可用的软件更新包会被即时发布出来。这不只是说明软件包更新速度快，而且也没有太多的系统升级包会被拆分。 + +由于Arch是一个滚动更新的发行版，因此很多用户认为它是不稳定的。但是在我使用了9个多月之后，我并不赞同这种观点。 + +我在每一次升级系统的过程中，从未损坏过任何软件。有一次升级系统之后我不得不回滚，因为系统启动分区/boot无法挂载成功，但是后来我发现那完全是自己操作上的失误。一些基本的系统缺陷（比如我关于戴尔XPS笔记本触摸板相关的回归测试方面的问题）已经被修复，并且可用的软件包更新速度要比其它非滚动发行版快得多。总的来说，我认为Arch滚动更新的发布模式比其它我在用的发行版要稳定得多。唯一一点我要强调的是查阅维基上的资料，多关注你要更新的内容。 + +你必须要小心你正在做的操作，因为Arch也不是任你肆意胡来的。盲目的更新Arch系统是极其危险的。但是任何一个发行版的更新都有风险。在你别无选择的时候，你得根据实际情况，三思而后行。 + +Arch的哲学理念是我支持它的另外一个最主要的原因。我认为Arch最吸引用户的一点就是：Arch面向的是专业的Linux用户，或者是有“自己动手”的态度，并愿意查资料解决问题的任何人。 + +随着Linux逐渐成为主流的操作系统，开发者们更需要顺利地渡过每一个艰难的技术领域。那些晦涩难懂的专有软件方面的经验恰恰能反映出用户高深的技术能力。 + +尽管在这个时代听起来有些怪怪的，但是事实上我们大多数的用户更愿意自己动手装配一些东西。在这种情形下，Arch将会是Linux DIY用户的终结圣地。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +via: http://www.theregister.co.uk/2016/11/02/arch_linux_taster/ + +作者：[Scott +Gilbertson][a] + +译者：[rusking](https://github.com/rusking) + +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 +[LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://www.theregister.co.uk/Author/1785 + +[1]:https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Arch_Linux + +[2]:http://www.theregister.co.uk/Author/1785 + +[3]:https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=http://www.theregister.co.uk/2016/11/02/arch_linux_taster/&title=Arch%20Linux%3A%20In%20a%20world%20of%20polish%2C%20DIY%20never%20felt%20so%20good&summary=Last%20refuge%20for%20purists + +[4]:http://twitter.com/share?text=Arch%20Linux%3A%20In%20a%20world%20of%20polish%2C%20DIY%20never%20felt%20so%20good&url=http://www.theregister.co.uk/2016/11/02/arch_linux_taster/&via=theregister + +[5]:http://www.reddit.com/submit?url=http://www.theregister.co.uk/2016/11/02/arch_linux_taster/&title=Arch%20Linux%3A%20In%20a%20world%20of%20polish%2C%20DIY%20never%20felt%20so%20good From 6af17fe442140b31c89ee5e58a8be78b144657ef Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sun, 20 Nov 2016 22:32:16 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 122/220] PROOF:ubuntu vs ubuntu on windows @Vic020 --- .../tech/ubuntu vs ubuntu on windows.md | 75 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 36 insertions(+), 39 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/ubuntu vs ubuntu on windows.md b/translated/tech/ubuntu vs ubuntu on windows.md index 066609526f..65682c466a 100644 --- a/translated/tech/ubuntu vs ubuntu on windows.md +++ b/translated/tech/ubuntu vs ubuntu on windows.md @@ -1,84 +1,81 @@ -Ubuntu 14.04/16.04 与Windows 10周年版ubuntu Bash性能对比 +Ubuntu 14.04/16.04 与 Windows 10 周年版 Ubuntu Bash 性能对比 =========================== -今年初，当Microsoft和Canonical发布[Windows 10 Bash 和Ubuntu用户空间][1]，我尝试做了一些初步性能测试 [Ubuntu on Windows 10 对比 原生Ubuntu][2]，这次我发布更多的，关于原生纯净Ubuntu和Base on Windows 10的基准对比。 +今年初，当 Microsoft 和 Canonical 发布 [Windows 10 Bash 和 Ubuntu 用户空间][1]，我尝试做了一些初步性能测试 [Ubuntu on Windows 10 对比 原生 Ubuntu][2]，这次我发布更多的，关于原生纯净的 Ubuntu 和基于 Windows 10 的基准对比。 -![](http://www.phoronix.net/image.php?id=windows10-anv-wsl&image=windows_wsl_1_med) +![Windows 的 Linux 子系统](http://www.phoronix.net/image.php?id=windows10-anv-wsl&image=windows_wsl_1_med) -Windows的Linux子系统测试在上周刚刚完成所有测试，并放出升级。 默认的Ubuntu用户空间还是Ubuntu 14.04,但是已经可以升级到16.04。所以测试首先在14.04测试，完成后将系统升级升级到16.04版本并重复所有测试。完成所有基于Windows的测试后，我删除了Ubuntu14.04.5和Ubuntu 16.04 LTS来对比查看性能 +Windows 的 Linux 子系统测试完成了所有测试，并随着 Windows 10周年更新放出。 默认的 Ubuntu 用户空间还是 Ubuntu 14.04，但是已经可以升级到 16.04。所以测试首先在 14.04 测试，完成后将系统升级升级到 16.04 版本并重复所有测试。完成所有基于 Windows 的 Ubuntu 子系统测试后，我在同样的系统上干净地安装了 Ubuntu 14.04.5 和 Ubuntu 16.04 LTS 来做性能对比。 +![Ubuntu](http://www.phoronix.net/image.php?id=windows10-anv-wsl&image=windows_wsl_2_med) -![](http://www.phoronix.net/image.php?id=windows10-anv-wsl&image=windows_wsl_2_med) +配置为 Intel i5 6600K Skylake，16G 内存和 256G 东芝 ssd，测试过程中每个操作系统都采用其原生默认配置和软件包。 -配置为Intel i5 6600K Skylake框架， 16G内存和256东芝ssd， 所有测试都采用原生默认配置。 +![Phoronix 测试套件](https://openbenchmarking.org/embed.php?i=1608096-LO-BASHWINDO87&sha=09989b3&p=2) +这次 Ubuntu/Bash on Windows 和原生 Ubuntu 对比测试，采用开源软件 [Phoronix 测试套件](http://www.phoronix-test-suite.com/)，完全自动化并可重复测试。 -![](https://openbenchmarking.org/embed.php?i=1608096-LO-BASHWINDO87&sha=09989b3&p=2) ->点击放大查看 +![SQLite 嵌入式数据库基准测试](https//openbenchmarking.org/embed.php?i=1608096-LO-BASHWINDO87&sha=186c4d0&c=a8c914bf9b64cf67abc65e319f8e71c7951fb1aa&p=0) +首先是 SQLite 嵌入式数据库基准测试。这方面开箱即用的 Ubuntu/Bash on Windows 性能是相当的慢，但是如果将环境从 14.04 升级到 16.04 LTS，性能会快很多。然而，对于繁重磁盘操作的任务，原生 Ubuntu Linux 几乎比 Windows 的子系统 Linux 快了近 2 倍。 -这次Ubuntu/Bash on Windows和原生Ubuntu对比测试，采用开源软件Phoronix测试套件，完全自动化并可重复测试。 +![编译测试：编译](https://openbenchmarking.org/embed.php?i=1608096-LO-BASHWINDO87&sha=fa40825&c=0912dc3f6d6a9f36da09fdd4c0cf4e330fa40f90&p=0) -![](https//openbenchmarking.org/embed.php?i=1608096-LO-BASHWINDO87&sha=186c4d0&c=a8c914bf9b64cf67abc65e319f8e71c7951fb1aa&p=0) +![编译测试：初始创建](https://openbenchmarking.org/embed.php?i=1608096-LO-BASHWINDO87&sha=8419652&c=9b9f6b0822ed5b9dc2977a7f2faf499fce4fba23&p=0) -首先是SQLite嵌入式数据库基准测试.这个盒子外的Ubuntu/Bash on Windows性能是相当的慢,但是如果切换环境从14.04到16.04LTS, 性能会块很多.然而, 对于重磁盘的工作负载,原生Ubuntu Linux比Windows的子系统Linux快了近2倍. +编译测试作为额外的繁重磁盘操作测试显示，定制的 Windows 子系统真的成倍的限制了 Ubuntu 性能。 -![](https://openbenchmarking.org/embed.php?i=1608096-LO-BASHWINDO87&sha=fa40825&c=0912dc3f6d6a9f36da09fdd4c0cf4e330fa40f90&p=0) +接下来，是一些使用 Stream 的基本的系统内存速度测试： -![](https://openbenchmarking.org/embed.php?i=1608096-LO-BASHWINDO87&sha=8419652&c=9b9f6b0822ed5b9dc2977a7f2faf499fce4fba23&p=0) +![Stream：复制](https://openbenchmarking.org/embed.php?i=1608096-LO-BASHWINDO87&sha=9560e6f&c=ebbc6937fa8daf0540e0df353432a29f938cf7ed&p=0) -编译测试作为额外的重磁盘测试显示, 定制的Windows子系统真的成倍的限制了Ubuntu性能. +![Stream：缩放](https://openbenchmarking.org/embed.php?i=1608096-LO-BASHWINDO87&sha=63fa8d6&c=88cd58f9eca6d3a09699d60d9f877529113fb1bc&p=0) -接下来,是一些使用Stream的基本的系统内存速度测试 +![Stream：添加](https://openbenchmarking.org/embed.php?i=1608096-LO-BASHWINDO87&sha=5a2e9d2&c=d37eee4c9394fa8104e7e49e26c964af70ec326b&p=0) -![](https://openbenchmarking.org/embed.php?i=1608096-LO-BASHWINDO87&sha=9560e6f&c=ebbc6937fa8daf0540e0df353432a29f938cf7ed&p=0) +奇怪的是，这些 Stream 内存的基准测试显示 Ubuntu on Windows 的性能比原生的 Ubuntu 好！这个现象同时发生在基于同样的 Windows 却环境不同的 14.04 和 16.04 LTS 上。 -![](https://openbenchmarking.org/embed.php?i=1608096-LO-BASHWINDO87&sha=63fa8d6&c=88cd58f9eca6d3a09699d60d9f877529113fb1bc&p=0) +接下来，是一些繁重 CPU 操作测试。 -![](https://openbenchmarking.org/embed.php?i=1608096-LO-BASHWINDO87&sha=5a2e9d2&c=d37eee4c9394fa8104e7e49e26c964af70ec326b&p=0) +![Dolfyn 科学测试](https://openbenchmarking.org/embed.php?i=1608096-LO-BASHWINDO87&sha=ee1f01f&c=3e9a67230e0e081b99ee3237e702c0b40ee73d60&p=0) -奇怪的是, 这些内存的基准测试显示Ubuntu on Windows的性能比原生的Ubuntu好!这个现象同时发生在基于同样的Windows却环境不同的14.04和16.04上. +通过 Dolfyn 科学测试，Ubuntu On Windows 和原生 Ubuntu 之间的性能其实是相当接近的。 对于 Ubuntu 16.04，由于较新的 GCC 编译器性能衰减，两个平台上的性能都较慢。 -接下来, 是一些重CPU测试. +![Fhourstones 测试](https://openbenchmarking.org/embed.php?i=1608096-LO-BASHWINDO87&sha=dd69257&c=0e31babb8b96be1ae38ea739fbb1346bf9bc4b07&p=0) -![](https://openbenchmarking.org/embed.php?i=1608096-LO-BASHWINDO87&sha=ee1f01f&c=3e9a67230e0e081b99ee3237e702c0b40ee73d60&p=0) +![John The Ripper 测试](https://openbenchmarking.org/embed.php?i=1608096-LO-BASHWINDO87&sha=a02416b&c=c8abb70dee982dd494fb1891bd9dc154fa7a7f47&p=0) -通过Dolfyn科学测试，Ubuntu On Windows和原生Ubuntu之间的性能其实是相当接近的。 对于Ubuntu 16.04，由于较新的GCC编译器回退性能，两个平台上的性能都较慢。 +透过 Fhourstones 测试和 John The Ripper 测试表明，通过在 Windows 的 Linux 子系统运行的 Ubuntu 的性能可以非常接近裸机 Ubuntu Linux 性能！ -![](https://openbenchmarking.org/embed.php?i=1608096-LO-BASHWINDO87&sha=dd69257&c=0e31babb8b96be1ae38ea739fbb1346bf9bc4b07&p=0) +![x264 测试：H264视频编码](https://openbenchmarking.org/embed.php?i=1608096-LO-BASHWINDO87&sha=3140e3c&c=f4bf6330a7d58b5939c61cbd91fe5db379c1592a&p=0) -![](https://openbenchmarking.org/embed.php?i=1608096-LO-BASHWINDO87&sha=a02416b&c=c8abb70dee982dd494fb1891bd9dc154fa7a7f47&p=0) +类似于 Stream 测试，x264 结果是另一个奇怪的情况，其中最好的性能实际上是使用 Linux 子系统的 Ubuntu On Windows！ -透过Fhourstones和John The Ripper表明，通过在Windows上运行Linux子系统的Ubuntu的性能可以非常接近裸机Ubuntu Linux性能！ +![Linux 内核编译时间](https://openbenchmarking.org/embed.php?i=1608096-LO-BASHWINDO87&sha=ad12f0b&c=f50c829c97d731f6926c5a874cf83f8fc5440067&p=0) -![](https://openbenchmarking.org/embed.php?i=1608096-LO-BASHWINDO87&sha=3140e3c&c=f4bf6330a7d58b5939c61cbd91fe5db379c1592a&p=0) +![PHP 编译时间](https://openbenchmarking.org/embed.php?i=1608096-LO-BASHWINDO87&sha=8b7a7ca&c=3de3e8537d08665e8a41380b6b2298c09f408fa0&p=0) -类似于Stream, x264结果是另一个奇怪的情况，其中最好的性能实际上是使用WSL Ubuntu On Windows！ +计时编译基准测试非常利于裸机 Ubuntu Linux。这是应该是由于大型程序编译需要大量读写磁盘，在先前测试已经发现了，这是基于 Windows 的 Linux 子系统缓慢的一大领域。 -![](https://openbenchmarking.org/embed.php?i=1608096-LO-BASHWINDO87&sha=ad12f0b&c=f50c829c97d731f6926c5a874cf83f8fc5440067&p=0) +![Crafty](https://openbenchmarking.org/embed.php?i=1608096-LO-BASHWINDO87&sha=25892d8&c=f6cd3fa4a3497e3d2663106e0bf3fcd227f9b9a3&p=0) -![](https://openbenchmarking.org/embed.php?i=1608096-LO-BASHWINDO87&sha=8b7a7ca&c=3de3e8537d08665e8a41380b6b2298c09f408fa0&p=0) +![FLAC 音频编码](https://openbenchmarking.org/embed.php?i=1608096-LO-BASHWINDO87&sha=2ea1062&c=fbbec58a6aa1f3fb8dbc55e3de612afc99c666f7&p=0) -定时编译基准测试非常利于裸机Ubuntu Linux. 这是由于大型程序编译需要大量读写磁盘, 先前测试已经发现了, 基于Windows的子系统缓慢的大灾区. +![OpenSSL](https://openbenchmarking.org/embed.php?i=1608096-LO-BASHWINDO87&sha=4899bb2&c=80df0e1e749910ebd84b0d6c2688316e5cfb8cda&p=0) -![](https://openbenchmarking.org/embed.php?i=1608096-LO-BASHWINDO87&sha=25892d8&c=f6cd3fa4a3497e3d2663106e0bf3fcd227f9b9a3&p=0) +许多其他的通用开源基准测试表明，严格的针对 CPU 的测试，Windows 子系统的 Ubuntu 的性能是很接近的，甚至是与原生安装在实际硬件中的 Ubuntu Linux 相等。 -![](https://openbenchmarking.org/embed.php?i=1608096-LO-BASHWINDO87&sha=2ea1062&c=fbbec58a6aa1f3fb8dbc55e3de612afc99c666f7&p=0) +最新的 Windows 的 Linux 子系统，测试结果实际上相当令人印象深刻。让人沮丧的仅仅只是持续缓慢的磁盘/文件系统性能，但是对于受 CPU 限制的工作负载，结果是非常引人注目的。还有很罕见的情况， x264 和 Stream 测试，Ubuntu On Windows 上的性能看起来明显优于运行在实际硬件上 的Ubuntu Linux。 -![](https://openbenchmarking.org/embed.php?i=1608096-LO-BASHWINDO87&sha=4899bb2&c=80df0e1e749910ebd84b0d6c2688316e5cfb8cda&p=0) +总的来说，体验是十分愉快的，并且在 Ubuntu/Bash on Windows 也没有遇到任何其他的 bug。如果你有还兴趣了解更多关于 Windows 和 Linux 的基准测试，欢迎留言讨论。 -许多其他的通用开源基准测试表明, 严格的重CPU测试, Windows子系统的Ubuntu的性能是很接近的, 甚至是相等与原生安装在实际硬盘中的Ubuntu Linux. - -最新的Window的Linux子系统,测试结果实际上相当令人印象深刻。让人沮丧仅仅只是持续缓慢的磁盘/文件系统性能，但是对于受CPU限制的工作负载，结果是非常引人注目的。还有很罕见的x264和Stream测试，Ubuntu On Windows上的性能似乎明显优于运行在硬件上的Ubuntu Linux。 - -总的来说, 测试实验是十分愉快的并且在Ubuntu/Bash on Windows也没有遇到任何其他的bug.如果你有还兴趣了解更多关于Windows和Linux的基准测试, 欢迎留言讨论. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=article&item=windows10-anv-wsl&num=1 作者：[Michael Larabel][a] 译者：[VicYu/Vic020](http://vicyu.net) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 0101b425cc3d544b15e124af3ef1707d3a647ab1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sun, 20 Nov 2016 22:32:37 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 123/220] PUB:ubuntu vs ubuntu on windows @Vic020 --- {translated/tech => published}/ubuntu vs ubuntu on windows.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/ubuntu vs ubuntu on windows.md (100%) diff --git a/translated/tech/ubuntu vs ubuntu on windows.md b/published/ubuntu vs ubuntu on windows.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/tech/ubuntu vs ubuntu on windows.md rename to published/ubuntu vs ubuntu on windows.md From c706891d3b52e03f88a91b27b0143848d5e44a04 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Mars Wong Date: Sun, 20 Nov 2016 23:05:31 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 124/220] [Translated by OneNewLife]20161107 When to use NGINX instead of Apache.md -> 20161107 When to use NGINX instead of Apache.md --- ...107 When to use NGINX instead of Apache.md | 58 ------------------ ...107 When to use NGINX instead of Apache.md | 59 +++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 59 insertions(+), 58 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20161107 When to use NGINX instead of Apache.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20161107 When to use NGINX instead of Apache.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20161107 When to use NGINX instead of Apache.md b/sources/tech/20161107 When to use NGINX instead of Apache.md deleted file mode 100644 index c650816cb1..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20161107 When to use NGINX instead of Apache.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,58 +0,0 @@ -OneNewLife translating - -When to use NGINX instead of Apache -===== - ->They're both popular open-source web servers but, according to NGINX CEO Gus Robertson, they have different use cases. And Microsoft? Its web server has dropped below 10 percent of all active websites for the first time in 20 years. - - ![web-server-popularity-october-2016.png](http://zdnet1.cbsistatic.com/hub/i/r/2016/11/07/f38d190e-046c-49e6-b451-096ee0776a04/resize/770xauto/b009f53417e9a4af207eff6271b90c43/web-server-popularity-october-2016.png) - -Apache is the top web server, but NGINX continues to gain and Microsoft IIS falls below 10 percent for the first time in decades. - -[NGINX][4] has risen to become the number two web server. It surpassed [Microsoft Internet Information Services (IIS)][5] long ago and has been creeping up on long-time top web server [Apache][6]. But, NGINX CEO Gus Roberston said in an interview, Apache and NGINX are not after the same audiences. - -"I think Apache is a great web server. NGINX is different use case," said Robertson. "We don't see Apache as a rival. Our customers use NGINX to replace hardware load balancers and build micro-services neither of which is Apache." - -Indeed, Robertson finds that many customers use both open-source web services. "Customers will use NGINX in front of Apache for load balancing and applications. Our architecture is quite different and we can do better concurrent web services." He also said NGINX works better in cloud configurations. - -He concluded, "We're the only web server still growing, everyone else is still shrinking." - -These gains, coupled with Microsoft's loss of 1.2 million active sites, led to Microsoft's share of active sites dropping to 9.27 percent, the first time that it has fallen below 10 percent. Apache increased its market share by 0.19 percentage points and continues to dominate, now with 46.30 percent of active sites. Still, it is true that over the years Apache has been slowly declining, while NGINX is now at 19 percent.That's not quite true. According to the [October Netcraft web server survey][7], Apache saw the largest increase of active sites this month, gaining 1.8 million, while NGINX gained 400,000, the second-largest growth. - -NGINX's developers are seeking to make their open-core commercial web server, [NGINX Plus][8], more competitive by continuing to improve it. With the latest release, [NGINX Plus Release 11 (R11][9]), the server is both easier to extend and customize, and support a broader range of deployments. - -The biggest addition is binary compatibility for [dynamic modules][10]. This means that dynamic modules that have been compiled against the [open-source NGINX software][11] can be loaded into NGINX Plus. - -This means you can leverage the large number of [third‑party NGINX modules][12] to extend and add functionality to NGINX Plus, drawing from a range of open-source and commercially produced modules. Developers can create custom extensions, add‑ons, and new products based on the supported NGINX Plus core. - -NGINX Plus R11 also added other enhancements: - -* [Improved TCP/UDP load balancing][1] -- New features include SSL server name routing, new logging functionality, additional variables, and improved PROXY protocol support. These new features enhance debugging capabilities and enable you to support a broader range of enterprise applications. -* [Better geolocation by IP address][2] -- The third‑party GeoIP2 module is now certified and provided to NGINX Plus customers. This new version provides localized and richer location detail than the original GeoIP module. -* [Enhanced nginScript module][3] -- nginScript is the next‑generation configuration language for NGINX Plus, based on JavaScript. New features enable you to modify request and response data on the fly in the Stream (TCP/UDP) module. - -The end result? NGINX is poised to continue to make the race for the top web server a two-horse race. Microsoft IIS? It continues to slowly fade away. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.zdnet.com/article/when-to-use-nginx-instead-of-apache/ - -作者：[ Steven J. Vaughan-Nichols][a] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:http://www.zdnet.com/meet-the-team/us/steven-j-vaughan-nichols/ -[1]:https://www.nginx.com/blog/nginx-plus-r11-released/?utm_source=nginx-plus-r11-released&utm_medium=blog#r11-tcp-udp-lb -[2]:https://www.nginx.com/blog/nginx-plus-r11-released/?utm_source=nginx-plus-r11-released&utm_medium=blog#r11-geoip2 -[3]:https://www.nginx.com/blog/nginx-plus-r11-released/?utm_source=nginx-plus-r11-released&utm_medium=blog#r11-nginScript -[4]:https://www.nginx.com/ -[5]:https://www.iis.net/ -[6]:https://httpd.apache.org/ -[7]:https://news.netcraft.com/archives/2016/10/21/october-2016-web-server-survey.html -[8]:https://www.nginx.com/products/ -[9]:https://www.nginx.com/blog/nginx-plus-r11-released/ -[10]:https://www.nginx.com/blog/nginx-plus-r11-released/?utm_source=nginx-plus-r11-released&utm_medium=blog#r11-dynamic-modules -[11]:https://www.nginx.com/products/download-oss/ -[12]:https://www.nginx.com/resources/wiki/modules/index.html?utm_source=nginx-plus-r11-released&utm_medium=blog diff --git a/translated/tech/20161107 When to use NGINX instead of Apache.md b/translated/tech/20161107 When to use NGINX instead of Apache.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..9f269bbafa --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20161107 When to use NGINX instead of Apache.md @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ +OneNewLife translated + +什么时候用 NGINX 来取代 Apache +===== + +>两者都是主流的开源网络服务器，但是据 NGINX 的首席执行官 Gus Robertson 所言，他们有不同的使用场景。还有微软呢？他们家的服务器的活跃网站份额在 20 年间首次跌破 10%。 + + ![web 服务器热度，2016 年 10 月](http://zdnet1.cbsistatic.com/hub/i/r/2016/11/07/f38d190e-046c-49e6-b451-096ee0776a04/resize/770xauto/b009f53417e9a4af207eff6271b90c43/web-server-popularity-october-2016.png) + +Apache 是最受欢迎的网络服务器，不过 NGINX 正迎头直上，而微软的 IIS 几十年来首次跌破 10%。 + +[NGINX][4] 已经成为第二大网络服务器。它在很久以前就已经超越了[微软因特网信息服务（IIS）][5]，并且一直在老大 [Apache][6] 的身后穷追不舍。但是，NGINX 的首席执行官在接受采访时表示，Apache 和 NGINX 的用户群体不一样。 + +“我认为 Apache 是一个伟大的网络服务器。NGINX 和它的使用场景不同，”Robertson 说。“我们没有把 Apache 当成竞争对手。我们的用户使用 NGINX 来取代硬件负载均衡器和构建微服务，这两个都不是 Apache 的长处。” + +事实上，Robertson 发现许多用户同时使用了两种开源的网络服务。“用户会在 Apache 的上层使用 NGINX 来实现负载均衡。我们的架构是完全不同的，我们可以做更好的并发网络服务。”他还表示 NGINX 在云配置方面的表现更优秀。 + +他总结说，“我们是唯一一个仍然在持续增长的网络服务器，其它的网络服务器都在慢慢成为明日黄花。” + +这些增长，加上微软损失的 120 万个活跃站点，导致微软的活跃网站份额下降到 9.27%，这是他们第一次跌破 10%。Apache 的市场份额提高了 0.19%，并继续领跑市场，现在坐拥 46.3% 的活跃站点。尽管如此，多年来 Apache 一直在缓慢下降，而 NGINX 现在上升到了 19%。这不太准确。根据[Netcraft 十月份的网络服务器调查][7]，Apache 当月的活跃网站增加得最多，获得了 180 万个新站点，而 NGINX 增加了 40 万个新站点，增长率排第二。 + +NGINX 的开发者正在努力创造他们的开放商业网络服务器 —— [NGINX Plus][8]，通过不断的改进使其变得更有竞争力。NGINX Plus 最新的 [第 11 个发行版（R11）][9]发行了，这个版本更易于扩展和自定义，并支持更广泛的部署。 + +这次最大的补充是 [动态模块][10] 的二进制兼容性。这意味着通过 [开源 NGINX 软件][11] 编译的动态模块可以加载到 NGINX Plus。 + +这意味着你可以利用大量的 [第三方 NGINX 模块][12] 来扩展 NGINX Plus 的功能，仿照一系列开源和商业化的生产模块。开发者可以基于支持 NGINX Plus 的内核创建自定义扩展、附加组件和新产品。 + +NGINX Plus R11 还增强了其它功能： + +* [提升 TCP/UDP 负载均衡][1] —— 新功能包括 SSL 服务器路由、新的日志功能、附加变量以及改进的代理协议支持。这些新功能增强了调试功能，使你能够支持更广泛的企业应用。 +* [更好的 IP 定位][2] —— 第三方的 GeoIP2 模块现在已经通过认证，并提供给 NGINX Plus 用户。这个新版本提供比原来的 GeoIP 模块更精准和丰富的位置信息。 +* [增强的 nginScript 模块][3] —— nginScript 是基于 JavaScript 的 NGINX Plus 的下一代配置语言。新功能可以让你在流（TCP/UDP）模块中即时修改请求和响应数据。 + +The end result? NGINX is poised to continue to make the race for the top web server a two-horse race. Microsoft IIS? It continues to slowly fade away. +最终结果？NGINX 准备继续与 Apache 竞争顶级网络服务器的宝座。至于微软的 IIS？它将逐渐消亡。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.zdnet.com/article/when-to-use-nginx-instead-of-apache/ + +作者：[ Steven J. Vaughan-Nichols][a] +译者：[OneNewLife](https://github.com/OneNewLife) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://www.zdnet.com/meet-the-team/us/steven-j-vaughan-nichols/ +[1]:https://www.nginx.com/blog/nginx-plus-r11-released/?utm_source=nginx-plus-r11-released&utm_medium=blog#r11-tcp-udp-lb +[2]:https://www.nginx.com/blog/nginx-plus-r11-released/?utm_source=nginx-plus-r11-released&utm_medium=blog#r11-geoip2 +[3]:https://www.nginx.com/blog/nginx-plus-r11-released/?utm_source=nginx-plus-r11-released&utm_medium=blog#r11-nginScript +[4]:https://www.nginx.com/ +[5]:https://www.iis.net/ +[6]:https://httpd.apache.org/ +[7]:https://news.netcraft.com/archives/2016/10/21/october-2016-web-server-survey.html +[8]:https://www.nginx.com/products/ +[9]:https://www.nginx.com/blog/nginx-plus-r11-released/ +[10]:https://www.nginx.com/blog/nginx-plus-r11-released/?utm_source=nginx-plus-r11-released&utm_medium=blog#r11-dynamic-modules +[11]:https://www.nginx.com/products/download-oss/ +[12]:https://www.nginx.com/resources/wiki/modules/index.html?utm_source=nginx-plus-r11-released&utm_medium=blog From 955a96e28f8576f3d4a15cc598e049992c4515ac Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Jay Date: Sun, 20 Nov 2016 17:00:51 -0800 Subject: [PATCH 125/220] Update 20161102 5 Best FPS Games For Linux.md --- sources/tech/20161102 5 Best FPS Games For Linux.md | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20161102 5 Best FPS Games For Linux.md b/sources/tech/20161102 5 Best FPS Games For Linux.md index 8c126775b8..8eafdff749 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20161102 5 Best FPS Games For Linux.md +++ b/sources/tech/20161102 5 Best FPS Games For Linux.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +【翻译中】 by jayjay823 + # 5 Best FPS Games For Linux ![best FPS games for linux](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/fps-games-for-linux.jpg?581) From da4fe0cd89aa64c13af9bc4d86b531ded2b47e34 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: jasminepeng Date: Mon, 21 Nov 2016 10:35:59 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 126/220] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=A0=A1=E5=AF=B9=E4=B8=AD?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 校对中 --- .../20161027 Would You Consider Riding in a Driverless Car.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translated/talk/20161027 Would You Consider Riding in a Driverless Car.md b/translated/talk/20161027 Would You Consider Riding in a Driverless Car.md index b6a4203097..c43001dc49 100644 --- a/translated/talk/20161027 Would You Consider Riding in a Driverless Car.md +++ b/translated/talk/20161027 Would You Consider Riding in a Driverless Car.md @@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ via: https://www.maketecheasier.com/riding-driverless-car/?utm_medium=feed&utm_s 译者：[willcoderwang](https://github.com/willcoderwang) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[jasminepeng](https://github.com/jasminepeng) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From f8a818f70393db207797f6df5b5f61c6c6064fa3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: GitFuture Date: Mon, 21 Nov 2016 10:51:37 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 127/220] Translated! --- .../tech/20161027 DTrace for Linux 2016.md | 455 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 455 insertions(+) create mode 100644 translated/tech/20161027 DTrace for Linux 2016.md diff --git a/translated/tech/20161027 DTrace for Linux 2016.md b/translated/tech/20161027 DTrace for Linux 2016.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..d56e9dddad --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20161027 DTrace for Linux 2016.md @@ -0,0 +1,455 @@ +Linux 中的 DTrace +=========== + +![](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/brendangregg/bcc/master/images/bcc_tracing_tools_2016.png) + +随着 BPF 追踪系统（基于时间采样）最后一个主要功能被合并至 Linux 4.9-rc1 版本的内核中，现在 Linux 内核拥有类似 DTrace 的原生追踪功能。DTrace 是 Solaris 系统中的高级追踪器。对于长期使用 DTrace 的用户和专家，这将是一个振奋人心的里程碑！在 Linux 系统上，现在你可以使用用安全的、低负载的定制追踪系统，通过执行时间的柱状图和频率统计等信息，分析应用的性能以及内核。 + +用于 Linux 的追踪工程有很多，但是最终被合并进 Linux 内核的技术从一开始就根本不是一个追踪项目：它是最开始是用于 Berkeley Packet Filter（BPF）的补丁。这些补丁允许 BPF 将软件包重定向，创建软件定义的网络。久而久之，支持追踪事件就被添加进来了，使得程序追踪可用于 Linux 系统。 + +尽管目前 BPF 没有像 DTrace 一样的高级语言，它所提供的前端已经足够让我创建很多 BPF 工具了，其中有些是基于我以前的 [DTraceToolkit][37]。这个帖子将告诉你怎么去用这些工具，BPF 提供的前端，以及畅谈这项技术将会何去何从。 + +### 截图 + +我已经将基于 BPF 的追踪工具添加到了开源的 [bcc][36] 项目里（感谢 PLUMgrid 公司的 Brenden Blanco 带领 bcc 项目的发展）。详见 [bcc 安装][35] 手册。它会在 /usr/share/bcc/tools 目录下添加一系列工具，包括接下来的那些工具。 + +捕获新进程： + +``` +# **execsnoop** +PCOMM PID RET ARGS +bash 15887 0 /usr/bin/man ls +preconv 15894 0 /usr/bin/preconv -e UTF-8 +man 15896 0 /usr/bin/tbl +man 15897 0 /usr/bin/nroff -mandoc -rLL=169n -rLT=169n -Tutf8 +man 15898 0 /usr/bin/pager -s +nroff 15900 0 /usr/bin/locale charmap +nroff 15901 0 /usr/bin/groff -mtty-char -Tutf8 -mandoc -rLL=169n -rLT=169n +groff 15902 0 /usr/bin/troff -mtty-char -mandoc -rLL=169n -rLT=169n -Tutf8 +groff 15903 0 /usr/bin/grotty + +``` + +硬盘 I/O 延迟的柱状图： + +``` +# **biolatency -m** +Tracing block device I/O... Hit Ctrl-C to end. +^C + msecs : count distribution + 0 -> 1 : 96 |************************************ | + 2 -> 3 : 25 |********* | + 4 -> 7 : 29 |*********** | + 8 -> 15 : 62 |*********************** | + 16 -> 31 : 100 |**************************************| + 32 -> 63 : 62 |*********************** | + 64 -> 127 : 18 |****** | + +``` + +追踪常见的 ext4 操作，稍慢于 5ms： + +``` +# **ext4slower 5** +Tracing ext4 operations slower than 5 ms +TIME COMM PID T BYTES OFF_KB LAT(ms) FILENAME +21:49:45 supervise 3570 W 18 0 5.48 status.new +21:49:48 supervise 12770 R 128 0 7.55 run +21:49:48 run 12770 R 497 0 16.46 nsswitch.conf +21:49:48 run 12770 R 1680 0 17.42 netflix_environment.sh +21:49:48 run 12770 R 1079 0 9.53 service_functions.sh +21:49:48 run 12772 R 128 0 17.74 svstat +21:49:48 svstat 12772 R 18 0 8.67 status +21:49:48 run 12774 R 128 0 15.76 stat +21:49:48 run 12777 R 128 0 7.89 grep +21:49:48 run 12776 R 128 0 8.25 ps +21:49:48 run 12780 R 128 0 11.07 xargs +21:49:48 ps 12776 R 832 0 12.02 libprocps.so.4.0.0 +21:49:48 run 12779 R 128 0 13.21 cut +[...] + +``` + +追踪新建的 TCP 活跃连接（connect()）: + +``` +# **tcpconnect** +PID COMM IP SADDR DADDR DPORT +1479 telnet 4 127.0.0.1 127.0.0.1 23 +1469 curl 4 10.201.219.236 54.245.105.25 80 +1469 curl 4 10.201.219.236 54.67.101.145 80 +1991 telnet 6 ::1 ::1 23 +2015 ssh 6 fe80::2000:bff:fe82:3ac fe80::2000:bff:fe82:3ac 22 + +``` + +通过捕获 getaddrinfo()/gethostbyname() 库的调用来追踪 DNS 延迟： + +``` +# **gethostlatency** +TIME PID COMM LATms HOST +06:10:24 28011 wget 90.00 www.iovisor.org +06:10:28 28127 wget 0.00 www.iovisor.org +06:10:41 28404 wget 9.00 www.netflix.com +06:10:48 28544 curl 35.00 www.netflix.com.au +06:11:10 29054 curl 31.00 www.plumgrid.com +06:11:16 29195 curl 3.00 www.facebook.com +06:11:25 29404 curl 72.00 foo +06:11:28 29475 curl 1.00 foo + +``` + +按类别划分 VFS 操作的时间间隔统计： + +``` +# **vfsstat** +TIME READ/s WRITE/s CREATE/s OPEN/s FSYNC/s +18:35:32: 231 12 4 98 0 +18:35:33: 274 13 4 106 0 +18:35:34: 586 86 4 251 0 +18:35:35: 241 15 4 99 0 + +``` + +对一个给定的 PID，通过内核和用户堆栈轨迹来追踪 CPU 外的时间（由内核进行统计）： + +``` +# **offcputime -d -p 24347** +Tracing off-CPU time (us) of PID 24347 by user + kernel stack... Hit Ctrl-C to end. +^C +[...] + ffffffff810a9581 finish_task_switch + ffffffff8185d385 schedule + ffffffff81085672 do_wait + ffffffff8108687b sys_wait4 + ffffffff81861bf6 entry_SYSCALL_64_fastpath + -- + 00007f6733a6b64a waitpid + - bash (24347) + 4952 + + ffffffff810a9581 finish_task_switch + ffffffff8185d385 schedule + ffffffff81860c48 schedule_timeout + ffffffff810c5672 wait_woken + ffffffff8150715a n_tty_read + ffffffff815010f2 tty_read + ffffffff8122cd67 __vfs_read + ffffffff8122df65 vfs_read + ffffffff8122f465 sys_read + ffffffff81861bf6 entry_SYSCALL_64_fastpath + -- + 00007f6733a969b0 read + - bash (24347) + 1450908 + +``` + +追踪 MySQL 查询延迟（通过 USDT 探针）： + +``` +# **mysqld_qslower `pgrep -n mysqld`** +Tracing MySQL server queries for PID 14371 slower than 1 ms... +TIME(s) PID MS QUERY +0.000000 18608 130.751 SELECT * FROM words WHERE word REGEXP '^bre.*n$' +2.921535 18608 130.590 SELECT * FROM words WHERE word REGEXP '^alex.*$' +4.603549 18608 24.164 SELECT COUNT(*) FROM words +9.733847 18608 130.936 SELECT count(*) AS count FROM words WHERE word REGEXP '^bre.*n$' +17.864776 18608 130.298 SELECT * FROM words WHERE word REGEXP '^bre.*n$' ORDER BY word + +``` + + +检测 pam 库并使用多种追踪工具观察登陆请求： + +``` +# **trace 'pam:pam_start "%s: %s", arg1, arg2'** +TIME PID COMM FUNC - +17:49:45 5558 sshd pam_start sshd: root +17:49:47 5662 sudo pam_start sudo: root +17:49:49 5727 login pam_start login: bgregg + +``` + +bcc 项目里的很多工具都有帮助信息（-h 选项），并且都应该包含有示例的 man 页面和文本文件。 + +### 必要的 + +2014 年，Linux 追踪程序就有一些内核相关的特性（自 ftrace 和 pref_events），但是我们仍然要转储并报告进程数据，因为数十年的老技术会有很大规模的开销。你不能频繁地访问进程名，函数名，堆栈轨迹或内核中的其它任何数据。你不能在将变量保存到一个监测事件里，又在另一个事件里访问它们，这意味着你不能在自定义的地方计算延迟（或者说时间参数）。你也不能创建一个内核之内的延迟柱状图，也不能追踪 USDT 探针，甚至不能写自定义的程序。DTrace 可以做到这些，但仅限于 Solaris 或 BSD 系统。在 Linux 系统中，有些基于树的追踪器，像 SystemTap 就可以满足你的这些需求，但它也有自身的不足。（你可以写一个基于探针的内核模块来满足需求-但实际上没人这么做。） + +2014 年我加入了 Netflix cloud performance 团队。做了这么久的 DTrace 方面的专家，转到 Linux 对我来说简直不可思议。但我确实这么做了，尤其是发现了严重的问题：Netflix cloud 会随着应用，微服务架构和分布式系统的快速变化，性能受到影响。有时要用到系统追踪，而我之前是用的 DTrace。在 Linux 系统上可没有 DTrace，我就开始用 Linux 内核内建的 ftrace 和 perf_events 工具，构建了一个追踪工具（[perf-tools][34]）。这些工具很有用，但有些工作还是没法完成，尤其是延迟柱状图图以及计算堆栈踪迹。我们需要的是内核追踪程序化。 + +### 发生了什么？ + +BPF 将程序化的功能添加到现有的内核追踪工具中（tracepoints, kprobes, uprobes）。在 Linux 4.x 系列的内核里，这些功能大大加强了。 + +时间采样是最主要的部分，它被 Linux 4.9-rc1 所采用（[patchset][33]）。十分感谢 Alexei Starovoitov（致力于 Facebook 中的 BPF 开发），改进 BPF 的主要开发者。 + +Linux 内核现在内建有以下这些特性（添加自 2.6 版本到 4.9 版本）： + +* 内核级的动态追踪（BPF 对 kprobes 的支持） +* 用户级的动态追踪（BPF 对 uprobes 的支持） +* 内核级的静态追踪（BPF 对 tracepoints 的支持） +* 时间采样事件（BPF 的 pref_event_open） +* PMC 事件（BPF 的 pref_event_open） +* 过滤器（通过 BPF 程序） +* 调试输出（bpf_trace_printk()） +* 事件输出（bpf_perf_event_output()） +* 基础变量（全局的和每个线程的变量，基于 BPF 映射） +* 关联数组（通过 BPF 映射） +* 频率计数（基于 BPF 映射） +* 柱状图（power-of-2, 线性及自定义，基于 BPF 映射） +* Timestamps and time deltas (bpf_ktime_get_ns(), and BPF programs) +* 时间戳和时间参数（bpf_ktime_get_ns()，和 BPF 程序） +* 内核态的堆栈轨迹（BPF stackmap 栈映射） +* 用户态的堆栈轨迹 (BPF stackmap 栈映射) +* 重写 ring 缓存（pref_event_attr.write_backward） + +我们采用的前端是 bcc，它同时提供 Python 和 lua 接口。bcc 添加了： + +* 用户级静态追踪（基于 uprobes 的 USDT 探针） +* 调试输出（调用 BPF.trace_pipe() 和 BPF.trace_fields() 函数的 Python） +* 所有事件输出（BPF_PERF_OUTPUT 宏和 BPF.open_perf_buffer()） +* 间隔输出（BPF.get_table() 和 table.clear()） +* 打印柱状图（table.print_log2_hist()） +* 内核级的 C 结构体导航（bcc 重写 bpf_probe_read() 函数的映射） +* 内核级的符号解析（ksym(), ksymaddr()） +* 用户级的符号解析（usymaddr()） +* BPF tracepoint 支持（通过 TRACEPOINT_PROBE） +* BPF 堆栈轨迹支持（包括针对堆栈框架的 walk 方法） +* 其它各种助手宏和方法 +* 例子（位于 /examples 目录） +* 工具（位于 /tools 目录） +* 教程（/docs/tutorial*.md） +* 参考手册（/docs/reference_guide.md） + +直到最新也是最主要的特性被整合进来，我才开始写这篇文章，现在它在 4.9-rc1 内核中。我们还需要去完成一些次要的东西，还有另外一些事情要做，但是现在我们所拥有的已经值得欢呼了。现在 Linux 拥有内建的高级追踪能力。 + +### 安全性 + +设计 BPF 以及改进版时就考虑到产品安全，它被用在大范围的生产环境里。确信的话，你应该能找到一个挂起内核的方法。这个例子是偶然而不是必然，类似的漏洞会被快速修复，尤其是当 BPF 合并入了 Linux。因为 Linux 可是公众的焦点。 + +在开发过程中我们碰到了一些非 BPF 的漏洞，它们需要被修复：rcu 不可重入，这可能导致内核由于 funccount 挂起，在 4.6 内核版本中这个漏洞被 “bpf: map pre-alloc” 所修复，旧版本内核的漏洞暂时由 bcc 处理。还有一个是 uprobe 的内存计算问题，这导致 uprobe 分配内存失败，在 4.8 内核版本这个漏洞由 “uprobes: Fix the memcg accounting” 补丁所修复，并且该补丁还将被移植到之前版本的内核中（例如，它现在被移植到了 4.4.27 和 4.4.0-45.66 版本中）。 + +### 为什么 Linux 追踪很耗时？ + +首要任务被分到了若干追踪器中间：只有联合使用这些追踪器才能有作用。想要了解更多关于这个或其它方面的问题，可以看一看我在 2014 年写的 [tracing summit talk][32]。我忽视了计数器在部分方案中的效率：有些公司发现其它追踪器（SystemTap 和 LTTng）能满足他们的需求，尽管他们乐于听到 BPF 的开发进程，考虑到他们现有的解决方案，帮助 BPF 的开发就不那么重要了。 + +近两年里 BPF 仅在追踪领域得到加强。这一过程原本可以更快的，但早期缺少全职工作于 BPF 追踪的工程师。Alexei Starovoitov (BPF 领导者)，Brenden Blanco (bcc 领导者)，我还有其它一些开发者，都有其它的事情要做。我在 Netflix 公司花了大量时间（自由工作地），大概有 7% 的时间是花在 BPF 和 bcc 上。某种程度上这不是我的首要任务，因为我还有自己的工作（包括我的 perf-tools，一个工作在旧版本内核上的程序）。 + +BPF 追踪已经推出了，已经有科技公司开始关注 BPF 的特点了。但我还是推荐 [Netflix 公司][31]。（如果你为了 BPF 而要聘请我，那我还是十分乐于待在 Netflix 公司的！） + +### 使用简单 + +DTrace 和 bcc/BPF 现在的最大区别就是哪个更好使用。这取决于你要用 BPF 追踪做什么了。如果你要 + +*  **使用 BPF tools/metrics**：应该是没什么区别的。工具的表现都差不多，图形用户界面的访问也类似。大部分用户通过这种方式使用 BPF。 +*  **开发 tools/metrics**：bcc 的开发可难多了。DTrace 有一套自己的简单语言，D 语音，和 awk 语言相似，而 bcc 使用已有的带有库的语言（C 语言，Python 和 lua）。一个用 C 和 Python 写的 bcc 工具与仅仅用 D 语言写出来的工具相比，可能要多十多倍行数的代码，或者更多。但是很多 DTrace 工具用 shell 包装来提供参数和差错，会让代码变得十分臃肿。编程的难处是不同的：重写 bcc 更需要巧妙性，这导致某些脚本更加难开发。（尤其是 bpf_probe_read() 这类的函数，需要了解更多 BPF 的内涵知识）。当计划改进 bcc 时，这一情形将得到改善。 +*  **运行常见的命令**：十分相近。用 “dtrace” 命令，DTrace 能做很多事，但 bcc 有各种工具，trace，argdist，funccount，funclatency 等等。 +*  **编写自定义的特殊命令**：使用 DTrace 的话，这就没有必要了。允许定制消息快速传递和系统快速响应，DTrace 的高级分析很快。而 bcc 现在受限于它的多种工具以及它们的适用范围。 + +简单来说，如果你只使用 BPF 工具的话，就不必关注这些差异了。如果你经验丰富，是个开发者（像我一样），目前 bcc 的使用是比较困难的。 + +举一个 bcc 的 Python 前端的例子，下面是追踪硬盘 I/O 和 打印 I/O 容量柱状图的代码： + +``` +from bcc import BPF +from time import sleep + +# load BPF program +b = BPF(text=""" +#include +#include + +BPF_HISTOGRAM(dist); + +int kprobe__blk_account_io_completion(struct pt_regs *ctx, struct request *req) +{ + dist.increment(bpf_log2l(req->__data_len / 1024)); + return 0; +} +""") + +# header +print("Tracing... Hit Ctrl-C to end.") + +# trace until Ctrl-C +try: + sleep(99999999) +except KeyboardInterrupt: + print + +# output +b["dist"].print_log2_hist("kbytes") + +``` + +注意 Python 代码中嵌入的 C 语句（text=）。 + +这就完成了任务，但仍有改进的空间。好在我们有时间去做：人们使用 Linux 4.9 并能用上 BPF 还得好几个月呢，所以我们有时间来制造工具和前端。 + +### 高级语言 + +前端越简单，比如高级语言，所改进的可能就越不如你所期望的。绝大多数人使用封装好的工具（和 GUI），仅有少部分人能写出这些工具。但我不反对使用高级语言，比如 SystemTap，毕竟已经开发出来了。 + +``` +#!/usr/bin/stap +/* + * opensnoop.stp Trace file open()s. Basic version of opensnoop. + */ + +probe begin +{ + printf("\n%6s %6s %16s %s\n", "UID", "PID", "COMM", "PATH"); +} + +probe syscall.open +{ + printf("%6d %6d %16s %s\n", uid(), pid(), execname(), filename); +} + +``` + +如果拥有整合了语言和脚本的 SystemTap 前端与高性能内核内建的 BPF 后端，会不会令人满意呢？RedHat 公司的 Richard Henderson 已经在进行相关工作了，并且发布了 [初代版本][30]！ + +这是 [ply][29],一个完全新颖的 BPF 高级语言： + +``` +#!/usr/bin/env ply + +kprobe:SyS_* +{ + $syscalls[func].count() +} + +``` + +这也是一份承诺。 + +尽管如此，我认为工具开发者的实际难题不是使用什么语言：而是要了解要用这些强大的工具做什么？ + +### 如何帮助我们 + +*  **推广**：BPF 追踪目前还没有什么市场方面的进展。尽管有公司了解并在使用它（Facebook，Netflix，Github 和其它公司），但要广为人知尚需时日。分享关于 BPF 产业的文章和资源来帮助我们。 +*  **教育**：你可以撰写文章，发表演讲，甚至参与 bcc 文档的编写。分享 BPF 如何解决实际问题以及为公司带来收益的实例。 +*  **解决 bcc 的问题**：参考 [bcc issue list][19]，这包含了错误和需要的特性。 +*  **提交错误**：使用 bcc/BPF，提交你发现的错误。 +*  **创造工具**：有很多可视化的工具需要开发，请不要太草率，因为大家会先花几个小时学习使用你做的工具，所以请尽量把工具做的直观好用（参考我的 [文档][18]）。就像 Mike Muuss 提及到他自己的 [ping][17] 程序：“要是我早知道这是我一生中最出名的成就，我就多开发一两天，添加更多选项。” +*  **高级语言**：如果现有的 bcc 前端语言让你很困扰，或者你能弄门更好的语言。要是你想将这门语言内建到 bcc 里面，你需要使用 libbcc。或者你可以帮助进行 SystemTap BPF 或 ply 的工作。 +*  **整合图形界面**：除了 bcc 可以使用的 CLI 命令行工具，怎么让这些信息可视呢？延迟关系，火焰图等等。 + +### 其它追踪器 + +那么 SystemTap，ktap，sysdig，LTTng 等追踪器怎么样呢？它们有个共同点，要么使用了 BPF，要么在自己的领域做得更好。会有单独的文章介绍它们自己。 + +至于 DTrace ？我们公司目前还在基于 FreeBSD 系统的 CDN 中使用它。 + +### 更多 bcc/BPF 的信息 + +我已经写了一篇 [bcc/BPF Tool End-User Tutorial][28]，一篇 [bcc Python Developer's Tutorial][27]，一篇 [bcc/BPF Reference Guide][26]，和已经写好的有用的 [/tools][25]，每一个工具都有一个 [example.txt][24] 文件和 [man page][23]。我之前写过的关于 bcc 和 BPF 的文章有： + +*   [eBPF: One Small Step][16] （以后就叫做 BPF） +* [bcc: Taming Linux 4.3+ Tracing Superpowers][15] +*   [Linux eBPF Stack Trace Hack][14] （现在官方支持追踪堆栈了） +* [Linux eBPF Off-CPU Flame Graph][13] (" " ") +* [Linux Wakeup and Off-Wake Profiling][12] (" " ") +* [Linux Chain Graph Prototype][11] (" " ") +* [Linux eBPF/bcc uprobes][10] +* [Linux BPF Superpowers][9] +* [Ubuntu Xenial bcc/BPF][8] +* [Linux bcc Tracing Security Capabilities][7] +* [Linux MySQL Slow Query Tracing with bcc/BPF][6] +* [Linux bcc ext4 Latency Tracing][5] +* [Linux bcc/BPF Run Queue (Scheduler) Latency][4] +* [Linux bcc/BPF Node.js USDT Tracing][3] +* [Linux bcc tcptop][2] +* [Linux 4.9's Efficient BPF-based Profiler][1] + +我在 Facebook 的 Performance@Scale [Linux BPF Superpowers][22] 大会上发表过一次演讲。十二月份，我将在 Boston 发表关于 BPF/bcc 在 [USENIX LISA][21] 方面的演讲和教程。 + +### 致谢 + +*   Van Jacobson and Steve McCanne，他是最早将 BPF 应用到包过滤的。 +*   Barton P. Miller，Jeffrey K. Hollingsworth，and Jon Cargille，发明了动态追踪，并发表文章《Dynamic Program Instrumentation for Scalable Performance Tools》，可扩展高性能计算协议 （SHPCC），于田纳西州诺克斯维尔市，1994 年 5 月发表。 +*   kerninst (ParaDyn, UW-Madison), an early dynamic tracing tool that showed the value of dynamic tracing (late 1990's).（早期的能够显示动态追踪数值的动态追踪工具，稍晚于 1990 年） +*   Mathieu Desnoyers (of LTTng)，内核的主要开发者，主导 tracepoints 项目。 +*   IBM 开发的作为 DProbes 一部分的 kprobes，DProbes 在 2000 年时曾与 LTT 一起提供 Linux 动态追踪，但没有整合到一起。 +*   Bryan Cantrill, Mike Shapiro, and Adam Leventhal (Sun Microsystems)，DTrace 的核心成员，DTrace 是一款很棒的动态追踪工具，安全而且简单（2004 年）。考虑到动态追踪的技术，DTrace 是科技的重要转折点：它很安全，默认安装在 Solaris 以及其它以可靠性著称的系统里。 +*   来自 Sun Microsystems 的各部门的许多员工，促进了 DTrace，为我们带来了高级系统追踪的意识。 +*   Roland McGrath (at Red Hat)，utrace 项目的主要开发者，utrace 变成了后来的 uprobes。 +*   Alexei Starovoitov (PLUMgrid, then Facebook), 加强版 BPF（可编程内核容器）的主要开发者。 +*   那些帮助反馈，提交代码、测试以及针对增强版 BPF 补丁（搜索 BPF 的 lkml）的 Linux 内核工程师： Wang Nan, Daniel Borkmann, David S. Miller, Peter Zijlstra, 以及其它很多人。 +*   Brenden Blanco (PLUMgrid)，bcc 的主要开发者。 +*   Sasha Goldshtein (Sela) 开发了 bcc 中可用的 tracepoint，和功能最强大的 bcc 工具 trace 及 argdist，帮助 USDT 项目的开发。 +*   Vicent Martí 和其它 Github 上的工程师，为 bcc 编写了基于 lua 的前端，帮助 USDT 部分项目的开发。 +*   Allan McAleavy, Mark Drayton，和其他的改进 bcc 的贡献者。 + +感觉 Netflix 提供环的境和支持，让我能够编写 BPF 和 bcc tracing 并完成它们。开发追踪工具（使用 TNF/prex, DTrace, SystemTap, ktap, ftrace, perf, and now bcc/BPF）和写书、博客以及评论，我已经编写了多年的追踪工具。 + +最后，感谢 [Deirdré][20] 编辑了另外一篇文章。 + +### 总结 + +Linux 没有 DTrace（语言），但它现在有了，或者说拥有了 DTraceTookit（工具）。 + +通过内核构建的 BPF 引擎补丁，Linux 4.9 内核有用来支持现代化追踪的最后一项功能。内核支持这一最难的部分已经做完了。今后的任务包括更多的命令行执行工具，可选的高级语言和图形用户界面。 + +对于性能分析产品的客户，这也是一件好事：你能查看延迟柱状图和热点图，CPU 运行和休眠的火焰图，拥有更好的时延断点和更低耗的工具。我们现在用的追踪和处理程序是没有效率的方式。 + +那么你什么时候会升级到 Linux 4.9 呢？一旦官方发布，新的性能测试工具就来了：`apt-get install bcc-tools` 。 + +开始享受它吧! + +Brendan + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.brendangregg.com/blog/2016-10-27/dtrace-for-linux-2016.html + +作者：[Brendan Gregg][a] + +译者：[GitFuture](https://github.com/GitFuture) + +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://www.brendangregg.com/ +[1]:http://www.brendangregg.com/blog/2016-10-21/linux-efficient-profiler.html +[2]:http://www.brendangregg.com/blog/2016-10-15/linux-bcc-tcptop.html +[3]:http://www.brendangregg.com/blog/2016-10-12/linux-bcc-nodejs-usdt.html +[4]:http://www.brendangregg.com/blog/2016-10-08/linux-bcc-runqlat.html +[5]:http://www.brendangregg.com/blog/2016-10-06/linux-bcc-ext4dist-ext4slower.html +[6]:http://www.brendangregg.com/blog/2016-10-04/linux-bcc-mysqld-qslower.html +[7]:http://www.brendangregg.com/blog/2016-10-01/linux-bcc-security-capabilities.html +[8]:http://www.brendangregg.com/blog/2016-06-14/ubuntu-xenial-bcc-bpf.html +[9]:http://www.brendangregg.com/blog/2016-03-05/linux-bpf-superpowers.html +[10]:http://www.brendangregg.com/blog/2016-02-08/linux-ebpf-bcc-uprobes.html +[11]:http://www.brendangregg.com/blog/2016-02-05/ebpf-chaingraph-prototype.html +[12]:http://www.brendangregg.com/blog/2016-02-01/linux-wakeup-offwake-profiling.html +[13]:http://www.brendangregg.com/blog/2016-01-20/ebpf-offcpu-flame-graph.html +[14]:http://www.brendangregg.com/blog/2016-01-18/ebpf-stack-trace-hack.html +[15]:http://www.brendangregg.com/blog/2015-09-22/bcc-linux-4.3-tracing.html +[16]:http://www.brendangregg.com/blog/2015-05-15/ebpf-one-small-step.html +[17]:http://ftp.arl.army.mil/~mike/ping.html +[18]:https://github.com/iovisor/bcc/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING-SCRIPTS.md +[19]:https://github.com/iovisor/bcc/issues +[20]:http://www.brendangregg.com/blog/2016-07-23/deirdre.html +[21]:https://www.usenix.org/conference/lisa16 +[22]:http://www.brendangregg.com/blog/2016-03-05/linux-bpf-superpowers.html +[23]:https://github.com/iovisor/bcc/tree/master/man/man8 +[24]:https://github.com/iovisor/bcc/tree/master/tools +[25]:https://github.com/iovisor/bcc/tree/master/tools +[26]:https://github.com/iovisor/bcc/blob/master/docs/reference_guide.md +[27]:https://github.com/iovisor/bcc/blob/master/docs/tutorial_bcc_python_developer.md +[28]:https://github.com/iovisor/bcc/blob/master/docs/tutorial.md +[29]:https://wkz.github.io/ply/ +[30]:https://lkml.org/lkml/2016/6/14/749 +[31]:http://www.brendangregg.com/blog/2016-03-30/working-at-netflix-2016.html +[32]:http://www.slideshare.net/brendangregg/from-dtrace-to-linux +[33]:https://lkml.org/lkml/2016/9/1/831 +[34]:https://github.com/brendangregg/perf-tools +[35]:https://github.com/iovisor/bcc/blob/master/INSTALL.md +[36]:https://github.com/iovisor/bcc +[37]:https://github.com/opendtrace/toolkit +[38]:https://raw.githubusercontent.com/brendangregg/bcc/master/images/bcc_tracing_tools_2016.png From 9c39dd2e30d9f5d6f7ea26f1e3115d2db7aebbbb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: jasminepeng Date: Mon, 21 Nov 2016 11:05:58 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 128/220] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=A0=A1=E5=AF=B9=E5=AE=8C=E6=AF=95?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 校对完毕 --- ...d You Consider Riding in a Driverless Car.md | 17 +++++++++-------- 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/talk/20161027 Would You Consider Riding in a Driverless Car.md b/translated/talk/20161027 Would You Consider Riding in a Driverless Car.md index c43001dc49..eb5e8857b5 100644 --- a/translated/talk/20161027 Would You Consider Riding in a Driverless Car.md +++ b/translated/talk/20161027 Would You Consider Riding in a Driverless Car.md @@ -2,25 +2,26 @@ ![](https://maketecheasier-2d0f.kxcdn.com/assets/uploads/2016/10/Writers-Opinion-Driverless-Car-Featured.jpg "你会考虑乘坐无人驾驶汽车吗？") -技术经历了多次重大运动。最近我们经历的是如苹果手表及克隆，FitBits， 谷歌眼镜等可穿戴设备。看起来下一个就是人们研究了很长时间的无人驾驶汽车了。 +科技在经历重大进展。最近我们经历的是如苹果手表及各种克隆，FitBit活动智能设备， 谷歌眼镜等可穿戴设备。看起来下一个就是人们研究了很长时间的无人驾驶汽车了。 -这些汽车，有时叫做自动汽车，自动驾驶汽车，或机器人汽车，确实可以依靠技术自己驾驶。它们能探测周边环境，如障碍物和标志，并使用 GPS 找到自己的路线。但是它们驾驶起来安全吗？我们请教我们的技术编辑，“你会考虑乘坐无人驾驶汽车吗？ +这些汽车，有时也叫做自动汽车，自动驾驶汽车，或机器人汽车，确实可以依靠技术自己驾驶。它们能探测周边环境，如障碍物和标志，并使用 GPS 找到自己的路线。但是它们驾驶起来安全吗？我们请教我们的科技作者，“你会考虑乘坐无人驾驶汽车吗？” ### 我们的观点 -**Derrik** 说他会乘坐无人驾驶汽车，因为 “_技术就在那里，而且是很多聪明能干的人研究了很长时间。_” 他承认它们还是有些问题，但他相信很多事故的发生是因为有人的参与。如果不考虑人，他认为乘坐无人驾驶汽车会“_难以置信的安全_。” +**Derrik** 说他会乘坐无人驾驶汽车，因为 “_技术早就存在，而且很多聪明能干的人研究了很长时间。_” 他承认它们还是有些问题，但他相信很多事故的发生是因为有人的参与。如果不考虑人，他认为乘坐无人驾驶汽车会“_难以置信的安全_。” -对 **Phil**来说，这些汽车让他“发毛”，但他也承认这是他想象出的，因为他从没乘坐过。他同意 Derrik 这些技术是高度发达的观点，也知道它的原理，但仍然认为“_ 做为勒德主义者，很难接受_” 他甚至坦白说很少使用巡航定速。他认为依赖它太多的司机会让他感到不安全。 +对 **Phil**来说，这些汽车让他“紧张”，但他也承认这是他想象出的，因为他从没乘坐过。他同意 Derrik 这些技术是高度发达的观点，也知道它的原理，但仍然认为“_ 自己新技术接受缓慢，不会购买这类车_” 他甚至坦白说平时很少使用定速巡航。他认为依赖它太多的司机会让他感到不安全。 ![writers-opinion-driverless-car](https://maketecheasier-2d0f.kxcdn.com/assets/uploads/2016/10/Writers-Opinion-Driverless-Car.jpg "编辑对无人驾驶汽车的观点") -**Robert** 认为“_这个概念确实有点怪，_”但原则上他看不到汽车不向那个方向发展的理由。 他指出飞机已经走了那条路，而且变得更加安全， 他认为事故发生的主因是“_人们过于依赖科技，而当科技出现故障时因不知所措而产生的错误。_” +**Robert** 认为“_这个概念确实有点怪，_”但原则上他看不到汽车不向那个方向发展的理由。 他指出飞机已经走了那条路，而且变得更加安全， 他认为事故发生的主因是“_人们过于依赖科技手段，而当科技出现故障时不知所措而导致。_” -他是一个“焦虑乘客”， 更喜欢控制整个局面， 即对他来说就是他的车子在向哪里开。如果是以低速在城市中驾驶他感觉还好，但如果是在“宽不够两辆车交叉通过的绕来绕去的英国乡村道路”上，则决不可以。他和 Phil 都认为英国道路与美国不同。他建议让别人去做小白鼠， 等到确定安全了再乘坐。 +他是一个“焦虑型乘客”， 更喜欢控制整个局面。 对他来说，他的车子在哪里开很重要。如果是以低速在城市中驾驶他感觉还好，但如果是在“宽度不足两车道的弯弯曲曲的英国乡村道路”上，则绝不可以。他和 Phil 都认为英国道路与美国道路大大不同。他建议让别人去做小白鼠， 等到确定安全了再乘坐。 -对 **Mahesh**来说， 他绝对会乘坐无人驾驶汽车，因为他知道这些汽车公司“ 拥有安全技术，决不会让他们的顾客去冒险。 ” 他承认安全与否还与车辆行驶的道路有关。 +对 **Mahesh**来说， 他绝对会乘坐无人驾驶汽车，因为他知道这些汽车公司“ 拥有坚实的安全技术，决不会让他们的顾客去冒险。 ” 他承认安全与否还与车辆行驶的道路有关。 + +我的观点有些像这些观点的折中。虽然平时我会快速地投入到新科技中，但如果要拿生命去冒险，我不会那么做。我承认这些汽车发展了很久，应该很安全。而且坦率地说，很多司机比无人驾驶汽车危险得多。但和 Robert 一样，我想我会让其他人去做小白鼠，等到它更普遍了再去乘坐。 -我的观点有些像这些观点的折中。虽然平时我会快速地投入到新科技中，但如果要拿生命去冒险，我不会那么做。我承认这些汽车发展了很久，所以很安全。而且诚恳地说，路上有很多司机比无人驾驶汽车还要危险得多。但像 Robert 一样，我想我会让其他人去做小白鼠，等到它更普遍了再去乘坐。 ### 你的观点 From bd42293f91d6c54519eb231306a194d0c9115742 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: VicYu Date: Mon, 21 Nov 2016 11:17:14 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 129/220] Delete 20161027 DTrace for Linux 2016.md --- .../tech/20161027 DTrace for Linux 2016.md | 455 ------------------ 1 file changed, 455 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20161027 DTrace for Linux 2016.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20161027 DTrace for Linux 2016.md b/sources/tech/20161027 DTrace for Linux 2016.md deleted file mode 100644 index 9299a920f7..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20161027 DTrace for Linux 2016.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,455 +0,0 @@ -GitFuture get translating - -DTrace for Linux 2016 -=========== - -![](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/brendangregg/bcc/master/images/bcc_tracing_tools_2016.png) - -With the final major capability for BPF tracing (timed sampling) merging in Linux 4.9-rc1, the Linux kernel now has raw capabilities similar to those provided by DTrace, the advanced tracer from Solaris. As a long time DTrace user and expert, this is an exciting milestone! On Linux, you can now analyze the performance of applications and the kernel using production-safe low-overhead custom tracing, with latency histograms, frequency counts, and more. - -There have been many tracing projects for Linux, but the technology that finally merged didn’t start out as a tracing project at all: it began as enhancements to Berkeley Packet Filter (BPF). At first, these enhancements allowed BPF to redirect packets to create software-defined networks. Later on, support for tracing events was added, enabling programmatic tracing in Linux. - -While BPF currently lacks a high-level language like DTrace, the front-ends available have been enough for me to create many BPF tools, some based on my older [DTraceToolkit][37]. In this post I'll describe how you can use these tools, the front-ends available, and discuss where the technology is going next. - -### Screenshots - -I've been adding BPF-based tracing tools to the open source [bcc][36] project (thanks to Brenden Blanco, of PLUMgrid, for leading bcc development). See the [bcc install][35] instructions. It will add a collection of tools under /usr/share/bcc/tools, including the following. - -Tracing new processes: - -``` -# **execsnoop** -PCOMM PID RET ARGS -bash 15887 0 /usr/bin/man ls -preconv 15894 0 /usr/bin/preconv -e UTF-8 -man 15896 0 /usr/bin/tbl -man 15897 0 /usr/bin/nroff -mandoc -rLL=169n -rLT=169n -Tutf8 -man 15898 0 /usr/bin/pager -s -nroff 15900 0 /usr/bin/locale charmap -nroff 15901 0 /usr/bin/groff -mtty-char -Tutf8 -mandoc -rLL=169n -rLT=169n -groff 15902 0 /usr/bin/troff -mtty-char -mandoc -rLL=169n -rLT=169n -Tutf8 -groff 15903 0 /usr/bin/grotty - -``` - -Histogram of disk I/O latency: - -``` -# **biolatency -m** -Tracing block device I/O... Hit Ctrl-C to end. -^C - msecs : count distribution - 0 -> 1 : 96 |************************************ | - 2 -> 3 : 25 |********* | - 4 -> 7 : 29 |*********** | - 8 -> 15 : 62 |*********************** | - 16 -> 31 : 100 |**************************************| - 32 -> 63 : 62 |*********************** | - 64 -> 127 : 18 |****** | - -``` - -Tracing common ext4 operations slower than 5 milliseconds: - -``` -# **ext4slower 5** -Tracing ext4 operations slower than 5 ms -TIME COMM PID T BYTES OFF_KB LAT(ms) FILENAME -21:49:45 supervise 3570 W 18 0 5.48 status.new -21:49:48 supervise 12770 R 128 0 7.55 run -21:49:48 run 12770 R 497 0 16.46 nsswitch.conf -21:49:48 run 12770 R 1680 0 17.42 netflix_environment.sh -21:49:48 run 12770 R 1079 0 9.53 service_functions.sh -21:49:48 run 12772 R 128 0 17.74 svstat -21:49:48 svstat 12772 R 18 0 8.67 status -21:49:48 run 12774 R 128 0 15.76 stat -21:49:48 run 12777 R 128 0 7.89 grep -21:49:48 run 12776 R 128 0 8.25 ps -21:49:48 run 12780 R 128 0 11.07 xargs -21:49:48 ps 12776 R 832 0 12.02 libprocps.so.4.0.0 -21:49:48 run 12779 R 128 0 13.21 cut -[...] - -``` - -Tracing new active TCP connections (connect()): - -``` -# **tcpconnect** -PID COMM IP SADDR DADDR DPORT -1479 telnet 4 127.0.0.1 127.0.0.1 23 -1469 curl 4 10.201.219.236 54.245.105.25 80 -1469 curl 4 10.201.219.236 54.67.101.145 80 -1991 telnet 6 ::1 ::1 23 -2015 ssh 6 fe80::2000:bff:fe82:3ac fe80::2000:bff:fe82:3ac 22 - -``` - -Tracing DNS latency by tracing getaddrinfo()/gethostbyname() library calls: - -``` -# **gethostlatency** -TIME PID COMM LATms HOST -06:10:24 28011 wget 90.00 www.iovisor.org -06:10:28 28127 wget 0.00 www.iovisor.org -06:10:41 28404 wget 9.00 www.netflix.com -06:10:48 28544 curl 35.00 www.netflix.com.au -06:11:10 29054 curl 31.00 www.plumgrid.com -06:11:16 29195 curl 3.00 www.facebook.com -06:11:25 29404 curl 72.00 foo -06:11:28 29475 curl 1.00 foo - -``` - -Interval summaries of VFS operations by type: - -``` -# **vfsstat** -TIME READ/s WRITE/s CREATE/s OPEN/s FSYNC/s -18:35:32: 231 12 4 98 0 -18:35:33: 274 13 4 106 0 -18:35:34: 586 86 4 251 0 -18:35:35: 241 15 4 99 0 - -``` - -Tracing off-CPU time with kernel and user stack traces (summarized in kernel), for a given PID: - -``` -# **offcputime -d -p 24347** -Tracing off-CPU time (us) of PID 24347 by user + kernel stack... Hit Ctrl-C to end. -^C -[...] - ffffffff810a9581 finish_task_switch - ffffffff8185d385 schedule - ffffffff81085672 do_wait - ffffffff8108687b sys_wait4 - ffffffff81861bf6 entry_SYSCALL_64_fastpath - -- - 00007f6733a6b64a waitpid - - bash (24347) - 4952 - - ffffffff810a9581 finish_task_switch - ffffffff8185d385 schedule - ffffffff81860c48 schedule_timeout - ffffffff810c5672 wait_woken - ffffffff8150715a n_tty_read - ffffffff815010f2 tty_read - ffffffff8122cd67 __vfs_read - ffffffff8122df65 vfs_read - ffffffff8122f465 sys_read - ffffffff81861bf6 entry_SYSCALL_64_fastpath - -- - 00007f6733a969b0 read - - bash (24347) - 1450908 - -``` - -Tracing MySQL query latency (via a USDT probe): - -``` -# **mysqld_qslower `pgrep -n mysqld`** -Tracing MySQL server queries for PID 14371 slower than 1 ms... -TIME(s) PID MS QUERY -0.000000 18608 130.751 SELECT * FROM words WHERE word REGEXP '^bre.*n$' -2.921535 18608 130.590 SELECT * FROM words WHERE word REGEXP '^alex.*$' -4.603549 18608 24.164 SELECT COUNT(*) FROM words -9.733847 18608 130.936 SELECT count(*) AS count FROM words WHERE word REGEXP '^bre.*n$' -17.864776 18608 130.298 SELECT * FROM words WHERE word REGEXP '^bre.*n$' ORDER BY word - -``` - -Using the trace multi-tool to watch login requests, by instrumenting the pam library: - -``` -# **trace 'pam:pam_start "%s: %s", arg1, arg2'** -TIME PID COMM FUNC - -17:49:45 5558 sshd pam_start sshd: root -17:49:47 5662 sudo pam_start sudo: root -17:49:49 5727 login pam_start login: bgregg - -``` - -Many tools have usage messages (-h), and all should have man pages and text files of example output in the bcc project. - -### Out of necessity - -In 2014, Linux tracing had some kernel summary features (from ftrace and perf_events), but outside those we still had to dump-and-post-process data – a decades old technique that has high overhead at scale. You couldn't frequency count process names, function names, stack traces, or other arbitrary data in the kernel. You couldn't save variables in one probe event, and then retrieve them in another, which meant that you couldn't measure latency (or time deltas) in custom places, and you couldn't create in-kernel latency histograms. You couldn't trace USDT probes. You couldn't even write custom programs. DTrace could do all these, but only on Solaris or BSD. On Linux, some out-of-tree tracers like SystemTap could serve these needs, but brought their own challenges. (For the sake of completeness: yes, you _could_ write kprobe-based kernel modules – but practically no one did.) - -In 2014 I joined the Netflix cloud performance team. Having spent years as a DTrace expert, it might have seemed crazy for me to move to Linux. But I had some motivations, in particular seeking a greater challenge: performance tuning the Netflix cloud, with its rapid application changes, microservice architecture, and distributed systems. Sometimes this job involves systems tracing, for which I'd previously used DTrace. Without DTrace on Linux, I began by using what was built in to the Linux kernel, ftrace and perf_events, and from them made a toolkit of tracing tools ([perf-tools][34]). They have been invaluable. But I couldn't do some tasks, particularly latency histograms and stack trace counting. We needed kernel tracing to be programmatic. - -### What happened? - -BPF adds programmatic capabilities to the existing kernel tracing facilities (tracepoints, kprobes, uprobes). It has been enhanced rapidly in the Linux 4.x series. - -Timed sampling was the final major piece, and it landed in Linux 4.9-rc1 ([patchset][33]). Many thanks to Alexei Starovoitov (now working on BPF at Facebook), the lead developer behind these BPF enhancements. - -The Linux kernel now has the following features built in (added between 2.6 and 4.9): - -* Dynamic tracing, kernel-level (BPF support for kprobes) -* Dynamic tracing, user-level (BPF support for uprobes) -* Static tracing, kernel-level (BPF support for tracepoints) -* Timed sampling events (BPF with perf_event_open) -* PMC events (BPF with perf_event_open) -* Filtering (via BPF programs) -* Debug output (bpf_trace_printk()) -* Per-event output (bpf_perf_event_output()) -* Basic variables (global & per-thread variables, via BPF maps) -* Associative arrays (via BPF maps) -* Frequency counting (via BPF maps) -* Histograms (power-of-2, linear, and custom, via BPF maps) -* Timestamps and time deltas (bpf_ktime_get_ns(), and BPF programs) -* Stack traces, kernel (BPF stackmap) -* Stack traces, user (BPF stackmap) -* Overwrite ring buffers (perf_event_attr.write_backward) - -The front-end we are using is bcc, which provides both Python and lua interfaces. bcc adds: - -* Static tracing, user-level (USDT probes via uprobes) -* Debug output (Python with BPF.trace_pipe() and BPF.trace_fields()) -* Per-event output (BPF_PERF_OUTPUT macro and BPF.open_perf_buffer()) -* Interval output (BPF.get_table() and table.clear()) -* Histogram printing (table.print_log2_hist()) -* C struct navigation, kernel-level (bcc rewriter maps to bpf_probe_read()) -* Symbol resolution, kernel-level (ksym(), ksymaddr()) -* Symbol resolution, user-level (usymaddr()) -* BPF tracepoint support (via TRACEPOINT_PROBE) -* BPF stack trace support (incl. walk method for stack frames) -* Various other helper macros and functions -* Examples (under /examples) -* Many tools (under /tools) -* Tutorials (/docs/tutorial*.md) -* Reference guide (/docs/reference_guide.md) - -I'd been holding off on this post until the last major feature was integrated, and now it has been in 4.9-rc1\. There are still some minor missing things we have workarounds for, and additional things we might do, but what we have right now is worth celebrating. Linux now has advanced tracing capabilities built in. - -### Safety - -BPF and its enhancements are designed to be production safe, and it is used today in large scale production environments. But if you're determined, you may be able to still find a way to hang the kernel. That experience should be the exception rather than the rule, and such bugs will be fixed fast, especially since BPF is part of Linux. All eyes are on Linux. - -We did hit a couple of non-BPF bugs during development that needed to be fixed: rcu not reentrant, which could cause kernel hangs for funccount and was fixed by the "bpf: map pre-alloc" patchset in 4.6, and with a workaround in bcc for older kernels. And a uprobe memory accounting issue, which failed uprobe allocations, and was fixed by the "uprobes: Fix the memcg accounting" patch in 4.8 and backported to earlier kernels (eg, it's in the current 4.4.27 and 4.4.0-45.66). - -### Why did Linux tracing take so long? - -Prior work had been split among several other tracers: there was never a consolidated effort on any single one. For more about this and other issues, see my 2014 [tracing summit talk][32]. One thing I didn't note there was the counter effect of partial solutions: some companies had found another tracer (SystemTap or LTTng) was sufficient for their specific needs, and while they have been happy to hear about BPF, contributing to its development wasn't a priority given their existing solution. - -BPF has only been enhanced to do tracing in the last two years. This process could have gone faster, but early on there were zero full-time engineers working on BPF tracing. Alexei Starovoitov (BPF lead), Brenden Blanco (bcc lead), myself, and others, all had other priorities. I tracked my hours on this at Netflix (voluntarily), and I've spent around 7% of my time on BPF/bcc. It wasn't that much of a priority, in part because we had our own workarounds (including my perf-tools, which work on older kernels). - -Now that BPF tracing has arrived, there's already tech companies on the lookout for BPF skills. I can still highly recommend [Netflix][31]. (If you're trying to hire _me_ for BPF skills, then I'm still very happy at Netflix!.) - -### Ease of use - -What might appear to be the largest remaining difference between DTrace and bcc/BPF is ease of use. But it depends on what you're doing with BPF tracing. Either you are: - -* **Using BPF tools/metrics**: There should be no difference. Tools behave the same, GUIs can access similar metrics. Most people will use BPF in this way. -* **Developing tools/metrics**: bcc right now is much harder. DTrace has its own concise language, D, similar to awk, whereas bcc uses existing languages (C and Python or lua) with libraries. A bcc tool in C+Python may be a _lot_ more code than a D-only tool: 10x the lines, or more. However, many DTrace tools used shell wrapping to provide arguments and error checking, inflating the code to a much bigger size. The coding difficulty is also different: the rewriter in bcc can get fiddly, which makes some scripts much more complicated to develop (extra bpf_probe_read()s, requiring more knowledge of BPF internals). This situation should improve over time as improvements are planned. -* **Running common one-liners**: Fairly similar. DTrace could do many with the "dtrace" command, whereas bcc has a variety of multitools: trace, argdist, funccount, funclatency, etc. -* **Writing custom ad hoc one-liners**: With DTrace this was trivial, and accelerated advanced analysis by allowing rapid custom questions to be posed and answered by the system. bcc is currently limited by its multitools and their scope. - -In short, if you're an end user of BPF tools, you shouldn't notice these differences. If you're an advanced user and tool developer (like me), bcc is a lot more difficult right now. - -To show a current example of the bcc Python front-end, here's the code for tracing disk I/O and printing I/O size as a histogram: - -``` -from bcc import BPF -from time import sleep - -# load BPF program -b = BPF(text=""" -#include -#include - -BPF_HISTOGRAM(dist); - -int kprobe__blk_account_io_completion(struct pt_regs *ctx, struct request *req) -{ - dist.increment(bpf_log2l(req->__data_len / 1024)); - return 0; -} -""") - -# header -print("Tracing... Hit Ctrl-C to end.") - -# trace until Ctrl-C -try: - sleep(99999999) -except KeyboardInterrupt: - print - -# output -b["dist"].print_log2_hist("kbytes") - -``` - -Note the embedded C (text=) in the Python code. - -This gets the job done, but there's also room for improvement. Fortunately, we have time to do so: it will take many months before people are on Linux 4.9 and can use BPF, so we have time to create tools and front-ends. - -### A higher-level language - -An easier front-end, such as a higher-level language, may not improve adoption as much as you might imagine. Most people will use the canned tools (and GUIs), and only some of us will actually write them. But I'm not opposed to a higher-level language either, and some already exist, like SystemTap: - -``` -#!/usr/bin/stap -/* - * opensnoop.stp Trace file open()s. Basic version of opensnoop. - */ - -probe begin -{ - printf("\n%6s %6s %16s %s\n", "UID", "PID", "COMM", "PATH"); -} - -probe syscall.open -{ - printf("%6d %6d %16s %s\n", uid(), pid(), execname(), filename); -} - -``` - -Wouldn't it be nice if we could have the SystemTap front-end with all its language integration and tapsets, with the high-performance kernel built in BPF back-end? Richard Henderson of Red Hat has already begun work on this, and has released an [initial version][30]! - -There's also [ply][29], an entirely new higher-level language for BPF: - -``` -#!/usr/bin/env ply - -kprobe:SyS_* -{ - $syscalls[func].count() -} - -``` - -This is also promising. - -Although, I think the real challenge for tool developers won't be the language: it will be knowing what to do with these new superpowers. - -### How you can contribute - -* **Promotion**: There are currently no marketing efforts for BPF tracing. Some companies know it and are using it (Facebook, Netflix, Github, and more), but it'll take years to become widely known. You can help by sharing articles and resources with others in the industry. -* **Education**: You can write articles, give meetup talks, and contribute to bcc documentation. Share case studies of how BPF has solved real issues, and provided value to your company. -* **Fix bcc issues**: See the [bcc issue list][19], which includes bugs and feature requests. -* **File bugs**: Use bcc/BPF, and file bugs as you find them. -* **New tools**: There are more observability tools to develop, but please don't be hasty: people are going to spend hours learning and using your tool, so make it as intuitive and excellent as possible (see my [docs][18]). As Mike Muuss has said about his [ping][17] program: "If I'd known then that it would be my most famous accomplishment in life, I might have worked on it another day or two and added some more options." -* **High-level language**: If the existing bcc front-end languages really bother you, maybe you can come up with something much better. If you build it in bcc you can leverage libbcc. Or, you could help the SystemTap BPF or ply efforts. -* **GUI integration**: Apart from the bcc CLI observability tools, how can this new information be visualized? Latency heat maps, flame graphs, and more. - -### Other Tracers - -What about SystemTap, ktap, sysdig, LTTng, etc? It's possible that they all have a future, either by using BPF, or by becoming better at what they specifically do. Explaining each will be a blog post by itself. - -And DTrace itself? We're still using it at Netflix, on our FreeBSD-based CDN. - -### Further bcc/BPF Reading - -I've written a [bcc/BPF Tool End-User Tutorial][28], a [bcc Python Developer's Tutorial][27], a [bcc/BPF Reference Guide][26], and contributed useful [/tools][25], each with an [example.txt][24] file and [man page][23]. My prior posts about bcc & BPF include: - -* [eBPF: One Small Step][16] (we later just called it BPF) -* [bcc: Taming Linux 4.3+ Tracing Superpowers][15] -* [Linux eBPF Stack Trace Hack][14] (stack traces are now officially supported) -* [Linux eBPF Off-CPU Flame Graph][13] (" " ") -* [Linux Wakeup and Off-Wake Profiling][12] (" " ") -* [Linux Chain Graph Prototype][11] (" " ") -* [Linux eBPF/bcc uprobes][10] -* [Linux BPF Superpowers][9] -* [Ubuntu Xenial bcc/BPF][8] -* [Linux bcc Tracing Security Capabilities][7] -* [Linux MySQL Slow Query Tracing with bcc/BPF][6] -* [Linux bcc ext4 Latency Tracing][5] -* [Linux bcc/BPF Run Queue (Scheduler) Latency][4] -* [Linux bcc/BPF Node.js USDT Tracing][3] -* [Linux bcc tcptop][2] -* [Linux 4.9's Efficient BPF-based Profiler][1] - -I've also given a talk about bcc/BPF, at Facebook's Performance@Scale event: [Linux BPF Superpowers][22]. In December, I'm giving a tutorial and talk on BPF/bcc at [USENIX LISA][21] in Boston. - -### Acknowledgements - -* Van Jacobson and Steve McCanne, who created the original BPF as a packet filter. -* Barton P. Miller, Jeffrey K. Hollingsworth, and Jon Cargille, for inventing dynamic tracing, and publishing the paper: "Dynamic Program Instrumentation for Scalable Performance Tools", Scalable High-performance Conputing Conference (SHPCC), Knoxville, Tennessee, May 1994. -* kerninst (ParaDyn, UW-Madison), an early dynamic tracing tool that showed the value of dynamic tracing (late 1990's). -* Mathieu Desnoyers (of LTTng), the lead developer of kernel markers that led to tracepoints. -* IBM developed kprobes as part of DProbes. DProbes was combined with LTT to provide Linux dynamic tracing in 2000, but wasn't integrated. -* Bryan Cantrill, Mike Shapiro, and Adam Leventhal (Sun Microsystems), the core developers of DTrace, an awesome tool which proved that dynamic tracing could be production safe and easy to use (2004). Given the mechanics of dynamic tracing, this was a crucial turning point for the technology: that it became safe enough to be shipped _by default in Solaris_, an OS known for reliability. -* The many Sun Microsystems staff in marketing, sales, training, and other roles, for promoting DTrace and creating the awareness and desire for advanced system tracing. -* Roland McGrath (at Red Hat), the lead developer of utrace, which became uprobes. -* Alexei Starovoitov (PLUMgrid, then Facebook), the lead developer of enhanced BPF: the programmatic kernel components necessary. -* Many other Linux kernel engineers who contributed feedback, code, testing, and their own patchsets for the development of enhanced BPF (search lkml for BPF): Wang Nan, Daniel Borkmann, David S. Miller, Peter Zijlstra, and many others. -* Brenden Blanco (PLUMgrid), the lead developer of bcc. -* Sasha Goldshtein (Sela) developed tracepoint support in bcc, developed the most powerful bcc multitools trace and argdist, and contributed to USDT support. -* Vicent Martí and others at Github engineering, for developing the lua front-end for bcc, and contributing parts of USDT. -* Allan McAleavy, Mark Drayton, and other bcc contributors for various improvements. - -Thanks to Netflix for providing the environment and support where I've been able to contribute to BPF and bcc tracing, and help get them done. I've also contributed to tracing in general over the years by developing tracing tools (using TNF/prex, DTrace, SystemTap, ktap, ftrace, perf, and now bcc/BPF), and books, blogs, and talks. - -Finally, thanks to [Deirdré][20] for editing another post. - -### Conclusion - -Linux doesn't have DTrace (the language), but it now does, in a way, have the DTraceToolkit (the tools). - -The Linux 4.9 kernel has the final capabilities needed to support modern tracing, via enhancments to its built-in BPF engine. The hardest part is now done: kernel support. Future work now includes more performance CLI tools, alternate higher-level languages, and GUIs. - -For customers of performance analysis products, this is also good news: you can now ask for latency histograms and heatmaps, CPU and off-CPU flame graphs, better latency breakdowns, and lower-cost instrumentation. Per-packet tracing and processing in user space is now the old inefficient way. - -So when are you going to upgrade to Linux 4.9? Once it is officially released, new performance tools await: apt-get install bcc-tools. - -Enjoy! - -Brendan - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.brendangregg.com/blog/2016-10-27/dtrace-for-linux-2016.html - -作者：[Brendan Gregg][a] - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) - -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:http://www.brendangregg.com/ -[1]:http://www.brendangregg.com/blog/2016-10-21/linux-efficient-profiler.html -[2]:http://www.brendangregg.com/blog/2016-10-15/linux-bcc-tcptop.html -[3]:http://www.brendangregg.com/blog/2016-10-12/linux-bcc-nodejs-usdt.html -[4]:http://www.brendangregg.com/blog/2016-10-08/linux-bcc-runqlat.html -[5]:http://www.brendangregg.com/blog/2016-10-06/linux-bcc-ext4dist-ext4slower.html -[6]:http://www.brendangregg.com/blog/2016-10-04/linux-bcc-mysqld-qslower.html -[7]:http://www.brendangregg.com/blog/2016-10-01/linux-bcc-security-capabilities.html -[8]:http://www.brendangregg.com/blog/2016-06-14/ubuntu-xenial-bcc-bpf.html -[9]:http://www.brendangregg.com/blog/2016-03-05/linux-bpf-superpowers.html -[10]:http://www.brendangregg.com/blog/2016-02-08/linux-ebpf-bcc-uprobes.html -[11]:http://www.brendangregg.com/blog/2016-02-05/ebpf-chaingraph-prototype.html -[12]:http://www.brendangregg.com/blog/2016-02-01/linux-wakeup-offwake-profiling.html -[13]:http://www.brendangregg.com/blog/2016-01-20/ebpf-offcpu-flame-graph.html -[14]:http://www.brendangregg.com/blog/2016-01-18/ebpf-stack-trace-hack.html -[15]:http://www.brendangregg.com/blog/2015-09-22/bcc-linux-4.3-tracing.html -[16]:http://www.brendangregg.com/blog/2015-05-15/ebpf-one-small-step.html -[17]:http://ftp.arl.army.mil/~mike/ping.html -[18]:https://github.com/iovisor/bcc/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING-SCRIPTS.md -[19]:https://github.com/iovisor/bcc/issues -[20]:http://www.brendangregg.com/blog/2016-07-23/deirdre.html -[21]:https://www.usenix.org/conference/lisa16 -[22]:http://www.brendangregg.com/blog/2016-03-05/linux-bpf-superpowers.html -[23]:https://github.com/iovisor/bcc/tree/master/man/man8 -[24]:https://github.com/iovisor/bcc/tree/master/tools -[25]:https://github.com/iovisor/bcc/tree/master/tools -[26]:https://github.com/iovisor/bcc/blob/master/docs/reference_guide.md -[27]:https://github.com/iovisor/bcc/blob/master/docs/tutorial_bcc_python_developer.md -[28]:https://github.com/iovisor/bcc/blob/master/docs/tutorial.md -[29]:https://wkz.github.io/ply/ -[30]:https://lkml.org/lkml/2016/6/14/749 -[31]:http://www.brendangregg.com/blog/2016-03-30/working-at-netflix-2016.html -[32]:http://www.slideshare.net/brendangregg/from-dtrace-to-linux -[33]:https://lkml.org/lkml/2016/9/1/831 -[34]:https://github.com/brendangregg/perf-tools -[35]:https://github.com/iovisor/bcc/blob/master/INSTALL.md -[36]:https://github.com/iovisor/bcc -[37]:https://github.com/opendtrace/toolkit -[38]:https://raw.githubusercontent.com/brendangregg/bcc/master/images/bcc_tracing_tools_2016.png From 71334f285e3cab1ba30f9ff7d6921b9481e89f37 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chenzhijun <522858454@qq.com> Date: Mon, 21 Nov 2016 11:46:56 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 130/220] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E5=AE=8C=E6=88=90201?= =?UTF-8?q?61030=20HOW=20TO=20CREATE=20AN=20EBOOK=20WITH=20CALIBRE=20IN=20?= =?UTF-8?q?LINUX.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...O CREATE AN EBOOK WITH CALIBRE IN LINUX.md | 106 ------------------ 1 file changed, 106 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20161030 HOW TO CREATE AN EBOOK WITH CALIBRE IN LINUX.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20161030 HOW TO CREATE AN EBOOK WITH CALIBRE IN LINUX.md b/sources/tech/20161030 HOW TO CREATE AN EBOOK WITH CALIBRE IN LINUX.md deleted file mode 100644 index b2f3652d38..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20161030 HOW TO CREATE AN EBOOK WITH CALIBRE IN LINUX.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,106 +0,0 @@ -translating by chenzhijun - -HOW TO CREATE AN EBOOK WITH CALIBRE IN LINUX [COMPLETE GUIDE] -==== - - -[![Guide to create an eBoook in Linux with Calibre](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Create-an-eBook-in-Linux.jpg)][8] - -_Brief: This beginner’s guide shows you how to quickly create an ebook with Calibre tool in Linux._ - -Ebooks have been growing by leaps and bounds in popularity since Amazon started selling them several years ago. The good news is that they are very easy to create with Free and Open Source tools. - -In this tutorial, I’ll show you how to create an eBook in Linux. - -### CREATING AN EBOOK IN LINUX - -To create an ebook you’ll need two pieces of software: a word processor (I’ll be using [LibreOffice][7], of course) and Calibre. [Calibre][6]is a great ebook reader and library program. You can use it to [open ePub files in Linux][5] or to manage your collection of eBooks. - -Besides this software, you also need an ebook cover (1410×2250) and your manuscript. - -### STEP 1 - -First, you need to open your manuscript with your word processor. Calibre can automatically create a table of contents for you. In order to do so, you need to set the chapter titles into your manuscript to Heading 1\. Just highlight the chapter titles and selection “Heading 1” from the paragraph style drop down box. - -![ebook creation with Calibre](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/header1.png) - -If you plan to have sub-chapters and want them to be added to the TOC, then make all those titles Heading 2. - -Now, save your document as an HTML file. - -### STEP 2 - -In Calibre, click the “Add books” button. After the dialog box appears, you can browse to where your HTML file is located and add it to the program. - -![create ebooks with Calibre](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/calibre1.png) - -### STEP 3 - -Once the new HTML file is added to the Calibre library, select the new file and click the “Edit metadata” button. From here you can add the following information: Title, Author, cover image, description and more. When you’re done, click “OK”. - -![creating ebooks with Calibre in Linux](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/calibre2.png) - -### STEP 4 - -Now click the “Convert books” button. - -In the new windows, there are quite a few options available, but you don’t need to use them all. - -[Suggested ReadFix Pear Updater Issue In Pear OS 8][4] - -![creating ebooks with Calibre in Linux -2](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/calibre3.png) - -From the top right of the new screen, you select epub. Calibre also gives your the option to create a mobi file, but I found that those files didn’t always work the way I wanted them to. - -![creating ebooks with Calibre in Linux -3](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/calibre4.png) - -### STEP 5 - -Click the “Look & Feel” tab from the left side of the new dialog box. Now, select the “Remove spacing between paragraphs”. - -![creating ebooks with Calibre in Linux - 4](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/calibre5.png) - -Next, we will create the table of contents. If don’t plan to use a table of contents in your book, you skip this step. Select the Table of Contents tab. From there, click on the select the wand icon to the right of “Level 1 TOC (XPath expression)”. - -![creating ebooks with Calibre in Linux - 5](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/calibre6.png) - -In the new window, select “h1” from the drop down menu under “Match HTML tags with tag name”. Click “OK” to close the window. If you set up sub-chapters, set the “Level 2 TOC (XPath expression)” to h2. - -![creating ebooks with Calibre in Linux - 6](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/calibre7.png) - -Before we start the conversion, select EPUB Output. On the new page, select the “Insert inline Table of Contents” option. - -![creating ebooks with Calibre in Linux - 7](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/calibre8.png) - -Now all you have to do is click “OK” to start the conversion process. Unless you have a huge file, the conversion should finish fairly quickly. - -There you go, you just created a quick ebook - -For the more advanced users who know how to write CSS, Calibre gives your the option to add CSS styling to your text. Just go to the “Look & Feel” section and select the styling tab. If you try to do this with mobi, it won’t accept all of the styling for some reason. - -![creating ebooks with Calibre in Linux - 8](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/calibre9.png) - -Well, that was fairly easy, isn’t it? I hope this tutorial helped you to create eBooks in Linux. - - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://itsfoss.com/create-ebook-calibre-linux/ - -作者：[John Paul ][a] - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) - -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/john/ -[1]:http://pinterest.com/pin/create/button/?url=https://itsfoss.com/create-ebook-calibre-linux/&description=How+To+Create+An+Ebook+With+Calibre+In+Linux+%5BComplete+Guide%5D&media=https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Create-an-eBook-in-Linux.jpg -[2]:https://www.linkedin.com/cws/share?url=https://itsfoss.com/create-ebook-calibre-linux/ -[3]:https://twitter.com/share?original_referer=https%3A%2F%2Fitsfoss.com%2F&source=tweetbutton&text=How+To+Create+An+Ebook+With+Calibre+In+Linux+%5BComplete+Guide%5D&url=https%3A%2F%2Fitsfoss.com%2Fcreate-ebook-calibre-linux%2F&via=%40itsfoss -[4]:https://itsfoss.com/fix-updater-issue-pear-os-8/ -[5]:https://itsfoss.com/open-epub-books-ubuntu-linux/ -[6]:http://calibre-ebook.com/ -[7]:https://www.libreoffice.org/ -[8]:https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Create-an-eBook-in-Linux.jpg From 9e42d80f623b1df99742d322361d69cbd02adebe Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chenzhijun <522858454@qq.com> Date: Mon, 21 Nov 2016 13:23:47 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 131/220] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E5=AE=8C=E6=88=90201?= =?UTF-8?q?61030=20HOW=20TO=20CREATE=20AN=20EBOOK=20WITH=20CALIBRE=20IN=20?= =?UTF-8?q?LINUX.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...O CREATE AN EBOOK WITH CALIBRE IN LINUX.md | 104 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 104 insertions(+) create mode 100644 translated/tech/20161030 HOW TO CREATE AN EBOOK WITH CALIBRE IN LINUX.md diff --git a/translated/tech/20161030 HOW TO CREATE AN EBOOK WITH CALIBRE IN LINUX.md b/translated/tech/20161030 HOW TO CREATE AN EBOOK WITH CALIBRE IN LINUX.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..372800442b --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20161030 HOW TO CREATE AN EBOOK WITH CALIBRE IN LINUX.md @@ -0,0 +1,104 @@ +在 LIUNX 上使用 CALIBRE 创建电子书[完整教程] +==== + +[![Guide to create an eBoook in Linux with Calibre](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Create-an-eBook-in-Linux.jpg)][8] + + +摘要:这份初学者指南是告诉你如何在 Linux 上用 Calibre 工具快速创建一本电子书。 + +自从 Amazon(亚马逊) 在多年前开始销售电子书，电子书已经有了质的飞跃发展并且变得越来越流行。好消息是电子书非常容易使用免费开源的工具来被创建。 + +在这个教程中，我会告诉你如何在 Linux 上创建一本电子书。 + +### 在 Linux 上创建一本电子书 + +要创建一本电子书，你可能需要两个软件：一个文本处理器（当然，我使用的是[LibreOffice][7]）和 Calibre 。[Calibre][6]是一个非常优秀的电子书阅读器，也是一个电子书库的程序。你可以使用它来[在 Linux 上打开 ePub 文件][5]或者管理你收集的电子书。(译者注：LibreOffice 是 Linux 上用来处理文本的软件，类似于 Windows 的 Office 软件) + +除了这些软件之外，你还需要准备一个电子书封面(1410×2250)和你的原稿。 + +### 第一步 + +首先，你需要用你的文本处理器程序打开你的原稿。 Calibre 可以自动的为你创建一个目录。要使用到这个功能，你需要在你的原稿中设置每一章的标题样式为 Heading 1，在 LibreOffice 中要做到这个只需要高亮标题并且在段落样式下拉框中选择 "Heading 1"。 + +![ebook creation with Calibre](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/header1.png) + +如果你想要有子章节，并且希望他们也被加入到目录中，只需要设置这些子章节的标题为 Heading 2。 + +做完这些之后，保存你的文档为 HTML 格式文件。 + +### 第二步 + +在 Calibre 程序里面，点击 "Add books" 按钮。在对话框出现后，你可以打开你刚刚存储的 HTML 格式文件，将它加入到 Calibre 中。 + +![create ebooks with Calibre](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/calibre1.png) + +### 第三步 + +一旦这个 HTML 文件加入到 Calibre 库中，选择这个新文件并且点击 "Edit Metadata" 按钮。在这里，你可以添加下面的这些信息：Title(标题), Author(作者), cover image(封面图片), description(描叙)和其它的一些信息。当你填完之后，点击 "Ok"。 + +![creating ebooks with Calibre in Linux](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/calibre2.png) + +### 第4步 + +现在点击 "Covert books" 按钮。 + +在新的窗口中，这里会有一些可选项，但是你不会需要使用它们。 + +[Suggested ReadFix Pear Updater Issue In Pear OS 8][4] + +![creating ebooks with Calibre in Linux -2](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/calibre3.png) + +在新窗口的右上部选择框中，选择 epub 文件格式。Calibre 也有创建 mobi 文件格式的其它选项，但是我发现创建那些文件之后经常出现我意料之外的事情。 + +![creating ebooks with Calibre in Linux -3](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/calibre4.png) + +### 第5步 + +在左边新的对话框中，点击 "Look & Feel"。然后勾选中 "Remove spacing between paragraphs" + +![creating ebooks with Calibre in Linux - 4](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/calibre5.png) + +接下来，我们会创建一个目录。如果不打算在你的书中使用目录，你可以跳过这个步骤。选中 "Table of Contents" 标签。接下来，点击 "Level 1 TOC (XPath expression）" 右边的魔术棒图标。 + +![creating ebooks with Calibre in Linux - 5](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/calibre6.png) + +在这个新的窗口中，在 "Match HTML tags with tag name" 下的下拉菜单中选择的 "h1"。点击 "OK" 来关闭这个窗口。如果你有子章节，在 "Level 2 TOC (XPath expression)" 下选择 h2。 + +![creating ebooks with Calibre in Linux - 6](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/calibre7.png) + +在我们开始生成电子书前，选择输出 EPUB 文件。在这个新的页面，选择"Insert inline Table of Contents"选项。 + +![creating ebooks with Calibre in Linux - 7](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/calibre8.png) + +现在你需要做的是点击 "OK" 来开始生成电子书。除非你的是一个大文件，否则生成电子书的过程一般都完成的很快。 + +到此为止，你就已经创建一本电子书了。 + +对一些特别的用户比如他们知道如何写 CSS 样式文件(译者注: CSS 文件可以用来美化 HTML 页面)，Calibre 给了这类用户一个选项来为文章增加 CSS 样式。只需要回到 "Look & Feel" 部分，选择 styling 标签选项。如果你想创建一个 mobi 格式的文件，因为一些原因，它是不能接受 CSS 样式文件的。 + +![creating ebooks with Calibre in Linux - 8](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/calibre9.png) + +好了，是不是感到非常容易？我希望这个教程可以帮助你在 Linux 上创建电子书。 + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/create-ebook-calibre-linux/ + +作者：[John Paul ][a] + +译者：[chenzhijun](https://github.com/chenzhijun) + +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/john/ +[1]:http://pinterest.com/pin/create/button/?url=https://itsfoss.com/create-ebook-calibre-linux/&description=How+To+Create+An+Ebook+With+Calibre+In+Linux+%5BComplete+Guide%5D&media=https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Create-an-eBook-in-Linux.jpg +[2]:https://www.linkedin.com/cws/share?url=https://itsfoss.com/create-ebook-calibre-linux/ +[3]:https://twitter.com/share?original_referer=https%3A%2F%2Fitsfoss.com%2F&source=tweetbutton&text=How+To+Create+An+Ebook+With+Calibre+In+Linux+%5BComplete+Guide%5D&url=https%3A%2F%2Fitsfoss.com%2Fcreate-ebook-calibre-linux%2F&via=%40itsfoss +[4]:https://itsfoss.com/fix-updater-issue-pear-os-8/ +[5]:https://itsfoss.com/open-epub-books-ubuntu-linux/ +[6]:http://calibre-ebook.com/ +[7]:https://www.libreoffice.org/ +[8]:https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Create-an-eBook-in-Linux.jpg From 4fdea812bbfc14567b1692fec47bbb230e9e5a6d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chenzhijun <522858454@qq.com> Date: Mon, 21 Nov 2016 13:36:18 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 132/220] translating by chenzhijun --- ...to-Check-Which-Apache-Modules-are-Enabled-Loaded in Linux.md | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20161115-How-to-Check-Which-Apache-Modules-are-Enabled-Loaded in Linux.md b/sources/tech/20161115-How-to-Check-Which-Apache-Modules-are-Enabled-Loaded in Linux.md index 2444f2a308..d0b0ee14c4 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20161115-How-to-Check-Which-Apache-Modules-are-Enabled-Loaded in Linux.md +++ b/sources/tech/20161115-How-to-Check-Which-Apache-Modules-are-Enabled-Loaded in Linux.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +translating by chenzhijun + How to Check Which Apache Modules are Enabled/Loaded in Linux ============================================================ From bfa6f36fedbcc5c455343a01ccdd137ff7cb7fc9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Mon, 21 Nov 2016 14:12:15 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 133/220] translating --- ...to-Check-Which-Apache-Modules-are-Enabled-Loaded in Linux.md | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20161115-How-to-Check-Which-Apache-Modules-are-Enabled-Loaded in Linux.md b/sources/tech/20161115-How-to-Check-Which-Apache-Modules-are-Enabled-Loaded in Linux.md index 2444f2a308..e6e202bd40 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20161115-How-to-Check-Which-Apache-Modules-are-Enabled-Loaded in Linux.md +++ b/sources/tech/20161115-How-to-Check-Which-Apache-Modules-are-Enabled-Loaded in Linux.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +translating---geekpi + How to Check Which Apache Modules are Enabled/Loaded in Linux ============================================================ From fd634ba64f9210c14c7895e0e53d33a197e82706 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Mon, 21 Nov 2016 14:41:59 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 134/220] translated --- ...che-Modules-are-Enabled-Loaded in Linux.md | 58 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 29 insertions(+), 29 deletions(-) rename {sources => translated}/tech/20161115-How-to-Check-Which-Apache-Modules-are-Enabled-Loaded in Linux.md (65%) diff --git a/sources/tech/20161115-How-to-Check-Which-Apache-Modules-are-Enabled-Loaded in Linux.md b/translated/tech/20161115-How-to-Check-Which-Apache-Modules-are-Enabled-Loaded in Linux.md similarity index 65% rename from sources/tech/20161115-How-to-Check-Which-Apache-Modules-are-Enabled-Loaded in Linux.md rename to translated/tech/20161115-How-to-Check-Which-Apache-Modules-are-Enabled-Loaded in Linux.md index e6e202bd40..0ccd8bc13a 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20161115-How-to-Check-Which-Apache-Modules-are-Enabled-Loaded in Linux.md +++ b/translated/tech/20161115-How-to-Check-Which-Apache-Modules-are-Enabled-Loaded in Linux.md @@ -1,26 +1,24 @@ -translating---geekpi - -How to Check Which Apache Modules are Enabled/Loaded in Linux +如何在Linux中检查Apache的模块已经加载 ============================================================ -In this guide, we will briefly talk about the Apache web server front-end and how to list or check which Apache modules have been enabled on your server. +本篇中，我们会简要地讨论Apache服务器前端以及如何列出已经启用的Apache模块。 -Apache is built, based on the principle of modularity, this way, it enables web server administrators to add different modules to extend its primary functionalities and [enhance apache performance][5] as well. +Apache基于模块构成，因此它可以让web管理员可以添加不同的模块来扩展主要的功能及[增强性能][5]。 -Some of the common Apache modules include: +常见的Apache模块有： -1. mod_ssl – which offers [HTTPS for Apache][1]. -2. mod_rewrite – which allows for matching url patterns with regular expressions, and perform a transparent redirect using [.htaccess tricks][2], or apply a HTTP status code response. -3. mod_security – which offers you to [protect Apache against Brute Force or DDoS attacks][3]. -4. mod_status – that allows you to [monitor Apache web server load and page statics][4]. +1. mod_ssl – 提供了[HTTPS功能][1]。 +2. mod_rewrite – 可以用正则表达式匹配url样式，并且使用[.htaccess技巧][2]来进行透明转发，或者用于HTTP状态码回应。 +3. mod_security – 用于[保护Apache免于暴力破解或者DDoS攻击][3]。 +4. mod_status - 用于[监测Apache的负载及页面统计][4]。 -In Linux, the apachectl or apache2ctl command is used to control Apache HTTP server interface, it is a front-end to Apache. +在Linux中apachectl或者apache2ctl用于控制Apache服务器，是Apache的前端。 -You can display the usage information for apache2ctl as below: +你可以用下面的命令显示apache2ctl的使用信息： ``` $ apache2ctl help -OR +或者 $ apachectl help ``` apachectl help @@ -49,21 +47,21 @@ Options: -t : run syntax check for config files ``` -apache2ctl can function in two possible modes, a Sys V init mode and pass-through mode. In the SysV init mode, apache2ctl takes simple, one-word commands in the form below: +apache2ctl可以工作在两种模式下，SysV init模式和直通模式。在SysV init模式下，apache2ctl用下面的命令形式： ``` $ apachectl command -OR +或者 $ apache2ctl command ``` -For instance, to start Apache and check its status, run these two commands with root user privileges by employing the [sudo command][6], in case you are a normal user: +比如要启动并检查它的状态，以防你是普通用户，使用[sudo命令][6]来以root用户权限来运行这两个命令： ``` $ sudo apache2ctl start $ sudo apache2ctl status ``` -Check Apache Status +检查Apache状态 ``` tecmint@TecMint ~ $ sudo apache2ctl start AH00558: apache2: Could not reliably determine the server's fully qualified domain name, using 127.0.1.1\. Set the 'ServerName' directive globally to suppress this message @@ -99,35 +97,35 @@ Scoreboard Key: "I" Idle cleanup of worker, "." Open slot with no current process ``` -And when operating in pass-through mode, apache2ctl can take all the Apache arguments in the following syntax: +当在直通模式下，apache2ctl可以用下面的语法带上所有Apache的参数： ``` $ apachectl [apache-argument] $ apache2ctl [apache-argument] ``` -All the Apache-arguments can be listed as follows: +可以用下面的命令列出所有的Apache参数： ``` -$ apache2 help [On Debian based systems] -$ httpd help [On RHEL based systems] +$ apache2 help [在基于Debian的系统中] +$ httpd help [在RHEL的系统中] ``` -#### Check Enabled Apache Modules +#### 检查启用的Apache模块 -Therefore, in order to check which modules are enabled on your Apache web server, run the applicable command below for your distribution, where `-t -D DUMP_MODULES` is a Apache-argument to show all enabled/loaded modules: +因此，为了检测你的Apache服务器启动了哪些模块，在你的发行版中运行适当的命令，`-t -D DUMP_MODULES`是一个Apache参数用于显示所有启用的模块： ``` ---------------- On Debian based systems --------------- +--------------- 在基于Debian的系统中 --------------- $ apache2ctl -t -D DUMP_MODULES -OR +或者 $ apache2ctl -M ``` ``` ---------------- On RHEL based systems --------------- +--------------- 在RHEL的系统中 --------------- $ apachectl -t -D DUMP_MODULES -OR +或者 $ httpd -M $ apache2ctl -M ``` @@ -158,14 +156,14 @@ Loaded Modules: .... ``` -That’s all! in this simple tutorial, we explained how to use the Apache front-end tools to list enabled/loaded apache modules. Keep in mind that you can get in touch using the feedback form below to send us your questions or comments concerning this guide. +就是这样！在这篇简单的教程中，我们解释了如何使用Apache前端工具来列出启动的apache模块。记住你可以在下面的反馈表中给我们留下你的问题或者留言。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: http://www.tecmint.com/check-apache-modules-enabled 作者：[Aaron Kili][a] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 @@ -177,3 +175,5 @@ via: http://www.tecmint.com/check-apache-modules-enabled [4]:http://www.tecmint.com/monitor-apache-web-server-load-and-page-statistics/ [5]:http://www.tecmint.com/apache-performance-tuning/ [6]:http://www.tecmint.com/su-vs-sudo-and-how-to-configure-sudo-in-linux/ + + From b92194ae44919107fb3744cf46accabb2f9dba30 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: jasminepeng Date: Mon, 21 Nov 2016 15:33:06 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 135/220] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=A0=A1=E5=AF=B9=E5=AE=8C=E6=AF=95?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 校对完毕 --- ... How to Recover a Deleted File in Linux.md | 37 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 19 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20161109 How to Recover a Deleted File in Linux.md b/translated/tech/20161109 How to Recover a Deleted File in Linux.md index a189edd764..bba32a60a7 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20161109 How to Recover a Deleted File in Linux.md +++ b/translated/tech/20161109 How to Recover a Deleted File in Linux.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # 如何在 Linux 中恢复一个删除了的文件 -你曾经是否遇到这样的事？你意识到你已经通过删除键或者在命令行中使用 ‘rm’ 命令错误的删除了一个不该删除的文件。 +你曾经是否遇到这样的事？你意识到你已经通过删除键，或者在命令行中使用 ‘rm’ 命令，错误的删除了一个不该删除的文件。 -在第一种情况下，你可以到垃圾箱，[搜索文件][6]，然后把它重新存储到它原始的位置。但是第二种情况又该怎么办呢？我想你可能也知道，Linux 命令行不会把被删除的文件放到任何位置，而是直接把它们清除了，于是它们不再存在了。 +在第一种情况下，你可以到垃圾箱，[搜索文件][6]，然后把它复原到原始位置。但是第二种情况又该怎么办呢？你可能知道，Linux 命令行不会把删除的文件放到任何位置，而是直接把它们清除了，于是它们不再存在了。 -在这篇文章里，我将分享一个可能很有帮助的技巧来阻止这件事发生在你身上。同时，我也会分享一个你可能会考虑使用的工具，当你由于过分粗心而删除了某些不该删除的文件时。 +在这篇文章里，将分享一个很有帮助的技巧来避免此事发生。同时，也会分享一个工具，不小心删除了某些不该删除的文件时，也许用得上。 ### 为 ’rm -i‘ 创建一个别名 @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ 这同样也可以运用到[复制，移动或重命名一个文件][4]，当所在位置已经存在一个和目标文件同名的文件时。 -这个提示给你第二次机会来考虑你是否真的想删除该文件 - 如果你在这个提示上选择确定，那么文件就被删除了。在那种情况下，很抱歉，这个技巧没能保护你远离粗心。 +这个提示给你第二次机会来考虑是否真的要删除该文件 - 如果你在这个提示上选择确定，那么文件就被删除了。这种情况下，很抱歉，这个技巧没能保护你远离自己的粗心。 为了让 rm 成为 ‘rm -i’ 别名，这样做： @@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ alias rm='rm -i' 增加 rm 别名的命令 -然而，这样做只在当前用户对话的当前 shell 上有效。为了永久改变，你必须像下面展示的这样把它保存到　'~/.bashrc'　中（一些版本的　Linux 系统可能是　'~/.profile'）。 +然而，这只能在当前用户的当前 shell 上有效。为了永久改变，你必须像下面展示的这样把它保存到　'~/.bashrc'　中（一些版本的　Linux 系统可能是　'~/.profile'）。 [ ![在 Linux 中永久增添别名](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Add-Alias-Permanently-in-Linux.png) @@ -37,10 +37,10 @@ alias rm='rm -i' 在 Linux 中永久增添别名 -为了让 '~/.bashrc'（或 '~/.profile'）中所做的改变立即生效，从当前 shell 中搜索文件： +为了让 '~/.bashrc'（或 '~/.profile'）中所做的改变立即生效，从当前 shell 中运行文件： ``` -. ~/.bashr +. ~/.bashrc ``` [ @@ -51,11 +51,12 @@ alias rm='rm -i' ### 取证工具　－　Foremost -但愿你对于你的文件足够小心，只有需要恢复一个来自外部磁盘或 USB 设备的丢失文件时才使用这个工具。 +但愿你对于你的文件足够小心，只需使用这个工具，以从外部磁盘或 USB 设备中恢复丢失的文件。 -然而，当你意识到你意外的删除了系统中的一个文件并将要感到恐慌时－不用担心。让我们来看一看 Foremost，　一个被设计用来处理这种状况的取证工具。 +然而，当你意识到你意外的删除了系统中的一个文件并感到恐慌时－不用担心。让我们来看一看 Foremost，　一个用来处理这种状况的取证工具。 + +要在 CentOS/RHEL 7　中安装　Foremost，　需要首先启用 Repoforge： -为了在 CentOS/RHEL 7　中安装　Foremost，　你需要首先启用 Repoforge： ``` # rpm -Uvh http://pkgs.repoforge.org/rpmforge-release/rpmforge-release-0.5.3-1.el7.rf.x86_64.rpm @@ -63,14 +64,14 @@ alias rm='rm -i' ``` -然而在 Debian 及其派生系统中，只需这样做： +然而在 Debian 及其衍生系统中，只需这样做： ``` # aptitude install foremost ``` -安装完成以后，让我们以一个简单的测试开始。我们首先删除 /boot/images 目录下一个名为 'nosdos.jpg' 的图像文件： +安装完成后，我们做一个简单的测试吧。首先删除 /boot/images 目录下一个名为 'nosdos.jpg' 的图像文件： ``` # cd images @@ -78,24 +79,24 @@ alias rm='rm -i' ``` -为了恢复这个文件，像下面这样使用 Foremost（你需要首先确认潜在分区 - 在这种情况下， '/boot' 位于 '/dev/sda1' 分区中） +要恢复这个文件，如下所示使用 Foremost（要先确认所在分区 - 本例中， '/boot' 位于 '/dev/sda1' 分区中） ``` # foremost -t jpg -i /dev/sda1 -o /home/gacanepa/rescued ``` -/home/gacanepa/rescued 是单独磁盘中的一个目录 － 请记住，把文件恢复到被删除文件所在驱动中不是一个明智的做法。 +其中，/home/gacanepa/rescued 是另外一个盘中的目录 － 请记住，把文件恢复到被删除文件所在的驱动器中不是一个明智的做法。 -如果在恢复过程中，占用了被删除文件过去所在的磁盘分区，那么可能没法恢复文件。另外，在进行文件恢复操作前停止所有进程也是至关重要的。 +如果在恢复过程中，占用了被删除文件过去所在的磁盘分区，就可能无法恢复文件。另外，进行文件恢复操作前不要做任何其他操作。 -当 Foremost 执行文件恢复操作完成以后，恢复文件（如果可以恢复）将能够在目录 /home/gacanepa/rescue/jpg 中找到。 +当 Foremost 执行完成以后，恢复的文件（如果可以恢复）将能够在目录 /home/gacanepa/rescue/jpg 中找到。 ##### 总结 -这篇在文章中，我们阐述了如何避免意外删除一个不该删除的文件以及如何恢复文件如果这样一件不期望的事情发生。然而，警告一下， Foremost 需要花费一段时间运行，时间长短取决于分区的大小。 +在这篇文章中，我们阐述了如何避免意外删除一个不该删除的文件，以及万一这类事情发生，如何恢复文件。还要警告一下， Foremost 可能运行很长时间，时间长短取决于分区的大小。 -一如既往，如果你有什么问题或想法，不要犹豫，让我们知道。请自由使用下面的形式给我们留下一个注记。 +如果您有什么问题或想法，和往常一样，不要犹豫，告诉我们。可以给我们留言。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- From 34382d696949241ae7619997e6d63b4d6d24d01b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: jasminepeng Date: Mon, 21 Nov 2016 15:41:09 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 136/220] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=A0=A1=E5=AF=B9=E5=AE=8C=E6=AF=95?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 校对完毕 --- .../20161109 How to Recover a Deleted File in Linux.md | 8 ++++---- 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20161109 How to Recover a Deleted File in Linux.md b/translated/tech/20161109 How to Recover a Deleted File in Linux.md index bba32a60a7..1054120169 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20161109 How to Recover a Deleted File in Linux.md +++ b/translated/tech/20161109 How to Recover a Deleted File in Linux.md @@ -21,13 +21,13 @@ alias rm='rm -i' ``` -别名命令将确定 rm 现在已经成为了别名： +** alias ** 命令将确定 **rm** 现在已经成为了别名： [ ![增加 rm 别名的命令](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Add-Alias-rm-Command.png) ][3] -增加 rm 别名的命令 +*增加 rm 别名的命令* 然而，这只能在当前用户的当前 shell 上有效。为了永久改变，你必须像下面展示的这样把它保存到　'~/.bashrc'　中（一些版本的　Linux 系统可能是　'~/.profile'）。 @@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ alias rm='rm -i' ![在 Linux 中永久增添别名](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Add-Alias-Permanently-in-Linux.png) ][2] -在 Linux 中永久增添别名 +*在 Linux 中永久增添别名* 为了让 '~/.bashrc'（或 '~/.profile'）中所做的改变立即生效，从当前 shell 中运行文件： @@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ alias rm='rm -i' ![在 Linux 中激活别名](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Active-Alias-in-Linux.png) ][1] -在 Linux 中激活别名 +*在 Linux 中激活别名* ### 取证工具　－　Foremost From 6d840439cb7f1d2e8ab50dc5b9e11c691cc7a8f5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: jasminepeng Date: Mon, 21 Nov 2016 15:43:37 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 137/220] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=A0=A1=E5=AF=B9=E5=AE=8C=E6=AF=95?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sorry to forget to add my ID. submit again. --- .../tech/20161109 How to Recover a Deleted File in Linux.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20161109 How to Recover a Deleted File in Linux.md b/translated/tech/20161109 How to Recover a Deleted File in Linux.md index 1054120169..919893bea3 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20161109 How to Recover a Deleted File in Linux.md +++ b/translated/tech/20161109 How to Recover a Deleted File in Linux.md @@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ via: http://www.tecmint.com/recover-deleted-file-in-linux/ 译者：[ucasFL](https://github.com/ucasFL) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[jasminepeng](https://github.com/jasminepeng) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 9e9b7481a32c0bf6fedd76e9f7f949abe45f4b71 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Mars Wong Date: Mon, 21 Nov 2016 16:06:30 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 138/220] OneNewLife translating --- ... About The Performance Of WordPress Vs Ghost.md | 14 ++++++++------ 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20161114 Apache Vs Nginx Vs Node.js And What It Means About The Performance Of WordPress Vs Ghost.md b/sources/tech/20161114 Apache Vs Nginx Vs Node.js And What It Means About The Performance Of WordPress Vs Ghost.md index f972b91ba8..219da11002 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20161114 Apache Vs Nginx Vs Node.js And What It Means About The Performance Of WordPress Vs Ghost.md +++ b/sources/tech/20161114 Apache Vs Nginx Vs Node.js And What It Means About The Performance Of WordPress Vs Ghost.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +OneNewLife translating + Apache Vs Nginx Vs Node.js And What It Means About The Performance Of WordPress Vs Ghost ============================================================ @@ -44,7 +46,7 @@ In addition, stress test to measure server function under high load was also iss As for the content, the main focus was about a static file containing a number of Lorem Ipsum verses with headings and an image. [ - ![Lorem Ipsum and ApacheBenchmark](http://iwf1.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Lorem-Ipsum-and-ApacheBenchmark-730x411.jpg) + ![Lorem Ipsum and ApacheBenchmark](http://iwf1.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Lorem-Ipsum-and-ApacheBenchmark-730x411.jpg) ][3] Lorem Ipsum and ApacheBenchmark @@ -60,7 +62,7 @@ That aside, I also wanted to test a more real case scenario where I benchmarked As I’m running Gentoo Linux, you could say that either one of my HTTP servers is starting from an optimized state to begin with, since I built them using only the use-flags I actually needed. I.e there shouldn’t be any unnecessary code or module loading or running in the background while I ran my tests. [ - ![Apache vs Nginx vs Node.js use-flags](http://iwf1.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Apache-vs-Nginx-vs-Node.js-use-flags-730x241.jpg) + ![Apache vs Nginx vs Node.js use-flags](http://iwf1.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Apache-vs-Nginx-vs-Node.js-use-flags-730x241.jpg) ][4] Apache vs Nginx vs Node.js use-flags @@ -116,13 +118,13 @@ The Node.js server used in the static tests was custom built from scratch, tailo Click on the images to enlarge: [ - ![Apache vs Nginx vs Node: performance under requests load (per 100 concurrent users)](http://iwf1.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/requests-730x234.jpg) + ![Apache vs Nginx vs Node: performance under requests load (per 100 concurrent users)](http://iwf1.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/requests-730x234.jpg) ][5] Apache vs Nginx vs Node: performance under requests load (per 100 concurrent users) [ - ![Apache vs Nginx vs Node: performance under concurrent users load](http://iwf1.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/concurrency-730x234.jpg) + ![Apache vs Nginx vs Node: performance under concurrent users load](http://iwf1.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/concurrency-730x234.jpg) ][6] Apache vs Nginx vs Node: performance under concurrent users load (per 1,000 requests) @@ -130,7 +132,7 @@ Apache vs Nginx vs Node: performance under concurrent users load (per 1,000 requ ### Stress Testing [ - ![Apache vs Nginx vs Node: time to complete 100,000 requests with concurrency of 1,000](http://iwf1.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/stress.jpg) + ![Apache vs Nginx vs Node: time to complete 100,000 requests with concurrency of 1,000](http://iwf1.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/stress.jpg) ][7] Apache vs Nginx vs Node: time to complete 100,000 requests with concurrency of 1,000 @@ -192,7 +194,7 @@ Indeed, a scientific lab-conditioned test would be hard to devise. However, in t Since the results were measured against different criteria and most importantly not exact same sizes, it wouldn’t be fair to display them side by side in a chart. Hence a table is used instead: [ - ![Node vs Nginx vs Apache comparison table](http://iwf1.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Node-vs-Nginx-vs-Apache-comparison-table-730x185.jpg) + ![Node vs Nginx vs Apache comparison table](http://iwf1.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Node-vs-Nginx-vs-Apache-comparison-table-730x185.jpg) ][8] Node vs Nginx vs Apache running WordPress & Ghost. Top 2 rows are WordPress, bottom 2 are Ghost From 2daeb271ba04605ba89044687bf3c3cca6252b25 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: vic Date: Mon, 21 Nov 2016 16:30:26 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 139/220] Translated 20161104 How to design and add your own font on Linux with Glyphr.md --- ... add your own font on Linux with Glyphr.md | 113 ------------------ ... add your own font on Linux with Glyphr.md | 111 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 111 insertions(+), 113 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20161104 How to design and add your own font on Linux with Glyphr.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20161104 How to design and add your own font on Linux with Glyphr.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20161104 How to design and add your own font on Linux with Glyphr.md b/sources/tech/20161104 How to design and add your own font on Linux with Glyphr.md deleted file mode 100644 index 43e3db5310..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20161104 How to design and add your own font on Linux with Glyphr.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,113 +0,0 @@ - Vic020 - -# How to design and add your own font on Linux with Glyphr - -LibreOffice already offers a galore of fonts, and users can always download and add more. However, if you want to create your own custom font, you can do it easily by using Glyphr. Glyphr is a new open source vector font designer with an intuitive and easy to use graphical interface and a rich set of features that will take care every aspect of the font design. Although the application is still in early development, it is already pretty good. Here’s a quick guide showing how to design your own custom fonts on Glyphr, and how to add them on LibreOffice once you’re done. - -First of all, we need to download Glyphr from the official git repository ([https://github.com/glyphr-studio/Glyphr-Studio-Desktop][14]). It is available in binary form, in both 32 and 64 bits. Once the file is downloaded, navigate to the destination, unzip the file, enter the newly created folder, right click on the “Glyphr Studio” binary file and select “Run”. - -[ - ![](https://www.howtoforge.com/images/how-to-design-and-add-your-own-font-on-linux-with-glyphr/pic_1.png) -][13] - -This will launch the application giving you three options. One is to create a new font set from scratch. The second is to load an existing project that can be of a Glyphr Studio Project form, and Open or True Type font, or an SVG font. The third is to load one of the two example sets so that you can modify these instead of working on a new set from the ground up. I will select the first option to showcase a few basic design concepts. - -[ - ![](https://www.howtoforge.com/images/how-to-design-and-add-your-own-font-on-linux-with-glyphr/pic_2.png) -][12] - -Once you enter the editor screen, you may select the letter that you want to design from the panel on the left side of the screen, and then indulge in the design work on the drawing area that is on the right. I will start with the letter “A” by clicking on its icon. - -[ - ![](https://www.howtoforge.com/images/how-to-design-and-add-your-own-font-on-linux-with-glyphr/pic_3.png) -][11] - -To design something on the drawing board, we can select either the “shapes” tools from the top left of the board which are a rectangle, an oval, and a path share, or use the first item of the second row of the tools that is the path editing tool. Click on that and start putting points on the board to create shapes. The more points you add, the greater the shaping options that you’ll have on the next step. - -[ - ![](https://www.howtoforge.com/images/how-to-design-and-add-your-own-font-on-linux-with-glyphr/pic_4.png) -][10] - -To move the points and thus share the path differently, you will need to select the path edit tool that is to the right of the path editing tool and click on the shape to reveal the points. Then you may drag them into position as you like. - -[ - ![](https://www.howtoforge.com/images/how-to-design-and-add-your-own-font-on-linux-with-glyphr/pic_5.png) -][9] - -Finally, the shape edit tool lets you select a shape and drag it into position, change its dimension or even rotate it. - -[ - ![](https://www.howtoforge.com/images/how-to-design-and-add-your-own-font-on-linux-with-glyphr/pic_6.png) -][8] - -Another useful set of design actions are the copy-paste, flip-rotate options that are offered on the left panel after you enter the letter design phase. For example, let’s suppose that I am creating the “B” letter of my font set, and that I want to mirror the upper side of what I’ve done to the bottom so as to keep a good level of coherence in the design. - -[ - ![](https://www.howtoforge.com/images/how-to-design-and-add-your-own-font-on-linux-with-glyphr/pic_7.png) -][7] - -Now, to do this, I must choose the shape editing tool to select the part that I want to mirror, click on the copy action, then click on the past right above it, drag the pasted shape where I want it to be and then click on the flip horizontally or vertically depending on what I am trying to achieve. - -[ - ![](https://www.howtoforge.com/images/how-to-design-and-add-your-own-font-on-linux-with-glyphr/pic_8.png) -][6] - -[ - ![](https://www.howtoforge.com/images/how-to-design-and-add-your-own-font-on-linux-with-glyphr/pic_9.png) -][5] - -There are tons of more things that I could showcase in the design aspect of the application, but there’s really no point in doing so. If you’re interested you can dive in and discover the numerical-based editing, the curving, the guiding, and many more. - -Fonts however aren’t only about individual letters design, and you can discover other aspects of the font design by clicking on the “Navigate” menu on the top left of the application and adjust the kerning between specific pairs of characters, add ligatures, add components, and set general font settings. - -[ - ![](https://www.howtoforge.com/images/how-to-design-and-add-your-own-font-on-linux-with-glyphr/pic_10.png) -][4] - -You may even give your new font a “test drive” so that you can get the idea of how well your font settings and kerning works and what to do in order to optimize them. - -[ - ![](https://www.howtoforge.com/images/how-to-design-and-add-your-own-font-on-linux-with-glyphr/pic_11.png) -][3] - -After the design and optimization are done, you may export your new font set on either a true type font format, or an svg. - -[ - ![](https://www.howtoforge.com/images/how-to-design-and-add-your-own-font-on-linux-with-glyphr/pic_12.png) -][2] - -To add the font on your system, open it with the font viewer and click on the “Install” option. If that doesn’t work, create a new folder in your home directory named as “.fonts” and place the font file inside it. Alternatively, you may open the file manager as root, navigate to /usr/share/fonts/opentype, create a new folder there and paste the font file inside. Then open a terminal and run this command to clear the cache: “sudo fc-cache -f -v” - -This should add the new font on LibreOffice, and also to any other text application in your system like Gedit for example. - -[ - ![](https://www.howtoforge.com/images/how-to-design-and-add-your-own-font-on-linux-with-glyphr/pic_13.png) -][1] - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.howtoforge.com/tutorial/how-to-design-and-add-your-own-font-on-linux-with-glyphr/ - -作者：[Bill Toulas][a] - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) - -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:https://twitter.com/howtoforgecom -[1]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/how-to-design-and-add-your-own-font-on-linux-with-glyphr/big/pic_13.png -[2]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/how-to-design-and-add-your-own-font-on-linux-with-glyphr/big/pic_12.png -[3]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/how-to-design-and-add-your-own-font-on-linux-with-glyphr/big/pic_11.png -[4]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/how-to-design-and-add-your-own-font-on-linux-with-glyphr/big/pic_10.png -[5]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/how-to-design-and-add-your-own-font-on-linux-with-glyphr/big/pic_9.png -[6]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/how-to-design-and-add-your-own-font-on-linux-with-glyphr/big/pic_8.png -[7]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/how-to-design-and-add-your-own-font-on-linux-with-glyphr/big/pic_7.png -[8]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/how-to-design-and-add-your-own-font-on-linux-with-glyphr/big/pic_6.png -[9]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/how-to-design-and-add-your-own-font-on-linux-with-glyphr/big/pic_5.png -[10]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/how-to-design-and-add-your-own-font-on-linux-with-glyphr/big/pic_4.png -[11]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/how-to-design-and-add-your-own-font-on-linux-with-glyphr/big/pic_3.png -[12]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/how-to-design-and-add-your-own-font-on-linux-with-glyphr/big/pic_2.png -[13]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/how-to-design-and-add-your-own-font-on-linux-with-glyphr/big/pic_1.png -[14]:https://github.com/glyphr-studio/Glyphr-Studio-Desktop diff --git a/translated/tech/20161104 How to design and add your own font on Linux with Glyphr.md b/translated/tech/20161104 How to design and add your own font on Linux with Glyphr.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..8a3b5784c6 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20161104 How to design and add your own font on Linux with Glyphr.md @@ -0,0 +1,111 @@ +# 在Linux上使用Glyphr设计自己的字体 + +LibreOffice 提供了丰富的字体, 并且用户可以自由选择和下载增加自己的字体.即使你想创造自己的字体, 同样也可以非常简单的使用Glyphr创建.Glyphr可以直观的新开源字体设计器, 使用简单的交互界面和覆盖字体设计每一部分的强大功能集.虽然应用还在早起开发阶段, 但是这已经很强大了. 下面将会有一个简短的快速入门教你如何使用Glyphr创建字体并加入LibreOffice. + +首先, 从官方Git库下载Glyphr([https://github.com/glyphr-studio/Glyphr-Studio-Desktop][14]). 它提供32位和64位版本.完成下载后, 进入下载文件夹, 解压文件, 进入解压文件, 右键点击Glyphr Studio, 选择"Run". + +[ + ![](https://www.howtoforge.com/images/how-to-design-and-add-your-own-font-on-linux-with-glyphr/pic_1.png) +][13] + +启动应用后会给你三个选项.一个是从头创建一个新的字体集. 第二个是读取已经存在的项目,可以是Glyphr Studio项目文件, 也可以是其他开源或ttf, 甚至是SVG字体.第三个是读取已有示例,然后可以在示例上修改创建.我将会选择第一个选项,并教你一些简单的设计概念. + +[ + ![](https://www.howtoforge.com/images/how-to-design-and-add-your-own-font-on-linux-with-glyphr/pic_2.png) +][12] + +完成进入编辑界面后, 你可以从左边的面板中选择字母,然后在右边的区域设计. 我选择A字母开始编辑. + +[ + ![](https://www.howtoforge.com/images/how-to-design-and-add-your-own-font-on-linux-with-glyphr/pic_3.png) +][11] + +要在绘图板上设计一些东西，我们可以从板的左上角选择矩形，椭圆形或者路径共享的“形状”工具，也可以使用工具的第二行的第一项的路径编辑工具。使用任意工具，开始在板上放点来创建形状。添加的点数越多, 接下来设计的形状选项就越大。 + +[ + ![](https://www.howtoforge.com/images/how-to-design-and-add-your-own-font-on-linux-with-glyphr/pic_4.png) +][10] + +点移动到不同位置可以获得不同的路径, 可以使用路径编辑工具右边的路径编辑,点击会出现可编辑点.然后拖到任意点到你喜欢的位置. + +[ + ![](https://www.howtoforge.com/images/how-to-design-and-add-your-own-font-on-linux-with-glyphr/pic_5.png) +][9] + +最后，形状编辑工具帮助选择形状并将其拖动到位置，更改其尺寸以及旋转。 + +[ + ![](https://www.howtoforge.com/images/how-to-design-and-add-your-own-font-on-linux-with-glyphr/pic_6.png) +][8] + +在进入了字母设计阶段,其他有用的设计动作集合是左侧面板提供的复制-粘贴, 翻转-旋转操作.来看个例子,假设我现在正在创作B字母, 我要下部分镜像已经创建好的上部分一样,保持良好的水平和一致性. + +[ + ![](https://www.howtoforge.com/images/how-to-design-and-add-your-own-font-on-linux-with-glyphr/pic_7.png) +][7] + +现在, 为了达到这个目的, 选择形状编辑工具, 选中欲编辑部分, 点击复制操作, 然后点击图形以外的地方, 在需要的位置粘贴,加上水平翻转或者垂直翻转到达目的. + +[ + ![](https://www.howtoforge.com/images/how-to-design-and-add-your-own-font-on-linux-with-glyphr/pic_8.png) +][6] + +[ + ![](https://www.howtoforge.com/images/how-to-design-and-add-your-own-font-on-linux-with-glyphr/pic_9.png) +][5] + +这款应用在太多地方可以讲述.如果有兴趣深入,可以深入了解数字话编辑,弯曲和引导等等. + +然而,字体并不是仅仅是单个字体的设计, 还需要发现字体设计的其他方面.通过应用左上角菜单栏上的"导航"还可以设置字间距, 斜体, 常规字体设置等. + +[ + ![](https://www.howtoforge.com/images/how-to-design-and-add-your-own-font-on-linux-with-glyphr/pic_10.png) +][4] + +最棒的是你可以使用"测试驱动"来使用你的新字体, 帮助你判断字体设计如何, 间距对不对, 最大化来优化你的字体. + +[ + ![](https://www.howtoforge.com/images/how-to-design-and-add-your-own-font-on-linux-with-glyphr/pic_11.png) +][3] + +完成设计和优化后, 我们还可以导出ttf和svg格式. + +[ + ![](https://www.howtoforge.com/images/how-to-design-and-add-your-own-font-on-linux-with-glyphr/pic_12.png) +][2] + +将新的字体加入到系统中, 打开字体浏览器并点击"安装"按钮. 如果它没有任何反应, 可以在主目录下创建一个新的文件夹叫做".fonts",并将字体复制进去.也可以使用root用户打开文件管理器, 进入/usr/share/fonts/opentype, 穿件一个新的文件夹并粘贴新的文件.然后打开终端,输入命令重建字体缓存"sudo fc-cache -f -v" + +在LibreOffice中已经可以看见新的字体咯, 同样也可以使用Gedit来测试新字体. + +[ + ![](https://www.howtoforge.com/images/how-to-design-and-add-your-own-font-on-linux-with-glyphr/pic_13.png) +][1] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.howtoforge.com/tutorial/how-to-design-and-add-your-own-font-on-linux-with-glyphr/ + +作者：[Bill Toulas][a] + +译者：[VicYu/Vic020](http://vicyu.net) + +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:https://twitter.com/howtoforgecom +[1]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/how-to-design-and-add-your-own-font-on-linux-with-glyphr/big/pic_13.png +[2]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/how-to-design-and-add-your-own-font-on-linux-with-glyphr/big/pic_12.png +[3]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/how-to-design-and-add-your-own-font-on-linux-with-glyphr/big/pic_11.png +[4]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/how-to-design-and-add-your-own-font-on-linux-with-glyphr/big/pic_10.png +[5]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/how-to-design-and-add-your-own-font-on-linux-with-glyphr/big/pic_9.png +[6]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/how-to-design-and-add-your-own-font-on-linux-with-glyphr/big/pic_8.png +[7]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/how-to-design-and-add-your-own-font-on-linux-with-glyphr/big/pic_7.png +[8]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/how-to-design-and-add-your-own-font-on-linux-with-glyphr/big/pic_6.png +[9]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/how-to-design-and-add-your-own-font-on-linux-with-glyphr/big/pic_5.png +[10]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/how-to-design-and-add-your-own-font-on-linux-with-glyphr/big/pic_4.png +[11]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/how-to-design-and-add-your-own-font-on-linux-with-glyphr/big/pic_3.png +[12]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/how-to-design-and-add-your-own-font-on-linux-with-glyphr/big/pic_2.png +[13]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/how-to-design-and-add-your-own-font-on-linux-with-glyphr/big/pic_1.png +[14]:https://github.com/glyphr-studio/Glyphr-Studio-Desktop From 2c6913f81760124513fd99ab3992e89c4c77d99d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chenzhijun <522858454@qq.com> Date: Mon, 21 Nov 2016 17:01:41 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 140/220] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=88=A0=E9=99=A4=E5=B7=B2=E7=BB=8F?= =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E7=9A=84=E6=96=87=E7=AB=A0?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...O CREATE AN EBOOK WITH CALIBRE IN LINUX.md | 106 ------------------ 1 file changed, 106 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20161030 HOW TO CREATE AN EBOOK WITH CALIBRE IN LINUX.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20161030 HOW TO CREATE AN EBOOK WITH CALIBRE IN LINUX.md b/sources/tech/20161030 HOW TO CREATE AN EBOOK WITH CALIBRE IN LINUX.md deleted file mode 100644 index b2f3652d38..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20161030 HOW TO CREATE AN EBOOK WITH CALIBRE IN LINUX.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,106 +0,0 @@ -translating by chenzhijun - -HOW TO CREATE AN EBOOK WITH CALIBRE IN LINUX [COMPLETE GUIDE] -==== - - -[![Guide to create an eBoook in Linux with Calibre](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Create-an-eBook-in-Linux.jpg)][8] - -_Brief: This beginner’s guide shows you how to quickly create an ebook with Calibre tool in Linux._ - -Ebooks have been growing by leaps and bounds in popularity since Amazon started selling them several years ago. The good news is that they are very easy to create with Free and Open Source tools. - -In this tutorial, I’ll show you how to create an eBook in Linux. - -### CREATING AN EBOOK IN LINUX - -To create an ebook you’ll need two pieces of software: a word processor (I’ll be using [LibreOffice][7], of course) and Calibre. [Calibre][6]is a great ebook reader and library program. You can use it to [open ePub files in Linux][5] or to manage your collection of eBooks. - -Besides this software, you also need an ebook cover (1410×2250) and your manuscript. - -### STEP 1 - -First, you need to open your manuscript with your word processor. Calibre can automatically create a table of contents for you. In order to do so, you need to set the chapter titles into your manuscript to Heading 1\. Just highlight the chapter titles and selection “Heading 1” from the paragraph style drop down box. - -![ebook creation with Calibre](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/header1.png) - -If you plan to have sub-chapters and want them to be added to the TOC, then make all those titles Heading 2. - -Now, save your document as an HTML file. - -### STEP 2 - -In Calibre, click the “Add books” button. After the dialog box appears, you can browse to where your HTML file is located and add it to the program. - -![create ebooks with Calibre](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/calibre1.png) - -### STEP 3 - -Once the new HTML file is added to the Calibre library, select the new file and click the “Edit metadata” button. From here you can add the following information: Title, Author, cover image, description and more. When you’re done, click “OK”. - -![creating ebooks with Calibre in Linux](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/calibre2.png) - -### STEP 4 - -Now click the “Convert books” button. - -In the new windows, there are quite a few options available, but you don’t need to use them all. - -[Suggested ReadFix Pear Updater Issue In Pear OS 8][4] - -![creating ebooks with Calibre in Linux -2](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/calibre3.png) - -From the top right of the new screen, you select epub. Calibre also gives your the option to create a mobi file, but I found that those files didn’t always work the way I wanted them to. - -![creating ebooks with Calibre in Linux -3](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/calibre4.png) - -### STEP 5 - -Click the “Look & Feel” tab from the left side of the new dialog box. Now, select the “Remove spacing between paragraphs”. - -![creating ebooks with Calibre in Linux - 4](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/calibre5.png) - -Next, we will create the table of contents. If don’t plan to use a table of contents in your book, you skip this step. Select the Table of Contents tab. From there, click on the select the wand icon to the right of “Level 1 TOC (XPath expression)”. - -![creating ebooks with Calibre in Linux - 5](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/calibre6.png) - -In the new window, select “h1” from the drop down menu under “Match HTML tags with tag name”. Click “OK” to close the window. If you set up sub-chapters, set the “Level 2 TOC (XPath expression)” to h2. - -![creating ebooks with Calibre in Linux - 6](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/calibre7.png) - -Before we start the conversion, select EPUB Output. On the new page, select the “Insert inline Table of Contents” option. - -![creating ebooks with Calibre in Linux - 7](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/calibre8.png) - -Now all you have to do is click “OK” to start the conversion process. Unless you have a huge file, the conversion should finish fairly quickly. - -There you go, you just created a quick ebook - -For the more advanced users who know how to write CSS, Calibre gives your the option to add CSS styling to your text. Just go to the “Look & Feel” section and select the styling tab. If you try to do this with mobi, it won’t accept all of the styling for some reason. - -![creating ebooks with Calibre in Linux - 8](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/calibre9.png) - -Well, that was fairly easy, isn’t it? I hope this tutorial helped you to create eBooks in Linux. - - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://itsfoss.com/create-ebook-calibre-linux/ - -作者：[John Paul ][a] - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) - -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/john/ -[1]:http://pinterest.com/pin/create/button/?url=https://itsfoss.com/create-ebook-calibre-linux/&description=How+To+Create+An+Ebook+With+Calibre+In+Linux+%5BComplete+Guide%5D&media=https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Create-an-eBook-in-Linux.jpg -[2]:https://www.linkedin.com/cws/share?url=https://itsfoss.com/create-ebook-calibre-linux/ -[3]:https://twitter.com/share?original_referer=https%3A%2F%2Fitsfoss.com%2F&source=tweetbutton&text=How+To+Create+An+Ebook+With+Calibre+In+Linux+%5BComplete+Guide%5D&url=https%3A%2F%2Fitsfoss.com%2Fcreate-ebook-calibre-linux%2F&via=%40itsfoss -[4]:https://itsfoss.com/fix-updater-issue-pear-os-8/ -[5]:https://itsfoss.com/open-epub-books-ubuntu-linux/ -[6]:http://calibre-ebook.com/ -[7]:https://www.libreoffice.org/ -[8]:https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Create-an-eBook-in-Linux.jpg From a00764604028ad934f778aa00dabc018527dec2c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Mon, 21 Nov 2016 17:32:25 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 141/220] PUB:20161109 How to Recover a Deleted File in Linux @ucasFL --- ... How to Recover a Deleted File in Linux.md | 106 ++++++++++++++++ ... How to Recover a Deleted File in Linux.md | 119 ------------------ 2 files changed, 106 insertions(+), 119 deletions(-) create mode 100644 published/20161109 How to Recover a Deleted File in Linux.md delete mode 100644 translated/tech/20161109 How to Recover a Deleted File in Linux.md diff --git a/published/20161109 How to Recover a Deleted File in Linux.md b/published/20161109 How to Recover a Deleted File in Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..8dc5a7f668 --- /dev/null +++ b/published/20161109 How to Recover a Deleted File in Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,106 @@ +如何在 Linux 中恢复一个删除了的文件 +============== + +你曾经是否遇到这样的事？当你发现的时候，你已经通过删除键，或者在命令行中使用 `rm` 命令，错误的删除了一个不该删除的文件。 + +在第一种情况下，你可以到垃圾箱，[搜索那个文件][6]，然后把它复原到原始位置。但是第二种情况又该怎么办呢？你可能知道，Linux 命令行不会把删除的文件转移到任何位置，而是直接把它们移除了，biu~，它们就不复存在了。 + +在这篇文章里，将分享一个很有用的技巧来避免此事发生。同时，也会分享一个工具，不小心删除了某些不该删除的文件时，也许用得上。 + +### 把删除创建为 `rm -i` 的别名 + +当 `-i` 选项配合 `rm` 命令（也包括其他[文件处理命令比如 `cp` 或者 `mv`][5]）使用时，在删除文件前会出现一个提示。 + +这同样也可以运用到当[复制，移动或重命名一个文件][4]，当所在位置已经存在一个和目标文件同名的文件时。 + +这个提示会给你第二次机会来考虑是否真的要删除该文件 - 如果你在这个提示上选择确定，那么文件就被删除了。这种情况下，很抱歉，这个技巧并不能防止你的粗心大意。 + +为了 `rm -i` 别名替代 `rm` ，这样做： + +``` +alias rm='rm -i' +``` + +运行 `alias` 命令可以确定 `rm` 现在已经被别名了： + +![增加 rm 别名的命令](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Add-Alias-rm-Command.png) + +*为 rm 增加别名* + +然而，这只能在当前用户的当前 shell 上有效。为了永久改变，你必须像下面展示的这样把它保存到　`~/.bashrc`　中（一些版本的　Linux 系统可能是　`~/.profile`）。 + +![在 Linux 中永久增添别名](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Add-Alias-Permanently-in-Linux.png) + +*在 Linux 中永久增添别名* + +为了让 `~/.bashrc`（或 `~/.profile`）中所做的改变立即生效，从当前 shell 中运行文件： + +``` +. ~/.bashrc +``` + +![在 Linux 中激活别名](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Active-Alias-in-Linux.png) + +*在 Linux 中激活别名* + +### 取证工具　－　Foremost + +但愿你对于你的文件足够小心，当你要从外部磁盘或 USB 设备中恢复丢失的文件时，你只需使用这个工具即可。 + +然而，当你意识到你意外的删除了系统中的一个文件并感到恐慌时－不用担心。让我们来看一看 `foremost`，一个用来处理这种状况的取证工具。 + +要在 CentOS/RHEL 7　中安装　Foremost，需要首先启用 Repoforge： + +``` +# rpm -Uvh http://pkgs.repoforge.org/rpmforge-release/rpmforge-release-0.5.3-1.el7.rf.x86_64.rpm +# yum install foremost +``` + +然而在 Debian 及其衍生系统中，需这样做： + +``` +# aptitude install foremost +``` + +安装完成后，我们做一个简单的测试吧。首先删除 `/boot/images` 目录下一个名为 `nosdos.jpg` 的图像文件： + +``` +# cd images +# rm nosdos.jpg +``` + +要恢复这个文件，如下所示使用 `foremost`（要先确认所在分区 - 本例中， `/boot` 位于 `/dev/sda1` 分区中）。 + +``` +# foremost -t jpg -i /dev/sda1 -o /home/gacanepa/rescued +``` + +其中，`/home/gacanepa/rescued` 是另外一个磁盘中的目录 － 请记住，把文件恢复到被删除文件所在的磁盘中不是一个明智的做法。 + +如果在恢复过程中，占用了被删除文件之前所在的磁盘分区，就可能无法恢复文件。另外，进行文件恢复操作前不要做任何其他操作。 + +当 `foremost` 执行完成以后，恢复的文件（如果可以恢复）将能够在目录 ·/home/gacanepa/rescue/jpg` 中找到。 + +##### 总结 + +在这篇文章中，我们阐述了如何避免意外删除一个不该删除的文件，以及万一这类事情发生，如何恢复文件。还要警告一下， `foremost` 可能运行很长时间，时间长短取决于分区的大小。 + +如果您有什么问题或想法，和往常一样，不要犹豫，告诉我们。可以给我们留言。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.tecmint.com/recover-deleted-file-in-linux/ + +作者：[Gabriel Cánepa][a] +译者：[ucasFL](https://github.com/ucasFL) +校对：[jasminepeng](https://github.com/jasminepeng) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/gacanepa/ +[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Active-Alias-in-Linux.png +[2]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Add-Alias-Permanently-in-Linux.png +[3]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Add-Alias-rm-Command.png +[4]:http://www.tecmint.com/rename-multiple-files-in-linux/ +[5]:http://www.tecmint.com/progress-monitor-check-progress-of-linux-commands/ +[6]:http://www.tecmint.com/linux-find-command-to-search-multiple-filenames-extensions/ diff --git a/translated/tech/20161109 How to Recover a Deleted File in Linux.md b/translated/tech/20161109 How to Recover a Deleted File in Linux.md deleted file mode 100644 index 919893bea3..0000000000 --- a/translated/tech/20161109 How to Recover a Deleted File in Linux.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,119 +0,0 @@ -# 如何在 Linux 中恢复一个删除了的文件 - -你曾经是否遇到这样的事？你意识到你已经通过删除键，或者在命令行中使用 ‘rm’ 命令，错误的删除了一个不该删除的文件。 - -在第一种情况下，你可以到垃圾箱，[搜索文件][6]，然后把它复原到原始位置。但是第二种情况又该怎么办呢？你可能知道，Linux 命令行不会把删除的文件放到任何位置，而是直接把它们清除了，于是它们不再存在了。 - -在这篇文章里，将分享一个很有帮助的技巧来避免此事发生。同时，也会分享一个工具，不小心删除了某些不该删除的文件时，也许用得上。 - -### 为 ’rm -i‘ 创建一个别名 - -当 ‘-i' 选项和 rm 命令（也包括其他[文件处理命令比如 cp 或者 mv][5]）同时使用时，在删除文件前会出现一个提示。 - -这同样也可以运用到[复制，移动或重命名一个文件][4]，当所在位置已经存在一个和目标文件同名的文件时。 - -这个提示给你第二次机会来考虑是否真的要删除该文件 - 如果你在这个提示上选择确定，那么文件就被删除了。这种情况下，很抱歉，这个技巧没能保护你远离自己的粗心。 - -为了让 rm 成为 ‘rm -i’ 别名，这样做： - -``` -alias rm='rm -i' - -``` - -** alias ** 命令将确定 **rm** 现在已经成为了别名： - -[ - ![增加 rm 别名的命令](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Add-Alias-rm-Command.png) -][3] - -*增加 rm 别名的命令* - -然而，这只能在当前用户的当前 shell 上有效。为了永久改变，你必须像下面展示的这样把它保存到　'~/.bashrc'　中（一些版本的　Linux 系统可能是　'~/.profile'）。 - -[ - ![在 Linux 中永久增添别名](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Add-Alias-Permanently-in-Linux.png) -][2] - -*在 Linux 中永久增添别名* - -为了让 '~/.bashrc'（或 '~/.profile'）中所做的改变立即生效，从当前 shell 中运行文件： - -``` -. ~/.bashrc - -``` -[ - ![在 Linux 中激活别名](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Active-Alias-in-Linux.png) -][1] - -*在 Linux 中激活别名* - -### 取证工具　－　Foremost - -但愿你对于你的文件足够小心，只需使用这个工具，以从外部磁盘或 USB 设备中恢复丢失的文件。 - -然而，当你意识到你意外的删除了系统中的一个文件并感到恐慌时－不用担心。让我们来看一看 Foremost，　一个用来处理这种状况的取证工具。 - -要在 CentOS/RHEL 7　中安装　Foremost，　需要首先启用 Repoforge： - - -``` -# rpm -Uvh http://pkgs.repoforge.org/rpmforge-release/rpmforge-release-0.5.3-1.el7.rf.x86_64.rpm -# yum install foremost - -``` - -然而在 Debian 及其衍生系统中，只需这样做： - -``` -# aptitude install foremost - -``` - -安装完成后，我们做一个简单的测试吧。首先删除 /boot/images 目录下一个名为 'nosdos.jpg' 的图像文件： - -``` -# cd images -# rm nosdos.jpg - -``` - -要恢复这个文件，如下所示使用 Foremost（要先确认所在分区 - 本例中， '/boot' 位于 '/dev/sda1' 分区中） - -``` -# foremost -t jpg -i /dev/sda1 -o /home/gacanepa/rescued - -``` - -其中，/home/gacanepa/rescued 是另外一个盘中的目录 － 请记住，把文件恢复到被删除文件所在的驱动器中不是一个明智的做法。 - -如果在恢复过程中，占用了被删除文件过去所在的磁盘分区，就可能无法恢复文件。另外，进行文件恢复操作前不要做任何其他操作。 - -当 Foremost 执行完成以后，恢复的文件（如果可以恢复）将能够在目录 /home/gacanepa/rescue/jpg 中找到。 - -##### 总结 - -在这篇文章中，我们阐述了如何避免意外删除一个不该删除的文件，以及万一这类事情发生，如何恢复文件。还要警告一下， Foremost 可能运行很长时间，时间长短取决于分区的大小。 - -如果您有什么问题或想法，和往常一样，不要犹豫，告诉我们。可以给我们留言。 - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.tecmint.com/recover-deleted-file-in-linux/ - -作者：[ Gabriel Cánepa][a] - -译者：[ucasFL](https://github.com/ucasFL) - -校对：[jasminepeng](https://github.com/jasminepeng) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/gacanepa/ -[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Active-Alias-in-Linux.png -[2]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Add-Alias-Permanently-in-Linux.png -[3]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Add-Alias-rm-Command.png -[4]:http://www.tecmint.com/rename-multiple-files-in-linux/ -[5]:http://www.tecmint.com/progress-monitor-check-progress-of-linux-commands/ -[6]:http://www.tecmint.com/linux-find-command-to-search-multiple-filenames-extensions/ From 9f7889392fa7dac793d9156c1288031d56624d84 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Mon, 21 Nov 2016 18:19:47 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 142/220] PROOF:20161115-How-to-Check-Which-Apache-Modules-are-Enabled-Loaded in Linux @geekpi --- ...che-Modules-are-Enabled-Loaded in Linux.md | 45 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 21 insertions(+), 24 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20161115-How-to-Check-Which-Apache-Modules-are-Enabled-Loaded in Linux.md b/translated/tech/20161115-How-to-Check-Which-Apache-Modules-are-Enabled-Loaded in Linux.md index 0ccd8bc13a..e717fe506f 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20161115-How-to-Check-Which-Apache-Modules-are-Enabled-Loaded in Linux.md +++ b/translated/tech/20161115-How-to-Check-Which-Apache-Modules-are-Enabled-Loaded in Linux.md @@ -1,27 +1,26 @@ -如何在Linux中检查Apache的模块已经加载 +如何使用 Apache 控制命令检查它的模块是否已经启用或加载 ============================================================ -本篇中，我们会简要地讨论Apache服务器前端以及如何列出已经启用的Apache模块。 +本篇中，我们会简要地讨论 Apache 服务器前端以及如何列出或查看已经启用的 Apache 模块。 -Apache基于模块构成，因此它可以让web管理员可以添加不同的模块来扩展主要的功能及[增强性能][5]。 +Apache 基于模块化的理念而构建，这样就可以让 web 管理员添加不同的模块来扩展主要的功能及[增强性能][5]。 -常见的Apache模块有： +常见的 Apache 模块有： -1. mod_ssl – 提供了[HTTPS功能][1]。 -2. mod_rewrite – 可以用正则表达式匹配url样式，并且使用[.htaccess技巧][2]来进行透明转发，或者用于HTTP状态码回应。 -3. mod_security – 用于[保护Apache免于暴力破解或者DDoS攻击][3]。 -4. mod_status - 用于[监测Apache的负载及页面统计][4]。 +1. mod_ssl – 提供了 [HTTPS 功能][1]。 +2. mod_rewrite – 可以用正则表达式匹配 url 样式，并且使用 [.htaccess 技巧][2]来进行透明转发，或者提供 HTTP 状态码回应。 +3. mod_security – 用于[保护 Apache 免于暴力破解或者 DDoS 攻击][3]。 +4. mod_status - 用于[监测 Apache 的负载及页面统计][4]。 -在Linux中apachectl或者apache2ctl用于控制Apache服务器，是Apache的前端。 +在 Linux 中 `apachectl` 或者 `apache2ctl`用于控制 Apache 服务器，是 Apache 的前端。 -你可以用下面的命令显示apache2ctl的使用信息： +你可以用下面的命令显示 `apache2ctl` 的使用信息： ``` $ apache2ctl help 或者 $ apachectl help ``` -apachectl help ``` Usage: /usr/sbin/httpd [-D name] [-d directory] [-f file] [-C "directive"] [-c "directive"] @@ -46,8 +45,7 @@ Options: -M : a synonym for -t -D DUMP_MODULES -t : run syntax check for config files ``` - -apache2ctl可以工作在两种模式下，SysV init模式和直通模式。在SysV init模式下，apache2ctl用下面的命令形式： +`apache2ctl` 可以工作在两种模式下，SysV init 模式和直通模式。在 SysV init 模式下，`apache2ctl` 用如下的简单的单命令形式： ``` $ apachectl command @@ -55,13 +53,12 @@ $ apachectl command $ apache2ctl command ``` -比如要启动并检查它的状态，以防你是普通用户，使用[sudo命令][6]来以root用户权限来运行这两个命令： +比如要启动并检查它的状态，运行这两个命令。如果你是普通用户，使用 [sudo 命令][6]来以 root 用户权限来运行： ``` $ sudo apache2ctl start $ sudo apache2ctl status ``` -检查Apache状态 ``` tecmint@TecMint ~ $ sudo apache2ctl start AH00558: apache2: Could not reliably determine the server's fully qualified domain name, using 127.0.1.1\. Set the 'ServerName' directive globally to suppress this message @@ -97,39 +94,39 @@ Scoreboard Key: "I" Idle cleanup of worker, "." Open slot with no current process ``` -当在直通模式下，apache2ctl可以用下面的语法带上所有Apache的参数： +当在直通模式下，`apache2ctl` 可以用下面的语法带上所有 Apache 的参数： ``` $ apachectl [apache-argument] $ apache2ctl [apache-argument] ``` -可以用下面的命令列出所有的Apache参数： +可以用下面的命令列出所有的 Apache 参数： ``` $ apache2 help [在基于Debian的系统中] $ httpd help [在RHEL的系统中] ``` -#### 检查启用的Apache模块 +### 检查启用的 Apache 模块 -因此，为了检测你的Apache服务器启动了哪些模块，在你的发行版中运行适当的命令，`-t -D DUMP_MODULES`是一个Apache参数用于显示所有启用的模块： +因此，为了检测你的 Apache 服务器启动了哪些模块，在你的发行版中运行适当的命令，`-t -D DUMP_MODULES` 是一个用于显示所有启用的模块的 Apache 参数： ``` ---------------- 在基于Debian的系统中 --------------- +--------------- 在基于 Debian 的系统中 --------------- $ apache2ctl -t -D DUMP_MODULES 或者 $ apache2ctl -M ``` ``` ---------------- 在RHEL的系统中 --------------- +--------------- 在 RHEL 的系统中 --------------- $ apachectl -t -D DUMP_MODULES 或者 $ httpd -M $ apache2ctl -M ``` -List Apache Enabled Loaded Modules + ``` [root@tecmint httpd]# apachectl -M Loaded Modules: @@ -156,7 +153,7 @@ Loaded Modules: .... ``` -就是这样！在这篇简单的教程中，我们解释了如何使用Apache前端工具来列出启动的apache模块。记住你可以在下面的反馈表中给我们留下你的问题或者留言。 +就是这样！在这篇简单的教程中，我们解释了如何使用 Apache 前端工具来列出启动的 apache 模块。记住你可以在下面的反馈表中给我们留下你的问题或者留言。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -164,7 +161,7 @@ via: http://www.tecmint.com/check-apache-modules-enabled 作者：[Aaron Kili][a] 译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 939fe69857bb7896dd900a9835a38eae22077a00 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Mon, 21 Nov 2016 18:20:03 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 143/220] PUB:20161115-How-to-Check-Which-Apache-Modules-are-Enabled-Loaded in Linux @geekpi --- ...w-to-Check-Which-Apache-Modules-are-Enabled-Loaded in Linux.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20161115-How-to-Check-Which-Apache-Modules-are-Enabled-Loaded in Linux.md (100%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20161115-How-to-Check-Which-Apache-Modules-are-Enabled-Loaded in Linux.md b/published/20161115-How-to-Check-Which-Apache-Modules-are-Enabled-Loaded in Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/tech/20161115-How-to-Check-Which-Apache-Modules-are-Enabled-Loaded in Linux.md rename to published/20161115-How-to-Check-Which-Apache-Modules-are-Enabled-Loaded in Linux.md From e7e71be904c51e701fe2419f0355a7176fc7cabd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Mon, 21 Nov 2016 18:30:44 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 144/220] =?UTF-8?q?=E8=A7=A3=E5=86=B3=E5=86=B2=E7=AA=81?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...heck-Which-Apache-Modules-are-Enabled-Loaded in Linux.md | 6 ------ 1 file changed, 6 deletions(-) diff --git a/published/20161115-How-to-Check-Which-Apache-Modules-are-Enabled-Loaded in Linux.md b/published/20161115-How-to-Check-Which-Apache-Modules-are-Enabled-Loaded in Linux.md index 85a7bdfdac..e717fe506f 100644 --- a/published/20161115-How-to-Check-Which-Apache-Modules-are-Enabled-Loaded in Linux.md +++ b/published/20161115-How-to-Check-Which-Apache-Modules-are-Enabled-Loaded in Linux.md @@ -1,10 +1,4 @@ -<<<<<<< HEAD:published/20161115-How-to-Check-Which-Apache-Modules-are-Enabled-Loaded in Linux.md 如何使用 Apache 控制命令检查它的模块是否已经启用或加载 -======= -How to Check Which Apache Modules are Enabled/Loaded in Linux -======= -如何在Linux中检查Apache的模块已经加载 ->>>>>>> origin/master:translated/tech/20161115-How-to-Check-Which-Apache-Modules-are-Enabled-Loaded in Linux.md ============================================================ 本篇中，我们会简要地讨论 Apache 服务器前端以及如何列出或查看已经启用的 Apache 模块。 From 87f9fb4ec96e41f415f6201337344bf0e91f5762 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: martin qi Date: Mon, 21 Nov 2016 20:02:43 +0900 Subject: [PATCH 145/220] Translating --- sources/talk/20161104 Open Source Vs Closed Source.md | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/talk/20161104 Open Source Vs Closed Source.md b/sources/talk/20161104 Open Source Vs Closed Source.md index 7087c84b0a..47ea3766a8 100644 --- a/sources/talk/20161104 Open Source Vs Closed Source.md +++ b/sources/talk/20161104 Open Source Vs Closed Source.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +Martin translating + [ ![open source vs closed source](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/open-source-vs-closed-source_orig.jpg) ][2]There are many differences between **open source operating system** and **closed source operating system**. Here we have written few of them. From 2253ee20ce30f161c111c3755dca20ba1b3d0460 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: runningwater Date: Mon, 21 Nov 2016 23:29:53 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 146/220] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E5=AE=8C=E4=B8=80?= =?UTF-8?q?=E9=83=A8=E5=88=86=EF=BC=8C=E6=9A=82=E5=AD=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...815 How to manage binary blobs with Git.md | 20 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20160815 How to manage binary blobs with Git.md b/sources/tech/20160815 How to manage binary blobs with Git.md index 26e35d95cf..32818200ba 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20160815 How to manage binary blobs with Git.md +++ b/sources/tech/20160815 How to manage binary blobs with Git.md @@ -2,24 +2,24 @@ ===================== -In the previous six articles in this series we learned how to manage version control on text files with Git. But what about binary files? Git has extensions for handling binary blobs such as multimedia files, so today we will learn how to manage binary assets with Git. +通过这系列的前六篇文章，我们已经学会使用 Git 来对文本文件进行版本控制的管理。不禁要问，还有二进制文件呢，也可进行进行版本控制吗？答案是肯定的，Git 已经有了扩展可以处理像多媒体文件这样的二进制大对象块。因此，今天我们会学习使用 Git 来管理所谓的二进制资产。 -One thing everyone seems to agree on is Git is not great for big binary blobs. Keep in mind that a binary blob is different from a large text file; you can use Git on large text files without a problem, but Git can't do much with an impervious binary file except treat it as one big solid black box and commit it as-is. +似乎大家都认可的事就是 Git 对于大的二进制对象文件支持得不好。要记住，二进制大对象与大文本文件是不同的。虽然 Git 对大型的文本文件版本控制毫无问题，但是对于不透明的二进制文件起不了多大作用，只能把它当作一个大的实体黑盒来提交。 -Say you have a complex 3D model for the exciting new first person puzzle game you're making, and you save it in a binary format, resulting in a 1 gigabyte file. Yougit commit it once, adding a gigabyte to your repository's history. Later, you give the model a different hair style and commit your update; Git can't tell the hair apart from the head or the rest of the model, so you've just committed another gigabyte. Then you change the model's eye color and commit that small change: another gigabyte. That is three gigabytes for one model with a few minor changes made on a whim. Scale that across all the assets in a game, and you have a serious problem. +设想这样的场景，有一个另人兴奋的第一人称解密游戏，您正在为它制作复杂的 3D 建模，源文件是以二进制格式保存的，最后生成一个 1G 大小的的文件。您提交过一次，在 Git 源仓库历史中有一个 1G 大小的新增提交。随后，您修改了下模型人物的头发造型，然后提交更新，因为 Git 并不能把头发和头部及模型中其余的部分离开来，所以您仅仅只能又提交 1G 的量。接着，您改变了模型的眼睛颜色，提交这部分更新：又是 G 字节的提交量。对一个模型的一些微小修改，就会导致三个 G 字节的量提交。对于想对一个游戏所有资源进行版本控制这样的级别，这是个严重的问题。 -Contrast that to a text file like the .obj format. One commit stores everything, just as with the other model, but an .obj file is a series of lines of plain text describing the vertices of a model. If you modify the model and save it back out to .obj, Git can read the two files line by line, create a diff of the changes, and process a fairly small commit. The more refined the model becomes, the smaller the commits get, and it's a standard Git use case. It is a big file, but it uses a kind of overlay or sparse storage method to build a complete picture of the current state of your data. +对比如 .obj 这种格式的文本文件，和其它模块文件一样，都是一个提交就存储所有更新修改状态，不同的是 .obj 文件是一系列描述模型生成目标的纯文本行。如果您修改了模型并保存出成为 .obj 文件，Git 可以逐行读取这两个文件，然后创建一个差异版本，得到一个相当小的提交。模块越精致，提交就越小，这就是精典的 Git 用例。虽然文件本身很大，但 Git 使用覆盖或稀疏存储的方法来构建当前数据使用状态的完整图案。 -However, not everything works in plain text, and these days everyone wants to work with Git. A solution was required, and several have surfaced. +然而，不是所有的都是纯文本的，但都要使用 Git。所以需要解决方案，其实有几个已经浮现了。 -[OSTree](https://ostree.readthedocs.io/en/latest/) began as a GNOME project and is intended to manage operating system binaries. It doesn't apply here, so I'll skip it. +[OSTree](https://ostree.readthedocs.io/en/latest/) 是GNOME 项目用的，旨在管理操作系统的二进制文件。它不适用于这里，所以我直接跳过。 -[Git Large File Storage](https://git-lfs.github.com/) (LFS) is an open source project from GitHub that began life as a fork of git-media. [git-media](https://github.com/alebedev/git-media) and [git-annex](https://git-annex.branchable.com/walkthrough/) are extensions to Git meant to manage large files. They are two different approaches to the same problem, and they each have advantages. These aren't official statements from the projects themselves, but in my experience, the unique aspects of each are: +[Git 大文件存储](https://git-lfs.github.com/)(LFS) 是在 GitHub 上的一个开源项目，是从 git-media 项目中分支出来的。[git-media](https://github.com/alebedev/git-media) 和 [git-annex](https://git-annex.branchable.com/walkthrough/) 是 Git 对于管理大文件的扩展。它们是对同一问题的两种不同的解决方案，各有优点。虽然它们都不是官方的项目，但在我看来，都是独一无二的，体现在： -* git-media is a centralised model, a repository for common assets. You tellgit-media where your large files are stored, whether that is a hard drive, a server, or a cloud storage service, and each user on your project treats that location as the central master location for large assets. -* git-annex favors a distributed model; you and your users create repositories, and each repository gets a local .git/annex directory where big files are stored. The annexes are synchronized regularly so that all assets are available to all users as needed. Unless configured otherwise with annex-cost, git-annex prefers local storage before off-site storage. +* git-media 是一个集中模式，有一个公共资源的存储库。您可以告诉告诉 git-media 大文件需要存储的位置，是在硬盘驱动器、服务器还是在云存储服务器，项目中的每个用户都将该位置视为大型资产的中心主位置。 +* git-annex 更侧重于分布模式。用户各自创建存储库，每个存储库都有一个存储大文件的本地目录 .git/annex。annexes 会定期同步，只要有需要，每个用户都可以访问到所有的资源。除非是特别配置，否则 git-annex 优先使用本地存储，再使用外部存储。 -Of these options, I've used git-media and git-annex in production, so I'll give you an overview of how they each work. +基于这些选项，我已经在生产中使用了 git-media 和 git-annex，那么下面会向你们概述其工作原理。 ``` git-media From d5c10730f4a49ac98544ec416823861570640f27 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: jasminepeng Date: Tue, 22 Nov 2016 10:00:16 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 147/220] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=A0=A1=E5=AF=B9=E5=AE=8C=E6=AF=95?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 译的很好，谢谢。 --- ...NOW RUNS ON 99.6 OF TOP 500 SUPERCOMPUTERS.md | 16 ++++++++-------- 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/talk/20161115 LINUX NOW RUNS ON 99.6 OF TOP 500 SUPERCOMPUTERS.md b/translated/talk/20161115 LINUX NOW RUNS ON 99.6 OF TOP 500 SUPERCOMPUTERS.md index cb4e7b779b..94d744016e 100644 --- a/translated/talk/20161115 LINUX NOW RUNS ON 99.6 OF TOP 500 SUPERCOMPUTERS.md +++ b/translated/talk/20161115 LINUX NOW RUNS ON 99.6 OF TOP 500 SUPERCOMPUTERS.md @@ -5,19 +5,19 @@ ![Linux rules the world of supercomputers](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Linux-King-Supercomputer-world-min.jpg) ][12] -_简介：虽然Linux在桌面操作系统只有2%的市场占有率，但是对于超级计算机来说，Linux用99%的市场占有率轻松地获取了统治地位_ +_简介：虽然Linux在桌面操作系统只有2%的市场占有率，但是对于超级计算机来说，Linux用99%的市场占有率轻松地获取了统治地位。_ -Linux运行在超过99%的TOP500超级计算机上，这并不会让人感到惊讶。如果你关注了我们之前2015年的报道[《Linux正运行在超过97%的TOP500超级计算机》][13]，今年Linux表现得更好。 +**Linux运行在超过99%的TOP500超级计算机上**，这并不会让人感到惊讶。2015年我们报道过[《Linux正运行在超过97%的TOP500超级计算机上》][13]，今年Linux表现得更好。 -[#Linux now runs on more than 99% of top 500 #supercomputers in the world][4] +[#现在Linux运行在99.6%的TOP500超级计算机上][4] -[CLICK TO TWEET][5] +[点击到twitter][5] 这些信息是由独立组织[Top500][4]收集的，每两年他们会公布已知的最快的500台超级计算机的细节。你可以[打开这个网站，用以下条件筛选所需要的信息][15]：国家、使用的操作系统类型、所有者等。别担心，我将会从这份表格中筛选整理出今年几个有趣的事实。 ### Linux运行在500台超级计算机中的498台 -如果要将上面的百分比细化到具体数量的话，500台超级计算机中的498台运行着Linux。剩余的两台超级计算机运行着基于Unix的操作系统。Windows运行在一台超级计算机上，这情况一直持续到去年，今年的列表中没有出现Windows的身影。或许，这些超级计算机没一台能运行Windows 10（一语双关）。 +如果要将上面的百分比细化到具体数量的话，500台超级计算机中的498台运行着Linux。剩余的两台超级计算机运行着基于Unix的操作系统。直到去年，还有一台超级计算机上在运行Windows，今年的列表中没有出现Windows的身影。或许，这些超级计算机没一台能运行Windows 10（一语双关）。 总结一下今年表单上TOP500超级计算机所运行操作系统情况： @@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ Linux运行在超过99%的TOP500超级计算机上，这并不会让人感到惊 * 2016年: 99.6% * 2017年: ??? -另外，最快的前380台超级计算机运行着Linux，包括中国那台最快的超级计算机。排名第386和第387的超级计算机运行着Unix，它们同样来自中国。 +另外，最快的前380台超级计算机运行着Linux，包括在中国的那台最快的超级计算机。排名第386和第387的超级计算机运行着Unix，它们同样来自中国。 ### 其他关于最快的超级计算机的有趣数据 @@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ Linux运行在超过99%的TOP500超级计算机上，这并不会让人感到惊 ![List of top 10 fastest supercomputers in the world in 2016](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/fastest-supercomputers.png) ][16] -除去Linux，我在表单中搜寻，找到了几个有趣的数据想跟你分享。 +除去Linux，我在表单中还找到了几个有趣的数据想跟你分享。 * 全球最快的超级计算机是[神威太湖一号][9]. 它位于[国家超级计算无锡中心][10]。它有着93PFlops的速度. * 全球第二快的超级计算机是中国的[天河二号][11]，第三的位置则属于美国的Titan。 @@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ via: https://itsfoss.com/linux-99-percent-top-500-supercomputers 作者：[Abhishek Prakash ][a] 译者：[ypingcn](https://github.com/ypingcn) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[jasminepeng](https://github.com/jasminepeng) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 05d9b54a0730fd79148b8430093682ba46253df2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: jasminepeng Date: Tue, 22 Nov 2016 10:02:08 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 148/220] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=A0=A1=E5=AF=B9=E5=AE=8C=E6=AF=95?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 校对完毕 --- ...20161115 LINUX NOW RUNS ON 99.6 OF TOP 500 SUPERCOMPUTERS.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translated/talk/20161115 LINUX NOW RUNS ON 99.6 OF TOP 500 SUPERCOMPUTERS.md b/translated/talk/20161115 LINUX NOW RUNS ON 99.6 OF TOP 500 SUPERCOMPUTERS.md index 94d744016e..b743513d2f 100644 --- a/translated/talk/20161115 LINUX NOW RUNS ON 99.6 OF TOP 500 SUPERCOMPUTERS.md +++ b/translated/talk/20161115 LINUX NOW RUNS ON 99.6 OF TOP 500 SUPERCOMPUTERS.md @@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ _简介：虽然Linux在桌面操作系统只有2%的市场占有率，但是对 **Linux运行在超过99%的TOP500超级计算机上**，这并不会让人感到惊讶。2015年我们报道过[《Linux正运行在超过97%的TOP500超级计算机上》][13]，今年Linux表现得更好。 -[#现在Linux运行在99.6%的TOP500超级计算机上][4] +[#Linux now runs on more than 99% of top 500 #supercomputers in the world][4] [点击到twitter][5] From b58234387f3c73de211b105cce9a6fe6797a432f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: VicYu Date: Tue, 22 Nov 2016 10:33:44 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 149/220] Translating --- ...troduction to Eclipse Che a next-generation web-based IDE.md | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20161114 Introduction to Eclipse Che a next-generation web-based IDE.md b/sources/tech/20161114 Introduction to Eclipse Che a next-generation web-based IDE.md index fdc3f65590..538be0a60f 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20161114 Introduction to Eclipse Che a next-generation web-based IDE.md +++ b/sources/tech/20161114 Introduction to Eclipse Che a next-generation web-based IDE.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ + Vic020 + Introduction to Eclipse Che, a next-generation, web-based IDE ============================================================ ![Introduction to Eclipse Che, a next-generation, web-based IDE](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/images/education/EDU_OSDC_OpenClass_520x292_FINAL_JD.png?itok=ETOrrpcP "Introduction to Eclipse Che, a next-generation, web-based IDE") From 25e8ae103ac5b2b7cf7872a89569028e6ae8485c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Tue, 22 Nov 2016 10:46:13 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 150/220] PUB:20161030 HOW TO CREATE AN EBOOK WITH CALIBRE IN LINUX @chenzhijun --- ...O CREATE AN EBOOK WITH CALIBRE IN LINUX.md | 44 ++++++++----------- 1 file changed, 19 insertions(+), 25 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20161030 HOW TO CREATE AN EBOOK WITH CALIBRE IN LINUX.md b/translated/tech/20161030 HOW TO CREATE AN EBOOK WITH CALIBRE IN LINUX.md index 372800442b..d36f2a4cda 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20161030 HOW TO CREATE AN EBOOK WITH CALIBRE IN LINUX.md +++ b/translated/tech/20161030 HOW TO CREATE AN EBOOK WITH CALIBRE IN LINUX.md @@ -1,24 +1,23 @@ -在 LIUNX 上使用 CALIBRE 创建电子书[完整教程] +完整指南：在 Linux 上使用 Calibre 创建电子书 ==== [![Guide to create an eBoook in Linux with Calibre](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Create-an-eBook-in-Linux.jpg)][8] +摘要：这份初学者指南是告诉你如何在 Linux 上用 Calibre 工具快速创建一本电子书。 -摘要:这份初学者指南是告诉你如何在 Linux 上用 Calibre 工具快速创建一本电子书。 - -自从 Amazon(亚马逊) 在多年前开始销售电子书，电子书已经有了质的飞跃发展并且变得越来越流行。好消息是电子书非常容易使用免费开源的工具来被创建。 +自从 Amazon（亚马逊）在多年前开始销售电子书，电子书已经有了质的飞跃发展并且变得越来越流行。好消息是电子书非常容易使用自由开源的工具来被创建。 在这个教程中，我会告诉你如何在 Linux 上创建一本电子书。 ### 在 Linux 上创建一本电子书 -要创建一本电子书，你可能需要两个软件：一个文本处理器（当然，我使用的是[LibreOffice][7]）和 Calibre 。[Calibre][6]是一个非常优秀的电子书阅读器，也是一个电子书库的程序。你可以使用它来[在 Linux 上打开 ePub 文件][5]或者管理你收集的电子书。(译者注：LibreOffice 是 Linux 上用来处理文本的软件，类似于 Windows 的 Office 软件) +要创建一本电子书，你可能需要两个软件：一个文本处理器（当然，我使用的是 [LibreOffice][7]）和 Calibre 。[Calibre][6] 是一个非常优秀的电子书阅读器，也是一个电子书库的程序。你可以使用它来[在 Linux 上打开 ePub 文件][5]或者管理你收集的电子书。（LCTT 译注：LibreOffice 是 Linux 上用来处理文本的软件，类似于 Windows 的 Office 软件) -除了这些软件之外，你还需要准备一个电子书封面(1410×2250)和你的原稿。 +除了这些软件之外，你还需要准备一个电子书封面（1410×2250）和你的原稿。 ### 第一步 -首先，你需要用你的文本处理器程序打开你的原稿。 Calibre 可以自动的为你创建一个目录。要使用到这个功能，你需要在你的原稿中设置每一章的标题样式为 Heading 1，在 LibreOffice 中要做到这个只需要高亮标题并且在段落样式下拉框中选择 "Heading 1"。 +首先，你需要用你的文本处理器程序打开你的原稿。 Calibre 可以自动的为你创建一个书籍目录。要使用到这个功能，你需要在你的原稿中设置每一章的标题样式为 Heading 1，在 LibreOffice 中要做到这个只需要高亮标题并且在段落样式下拉框中选择“Heading 1”即可。 ![ebook creation with Calibre](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/header1.png) @@ -28,68 +27,63 @@ ### 第二步 -在 Calibre 程序里面，点击 "Add books" 按钮。在对话框出现后，你可以打开你刚刚存储的 HTML 格式文件，将它加入到 Calibre 中。 +在 Calibre 程序里面，点击“添加书籍（Add books）”按钮。在对话框出现后，你可以打开你刚刚存储的 HTML 格式文件，将它加入到 Calibre 中。 ![create ebooks with Calibre](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/calibre1.png) ### 第三步 -一旦这个 HTML 文件加入到 Calibre 库中，选择这个新文件并且点击 "Edit Metadata" 按钮。在这里，你可以添加下面的这些信息：Title(标题), Author(作者), cover image(封面图片), description(描叙)和其它的一些信息。当你填完之后，点击 "Ok"。 +一旦这个 HTML 文件加入到 Calibre 库中，选择这个新文件并且点击“编辑元数据（Edit Metadata）”按钮。在这里，你可以添加下面的这些信息：标题（Title)、 作者（Author）、封面图片（cover image）、 描述（description）和其它的一些信息。当你填完之后，点击“Ok”。 ![creating ebooks with Calibre in Linux](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/calibre2.png) -### 第4步 +### 第四步 -现在点击 "Covert books" 按钮。 +现在点击“转换书籍（Covert books）”按钮。 在新的窗口中，这里会有一些可选项，但是你不会需要使用它们。 -[Suggested ReadFix Pear Updater Issue In Pear OS 8][4] - ![creating ebooks with Calibre in Linux -2](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/calibre3.png) 在新窗口的右上部选择框中，选择 epub 文件格式。Calibre 也有创建 mobi 文件格式的其它选项，但是我发现创建那些文件之后经常出现我意料之外的事情。 ![creating ebooks with Calibre in Linux -3](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/calibre4.png) -### 第5步 +### 第五步 -在左边新的对话框中，点击 "Look & Feel"。然后勾选中 "Remove spacing between paragraphs" +在左边新的对话框中，点击“外观（Look & Feel）”。然后勾选中“移除段落间空白（Remove spacing between paragraphs）” ![creating ebooks with Calibre in Linux - 4](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/calibre5.png) -接下来，我们会创建一个目录。如果不打算在你的书中使用目录，你可以跳过这个步骤。选中 "Table of Contents" 标签。接下来，点击 "Level 1 TOC (XPath expression）" 右边的魔术棒图标。 +接下来，我们会创建一个内容目录。如果不打算在你的书中使用目录，你可以跳过这个步骤。选中“内容目录(Table of Contents）”标签。接下来，点击“一级目录（Level 1 TOC (XPath expression））”右边的魔术棒图标。 ![creating ebooks with Calibre in Linux - 5](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/calibre6.png) -在这个新的窗口中，在 "Match HTML tags with tag name" 下的下拉菜单中选择的 "h1"。点击 "OK" 来关闭这个窗口。如果你有子章节，在 "Level 2 TOC (XPath expression)" 下选择 h2。 +在这个新的窗口中，在“匹配 HTML 标签（Match HTML tags with tag name）”下的下拉菜单中选择“h1”。点击“OK” 来关闭这个窗口。如果你有子章节，在“二级目录（Level 2 TOC (XPath expression)）”下选择“h2”。 ![creating ebooks with Calibre in Linux - 6](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/calibre7.png) -在我们开始生成电子书前，选择输出 EPUB 文件。在这个新的页面，选择"Insert inline Table of Contents"选项。 +在我们开始生成电子书前，选择输出 EPUB 文件。在这个新的页面，选择“插入目录（Insert inline Table of Contents）”选项。 ![creating ebooks with Calibre in Linux - 7](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/calibre8.png) -现在你需要做的是点击 "OK" 来开始生成电子书。除非你的是一个大文件，否则生成电子书的过程一般都完成的很快。 +现在你需要做的是点击“OK”来开始生成电子书。除非你的是一个大文件，否则生成电子书的过程一般都完成的很快。 到此为止，你就已经创建一本电子书了。 -对一些特别的用户比如他们知道如何写 CSS 样式文件(译者注: CSS 文件可以用来美化 HTML 页面)，Calibre 给了这类用户一个选项来为文章增加 CSS 样式。只需要回到 "Look & Feel" 部分，选择 styling 标签选项。如果你想创建一个 mobi 格式的文件，因为一些原因，它是不能接受 CSS 样式文件的。 +对一些特别的用户比如他们知道如何写 CSS 样式文件（LCTT 译注：CSS 文件可以用来美化 HTML 页面)，Calibre 给了这类用户一个选项来为文章增加 CSS 样式。只需要回到“外观（Look & Feel）”部分，选择“风格（styling）”标签选项。但如果你想创建一个 mobi 格式的文件，因为一些原因，它是不能接受 CSS 样式文件的。 ![creating ebooks with Calibre in Linux - 8](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/calibre9.png) 好了，是不是感到非常容易？我希望这个教程可以帮助你在 Linux 上创建电子书。 - -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: https://itsfoss.com/create-ebook-calibre-linux/ -作者：[John Paul ][a] - +作者：[John Paul][a] 译者：[chenzhijun](https://github.com/chenzhijun) - -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 33d138ff6abe4cab84e7c55e6ce54881b5ef8179 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Tue, 22 Nov 2016 10:46:46 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 151/220] PUB:20161030 HOW TO CREATE AN EBOOK WITH CALIBRE IN LINUX @chenzhijun --- .../20161030 HOW TO CREATE AN EBOOK WITH CALIBRE IN LINUX.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20161030 HOW TO CREATE AN EBOOK WITH CALIBRE IN LINUX.md (100%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20161030 HOW TO CREATE AN EBOOK WITH CALIBRE IN LINUX.md b/published/20161030 HOW TO CREATE AN EBOOK WITH CALIBRE IN LINUX.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/tech/20161030 HOW TO CREATE AN EBOOK WITH CALIBRE IN LINUX.md rename to published/20161030 HOW TO CREATE AN EBOOK WITH CALIBRE IN LINUX.md From 5cf46f5be7adafed96ca1e1685676ce25ea675b7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: jasminepeng Date: Tue, 22 Nov 2016 11:04:37 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 152/220] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=A0=A1=E5=AF=B9=E4=B8=AD?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 校对中 --- ...60606 Who needs a GUI - How to live in a Linux terminal.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/talk/20160606 Who needs a GUI - How to live in a Linux terminal.md b/translated/talk/20160606 Who needs a GUI - How to live in a Linux terminal.md index fcea987eb3..120db932c8 100644 --- a/translated/talk/20160606 Who needs a GUI - How to live in a Linux terminal.md +++ b/translated/talk/20160606 Who needs a GUI - How to live in a Linux terminal.md @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -谁需要 GUI？——L[inux 终端生存之道 +谁需要 GUI？——Linux 终端生存之道 ================================================= ![](http://core0.staticworld.net/images/article/2016/07/linux-terminal-1-100669790-orig.jpg) @@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ via: http://www.networkworld.com/article/3091139/linux/who-needs-a-gui-how-to-li 作者：[Bryan Lunduke][a] 译者：[GHLandy](https://github.com/GHLandy) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[jasminepeng](https://github.com/jasminepeng) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 73d609453779b32e052b267401d07b795ea3526b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: jasminepeng Date: Tue, 22 Nov 2016 14:56:11 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 153/220] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=A0=A1=E5=AF=B9=E5=AE=8C=E6=AF=95?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 校对完毕 --- ...a GUI - How to live in a Linux terminal.md | 27 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/talk/20160606 Who needs a GUI - How to live in a Linux terminal.md b/translated/talk/20160606 Who needs a GUI - How to live in a Linux terminal.md index 120db932c8..505b4c29dc 100644 --- a/translated/talk/20160606 Who needs a GUI - How to live in a Linux terminal.md +++ b/translated/talk/20160606 Who needs a GUI - How to live in a Linux terminal.md @@ -1,53 +1,54 @@ 谁需要 GUI？——Linux 终端生存之道 ================================================= +完全在 Linux 终端中生存并不容易，但这绝对是可行的。 ![](http://core0.staticworld.net/images/article/2016/07/linux-terminal-1-100669790-orig.jpg) ### 处理常见功能的最佳 Linux shell 应用 -你是否曾想像过完完全全在 Linux 终端里生存？即没有图形桌面。没有现代的 GUI 软件，仅有的就是文本——在 Linux shell 中，除了文本还是文本。这对于大部分人来说可能并不容易，但这是绝对可以逐渐做到的。[我最近在曾是在 30 天内只在 Linux shell 中生存][1]。下边提到的就是我最喜欢用的 shell 应用，它们可以用来处理多数的常用电脑功能（网页浏览、文字处理等）。这些显然有些不足，因为存文本实在是有些艰难。 +你是否曾想像过完完全全在 Linux 终端里生存？没有图形桌面，没有现代的 GUI 软件，只有文本 —— 在 Linux shell 中，除了文本还是文本。这可能并不容易，但这是绝对可行的。[我最近尝试完全在 Linux shell 中生存30天][1]。下边提到的就是我最喜欢用的 shell 应用，可以用来处理大部分的常用电脑功能（网页浏览、文字处理等）。这些显然有些不足，因为纯文本操作实在是有些艰难。 ![](http://core0.staticworld.net/images/article/2016/07/linux-terminal-2-100669791-orig.png) ### 在 Linux 终端里发邮件 -为了能在 终端里边发送邮件，我们对可选择性有极度的渴望。很多人会推荐 mutt 和 notmuch，这两个软件都功能强大并且表现非凡，但是我却更喜欢 alpine。为何？不仅是因为它的高效性，而且如果你习惯了像 Thunderbird 之类的 GUI 邮件客户端，你会发现 alpine 的界面与它们非常相似。 +要在终端里发邮件，选择有很多。很多人会推荐 mutt 和 notmuch，这两个软件都功能强大并且表现非凡，但是我却更喜欢 alpine。为何？不仅是因为它的高效性，还因为如果你习惯了像 Thunderbird 之类的 GUI 邮件客户端，你会发现 alpine 的界面与它们非常相似。 ![](http://core0.staticworld.net/images/article/2016/07/linux-terminal-3-100669837-orig.jpg) ### 在 Linux 终端里浏览网页 -我有句号要给你说：[w3m][5]。好吧，我承认这并不是一句话。但 w3m 的确是我在 Linux 终端想的作为 web 浏览器的选择。它能够柔和的将网页呈现出了，并且它也足够强大，让你在像 Google+ 之类的网站上发布消息（尽管方法并不有趣）。实际上 Lynx 可能才是那个基于文本的 Web 浏览器，但 w3m 还是我最想用的。 +我有一个词要告诉你：[w3m][5]。好吧，我承认这并不是一个真实的词。但 w3m 的确是我在 Linux 终端的 web 浏览器选择。它能够很好的呈现网页，并且它也足够强大，可以用来在像 Google+ 之类的网站上发布消息（尽管方法并不有趣）。 Lynx 可能是事实上的基于文本的 Web 浏览器，但 w3m 还是我的最爱。 ![](http://core0.staticworld.net/images/article/2016/07/linux-terminal-4-100669838-orig.jpg) ### 在 Linux 终端里编辑文本 -对于编辑简单的文本文件，有那么一个应用是我最爱用的。不！不！不是 emacs，同样，也绝对不是 vim。对于编辑文本文件或者简要记下笔记，我喜欢使用 nano。对！就是 nano。它非常简单，易于学习并且使用方便。当然还有更多的软件富含其他特性，但 nano 的使用则是最令人愉快的。 +对于编辑简单的文本文件，有一个应用是我最的最爱。不！不！不是 emacs，同样，也绝对不是 vim。对于编辑文本文件或者简要记下笔记，我喜欢使用 nano。对！就是 nano。它非常简单，易于学习并且使用方便。当然还有更多的软件具有更多功能，但 nano 的使用是最令人愉快的。 ![](http://core0.staticworld.net/images/article/2016/07/linux-terminal-5-100669839-orig.jpg) ### 在 Linux 终端里处理文字 -在一个只有文本的 shell 之中，对于“文本编辑器”和“文字处理程序”实在是没有什么大的区别。但是像我这样需要大量写作的，如果有一些内置应用来长期协同则是非常必要的。而我最爱的就是 wordgrinder。它由足够的工具让我愉快工作——一个菜单驱动的界面（使用快捷键控制）并且支持开放文档、HTML或其他等多种文件格式。 +在一个只有文本的 shell 之中，“文本编辑器” 和 “文字处理程序” 实在没有什么大的区别。但是像我这样需要大量写作的，有一个专门用于长期写作的软件是非常必要的。而我最爱的就是 wordgrinder。它由足够的工具让我愉快工作——一个菜单驱动的界面（使用快捷键控制）并且支持OpenDocument、HTML或其他等多种文件格式。 ![](http://core0.staticworld.net/images/article/2016/07/linux-terminal-6-100669795-orig.jpg) ### 在 Linux 终端里听音乐 -当谈到在 shell 中播放音乐（比如 mp3，ogg 等），有一个软件绝对是卫冕之王：[cmus][7]。它支持所有你想得到的文件格式。它的使用超级简单，运行速度超级快，并且只使用系统少量的资源。如此清洁，如此流畅。这才是一个好的应用播发器的样子。 +当谈到在 shell 中播放音乐（比如 mp3，ogg 等），有一个软件绝对是卫冕之王：[cmus][7]。它支持所有你想得到的文件格式。它的使用超级简单，运行速度超级快，并且只使用系统少量的资源。如此清洁，如此流畅。这才是一个好的音乐播放器的样子。 ![](http://core0.staticworld.net/images/article/2016/07/linux-terminal-7-100669796-orig.jpg) ### 在 Linux 终端里发送即时消息 - +When I realized how will I could instant message from the terminal, my head exploded. You know Pidgin, the multi-protocol IM client? Well, it has a version for the terminal, called “finch,” that allows you to connect to multiple networks and chat with multiple people at once. The interface is even similar to Pidgin. Just amazing. Use Google Hangouts? Try hangups. It has a nice tabbed interface and works amazingly well. Seriously. Other than needing perhaps some emoji and inline pictures, instant messaging from the shell is a great experience. 当我在想如果可以在终端里发送即时消息会是什么样子的时候，我的思绪瞬间爆发了。你可能知道 Pidgin——一个支持多种协议的 IM 客户端，它也有一个终端版，叫做“[finch][8]”，你可以使用它来同时链接多个网络、同时和几个人聊天。而且，它的界面也和 Pidgin 极为相似。多么令人惊叹啊！想要使用 Google 环聊（Google Hangouts）就试试 [hangups][9]。它有一个非常漂亮的分页式界面，并且效果非常好。认真来说，除了一些可能需要的 emoji 表情和嵌入式图片外，在终端里发送即时消息真的是一个很好的体验。 ![](http://core0.staticworld.net/images/article/2016/07/linux-terminal-8-100669797-orig.jpg) ### 在 Linux 终端里发布推文 -这不是开玩笑！由于 [rainbowstream][10] 的存在，我们已经在终端里发布推文了。尽管我经常遇到一些错误信息，但体验一番之后，它确实可以很好的工作。虽然不能像在网页版 Twitter，也不能像其移动版那样，但这是一个终端版的，来试一试吧。尽管它的功能还未完善，但是用起来还是很酷，不是吗？ +这不是开玩笑！由于 [rainbowstream][10] 的存在，我们已经可以在终端里发布推文了。尽管我时不时遇到一些bug，但整体上，它工作得很好。虽然没有网页版 Twitter 或官方移动客户端那么好用，但这是一个终端版的Twitter，来试一试吧。尽管它的功能还未完善，但是用起来还是很酷，不是吗？ ![](http://core0.staticworld.net/images/article/2016/07/linux-terminal-9-100669798-orig.jpg) @@ -59,25 +60,25 @@ ### 在 Linux 终端里管理进程 -可以是 [htop][12]。与 top 相似，但更好用、更美观。有时候，我打开 htop 之后就让它一直运行。这样做是因为，它就是一个音乐视察器——当然，这里显示的是 RAM 和 CPU 使用情况。 +可以使用 [htop][12]。与 top 相似，但更好用、更美观。有时候，我打开 htop 之后就让它一直运行。没有愿意，就是喜欢！从某方面说，它就像将音乐可视化——当然，这里显示的是 RAM 和 CPU 的使用情况。 ![](http://core0.staticworld.net/images/article/2016/07/linux-terminal-11-100669800-orig.png) -### 在 Linux 终端了管理文件 +### 在 Linux 终端里管理文件 -在一个纯文本终端里并不意味着你不能享受生活的美好之物。比方说一个出色的文件浏览和管理器。基于这样的场景，[Midnight Commander][13] 则是极其好用的一个。 +在一个纯文本终端里并不意味着你不能享受生活的美好之物。比方说一个出色的文件浏览和管理器。这方面，[Midnight Commander][13] 是很好用的。 ![](http://core0.staticworld.net/images/article/2016/07/linux-terminal-12-100669801-orig.png) ### 在 Linux 终端里管理终端窗口 -如果你需要在终端里工作很长时间，你就需要一个多窗口终端了。基本上，它就是这样一个软件——可以让你将终端回话分割成一个自定义网格，让你同时使用和查看多个终端应用。对于 shell，它相当于一个瓦片时窗口管理器。我最喜欢用的就是 [tmux][14]。但 [GNU Screen][15] 也是很好用的。你可能需要花一些时间来学习怎么使用，但你会用之后，你就会迷上这样的用法。 +如果要在终端里工作很长时间，就需要一个多窗口终端了。它是这样一个软件 —— 可以将用户终端会话分割成一个自定义网格，从而可以同时使用和查看多个终端应用。对于 shell，它相当于一个平铺式窗口管理器。我最喜欢用的是 [tmux][14]。不过 [GNU Screen][15] 也很好用。学习怎么使用它们可能要花点时间，但一旦会用，就会很方便。 ![](http://core0.staticworld.net/images/article/2016/07/linux-terminal-13-100669802-orig.jpg) ### 在 Linux 终端里进行讲稿演示 -不管是 LibreOffice、Google slides、gasp 或者 PowerPoint。我都会在讲稿演示软件花费很多时间。如果这类软件有一个终端版的就美妙了。它应该叫做“[文本演示程序][16]”。很显然，没有图片，只是一个使用简单标记语言将幻灯片放在一起的简单程序。它不可能让你在其中插入猫的图片，但它却可以让你在终端里进行完整的演示。 +这类软件有 LibreOffice、Google slides、gasp 或者 PowerPoint。我在讲稿演示软件花费很多时间，很高兴有一个终端版的软件。它称做“[文本演示程序][16]”。很显然，没有图片，只是一个使用简单标记语言将放在一起的幻灯片展示出来的简单程序。它不可能让你在其中插入猫的图片，但可以让你在终端里进行完整的演示。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- From 590b36725b5f87bd782e842f6c47893aef0c9885 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Tue, 22 Nov 2016 20:47:49 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 154/220] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=B6=88=E9=99=A4=E6=96=87=E4=BB=B6?= =?UTF-8?q?=E5=90=8D=E7=9A=84=E7=89=B9=E6=AE=8A=E5=AD=97=E7=AC=A6?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @rusking --- ...=> Arch Linux In a world of polish, DIY never felt so good.md} | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename translated/talk/{Arch Linux: In a world of polish, DIY never felt so good => Arch Linux In a world of polish, DIY never felt so good.md} (100%) diff --git a/translated/talk/Arch Linux: In a world of polish, DIY never felt so good b/translated/talk/Arch Linux In a world of polish, DIY never felt so good.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/talk/Arch Linux: In a world of polish, DIY never felt so good rename to translated/talk/Arch Linux In a world of polish, DIY never felt so good.md From 4b9ce7788ad89f2c02ddea447b7768629275ae58 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Tue, 22 Nov 2016 21:06:28 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 155/220] PUB:20161115 LINUX NOW RUNS ON 99.6 OF TOP 500 SUPERCOMPUTERS @ypingcn --- ... RUNS ON 99.6 OF TOP 500 SUPERCOMPUTERS.md | 57 ++++++++----------- 1 file changed, 24 insertions(+), 33 deletions(-) rename {translated/talk => published}/20161115 LINUX NOW RUNS ON 99.6 OF TOP 500 SUPERCOMPUTERS.md (54%) diff --git a/translated/talk/20161115 LINUX NOW RUNS ON 99.6 OF TOP 500 SUPERCOMPUTERS.md b/published/20161115 LINUX NOW RUNS ON 99.6 OF TOP 500 SUPERCOMPUTERS.md similarity index 54% rename from translated/talk/20161115 LINUX NOW RUNS ON 99.6 OF TOP 500 SUPERCOMPUTERS.md rename to published/20161115 LINUX NOW RUNS ON 99.6 OF TOP 500 SUPERCOMPUTERS.md index b743513d2f..d756e339fb 100644 --- a/translated/talk/20161115 LINUX NOW RUNS ON 99.6 OF TOP 500 SUPERCOMPUTERS.md +++ b/published/20161115 LINUX NOW RUNS ON 99.6 OF TOP 500 SUPERCOMPUTERS.md @@ -1,65 +1,56 @@ -现在Linux运行在99.6%的TOP500超级计算机上 +现在 Linux 运行在 99.6% 的 TOP500 超级计算机上 ============================================================ -[ ![Linux rules the world of supercomputers](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Linux-King-Supercomputer-world-min.jpg) -][12] -_简介：虽然Linux在桌面操作系统只有2%的市场占有率，但是对于超级计算机来说，Linux用99%的市场占有率轻松地获取了统治地位。_ +_简介：虽然 Linux 在桌面操作系统只有 2% 的市场占有率，但是对于超级计算机来说，Linux 用 99% 的市场占有率轻松地获取了统治地位。_ -**Linux运行在超过99%的TOP500超级计算机上**，这并不会让人感到惊讶。2015年我们报道过[《Linux正运行在超过97%的TOP500超级计算机上》][13]，今年Linux表现得更好。 +**Linux 运行在超过 99% 的 TOP500 超级计算机上**，这并不会让人感到惊讶。2015 年我们报道过[“Linux 正运行在超过 97% 的 TOP500 超级计算机上”][13]，今年 Linux 表现得更好。 -[#Linux now runs on more than 99% of top 500 #supercomputers in the world][4] +这些信息是由独立组织 [Top500][4] 收集的，每两年他们会公布已知的最快的 500 台超级计算机的细节。你可以[打开这个网站，用以下条件筛选所需要的信息][15]：国家、使用的操作系统类型、所有者等。别担心，我将会从这份表格中筛选整理出今年几个有趣的事实。 -[点击到twitter][5] +### Linux 运行在 500 台超级计算机中的 498 台 -这些信息是由独立组织[Top500][4]收集的，每两年他们会公布已知的最快的500台超级计算机的细节。你可以[打开这个网站，用以下条件筛选所需要的信息][15]：国家、使用的操作系统类型、所有者等。别担心，我将会从这份表格中筛选整理出今年几个有趣的事实。 +如果要将上面的百分比细化到具体数量的话，500 台超级计算机中的 498 台运行着 Linux。剩余的两台超级计算机运行着基于 Unix 的操作系统。直到去年，还有一台超级计算机上在运行 Windows，今年的列表中没有出现 Windows 的身影。或许，这些超级计算机没一台能运行 Windows 10（一语双关）。 -### Linux运行在500台超级计算机中的498台 - -如果要将上面的百分比细化到具体数量的话，500台超级计算机中的498台运行着Linux。剩余的两台超级计算机运行着基于Unix的操作系统。直到去年，还有一台超级计算机上在运行Windows，今年的列表中没有出现Windows的身影。或许，这些超级计算机没一台能运行Windows 10（一语双关）。 - -总结一下今年表单上TOP500超级计算机所运行操作系统情况： +总结一下今年表单上 TOP500 超级计算机所运行操作系统情况： * Linux: 498 * Unix: 2 * Windows: 0 -还有一份总结，它清晰展现了每年Linux在TOP500超级计算机的份额的变化情况。 +还有一份总结，它清晰展现了每年 Linux 在 TOP500 超级计算机的份额的变化情况。 -* 2012年: 94% -* [2013][6]年: 95% -* [2014][7]年: 97% -* [2015][8]年: 97.2% -* 2016年: 99.6% -* 2017年: ??? +* 2012 年: 94% +* [2013][6] 年: 95% +* [2014][7] 年: 97% +* [2015][8] 年: 97.2% +* 2016 年: 99.6% +* 2017 年: ??? -另外，最快的前380台超级计算机运行着Linux，包括在中国的那台最快的超级计算机。排名第386和第387的超级计算机运行着Unix，它们同样来自中国。 +另外，最快的前380台超级计算机运行着 Linux，包括在中国的那台最快的超级计算机。排名第 386 和第 387 的超级计算机运行着 Unix，它们同样来自中国。（←_←） ### 其他关于最快的超级计算机的有趣数据 -[ ![List of top 10 fastest supercomputers in the world in 2016](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/fastest-supercomputers.png) -][16] -除去Linux，我在表单中还找到了几个有趣的数据想跟你分享。 +除去 Linux，我在表单中还找到了几个有趣的数据想跟你分享。 -* 全球最快的超级计算机是[神威太湖一号][9]. 它位于[国家超级计算无锡中心][10]。它有着93PFlops的速度. -* 全球第二快的超级计算机是中国的[天河二号][11]，第三的位置则属于美国的Titan。 -* 在速度前十的超级计算机中，美国占据了5台，日本和中国各有4台，瑞士有1台。 -* 美国和中国都各有171台超级计算机进入了TOP500的榜单中。 -* 日本有27台，法国有20台，印度、俄罗斯和沙特阿拉伯各有5台进入了榜单中。 +* 全球最快的超级计算机是[神威太湖之光][9]. 它位于中国的[国家超级计算无锡中心][10]。它有着 93PFlops 的速度。 +* 全球第二快的超级计算机是中国的[天河二号][11]，第三的位置则属于美国的 Titan。 +* 在速度前十的超级计算机中，美国占据了 5 台，日本和中国各有 4 台，瑞士有 1 台。 +* 美国和中国都各有 171 台超级计算机进入了 TOP500 的榜单中。 +* 日本有 27 台，法国有 20 台，印度、俄罗斯和沙特阿拉伯各有 5 台进入了榜单中。 +有趣的事实，不是吗？你能点击[这里][18]筛选出属于自己的榜单来获得更多信息。现在我很开心来宣传 Linux 运行在 99% 的 TOP500 超级计算机上，期待下一年能有 100% 的更好成绩。 -有趣的事实，不是吗？你能点击[这里][18]筛选出属于自己的榜单来获得更多信息。现在我很开心来宣传Linux运行在99%的TOP500超级计算机上，期待下一年能有100%的更好成绩。 - -当你在阅读这篇文章时，请在社交平台上分享这篇文章，这是Linux的一个成就，我们引以为豪~:P +当你在阅读这篇文章时，请在社交平台上分享这篇文章，这是 Linux 的一个成就，我们引以为豪~ :P -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: https://itsfoss.com/linux-99-percent-top-500-supercomputers -作者：[Abhishek Prakash ][a] +作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a] 译者：[ypingcn](https://github.com/ypingcn) 校对：[jasminepeng](https://github.com/jasminepeng) From 2ce3863990ddf924daee589c7fbcecdf591f8b78 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Tue, 22 Nov 2016 21:48:55 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 156/220] PUB:20160606 Who needs a GUI - How to live in a Linux terminal @GHLandy --- ...s a GUI - How to live in a Linux terminal.md | 17 +++++++++-------- 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-) rename {translated/talk => published}/20160606 Who needs a GUI - How to live in a Linux terminal.md (81%) diff --git a/translated/talk/20160606 Who needs a GUI - How to live in a Linux terminal.md b/published/20160606 Who needs a GUI - How to live in a Linux terminal.md similarity index 81% rename from translated/talk/20160606 Who needs a GUI - How to live in a Linux terminal.md rename to published/20160606 Who needs a GUI - How to live in a Linux terminal.md index 505b4c29dc..10403656ac 100644 --- a/translated/talk/20160606 Who needs a GUI - How to live in a Linux terminal.md +++ b/published/20160606 Who needs a GUI - How to live in a Linux terminal.md @@ -1,7 +1,8 @@ -谁需要 GUI？——Linux 终端生存之道 +谁需要 GUI？—— Linux 终端生存之道 ================================================= 完全在 Linux 终端中生存并不容易，但这绝对是可行的。 + ![](http://core0.staticworld.net/images/article/2016/07/linux-terminal-1-100669790-orig.jpg) ### 处理常见功能的最佳 Linux shell 应用 @@ -18,7 +19,7 @@ ### 在 Linux 终端里浏览网页 -我有一个词要告诉你：[w3m][5]。好吧，我承认这并不是一个真实的词。但 w3m 的确是我在 Linux 终端的 web 浏览器选择。它能够很好的呈现网页，并且它也足够强大，可以用来在像 Google+ 之类的网站上发布消息（尽管方法并不有趣）。 Lynx 可能是事实上的基于文本的 Web 浏览器，但 w3m 还是我的最爱。 +我有一个词要告诉你：[w3m][5]。好吧，我承认这并不是一个真实的词。但 w3m 的确是我在 Linux 终端的 web 浏览器选择。它能够很好的呈现网页，并且它也足够强大，可以用来在像 Google+ 之类的网站上发布消息（尽管方法并不有趣）。 Lynx 可能是基于文本的 Web 浏览器的事实标准，但 w3m 还是我的最爱。 ![](http://core0.staticworld.net/images/article/2016/07/linux-terminal-4-100669838-orig.jpg) @@ -30,7 +31,7 @@ ### 在 Linux 终端里处理文字 -在一个只有文本的 shell 之中，“文本编辑器” 和 “文字处理程序” 实在没有什么大的区别。但是像我这样需要大量写作的，有一个专门用于长期写作的软件是非常必要的。而我最爱的就是 wordgrinder。它由足够的工具让我愉快工作——一个菜单驱动的界面（使用快捷键控制）并且支持OpenDocument、HTML或其他等多种文件格式。 +在一个只有文本的 shell 之中，“文本编辑器” 和 “文字处理程序” 实在没有什么大的区别。但是像我这样需要大量写作的，有一个专门用于长期写作的软件是非常必要的。而我最爱的就是 wordgrinder。它由足够的工具让我愉快工作——一个菜单驱动的界面（使用快捷键控制）并且支持 OpenDocument、HTML 或其他等多种文件格式。 ![](http://core0.staticworld.net/images/article/2016/07/linux-terminal-6-100669795-orig.jpg) @@ -41,14 +42,14 @@ ![](http://core0.staticworld.net/images/article/2016/07/linux-terminal-7-100669796-orig.jpg) ### 在 Linux 终端里发送即时消息 -When I realized how will I could instant message from the terminal, my head exploded. You know Pidgin, the multi-protocol IM client? Well, it has a version for the terminal, called “finch,” that allows you to connect to multiple networks and chat with multiple people at once. The interface is even similar to Pidgin. Just amazing. Use Google Hangouts? Try hangups. It has a nice tabbed interface and works amazingly well. Seriously. Other than needing perhaps some emoji and inline pictures, instant messaging from the shell is a great experience. + 当我在想如果可以在终端里发送即时消息会是什么样子的时候，我的思绪瞬间爆发了。你可能知道 Pidgin——一个支持多种协议的 IM 客户端，它也有一个终端版，叫做“[finch][8]”，你可以使用它来同时链接多个网络、同时和几个人聊天。而且，它的界面也和 Pidgin 极为相似。多么令人惊叹啊！想要使用 Google 环聊（Google Hangouts）就试试 [hangups][9]。它有一个非常漂亮的分页式界面，并且效果非常好。认真来说，除了一些可能需要的 emoji 表情和嵌入式图片外，在终端里发送即时消息真的是一个很好的体验。 ![](http://core0.staticworld.net/images/article/2016/07/linux-terminal-8-100669797-orig.jpg) ### 在 Linux 终端里发布推文 -这不是开玩笑！由于 [rainbowstream][10] 的存在，我们已经可以在终端里发布推文了。尽管我时不时遇到一些bug，但整体上，它工作得很好。虽然没有网页版 Twitter 或官方移动客户端那么好用，但这是一个终端版的Twitter，来试一试吧。尽管它的功能还未完善，但是用起来还是很酷，不是吗？ +这不是开玩笑！由于 [rainbowstream][10] 的存在，我们已经可以在终端里发布推文了。尽管我时不时遇到一些 bug，但整体上，它工作得很好。虽然没有网页版 Twitter 或官方移动客户端那么好用，但这是一个终端版的 Twitter，来试一试吧。尽管它的功能还未完善，但是用起来还是很酷，不是吗？ ![](http://core0.staticworld.net/images/article/2016/07/linux-terminal-9-100669798-orig.jpg) @@ -60,13 +61,13 @@ When I realized how will I could instant message from the terminal, my head expl ### 在 Linux 终端里管理进程 -可以使用 [htop][12]。与 top 相似，但更好用、更美观。有时候，我打开 htop 之后就让它一直运行。没有愿意，就是喜欢！从某方面说，它就像将音乐可视化——当然，这里显示的是 RAM 和 CPU 的使用情况。 +可以使用 [htop][12]。与 top 相似，但更好用、更美观。有时候，我打开 htop 之后就让它一直运行。没有原因，就是喜欢！从某方面说，它就像将音乐可视化——当然，这里显示的是 RAM 和 CPU 的使用情况。 ![](http://core0.staticworld.net/images/article/2016/07/linux-terminal-11-100669800-orig.png) ### 在 Linux 终端里管理文件 -在一个纯文本终端里并不意味着你不能享受生活的美好之物。比方说一个出色的文件浏览和管理器。这方面，[Midnight Commander][13] 是很好用的。 +在一个纯文本终端里并不意味着你不能享受生活之美好。比方说一个出色的文件浏览和管理器。这方面，[Midnight Commander][13] 是很好用的。 ![](http://core0.staticworld.net/images/article/2016/07/linux-terminal-12-100669801-orig.png) @@ -78,7 +79,7 @@ When I realized how will I could instant message from the terminal, my head expl ### 在 Linux 终端里进行讲稿演示 -这类软件有 LibreOffice、Google slides、gasp 或者 PowerPoint。我在讲稿演示软件花费很多时间，很高兴有一个终端版的软件。它称做“[文本演示程序][16]”。很显然，没有图片，只是一个使用简单标记语言将放在一起的幻灯片展示出来的简单程序。它不可能让你在其中插入猫的图片，但可以让你在终端里进行完整的演示。 +这类软件有 LibreOffice、Google slides、gasp 或者 PowerPoint。我在讲稿演示软件花费很多时间，很高兴有一个终端版的软件。它称做“[文本演示程序（tpp）][16]”。很显然，没有图片，只是一个使用简单标记语言将放在一起的幻灯片展示出来的简单程序。它不可能让你在其中插入猫的图片，但可以让你在终端里进行完整的演示。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- From 76fe0ffbd15213f4a0ee9fdfe1dc194ed5197c28 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: jasminepeng Date: Wed, 23 Nov 2016 09:49:18 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 157/220] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=A0=A1=E5=AF=B9=E4=B8=AD?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 校对中 --- .../tech/20161107 When to use NGINX instead of Apache.md | 5 ++--- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20161107 When to use NGINX instead of Apache.md b/translated/tech/20161107 When to use NGINX instead of Apache.md index 9f269bbafa..d807af5a16 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20161107 When to use NGINX instead of Apache.md +++ b/translated/tech/20161107 When to use NGINX instead of Apache.md @@ -1,6 +1,5 @@ -OneNewLife translated -什么时候用 NGINX 来取代 Apache +什么时候使用 NGINX 而不是 Apache ===== >两者都是主流的开源网络服务器，但是据 NGINX 的首席执行官 Gus Robertson 所言，他们有不同的使用场景。还有微软呢？他们家的服务器的活跃网站份额在 20 年间首次跌破 10%。 @@ -40,7 +39,7 @@ via: http://www.zdnet.com/article/when-to-use-nginx-instead-of-apache/ 作者：[ Steven J. Vaughan-Nichols][a] 译者：[OneNewLife](https://github.com/OneNewLife) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[jasminepeng](https://github.com/jasminepeng) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 10a4c0bead96afbf30523c54bfb2050744fdef69 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: jasminepeng Date: Wed, 23 Nov 2016 10:46:52 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 158/220] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=A0=A1=E5=AF=B9=E5=AE=8C=E6=AF=95?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 校对完毕 --- ...107 When to use NGINX instead of Apache.md | 25 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20161107 When to use NGINX instead of Apache.md b/translated/tech/20161107 When to use NGINX instead of Apache.md index d807af5a16..1794be80e0 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20161107 When to use NGINX instead of Apache.md +++ b/translated/tech/20161107 When to use NGINX instead of Apache.md @@ -2,25 +2,27 @@ 什么时候使用 NGINX 而不是 Apache ===== ->两者都是主流的开源网络服务器，但是据 NGINX 的首席执行官 Gus Robertson 所言，他们有不同的使用场景。还有微软呢？他们家的服务器的活跃网站份额在 20 年间首次跌破 10%。 +>两者都是主流的开源 web 服务器，但是据 NGINX 的首席执行官 Gus Robertson 所言，他们有不同的使用场景。此外还有微软，其 web 服务器在活跃网站的份额 20 年间首次跌破 10%。 - ![web 服务器热度，2016 年 10 月](http://zdnet1.cbsistatic.com/hub/i/r/2016/11/07/f38d190e-046c-49e6-b451-096ee0776a04/resize/770xauto/b009f53417e9a4af207eff6271b90c43/web-server-popularity-october-2016.png) + ![活跃网站的 web 服务器市场份额](http://zdnet1.cbsistatic.com/hub/i/r/2016/11/07/f38d190e-046c-49e6-b451-096ee0776a04/resize/770xauto/b009f53417e9a4af207eff6271b90c43/web-server-popularity-october-2016.png) -Apache 是最受欢迎的网络服务器，不过 NGINX 正迎头直上，而微软的 IIS 几十年来首次跌破 10%。 +*Apache 是最受欢迎的 web 服务器，不过 NGINX 正逐渐增长，而微软的 IIS 几十年来首次跌破 10%。* -[NGINX][4] 已经成为第二大网络服务器。它在很久以前就已经超越了[微软因特网信息服务（IIS）][5]，并且一直在老大 [Apache][6] 的身后穷追不舍。但是，NGINX 的首席执行官在接受采访时表示，Apache 和 NGINX 的用户群体不一样。 +[NGINX][4] 已经成为第二大 web 服务器。它在很久以前就已经超越了[微软 IIS][5]，并且一直在老大 [Apache][6] 的身后穷追不舍。但是，NGINX 的首席执行官Gus Roberston 在接受采访时表示，Apache 和 NGINX 的用户群体不一样。 -“我认为 Apache 是一个伟大的网络服务器。NGINX 和它的使用场景不同，”Robertson 说。“我们没有把 Apache 当成竞争对手。我们的用户使用 NGINX 来取代硬件负载均衡器和构建微服务，这两个都不是 Apache 的长处。” +“我认为 Apache 是很好的 web 服务器。NGINX 和它的使用场景不同，”Robertson 说。“我们没有把 Apache 当成竞争对手。我们的用户使用 NGINX 来取代硬件负载均衡器和构建微服务，这两个都不是 Apache 的长处。” -事实上，Robertson 发现许多用户同时使用了两种开源的网络服务。“用户会在 Apache 的上层使用 NGINX 来实现负载均衡。我们的架构是完全不同的，我们可以做更好的并发网络服务。”他还表示 NGINX 在云配置方面的表现更优秀。 +事实上，Robertson 发现许多用户同时使用了这两种开源的 web 服务。“用户会在 Apache 的上层使用 NGINX 来实现负载均衡。我们的架构差异很大，我们可以做更好的并发 web 服务。”他还表示 NGINX 在云配置方面表现更优秀。 -他总结说，“我们是唯一一个仍然在持续增长的网络服务器，其它的网络服务器都在慢慢成为明日黄花。” +他总结说，“我们是唯一一个仍然在持续增长的 web 服务器，其它的 web 服务器都在慢慢缩小份额。” -这些增长，加上微软损失的 120 万个活跃站点，导致微软的活跃网站份额下降到 9.27%，这是他们第一次跌破 10%。Apache 的市场份额提高了 0.19%，并继续领跑市场，现在坐拥 46.3% 的活跃站点。尽管如此，多年来 Apache 一直在缓慢下降，而 NGINX 现在上升到了 19%。这不太准确。根据[Netcraft 十月份的网络服务器调查][7]，Apache 当月的活跃网站增加得最多，获得了 180 万个新站点，而 NGINX 增加了 40 万个新站点，增长率排第二。 +这不太准确。根据[Netcraft 十月份的网络服务器调查][7]，Apache 当月的活跃网站增加得最多，获得了 180 万个新站点，而 NGINX 增加了 40 万个新站点，排在第二位。 -NGINX 的开发者正在努力创造他们的开放商业网络服务器 —— [NGINX Plus][8]，通过不断的改进使其变得更有竞争力。NGINX Plus 最新的 [第 11 个发行版（R11）][9]发行了，这个版本更易于扩展和自定义，并支持更广泛的部署。 +这些增长，加上微软损失的 120 万个活跃站点，导致微软的活跃网站份额下降到 9.27%，这是他们第一次跌破 10%。Apache 的市场份额提高了 0.19%，并继续领跑市场，现在坐拥 46.3% 的活跃站点。尽管如此，多年来 Apache 一直在缓慢下降，而 NGINX 现在上升到了 19%。 -这次最大的补充是 [动态模块][10] 的二进制兼容性。这意味着通过 [开源 NGINX 软件][11] 编译的动态模块可以加载到 NGINX Plus。 +NGINX 的开发者正在努力创造他们的开放商业 web 服务器 —— [NGINX Plus][8]，通过不断的改进使其变得更有竞争力。NGINX Plus 最新的 [第 11 个发行版（R11）][9]发行了，这个版本更易于扩展和自定义，并支持更广泛的部署。 + +这次最大的补充是 [动态模块][10] 的二进制兼容性。也就是说通过 [开源 NGINX 软件][11] 编译的动态模块可以加载到 NGINX Plus。 这意味着你可以利用大量的 [第三方 NGINX 模块][12] 来扩展 NGINX Plus 的功能，仿照一系列开源和商业化的生产模块。开发者可以基于支持 NGINX Plus 的内核创建自定义扩展、附加组件和新产品。 @@ -30,8 +32,7 @@ NGINX Plus R11 还增强了其它功能： * [更好的 IP 定位][2] —— 第三方的 GeoIP2 模块现在已经通过认证，并提供给 NGINX Plus 用户。这个新版本提供比原来的 GeoIP 模块更精准和丰富的位置信息。 * [增强的 nginScript 模块][3] —— nginScript 是基于 JavaScript 的 NGINX Plus 的下一代配置语言。新功能可以让你在流（TCP/UDP）模块中即时修改请求和响应数据。 -The end result? NGINX is poised to continue to make the race for the top web server a two-horse race. Microsoft IIS? It continues to slowly fade away. -最终结果？NGINX 准备继续与 Apache 竞争顶级网络服务器的宝座。至于微软的 IIS？它将逐渐消亡。 +最终结果？NGINX 准备继续与 Apache 竞争顶级 web 服务器的宝座。至于微软的 IIS？它将逐渐淡出市场。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- From c8be2dbbae46c5ddfb69eaed276ab91b6036f338 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Wed, 23 Nov 2016 21:54:45 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 159/220] PUB:20161107 When to use NGINX instead of Apache @OneNewLife --- ...107 When to use NGINX instead of Apache.md | 19 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20161107 When to use NGINX instead of Apache.md (70%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20161107 When to use NGINX instead of Apache.md b/published/20161107 When to use NGINX instead of Apache.md similarity index 70% rename from translated/tech/20161107 When to use NGINX instead of Apache.md rename to published/20161107 When to use NGINX instead of Apache.md index 1794be80e0..788d827f9e 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20161107 When to use NGINX instead of Apache.md +++ b/published/20161107 When to use NGINX instead of Apache.md @@ -1,10 +1,9 @@ - -什么时候使用 NGINX 而不是 Apache +何时 NGINX 将取代 Apache？ ===== ->两者都是主流的开源 web 服务器，但是据 NGINX 的首席执行官 Gus Robertson 所言，他们有不同的使用场景。此外还有微软，其 web 服务器在活跃网站的份额 20 年间首次跌破 10%。 +> NGINX 和 Apache 两者都是主流的开源 web 服务器，但是据 NGINX 的首席执行官 Gus Robertson 所言，他们有不同的使用场景。此外还有微软，其 web 服务器 IIS 在活跃网站的份额在 20 年间首次跌破 10%。 - ![活跃网站的 web 服务器市场份额](http://zdnet1.cbsistatic.com/hub/i/r/2016/11/07/f38d190e-046c-49e6-b451-096ee0776a04/resize/770xauto/b009f53417e9a4af207eff6271b90c43/web-server-popularity-october-2016.png) +![活跃网站的 web 服务器市场份额](http://zdnet1.cbsistatic.com/hub/i/r/2016/11/07/f38d190e-046c-49e6-b451-096ee0776a04/resize/770xauto/b009f53417e9a4af207eff6271b90c43/web-server-popularity-october-2016.png) *Apache 是最受欢迎的 web 服务器，不过 NGINX 正逐渐增长，而微软的 IIS 几十年来首次跌破 10%。* @@ -12,19 +11,19 @@ “我认为 Apache 是很好的 web 服务器。NGINX 和它的使用场景不同，”Robertson 说。“我们没有把 Apache 当成竞争对手。我们的用户使用 NGINX 来取代硬件负载均衡器和构建微服务，这两个都不是 Apache 的长处。” -事实上，Robertson 发现许多用户同时使用了这两种开源的 web 服务。“用户会在 Apache 的上层使用 NGINX 来实现负载均衡。我们的架构差异很大，我们可以做更好的并发 web 服务。”他还表示 NGINX 在云配置方面表现更优秀。 +事实上，Robertson 发现许多用户同时使用了这两种开源的 web 服务。“用户会在 Apache 的上层使用 NGINX 来实现负载均衡。我们的架构差异很大，我们可以提供更好的并发 web 服务。”他还表示 NGINX 在云环境中表现更优秀。 他总结说，“我们是唯一一个仍然在持续增长的 web 服务器，其它的 web 服务器都在慢慢缩小份额。” -这不太准确。根据[Netcraft 十月份的网络服务器调查][7]，Apache 当月的活跃网站增加得最多，获得了 180 万个新站点，而 NGINX 增加了 40 万个新站点，排在第二位。 +这不太准确。根据 [Netcraft 十月份的网络服务器调查][7]，Apache 当月的活跃网站增加得最多，获得了 180 万个新站点，而 NGINX 增加了 40 万个新站点，排在第二位。 这些增长，加上微软损失的 120 万个活跃站点，导致微软的活跃网站份额下降到 9.27%，这是他们第一次跌破 10%。Apache 的市场份额提高了 0.19%，并继续领跑市场，现在坐拥 46.3% 的活跃站点。尽管如此，多年来 Apache 一直在缓慢下降，而 NGINX 现在上升到了 19%。 -NGINX 的开发者正在努力创造他们的开放商业 web 服务器 —— [NGINX Plus][8]，通过不断的改进使其变得更有竞争力。NGINX Plus 最新的 [第 11 个发行版（R11）][9]发行了，这个版本更易于扩展和自定义，并支持更广泛的部署。 +NGINX 的开发者正在努力创造他们的核心开放（open-core ）的商业 web 服务器 —— [NGINX Plus][8]，通过不断的改进使其变得更有竞争力。NGINX Plus 最新的版本是 [NGINX Plus 11 版（R11）][9]，该服务器易于扩展和自定义，并支持更广泛的部署。 -这次最大的补充是 [动态模块][10] 的二进制兼容性。也就是说通过 [开源 NGINX 软件][11] 编译的动态模块可以加载到 NGINX Plus。 +这次最大的补充是 [动态模块][10] 的二进制兼容性。也就是说为 [开源 NGINX 软件][11] 编译的动态模块也可以加载到 NGINX Plus。 -这意味着你可以利用大量的 [第三方 NGINX 模块][12] 来扩展 NGINX Plus 的功能，仿照一系列开源和商业化的生产模块。开发者可以基于支持 NGINX Plus 的内核创建自定义扩展、附加组件和新产品。 +这意味着你可以利用大量的[第三方 NGINX 模块][12] 来扩展 NGINX Plus 的功能，借鉴一系列开源和商业化生产的模块。开发者可以基于支持 NGINX Plus 的内核创建自定义扩展、附加组件和新产品。 NGINX Plus R11 还增强了其它功能： @@ -38,7 +37,7 @@ NGINX Plus R11 还增强了其它功能： via: http://www.zdnet.com/article/when-to-use-nginx-instead-of-apache/ -作者：[ Steven J. Vaughan-Nichols][a] +作者：[Steven J. Vaughan-Nichols][a] 译者：[OneNewLife](https://github.com/OneNewLife) 校对：[jasminepeng](https://github.com/jasminepeng) From 1dc7073fb11b1ceeb2eb584e65e610bc3af24ce9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Wed, 23 Nov 2016 22:28:46 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 160/220] PROOF:20160513 aria2 (Command Line Downloader) command examples @yangmingming --- ...mmand Line Downloader) command examples.md | 78 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 38 insertions(+), 40 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20160513 aria2 (Command Line Downloader) command examples.md b/translated/tech/20160513 aria2 (Command Line Downloader) command examples.md index b037861361..6aabba9dce 100755 --- a/translated/tech/20160513 aria2 (Command Line Downloader) command examples.md +++ b/translated/tech/20160513 aria2 (Command Line Downloader) command examples.md @@ -1,27 +1,27 @@ -# aria2 （命令行下载器）命令行实例 +aria2 （命令行下载器）实例 +============ -[aria2][4] 是一个免费的、开源的、轻量级多协议和多源命令行下载工具。它支持 HTTP/HTTPS、 FTP、 SFTP、 BitTorrent 和 Metalink 协议。aria2 可以通过内建的 JSON-RPC 和 XML-RPC 接口来操纵。aria2 下载文件的时候，自动验证数据块。它可以通过多源或者多协议下载一个文件，并且尝试利用你的最大下载带宽。默认情况下，所有的 Linux 发行版都包括 aria2，所以我们可以从官方库中很容易的安装。一些 GUI 下载管理器例如 [uget][3] 使用 aria2作为一个插件来提高下载速度。 +[aria2][4] 是一个自由、开源、轻量级多协议和多源的命令行下载工具。它支持 HTTP/HTTPS、FTP、SFTP、 BitTorrent 和 Metalink 协议。aria2 可以通过内建的 JSON-RPC 和 XML-RPC 接口来操纵。aria2 下载文件的时候，自动验证数据块。它可以通过多个来源或者多个协议下载一个文件，并且会尝试利用你的最大下载带宽。默认情况下，所有的 Linux 发行版都包括 aria2，所以我们可以从官方库中很容易的安装。一些 GUI 下载管理器例如 [uget][3] 使用 aria2 作为插件来提高下载速度。 +### Aria2 特性 -#### Aria2 特性 - -* HTTP/HTTPS GET 支持 -* HTTP 代理支持 -* HTTP BASIC 认证支持 -* HTTP 代理认证支持 -* FTP 支持（主动、被动模式） +* 支持 HTTP/HTTPS GET +* 支持 HTTP 代理 +* 支持 HTTP BASIC 认证 +* 支持 HTTP 代理认证 +* 支持 FTP （主动、被动模式） * 通过 HTTP 代理的 FTP（GET 命令行或者隧道） * 分段下载 -* Cookie 支持 +* 支持 Cookie * 可以作为守护进程运行。 -* 使用 快速扩展的 BitTorrent 协议支持 -* 在多 torrent 文件下选择性下载 -* Metalink 3.0 版本支持（HTTP/FTP/BitTorrent）。 +* 支持使用 fast 扩展的 BitTorrent 协议 +* 支持在多文件 torrent 中选择文件 +* 支持 Metalink 3.0 版本（HTTP/FTP/BitTorrent） * 限制下载、上传速度 -#### 1) Linux 下安装 aria2 +### 1) Linux 下安装 aria2 -我们可以很容易的在所有的 Linux 发行版 上安装 aria2 命令行下载器，例如 Debian、 Ubuntu、 Mint、 RHEL、 CentOS、 Fedora、 suse、 openSUSE、 Arch Linux、 Manjaro、 Mageia 等等……只需要输入下面的命令安装即可。对于 CentOS、 RHEL 系统，我们需要开启 [uget][2] 或者 [RPMForge][1] 库的支持。 +我们可以很容易的在所有的 Linux 发行版上安装 aria2 命令行下载器，例如 Debian、 Ubuntu、 Mint、 RHEL、 CentOS、 Fedora、 suse、 openSUSE、 Arch Linux、 Manjaro、 Mageia 等等……只需要输入下面的命令安装即可。对于 CentOS、 RHEL 系统，我们需要开启 [uget][2] 或者 [RPMForge][1] 库的支持。 ``` [对于 Debian、 Ubuntu 和 Mint] @@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ $ sudo pacman -S aria2 ``` -#### 2) 下载单个文件 +### 2) 下载单个文件 下面的命令将会从指定的 URL 中下载一个文件，并且保存在当前目录，在下载文件的过程中，我们可以看到文件的（日期、时间、下载速度和下载进度）。 @@ -63,9 +63,9 @@ Status Legend: ``` -#### 3) 使用不同的名字保存文件 +### 3) 使用不同的名字保存文件 -在初始化下载的时候，我们可以使用 -o（小写）选项在保存文件的时候使用不同的名字。这儿我们将要使用 owncloud.zip 文件名来保存文件。 +在初始化下载的时候，我们可以使用 `-o`（小写）选项在保存文件的时候使用不同的名字。这儿我们将要使用 owncloud.zip 文件名来保存文件。 ``` # aria2c -o owncloud.zip https://download.owncloud.org/community/owncloud-9.0.0.tar.bz2 @@ -82,9 +82,9 @@ Status Legend: ``` -#### 4) 下载速度限制 +### 4) 下载速度限制 -默认情况下，aria2 利用全带宽限制文件，在文件下载完成之前，我们不可以在服务器上使用任何东西（这将会影响其他服务访问带宽）。所以在下载大文件时最好使用 –max-download-limit 选项来避免进一步的问题。 +默认情况下，aria2 会利用全部带宽来下载文件，在文件下载完成之前，我们在服务器就什么也做不了（这将会影响其他服务访问带宽）。所以在下载大文件时最好使用 `–max-download-limit` 选项来避免进一步的问题。 ``` # aria2c --max-download-limit=500k https://download.owncloud.org/community/owncloud-9.0.0.tar.bz2 @@ -101,9 +101,9 @@ Status Legend: ``` -#### 5) 下载多个文件 +### 5) 下载多个文件 -下面的命令将会从指定位置下载不止一个文件并保持到当前目录，在下载文件的过程中，我们可以看到文件的（日期、时间、下载速度和下载进度）。 +下面的命令将会从指定位置下载超过一个的文件并保存到当前目录，在下载文件的过程中，我们可以看到文件的（日期、时间、下载速度和下载进度）。 ``` # aria2c -Z https://download.owncloud.org/community/owncloud-9.0.0.tar.bz2 ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/wget/wget-1.17.tar.gz @@ -123,9 +123,9 @@ Status Legend: ``` -#### 6) 恢复不完整下载 +### 6) 续传未完成的下载 -当你遇到一些网络连接问题或者系统问题的时候，并将要下载一个大文件（例如： ISO 镜像文件），我建议你使用 -c 选项，他可以通过状态帮助我们恢复已经存在的未完成的下载，并且像往常一样完成。不然的话，当你再次下载，它将会初始化新的下载，并保存成一个不同的文件名（自动的在文件名后面添加 .1 ）。注意：如果任意打断发生，aria2 使用 .aria2 后缀保存文件。 +当你遇到一些网络连接问题或者系统问题的时候，并将要下载一个大文件（例如： ISO 镜像文件），我建议你使用 `-c` 选项，它可以帮助我们从该状态续传未完成的下载，并且像往常一样完成。不然的话，当你再次下载，它将会初始化新的下载，并保存成一个不同的文件名（自动的在文件名后面添加 .1 ）。注意：如果出现了任何中断，aria2 使用 .aria2 后缀保存（未完成的）文件。 ``` # aria2c -c https://download.owncloud.org/community/owncloud-9.0.0.tar.bz2 @@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ db0b08|INPR| 3.3MiB/s|/opt/owncloud-9.0.0.tar.bz2 Status Legend: (INPR):download in-progress. -如果重新启动传输，aria2 将会恢复下载 +如果重新启动传输，aria2 将会恢复下载。 # aria2c -c https://download.owncloud.org/community/owncloud-9.0.0.tar.bz2 [#873d08 21MiB/21MiB(98%) CN:1 DL:2.7MiB] @@ -158,9 +158,9 @@ Status Legend: ``` -#### 7) 从文件获取输入 +### 7) 从文件获取输入 -或许 wget 可以从一个文件获取输入的 URL 列表来下载。我们需要创建一个文件，将每一个 URL 存储在单独的行中。ara2 命令行可以添加 -i 选项来执行此操作。 +就像 wget 可以从一个文件获取输入的 URL 列表来下载一样。我们需要创建一个文件，将每一个 URL 存储在单独的行中。ara2 命令行可以添加 `-i` 选项来执行此操作。 ``` # aria2c -i test-aria2.txt @@ -180,9 +180,9 @@ Status Legend: ``` -#### 8) 每个主机使用两个连接来下载 +### 8) 每个主机使用两个连接来下载 -默认情况，每次下载连接到一台服务器的最大数目，对于一条主机只能建立一条。我们可以通过 aria2 命令行添加 -x2（2 表示两个连接）来创建到每台主机多于一个连接，以加快下载速度。 +默认情况，每次下载连接到一台服务器的最大数目，对于一条主机只能建立一条。我们可以通过 aria2 命令行添加 `-x2`（2 表示两个连接）来创建到每台主机的多个连接，以加快下载速度。 ``` # aria2c -x2 https://download.owncloud.org/community/owncloud-9.0.0.tar.bz2 @@ -199,9 +199,9 @@ Status Legend: ``` -#### 9) 下载种子文件 +### 9) 下载 BitTorrent 种子文件 -我们可以使用 aria2 命令行直接下载一个种子文件 +我们可以使用 aria2 命令行直接下载一个 BitTorrent 种子文件： ``` # aria2c https://torcache.net/torrent/C86F4E743253E0EBF3090CCFFCC9B56FA38451A3.torrent?title=[kat.cr]irudhi.suttru.2015.official.teaser.full.hd.1080p.pathi.team.sr @@ -221,25 +221,25 @@ Status Legend: ``` -#### 10) 下载 Bit 种子磁力链接 +### 10) 下载 BitTorrent 磁力链接 -使用 aria2 我们也可以通过 bit 磁力链接直接下载一个种子文件 +使用 aria2 我们也可以通过 BitTorrent 磁力链接直接下载一个种子文件： ``` # aria2c 'magnet:?xt=urn:btih:248D0A1CD08284299DE78D5C1ED359BB46717D8C' ``` -#### 11) 下载 Metalink Bit 种子 +### 11) 下载 BitTorrent Metalink 种子 -我们也可以通过 aria2 命令行直接下载一个 Metalink 文件。 +我们也可以通过 aria2 命令行直接下载一个 Metalink 文件。 ``` # aria2c https://curl.haxx.se/metalink.cgi?curl=tar.bz2 ``` -#### 12) 从密码保护的网站下载一个文件 +### 12) 从密码保护的网站下载一个文件 或者，我们也可以从一个密码保护网站下载一个文件。下面的命令行将会从一个密码保护网站中下载文件。 @@ -250,7 +250,7 @@ Status Legend: ``` -#### 13) 阅读更多关于 aria2 +### 13) 阅读更多关于 aria2 如果你希望了解了解更多选项 —— 它们同时适用于 wget，可以输入下面的命令行在你自己的终端获取详细信息： @@ -268,10 +268,8 @@ or via: http://www.2daygeek.com/aria2-command-line-download-utility-tool/ 作者：[MAGESH MARUTHAMUTHU][a] - 译者：[yangmingming](https://github.com/yangmingming) - -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From d5785cc55a2359507ff812386875f0c73303b5c5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Wed, 23 Nov 2016 22:29:04 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 161/220] PUB:20160513 aria2 (Command Line Downloader) command examples @yangmingming --- .../20160513 aria2 (Command Line Downloader) command examples.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20160513 aria2 (Command Line Downloader) command examples.md (100%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20160513 aria2 (Command Line Downloader) command examples.md b/published/20160513 aria2 (Command Line Downloader) command examples.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/tech/20160513 aria2 (Command Line Downloader) command examples.md rename to published/20160513 aria2 (Command Line Downloader) command examples.md From 3afc4e2834d2cdd665851b61dc518d7c76b39c9a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Wed, 23 Nov 2016 22:45:51 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 162/220] PROOF:20161110 XFCE GETS A DO NOT DISTURB MODE AND PER APPLICATION NOTIFICATION SETTINGS @ucasFL --- ...D PER APPLICATION NOTIFICATION SETTINGS.md | 23 ++++++++----------- 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20161110 XFCE GETS A DO NOT DISTURB MODE AND PER APPLICATION NOTIFICATION SETTINGS.md b/translated/tech/20161110 XFCE GETS A DO NOT DISTURB MODE AND PER APPLICATION NOTIFICATION SETTINGS.md index c00d520a32..3fbba4a9e0 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20161110 XFCE GETS A DO NOT DISTURB MODE AND PER APPLICATION NOTIFICATION SETTINGS.md +++ b/translated/tech/20161110 XFCE GETS A DO NOT DISTURB MODE AND PER APPLICATION NOTIFICATION SETTINGS.md @@ -1,30 +1,25 @@ -[XFCE 桌面新增‘免打扰’模式以及单一应用通知设置的新特性][7] +Xfce 桌面新增‘免打扰’模式以及单一应用通知设置的新特性 ============================================================ Xfce　的开发者们正忙于把 Xfce 的应用和部件[转移][3]到 GTK3 上，在这个过程中，他们也增加了一些新的特性。 -**"免打扰“**，一个更加被需要的特性，[最近][4]已登陆到了 _xfce-notifyd_ 0.3.4 (Xfce 通知进程)上。 +**“免打扰”**，一个常被要求增加的特性，[最近][4]已登陆到了 xfce-notifyd 0.3.4 (Xfce 通知进程)上。 -更近一步地，**最新的 _xfce-notifyd_ 包括一个选项可以在单一应用基础上开启或关闭通知。 +更近一步地，**最新的 xfce-notifyd 包括了一个可以在单一应用基础上开启或关闭通知的选项。 当一个应用发出一个通知以后，这个应用就被加入到到了通知设置的列表里。从通知列表里，你可以控制哪些应用能够显示通知。 -”免打扰“模式和特殊应用通知设置均可在 设置 > 通知 中找到： +”免打扰“模式和应用特定的通知设置均可在“设置” > “通知” 中找到： -[ ![](https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-fvSesp1ukaQ/WCR8JQVgfiI/AAAAAAAAYl8/IJ1CshVQizs9aG2ClfraVaNjKP3OyxvAgCLcB/s400/xfce-do-not-disturb.png) -][5] +现在为止，还没有方法可以访问由于启用”免打扰“模式而错过的消息。然而，可以预期将来会发布**通知记录/维持的特性。** -现在，没有方法可以访问由于启用”免打扰“模式而错过的消息。然而，**通知记录／维持特性被期待在将来会释放。** +最后， xfce-notifyd 0.3.4 的**另一个特性**是**选择在主监视器显示通知**（直到现在，通知都是显示在当前监视器）。这个特性目前在图形设置界面里是没有的，必须使用 `Xfconf`（设置编辑）在 xfce-notifyd 下增添一个叫做 `/primary-monitor`（没有引号）的布尔属性，并设置为 `True` 来启用该特性: -最后， _xfce-notifyd_ 0.3.4 的**另一个特性**是**选择在基本监视器显示通知**（直到现在，通知都是显示在主动监视器）。这个特性目前在 GUI 上是不能用的，必须使用 Xfconf（设置编辑）在 _xfce-notifyd_ 增添一个叫做“／基本监视器”（没有引号）的布尔属性并设置为 "TRUE" 来启用该特性: - -[ ![](https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-M8xZpEHMrq8/WCR9EufvsnI/AAAAAAAAYmA/nLI5JQUtmE0J9TgvNM9ZKGHBdwwBhRH3QCLcB/s400/xfce-xfconf.png) -][6] -**_xfce4-notifyd_ 0.3.4 特性目前在 PPA 上是不可用的，但是不久它可能被增添到[Xfce GTK3][1]中。** +**xfce4-notifyd 0.3.4 目前在 PPA 上还没有，但是不久它可能被增添到 [Xfce GTK3 PPA][1]中。** **如果你想直接从源代码编译，从[这儿][2]下载。** @@ -32,9 +27,9 @@ Xfce　的开发者们正忙于把 Xfce 的应用和部件[转移][3]到 GTK3 via: http://www.webupd8.org/2016/11/xfce-gets-do-not-disturb-mode-and-per.html -作者：[Andrew ][a] +作者：[Andrew][a] 译者：[ucasFL](https://github.com/ucasFL) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 80ab39e073d21b3407fc1065a8a5cec316a21bbc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Wed, 23 Nov 2016 22:46:07 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 163/220] PUB:20161110 XFCE GETS A DO NOT DISTURB MODE AND PER APPLICATION NOTIFICATION SETTINGS @ucasFL --- ... NOT DISTURB MODE AND PER APPLICATION NOTIFICATION SETTINGS.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20161110 XFCE GETS A DO NOT DISTURB MODE AND PER APPLICATION NOTIFICATION SETTINGS.md (100%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20161110 XFCE GETS A DO NOT DISTURB MODE AND PER APPLICATION NOTIFICATION SETTINGS.md b/published/20161110 XFCE GETS A DO NOT DISTURB MODE AND PER APPLICATION NOTIFICATION SETTINGS.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/tech/20161110 XFCE GETS A DO NOT DISTURB MODE AND PER APPLICATION NOTIFICATION SETTINGS.md rename to published/20161110 XFCE GETS A DO NOT DISTURB MODE AND PER APPLICATION NOTIFICATION SETTINGS.md From 3ccc06b7f78f20d0ad1a1a4cd17aec39325553dd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: martin qi Date: Thu, 24 Nov 2016 00:42:45 +0900 Subject: [PATCH 164/220] Open source vs closed source (#4691) MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit * Delete 20161104 Open Source Vs Closed Source.md Windows上拉不下来。。。 * translated --- .../20161104 Open Source Vs Closed Source.md | 89 ------------------- .../20161104 Open Source Vs Closed Source.md | 86 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 86 insertions(+), 89 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/talk/20161104 Open Source Vs Closed Source.md create mode 100644 translated/talk/20161104 Open Source Vs Closed Source.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20161104 Open Source Vs Closed Source.md b/sources/talk/20161104 Open Source Vs Closed Source.md deleted file mode 100644 index 47ea3766a8..0000000000 --- a/sources/talk/20161104 Open Source Vs Closed Source.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,89 +0,0 @@ -Martin translating - -[ - ![open source vs closed source](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/open-source-vs-closed-source_orig.jpg) -][2]There are many differences between **open source operating system** and **closed source operating system**. Here we have written few of them. - -### What Is Open Source? It's Freedom! - -[ - ![what is open source?](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/what-is-open-source.jpg?250) -][1] - -This is the most important thing that a user should possess. I may or may not be modifying the code but someone who wants to modify the code for good purposes should not be restricted. And a user should be allowed to share the software if he likes it. And this is all possible with **open source** software. - -The **closed source** operating systems have really scaring license terms. Moreover do all the people read the license terms?, Nope, most of them  just click ‘Accept’. - -* * * - -### Cost - -Nearly all of the open source operating systems are free of cost. People only donate voluntarily. And a single installation **CD/DVD or USB** can be used to install the OS in as many computers as possible. - -Closed source operating systems are very costly when compared with open source OSs and if you are building a PC, it may cost you at least $100 per PC. - -We could use the money that we may spend on closed source software to buy better. - -### Choice - -There are numerous open source operating systems out there. So if you don’t like a distro then you can try others and at least a single operating system will be suitable for you. - -Distros like Ubuntu studio, Bio Linux, Edubuntu, Kali Linux, Qubes, SteamOS are some of the distros that are created for the particular type of users. - -Is there anything called choice in closed source operating systems? I don’t think so. - -### Privacy - -There is no need for **Open source operating systems** to collect user data. They are not going show any personalized ads or sell your data to third parties. If the developers need money they will ask for donations or display ads on their website. ADs will always be related to Linux, so it also helps us. - -You might have known how a major closed source operating system(you know what its name is) is said to be collecting users data which caused many people to turn down their free upgrade offer. Many users of that OS had even turned off updates to avoid any upgrade, it means they preferred security risk to free upgrade. - -### Security - -Open source software are mostly secure. They are not secure because of less market share but the way they are made. Qubes Os is one of the most secure OS that isolates the running software from one another. - -​Closed source operating systems compromise security for usability making them more vulnerable. - -### Hardware support - -Many of us might have an old PC that we don’t want to throw away and at that situation lightweight distros that are capable of giving a new life to them. Here is a list of lightweight operating systems you can try these distros [5 Lightweight Linux for old computers][3]. Linux based OSs comes with drivers for almost all devices, so there won’t be any need to search and install drivers. -​ -Many a time closed source operating systems scrap support for older hardware forcing the user to buy new hardware. We may have to search and install drivers ourself. - -### Community Support - -​Nearly all of the **open source OSes** have user forums where you can ask questions and get answers from other users. People share tips and tricks and help each other. Experienced Linux users love to help newbies, so they always try their best to help them. -​ -**Closed source OSes **community is not even comparable to open source OS community. Questions asked might even go unanswered. - -### Monetisation - -Making many out of OSes will be tough. Developers accept donations from users and get some money from ads that are displayed on their website. Most of the donations are used to pay hosting bills and developers’ salary. -​ -Many of the closed source OSes not only make money from licensing their software but also through targeted ads. - -### Crapware - -I accept some of the open source operating systems provide some software that we may not use in our lifetime and some people consider them as crapware. But there are distros that provide the minimal installation that contain no unwanted software. So, crapware is not really a problem. - -All the closed source operating systems contain crapware installed by the manufacturer and will force as to do a clean installation. - -​Open source software is more like a philosophy . It’s a way of sharing and learning. It’s even good for the economy. -So, we have listed things that we know. If you think we have missed some points, then please do comment and let us know. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/home/open-source-vs-closed-source - -作者：[Mohd Sohail][a] - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) - -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:https://www.linkedin.com/in/mohdsohail -[1]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/what-is-open-source_orig.jpg?250 -[2]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/home/open-source-vs-closed-source -[3]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/home/5-lightweight-linux-for-old-computers diff --git a/translated/talk/20161104 Open Source Vs Closed Source.md b/translated/talk/20161104 Open Source Vs Closed Source.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..a76a1f9794 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/talk/20161104 Open Source Vs Closed Source.md @@ -0,0 +1,86 @@ +开源 vs. 闭源 +=========================== + +[![开源 vs. 闭源](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/open-source-vs-closed-source_orig.jpg)][2] +**开源操作系统**和**闭源操作系统**之间确有诸多不同。这里我们仅寥书几笔。 + +### 开源是什么？自由！ + +[![开源是什么？](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/what-is-open-source.jpg?250)][1] + +这是用户需要知道的最重要的一点。无论我是否打算修改代码，其他人出于善意的修改都不应受到限制。且如果用户喜欢，他们可以分享这个软件。而这就是**开源**软件的全部。 + +**闭源**操作系统的许可条款很是吓人。但真的所有人都会看吗？Nope，许多用户只是点了一下‘Accept’。 + +* * * + +### 价格 + +几乎所有的开源操纵系统是免费的。仅有自愿性质的捐款。且只需一个安装 **CD/DVD 或 USB** 就能将系统安装到所有你想要安装的电脑上。 + +闭源操作系统相较于开源 OS 就贵了许多，如果你用它来构建 PC，每台 PC 得你花不少于 $100。 + +我们可以用花在闭源软件上的钱去买更好的东西。 + +### 选择 + +开源操作系统的发行版有很多。如果你不中意眼下的这个，你可以尝试其他的发行版，总能找到适合你的那一个。 + +诸如 Ubuntu studio，Bio Linux，Edubuntu，Kali Linux，Qubes，SteamOS 这些发行版，就是针对特定用户群产生的发行版。 + +闭源软件有“选择”这种说法吗？我觉得是没有的。 + +### 隐私 + +**开源操作系统**无需收集用户数据信息。不会根据用户的个性显示广告，也不会把你的信息卖给第三方机构。如果开发者需要资金，他们会要求捐助，或是在他们的网页上打广告。广告的内容也会与 Linux 相关，对我们有益无害。 + +你一定知道那个主流的闭源操作系统（名字就不写了，大家都知道的），据说因为收集用户信息这件事，导致多数用户关闭了他们的更新服务。多数该系统的用户为了避免升级，至今还关着更新，对他们而言免费升级比安全危机还可怕。 + +### 安全 + +开源软件大多安全。究其缘由不仅有市场占有率低这个原因，其本身的构成方式就比较安全。例如，在安全系统中站一席之地的 Qubes Os，会将运行的软件相互隔离。 + +闭源操作系统向易用性妥协，使其变得愈发脆弱。 +​ +### 硬件支持 + +我们中有大多数人，家里还放着那些不想丢的旧 PC，这时一个轻量级的发行版可能会让这些老家伙们重获新生。你可以试试在文章 [5 个适合旧电脑的轻量级 Linux][3] 中罗列的那些轻量级操作系统发行版。基于 Linux 的系统几乎包含所有设备的驱动，所以基本不需要你亲自寻找、安装驱动。 + +​每每闭源操作系统中止对于就硬件的支持，都迫使着用户去购买新的硬件。我们还不得不亲自寻找、安装驱动。 + +### 社区支持 + +​几乎所有的**开源操作系统**都有用户论坛，你可以在那里提问题，并从别的用户那里得到答案。大家在那里分享技巧和窍门，互帮互助。有经验的 Linux 用户往往乐于帮助新手，为此他们常常不遗余力。 +​ +**闭源操作系统**社区和开源操作系统社区简直无法相提并论。提出的问题可能根本得不到回答。 + +### 商业化 + +在操作系统上挣钱是非常困难的。开发者一般通过用户的捐款和自己打在网页上的广告来挣钱。大多数的转款用于支付主机的开销和开发者的薪水。 +​ +许多闭源操作系统，不仅仅通过出售软件的使用许可这种方式来赚钱，还会推送广告大赚一票。 + +### 第三方应用 + +我承认有些开源操作系统会提供一些我们可能一辈子都不会用到的应用，有些人认为他们是垃圾应用。但是也有发行版只提供最小安装，其中就不包含这些不想要的第三方应用。所以，第三方应用并不是真正的问题。 + +而所有的闭源操作系统中包含的那些由制造商安装的垃圾应用，强制到让你以为安装后的系统是干净的。 + +开源软件更像是一门哲学。一种分享和学习的方式。甚至还有益于经济。我们已经将我们知晓的罗列了出来。如果你觉得我们还漏了些什么，可以评论告诉我们。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/home/open-source-vs-closed-source + +作者：[Mohd Sohail][a] + +译者：[martin2011qi](https://github.com/martin2011qi) + +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:https://www.linkedin.com/in/mohdsohail +[1]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/what-is-open-source_orig.jpg?250 +[2]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/home/open-source-vs-closed-source +[3]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/home/5-lightweight-linux-for-old-computers From cbda9700ffe5326446989e0571504d197b3d704f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chenzhijun <522858454@qq.com> Date: Thu, 24 Nov 2016 13:59:04 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 165/220] translating by chenzhijun --- ...o Update Wifi Network Password From Terminal In Arch Linux.md | 1 + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20161110 How To Update Wifi Network Password From Terminal In Arch Linux.md b/sources/tech/20161110 How To Update Wifi Network Password From Terminal In Arch Linux.md index f72358efda..026030887d 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20161110 How To Update Wifi Network Password From Terminal In Arch Linux.md +++ b/sources/tech/20161110 How To Update Wifi Network Password From Terminal In Arch Linux.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +translating by chenzhijun How To Update Wifi Network Password From Terminal In Arch Linux ============================================================ ![Update Wifi Network Password From Terminal In Arch Linux](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/plugins/lazy-load/images/1x1.trans.gif) From a633255656a89d271d2737b4acbf8bd4b8b889f5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: flankershen Date: Thu, 24 Nov 2016 16:47:19 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 166/220] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E5=AE=8C=E6=88=90?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 20161115 Is Mozilla Firefox Collecting Your Data Without Your Consent --- ...llecting Your Data Without Your Consent.md | 68 ----------------- ...llecting Your Data Without Your Consent.md | 74 +++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 74 insertions(+), 68 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20161115 Is Mozilla Firefox Collecting Your Data Without Your Consent.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20161115 Is Mozilla Firefox Collecting Your Data Without Your Consent.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20161115 Is Mozilla Firefox Collecting Your Data Without Your Consent.md b/sources/tech/20161115 Is Mozilla Firefox Collecting Your Data Without Your Consent.md deleted file mode 100644 index a22768e8e5..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20161115 Is Mozilla Firefox Collecting Your Data Without Your Consent.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,68 +0,0 @@ -Is Mozilla Firefox Collecting Your Data Without Your Consent? -============================================================ - - ![Mozilla Firefox collects your data](https://iwf1.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Mozilla-Firefox-collects-your-data-730x429.jpg) - - -A geolocation service packaged with Firefox web-browser is running in the background even while the latter is closed. - -We’ve still not fully recovered from the news about the scandalous browser add-on which meant to protect users privacy but instead **[sells their information to third-party companies][1]**, and already we are perhaps in front of another, much bigger in scale, new outrage. - -**MLS** is Mozilla Location Service which lets devices determine their location based on network infrastructure like WiFi access points, cell towers and Bluetooth beacons. - -Pretty much, it is Mozilla’s equivalent to Google Location Service which is the service used when you turn on your GPS on Android devices and opt for ‘High accuracy’ mode. - -Those of you who ever experienced GPS issues will probably know to appreciate how accurate this mode actually is. - -But besides being able to accurately pinpoint your location, another side of it is that the service, through the use of WiFi networks, is able to collect personally identifiable information of both the **users who knowingly contribute to the database** and the **owners of the WiFi devices being scanned**. - -That being said, Mozilla also mentions you can opt out from the service, but can you really? - -### When The Background Becomes Your Privacy Foreground - -Being a [crowdsource][2] project, in order to maintain and grow MLS, Mozilla is in fact dependent of users contributions, thus they’ve developed a number of ways through which users can participate. - -One of these ways, meant to be used by end users is a Android app called Stumbler: - -> “Mozilla Stumbler is an open-source wireless network scanner which collects GPS, cellular and wireless network metadata for our crowd-sourced location database.”[1] - -Yet Stumbler is not only a standalone app but also a service used by Firefox for Android “to contribute data and enhance” MLS. - -The problem with that service lies in the fact it runs in the background without most users are aware of it and **even though you may disable it**. - -According to Mozilla[1], to enable the service you need to open the Settings menu (in Firefox for Android) -> Open the Privacy section -> scroll to the bottom to see the Data Choices, and finally, Check the Mozilla Location Service box. - -[ - ![Mozilla Location Services is unchecked yet Stumbler is on](http://iwf1.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Mozilla-Location-Services-is-unchecked-yet-Stumler-is-on-730x602.jpg) -][3] - -Mozilla Location Services is unchecked yet Stumbler is on - -In reality, you’ll find that the Stumbler service is **actively running on your device in the background**, meaning it’s practically invisible because it has no interface, even though the MLS box is unchecked and furthermore, even if all the Data Choices check boxes are unchecked and Firefox browser itself is closed. - -Apparently, the only way to stop stumbler is by ending it directly, however to do so, you’ll first need a way to detect it’s running and ultimately, that’s just a temporary solution that only lasts until the device’s next reboot. - -### How To Stay Safer? - -In order to exempt yourself from MLS data collection, there are still a few methods you may practice, in the hope those wouldn’t be disregarded by Mozilla just like the MLS check box in Firefox for Android. - -Make your wireless network hidden or add the string “_nomap” to the end of its name, e.g “myWirelessNetwork” becomes “myWirelessNetwork_nomap”. This should signal Mozilla’s applications that you do not wish to participate in their data collection. - -As for the Stumbler service on Android, due to being a service (as opposed to a process), you’ll probably won’t be able to see it in the list of running processes / recent apps. Thus, either use a dedicated app to close it or enable “Developer Options” and go to “Running services” -> tap on Firefox and finally, stop “stumbler”. - - - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://iwf1.com/is-mozilla-firefox-collecting-your-data-without-your-consent/ - -作者：[Liron][a] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:https://iwf1.com/is-mozilla-firefox-collecting-your-data-without-your-consent/ -[1]:https://iwf1.com/shock-this-popular-browser-add-on-sells-your-browsing-history/ -[2]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowdsourcing -[3]:http://iwf1.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Mozilla-Location-Services-is-unchecked-yet-Stumler-is-on.jpg diff --git a/translated/tech/20161115 Is Mozilla Firefox Collecting Your Data Without Your Consent.md b/translated/tech/20161115 Is Mozilla Firefox Collecting Your Data Without Your Consent.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..a309b7fced --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20161115 Is Mozilla Firefox Collecting Your Data Without Your Consent.md @@ -0,0 +1,74 @@ +# 火狐是否在未经授权的情况下搜集您的数据？ + + + + ![Mozilla Firefox collects your data](https://iwf1.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Mozilla-Firefox-collects-your-data-730x429.jpg) + +使用Firefox Web浏览器打包的地理位置服务即使其被关闭也会在后台运行。 + +我们还没有从关于浏览器插件丑闻的新闻中恢复过来。插件原本目的是保卫隐私，**但现在却把信息卖给了第三方公司**。然而更令人愤怒的是其规模完全超出我们的预期。 + +**MLS**是Mozilla位置服务，其架构类似于WIFI接入点、无线电基站和蓝牙信标，可以让让设备通过网络确定其位置。 + +MLS非常像是Google位置服务，后者是需要在Android设备上打开GPS并选择“高精度”模式时使用的服务。 + +那些曾经经历过GPS问题的人可能会知道这个模式是多么精确。 + +MLS服务除了能够准确地确定您的位置以外，通过使用WiFi网络的服务能够收集两种个人身份信息，包括 + +**对数据库做出贡献的用户**和**被扫描的WiFi设备的所有者**。 + +话虽这么说，Mozilla也提到说你可以选择退出服务，但你真的可以退出吗？ + + + +### 当后台变成你隐私的展台 + +作为一个众包项目，为了维护和发展MLS，Mozilla事实上非常依赖于用户的贡献，因此他们开发了多种方法以便用户参与进来。 + +其中之一，就是被终端用户使用的一款名为Stumbler的Android应用程序： + +> Mozilla Stumbler是一个开源的无线网络扫描器，它为我们的crowd-sourced位置数据库收集GPS，蜂窝和无线网络元数据。[1] + +这样以来，Stumbler不仅仅是一个独立的应用程序，同时也是Firefox 在Android设备上提供的一种为MLS“贡献数据和增强功能”的服务。 + +该服务的问题在于它在后台运行，而大多数用户都不知道它，**即使您可能已经禁用它**。 + +根据Mozilla提供的信息 [1]，要启用该服务，您需要打开设置菜单（在Firefox for Android版本中） - >打开隐私部分 - >滚动到底部以查看数据选择，最后，勾选Mozilla位置服务框。 + +[ + ![Mozilla Location Services is unchecked yet Stumbler is on](http://iwf1.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Mozilla-Location-Services-is-unchecked-yet-Stumler-is-on-730x602.jpg) +][3] + +Mozilla定位服务尚未勾选，但Stumbler已开启 + +实际上，你会发现Stumbler服务**正在你的设备后台运行**，这意味着它几乎不可见，因为它没有接口，即使MLS框未被选中，即使所有的数据选择复选框都未选中，甚至Firefox浏览器本身已被关闭。 + +显然，停止stumbler的唯一方法是直接结束它。然而，这样做你首先需要一种方法来检测它的运行和结束，最终，这只是一个设备重启前的临时解决方案。 + + + +### 如何保证安全 + +为了避免MLS收集您的数据，仍然有一些方法值得您尝试一下，希望这些方法不会像在Firefox for Android中的MLS复选框一样被Mozilla忽视。 + +您可以将您的无线网络SSID隐藏或者在SSID结尾添加“_nomap”,例如将您的SSID从“myWirelessNetwork”更名为“myWirelessNetwork_nomap”。这在向Mozilla的应用程序暗示，您不希望参与他们的数据收集活动。 + +对于Android上的Stumbler服务，由于是一个服务（而不是进程），您可能无法在运行的进程/最近的应用程序列表中看到它。 因此，使用专用应用程序关闭它或启用“开发人员选项”，并转到“运行服务” - >点击Firefox，最后，停止“stumbler”。 + + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://iwf1.com/is-mozilla-firefox-collecting-your-data-without-your-consent/ + +作者：[Liron][a] +译者：[flankershen](https://github.com/flankershen) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:https://iwf1.com/is-mozilla-firefox-collecting-your-data-without-your-consent/ +[1]:https://iwf1.com/shock-this-popular-browser-add-on-sells-your-browsing-history/ +[2]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowdsourcing +[3]:http://iwf1.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Mozilla-Location-Services-is-unchecked-yet-Stumler-is-on.jpg From a5945688a2a6373f8833fa5e3deb4bb17cb0deba Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Thu, 24 Nov 2016 21:55:21 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 167/220] PROOF:20161027 How to Sort Output of ls Command By Last Modified Date and Time MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @zky001 格式怎么乱成这样了。 --- ... Command By Last Modified Date and Time.md | 180 ++++-------------- 1 file changed, 38 insertions(+), 142 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20161027 How to Sort Output of ls Command By Last Modified Date and Time.md b/translated/tech/20161027 How to Sort Output of ls Command By Last Modified Date and Time.md index 78f9ca75ce..2d72893bf0 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20161027 How to Sort Output of ls Command By Last Modified Date and Time.md +++ b/translated/tech/20161027 How to Sort Output of ls Command By Last Modified Date and Time.md @@ -1,212 +1,108 @@ -翻译完成 by zky001 - -如何通过最后修改的日期和时间对ls命令的输出进行排序 - +如何按最后修改时间对 ls 命令的输出进行排序 ============================================================ -Linux用户常常做的一个事情是，是在命令行[列出目录内容][1]。 +Linux 用户常常做的一个事情是，是在命令行[列出目录内容][1]。 -我们已经知道，[ls][2]和[dir][3]是两个可用在列出目录内容的Linux命令，前者是更受欢迎的，在大多数情况下，是用户的首选。 +我们已经知道，[ls][2] 和 [dir][3] 是两个可用在列出目录内容的 Linux 命令，前者是更受欢迎的，在大多数情况下，是用户的首选。 -我们列出目录内容，可以按照不同的标准进行排序，例如文件名，修改时间，添加时间，版本或者文件大小。 - -可以通过指定一个特别的参数来使用这些文件的属性进行排序。 - -在这个简洁的[ls命令指导][4]中，我们将看看如何通过上次修改时间 (日期和时分秒)[排序ls命令的输出结果][5] 。 - -让我们由执行一些基本的[ls命令][6]开始 - -### Linux基本ls命令 - - - -1. 不带任何参数运行ls命令将列出当前工作目录的内容。 +我们列出目录内容时，可以按照不同的标准进行排序，例如文件名、修改时间、添加时间、版本或者文件大小。可以通过指定一个特别的参数来使用这些文件的属性进行排序。 +在这个简洁的 [ls 命令指导][4]中，我们将看看如何通过上次修改时间（日期和时分秒）[排序 ls 命令的输出结果][5] 。 +让我们由执行一些基本的 [ls 命令][6]开始。 +### Linux 基本 ls 命令 +1、 不带任何参数运行 ls 命令将列出当前工作目录的内容。 ``` - $ ls - ``` -[![List Content of Working Directory](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/List-Content-of-Working-Directory.png)][7] - - - -列出工作目录的内容 - - - -2.要列出任何目录的内容，例如 /etc 目录使用： +![List Content of Working Directory](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/List-Content-of-Working-Directory.png) +*列出工作目录的内容* +2、要列出任何目录的内容，例如 /etc 目录使用如下命令： ``` - $ ls /etc +``` +![List Contents of Directory](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/List-Contents-of-Directory.png) + +*列出工作目录 /etc 的内容* + +3、一个目录总是包含一些隐藏的文件（至少有两个），因此，要展示目录中的所有文件，使用`-a`或`-all`标志： ``` - -[![List Contents of Directory](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/List-Contents-of-Directory.png)][8] - - - - -列出工作目录/etc的内容 - - - - -3.一个目录总是包含一些隐藏的文件（至少有两个），因此，要展示目录中的所有文件，使用“-a”或“-all”标志: - - - -``` - $ ls -a - ``` -[![List Hidden Files in Directory](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/List-Hidden-Files-in-Directory.png)][9] +![List Hidden Files in Directory](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/List-Hidden-Files-in-Directory.png) +*列出工作目录的隐藏文件* +4、你还可以打印输出的每一个文件的详细信息，例如文件权限、链接数、所有者名称和组所有者、文件大小、最后修改的时间和文件/目录名称。 -列出工作目录的隐藏文件 - -4.你还可以打印输出的每一个文件的详细信息,例如文件权限，链接数， - -所有者名称和组所有者，文件大小，最后修改的时间和文件/目录名称。 - -这是由` -l `选项来设置，这意味着一个如下面的屏幕截图般的长长的列表格式 - - +这是由` -l `选项来设置，这意味着一个如下面的屏幕截图般的长长的列表格式。 ``` - $ ls -l +``` +![Long List Directory Contents](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/ls-Long-List-Format.png) + +*长列表目录内容* + +### 基于日期和基于时刻排序文件 + +5、要在目录中列出文件并[对最后修改日期和时间进行排序][11]，在下面的命令中使用`-t`选项： ``` - -[![Long List Directory Contents](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/ls-Long-List-Format.png)][10] - - - -长列表目录内容 - -###基于日期和基于时刻排序文件 - - - - - -5. - -要在目录中列出文件并[对最后修改日期和时间进行排序][11]，在下面的命令中使用“-t”选项: - - - -``` - $ ls -lt - ``` -[![Sort ls Output by Date and Time](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Sort-ls-Output-by-Date-and-Time.png)][12] - - - - -按日期和时间排序ls输出内容 - - - -6. - -如果你想要一个基于日期和时间的逆向排序文件，你可以使用“-r”选项来工作，像这样： - - +![Sort ls Output by Date and Time](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Sort-ls-Output-by-Date-and-Time.png) +*按日期和时间排序ls输出内容* +6、如果你想要一个基于日期和时间的逆向排序文件，你可以使用`-r`选项来工作，像这样： ``` - $ ls -ltr - ``` -[![Sort ls Output Reverse by Date and Time](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Sort-ls-Output-Reverse-by-Date-and-Time.png)][13] - - -按日期和时间排序的逆向输出 - - - - - -我们将在这里结束，但是，有更多的使用信息和选项在[ls命令][14]， - - -因此，使它成为一个点来看看它或任何其他指南提供[每一个用户应该知道ls的命令技巧][15]或[使用排序命令][16]。 - -最后但并非最不重要的，你可以通过以下反馈部分联系我们 +![Sort ls Output Reverse by Date and Time](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Sort-ls-Output-Reverse-by-Date-and-Time.png) +*按日期和时间排序的逆向输出* +我们将在这里结束，但是，[ls 命令][14]还有更多的使用信息和选项，因此，应该特别注意它或看看其它指南，比如《[每一个用户应该知道 ls 的命令技巧][15]》或《[使用排序命令][16]》。 +最后但并非最不重要的，你可以通过以下反馈部分联系我们。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - via: http://www.tecmint.com/sort-ls-output-by-last-modified-date-and-time - - 作者：[Aaron Kili][a] - 译者：[zky001](https://github.com/zky001) - -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - - +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - - [a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/aaronkili/ - [1]:http://www.tecmint.com/file-and-directory-management-in-linux/ - [2]:http://www.tecmint.com/15-basic-ls-command-examples-in-linux/ - [3]:http://www.tecmint.com/linux-dir-command-usage-with-examples/ - [4]:http://www.tecmint.com/tag/linux-ls-command/ - [5]:http://www.tecmint.com/sort-command-linux/ - [6]:http://www.tecmint.com/15-basic-ls-command-examples-in-linux/ - [7]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/List-Content-of-Working-Directory.png - [8]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/List-Contents-of-Directory.png - [9]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/List-Hidden-Files-in-Directory.png - [10]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/ls-Long-List-Format.png - [11]:http://www.tecmint.com/find-and-sort-files-modification-date-and-time-in-linux/ - [12]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Sort-ls-Output-by-Date-and-Time.png - [13]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Sort-ls-Output-Reverse-by-Date-and-Time.png - [14]:http://www.tecmint.com/tag/linux-ls-command/ - [15]:http://www.tecmint.com/linux-ls-command-tricks/ - -[16]:http://www.tecmint.com/linux-sort-command-examples/ - +[16]:http://www.tecmint.com/linux-sort-command-examples/ \ No newline at end of file From dcb2ad4245936d8531b3cd106f2b5eb97faf6457 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Thu, 24 Nov 2016 21:55:39 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 168/220] PUB:20161027 How to Sort Output of ls Command By Last Modified Date and Time @zky001 --- ...to Sort Output of ls Command By Last Modified Date and Time.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20161027 How to Sort Output of ls Command By Last Modified Date and Time.md (100%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20161027 How to Sort Output of ls Command By Last Modified Date and Time.md b/published/20161027 How to Sort Output of ls Command By Last Modified Date and Time.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/tech/20161027 How to Sort Output of ls Command By Last Modified Date and Time.md rename to published/20161027 How to Sort Output of ls Command By Last Modified Date and Time.md From 4643621428d0518935b482d5f241308203dde590 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Thu, 24 Nov 2016 23:39:45 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 169/220] PROOF:20161104 How to design and add your own font on Linux with Glyphr @Vic020 --- ... add your own font on Linux with Glyphr.md | 37 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 18 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20161104 How to design and add your own font on Linux with Glyphr.md b/translated/tech/20161104 How to design and add your own font on Linux with Glyphr.md index 8a3b5784c6..1b0dc72c91 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20161104 How to design and add your own font on Linux with Glyphr.md +++ b/translated/tech/20161104 How to design and add your own font on Linux with Glyphr.md @@ -1,50 +1,51 @@ -# 在Linux上使用Glyphr设计自己的字体 +在 Linux 上使用 Glyphr 设计自己的字体 +============= -LibreOffice 提供了丰富的字体, 并且用户可以自由选择和下载增加自己的字体.即使你想创造自己的字体, 同样也可以非常简单的使用Glyphr创建.Glyphr可以直观的新开源字体设计器, 使用简单的交互界面和覆盖字体设计每一部分的强大功能集.虽然应用还在早起开发阶段, 但是这已经很强大了. 下面将会有一个简短的快速入门教你如何使用Glyphr创建字体并加入LibreOffice. +LibreOffice 提供了丰富的字体，并且用户可以自由选择和下载增加自己的字体。然而，就算是你想创造自己的字体，也可以非常容易地使用 Glyphr 来做到。Glyphr 是一个新开源的矢量字体设计器，通过直观而易用的图形界面和丰富的功能集可以完成字体设计的方方面面。虽然这个应用还在早期开发阶段，但是已经十分棒了。下面将会有一个简短的快速入门教你如何使用 Glyphr 创建字体并加入到 LibreOffice。 -首先, 从官方Git库下载Glyphr([https://github.com/glyphr-studio/Glyphr-Studio-Desktop][14]). 它提供32位和64位版本.完成下载后, 进入下载文件夹, 解压文件, 进入解压文件, 右键点击Glyphr Studio, 选择"Run". +首先，从[官方 Git 库][14]下载 Glyphr。它提供 32 位和 64 位版本的二进制格式。完成下载后，进入下载文件夹， 解压文件，进入解压后的文件夹，右键点击 Glyphr Studio，选择“Run”。 [ ![](https://www.howtoforge.com/images/how-to-design-and-add-your-own-font-on-linux-with-glyphr/pic_1.png) ][13] -启动应用后会给你三个选项.一个是从头创建一个新的字体集. 第二个是读取已经存在的项目,可以是Glyphr Studio项目文件, 也可以是其他开源或ttf, 甚至是SVG字体.第三个是读取已有示例,然后可以在示例上修改创建.我将会选择第一个选项,并教你一些简单的设计概念. +启动应用后会给你三个选项。一个是从头创建一个新的字体集；第二个是读取已经存在的项目，可以是 Glyphr Studio 项目文件，也可以是其他OpenType 字体（otf）或 TrueType 字体（ttf），甚至是 SVG 字体。第三个是读取已有的两个示例之一，然后可以在示例上修改创建。我将会选择第一个选项，并教你一些简单的设计概念。 [ ![](https://www.howtoforge.com/images/how-to-design-and-add-your-own-font-on-linux-with-glyphr/pic_2.png) ][12] -完成进入编辑界面后, 你可以从左边的面板中选择字母,然后在右边的区域设计. 我选择A字母开始编辑. +完成进入编辑界面后, 你可以从屏幕左边的面板中选择字母，然后在右边的绘制区域设计。我选择 A 字母的图标开始编辑它。 [ ![](https://www.howtoforge.com/images/how-to-design-and-add-your-own-font-on-linux-with-glyphr/pic_3.png) ][11] -要在绘图板上设计一些东西，我们可以从板的左上角选择矩形，椭圆形或者路径共享的“形状”工具，也可以使用工具的第二行的第一项的路径编辑工具。使用任意工具，开始在板上放点来创建形状。添加的点数越多, 接下来设计的形状选项就越大。 +要在绘图板上设计一些东西，我们可以从该板的左上角选择矩形、椭圆形或者路径等同处的“形状”工具，也可以使用该工具的第二行的第一项的路径编辑工具。使用任意工具，开始在板上放路径点（path point）来创建形状。添加的点数越多，接下来步骤的形状选项就越多。 [ ![](https://www.howtoforge.com/images/how-to-design-and-add-your-own-font-on-linux-with-glyphr/pic_4.png) ][10] -点移动到不同位置可以获得不同的路径, 可以使用路径编辑工具右边的路径编辑,点击会出现可编辑点.然后拖到任意点到你喜欢的位置. +将点移动到不同位置可以获得不同的路径，可以使用路径编辑工具右边的路径编辑，点击形状会出现可编辑点。然后可以把这些点拖到你喜欢的任意位置。 [ ![](https://www.howtoforge.com/images/how-to-design-and-add-your-own-font-on-linux-with-glyphr/pic_5.png) ][9] -最后，形状编辑工具帮助选择形状并将其拖动到位置，更改其尺寸以及旋转。 +最后，形状编辑工具可以让你选择形状并将其拖动到其它位置、更改其尺寸以及旋转。 [ ![](https://www.howtoforge.com/images/how-to-design-and-add-your-own-font-on-linux-with-glyphr/pic_6.png) ][8] -在进入了字母设计阶段,其他有用的设计动作集合是左侧面板提供的复制-粘贴, 翻转-旋转操作.来看个例子,假设我现在正在创作B字母, 我要下部分镜像已经创建好的上部分一样,保持良好的水平和一致性. +其它有用的设计动作集还有左侧面板提供的复制-粘贴、翻转-旋转操作。来看个例子，假设我现在正在创作 B 字母， 我要把已经创建好的上部分镜像到下半部分，保持设计的高度一致性。 [ ![](https://www.howtoforge.com/images/how-to-design-and-add-your-own-font-on-linux-with-glyphr/pic_7.png) ][7] -现在, 为了达到这个目的, 选择形状编辑工具, 选中欲编辑部分, 点击复制操作, 然后点击图形以外的地方, 在需要的位置粘贴,加上水平翻转或者垂直翻转到达目的. +现在，为了达到这个目的，选择形状编辑工具，选中欲镜像的部分，点击复制操作，然后在其上点击图形，拖放粘帖的形状到你需要的位置，根据你的需要进行水平翻转或者垂直翻转。 [ ![](https://www.howtoforge.com/images/how-to-design-and-add-your-own-font-on-linux-with-glyphr/pic_8.png) @@ -54,29 +55,29 @@ LibreOffice 提供了丰富的字体, 并且用户可以自由选择和下载增 ![](https://www.howtoforge.com/images/how-to-design-and-add-your-own-font-on-linux-with-glyphr/pic_9.png) ][5] -这款应用在太多地方可以讲述.如果有兴趣深入,可以深入了解数字话编辑,弯曲和引导等等. +这款应用在太多地方可以讲述。如果有兴趣深入，可以深入了解数字化编辑、弯曲和引导等等， -然而,字体并不是仅仅是单个字体的设计, 还需要发现字体设计的其他方面.通过应用左上角菜单栏上的"导航"还可以设置字间距, 斜体, 常规字体设置等. +然而，字体并不是仅仅是单个字体的设计，还需要学习字体设计的其他方面。通过应用左上角菜单栏上的“导航”还可以设置特殊字符对之间的字间距、增加连字符、部件、和设置常规字体设置等。 [ ![](https://www.howtoforge.com/images/how-to-design-and-add-your-own-font-on-linux-with-glyphr/pic_10.png) ][4] -最棒的是你可以使用"测试驱动"来使用你的新字体, 帮助你判断字体设计如何, 间距对不对, 最大化来优化你的字体. +最棒的是你可以使用“测试驱动”来使用你的新字体，帮助你判断字体设计如何、间距对不对、尽量来优化你的字体。 [ ![](https://www.howtoforge.com/images/how-to-design-and-add-your-own-font-on-linux-with-glyphr/pic_11.png) ][3] -完成设计和优化后, 我们还可以导出ttf和svg格式. +完成设计和优化后，我们还可以导出 ttf 和 svg 格式的字体。 [ ![](https://www.howtoforge.com/images/how-to-design-and-add-your-own-font-on-linux-with-glyphr/pic_12.png) ][2] -将新的字体加入到系统中, 打开字体浏览器并点击"安装"按钮. 如果它没有任何反应, 可以在主目录下创建一个新的文件夹叫做".fonts",并将字体复制进去.也可以使用root用户打开文件管理器, 进入/usr/share/fonts/opentype, 穿件一个新的文件夹并粘贴新的文件.然后打开终端,输入命令重建字体缓存"sudo fc-cache -f -v" +要将新的字体加入到系统中，打开字体浏览器并点击“安装”按钮。如果它不工作，可以在主目录下创建一个新的文件夹叫做`.fonts`，并将字体复制进去。也可以使用 root 用户打开文件管理器，进入 `/usr/share/fonts/opentype`， 创建一个新的文件夹并粘贴字体文件到里面。然后打开终端，输入命令重建字体缓存：`sudo fc-cache -f -v`。 -在LibreOffice中已经可以看见新的字体咯, 同样也可以使用Gedit来测试新字体. +在 LibreOffice 中已经可以看见新的字体咯，同样也可以使用你系统中的其它文本应用程序如 Gedit 来测试新字体。 [ ![](https://www.howtoforge.com/images/how-to-design-and-add-your-own-font-on-linux-with-glyphr/pic_13.png) @@ -87,10 +88,8 @@ LibreOffice 提供了丰富的字体, 并且用户可以自由选择和下载增 via: https://www.howtoforge.com/tutorial/how-to-design-and-add-your-own-font-on-linux-with-glyphr/ 作者：[Bill Toulas][a] - 译者：[VicYu/Vic020](http://vicyu.net) - -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From c18dcde5ffe3d94b56aefbed63211560d7db605f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Thu, 24 Nov 2016 23:40:03 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 170/220] PUB:20161104 How to design and add your own font on Linux with Glyphr @Vic020 --- ...04 How to design and add your own font on Linux with Glyphr.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20161104 How to design and add your own font on Linux with Glyphr.md (100%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20161104 How to design and add your own font on Linux with Glyphr.md b/published/20161104 How to design and add your own font on Linux with Glyphr.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/tech/20161104 How to design and add your own font on Linux with Glyphr.md rename to published/20161104 How to design and add your own font on Linux with Glyphr.md From 1905e0345c24958636c33afbf425eceeca8deca9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: rusking Date: Fri, 25 Nov 2016 10:06:37 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 171/220] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E5=AE=8C=E6=88=90=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Kali=20Linux=20=E2=80=93=20Fresh=20Installation=20Guide=20=20(#?= =?UTF-8?q?4695)?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit * Delete 20161107 Kali Linux – Fresh Installation Guide.md 翻译完成 * 翻译完成 Kali Linux – Fresh Installation Guide 翻译完成 --- ...7 Kali Linux – Fresh Installation Guide.md | 223 ------------------ ...7 Kali Linux – Fresh Installation Guide.md | 222 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 222 insertions(+), 223 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20161107 Kali Linux – Fresh Installation Guide.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20161107 Kali Linux – Fresh Installation Guide.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20161107 Kali Linux – Fresh Installation Guide.md b/sources/tech/20161107 Kali Linux – Fresh Installation Guide.md deleted file mode 100644 index eb70671bf0..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20161107 Kali Linux – Fresh Installation Guide.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,223 +0,0 @@ -Translating by rusking - -# Kali Linux – Fresh Installation Guide - -Kali Linux is arguably one of the best out of the box [Linux distributions available for security testing][18]. While many of the tools in Kali can be installed in most Linux distributions, the Offensive Security team developing Kali has put countless hours into perfecting their ready to boot security distribution. - -Kali Linux is a Debian based, security distribution. The distribution comes pre-loaded with hundreds of well known security tools and has gained quite a name for itself. - -Kali even has an industry respected certification available called “Pentesting with Kali”. The certification is a rigorous 24 hour challenge in which applicants must successfully compromise a number of computers with another 24 hours to write up a professional penetration test report that is sent to and graded by the personnel at Offensive Security. Successfully passing this exam will allow the test taker to obtain the OSCP credential. - -The focus of this guide and future articles is to help individuals become more familiar with Kali Linux and several of the tools available within the distribution. - -Please be sure to use extreme caution with the tools included with Kali as many of them can accidentally be used in a manner that will break computer systems. The information contained within all of these Kali articles is intended for legal usages. - -#### System Requirements - -Kali has some minimum suggested specifications for hardware. Depending upon the intended use, more may be desired. This guide will be assuming that the reader will want to install Kali as the only operating system on the computer. - -1. At least 10GB of disk space; strongly encouraged to have more -2. At least 512MB of ram; more is encouraged especially for graphical environments -3. USB or CD/DVD boot support -4. Kali Linux ISO available from [https://www.kali.org/downloads/][1] - -#### Create a Bootable USB Using dd Command - -This guide will be assuming that a USB drive is available to use as the installation media. Take note that the USB drive should be as close to 4/8GB as possible and ALL DATA WILL BE REMOVED! - -The author has had issues with larger USB drives but some may still work. Regardless, following the next few steps WILL RESULT IN DATA LOSS ON THE USB DRIVE. - -Please be sure to backup all data before proceeding. This bootable Kali Linux USB drive is going to be created from another Linux machine. - -Step 1 is to obtain the Kali Linux ISO. This guide is going to use the current newest version of Kali with the Enlightenment [Linu desktop environment][17]. - -To obtain this version, type the following into a terminal. - -``` -$ cd ~/Downloads -$ wget -c http://cdimage.kali.org/kali-2016.2/kali-linux-e17-2016.2-amd64.iso - -``` - -The two commands above will download the Kali Linux ISO into the current user’s ‘Downloads’ folder. - -The next process is to write the ISO to a USB drive to boot the installer. To accomplish this we can use the ‘dd’tool within Linux. First, the disk name needs to be located with lsblk command though. - -``` -$ lsblk - -``` -[ - ![Find Out USB Device Name in Linux](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Find-USB-Device-Name-in-Linux.png) -][16] - -Find Out USB Device Name in Linux - -With the name of the USB drive determined as `/dev/sdc`, the Kali ISO can be written to the drive with the ‘dd’tool. - -``` -$ sudo dd if=~/Downloads/kali-linux-e17-2016.2-amd64.iso of=/dev/sdc - -``` - -Important: The above command requires root privileges so utilize sudo or login as the root user to run the command. Also this command will REMOVE EVERYTHING on the USB drive. Be sure to backup needed data. - -Once the ISO is copied over to the USB drive, proceed further to install Kali Linux. - -### Installation of Kali Linux Distribution - -1. First, plug the USB drive into the respective computer that Kali should be installed upon and proceed to boot to the USB drive. Upon successful booting to the USB drive, the user will be presented with the following screen and should proceed with the ‘Install’ or ‘Graphical Install’ options. - -This guide will be using the ‘Graphical Install’ method. - -[ - ![Kali Linux Boot Menu](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Kali-Linux-Boot-Menu.png) -][15] - -Kali Linux Boot Menu - -2. The next couple of screens will ask the user to select locale information such as language, country, and keyboard layout. - -Once through the locale information, the installer will prompt for a hostname and domain for this install. Provide the appropriate information for the environment and continue installing. - -[ - ![Set Hostname for Kali Linux](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Set-Hostname-for-Kali-Linux.png) -][14] - -Set Hostname for Kali Linux - -[ - ![Set Domain for Kali Linux](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Set-Domain-for-Kali-Linux.png) -][13] - -Set Domain for Kali Linux - -3. After setting up the hostname and domain name, the root user’s password needs to be set. DO NOT FORGET THIS PASSWORD. - -[ - ![Set Root User Password for Kali Linux](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Set-Root-User-Password-for-Kali-Linux.png) -][12] - -Set Root User Password for Kali Linux - -4. After setting the password is set, the installer will prompt for time zone data and then pause at the disk partitioning. - -If Kali will be the only operating on the machine, the easiest option is to use ‘Guided – Use Entire Disk’ and then select the storage device you wish to install Kali. - -[ - ![Select Kali Linux Installation Type](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Select-Kali-Linux-Installation-Type.png) -][11] - -Select Kali Linux Installation Type - -[ - ![Select Kali Linux Installation Disk](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Select-Kali-Linux-Installation-Disk.png) -][10] - -Select Kali Linux Installation Disk - -5. The next question will prompt the user to determine the partitioning on the storage device. Most installs can simply put all data on one partition though. - -[ - ![Install Kali Linux Files in Partition](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Install-Kali-Linux-Files-in-Partition.png) -][9] - -Install Kali Linux Files in Partition - -6. The final step with ask the user to confirm all changes to be made to the disk on the host machine. Be aware that continuing will ERASE DATA ON THE DISK. - -[ - ![Confirm Disk Partition Write Changes](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Confirm-Disk-Partition-Write-Changes.png) -][8] - -Confirm Disk Partition Write Changes - -7. Once confirming the partition changes, the installer will run through the process of installing the files. Once it is completed, the system will want to setup a network mirror to obtain future pieces of software and updates. Be sure to enable this functionality if you wish to use the Kali repositories. - -[ - ![Configure Kali Linux Package Manager](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Configure-Kali-Linux-Package-Manager.png) -][7] - -Configure Kali Linux Package Manager - -8. After selecting a network mirror, the system will ask to install grub. Again this guide is assuming that Kali is to be the only operating system on this computer. - -Selecting ‘Yes’ on this screen will allow the user to pick the device to write the necessary boot loader information to the hard drive to boot Kali. - -[ - ![Install GRUB Boot Loader](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Install-GRUB-Boot-Loader.png) -][6] - -Install GRUB Boot Loader - -[ - ![Select Partition to Install GRUB Boot Loader](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Select-Partition-to-Install-GRUB-Boot-Loader.png) -][5] - -Select Partition to Install GRUB Boot Loader - -9. Once the installer finishes installing GRUB to the disk, it will alert the user to reboot the machine to boot into the newly installed Kali machine. - -[ - ![Kali Linux Installation Completed](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Kali-Linux-Installation-Completed.png) -][4] - -Kali Linux Installation Completed - -10. Since this guide installed Enlightenment as the Kali desktop environment, it will likely default boot into a shell. - -In order to launch Enlightenment, log in as the user ‘root‘ with the password created earlier in the installation process. - -Once logged in all that needs to be issued to start Enlightenment is the command ‘startx‘. - -``` -# startx - -``` -[ - ![Start Enlightenment Desktop in Kali Linux](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Start-Enlightenment-Desktop-in-Kali-Linux.png) -][3] - -Start Enlightenment Desktop in Kali Linux - -The first time that Enlightenment is run, it will ask the user for some configuration preferences and then launch the Desktop Environment. - -[ - ![Kali Linux Enlightenment Desktop](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Kali-Linux-Enlightenment-Desktop.png) -][2] - -Kali Linux Enlightenment Desktop - -At this point, Kali is successfully installed and ready to be used! Upcoming articles will walk through the tools available within Kali and how the can be utilized to test the security posture of hosts and networks. Please feel free to post any comments or questions below. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.tecmint.com/kali-linux-installation-guide/ - -作者：[Rob Turner][a] - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) - -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/robturner/ -[1]:https://www.kali.org/downloads/ -[2]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Kali-Linux-Enlightenment-Desktop.png -[3]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Start-Enlightenment-Desktop-in-Kali-Linux.png -[4]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Kali-Linux-Installation-Completed.png -[5]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Select-Partition-to-Install-GRUB-Boot-Loader.png -[6]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Install-GRUB-Boot-Loader.png -[7]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Configure-Kali-Linux-Package-Manager.png -[8]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Confirm-Disk-Partition-Write-Changes.png -[9]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Install-Kali-Linux-Files-in-Partition.png -[10]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Select-Kali-Linux-Installation-Disk.png -[11]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Select-Kali-Linux-Installation-Type.png -[12]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Set-Root-User-Password-for-Kali-Linux.png -[13]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Set-Domain-for-Kali-Linux.png -[14]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Set-Hostname-for-Kali-Linux.png -[15]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Kali-Linux-Boot-Menu.png -[16]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Find-USB-Device-Name-in-Linux.png -[17]:http://www.tecmint.com/best-linux-desktop-environments/ -[18]:http://www.tecmint.com/best-security-centric-linux-distributions-of-2016/ diff --git a/translated/tech/20161107 Kali Linux – Fresh Installation Guide.md b/translated/tech/20161107 Kali Linux – Fresh Installation Guide.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b308b34629 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20161107 Kali Linux – Fresh Installation Guide.md @@ -0,0 +1,222 @@ +#Kali Linux系统安装手册 + +Kali Linux系统可以说是在安全测试方面最好的开箱即用的Linux发行版。Kali下的很多工具软件都可以安装在大多数的Linux发行版中， the Offensive Offensive Security开发团队在Kali系统的开发过程中投入大量的时间精力来完善并发布了这个用于渗透测试和安全审计的Linux发行版。 + +Kali Linux是基于Debian的发行版本。该系统由于预安装了上百个知名的安全工具软件而出名。 + +Kali在信息安全领域有一个含金量较高的认证叫做“Kali渗透测试“认证。该认证的申请者必须在艰巨的24小时内成功入侵多台计算机，然后另外24小时内完成渗透测试报告并发送给Offensive Security的安全人员进行评审。成功通过考试的人将会获得OSCP认证证书。 + +该安装指南及以后的文章主要是为了帮助个人熟悉Kali Linux系统和其中一些工具软件的使用。 + +请谨慎使用kali下的工具，因为其中一些工具如果使用不当将会导致计算机系统损坏。请在合法的途径下使用所有Kali系列文章中所包含的信息。 + +#### 系统要求 + +Kali系统对硬件有一些最基本的要求及建议。根据用户使用目的而定，期望有更高的配置。这篇文章中假设读者想要在电脑上安装唯一的操作操作。 + +1. 至少10GB的磁盘空间；强烈建议分配更多的存储空间。 +2. 至少512MB的内存；希望有更高的内存，尤其是在图形界面下。 +3. 支持USB或CD/DVD启动方式 +4. 4. Kali Linux 系统ISO镜像下载地址 [https://www.kali.org/downloads/][1] + +#### 使用dd命令创建USB启动工具 + +该文章假设可使用USB设备来引导安装系统。注意近可能的使用4GB或者8GB的USB设备，并且所有的数据将会被删除。 + +作者在使用大存储的USB设备在安装的过程中遇到问题，但是有些应该还是正常的。稍有不慎，下面的安装步骤将会导致USB设备内的数据丢失。 + +在开始之前请务必备份所有数据。用于安装Kali Linux系统的USB启动设备将在另外一台机器上创建完成。 + +第一步是获取Kali Linux系统ISO镜像文件。该手册将使用最新版的包含Enlightenment 桌面环境的Kali + +Linux系统进行安装。 + +在终端下输入如下命令来获取这个版本的ISO镜像文件。 + +``` +$ cd ~/Downloads +$ wget -c http://cdimage.kali.org/kali-2016.2/kali-linux-e17-2016.2-amd64.iso + +``` + +上面两个命令将会把Kali Linux ISO镜像文件下载到当前用户的Downloads目录。 +下一步是把ISO镜像写入到USB设备用作于安装启动工具。我们可以使用Linux系统中的dd命令来完成该操作。首先，该USB设备要在lsblk命令下可查询到。 + + +``` +$ lsblk + +``` +[ + ![Find Out USB Device Name in Linux](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Find-USB-Device-Name-in-Linux.png) +][16] + +在Linux系统中确认USB设备名 + +确定USB设备的名字为/dev/sdc，可以使用dd工具将Kali系统镜像写入到USB设备中。 + +``` +$ sudo dd if=~/Downloads/kali-linux-e17-2016.2-amd64.iso of=/dev/sdc + +``` + +注意：以上命令需要root权限，因此使用sudo命令或使用root账号登录来执行该命令。这个命令会删除USB设备中的所有数据。确保已备份所需的数据。 +一旦ISO镜像文件完全复制到USB设备，接下来可进行Kali Linux系统的安装。 + +### 安装Kali Linux系统 + +1. 首先，把USB设备插入到要安装Kali操作系统的电脑上，然后从USB设备引导系统启动。只要成功地从USB设备启动系统，你将会看到下面的图形界面，选择’Install’或者’Graphical Install’选项。 + +该向导将使用’Graphical Install‘方式进行安装。 + +[ + ![Kali Linux Boot Menu](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Kali-Linux-Boot-Menu.png) +][15] + +Kali Linux 启动菜单 + +2. 下面几个界面将会询问用户选择区域设置信息，比如语言，国家，以及键盘布局。 + +选择完成之后，系统将会提示用户输入主机名和域名信息。输入合适的环境信息后，点击继续安装。 + +[ + ![Set Hostname for Kali Linux](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Set-Hostname-for-Kali-Linux.png) +][14] + +设置Kali Linux系统的主机名 + +[ + ![Set Domain for Kali Linux](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Set-Domain-for-Kali-Linux.png) +][13] + +设置Kali Linux系统的域名 + +3. 主机名和域名设置完成后，需要设置root用户的密码。请勿忘记该密码。 + +[ + ![Set Root User Password for Kali Linux](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Set-Root-User-Password-for-Kali-Linux.png) +][12] + +设置Kali Linux系统用户密码 + +4. 密码设置完成之后，安装步骤会提示用户选择时间区域然后停留在硬盘分区界面。 + +如果Kali Linux是这个电脑上的唯一操作系统，最简单的选项就是使用“向导——整个磁盘”，然后选择你需要安装Kali的存储设备。 + +[ + ![Select Kali Linux Installation Type](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Select-Kali-Linux-Installation-Type.png) +][11] + +Select Kali Linux Installation Type + +[ + ![Select Kali Linux Installation Disk](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Select-Kali-Linux-Installation-Disk.png) +][10] + +选择Kali Linux系统安装类型 + +5. 下一步将提示用户在存储设备上进行分区。大多数情况下，我们可以把整个系统安装在一个分区内。 + +[ + ![Install Kali Linux Files in Partition](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Install-Kali-Linux-Files-in-Partition.png) +][9] + +在分区上安装Kali Linux系统 + +6. 6. 最后一步是提示用户确认将所有的更改写入到主机硬盘。注意，点确认后将会清空整个磁盘上的所有数据。 + +[ + ![Confirm Disk Partition Write Changes](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Confirm-Disk-Partition-Write-Changes.png) +][8] + +确认磁盘分区更改 + +7. 一旦确认分区更改，安装包将会进行复制文件的安装过程。安装完成后，你需要设置一个网络镜像源来获取软件包和系统更新。如果你希望使用Kali 的软件库，确保开启此功能。 + +[ + ![Configure Kali Linux Package Manager](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Configure-Kali-Linux-Package-Manager.png) +][7] + +配置Kali Linux包管理器 + +8. 选择网络镜像源后，系统将会询问你安装grub引导器。再次说明，本文假设你的电脑上仅安装唯一的Kali Linux操作系统。 + +Selecting ‘Yes’ on this screen will allow the user to pick the device to write the necessary boot loader information to the hard drive to boot Kali. + +[ + ![Install GRUB Boot Loader](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Install-GRUB-Boot-Loader.png) +][6] + +安装GRUB引导程序 + +[ + ![Select Partition to Install GRUB Boot Loader](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Select-Partition-to-Install-GRUB-Boot-Loader.png) +][5] + +选择安装Grub引导程序的分区 + +9. 当GRUB安装完成后，系统将会提醒用户重启机器以进入新安装的Kali Linux系统。 + +[ + ![Kali Linux Installation Completed](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Kali-Linux-Installation-Completed.png) +][4] + +Kali Linux系统安装完成 + +10. 该手册使用Enlightenment管理器作为Kali Linux系统的桌面环境，因此默认情况下是启动进入到shell环境。 + +使用root账号及之前安装过程中设置的密码登录系统，以便运行Enlightenment桌面环境。 + +登录成功后输入命令’startx’进入Enlightenment桌面环境。 + +``` +# startx + +``` +[ + ![Start Enlightenment Desktop in Kali Linux](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Start-Enlightenment-Desktop-in-Kali-Linux.png) +][3] + +Kali Linux下进入Enlightenment桌面环境 + +初次进入Enlightenment桌面环境时，它将会询问用户进行一些首选项配置，然后再运行桌面环境。 + +[ + ![Kali Linux Enlightenment Desktop](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Kali-Linux-Enlightenment-Desktop.png) +][2] + +Kali Linux Enlightenment桌面 + +此时，你已经成功地安装了Kali Linux 系统，并可以使用了。后续的文章我们将探讨Kali系统中一些有用的工具以及如何使用这些工具来探测主机及网络方面的安全状况。随意发表任何评论或提出相关的问题。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.tecmint.com/kali-linux-installation-guide/ + +作者：[Rob Turner][a] + +译者：[rusking](https://github.com/rusking) + +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/robturner/ +[1]:https://www.kali.org/downloads/ +[2]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Kali-Linux-Enlightenment-Desktop.png +[3]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Start-Enlightenment-Desktop-in-Kali-Linux.png +[4]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Kali-Linux-Installation-Completed.png +[5]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Select-Partition-to-Install-GRUB-Boot-Loader.png +[6]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Install-GRUB-Boot-Loader.png +[7]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Configure-Kali-Linux-Package-Manager.png +[8]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Confirm-Disk-Partition-Write-Changes.png +[9]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Install-Kali-Linux-Files-in-Partition.png +[10]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Select-Kali-Linux-Installation-Disk.png +[11]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Select-Kali-Linux-Installation-Type.png +[12]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Set-Root-User-Password-for-Kali-Linux.png +[13]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Set-Domain-for-Kali-Linux.png +[14]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Set-Hostname-for-Kali-Linux.png +[15]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Kali-Linux-Boot-Menu.png +[16]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Find-USB-Device-Name-in-Linux.png +[17]:http://www.tecmint.com/best-linux-desktop-environments/ +[18]:http://www.tecmint.com/best-security-centric-linux-distributions-of-2016/ \ No newline at end of file From b82704dc8c99faee22f638d6b093e37be3d68460 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: WangYue <815420852@qq.com> Date: Fri, 25 Nov 2016 10:08:20 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 172/220] =?UTF-8?q?[=E5=88=A0=E9=99=A4=E5=8E=9F=E6=96=87?= =?UTF-8?q?=EF=BC=8C=E6=B7=BB=E5=8A=A0=E8=AF=91=E6=96=87]=2020161026=20Fed?= =?UTF-8?q?ora-powered=20computer=20lab=20at=20our=20university.md=20(#469?= =?UTF-8?q?4)?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit * [Delete原文]20161026 Fedora-powered computer lab at our university.md [Delete原文]20161026 Fedora-powered computer lab at our university.md * [ADD 译文] 20161026 Fedora-powered computer lab at our university.md [ADD 译文] 20161026 Fedora-powered computer lab at our university.md --- ...-powered computer lab at our university.md | 68 --------------- ...-powered computer lab at our university.md | 84 +++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 84 insertions(+), 68 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/talk/20161026 Fedora-powered computer lab at our university.md create mode 100644 translated/talk/20161026 Fedora-powered computer lab at our university.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20161026 Fedora-powered computer lab at our university.md b/sources/talk/20161026 Fedora-powered computer lab at our university.md deleted file mode 100644 index af2335cddf..0000000000 --- a/sources/talk/20161026 Fedora-powered computer lab at our university.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,68 +0,0 @@ -/*翻译中 WangYueScream LemonDemo*/ - - -Fedora-powered computer lab at our university -========== - -![Fedora-powered computer lab at our university](https://cdn.fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/fedora-powered-computer-lab-945x400.png) - -At the [University of Novi Sad in Serbia, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Mathematics and Informatics][5], we teach our students a lot of things. From an introduction to programming to machine learning, all the courses make them think like great developers and software engineers. The pace is fast and there are many students, so we must have a setup on which we can rely on. We decided to switch our computer lab to Fedora. - -### Previous setup - -Our previous solution was keeping our development software in Windows [virtual machines][4] installed on Ubuntu Linux. This seemed like a good idea at the time. However, there were a couple of drawbacks. Firstly, there were serious performance losses because of running virtual machines. Performance and speed of the operating system was impacted because of this. Also, sometimes virtual machines ran concurrently in another user’s session. This led to serious slowdowns. We were losing precious time on booting the machines and then booting the virtual machines. Lastly, we realized that most of our software was Linux-compatible. Virtual machines weren’t necessary. We had to find a better solution. - -### Enter Fedora! - -![Computer lab in Serbia powered by Fedora](https://cdn.fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/jxXtuFO-1024x576.jpg) - -Picture of a computer lab running Fedora Workstation by default - -We thought about replacing the virtual machines with a “bare bones” installation for a while. We decided to go for Fedora for several reasons. - -#### Cutting edge of development - -In our courses, we use many different development tools. Therefore, it is crucial that we always use the latest and greatest development tools available. In Fedora, we found 95% of the tools we needed in the official software repositories! For a few tools, we had to do a manual installation. This was easy in Fedora because you have almost all development tools available out of the box. - -What we realized in this process was that we used a lot of free and open source software and tools. Having all that software always up to date was always going to be a lot of work – but not with Fedora. - -#### Hardware compatibility - -The second reason for choosing Fedora in our computer lab was hardware compatibility. The computers in the lab are new. In the past, there were some problems with older kernel versions. In Fedora, we knew that we would always have a recent kernel. As we expected, everything worked out of the box without any issues. - -We decided that we would go for the [Workstation edition][3] of Fedora with [GNOME desktop environment][2]. Students found it easy, intuitive, and fast to navigate through the operating system. It was important for us that students have an easy environment where they could focus on the tasks at hand and the course itself rather than a complicated or slow user interface. - -#### Powered by freedom - -Lastly, in our department, we value free and open source software greatly. By utilizing such software, students are able to use it freely even when they graduate and start working. In the process, they also learn about Fedora and free and open source software in general. - -### Switching the computer lab - -We took one of the computers and fully set it up manually. That included preparing all the needed scripts and software, setting up remote access, and other important components. We also made one user account per course so students could easily store their files. - -After that one computer was ready, we used a great, free and open source tool called [CloneZilla][1]. CloneZilla let us make a hard drive image for restoration. The image size was around 11GB. We used some fast USB 3.0 flash drives to restore the disk image to the remaining computers. We managed to fully provision and setup twenty-four computers in one hour and fifteen minutes, with just a couple of flash drives. - -### Future work - -All the computers in our computer lab are now exclusively using Fedora (with no virtual machines). The remaining work is to set up some administration scripts for remotely installing software, turning computers on and off, and so forth. - -We would like to thank all Fedora maintainers, packagers, and other contributors. We hope our work encourages other schools and universities to make a switch similar to ours. We happily confirm that Fedora works great for us, and we can also vouch that it would work great for you! - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://fedoramagazine.org/fedora-computer-lab-university/ - -作者：[Nemanja Milošević][a] - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) - -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/author/nmilosev/ -[1]:http://clonezilla.org/ -[2]:https://www.gnome.org/ -[3]:https://getfedora.org/workstation/ -[4]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_machine -[5]:http://www.dmi.rs/ diff --git a/translated/talk/20161026 Fedora-powered computer lab at our university.md b/translated/talk/20161026 Fedora-powered computer lab at our university.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b315730d1b --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/talk/20161026 Fedora-powered computer lab at our university.md @@ -0,0 +1,84 @@ +我们大学的机房使用 Fedora 系统 +========== + +![Fedora-powered computer lab at our university](https://cdn.fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/fedora-powered-computer-lab-945x400.png) + +在[塞尔维亚共和国诺维萨德大学的自然科学系和数学与信息学系][5]，我们教学生很多东西。从编程语言的入门到机器学习，所有开设的课程最终目的是让我们的学生能够像专业的开发者和软件工程师一样思考。课程时间紧凑而且学生众多，所以我们必须对现有可利用的资源进行合理调整以满足正常的教学。最终我们决定将机房电脑系统换为 Fedora。 + +### 以前的设置 + +我们过去的解决方案是在 Ubuntu 系统上面安装 Windows [虚拟机][4]并在虚拟机下安装好教学所需的开发软件。这在当时看起来是一个很不错的主意。然而，这种方法有很多弊端。首先，因为运行虚拟机导致了严重的计算机性能的浪费。因为运行虚拟机导致计算机性能利用率不高和操作系统的运行速度降低。此外，虚拟机有时候会在另一个用户会话里面同时运行。这会导致计算机工作效率的严重降低。我们有限的宝贵时间不应该花费在启动电脑和启动虚拟机上。最后，我们意识到我们的大部分教学所需软件都有对应的 Linux 版本。虚拟机不是必需的。我们不得不寻找一个更好的解决办法。 + +### 进入 Fedora! + +![Computer lab in Serbia powered by Fedora](https://cdn.fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/jxXtuFO-1024x576.jpg) + +默认运行 Fedora 工作站版本的一个机房的照片 + +我们思考过暂时替代以前的安装 Windows 虚拟机方案。我们最终决定使用 Fedora 有很多原因。 + +#### 发展的前沿 + +在我们所教授的课程中，我们会用到很多各种各样的开发工具。因此，我们能及时获取到最新的、最好用的开发工具很重要。在 Fedora 下，我们发现我们用到的开发工具有 95% 都能够在官方的软件仓库中找到。只有少量的一些工具，我们不得不手动安装。这在 Fedora 下很简单，因为你能获取到几乎所有的能开箱即用的开发工具。 + +我们意识到在这个过程中我们使用了大量自由、开源的软件和工具。这些软件总是能够及时更新并且可以用来做大量的工作而不仅仅局限于 Fedora 平台。 + +#### 硬件兼容性 + +我们选择 Fedora 用作机房的第二个原因是硬件兼容性。机房现在的电脑还是比较崭新的。过去比较低的内核版本总有些问题。在 Fedora 下，我们发现我们总能获得最新的内核版本。正如我们预期的那样，一切运行完美，没有任何差错。 + +我们决定我们最终会使用带有 [GNOME 桌面环境][2]的 Fedora [工作站版本][3]。学生群体通过使用这个版本的 Fedora 会发现很容易、直观、快速的上手。学生有一个简单舒适的环境对我们很重要，这样他们会更多的关注自己的任务和课程本身而不是一个复杂的或者运行缓慢的用户界面。 + +#### 自主的技术支持 + +最近，我们院系给予自由、开放源代码的软件很高的评价。通过使用这些软件，学生们即便在毕业后和工作的时候，仍然能够继续自由地使用它们。在这个过程中，他们通常也对 Fedora 和自由、开源的软件有一定了解。 + +### 转换机房 + +我们将机房的一台电脑完全手动安装。包括准备所有必要的脚本和软件，设置远程控制权限和一些其他的重要组成部分。我们也为每一门课程单独设置一个用户以方便学生存储他们的文件。 + +一台电脑安装配置好后，我们使用一个强大的、免费的、开源的叫做 [CloneZilla][1] 的工具。 CloneZilla 能够让我们为硬盘镜像做备份。镜像大小约为 11 G。我们用一些带有高速 USB 3.0 接口的闪存来还原磁盘镜像到剩余的电脑。我们仅仅利用若干个闪存设备花费了 75 分钟设置好剩余的 24 台电脑。 + +### 将来的工作 + +我们机房现在所有的电脑都完全使用 Fedora （没有虚拟机）。剩下的工作是设置一些管理脚本方便远程安装软件，电脑的开关等等。 + +我们由衷地感谢所有 Fedora 的维护人员，包制作人员和其他贡献者。我们希望我们的工作能够鼓励其他的学校和大学像我们一样将机房电脑的操作系统转向 Fedora。我们很高兴地确认了 Fedora 完全适合我们同时我们也担保 Fedora 同样适合你。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://fedoramagazine.org/fedora-computer-lab-university/ + +作者：[Nemanja Milošević][a] + +译者：[WangYueScream](https://github.com/WangYueScream)[LemonDemo](https://github.com/LemonDemo) + +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/author/nmilosev/ +[1]:http://clonezilla.org/ +[2]:https://www.gnome.org/ +[3]:https://getfedora.org/workstation/ +[4]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_machine +[5]:http://www.dmi.rs/ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + From c6a9fb52100f427e8823b16581ac2eb9d69d9e07 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: WangYue <815420852@qq.com> Date: Fri, 25 Nov 2016 10:47:29 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 173/220] =?UTF-8?q?=E3=80=90=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91ing=E3=80=91?= =?UTF-8?q?20160808=20What=20is=20open=20source.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 【翻译ing】20160808 What is open source.md --- sources/talk/20160808 What is open source.md | 4 ++++ 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/talk/20160808 What is open source.md b/sources/talk/20160808 What is open source.md index 1ff197dee4..a8bea98f9f 100644 --- a/sources/talk/20160808 What is open source.md +++ b/sources/talk/20160808 What is open source.md @@ -1,3 +1,7 @@ +/*翻译中 WangYueScream LemonDemo*/ + + + What is open source =========================== From 06da80a945014e262694e5435a60bb45f9b5c894 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: fuowang <1106694860@qq.com> Date: Fri, 25 Nov 2016 12:00:56 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 174/220] =?UTF-8?q?fuowang=20=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E4=B8=AD?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...ock-Solid Lightning-Fast Lightweight Linux Distro For All.md | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20161014 WattOS - A Rock-Solid Lightning-Fast Lightweight Linux Distro For All.md b/sources/tech/20161014 WattOS - A Rock-Solid Lightning-Fast Lightweight Linux Distro For All.md index df1e9e7cf1..8f68b15940 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20161014 WattOS - A Rock-Solid Lightning-Fast Lightweight Linux Distro For All.md +++ b/sources/tech/20161014 WattOS - A Rock-Solid Lightning-Fast Lightweight Linux Distro For All.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +fuowang翻译中 + WattOS: A Rock-Solid, Lightning-Fast, Lightweight Linux Distro For All ============================= From 217856180a60a23006a868dcfcb4c6f7cd376848 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: rusking Date: Fri, 25 Nov 2016 13:17:41 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 175/220] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=94=B3=E8=AF=B7=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91?= =?UTF-8?q?=EF=BC=9A4=20Useful=20Way=20to=20Know=20Plugged=20USB=20Device?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Name=20in=20Linux?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 申请翻译：4 Useful Way to Know Plugged USB Device Name in Linux --- ...031 4 Useful Way to Know Plugged USB Device Name in Linux.md | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20161031 4 Useful Way to Know Plugged USB Device Name in Linux.md b/sources/tech/20161031 4 Useful Way to Know Plugged USB Device Name in Linux.md index e71b77443e..ec11433a75 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20161031 4 Useful Way to Know Plugged USB Device Name in Linux.md +++ b/sources/tech/20161031 4 Useful Way to Know Plugged USB Device Name in Linux.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +###Translating by rusking + 4 Useful Way to Know Plugged USB Device Name in Linux ============================================================ From 663269db3f4e108f65f97fb4c32bf15378e7eaf4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: rusking Date: Fri, 25 Nov 2016 13:25:36 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 176/220] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=94=B3=E8=AF=B7=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=20?= =?UTF-8?q?3=20Ways=20to=20Extract=20and=20Copy=20Files=20from=20ISO=20Ima?= =?UTF-8?q?ge=20in=20Linux?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 申请翻译 --- ... 3 Ways to Extract and Copy Files from ISO Image in Linux.md | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20161028 3 Ways to Extract and Copy Files from ISO Image in Linux.md b/sources/tech/20161028 3 Ways to Extract and Copy Files from ISO Image in Linux.md index 20faf70169..55b8a2c613 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20161028 3 Ways to Extract and Copy Files from ISO Image in Linux.md +++ b/sources/tech/20161028 3 Ways to Extract and Copy Files from ISO Image in Linux.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +##Translating by rusking + 3 Ways to Extract and Copy Files from ISO Image in Linux ============================================================ From 3584f9ade407d675ce7b0054a30b15ba7e8dff1c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: jasminepeng Date: Fri, 25 Nov 2016 16:50:34 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 177/220] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=A0=A1=E5=AF=B9=E4=B8=AD?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 校对中 --- translated/talk/20161104 Open Source Vs Closed Source.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translated/talk/20161104 Open Source Vs Closed Source.md b/translated/talk/20161104 Open Source Vs Closed Source.md index a76a1f9794..107176866f 100644 --- a/translated/talk/20161104 Open Source Vs Closed Source.md +++ b/translated/talk/20161104 Open Source Vs Closed Source.md @@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ via: http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/home/open-source-vs-closed-source 译者：[martin2011qi](https://github.com/martin2011qi) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[jasminepeng](https://github.com/jasminepeng) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 2f81fb92757f1c608ddb66064d351bdd98077deb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: jasminepeng Date: Fri, 25 Nov 2016 17:26:23 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 178/220] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=A0=A1=E5=AF=B9=E5=AE=8C=E6=AF=95?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 校对完毕 --- .../20161104 Open Source Vs Closed Source.md | 35 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 19 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/talk/20161104 Open Source Vs Closed Source.md b/translated/talk/20161104 Open Source Vs Closed Source.md index 107176866f..d83a63ac68 100644 --- a/translated/talk/20161104 Open Source Vs Closed Source.md +++ b/translated/talk/20161104 Open Source Vs Closed Source.md @@ -2,17 +2,16 @@ =========================== [![开源 vs. 闭源](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/open-source-vs-closed-source_orig.jpg)][2] -**开源操作系统**和**闭源操作系统**之间确有诸多不同。这里我们仅寥书几笔。 +**开源操作系统**和**闭源操作系统**之间有诸多不同。这里我们仅寥书几笔。 ### 开源是什么？自由！ [![开源是什么？](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/what-is-open-source.jpg?250)][1] -这是用户需要知道的最重要的一点。无论我是否打算修改代码，其他人出于善意的修改都不应受到限制。且如果用户喜欢，他们可以分享这个软件。而这就是**开源**软件的全部。 +这是用户需要知道的最重要的一点。无论我是否打算修改代码，其他人出于善意的修改都不应受到限制。且如果用户喜欢，他们可以分享这个软件。使用**开源**软件，这些都是可能的。 **闭源**操作系统的许可条款很是吓人。但真的所有人都会看吗？Nope，许多用户只是点了一下‘Accept’。 -* * * ### 价格 @@ -34,39 +33,43 @@ **开源操作系统**无需收集用户数据信息。不会根据用户的个性显示广告，也不会把你的信息卖给第三方机构。如果开发者需要资金，他们会要求捐助，或是在他们的网页上打广告。广告的内容也会与 Linux 相关，对我们有益无害。 -你一定知道那个主流的闭源操作系统（名字就不写了，大家都知道的），据说因为收集用户信息这件事，导致多数用户关闭了他们的更新服务。多数该系统的用户为了避免升级，至今还关着更新，对他们而言免费升级比安全危机还可怕。 +你一定知道那个主流的闭源操作系统（名字就不写了，大家都知道的），据说因为收集用户信息这件事，导致多数用户关闭了他们的免费更新服务。多数该系统的用户为了避免升级，将更新功能关闭，他们宁可承担安全风险也不要免费更新。 ### 安全 -开源软件大多安全。究其缘由不仅有市场占有率低这个原因，其本身的构成方式就比较安全。例如，在安全系统中站一席之地的 Qubes Os，会将运行的软件相互隔离。 +开源软件大多安全。究其缘由不仅有市场占有率低这个原因，其本身的构成方式就比较安全。例如， Qubes Os 是最安全的操作系统之一，它将运行的软件相互隔离。 闭源操作系统向易用性妥协，使其变得愈发脆弱。 -​ + ### 硬件支持 我们中有大多数人，家里还放着那些不想丢的旧 PC，这时一个轻量级的发行版可能会让这些老家伙们重获新生。你可以试试在文章 [5 个适合旧电脑的轻量级 Linux][3] 中罗列的那些轻量级操作系统发行版。基于 Linux 的系统几乎包含所有设备的驱动，所以基本不需要你亲自寻找、安装驱动。 -​每每闭源操作系统中止对于就硬件的支持，都迫使着用户去购买新的硬件。我们还不得不亲自寻找、安装驱动。 +闭源操作系统时不时中止对旧硬件的支持，迫使用户去购买新的硬件。我们还不得不亲自寻找、安装驱动。 ### 社区支持 -​几乎所有的**开源操作系统**都有用户论坛，你可以在那里提问题，并从别的用户那里得到答案。大家在那里分享技巧和窍门，互帮互助。有经验的 Linux 用户往往乐于帮助新手，为此他们常常不遗余力。 -​ -**闭源操作系统**社区和开源操作系统社区简直无法相提并论。提出的问题可能根本得不到回答。 +几乎所有的**开源操作系统**都有用户论坛，你可以在那里提问题，并从别的用户那里得到答案。大家在那里分享技巧和窍门，互帮互助。有经验的 Linux 用户往往乐于帮助新手，为此他们常常不遗余力。 + +**闭源操作系统**社区和开源操作系统社区简直无法相提并论。提出的问题常常得不到回答。 ### 商业化 -在操作系统上挣钱是非常困难的。开发者一般通过用户的捐款和自己打在网页上的广告来挣钱。大多数的转款用于支付主机的开销和开发者的薪水。 -​ +在操作系统上挣钱是非常困难的。开发者一般通过用户的捐款和在网站上打广告来挣钱。捐款主要用于支付主机的开销和开发者的薪水。 + 许多闭源操作系统，不仅仅通过出售软件的使用许可这种方式来赚钱，还会推送广告大赚一票。 -### 第三方应用 +### 垃圾应用 -我承认有些开源操作系统会提供一些我们可能一辈子都不会用到的应用，有些人认为他们是垃圾应用。但是也有发行版只提供最小安装，其中就不包含这些不想要的第三方应用。所以，第三方应用并不是真正的问题。 +我承认有些开源操作系统会提供一些我们可能一辈子都不会用到的应用，有些人认为他们是垃圾应用。但是也有发行版只提供最小安装，其中就不包含这些不想要的软件。所以，这不是真正的问题。 + +而所有的闭源操作系统中都包含厂商安装的垃圾应用，强制你安装，就像在安装一个干净系统一样。 + +开源软件更像是一门哲学。一种分享和学习的方式。甚至还有益于经济。 + +我们已经将我们知晓的罗列了出来。如果你觉得我们还漏了些什么，可以评论告诉我们。 -而所有的闭源操作系统中包含的那些由制造商安装的垃圾应用，强制到让你以为安装后的系统是干净的。 -开源软件更像是一门哲学。一种分享和学习的方式。甚至还有益于经济。我们已经将我们知晓的罗列了出来。如果你觉得我们还漏了些什么，可以评论告诉我们。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- From 9e8050666fc2a826a44be695242022e3154d2f7d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: rusking Date: Sat, 26 Nov 2016 01:23:31 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 179/220] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E5=AE=8C=E6=88=903?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Ways=20to=20Extract=20and=20Copy=20Files=20from=20ISO=20Imag?= =?UTF-8?q?e=20in=20Linux?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 翻译完成 --- ... and Copy Files from ISO Image in Linux.md | 108 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 108 insertions(+) create mode 100644 translated/tech/20161028 3 Ways to Extract and Copy Files from ISO Image in Linux.md diff --git a/translated/tech/20161028 3 Ways to Extract and Copy Files from ISO Image in Linux.md b/translated/tech/20161028 3 Ways to Extract and Copy Files from ISO Image in Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..55f343bbaa --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20161028 3 Ways to Extract and Copy Files from ISO Image in Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,108 @@ +在Linux系统下提取和复制ISO镜像文件的3种方法 +============================================================ + +假设你的Linux服务器上有一个超大的ISO镜像文件，你想要打开它，然后提取或者复制其中的一个文件。你会怎么做呢？ +其实在Linux系统里，有很多方法来实现这个要求。 + +比如说，你可以使用传统的mount命令以只读方式把ISO镜像文件加载为loop设备，然后再把文件复制到另一个目录。 + +### 在Linux系统下提取ISO镜像文件 + +为了完成该测试，你得有一个ISO镜像文件（我使用ubuntu-16.10-server-amd64.iso系统镜像文件）以及用于挂载和提取ISO镜像文件的目录。 + +首先，使用如下命令创建一个挂载目录来挂载ISO镜像文件： + +``` +$ sudo mkdir /mnt/iso +``` + +目录创建完成后，你就可以运行如下命令很容易地挂载ubuntu-16.10-server-amd64.iso系统镜像文件并查看其中的内容。 + +``` +$ sudo mount -o loop ubuntu-16.10-server-amd64.iso /mnt/iso +$ ls /mnt/iso/ +``` +[ + ![Mount ISO File in Linux](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Mount-ISO-File-in-Linux.png) +][1] + +在Linux系统里技巧ISO镜像 + +Now you can go inside the mounted directory (/mnt/iso) and access the files or copy the files to `/tmp`directory using [cp command][2]. +现在你就可以进入到挂载目录/mnt/iso里，查看文件或者使用cp命令把文件复制到/tmp目录了。 + +``` +$ cd /mnt/iso +$ sudo cp md5sum.txt /tmp/ +$ sudo cp -r ubuntu /tmp/ +``` +[ + ![Copy Files From ISO File in Linux](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Copy-Files-From-ISO-File-in-Linux.png) +][3] + + +在Linux系统中复制ISO镜像里的文件 + +注意：-r选项用于递归复制目录里的内容。如有必要，你也可以监控复制命令的完成进度。 + +### 使用7zip命令提取ISO镜像里的内容 + +如果不想挂载ISO镜像，你可以简单地安装一个7zip工具，这是一个免费而且开源的解压缩软件，用于压缩或解压不同类型格式的文件，包括TAR,XZ,GZIP,ZIP,BZIP2等等。 + +``` +$ sudo apt-get install p7zip-full p7zip-rar [On Debian/Ubuntu systems] +$ sudo yum install p7zip p7zip-plugins [On CentOS/RHEL systems] +``` + +7zip软件安装完成后，你就可以使用7z命令提取ISO镜像文件里的内容了。 + +``` +$ 7z x ubuntu-16.10-server-amd64.iso +``` +[ + ![7zip - Extract ISO File Content in Linux](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Extract-ISO-Content-in-Linux.png) +][5] + +使用7zip工具在Linux系统下提取ISO镜像里的文件 + +注意：跟Linux的mount命令相比起来，7zip在压缩和解压缩任何格式的文件时速度更快，更智能。 + +### 使用isoinfo命令来提取ISO镜像文件内容 + +虽然isoinfo命令是用来以目录的形式列出iso9660镜像文件的内容，但是你也可以使用程序来提取文件。 + +我说过，isoinfo程序会显示目录列表，因此先列出ISO镜像文件的内容。 + +``` +$ isoinfo -i ubuntu-16.10-server-amd64.iso -l +``` +[ + ![List ISO Content in Linux](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/List-ISO-Content-in-Linux.png) +][6] + +Linux里列出ISO文件的内容 + +现在你可以按如下的方式从ISO镜像文件中提取单文件： + +``` +$ isoinfo -i ubuntu-16.10-server-amd64.iso -x MD5SUM.TXT > MD5SUM.TXT +``` + +注意：必须使用重定向参数 -x 来提取指定文件 + +[ + ![Extract Single File from ISO in Linux](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Extract-Single-File-from-ISO-in-Linux.png) +][7] + +从ISO镜像文件中提取单文件 + +就到这里吧，其实还有很多种方法来实现这个要求，如果你还知道其它有用的命令或工具来提取复制出ISO镜像文件中的文件，请在下面的评论中跟大家分享下。 +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.tecmint.com/extract-files-from-iso-files-linux + +作者：[Ravi Saive][a] +译者：[rusking](https://github.com/rusking) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 684718983b8248f75a4246da513e7b77af173f53 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: rusking Date: Sat, 26 Nov 2016 01:24:36 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 180/220] Delete 20161028 3 Ways to Extract and Copy Files from ISO Image in Linux.md MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 翻译完成 --- ... and Copy Files from ISO Image in Linux.md | 117 ------------------ 1 file changed, 117 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20161028 3 Ways to Extract and Copy Files from ISO Image in Linux.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20161028 3 Ways to Extract and Copy Files from ISO Image in Linux.md b/sources/tech/20161028 3 Ways to Extract and Copy Files from ISO Image in Linux.md deleted file mode 100644 index 55b8a2c613..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20161028 3 Ways to Extract and Copy Files from ISO Image in Linux.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,117 +0,0 @@ -##Translating by rusking - -3 Ways to Extract and Copy Files from ISO Image in Linux -============================================================ - -Let’s say you have a large ISO file on your Linux server and you wanted to access, extract or copy one single file from it. How do you do it? Well in Linux there are couple ways do it. - -For example, you can use standard mount command to mount an ISO image in read-only mode using the loop device and then copy the files to another directory. - -### Mount or Extract ISO File in Linux - -To do so, you must have an ISO file (I used ubuntu-16.10-server-amd64.iso ISO image) and mount point directory to mount or extract ISO files. - -First create an mount point directory, where you will going to mount the image as shown: - -``` -$ sudo mkdir /mnt/iso -``` - -Once directory has been created, you can easily mount ubuntu-16.10-server-amd64.iso file and verify its content by running following command. - -``` -$ sudo mount -o loop ubuntu-16.10-server-amd64.iso /mnt/iso -$ ls /mnt/iso/ -``` -[ - ![Mount ISO File in Linux](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Mount-ISO-File-in-Linux.png) -][1] - -Mount ISO File in Linux - -Now you can go inside the mounted directory (/mnt/iso) and access the files or copy the files to `/tmp`directory using [cp command][2]. - -``` -$ cd /mnt/iso -$ sudo cp md5sum.txt /tmp/ -$ sudo cp -r ubuntu /tmp/ -``` -[ - ![Copy Files From ISO File in Linux](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Copy-Files-From-ISO-File-in-Linux.png) -][3] - -Copy Files From ISO File in Linux - -Note: The `-r` option used to copy directories recursively, if you want you can also [monitor progress of copy command][4]. - -### Extract ISO Content Using 7zip Command - -If you don’t want to mount ISO file, you can simply install 7zip, is an open source archive program used to pack or unpack different number of formats including TAR, XZ, GZIP, ZIP, BZIP2, etc.. - -``` -$ sudo apt-get install p7zip-full p7zip-rar [On Debian/Ubuntu systems] -$ sudo yum install p7zip p7zip-plugins [On CentOS/RHEL systems] -``` - -Once 7zip program has been installed, you can use 7z command to extract ISO file contents. - -``` -$ 7z x ubuntu-16.10-server-amd64.iso -``` -[ - ![7zip - Extract ISO File Content in Linux](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Extract-ISO-Content-in-Linux.png) -][5] - -7zip – Extract ISO File Content in Linux - -Note: As compared to Linux mount command, 7zip seems much faster and smart enough to pack or unpack any archive formats. - -### Extract ISO Content Using isoinfo Command - -The isoinfo command is used for directory listings of iso9660 images, but you can also use this program to extract files. - -As I said isoinfo program perform directory listing, so first list the content of ISO file. - -``` -$ isoinfo -i ubuntu-16.10-server-amd64.iso -l -``` -[ - ![List ISO Content in Linux](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/List-ISO-Content-in-Linux.png) -][6] - -List ISO Content in Linux - -Now you can extract a single file from an ISO image like so: - -``` -$ isoinfo -i ubuntu-16.10-server-amd64.iso -x MD5SUM.TXT > MD5SUM.TXT -``` - -Note: The redirection is needed as `-x` option extracts to stdout. - -[ - ![Extract Single File from ISO in Linux](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Extract-Single-File-from-ISO-in-Linux.png) -][7] - -Extract Single File from ISO in Linux - -Well, there are many ways to do, if you know any useful command or program to extract or copy files from ISO file do share us via comment section. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.tecmint.com/extract-files-from-iso-files-linux - -作者：[Ravi Saive][a] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/admin/ -[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Mount-ISO-File-in-Linux.png -[2]:http://www.tecmint.com/advanced-copy-command-shows-progress-bar-while-copying-files/ -[3]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Copy-Files-From-ISO-File-in-Linux.png -[4]:http://www.tecmint.com/monitor-copy-backup-tar-progress-in-linux-using-pv-command/ -[5]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Extract-ISO-Content-in-Linux.png -[6]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/List-ISO-Content-in-Linux.png -[7]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Extract-Single-File-from-ISO-in-Linux.png From b6f22c83541770fe6943e59c1eec2efc5c0a5ab4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sat, 26 Nov 2016 12:36:53 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 181/220] =?UTF-8?q?PROOF:20161107=20Kali=20Linux=20?= =?UTF-8?q?=E2=80=93=20Fresh=20Installation=20Guide?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @rusking --- ...7 Kali Linux – Fresh Installation Guide.md | 188 ++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 79 insertions(+), 109 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20161107 Kali Linux – Fresh Installation Guide.md b/translated/tech/20161107 Kali Linux – Fresh Installation Guide.md index b308b34629..cb620da732 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20161107 Kali Linux – Fresh Installation Guide.md +++ b/translated/tech/20161107 Kali Linux – Fresh Installation Guide.md @@ -1,203 +1,173 @@ -#Kali Linux系统安装手册 +全新 Kali Linux 系统安装指南 +=============== -Kali Linux系统可以说是在安全测试方面最好的开箱即用的Linux发行版。Kali下的很多工具软件都可以安装在大多数的Linux发行版中， the Offensive Offensive Security开发团队在Kali系统的开发过程中投入大量的时间精力来完善并发布了这个用于渗透测试和安全审计的Linux发行版。 +Kali Linux 系统可以说是在[安全测试方面最好][18]的开箱即用的 Linux 发行版。Kali 下的很多工具软件都可以安装在大多数的 Linux 发行版中，Offensive Security 团队在 Kali 系统的开发过程中投入大量的时间精力来完善这个用于渗透测试和安全审计的 Linux 发行版。 -Kali Linux是基于Debian的发行版本。该系统由于预安装了上百个知名的安全工具软件而出名。 +Kali Linux 是基于 Debian 的面向安全的发行版本。该系统由于预安装了上百个知名的安全工具软件而出名。 -Kali在信息安全领域有一个含金量较高的认证叫做“Kali渗透测试“认证。该认证的申请者必须在艰巨的24小时内成功入侵多台计算机，然后另外24小时内完成渗透测试报告并发送给Offensive Security的安全人员进行评审。成功通过考试的人将会获得OSCP认证证书。 +Kali 甚至在信息安全领域还有一个含金量较高的认证叫做“Kali 渗透测试（Pentesting with Kali）”认证。该认证的申请者必须在艰难的 24 小时内成功入侵多台计算机，然后另外 24 小时内完成渗透测试报告并发送给 Offensive Security 的安全人员进行评审。成功通过考试的人将会获得 OSCP 认证证书。 -该安装指南及以后的文章主要是为了帮助个人熟悉Kali Linux系统和其中一些工具软件的使用。 +本安装指南及以后的文章主要是为了帮助个人熟悉 Kali Linux 系统和其中一些工具软件的使用。 -请谨慎使用kali下的工具，因为其中一些工具如果使用不当将会导致计算机系统损坏。请在合法的途径下使用所有Kali系列文章中所包含的信息。 +**请谨慎使用 Kali 下的工具，因为其中一些工具如果使用不当将会导致计算机系统损坏。请在合法的途径下使用所有 Kali 系列文章中所包含的信息。** -#### 系统要求 +### 系统要求 -Kali系统对硬件有一些最基本的要求及建议。根据用户使用目的而定，期望有更高的配置。这篇文章中假设读者想要在电脑上安装唯一的操作操作。 +Kali 系统对硬件有一些最基本的要求及建议。根据用户使用目的，你可以使有更高的配置。这篇文章中假设读者想要把 kali 安装为电脑上唯一的操作系统。 -1. 至少10GB的磁盘空间；强烈建议分配更多的存储空间。 -2. 至少512MB的内存；希望有更高的内存，尤其是在图形界面下。 -3. 支持USB或CD/DVD启动方式 -4. 4. Kali Linux 系统ISO镜像下载地址 [https://www.kali.org/downloads/][1] +1. 至少 10GB 的磁盘空间；强烈建议分配更多的存储空间。 +2. 至少 512MB 的内存；希望有更多的内存，尤其是在图形界面下。 +3. 支持 USB 或 CD/DVD 启动方式。 +4. Kali Linux 系统 ISO 镜像下载地址 [https://www.kali.org/downloads/][1]。 -#### 使用dd命令创建USB启动工具 +### 使用 dd 命令创建 USB 启动工具 -该文章假设可使用USB设备来引导安装系统。注意近可能的使用4GB或者8GB的USB设备，并且所有的数据将会被删除。 +该文章假设可使用 USB 设备来引导安装系统。注意尽可能的使用 4GB 或者 8GB 的 USB 设备，并且其上的所有数据将会被删除。 -作者在使用大存储的USB设备在安装的过程中遇到问题，但是有些应该还是正常的。稍有不慎，下面的安装步骤将会导致USB设备内的数据丢失。 +本文作者在使用更大容量的 USB 设备在安装的过程中遇到了问题，但是别的人应该还是可以的。不管怎么说，下面的安装步骤将会清除 USB 设备内的数据。 -在开始之前请务必备份所有数据。用于安装Kali Linux系统的USB启动设备将在另外一台机器上创建完成。 +在开始之前请务必备份所有数据。用于安装 Kali Linux 系统的 USB 启动设备将在另外一台机器上创建完成。 -第一步是获取Kali Linux系统ISO镜像文件。该手册将使用最新版的包含Enlightenment 桌面环境的Kali +第一步是获取 Kali Linux 系统 ISO 镜像文件。本指南将使用最新版的包含 Enlightenment 桌面环境的 Kali Linux 系统进行安装。 -Linux系统进行安装。 - -在终端下输入如下命令来获取这个版本的ISO镜像文件。 +在终端下输入如下命令来获取这个版本的 ISO 镜像文件。 ``` $ cd ~/Downloads $ wget -c http://cdimage.kali.org/kali-2016.2/kali-linux-e17-2016.2-amd64.iso - ``` -上面两个命令将会把Kali Linux ISO镜像文件下载到当前用户的Downloads目录。 -下一步是把ISO镜像写入到USB设备用作于安装启动工具。我们可以使用Linux系统中的dd命令来完成该操作。首先，该USB设备要在lsblk命令下可查询到。 - +上面两个命令将会把 Kali Linux 的 ISO 镜像文件下载到当前用户的 Downloads 目录。 + +下一步是把 ISO 镜像写入到 USB 设备中来启动安装程序。我们可以使用 Linux 系统中的 `dd` 命令来完成该操作。首先，该 USB 设备要在 `lsblk` 命令下可找到。 ``` $ lsblk - ``` -[ - ![Find Out USB Device Name in Linux](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Find-USB-Device-Name-in-Linux.png) -][16] + +![Find Out USB Device Name in Linux](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Find-USB-Device-Name-in-Linux.png) -在Linux系统中确认USB设备名 +*在 Linux 系统中确认 USB 设备名* -确定USB设备的名字为/dev/sdc，可以使用dd工具将Kali系统镜像写入到USB设备中。 +确定 USB 设备的名字为 `/dev/sdc`，可以使用 dd 工具将 Kali 系统镜像写入到 USB 设备中。 ``` $ sudo dd if=~/Downloads/kali-linux-e17-2016.2-amd64.iso of=/dev/sdc - ``` -注意：以上命令需要root权限，因此使用sudo命令或使用root账号登录来执行该命令。这个命令会删除USB设备中的所有数据。确保已备份所需的数据。 -一旦ISO镜像文件完全复制到USB设备，接下来可进行Kali Linux系统的安装。 +**注意：**以上命令需要 root 权限，因此使用 `sudo` 命令或使用 root 账号登录来执行该命令。这个命令会删除 USB 设备中的所有数据。确保已备份所需的数据。 -### 安装Kali Linux系统 +一旦 ISO 镜像文件完全复制到 USB 设备，接下来可进行 Kali Linux 系统的安装。 -1. 首先，把USB设备插入到要安装Kali操作系统的电脑上，然后从USB设备引导系统启动。只要成功地从USB设备启动系统，你将会看到下面的图形界面，选择’Install’或者’Graphical Install’选项。 +### 安装 Kali Linux 系统 -该向导将使用’Graphical Install‘方式进行安装。 +1、 首先，把 USB 设备插入到要安装 Kali 操作系统的电脑上，然后从 USB 设备引导系统启动。只要成功地从 USB 设备启动系统，你将会看到下面的图形界面，选择“Install”或者“Graphical Install”选项。 -[ - ![Kali Linux Boot Menu](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Kali-Linux-Boot-Menu.png) -][15] +本指南将使用“Graphical Install”方式进行安装。 -Kali Linux 启动菜单 +![Kali Linux Boot Menu](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Kali-Linux-Boot-Menu.png) -2. 下面几个界面将会询问用户选择区域设置信息，比如语言，国家，以及键盘布局。 +*Kali Linux 启动菜单* + +2、 下面几个界面将会询问用户选择区域设置信息，比如语言、国家，以及键盘布局。 选择完成之后，系统将会提示用户输入主机名和域名信息。输入合适的环境信息后，点击继续安装。 -[ - ![Set Hostname for Kali Linux](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Set-Hostname-for-Kali-Linux.png) -][14] +![Set Hostname for Kali Linux](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Set-Hostname-for-Kali-Linux.png) -设置Kali Linux系统的主机名 +*设置 Kali Linux 系统的主机名* -[ - ![Set Domain for Kali Linux](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Set-Domain-for-Kali-Linux.png) -][13] +![Set Domain for Kali Linux](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Set-Domain-for-Kali-Linux.png) -设置Kali Linux系统的域名 +*设置 Kali Linux 系统的域名* -3. 主机名和域名设置完成后，需要设置root用户的密码。请勿忘记该密码。 +3、 主机名和域名设置完成后，需要设置 root 用户的密码。请勿忘记该密码。 -[ - ![Set Root User Password for Kali Linux](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Set-Root-User-Password-for-Kali-Linux.png) -][12] +![Set Root User Password for Kali Linux](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Set-Root-User-Password-for-Kali-Linux.png) -设置Kali Linux系统用户密码 +*设置 Kali Linux 系统用户密码* -4. 密码设置完成之后，安装步骤会提示用户选择时间区域然后停留在硬盘分区界面。 +4、 密码设置完成之后，安装步骤会提示用户选择时区然后停留在硬盘分区界面。 -如果Kali Linux是这个电脑上的唯一操作系统，最简单的选项就是使用“向导——整个磁盘”，然后选择你需要安装Kali的存储设备。 +如果 Kali Linux 是这个电脑上的唯一操作系统，最简单的选项就是使用“Guided – Use Entire Disk”，然后选择你需要安装 Kali 的存储设备。 -[ - ![Select Kali Linux Installation Type](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Select-Kali-Linux-Installation-Type.png) -][11] +![Select Kali Linux Installation Type](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Select-Kali-Linux-Installation-Type.png) -Select Kali Linux Installation Type +*选择 Kali Linux 系统安装类型* + +![](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Select-Kali-Linux-Installation-Disk.png) + +*选择 Kali Linux 安装磁盘* -[ - ![Select Kali Linux Installation Disk](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Select-Kali-Linux-Installation-Disk.png) -][10] +5、 下一步将提示用户在存储设备上进行分区。大多数情况下，我们可以把整个系统安装在一个分区内。 -选择Kali Linux系统安装类型 +![Install Kali Linux Files in Partition](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Install-Kali-Linux-Files-in-Partition.png) -5. 下一步将提示用户在存储设备上进行分区。大多数情况下，我们可以把整个系统安装在一个分区内。 +*在分区上安装 Kali Linux 系统* -[ - ![Install Kali Linux Files in Partition](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Install-Kali-Linux-Files-in-Partition.png) -][9] +6、 最后一步是提示用户确认将所有的更改写入到主机硬盘。注意，点确认后将会**清空整个磁盘上的所有数据**。 -在分区上安装Kali Linux系统 - -6. 6. 最后一步是提示用户确认将所有的更改写入到主机硬盘。注意，点确认后将会清空整个磁盘上的所有数据。 - -[ ![Confirm Disk Partition Write Changes](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Confirm-Disk-Partition-Write-Changes.png) -][8] -确认磁盘分区更改 +*确认磁盘分区更改* -7. 一旦确认分区更改，安装包将会进行复制文件的安装过程。安装完成后，你需要设置一个网络镜像源来获取软件包和系统更新。如果你希望使用Kali 的软件库，确保开启此功能。 +7、 一旦确认分区更改，安装包将会进行复制文件的安装过程。安装完成后，你需要设置一个网络镜像源来获取软件包和系统更新。如果你希望使用 Kali 的软件库，确保开启此功能。 -[ - ![Configure Kali Linux Package Manager](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Configure-Kali-Linux-Package-Manager.png) -][7] +![Configure Kali Linux Package Manager](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Configure-Kali-Linux-Package-Manager.png) -配置Kali Linux包管理器 +*配置 Kali Linux 包管理器* -8. 选择网络镜像源后，系统将会询问你安装grub引导器。再次说明，本文假设你的电脑上仅安装唯一的Kali Linux操作系统。 +8、 选择网络镜像源后，系统将会询问你安装 Grub 引导程序。再次说明，本文假设你的电脑上仅安装唯一的 Kali Linux 操作系统。 -Selecting ‘Yes’ on this screen will allow the user to pick the device to write the necessary boot loader information to the hard drive to boot Kali. +在该屏幕上选择“Yes”，用户需要选择要写入引导程序信息的硬盘引导设备。 -[ - ![Install GRUB Boot Loader](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Install-GRUB-Boot-Loader.png) -][6] +![Install GRUB Boot Loader](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Install-GRUB-Boot-Loader.png) -安装GRUB引导程序 +*安装 Grub 引导程序* -[ - ![Select Partition to Install GRUB Boot Loader](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Select-Partition-to-Install-GRUB-Boot-Loader.png) -][5] +![Select Partition to Install GRUB Boot Loader](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Select-Partition-to-Install-GRUB-Boot-Loader.png) -选择安装Grub引导程序的分区 +*选择安装 Grub 引导程序的分区* -9. 当GRUB安装完成后，系统将会提醒用户重启机器以进入新安装的Kali Linux系统。 +9、 当 Grub 安装完成后，系统将会提醒用户重启机器以进入新安装的 Kali Linux 系统。 -[ - ![Kali Linux Installation Completed](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Kali-Linux-Installation-Completed.png) -][4] +![Kali Linux Installation Completed](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Kali-Linux-Installation-Completed.png) -Kali Linux系统安装完成 +*Kali Linux 系统安装完成* -10. 该手册使用Enlightenment管理器作为Kali Linux系统的桌面环境，因此默认情况下是启动进入到shell环境。 +10、 因为本指南使用 Enlightenment 作为 Kali Linux 系统的桌面环境，因此默认情况下是启动进入到 shell 环境。 -使用root账号及之前安装过程中设置的密码登录系统，以便运行Enlightenment桌面环境。 +使用 root 账号及之前安装过程中设置的密码登录系统，以便运行 Enlightenment 桌面环境。 -登录成功后输入命令’startx’进入Enlightenment桌面环境。 +登录成功后输入命令`startx`进入 Enlightenment 桌面环境。 ``` # startx - ``` -[ - ![Start Enlightenment Desktop in Kali Linux](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Start-Enlightenment-Desktop-in-Kali-Linux.png) -][3] -Kali Linux下进入Enlightenment桌面环境 +![Start Enlightenment Desktop in Kali Linux](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Start-Enlightenment-Desktop-in-Kali-Linux.png) -初次进入Enlightenment桌面环境时，它将会询问用户进行一些首选项配置，然后再运行桌面环境。 +*Kali Linux 下进入 Enlightenment 桌面环境* + +初次进入 Enlightenment 桌面环境时，它将会询问用户进行一些首选项配置，然后再运行桌面环境。 [ ![Kali Linux Enlightenment Desktop](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Kali-Linux-Enlightenment-Desktop.png) ][2] -Kali Linux Enlightenment桌面 +*Kali Linux Enlightenment 桌面* -此时，你已经成功地安装了Kali Linux 系统，并可以使用了。后续的文章我们将探讨Kali系统中一些有用的工具以及如何使用这些工具来探测主机及网络方面的安全状况。随意发表任何评论或提出相关的问题。 +此时，你已经成功地安装了 Kali Linux 系统，并可以使用了。后续的文章我们将探讨 Kali 系统中一些有用的工具以及如何使用这些工具来探测主机及网络方面的安全状况。 + +请随意发表任何评论或提出相关的问题。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: http://www.tecmint.com/kali-linux-installation-guide/ 作者：[Rob Turner][a] - 译者：[rusking](https://github.com/rusking) - -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 5404fa53736dc43f6ec186fa772f82635d780a0b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sat, 26 Nov 2016 12:37:09 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 182/220] =?UTF-8?q?PUB:20161107=20Kali=20Linux=20=E2=80=93?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Fresh=20Installation=20Guide?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @rusking --- .../20161107 Kali Linux – Fresh Installation Guide.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20161107 Kali Linux – Fresh Installation Guide.md (100%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20161107 Kali Linux – Fresh Installation Guide.md b/published/20161107 Kali Linux – Fresh Installation Guide.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/tech/20161107 Kali Linux – Fresh Installation Guide.md rename to published/20161107 Kali Linux – Fresh Installation Guide.md From fbc411246687dc294b59d643a0180527844cbf59 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sat, 26 Nov 2016 13:42:37 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 183/220] PROOF:20160812 Writing a JavaScript framework - Execution timing @kokialoves --- ...JavaScript framework - Execution timing.md | 92 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 45 insertions(+), 47 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20160812 Writing a JavaScript framework - Execution timing.md b/translated/tech/20160812 Writing a JavaScript framework - Execution timing.md index 883a99d027..56b2b73a98 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20160812 Writing a JavaScript framework - Execution timing.md +++ b/translated/tech/20160812 Writing a JavaScript framework - Execution timing.md @@ -1,45 +1,44 @@ -写一个比setTimeout更棒的javascript框架 +写一个 JavaScript 框架：比 setTimeout 更棒的定时执行 =================== -这是JavaScript框架系列的第二章. 在这一章里, 我打算讲一下浏览器的异步代码不同执行方式. 你将了解定时器和事件循环直接的不同差异, 比如 setTimeout 和 Promises. +这是 [JavaScript 框架系列][2]的第二章。在这一章里，我打算讲一下在浏览器里的异步代码不同执行方式。你将了解定时器和事件循环之间的不同差异，比如 setTimeout 和 Promises。 -这个系列是一个开源的客户端框架, 叫做 NX. 在这个系列里, 我主要解释一下写该框架不得不客服的主要困难. 如果你对NX感兴趣可以参观我们的 [主页][1]. +这个系列是关于一个开源的客户端框架，叫做 NX。在这个系列里，我主要解释一下写该框架不得不克服的主要困难。如果你对 NX 感兴趣可以参观我们的 [主页][1]。 -这个系列包含以下几个章节: +这个系列包含以下几个章节： 1. [项目结构][2] 2. 定时执行 (当前章节) 3. [沙箱代码评估][3] -4. 数据绑定 (part 1) -5. 数据绑定 (part 2) +4. [数据绑定介绍](https://blog.risingstack.com/writing-a-javascript-framework-data-binding-dirty-checking/) +5. [数据绑定与 ES6 代理](https://blog.risingstack.com/writing-a-javascript-framework-data-binding-es6-proxy/) 6. 自定义元素 -7. 客户端侧路由 +7. 客户端路由 ### 异步代码执行 -你可能比较熟悉 Promise, process.nextTick(), setTimeout() and maybe requestAnimationFrame() 这些作为异步执行的代码. 它们都是内部事件循环, 但是他们确实有一些不同. +你可能比较熟悉 `Promise`、`process.nextTick()`、`setTimeout()`，或许还有 `requestAnimationFrame()` 这些异步执行代码的方式。它们内部都使用了事件循环，但是它们在精确计时方面有一些不同。 -在这一章里, 我将解释它们之间的不同, 然后给大家演示一个先进的定时系统框架, 像NX 这样的框架. 不用我们重新做一个,我们将使用原生的内部循环来达到我们的目的. +在这一章里，我将解释它们之间的不同，然后给大家演示怎样在一个类似 NX 这样的先进框架里面实现一个定时系统。不用我们重新做一个，我们将使用原生的事件循环来达到我们的目的。 ### 事件循环 -事件循环甚至没有在ES6里提到. JavaScript只有jobs 和 job queues. 更加复杂的事件循环是在NodeJS 和HTML5里分别指定的. 我会在后面详细说明. +事件循环甚至没有在 [ES6 规范](http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262/6.0/)里提到。JavaScript 自身只有任务（Job）和任务队列（job queue）。更加复杂的事件循环是在 NodeJS 和 HTML5 规范里分别定义的，因为这篇是针对前端的，我会在详细说明后者。 -事件循环叫做一个理由的循环. 它不停的寻找新的任务来运行. 这个循环中的一次事件叫做tick. 运行tick期间的代码叫做task. +事件循环可以被看做某个条件的循环。它不停的寻找新的任务来运行。这个循环中的一次迭代叫做一个滴答（tick）。在一次滴答期间执行的代码称为一次任务（task）。 ``` while (eventLoop.waitForTask()) { eventLoop.processNextTask() } ``` - -Tasks 是同步代码他可以在其它的循环中调用. 一个简单的调用新任务的方式是setTimeout(taskFn). 不管怎样, tasks可能有很多比如 用户事件, networking 或者 DOM 操作. +任务是同步代码，它可以在循环中调度其它任务。一个简单的调用新任务的方式是 `setTimeout(taskFn)`。不管怎样， 任务可能有很多来源，比如用户事件、网络或者 DOM 操作。 ![](https://risingstack-blog.s3.amazonaws.com/2016/Aug/Execution_timing_event_lopp_with_tasks-1470127590983.svg) ### 任务队列 -简单来说, 事件循环可以有多个任务队列. 这里有两个约束条件,相同数据源的事件必须在相同的队列以及任务必须做插入顺序处理. 除此之外, 浏览器可以做任何他想做的事情. 例如, 它可以决定接下来处理哪个任务队列. +更复杂一些的是，事件循环可以有多个任务队列。这里有两个约束条件，相同任务源的事件必须在相同的队列，以及任务必须按插入的顺序进行处理。除此之外，浏览器可以做任何它想做的事情。例如，它可以决定接下来处理哪个任务队列。 ``` while (eventLoop.waitForTask()) { @@ -50,14 +49,13 @@ while (eventLoop.waitForTask()) { } ``` -用这个模型, 我们不能精确的控制定时. 如果用setTimeout()浏览器可能决定先运行完其它几个队列才运行我们的队列. +用这个模型，我们不能精确的控制定时。如果用 `setTimeout()`浏览器可能决定先运行完其它几个队列才运行我们的队列。 ![](https://risingstack-blog.s3.amazonaws.com/2016/Aug/Execution_timing_event_loop_with_task_queues-1470127624172.svg) -### The microtask queue - -幸运的是, 事件循环还提供了单个队列叫做microtask队列. 当前任务结束的时候microtask队列会清空每个tick里的任务. +### 微任务队列 +幸运的是，事件循环还提供了一个叫做微任务（microtask）队列的单一队列。当前任务结束的时候，微任务队列会清空每个滴答里的任务。 ``` while (eventLoop.waitForTask()) { @@ -73,19 +71,19 @@ while (eventLoop.waitForTask()) { } ``` -最简单的调用microtask的方法是Promise.resolve().then(microtaskFn). Microtasks做插入顺序的处理, 并且由于仅存在一个microtask队列, 现在浏览器对于我们来说并不是杂乱无章的了. +最简单的调用微任务的方法是 `Promise.resolve().then(microtaskFn)`。微任务按照插入顺序进行处理，并且由于仅存在一个微任务队列，浏览器不会把时间弄乱了。 -此外, microtasks 可以安排新的 microtasks插入到相同的队列. +此外，微任务可以调度新的微任务，它将插入到同一个队列，并在同一个滴答内处理。 ![](https://risingstack-blog.s3.amazonaws.com/2016/Aug/Execution_timing_event_loop_with_microtask_queue-1470127679393.svg) -### 绘制 +### 绘制（Rendering） -最后是绘制调度. 不同于事件处理和分解, 绘制并不是在后台任务完成的. 它是在每个循环tick结束时运行的算法. +最后是绘制（Rendering）调度，不同于事件处理和分解，绘制并不是在单独的后台任务完成的。它是一个可以运行在每个循环滴答结束时的算法。 -在这里浏览器又有了许多自由: 他可能在每个任务以后绘制, 但是他也肯能在好几百个任务都执行了以后也不绘制. +在这里浏览器又有了许多自由：它可能在每个任务以后绘制，但是它也可能在好几百个任务都执行了以后也不绘制。 -幸运的是, 我们有 requestAnimationFrame(), 它表示在下一个绘制之前执行. 我们最终的模型像这样. +幸运的是，我们有 `requestAnimationFrame()`，它在下一个绘制之前执行传递的函数。我们最终的事件模型像这样： ``` while (eventLoop.waitForTask()) { @@ -107,51 +105,51 @@ while (eventLoop.waitForTask()) { } ``` -现在用我们所知道知识来创建定时系统! +现在用我们所知道知识来创建定时系统！ ### 利用事件循环 -和大多数现代框架一样, NX 也是基于 DOM 操作和 后台数据绑定的.在批操作和异步执行方面有更好的性能表现. 基于以上理由我们用 Promises, MutationObservers and requestAnimationFrame(). +和大多数现代框架一样，[NX][1] 也是基于 DOM 操作和数据绑定的。批量操作和异步执行以取得更好的性能表现。基于以上理由我们用 `Promises`、 `MutationObservers` 和 `requestAnimationFrame()`。 -我们所期望的定时器是这样的: +我们所期望的定时器是这样的： 1. 代码来自于开发者 -2. 数据绑定和DOM操作由NX来执行 -3. developer定义HOOKS +2. 数据绑定和 DOM 操作由 NX 来执行 +3. 开发者定义事件钩子 4. 浏览器进行绘制 #### 步骤 1 -NX 寄存器对象基于ES6转变 以及 DOM转换基于MutationObserver(变动观测器)同步运行(下一节详细介绍). 它作为一个microtasks延迟直到步骤 2 执行以后才有反应. 这个延迟已经在 Promise.resolve().then(reaction) 进行了对象转换, 并且它将通过变动观测器自动运行. +NX 寄存器对象基于 [ES6 代理](https://ponyfoo.com/articles/es6-proxies-in-depth) 以及 DOM 变动基于[MutationObserver](https://davidwalsh.name/mutationobserver-api) （变动观测器）同步运行（下一节详细介绍）。 它作为一个微任务延迟直到步骤 2 执行以后才做出反应。这个延迟已经在 `Promise.resolve().then(reaction)` 进行了对象转换，并且它将通过变动观测器自动运行。 #### 步骤 2 -开发人员完成了代码(任务). NX的microtask反应注册器开始运行. 当它们进入队列运行. 注意我们仍然在同一个tick循环中. +来自开发者的代码（任务）运行完成。微任务由 NX 开始执行所注册。 因为它们是微任务，所以按序执行。注意，我们仍然在同一个滴答循环中。 #### 步骤 3 -开发者通过requestAnimationFrame(hook)通知NX运行hooks. 这可能在tick循环后发生. 重要的是hooks运行在下一次绘制之前和所以数据操作之后, 并且DOM和CSS改变都已经完成 . +开发者通过 `requestAnimationFrame(hook)` 通知 NX 运行钩子。这可能在滴答循环后发生。重要的是，钩子运行在下一次绘制之前和所有数据操作之后，并且 DOM 和 CSS 改变都已经完成。 #### 步骤 4 -浏览器绘制下一个视图. 这也有可能发生在tick循环之后, 但是绝对不会发生在步骤3的tick之前. +浏览器绘制下一个视图。这也有可能发生在滴答循环之后，但是绝对不会发生在一个滴答的步骤 3 之前。 ### 牢记在心里的事情 -我们实现了一简单而有效的定时系统. 理论上讲它运行的很好, 但是还是很脆弱, 一个轻微的错误可能会导致很严重的BUG. +我们在原生的事件循环之上实现了一个简单而有效的定时系统。理论上讲它运行的很好，但是还是很脆弱，一个轻微的错误可能会导致很严重的 BUG。 -在一个复杂的系统当中, 最重要的就是建立一定的规则并在以后保持它们. 在NX中有以下规则. +在一个复杂的系统当中，最重要的就是建立一定的规则并在以后保持它们。在 NX 中有以下规则： -1. 永远不用setTimeout(fn, 0)来进行内部操作 -2. 用相同的方法来注册microtasks -3. microtasks仅供内部操作 -4. 不要干预开发者hook运行时间 +1. 永远不用 `setTimeout(fn, 0)` 来进行内部操作 +2. 用相同的方法来注册微任务 +3. 微任务仅供内部操作 +4. 不要干预开发者钩子运行时间 #### 规则 1 和 2 -序列化数据和DOM操作. 这样只要不混合就可以很好的延迟它们. 混合执行会出现莫名其妙的问题. +数据反射和 DOM 操作将按照操作顺序执行。这样只要不混合就可以很好的延迟它们的执行。混合执行会出现莫名其妙的问题。 -setTimeout(fn, 0) 完全不可预测. 使用不同的方法注册microtasks也会发生混乱. 例如 下面的例子中microtask2不会在 microtask1之前正确运行. +`setTimeout(fn, 0)` 的行为完全不可预测。使用不同的方法注册微任务也会发生混乱。例如，下面的例子中 microtask2 不会正确地在 microtask1 之前运行。 ``` Promise.resolve().then().then(microtask1) @@ -162,23 +160,23 @@ Promise.resolve().then(microtask2) #### 规则 3 和 4 -分离开发者的代码执行和内部操作是非常重要的. 混合这两种行为会导致不可预测的事情发生, 并且它会迫使开发者了解框架内部. 我想很多前台开发者已经有过类似经历. +分离开发者的代码执行和内部操作的时间窗口是非常重要的。混合这两种行为会导致不可预测的事情发生，并且它会需要开发者了解框架内部。我想很多前台开发者已经有过类似经历。 ### 结论 -如果你对 NX 框架感兴趣, 可以参观我们的主页. 还可以再GIT上找到我们的源代码 [NX source code][5] . +如果你对 NX 框架感兴趣，可以参观我们的[主页][1]。还可以在 GIT 上找到我们的[源代码][5]。 -在下一节我们再见 [sandboxed code evaluation][4]! +在下一节我们再见，我们将讨论 [沙盒化代码执行][4]！ -你也可以给我们留言. +你也可以给我们留言。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -via: https://blog.risingstack.com/writing-a-javascript-framework-execution-timing-beyond-settimeout/?utm_source=javascriptweekly&utm_medium=email +via: https://blog.risingstack.com/writing-a-javascript-framework-execution-timing-beyond-settimeout/ 作者：[Bertalan Miklos][a] 译者：[kokialoves](https://github.com/kokialoves) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From d4d663ad37633f17a39a2d8eb8408df2fe4a836b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sat, 26 Nov 2016 13:42:56 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 184/220] PUB:20160812 Writing a JavaScript framework - Execution timing @kokialoves --- .../20160812 Writing a JavaScript framework - Execution timing.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20160812 Writing a JavaScript framework - Execution timing.md (100%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20160812 Writing a JavaScript framework - Execution timing.md b/published/20160812 Writing a JavaScript framework - Execution timing.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/tech/20160812 Writing a JavaScript framework - Execution timing.md rename to published/20160812 Writing a JavaScript framework - Execution timing.md From c4960ffbdef4d60faf730e0756b6ac32bfd85789 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Yinux Date: Sat, 26 Nov 2016 17:29:40 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 185/220] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E4=B8=AD=20by=20Yinu?= =?UTF-8?q?x?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... Security Patches to Ubuntu Linux Kernel Without Rebooting.md | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20161021 Livepatch – Apply Critical Security Patches to Ubuntu Linux Kernel Without Rebooting.md b/sources/tech/20161021 Livepatch – Apply Critical Security Patches to Ubuntu Linux Kernel Without Rebooting.md index 587b06e078..06d27339ba 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20161021 Livepatch – Apply Critical Security Patches to Ubuntu Linux Kernel Without Rebooting.md +++ b/sources/tech/20161021 Livepatch – Apply Critical Security Patches to Ubuntu Linux Kernel Without Rebooting.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +Yinux 翻译中 Livepatch – Apply Critical Security Patches to Ubuntu Linux Kernel Without Rebooting ============================================================ @@ -85,7 +86,7 @@ Feel free to let us know if you have any questions about this article. Just drop via: http://www.tecmint.com/livepatch-install-critical-security-patches-to-ubuntu-kernel 作者：[Gabriel Cánepa][a] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +译者：[Yinux](https://github.com/Yinux) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 1fcea55e4a20ee1393d8cbc775b7af914bea3522 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sat, 26 Nov 2016 22:44:22 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 186/220] PUB:20161115 Is Mozilla Firefox Collecting Your Data Without Your Consent @flankershen --- ...llecting Your Data Without Your Consent.md | 57 ++++++++----------- 1 file changed, 24 insertions(+), 33 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20161115 Is Mozilla Firefox Collecting Your Data Without Your Consent.md b/translated/tech/20161115 Is Mozilla Firefox Collecting Your Data Without Your Consent.md index a309b7fced..ddcaff6f0f 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20161115 Is Mozilla Firefox Collecting Your Data Without Your Consent.md +++ b/translated/tech/20161115 Is Mozilla Firefox Collecting Your Data Without Your Consent.md @@ -1,61 +1,51 @@ -# 火狐是否在未经授权的情况下搜集您的数据？ +火狐是否在未经授权的情况下搜集您的数据？ +=============== +![Mozilla Firefox collects your data](https://iwf1.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Mozilla-Firefox-collects-your-data-730x429.jpg) +打包在 Firefox Web 浏览器里面的地理位置服务即使浏览器关闭后也会在后台运行。 - ![Mozilla Firefox collects your data](https://iwf1.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Mozilla-Firefox-collects-your-data-730x429.jpg) +我们还没有从关于浏览器插件丑闻的消息中平复下来。插件原本目的是保卫隐私，[但现在却把信息卖给了第三方公司](https://iwf1.com/shock-this-popular-browser-add-on-sells-your-browsing-history/)。然而更令人愤怒的是其规模完全超出我们的预计。 -使用Firefox Web浏览器打包的地理位置服务即使其被关闭也会在后台运行。 +**MLS**，即 Mozilla 位置服务，其可以让设备基于类似于 WIFI 接入点、无线电基站和蓝牙信标等基础设施确定其位置。 -我们还没有从关于浏览器插件丑闻的新闻中恢复过来。插件原本目的是保卫隐私，**但现在却把信息卖给了第三方公司**。然而更令人愤怒的是其规模完全超出我们的预期。 +MLS 非常像是 Google 位置服务，后者是需要在 Android 设备上打开 GPS 并选择“高精度”模式时使用的服务。 -**MLS**是Mozilla位置服务，其架构类似于WIFI接入点、无线电基站和蓝牙信标，可以让让设备通过网络确定其位置。 - -MLS非常像是Google位置服务，后者是需要在Android设备上打开GPS并选择“高精度”模式时使用的服务。 - -那些曾经经历过GPS问题的人可能会知道这个模式是多么精确。 - -MLS服务除了能够准确地确定您的位置以外，通过使用WiFi网络的服务能够收集两种个人身份信息，包括 - -**对数据库做出贡献的用户**和**被扫描的WiFi设备的所有者**。 - -话虽这么说，Mozilla也提到说你可以选择退出服务，但你真的可以退出吗？ +那些曾经经历过 GPS 问题的人可能会知道这个模式是多么精确。 +MLS 服务除了能够准确地确定您的位置以外，这个服务可以通过使用 WiFi 网络收集两种个人身份信息，包括**愿意贡献到数据库的用户**和**被扫描的 WiFi 设备的所有者**。 +话虽这么说，Mozilla 也提到说你可以选择退出服务，但你真的可以退出吗？ ### 当后台变成你隐私的展台 -作为一个众包项目，为了维护和发展MLS，Mozilla事实上非常依赖于用户的贡献，因此他们开发了多种方法以便用户参与进来。 +作为一个众包项目，为了维护和发展 MLS，Mozilla 事实上非常依赖于用户的贡献，因此他们开发了多种方法以便用户参与进来。 -其中之一，就是被终端用户使用的一款名为Stumbler的Android应用程序： +其中之一，就是被终端用户使用的一款名为 Stumbler 的 Android 应用程序： -> Mozilla Stumbler是一个开源的无线网络扫描器，它为我们的crowd-sourced位置数据库收集GPS，蜂窝和无线网络元数据。[1] +> [Mozilla Stumbler][4] 是一个开源的无线网络扫描器，它为我们的众包位置数据库收集 GPS、蜂窝网络和无线网络元数据。 -这样以来，Stumbler不仅仅是一个独立的应用程序，同时也是Firefox 在Android设备上提供的一种为MLS“贡献数据和增强功能”的服务。 +这样一来，Stumbler 不仅仅是一个独立的应用程序，同时也是 Firefox 在 Android 设备上提供的一种为 MLS“贡献数据和增强功能”的服务。 该服务的问题在于它在后台运行，而大多数用户都不知道它，**即使您可能已经禁用它**。 -根据Mozilla提供的信息 [1]，要启用该服务，您需要打开设置菜单（在Firefox for Android版本中） - >打开隐私部分 - >滚动到底部以查看数据选择，最后，勾选Mozilla位置服务框。 +根据 Mozilla 提供的[信息][4]，要启用该服务，您需要打开“设置”菜单（在 Firefox for Android 版本中） -> 打开“隐私”部分 -> 滚动到底部以查看“数据选择”，最后，勾选 Mozilla 位置服务框。 -[ - ![Mozilla Location Services is unchecked yet Stumbler is on](http://iwf1.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Mozilla-Location-Services-is-unchecked-yet-Stumler-is-on-730x602.jpg) -][3] +![Mozilla Location Services is unchecked yet Stumbler is on](http://iwf1.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Mozilla-Location-Services-is-unchecked-yet-Stumler-is-on-730x602.jpg) -Mozilla定位服务尚未勾选，但Stumbler已开启 - -实际上，你会发现Stumbler服务**正在你的设备后台运行**，这意味着它几乎不可见，因为它没有接口，即使MLS框未被选中，即使所有的数据选择复选框都未选中，甚至Firefox浏览器本身已被关闭。 - -显然，停止stumbler的唯一方法是直接结束它。然而，这样做你首先需要一种方法来检测它的运行和结束，最终，这只是一个设备重启前的临时解决方案。 +*Mozilla 定位服务尚未勾选，但 Stumbler 已开启* +实际上，你会发现 Stumbler 服务**运行在你的设备后台**，这意味着它几乎不可见，因为它没有接口，即使 MLS 框未被选中，即使“数据选择”复选框都未选中，甚至 Firefox 浏览器本身已被关闭。 +显然，停止 stumbler 的唯一方法是直接结束它。然而，这样做你首先需要一种方法来检测它的运行和结束，最终，这只是一个设备重启前的临时解决方案。 ### 如何保证安全 -为了避免MLS收集您的数据，仍然有一些方法值得您尝试一下，希望这些方法不会像在Firefox for Android中的MLS复选框一样被Mozilla忽视。 +为了避免 MLS 收集您的数据，仍然有一些方法值得您尝试一下，希望这些方法不会像在 Firefox for Android 中的MLS 复选框一样被 Mozilla 忽视。 -您可以将您的无线网络SSID隐藏或者在SSID结尾添加“_nomap”,例如将您的SSID从“myWirelessNetwork”更名为“myWirelessNetwork_nomap”。这在向Mozilla的应用程序暗示，您不希望参与他们的数据收集活动。 - -对于Android上的Stumbler服务，由于是一个服务（而不是进程），您可能无法在运行的进程/最近的应用程序列表中看到它。 因此，使用专用应用程序关闭它或启用“开发人员选项”，并转到“运行服务” - >点击Firefox，最后，停止“stumbler”。 +您可以将您的无线网络 SSID 隐藏或者在 SSID 结尾添加“\_nomap”，例如将您的 SSID 从“myWirelessNetwork”更名为“myWirelessNetwork\_nomap”。这在向 Mozilla 的应用程序暗示，您不希望参与他们的数据收集活动。 +对于 Android 上的 Stumbler 服务，由于是一个服务（而不是进程），您可能无法在运行的进程/最近的应用程序列表中看到它。 因此，使用专用应用程序关闭它或启用“开发人员选项”，并转到“运行服务” -> 点击 Firefox，最后，停止“stumbler”。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -64,7 +54,7 @@ via: https://iwf1.com/is-mozilla-firefox-collecting-your-data-without-your-conse 作者：[Liron][a] 译者：[flankershen](https://github.com/flankershen) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 @@ -72,3 +62,4 @@ via: https://iwf1.com/is-mozilla-firefox-collecting-your-data-without-your-conse [1]:https://iwf1.com/shock-this-popular-browser-add-on-sells-your-browsing-history/ [2]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowdsourcing [3]:http://iwf1.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Mozilla-Location-Services-is-unchecked-yet-Stumler-is-on.jpg +[4]: https://location.services.mozilla.com/apps From b24d85a53d9dd7ab3237be378d306e977d6c718a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sat, 26 Nov 2016 22:44:52 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 187/220] PUB:20161115 Is Mozilla Firefox Collecting Your Data Without Your Consent @flankershen --- ...s Mozilla Firefox Collecting Your Data Without Your Consent.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20161115 Is Mozilla Firefox Collecting Your Data Without Your Consent.md (100%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20161115 Is Mozilla Firefox Collecting Your Data Without Your Consent.md b/published/20161115 Is Mozilla Firefox Collecting Your Data Without Your Consent.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/tech/20161115 Is Mozilla Firefox Collecting Your Data Without Your Consent.md rename to published/20161115 Is Mozilla Firefox Collecting Your Data Without Your Consent.md From 890a58e1e7a1827316034fbb7240b0ad22abf8da Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sun, 27 Nov 2016 09:21:13 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 188/220] PUB:20161104 Open Source Vs Closed Source @martin2011qi --- .../20161104 Open Source Vs Closed Source.md | 14 +++++--------- 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-) rename {translated/talk => published}/20161104 Open Source Vs Closed Source.md (90%) diff --git a/translated/talk/20161104 Open Source Vs Closed Source.md b/published/20161104 Open Source Vs Closed Source.md similarity index 90% rename from translated/talk/20161104 Open Source Vs Closed Source.md rename to published/20161104 Open Source Vs Closed Source.md index d83a63ac68..58d52ac2dd 100644 --- a/translated/talk/20161104 Open Source Vs Closed Source.md +++ b/published/20161104 Open Source Vs Closed Source.md @@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ =========================== [![开源 vs. 闭源](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/open-source-vs-closed-source_orig.jpg)][2] + **开源操作系统**和**闭源操作系统**之间有诸多不同。这里我们仅寥书几笔。 ### 开源是什么？自由！ @@ -10,12 +11,11 @@ 这是用户需要知道的最重要的一点。无论我是否打算修改代码，其他人出于善意的修改都不应受到限制。且如果用户喜欢，他们可以分享这个软件。使用**开源**软件，这些都是可能的。 -**闭源**操作系统的许可条款很是吓人。但真的所有人都会看吗？Nope，许多用户只是点了一下‘Accept’。 - +**闭源**操作系统的许可条款很是吓人。但真的所有人都会看吗？不，许多用户只是点了一下‘Accept’ 而已。 ### 价格 -几乎所有的开源操纵系统是免费的。仅有自愿性质的捐款。且只需一个安装 **CD/DVD 或 USB** 就能将系统安装到所有你想要安装的电脑上。 +几乎所有的开源操纵系统是免费的。仅有自愿性质的捐款。且只需有个一个 **CD/DVD 或 USB** 就能将系统安装到所有你想要安装的电脑上。 闭源操作系统相较于开源 OS 就贵了许多，如果你用它来构建 PC，每台 PC 得你花不少于 $100。 @@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ 开源操作系统的发行版有很多。如果你不中意眼下的这个，你可以尝试其他的发行版，总能找到适合你的那一个。 -诸如 Ubuntu studio，Bio Linux，Edubuntu，Kali Linux，Qubes，SteamOS 这些发行版，就是针对特定用户群产生的发行版。 +诸如 Ubuntu studio、Bio Linux、Edubuntu、Kali Linux、Qubes、SteamOS 这些发行版，就是针对特定用户群产生的发行版。 闭源软件有“选择”这种说法吗？我觉得是没有的。 @@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ ### 商业化 -在操作系统上挣钱是非常困难的。开发者一般通过用户的捐款和在网站上打广告来挣钱。捐款主要用于支付主机的开销和开发者的薪水。 +在操作系统上挣钱是非常困难的。（开源）开发者一般通过用户的捐款和在网站上打广告来挣钱。捐款主要用于支付主机的开销和开发者的薪水。 许多闭源操作系统，不仅仅通过出售软件的使用许可这种方式来赚钱，还会推送广告大赚一票。 @@ -69,16 +69,12 @@ 我们已经将我们知晓的罗列了出来。如果你觉得我们还漏了些什么，可以评论告诉我们。 - - -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/home/open-source-vs-closed-source 作者：[Mohd Sohail][a] - 译者：[martin2011qi](https://github.com/martin2011qi) - 校对：[jasminepeng](https://github.com/jasminepeng) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From c61bec342c937fdd6610ba8dda608cbce6eb8ab0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Chang Leo Date: Sun, 27 Nov 2016 11:03:49 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 189/220] [Translated] 20161023 HOW TO SHARE STEAM GAME FILES BETWEEN LINUX AND WINDOWS.md --- ...AM GAME FILES BETWEEN LINUX AND WINDOWS.md | 170 ------------------ ...AM GAME FILES BETWEEN LINUX AND WINDOWS.md | 165 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 165 insertions(+), 170 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20161023 HOW TO SHARE STEAM GAME FILES BETWEEN LINUX AND WINDOWS.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20161023 HOW TO SHARE STEAM GAME FILES BETWEEN LINUX AND WINDOWS.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20161023 HOW TO SHARE STEAM GAME FILES BETWEEN LINUX AND WINDOWS.md b/sources/tech/20161023 HOW TO SHARE STEAM GAME FILES BETWEEN LINUX AND WINDOWS.md deleted file mode 100644 index eeca953a30..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20161023 HOW TO SHARE STEAM GAME FILES BETWEEN LINUX AND WINDOWS.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,170 +0,0 @@ -FSSlc translating - -HOW TO SHARE STEAM GAME FILES BETWEEN LINUX AND WINDOWS -============ - -[![How to share steam games between Linux and Windows](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/share-games-linux-windows-steam.jpg)][16] - -_Brief: This detailed guide shows you how to share Steam game files between Linux and Windows to save download time and data._ - -If you are or want to be a committed Linux gamer and have games on [Steam][15] that are supported both on Linux and Windows, or have dual booting OSs for the same reason, you might want to consider reading this. - -There are many of us gamers who [dual boot Linux with Windows][14].  Some of us would have had only Linux had it not been for those games which have not yet arrived on Steam for Linux. Hence we keep both of the OSs so that we can play all of our favourite games regardless of the platforms they arrive on. - -Thankfully, the [Linux gaming][13] community is emerging gracefully and we are having more and more popular Steam for Windows games being launched on Steam for Linux. - -Many of us like to backup our Steam games so we won’t have to wait for downloads to complete. These collections are a majority of Steam for Windows games. - -Now there are so many of these games that have arrived on [Steam for Linux][12] as well, such as Life is Strange, Tomb Raider 2013, Shadow of Mordor, XCOM: Enemy Unknown, XCOM 2, Race The Sun, Road Redemption, SUPERHOT,…and the [list grows on][11]! We also have the [upcoming Deus Ex: Mankind Divided][10] and [Mad Max][9]!!! Instead of years, nowadays we only have to wait for months for such titles after Windows releases and this is big news! - -This experimental method shows you how to use your existing game files on either platform to restore the majority of the game data files on Steam. This results in having much lesser waiting times for you to enjoy the game as the files are pretty much common between the two OSs as we are going to see in the following example. - -In the following method, we show you step by step procedures to attempt both Steam’s own backup and restore feature and the manual way. While we’re at it, we will also show you the similarities and differences in the game file structures between both platforms so that you too can explore and come up with your own tweaks. - -In this method, we’ve used Ubuntu 14.04 LTS and Windows 10 to perform the backup and restore Steam tests. - -### #1 : STEAM’S OWN BACKUP AND RESTORE - -When we tried to use a Windows Steam Backup of SUPERHOT on Linux(encrypted files in .csd format), Steam for Linux failed to recognise any of the files and started downloading the entire game from 0 MB!  Even on doing a validation check, a vast majority of the files could not be identified by Steam. We also did a similar test on  Windows, but the result was the same! - -![steam-restore-failure-from-windows-backup](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/steam-restore-failure-from-windows-backup.jpeg) - -![steam-validation-failure](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/steam-validation-failure.jpeg) - -Time for some manual tweaks to share Steam games between Windows and Linux! - -### #2 : MANUAL METHOD - -First, we took a look at the locations(user directory in home) where the game’s files were present on Linux: - -This is the default installation location for Steam for Linux. “.local” and “.steam” directories are hidden by default and you would have to unhide them. We would recommend having a custom Steam installation location for easier handling of files. Here “SUPERHOT.x86_64” is the native Linux “executable” unlike a “.exe” file in Windows: - -![superhot_data1](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/superhot_data1-e1477112816241.jpeg) - -This is the location which contains the majority of the files that we need(common between Windows and Linux): - -![superhot_data2](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/superhot_data2.jpeg) - -Here below we see .acf files. “appmanifest_322500.acf” is the one we need. Editing and tweaking this file helps a lot to make Steam recognise existing unencrypted raw file backups present in the “common” directory: - -![steam_linux_manifests](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/steam_linux_manifests-e1477112765133.jpeg) - -To confirm the same, just open the file with an editor and check. The more we understand this file, the better. Here is [a post on the Steam forums][8] that shows its major significance. It looks something like this: - -It looks something like this: - -``` -“AppState” -{ -“appid” “322500” -“Universe” “1” -“name” “SUPERHOT” -“StateFlags” “4” -“installdir” “SUPERHOT” -“LastUpdated” “1474466631” -“UpdateResult” “0” -“SizeOnDisk” “4156100762” -“buildid” “1234395” -“LastOwner” “” -“BytesToDownload” “909578688” -“BytesDownloaded” “909578688” -“AutoUpdateBehavior” “0” -“UserConfig” -{ -“Language” “english” -} -“MountedDepots” -{ -“322503” “1943012315434556837” -} -} -``` - -After uninstalling the game on Linux to try the test, we now have a look at the contents of the same game on Windows 10: - -![superhot-windows-steam](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/superhot-windows-steam.jpeg)![superhot-windows-steam2](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/superhot-windows-steam2.jpeg) - -We copied the “SUPERHOT” folder and also the manifest(.acf) file(it is created in the same format in Steam for Windows). While copying the .acf file and the directory to their respective locations on Steam for Linux, we made sure Steam wasn’t running in the background. - -After the transfer was complete, we ran Steam and saw this: - -![most-files-recognised-on-steam](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/most-files-recognised-on-steam.jpeg) - -So instead of the entire 867.4 MB, it now shows 235.5 MB of files to download and that means more than 70% of the files have been identified by Steam :) ! So this is a massive time gain, relatively speaking. While this might vary for different games, of course, this is definitely worth a try for gamers who have below-average/average internet connections especially when the “heavy duty” games are considered that are mostly sized at around 40-50 GB these days. - -Other tweaks that we tried: - -* We tried using a backup version of the original manifest file for Linux along with the Windows manual backup. But that resulted in Steam downloading the game for the beginning. -* We can see that the data files are in a folder named “SH_Data” on Windows instead of  the directory, “SUPERHOT_Data” as on Linux. Changing it did not make any difference in the above result. - -### AN ATTEMPT TO UNDERSTAND THE MANIFEST FILE - -The manifest file can certainly be edited and tweaked for improving these results to make Steam detect as many files as it can. - -There is a [project on Github][7] which is a python script to generate these manifest files. AppIDs for any Steam game can be obtained from [SteamDB][6]. By knowing the App ID, you can create your own manifest file with your favourite editor by using the following format: “appmanifest_.acf” . In the above manual method, we can see that the AppID for SUPERHOT is 322500\. Hence the filename would be appmanifest_322500.acf . - -Let’s try to document it within the file according to our best interpretations: - -``` -“AppState” // The State of the Application(Game) -{ -“appid” “322500” // The Steam Application ID of the Game -“Universe” “1” -“name” “SUPERHOT” // Game Name -“StateFlags” “4” -“installdir” “SUPERHOT” // Installation Directory Name -“LastUpdated” “1474466631” -“UpdateResult” “0” -“SizeOnDisk” “4156100762” -“buildid” “1234395” -“LastOwner” “” // Unique for account owner in numerical format -“BytesToDownload” “909578688” // Divide this number by 1073741824(1024 x 1024 x 1024) to calculate data remaining to download in GB. -“BytesDownloaded” “909578688” // Bytes downloaded -“AutoUpdateBehavior” “0” // The game will update automatically when this is set to 0. - -“UserConfig” // User Configuration -{ -“Language” “english” -} -“MountedDepots” // This section is mostly related to Game DLCs -{ -“322503” “1943012315434556837” -} -} -``` - -By calculating the data download size in GB/MB, you can compare it with what Steam shows and try more tweaks. - -Please share with us in the comments if you know about more such tips and tricks/suggestions about the manifest file or other improvements/ways for manual workarounds. We are yet to discover a complete documentation for these file formats as it not yet available officially in the [Valve Developer Community][5] or in [the forums][4]. - -But for now, these are the best ways to share Steam games between Linux and Windows. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://itsfoss.com/share-steam-files-linux-windows/ - -作者：[Avimanyu Bandyopadhyay][a] - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) - -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/avimanyu/ -[1]:http://pinterest.com/pin/create/button/?url=https://itsfoss.com/share-steam-files-linux-windows/&description=How+To+Share+Steam+Game+Files+Between+Linux+And+Windows&media=https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/share-games-linux-windows-steam.jpg -[2]:https://www.linkedin.com/cws/share?url=https://itsfoss.com/share-steam-files-linux-windows/ -[3]:https://twitter.com/share?original_referer=https%3A%2F%2Fitsfoss.com%2F&source=tweetbutton&text=How+To+Share+Steam+Game+Files+Between+Linux+And+Windows&url=https%3A%2F%2Fitsfoss.com%2Fshare-steam-files-linux-windows%2F&via=%40itsfoss -[4]:http://steamcommunity.com/discussions/ -[5]:https://developer.valvesoftware.com/wiki/Main_Page -[6]:https://steamdb.info/ -[7]:https://github.com/dotfloat/steam-appmanifest -[8]:https://steamcommunity.com/app/292030/discussions/0/357286663676318082/ -[9]:http://www.kotaku.com.au/2016/10/avalanche-studios-mad-max-arrives-on-linux-and-mac-os/ -[10]:https://itsfoss.com/deus-ex-mankind-divided-linux/ -[11]:https://itsfoss.com/best-linux-games/ -[12]:https://itsfoss.com/install-steam-ubuntu-linux/ -[13]:https://itsfoss.com/linux-gaming-guide/ -[14]:https://itsfoss.com/guide-install-elementary-os-luna/ -[15]:http://store.steampowered.com/ -[16]:https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/share-games-linux-windows-steam.jpg diff --git a/translated/tech/20161023 HOW TO SHARE STEAM GAME FILES BETWEEN LINUX AND WINDOWS.md b/translated/tech/20161023 HOW TO SHARE STEAM GAME FILES BETWEEN LINUX AND WINDOWS.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..29831e981d --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20161023 HOW TO SHARE STEAM GAME FILES BETWEEN LINUX AND WINDOWS.md @@ -0,0 +1,165 @@ +如何在 LINUX 和 WINDOWS 之间共享 STEAM 的游戏文件 +============ + +[![如何在 LINUX 和 WINDOWS 之间共享 STEAM 的游戏文件](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/share-games-linux-windows-steam.jpg)][16] + +简介：这篇详细的指南将向你展示如何在 Linux 和 Windows 之间共享 Steam 的游戏文件以节省下载的总用时和下载的数据量。 + +假如你决心成为一名 Linux 平台上的玩家，并且在 [Steam][15] 上拥有同时支持 Linux 和 Windows 平台的游戏，或者基于上面同样的原因，拥有双重启动的系统，则你可以考虑看看这篇文章。 + +我们中的许多玩家都拥有双重启动的 Linux 和 Windows。有些人只拥有 Linux 系统，但同时拥有当前还没有被 Linux 平台上的 Steam 支持的游戏。所以我们同时保留这两个系统以便我们可以在忽略平台的前提下玩我们喜爱的游戏。 + +幸运的是 [Linux gaming][13] 出现了，越来越多在 Windows 平台上受欢迎的 Steam 游戏在 Linux 平台上的 Steam 中被开发了出来。 + +我们中的许多人喜欢备份我们的 Steam 游戏，使得我们不再苦苦等待游戏下载完成。这些游戏很大程度上是 Windows 平台下的 Steam 游戏。 + +现在，很多游戏也已经登陆了 [Linux 平台上的 Steam][12]，例如奇异人生、古墓丽影 2013、中土世界：魔多阴影、幽浮：未知敌人、幽浮 2、与日赛跑、公路救赎、燥热 等等，并且[这份名单一直在增长][11]。甚至还有 [杀出重围：人类分裂][10] 和 [疯狂的麦克斯][9] ！！！在一些游戏的 Windows 版发布之后，现在我们不必再等候多年，而只需等待几月左右，便可以听到类似的消息了，这可是大新闻啊！ + +下面的实验性方法将向你展示如何使用你现存的任何平台上游戏文件来在 Steam 上恢复游戏的大部分数据。对于某些游戏，它们在两个平台下有很多相似的文件，利用下面例子中的方法，将减少你在享受这些游戏之前的漫长的等待时间。 + +在下面的方法中，我们将一步一步地尝试利用 Steam 自己的备份与恢复或者以手工的方式来达到我们的目的。当涉及到这些方法的时候，我们也将向你展示这两个平台上游戏文件的相同和不同之处，以便你也可以探索并做出你自己的调整。 + +下面的方法中，我们将使用 Ubuntu 14.04 LTS 和 Windows 10 来执行备份与恢复 Steam 的测试。 + +### #1 ： Steam 自己的备份与恢复 + +当我们尝试使用 Windows 平台上 Steam 中《燥热》这个游戏的备份（这些加密文件是 .csd 格式）时，Linux 平台上的 Steam 不能识别这些文件，并重新开始下载整个游戏了！甚至在做了验证性检验后，仍然有很大一部分文件不能被 Steam 识别出来。我们在 Windows 上也做了类似的操作，但结果是一样的！ + +![steam-restore-failure-from-windows-backup](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/steam-restore-failure-from-windows-backup.jpeg) + +![steam-validation-failure](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/steam-validation-failure.jpeg) + +现在到了我们用某些手工的方法来共享 Windows 和 Linux 上的 Steam 游戏的时刻了！ + +### #2 : 手工方法 + +首先，让我们先看看 Linux 下这些游戏文件所处的位置（用户目录在 /home 中）： + +这是 Linux 平台上 Steam 游戏的默认安装位置。 `.local` 和 `.steam` 目录默认情况下是不可见的，你必须将它们显现出来。我们将推荐拥有一个自定义的 Steam 安装位置以便更容易地处理这些文件。这里 `SUPERHOT.x86_64` 是 Linux 下原生的可执行文件，与 Windows 中的 `.exe` 文件类似。 + +![superhot_data1](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/superhot_data1-e1477112816241.jpeg) + +下图展示的位置包含我们需要的大部分文件（在 Windows 和 Linux 平台上相同）： + +![superhot_data2](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/superhot_data2.jpeg) + +下面我们来看看这些 `.acf` 格式的文件。“appmanifest_322500.acf”便是那个我们需要的文件。编辑并调整这个文件对 Steam 识别在 “common”这个目录下现存的非加密的原始文件备份大有裨益： + +![steam_linux_manifests](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/steam_linux_manifests-e1477112765133.jpeg) + +为了确认这个文件的相似性，用编辑器打开这个文件并检查它。我们越多地了解这个文件越好。这个[链接是来自 Steam 论坛上的一个帖子][8]，它展示了这个文件的主要意义。它类似于下面这样： + +``` +“AppState” +{ +“appid” “322500” +“Universe” “1” +“name” “SUPERHOT” +“StateFlags” “4” +“installdir” “SUPERHOT” +“LastUpdated” “1474466631” +“UpdateResult” “0” +“SizeOnDisk” “4156100762” +“buildid” “1234395” +“LastOwner” “” +“BytesToDownload” “909578688” +“BytesDownloaded” “909578688” +“AutoUpdateBehavior” “0” +“UserConfig” +{ +“Language” “english” +} +“MountedDepots” +{ +“322503” “1943012315434556837” +} +} +``` + +在 Linux 平台上卸载游戏后我们再进行测试。现在让我们看看在 Windows 10 上相同的游戏安装目录里包含哪些内容： + +![superhot-windows-steam](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/superhot-windows-steam.jpeg)![superhot-windows-steam2](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/superhot-windows-steam2.jpeg) + +我们复制了 “SUPERHOT”目录和 .acf 格式的文件（这个文件在 Windows 的 Steam 上格式是一样的）。在复制 .acf 文件和游戏目录到 Linux 中 Steam 它们对应的位置时，我们需要确保 Steam 没有在后台运行。 + +在转移完成之后，我们运行 Steam 并看到了这个： + +![most-files-recognised-on-steam](https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/most-files-recognised-on-steam.jpeg) + +所以下图显示只需要有 235.5 MB 的文件需要下载，而不是整个 867.4 MB，这意味着超过 70% 的文件已经被 Steam 识别了:) ！相对来说，节省了一笔大量的时间开销。当然不同的游戏可能有所不同，但对于那些网速居于平均水平或以下的玩家来说，这种方法绝对值得一试，尤其是考虑到当前那些 40-50 GB 大小的重量级游戏。 + +我们还进行了其他几种尝试： + +* 我们尝试使用 Linux 下原有的清单文件(.acf)和来自 Windows 的手工备份文件，但结果是 Steam 重新开始下载游戏。 +* 我们看到当我们将 “SUPERHOT_Data” 这个目录中的 “SH_Data” 更换为 Windows 中的对应目录时，同上面的一样，也重新开始下载整个游戏。 + +### 理解清单目录的一个尝试 + +清单目录绝对可以被进一步地被编辑和修改以此来改善上面的结果，使得 Steam 检测出尽可能多的文件。 + +在 Github 上有一个[项目][7]，包含一个可以生成这些清单文件的 python 脚本。任何 Steam 游戏的 AppID 可以从[SteamDB][6] 上获取到。知晓了游戏的 ID 号后，你便可以用你喜爱的编辑器以下面的格式创建你自己的清单文件 appmanifest_.acf”。在上面手工方法中，我们可以看到 SUPERHOT 这个游戏的 AppID 是 322500，所以对应的清单文件名应该是 appmanifest_322500.acf。 + +下面以我们知晓的信息来尝试对该文件进行一些解释： + +``` +“AppState” // 应用（游戏）的状态 +“appid” “322500” // 游戏的 AppID +“Universe” “1” +“name” “SUPERHOT” // 游戏的名称 +“StateFlags” “4” +“installdir” “SUPERHOT” // 安装目录的名称 +“LastUpdated” “1474466631” +“UpdateResult” “0” +“SizeOnDisk” “4156100762” +“buildid” “1234395” +“LastOwner” “” // 唯一的帐号拥有者的 +“BytesToDownload” “909578688” // 将这个数字除以 1073741824(1024 x 1024 x 1024) 便可以计算出还需要下载的数据大小，以 GB 记。 +“BytesDownloaded” “909578688” // 已下载数据的大小， 以 Bytes 记。 +“AutoUpdateBehavior” “0” // 当这个设为 0 时，该游戏将自动升级。 + +“UserConfig” // 用户的配置信息 +{ +“Language” “english” +} +“MountedDepots” // 这个部分大多与游戏的 DLC 相关。 +{ +“322503” “1943012315434556837” +} +} +``` + +通过计算下载的数据的大小，你可以将它与 Steam 展现的信息进行比较并进行更多的调整。 + +假如你知道更多关于清单文件或者手工方式中另外可以改进的方法，请在评论中分享给大家。我们打算去发现更多的关于这些文件格式的信息，当前在官方的 [Valve 开发者社区][5] 或者 [ Steam 论坛][4] 上我们还没有发现完整的文档。 + +至少现在为止，这些便是我们知道的在 Linux 和 Windows 之间分享 Steam 游戏的最好方法了。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/share-steam-files-linux-windows/ + +作者：[Avimanyu Bandyopadhyay][a] + +译者：[FSSlc](https://github.com/FSSlc) + +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/avimanyu/ +[1]:http://pinterest.com/pin/create/button/?url=https://itsfoss.com/share-steam-files-linux-windows/&description=How+To+Share+Steam+Game+Files+Between+Linux+And+Windows&media=https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/share-games-linux-windows-steam.jpg +[2]:https://www.linkedin.com/cws/share?url=https://itsfoss.com/share-steam-files-linux-windows/ +[3]:https://twitter.com/share?original_referer=https%3A%2F%2Fitsfoss.com%2F&source=tweetbutton&text=How+To+Share+Steam+Game+Files+Between+Linux+And+Windows&url=https%3A%2F%2Fitsfoss.com%2Fshare-steam-files-linux-windows%2F&via=%40itsfoss +[4]:http://steamcommunity.com/discussions/ +[5]:https://developer.valvesoftware.com/wiki/Main_Page +[6]:https://steamdb.info/ +[7]:https://github.com/dotfloat/steam-appmanifest +[8]:https://steamcommunity.com/app/292030/discussions/0/357286663676318082/ +[9]:http://www.kotaku.com.au/2016/10/avalanche-studios-mad-max-arrives-on-linux-and-mac-os/ +[10]:https://itsfoss.com/deus-ex-mankind-divided-linux/ +[11]:https://itsfoss.com/best-linux-games/ +[12]:https://itsfoss.com/install-steam-ubuntu-linux/ +[13]:https://itsfoss.com/linux-gaming-guide/ +[14]:https://itsfoss.com/guide-install-elementary-os-luna/ +[15]:http://store.steampowered.com/ +[16]:https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/share-games-linux-windows-steam.jpg From 588e18fecaec87132036be6c127a44698f9501fb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sun, 27 Nov 2016 12:28:03 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 190/220] PROOF:08 - The history of Android @alim0x --- .../08 - The history of Android.md | 119 ++++++++++-------- 1 file changed, 65 insertions(+), 54 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/talk/The history of Android/08 - The history of Android.md b/translated/talk/The history of Android/08 - The history of Android.md index 15dc0515d6..479653b78b 100644 --- a/translated/talk/The history of Android/08 - The history of Android.md +++ b/translated/talk/The history of Android/08 - The history of Android.md @@ -1,111 +1,122 @@ -安卓编年史 +安卓编年史（8）：Android 1.5 Cupcake——虚拟键盘打开设备设计的大门 ================================================================================ -![安卓1.5的屏幕软键盘输入时的输入建议栏，大写状态键盘，数字与符号界面，更多符号弹窗。](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kb5.png) -安卓1.5的虚拟键盘输入时的输入建议栏，大写状态键盘，数字与符号界面，更多符号弹窗。 -Ron Amadeo供图 +![安卓 1.5 的屏幕软键盘输入时的输入建议栏，大写状态键盘，数字与符号界面，更多符号弹窗。](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kb5.png) + +*安卓 1.5 的虚拟键盘输入时的输入建议栏、大写状态键盘、数字与符号界面、更多符号弹窗。 +[Ron Amadeo 供图]* ### Android 1.5 Cupcake——虚拟键盘打开设备设计的大门 ### -在2009年4月，安卓1.1发布后将近三个月后，安卓1.5发布了。这是第一个拥有公开的，市场化代号的安卓版本：纸杯蛋糕(Cupcake)。从这个版本开始，每个版本的安卓将会拥有一个按字母表排序，以小吃为主题的代号。 +在 2009 年 4 月，安卓 1.1 发布后将近三个月后，安卓 1.5 发布了。这是第一个拥有公开的、市场化代号的安卓版本：纸杯蛋糕（Cupcake）。从这个版本开始，每个版本的安卓将会拥有一个按字母表排序，以小吃为主题的代号。 -纸杯蛋糕新增功能中最重要的明显当属虚拟键盘。这是OEM厂商第一次有可能抛开数不清按键的实体键盘以及复杂的滑动结构，创造出平板风格的安卓设备。 +纸杯蛋糕新增功能中最重要的明显当属虚拟键盘。这是 OEM 厂商第一次有可能抛开带有数不清的按键的实体键盘以及复杂的滑动结构，创造出平板风格的安卓设备。 安卓的按键标识可以在大小写之间切换，这取决于大写锁定是否开启。尽管默认情况下它是关闭的，显示在键盘顶部的建议栏有个选项可以打开它。在按键的弹框中带有省略号的，就像“u”，上面图那样的，可以在按住的情况下可以输入弹框中的[发音符号][1]。键盘可以切换到数字和符号，长按句号键可以打开更多符号。 ![1.5和1.1中的应用程序界面和通知面板的对比。](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/abweave.png) -1.5和1.1中的应用程序界面和通知面板的对比。 -Ron Amadeo供图 -“摄像机”功能加入了新图标，Google Talk从IM中分离出来成为了一个独立的应用。亚马逊MP3和浏览器的图标同样经过了重新设计。亚马逊MP3图标更改的主要原因是亚马逊即将计划推出其它的安卓应用，而“A”图标所指范围太泛了。浏览器图标无疑是安卓1.1中最糟糕的设计，所以它被重新设计了，并且不再像是一个桌面操作系统的对话框。应用抽屉的最后一个改变是“图片”，它被重新命名为了“相册”。 +*1.5 和 1.1 中的应用程序界面和通知面板的对比。 +[Ron Amadeo 供图]* -通知面板同样经过了重新设计。面板背景加上了布纹纹理，通知的渐变效果也被平滑化了。安卓1.5在系统核心部分有许多设计上的微小改变，这些改变影响到所有的应用。在“清除通知”按钮上，你可以看到全新的系统按钮风格，相比与旧版本的按钮有了渐变，更细的边框线以及更少的阴影。 +给新的“摄像机”功能增加了新图标，Google Talk 从 IM 中分离出来成为了一个独立的应用。亚马逊 MP3 和浏览器的图标同样经过了重新设计。亚马逊 MP3 图标更改的主要原因是亚马逊即将计划推出其它的安卓应用，而“A”图标所指范围太泛了。浏览器图标无疑是安卓 1.1 中最糟糕的设计，所以它被重新设计了，并且不再像是一个桌面操作系统的对话框。应用抽屉的最后一个改变是“图片”，它被重新命名为了“相册”。 + +通知面板同样经过了重新设计。面板背景加上了布纹纹理，通知的渐变效果也被平滑化了。安卓 1.5 在系统核心部分有许多设计上的微小改变，这些改变影响到所有的应用。在“清除通知”按钮上，你可以看到全新的系统按钮风格，与旧版本的按钮相比有了渐变、更细的边框线以及更少的阴影。 ![安卓1.5和1.1中的“添加到主屏幕”对话框。](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/widget.png) -安卓1.5和1.1中的“添加到主屏幕”对话框。 -Ron Amadeo供图 + +*安卓 1.5 和 1.1 中的“添加到主屏幕”对话框。 +[Ron Amadeo 供图]* 第三方小部件是纸杯蛋糕的另一个头等特性，它们现在仍然是安卓的本质特征之一。无论是用来控制应用还是显示应用的信息，开发者们都可以为他们的应用捆绑一个主屏幕小部件。谷歌同样展示了一些它们自己的新的小部件，分别来自日历和音乐这两个应用。 ![左：日历小部件，音乐小部件以及一排实时文件夹的截图。中：文件夹列表。右：“带电话号码的联系人”实时文件夹的打开视图。](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/folders-and-widgets-and-stuff.png) -左：日历小部件，音乐小部件以及一排实时文件夹的截图。中：文件夹列表。右：“带电话号码的联系人”实时文件夹的打开视图。 -Ron Amadeo供图 + +*左：日历小部件，音乐小部件以及一排实时文件夹的截图。中：文件夹列表。右：“带电话号码的联系人”实时文件夹的打开视图。 +[Ron Amadeo 供图]* 在上方左边的截图里你可以看到新的日历和音乐图标。日历小部件只能显示当天的一个事件，点击它会打开日历。你不能够选择日历所显示的内容，小部件也不能够重新设置大小——它就是上面看起来的那个样子。音乐小部件是蓝色的——尽管音乐应用里没有一丁点的蓝色——它展示了歌曲名和歌手名，此外还有播放和下一曲按钮。 -同样在左侧截图里，底部一排的头三个文件夹是一个叫做“实时文件夹”的新特性。它们可以在“添加到主屏幕”菜单中的新顶层选项“文件夹”中被找到，就像你在中间那张图看到的那样。实时文件夹可以展示一个应用的内容而不用打开这个应用。纸杯蛋糕带来的都是和联系人相关的实时文件夹，能够显示所有联系人，带有电话号码的联系人和加星标的联系人。 +同样在左侧截图里，底部一排的头三个文件夹是一个叫做“[实时文件夹](http://android-developers.blogspot.com/2009/04/live-folders.html)”的新特性。它们可以在“添加到主屏幕”菜单中的新顶层选项“文件夹”中被找到，就像你在中间那张图看到的那样。实时文件夹可以展示一个应用的内容而不用打开这个应用。纸杯蛋糕带来的都是和联系人相关的实时文件夹，能够显示所有联系人，带有电话号码的联系人和加星标的联系人。 -实时文件夹在主屏的弹窗使用了一个简单的列表视图，而不是图标。联系人只是实时文件夹的一个初级应用，它是给开发者使用的一个完整API。谷歌用Google Books应用做了个图书文件夹的演示，它可以显示RSS订阅或是一个网站的热门故事。实时文件夹是安卓没有成功实现的想法之一，这个特性最终在蜂巢(3.x)中被取消。 +实时文件夹在主屏的弹窗使用了一个简单的列表视图，而不是图标。联系人只是实时文件夹的一个初级应用，它是给开发者使用的一个完整 API。谷歌用 Google Books 应用做了个图书文件夹的演示，它可以显示 RSS 订阅或是一个网站的热门故事。实时文件夹是安卓没有成功实现的想法之一，这个特性最终在蜂巢（3.x）中被取消。 ![摄像机和相机界面，屏幕上有触摸快门。](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/device-2013-12-26-11016071.png) -摄像机和相机界面，屏幕上有触摸快门。 -Ron Amadeo供图 -如果你不能认出新的“摄像机”图标，这不奇怪，视频录制是在安卓1.5中才被添加进来的。相机和摄像机两个图标其实是同一个应用，你可用过菜单中的“切换至相机”和“切换至摄像机”选项在它们之间切换。T-Mobile G1上录制的视频质量并不高。一个“高”质量的测试视频输出一个.3GP格式的视频文件，其分辨率仅为352 x 288，帧率只有4FPS。 +*摄像机和相机界面，屏幕上有触摸快门。 +[Ron Amadeo 供图]* -除了新的视频特性，相机应用中还可以看到一些急需的UI调整。上方左侧的快照展示了最近拍摄的那张照片，点击它会跳转到相册中的相机胶卷。各个界面上方右侧的圆形图标是触摸快门，这意味着，从1.5开始，安卓设备不再需要一个实体相机按钮。 +如果你不能认出新的“摄像机”图标，这不奇怪，视频录制是在安卓 1.5 中才被添加进来的。相机和摄像机两个图标其实是同一个应用，你可用过菜单中的“切换至相机”和“切换至摄像机”选项在它们之间切换。T-Mobile G1 上录制的视频质量并不高。一个“高”质量的测试视频输出一个 .3GP 格式的视频文件，其分辨率仅为 352 x 288，帧率只有 4FPS。 -这个界面相比于之后版本的相机应用实际上更加接近于安卓4.2的设计。尽管后续的设计会向相机加入愚蠢的皮革纹理毅力更多的控制设置，安卓最终还是回到了基本的设计，安卓4.2的重新设计和这里有很多共同之处。安卓1.5中的原始布局演变成了安卓4.2中的最小化的，全屏的取景器。 +除了新的视频特性，相机应用中还可以看到一些急需的 UI 调整。上方左侧的快照展示了最近拍摄的那张照片，点击它会跳转到相册中的相机胶卷。各个界面上方右侧的圆形图标是触摸快门，这意味着，从 1.5 开始，安卓设备不再需要一个实体相机按钮。 + +这个界面相比于之后版本的相机应用实际上更加接近于安卓 4.2 的设计。尽管后续的设计会向相机加入愚蠢的皮革纹理和更多的控制设置，安卓最终还是回到了基本的设计，安卓 4.2 的重新设计和这里有很多共同之处。安卓 1.5 中的原始布局演变成了安卓 4.2 中的最小化的、全屏的取景器。 ![Google Talk运行在Google Talk中vs运行在IM应用中。](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/gtalk-im.png) -Google Talk运行在Google Talk中vs运行在IM应用中。 -Ron Amadeo供图 -安卓1.0的IM即时通讯应用功能上支持Google Talk，但在安卓1.5中，Google Talk从中分离出来成为独立应用。IM应用中对其的支持已经被移除。Google Talk（上图左侧）明显是基于IM应用（上图右侧）的，但随着独立应用在1.5中的发布，在IM应用的工作被放弃了。 +*Google Talk 运行在 Google Talk 中 vs 运行在 IM 应用中。 +[Ron Amadeo 供图]* -新的Google Talk应用拥有重新设计过的状态栏，右侧状态指示灯，重新设计过的移动设备标识，是个灰色的安卓小绿人图案。聊天界面的蓝色的输入框变成了更加合理的灰色，消息的背景从淡绿和白色变成了淡绿和绿色。有了独立的应用，谷歌可以向其中添加Gtalk独有的特性，比如“不保存聊天记录”聊天，该特性可以阻止Gmail保存每个聊天记录。 +安卓 1.0 的 IM 即时通讯应用功能上支持 Google Talk，但在安卓 1.5 中，Google Talk 从中分离出来成为独立应用。IM应用中对其的支持已经被移除。Google Talk（上图左侧）明显是基于 IM 应用（上图右侧）的，但随着独立应用在 1.5 中的发布，在 IM 应用的工作被放弃了。 + +新的 Google Talk 应用拥有重新设计过的状态栏、右侧状态指示灯、重新设计过的移动设备标识，是个灰色的安卓小绿人图案。聊天界面的蓝色的输入框变成了更加合理的灰色，消息的背景从淡绿和白色变成了淡绿和绿色。有了独立的应用，谷歌可以向其中添加 Gtalk 独有的特性，比如“不保存聊天记录”聊天，该特性可以阻止 Gmail 保存每个聊天记录。 ![安卓1.5的日历更加明亮。](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/cal15.png) -安卓1.5的日历更加明亮。 -Ron Amadeo供图 + +*安卓 1.5 的日历更加明亮。 +[Ron Amadeo 供图]* 日历抛弃了丑陋的黑色背景上白色方块的设计，转变为全浅色主题。所有东西的背景都变成了白色，顶部的星期日变成了蓝色。单独的约会方块从带有颜色的细条变成了拥有整个颜色背景，文字也变为白色。这将是很长一段时间内日历的最后一次改动。 ![从左到右：新的浏览器控件，缩放视图，复制/粘贴文本高亮。](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/browser-craziness.png) -从左到右：新的浏览器控件，缩放视图，复制/粘贴文本高亮。 -Ron Amadeo供图 -安卓1.5从系统全局修改了缩放控件。缩放控件不再是两个大圆形，取而代之的是一个圆角的椭圆形从中间分开为左右两个按钮。这些新的控件被用在了浏览器，谷歌地图和相册之中。 +*从左到右：新的浏览器控件，缩放视图，复制/粘贴文本高亮。 +[Ron Amadeo 供图]* -浏览器在缩放功能上做了很多工作。在放大或缩小之后，点击“1x”按钮可以回到正常缩放状态。底部右侧的按钮会将页面缩放整个页面并在页面上显示一个放大矩形框，就像你能在上面中间截图看到的那样。抓住矩形框并且释放会将页面的那一部分显示回“1x”视图。安卓并没有加速滚动，这使得最大滚动速度着实很慢——这就是谷歌对长网页页面导航的解决方案。 +安卓 1.5 从系统全局修改了缩放控件。缩放控件不再是两个大圆形，取而代之的是一个圆角的矩形从中间分开为左右两个按钮。这些新的控件被用在了浏览器、谷歌地图和相册之中。 -浏览器的另一个新增功能就是从网页上复制文本——之前你只能从输入框中复制文本。在菜单中选择“复制文本”会激活高亮模式，在网页文本上拖动你的手指会使它们高亮。G1的轨迹球对于这种精准的移动十分的方便，并且能够控制鼠标指针。这里并没有可以拖动的光标，当你的手指离开屏幕的时候，安卓就会复制文本并且移除高亮。所以你必须做到荒谬般的精确来使用复制功能。 +浏览器在缩放功能上做了很多工作。在放大或缩小之后，点击“1x”按钮可以回到正常缩放状态。底部右侧的按钮会将缩放整个页面并在页面上显示一个放大矩形框，就像你能在上面中间截图看到的那样。按住矩形框并且释放会将页面的那一部分显示回“1x”视图。安卓并没有加速滚动，这使得最快的滚动速度也着实很慢——这就是谷歌对长网页页面导航的解决方案。 -安卓1.5中的浏览器很容易崩溃——比之前的版本经常多了。仅仅是以桌面模式浏览Ars Technica就会导致崩溃，许多其它的站点也是一样。 +浏览器的另一个新增功能就是从网页上复制文本——之前你只能从输入框中复制文本。在菜单中选择“复制文本”会激活高亮模式，在网页文本上拖动你的手指使它们高亮。G1 的轨迹球对于这种精准的移动十分的方便，并且能够控制鼠标指针。这里并没有可以拖动的光标，当你的手指离开屏幕的时候，安卓就会复制文本并且移除高亮。所以你必须做到荒谬般的精确来使用复制功能。 + +安卓 1.5 中的浏览器很容易崩溃——比之前的版本经常多了。仅仅是以桌面模式浏览 Ars Technica 就会导致崩溃，许多其它的站点也是一样。 ![](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/lockscreen.png) -Ron Amadeo供图 + +*Ron Amadeo供图* 默认的锁屏界面和图形锁屏都不再是空荡荡的黑色背景，而是和主屏幕一致的壁纸。 图形解锁界面的浅色背景显示出了谷歌在圆圈对齐工作上的草率和马虎。白色圆圈在黑圆圈里从来都不是在正中心的位置——像这样基本的对齐问题对于这一时期的安卓是个频繁出现的问题。 ![Youtube上传工具，内容快照，自动旋转设置，全新的音乐应用设计。](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/TWEAKS2.png) -Youtube上传工具，内容快照，自动旋转设置，全新的音乐应用设计。 -Ron Amadeo供图 -安卓1.5给予了YouTube应用向其网站上传视频的能力。上传通过从相册中分享视频到YouTube应用来完成，或从YouTube应用中直接打开一个视频。这将会打开一个上传界面，用户在这里可以设置像视频标题，标签和权限这样的选项。照片可以以类似的方式上传到Picasa，一个谷歌建立的图片网站。 +*Youtube 上传工具，内容快照，自动旋转设置，全新的音乐应用设计。 +[Ron Amadeo 供图]* -整个系统的调整没有多少。现在喜爱的联系人在联系人列表中可以显示图片（尽管常规联系人还是没有图片）。第三张截图展示了设置中全新的自动旋转选项——这个版本同样也是第一个支持基于从设备内部传感器读取的数据自动切换方向的版本。 +安卓 1.5 给予了 YouTube 应用向其网站上传视频的能力。上传通过从相册中分享视频到 YouTube 应用来完成，或从 YouTube 应用中直接打开一个视频。这将会打开一个上传界面，用户在这里可以设置像视频标题、标签和权限这样的选项。照片可以以类似的方式上传到 Picasa，这是一个谷歌建立的图片网站。 -> #### 谷歌地图是第一个登陆谷歌市场的内置应用 #### -> -> 尽管这篇文章为了简单起见，（主要）以安卓版本顺序来组织应用更新，但还是有一些在这时间线之外的东西值得我们特别注意一下。2009年6月14日，谷歌地图成为第一个通过谷歌市场更新的预置应用。尽管其它的所有应用更新还是要求一个完整的系统更新，地图从系统中脱离了出来，只要新特性已经就绪就可以随时接收升级周期之外的更新。 -> -> 将应用从核心系统分离发布到安卓市场上将成为谷歌前进的主要关注点。总的来说，OTA更新是个重大的主动改进——这需要OEM厂商和运营商的合作，二者都是拖着后退的角色。更新同样没有做到到达每个设备。今天，谷歌市场给了谷歌一个与每个安卓手机之间的联系，而没有了这样的外界干扰。 -> -> 然而，这是后来才需要考虑的问题。在2009年，谷歌只有两部裸机需要支持，而且早期的安卓运营商似乎对谷歌的升级需要反应积极。这些早期的行动对谷歌部分来说将被证明是非常积极的决定。一开始，公司只在最重要的应用——地图和Gmail上——走这条路线，但后来它将大部分预置应用导入安卓市场。后来的举措比如Google Play服务甚至将应用API从系统移除加入了谷歌商店。 -> -> 至于这时的新地图应用，得到了一个新的路线界面，此外还有提供公共交通和步行方向的能力。现在，路线只有个朴素的黑色列表界面——逐向风格的导航很快就会登场。 -> -> 2009年6月同时还是苹果发布第三代iPhone——3GS——以及第三版iPhone OS的时候。iPhone OS 3的主要特性大多是追赶上来的项目，比如复制/粘贴和对彩信的支持。苹果的硬件依然是更好的，软件更流畅，更整合，还有更好的设计。尽管谷歌疯狂的开发步伐使得它不得不走上追赶的道路。iPhone OS 2是在安卓0.5的Milestone 5版本之前发布的，在iOS一年的发布周期里安卓发布了五个版本。 +整个系统的调整没有多少。常用联系人在联系人列表中可以显示图片（尽管常规联系人还是没有图片）。第三张截图展示了设置中全新的自动旋转选项——这个版本同样也是第一个支持基于从设备内部传感器读取的数据来自动切换方向的版本。 ![HTC Magic，第二部安卓设备，第一个不带实体键盘的设备。](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/htc-magic-white.jpg) -HTC Magic，第二部安卓设备，第一个不带实体键盘的设备。 -HTC供图 -纸杯蛋糕在改进安卓上做了巨大的工作，特别是从硬件方面。虚拟键盘意味着不再需要实体键盘。自动旋转使得系统更加接近iPhone，屏幕上的虚拟快门按键同样也意味着实体相机按键变成了可选选项。1.5发布后不久,第二部安卓设备的出现将会展示出这个平台未来的方向:HTC Magic。Magic（上图）没有实体键盘或相机按钮。它是没有间隙，没有滑动结构的平板状设备，依赖于安卓的虚拟按键来完成任务。 +*HTC Magic，第二部安卓设备，第一个不带实体键盘的设备。 +[HTC 供图]* -安卓旗舰机开始可能有着最多按键——一个实体qwerty键盘——后来随着时间流逝开始慢慢减少按键数量。而Magic是重大的一步，去除了整个键盘和相机按钮，它仍然使用通话和挂断键，四个系统键以及轨迹球。 +纸杯蛋糕在改进安卓上做了巨大的工作，特别是从硬件方面。虚拟键盘意味着不再需要实体键盘。自动旋转使得系统更加接近 iPhone，屏幕上的虚拟快门按键同样也意味着实体相机按键变成了可选选项。1.5 发布后不久，第二部安卓设备的出现将会展示出这个平台未来的方向：HTC Magic。Magic（上图）没有实体键盘或相机按钮。它是没有间隙、没有滑动结构的平板状设备，依赖于安卓的虚拟按键来完成任务。 + +安卓旗舰机开始可能有着最多按键——一个实体 qwerty 键盘——后来随着时间流逝开始慢慢减少按键数量。而 Magic 是重大的一步，去除了整个键盘和相机按钮，它仍然使用通话和挂断键、四个系统键以及轨迹球。 + +#### 谷歌地图是第一个登陆谷歌市场的内置应用 #### + +尽管这篇文章为了简单起见，（主要）以安卓版本顺序来组织应用更新，但还是有一些在这时间线之外的东西值得我们特别注意一下。2009 年 6 月 14 日，谷歌地图成为第一个通过谷歌市场更新的预置应用。尽管其它的所有应用更新还是要在一个完整的系统发布中进行更新，但是地图从系统中脱离了出来，只要新特性已经就绪就可以随时接收升级周期之外的更新。 + +将应用从核心系统分离发布到安卓市场上将成为谷歌前进的主要关注点。总的来说，OTA 更新是个重大的主动改进——这需要 OEM 厂商和运营商的合作，二者都是拖后腿的角色。更新同样没有做到到达每个设备。今天，谷歌市场给了谷歌一个与每个安卓手机之间的联系渠道，而没有了这样的外界干扰。 + +然而，这是后来才需要考虑的问题。在 2009 年，谷歌只有两种裸机需要支持，而且早期的安卓运营商似乎对谷歌的升级需要反应积极。这些早期的行动对谷歌这方面来说将被证明是非常积极的决定。一开始，公司只在最重要的应用——地图和 Gmail 上——走这条路线，但后来它将大部分预置应用导入安卓市场。后来的举措比如 Google Play 服务甚至将应用 API 从系统移除加入了谷歌商店。 + +至于这时的新地图应用，得到了一个新的路线界面，此外还有提供公共交通和步行方向的能力。现在，路线只有个朴素的黑色列表界面——逐步风格的导航很快就会登场。 + +2009 年 6 月同时还是苹果发布第三代 iPhone——3GS——以及第三版 iPhone OS 的时候。iPhone OS 3 的主要特性大多是追赶上来的项目，比如复制/粘贴和对彩信的支持。苹果的硬件依然是更好的，软件更流畅、更整合，还有更好的设计。尽管谷歌疯狂的开发步伐使得它不得不走上追赶的道路。iPhone OS 2 是在安卓 0.5 的 Milestone 5 版本之前发布的，在 iOS 一年的发布周期里安卓发布了五个版本。 ---------- @@ -119,7 +130,7 @@ HTC供图 via: http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/8/ -译者：[alim0x](https://github.com/alim0x) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[alim0x](https://github.com/alim0x) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 97eaa9f787420c44805d2db4982e6cb69f5b13a1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sun, 27 Nov 2016 12:28:37 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 191/220] PUB:08 - The history of Android @alim0x --- .../The history of Android/08 - The history of Android.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translated/talk => published}/The history of Android/08 - The history of Android.md (100%) diff --git a/translated/talk/The history of Android/08 - The history of Android.md b/published/The history of Android/08 - The history of Android.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/talk/The history of Android/08 - The history of Android.md rename to published/The history of Android/08 - The history of Android.md From 325b235daae9ae84b39143b7e29827b9b1c75741 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sun, 27 Nov 2016 12:50:25 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 192/220] PROOF:20161028 3 Ways to Extract and Copy Files from ISO Image in Linux MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @rusking 不要删除文内和文末的 MD 链接，最好可以找个 MD 编辑器来随时预览编辑效果。 --- ... and Copy Files from ISO Image in Linux.md | 67 +++++++++++-------- 1 file changed, 38 insertions(+), 29 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20161028 3 Ways to Extract and Copy Files from ISO Image in Linux.md b/translated/tech/20161028 3 Ways to Extract and Copy Files from ISO Image in Linux.md index 55f343bbaa..13c896faef 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20161028 3 Ways to Extract and Copy Files from ISO Image in Linux.md +++ b/translated/tech/20161028 3 Ways to Extract and Copy Files from ISO Image in Linux.md @@ -1,22 +1,23 @@ -在Linux系统下提取和复制ISO镜像文件的3种方法 +在 Linux 系统下从 ISO 镜像中提取和复制文件的 3 种方法 ============================================================ -假设你的Linux服务器上有一个超大的ISO镜像文件，你想要打开它，然后提取或者复制其中的一个文件。你会怎么做呢？ -其实在Linux系统里，有很多方法来实现这个要求。 +假设你的 Linux 服务器上有一个超大的 ISO 镜像文件，你想要打开它，然后提取或者复制其中的一个文件。你会怎么做呢？ + +其实在 Linux 系统里，有很多方法来实现这个要求。 -比如说，你可以使用传统的mount命令以只读方式把ISO镜像文件加载为loop设备，然后再把文件复制到另一个目录。 +比如说，你可以使用传统的 mount 命令以只读方式把 ISO 镜像文件加载为 loop 设备，然后再把文件复制到另一个目录。 -### 在Linux系统下提取ISO镜像文件 +### 在 Linux 系统下提取 ISO 镜像文件 -为了完成该测试，你得有一个ISO镜像文件（我使用ubuntu-16.10-server-amd64.iso系统镜像文件）以及用于挂载和提取ISO镜像文件的目录。 +为了完成该测试，你得有一个 ISO 镜像文件（我使用 ubuntu-16.10-server-amd64.iso 系统镜像文件）以及用于挂载和提取 ISO 镜像文件的目录。 -首先，使用如下命令创建一个挂载目录来挂载ISO镜像文件： +首先，使用如下命令创建一个挂载目录来挂载 ISO 镜像文件： ``` $ sudo mkdir /mnt/iso ``` -目录创建完成后，你就可以运行如下命令很容易地挂载ubuntu-16.10-server-amd64.iso系统镜像文件并查看其中的内容。 +目录创建完成后，你就可以运行如下命令很容易地挂载 ubuntu-16.10-server-amd64.iso 系统镜像文件，并查看其中的内容。 ``` $ sudo mount -o loop ubuntu-16.10-server-amd64.iso /mnt/iso @@ -26,10 +27,9 @@ $ ls /mnt/iso/ ![Mount ISO File in Linux](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Mount-ISO-File-in-Linux.png) ][1] -在Linux系统里技巧ISO镜像 +*在 Linux 系统里挂载 ISO 镜像* -Now you can go inside the mounted directory (/mnt/iso) and access the files or copy the files to `/tmp`directory using [cp command][2]. -现在你就可以进入到挂载目录/mnt/iso里，查看文件或者使用cp命令把文件复制到/tmp目录了。 +现在你就可以进入到挂载目录 /mnt/iso 里，查看文件或者使用 [cp 命令][2]把文件复制到 /tmp 目录了。 ``` $ cd /mnt/iso @@ -40,21 +40,20 @@ $ sudo cp -r ubuntu /tmp/ ![Copy Files From ISO File in Linux](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Copy-Files-From-ISO-File-in-Linux.png) ][3] +*在 Linux 系统中复制 ISO 镜像里的文件* -在Linux系统中复制ISO镜像里的文件 +注意：`-r` 选项用于递归复制目录里的内容。如有必要，你也可以[监控复制命令的完成进度][4]。 -注意：-r选项用于递归复制目录里的内容。如有必要，你也可以监控复制命令的完成进度。 +### 使用 7zip 命令提取 ISO 镜像里的内容 -### 使用7zip命令提取ISO镜像里的内容 - -如果不想挂载ISO镜像，你可以简单地安装一个7zip工具，这是一个免费而且开源的解压缩软件，用于压缩或解压不同类型格式的文件，包括TAR,XZ,GZIP,ZIP,BZIP2等等。 +如果不想挂载 ISO 镜像，你可以简单地安装一个 7zip 工具，这是一个自由而开源的解压缩软件，用于压缩或解压不同类型格式的文件，包括 TAR、XZ、GZIP、ZIP、BZIP2 等等。 ``` $ sudo apt-get install p7zip-full p7zip-rar [On Debian/Ubuntu systems] $ sudo yum install p7zip p7zip-plugins [On CentOS/RHEL systems] ``` -7zip软件安装完成后，你就可以使用7z命令提取ISO镜像文件里的内容了。 +7zip 软件安装完成后，你就可以使用`7z` 命令提取 ISO 镜像文件里的内容了。 ``` $ 7z x ubuntu-16.10-server-amd64.iso @@ -63,15 +62,15 @@ $ 7z x ubuntu-16.10-server-amd64.iso ![7zip - Extract ISO File Content in Linux](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Extract-ISO-Content-in-Linux.png) ][5] -使用7zip工具在Linux系统下提取ISO镜像里的文件 +*使用 7zip 工具在 Linux 系统下提取 ISO 镜像里的文件* -注意：跟Linux的mount命令相比起来，7zip在压缩和解压缩任何格式的文件时速度更快，更智能。 +注意：跟 Linux 的 mount 命令相比起来，7zip 在压缩和解压缩任何格式的文件时速度更快，更智能。 -### 使用isoinfo命令来提取ISO镜像文件内容 +### 使用 isoinfo 命令来提取 ISO 镜像文件内容 -虽然isoinfo命令是用来以目录的形式列出iso9660镜像文件的内容，但是你也可以使用程序来提取文件。 +虽然 `isoinfo` 命令是用来以目录的形式列出 iso9660 镜像文件的内容，但是你也可以使用该程序来提取文件。 -我说过，isoinfo程序会显示目录列表，因此先列出ISO镜像文件的内容。 +我说过，isoinfo 程序会显示目录列表，因此先列出 ISO 镜像文件的内容。 ``` $ isoinfo -i ubuntu-16.10-server-amd64.iso -l @@ -80,29 +79,39 @@ $ isoinfo -i ubuntu-16.10-server-amd64.iso -l ![List ISO Content in Linux](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/List-ISO-Content-in-Linux.png) ][6] -Linux里列出ISO文件的内容 +*Linux 里列出 ISO 文件的内容* -现在你可以按如下的方式从ISO镜像文件中提取单文件： +现在你可以按如下的方式从 ISO 镜像文件中提取单文件： ``` $ isoinfo -i ubuntu-16.10-server-amd64.iso -x MD5SUM.TXT > MD5SUM.TXT ``` -注意：必须使用重定向参数 -x 来提取指定文件 +注意：因为 `-x` 解压到标准输出，必须使用重定向来提取指定文件。 [ ![Extract Single File from ISO in Linux](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Extract-Single-File-from-ISO-in-Linux.png) ][7] -从ISO镜像文件中提取单文件 +*从 ISO 镜像文件中提取单个文件* + +就到这里吧，其实还有很多种方法来实现这个要求，如果你还知道其它有用的命令或工具来提取复制出 ISO 镜像文件中的文件，请在下面的评论中跟大家分享下。 -就到这里吧，其实还有很多种方法来实现这个要求，如果你还知道其它有用的命令或工具来提取复制出ISO镜像文件中的文件，请在下面的评论中跟大家分享下。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: http://www.tecmint.com/extract-files-from-iso-files-linux 作者：[Ravi Saive][a] 译者：[rusking](https://github.com/rusking) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/admin/ +[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Mount-ISO-File-in-Linux.png +[2]:http://www.tecmint.com/advanced-copy-command-shows-progress-bar-while-copying-files/ +[3]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Copy-Files-From-ISO-File-in-Linux.png +[4]:http://www.tecmint.com/monitor-copy-backup-tar-progress-in-linux-using-pv-command/ +[5]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Extract-ISO-Content-in-Linux.png +[6]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/List-ISO-Content-in-Linux.png +[7]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Extract-Single-File-from-ISO-in-Linux.png \ No newline at end of file From e69139c6a61912bdbe54f32d2f9526165b414f35 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sun, 27 Nov 2016 12:51:03 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 193/220] PUB:20161028 3 Ways to Extract and Copy Files from ISO Image in Linux @rusking --- ...28 3 Ways to Extract and Copy Files from ISO Image in Linux.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20161028 3 Ways to Extract and Copy Files from ISO Image in Linux.md (100%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20161028 3 Ways to Extract and Copy Files from ISO Image in Linux.md b/published/20161028 3 Ways to Extract and Copy Files from ISO Image in Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/tech/20161028 3 Ways to Extract and Copy Files from ISO Image in Linux.md rename to published/20161028 3 Ways to Extract and Copy Files from ISO Image in Linux.md From f96e0c4fc786dbeeadf48843ec6a2d2963fbe52b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: runningwater Date: Sun, 27 Nov 2016 22:41:13 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 194/220] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E5=AE=8C=E6=88=90?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...815 How to manage binary blobs with Git.md | 133 ---------------- ...815 How to manage binary blobs with Git.md | 144 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 144 insertions(+), 133 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20160815 How to manage binary blobs with Git.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20160815 How to manage binary blobs with Git.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20160815 How to manage binary blobs with Git.md b/sources/tech/20160815 How to manage binary blobs with Git.md deleted file mode 100644 index 32818200ba..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20160815 How to manage binary blobs with Git.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,133 +0,0 @@ -第七部分 - 使用 Git 管理二进制大对象 -===================== - - -通过这系列的前六篇文章，我们已经学会使用 Git 来对文本文件进行版本控制的管理。不禁要问，还有二进制文件呢，也可进行进行版本控制吗？答案是肯定的，Git 已经有了扩展可以处理像多媒体文件这样的二进制大对象块。因此，今天我们会学习使用 Git 来管理所谓的二进制资产。 - -似乎大家都认可的事就是 Git 对于大的二进制对象文件支持得不好。要记住，二进制大对象与大文本文件是不同的。虽然 Git 对大型的文本文件版本控制毫无问题，但是对于不透明的二进制文件起不了多大作用，只能把它当作一个大的实体黑盒来提交。 - -设想这样的场景，有一个另人兴奋的第一人称解密游戏，您正在为它制作复杂的 3D 建模，源文件是以二进制格式保存的，最后生成一个 1G 大小的的文件。您提交过一次，在 Git 源仓库历史中有一个 1G 大小的新增提交。随后，您修改了下模型人物的头发造型，然后提交更新，因为 Git 并不能把头发和头部及模型中其余的部分离开来，所以您仅仅只能又提交 1G 的量。接着，您改变了模型的眼睛颜色，提交这部分更新：又是 G 字节的提交量。对一个模型的一些微小修改，就会导致三个 G 字节的量提交。对于想对一个游戏所有资源进行版本控制这样的级别，这是个严重的问题。 - -对比如 .obj 这种格式的文本文件，和其它模块文件一样，都是一个提交就存储所有更新修改状态，不同的是 .obj 文件是一系列描述模型生成目标的纯文本行。如果您修改了模型并保存出成为 .obj 文件，Git 可以逐行读取这两个文件，然后创建一个差异版本，得到一个相当小的提交。模块越精致，提交就越小，这就是精典的 Git 用例。虽然文件本身很大，但 Git 使用覆盖或稀疏存储的方法来构建当前数据使用状态的完整图案。 - -然而，不是所有的都是纯文本的，但都要使用 Git。所以需要解决方案，其实有几个已经浮现了。 - -[OSTree](https://ostree.readthedocs.io/en/latest/) 是GNOME 项目用的，旨在管理操作系统的二进制文件。它不适用于这里，所以我直接跳过。 - -[Git 大文件存储](https://git-lfs.github.com/)(LFS) 是在 GitHub 上的一个开源项目，是从 git-media 项目中分支出来的。[git-media](https://github.com/alebedev/git-media) 和 [git-annex](https://git-annex.branchable.com/walkthrough/) 是 Git 对于管理大文件的扩展。它们是对同一问题的两种不同的解决方案，各有优点。虽然它们都不是官方的项目，但在我看来，都是独一无二的，体现在： - -* git-media 是一个集中模式，有一个公共资源的存储库。您可以告诉告诉 git-media 大文件需要存储的位置，是在硬盘驱动器、服务器还是在云存储服务器，项目中的每个用户都将该位置视为大型资产的中心主位置。 -* git-annex 更侧重于分布模式。用户各自创建存储库，每个存储库都有一个存储大文件的本地目录 .git/annex。annexes 会定期同步，只要有需要，每个用户都可以访问到所有的资源。除非是特别配置，否则 git-annex 优先使用本地存储，再使用外部存储。 - -基于这些选项，我已经在生产中使用了 git-media 和 git-annex，那么下面会向你们概述其工作原理。 - -``` -git-media -``` - -git-media uses Ruby, so you must install a gem for it. Instructions are on the[website](https://github.com/alebedev/git-media). Each user who wants to use git-media needs to install it, but it is cross-platform, so that is not a problem. - -After installing git-media, you must set some Git configuration options. You only need to do this once per machine you use: - -``` -$ git config filter.media.clean "git-media filter-clean"$ git config filter.media.smudge "git-media filter-smudge" -``` - -In each repository that you want to use git-media, set an attribute to marry the filters you've just created to the file types you want to classify as media. Don't get confused by the terminology; a better term is "assets," since "media" usually means audio, video, and photos, but you might just as easily classify 3D models, bakes, and textures as media. - -For example: - -``` -$ echo "*.mp4 filter=media -crlf" >> .gitattributes$ echo "*.mkv filter=media -crlf" >> .gitattributes$ echo "*.wav filter=media -crlf" >> .gitattributes$ echo "*.flac filter=media -crlf" >> .gitattributes$ echo "*.kra filter=media -crlf" >> .gitattributes -``` - -When you stage a file of those types, the file is copied to .git/media. - -Assuming you have a Git repository on the server already, the final step is to tell your Git repository where the "mothership" is; that is, where the media files will go when they have been pushed for all users to share. Set this in the repository's.git/config file, substituting your own user, host, and path: - -``` -[git-media] -transport = scp -autodownload = false #true to pull assets by default -scpuser = seth -scphost = example.com -scppath = /opt/jupiter.git -``` - -If you have complex SSH settings on your server, such as a non-standard port or path to a non-default SSH key file use .ssh/config to set defaults for the host. - -Life with git-media is mostly normal; you work in your repository, you stage files and blobs alike, and commit them as usual. The only difference in workflow is that at some point along the way, you should sync your secret stockpile of assets (er, media) to the shared repository. - -When you are ready to publish your assets for your team or for your own backup, use this command: - -``` -$ git media sync -``` - -To replace a file in git-media with a changed version (for example, an audio file has been sweetened, or a matte painting has been completed, or a video file has been colour graded), you must explicitly tell Git to update the media. This overrides git-media's default to not copy a file if it already exists remotely: - -``` -$ git update-index --really-refresh -``` - -When other members of your team (or you, on a different computer) clones the repository, no assets will be downloaded by default unless you have set theautodownload option in .git/config to true. A git media sync cures all ills. - -``` -git-annex -``` - -git-annex has a slightly different workflow, and defaults to local repositories, but the basic ideas are the same. You should be able to install git-annex from your distribution's repository, or you can get it from the website as needed. As withgit-media, any user using git-annex must install it on their machine. - -The initial setup is simpler than git-media. To create a bare repository on your server run this command, substituting your own path: - -``` -$ git init --bare --shared /opt/jupiter.git -``` - -Then clone it onto your local computer, and mark it as a git-annex location: - -``` -$ git clone seth@example.com:/opt/jupiter.cloneCloning into 'jupiter.clone'... warning: You appear to have clonedan empty repository. Checking connectivity... done.$ git annex init "seth workstation" init seth workstation ok -``` - -Rather than using filters to identify media assets or large files, you configure what gets classified as a large file by using the git annex command: - -``` -$ git annex add bigblobfile.flacadd bigblobfile.flac (checksum) ok(Recording state in Git...) -``` - -Committing is done as usual: - -``` -$ git commit -m 'added flac source for sound fx' -``` - -But pushing is different, because git annex uses its own branch to track assets. The first push you make may need the -u option, depending on how you manage your repository: - -``` -$ git push -u origin master git-annexTo seth@example.com:/opt/jupiter.git* [new branch] master -> master* [new branch] git-annex -> git-annex -``` - -As with git-media, a normal git push does not copy your assets to the server, it only sends information about the media. When you're ready to share your assets with the rest of the team, run the sync command: - -``` -$ git annex sync --content -``` - -If someone else has shared assets to the server and you need to pull them, git annex sync will prompt your local checkout to pull assets that are not present on your machine, but that exist on the server. - -Both git-media and git-annex are flexible and can use local repositories instead of a server, so they're just as useful for managing private local projects, too. - -Git is a powerful and extensible system, and by now there is really no excuse for not using it. Try it out today! - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://opensource.com/life/16/8/how-manage-binary-blobs-git-part-7 - -作者：[Seth Kenlon][a] -译者：[runningwater](https://github.com/runningwater) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://opensource.com/users/seth diff --git a/translated/tech/20160815 How to manage binary blobs with Git.md b/translated/tech/20160815 How to manage binary blobs with Git.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ffcf0c5f7b --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20160815 How to manage binary blobs with Git.md @@ -0,0 +1,144 @@ +第七部分 - 使用 Git 管理二进制大对象 +===================== + + +通过这系列的前六篇文章，我们已经学会使用 Git 来对文本文件进行版本控制的管理。不禁要问，还有二进制文件呢，也可进行进行版本控制吗？答案是肯定的，Git 已经有了扩展可以处理像多媒体文件这样的二进制大对象块。因此，今天我们会学习使用 Git 来管理所谓的二进制资产。 + +似乎大家都认可的事就是 Git 对于大的二进制对象文件支持得不好。要记住，二进制大对象与大文本文件是不同的。虽然 Git 对大型的文本文件版本控制毫无问题，但是对于不透明的二进制文件起不了多大作用，只能把它当作一个大的实体黑盒来提交。 + +设想这样的场景，有一个另人兴奋的第一人称解密游戏，您正在为它制作复杂的 3D 建模，源文件是以二进制格式保存的，最后生成一个 1G 大小的的文件。您提交过一次，在 Git 源仓库历史中有一个 1G 大小的新增提交。随后，您修改了下模型人物的头发造型，然后提交更新，因为 Git 并不能把头发和头部及模型中其余的部分离开来，所以您仅仅只能又提交 1G 的量。接着，您改变了模型的眼睛颜色，提交这部分更新：又是 G 字节的提交量。对一个模型的一些微小修改，就会导致三个 G 字节的量提交。对于想对一个游戏所有资源进行版本控制这样的级别，这是个严重的问题。 + +对比如 .obj 这种格式的文本文件，和其它模块文件一样，都是一个提交就存储所有更新修改状态，不同的是 .obj 文件是一系列描述模型生成目标的纯文本行。如果您修改了模型并保存出成为 .obj 文件，Git 可以逐行读取这两个文件，然后创建一个差异版本，得到一个相当小的提交。模块越精致，提交就越小，这就是精典的 Git 用例。虽然文件本身很大，但 Git 使用覆盖或稀疏存储的方法来构建当前数据使用状态的完整图案。 + +然而，不是所有的都是纯文本的，但都要使用 Git。所以需要解决方案，其实有几个已经浮现了。 + +[OSTree](https://ostree.readthedocs.io/en/latest/) 是GNOME 项目用的，旨在管理操作系统的二进制文件。它不适用于这里，所以我直接跳过。 + +[Git 大文件存储](https://git-lfs.github.com/)(LFS) 是在 GitHub 上的一个开源项目，是从 git-media 项目中分支出来的。[git-media](https://github.com/alebedev/git-media) 和 [git-annex](https://git-annex.branchable.com/walkthrough/) 是 Git 对于管理大文件的扩展。它们是对同一问题的两种不同的解决方案，各有优点。虽然它们都不是官方的项目，但在我看来，都是独一无二的，体现在： + +* git-media 是一个集中模式，有一个公共资源的存储库。您可以告诉告诉 git-media 大文件需要存储的位置，是在硬盘驱动器、服务器还是在云存储服务器，项目中的每个用户都将该位置视为大型资产的中心主位置。 +* git-annex 更侧重于分布模式。用户各自创建存储库，每个存储库都有一个存储大文件的本地目录 .git/annex。annexes 会定期同步，只要有需要，每个用户都可以访问到所有的资源。除非是特别配置，否则 git-annex 优先使用本地存储，再使用外部存储。 + +基于这些选项，我已经在生产中使用了 git-media 和 git-annex，那么下面会向你们概述其工作原理。 + + +## git-media + + +git-media 使用的是 Ruby 语言，所以首先要安装 gem(译者注：Gem是基于Ruby的一些开发工具包)。安装说明在[网站](https://github.com/alebedev/git-media)上。想使用 git-meida 的用户都需要安装它，因为 gem 是跨平台的工具，所以在各平台都适用。 + +安装完 git-media 后，需要对 Git 的配置选择进行设置。在每台机器上只需要配置一次。 + +``` +$ git config filter.media.clean "git-media filter-clean" +$ git config filter.media.smudge "git-media filter-smudge" +``` + +在要使用 git-media 的每个存储库中，设置一个属性以将刚刚创建的过滤器合并到要您想分类的介质的文件类型里。别被这种术语混淆。一个更好的术语是“资产”，因为“媒体”通常的意思是音频、视频和照片,但您可能很容易的也会将 3D 模型，烘焙和纹理等归类为媒体。 + +例如： + +``` +$ echo "*.mp4 filter=media -crlf" >> .gitattributes +$ echo "*.mkv filter=media -crlf" >> .gitattributes +$ echo "*.wav filter=media -crlf" >> .gitattributes +$ echo "*.flac filter=media -crlf" >> .gitattributes +$ echo "*.kra filter=media -crlf" >> .gitattributes +``` + +当您对这些类型的文件分级时，文件会被复制到 .git/media 目录。 + +假设在服务器已经有了一个 Git 源仓库，最后一步就告诉源仓库“母版”所在的位置，也就是，当媒体文件被推送给所有用户共享时，媒体文件将会存储的位置。在仓库的 .git/config 文件中设置，替换成您的用户名、主机和路径： + +``` +[git-media] +transport = scp +autodownload = false #默认为 true，拉取资源 +scpuser = seth +scphost = example.com +scppath = /opt/jupiter.git +``` + +如果您的服务器上有复杂的 SSH 设置，例如非标准端口或非默认 SSH 密钥文件的路径，请使用 .ssh/config 为主机设置默认配置。 + +git-media 的生命周期和普通的一样，可以把它当成普通文件和 blobs 文件一样对待，一样进行 commit 操作。操作流程中唯一的不同就是，在某些时候，您应该将您的资产库（er、media 等）同步到共享存储库中。 + +当要为团队发布资源或备份资料时，请使用如下命令： + +``` +$ git media sync +``` + +使用 git-media 时, 要使发变更的版本（例如，一个已经美声过的音频文件，或者一个已经完成的遮罩绘画，或者一个已经被颜色分级的视频文件）来替换一个文件，您必须明确的告诉 Git 要更新操作。这将覆盖 git-media 的默认设置，如果远程已经存在此文件，就不会重新复制一份文件： + +``` +$ git update-index --really-refresh +``` + +当您团队的其他成员(或是您本人，在其它机器上）克隆本仓库时，如果没有在 .git/config 中把 autodownload 选择设置为 true 的话，默认是不会下载资源的。但 git-media 的一个同步命令可解决所有问题。 + +## git-annex + +git-annex 的处理流程略微的有些不同，默认是使用本地仓库的，但基本的思想都一样。您可以从分布的仓库中安装 git-annex，或者根据需要从网站上下载安装。与git-media 一样，任何使用 git-annex 的用户都必须在其机器上安装上。 + +其初始化设置比 git-media 都简单。运行如下命令，其中替换成您的路径，就可以在您的服务器上创建好裸存储库： + +``` +$ git init --bare --shared /opt/jupiter.git +``` + +然后克隆到本地计算机，把它标记为 git-annex 的初始路径： + +``` +$ git clone seth@example.com:/opt/jupiter.clone +Cloning into 'jupiter.clone'... +warning: You appear to have clonedan empty repository. +Checking connectivity... done. +$ git annex init "seth workstation" +init seth workstation ok +``` + +不要使用过滤器来区分媒体资源或大文件，您可以使用 git annex 命令来配置归类大文件： + +``` +$ git annex add bigblobfile.flacadd bigblobfile.flac + (checksum) ok(Recording state in Git...) +``` + +跟普通文件一样进行提交操作： + +``` +$ git commit -m 'added flac source for sound fx' +``` + +但是推送操作是不同的，因为 git annex 使用自己的分支来跟踪资源。您首次推送可能需要 -u 选项，具体取决于您如何管理您的存储库： + +``` +$ git push -u origin master git-annexTo seth@example.com:/opt/jupiter.git* +[new branch] master -> master* +[new branch] git-annex -> git-annex +``` + +和 git-media 一样，普通的 git push 命令是不会拷贝资料到服务器的，仅仅只是发送了相关的消息，要真正分享文件，需要运行同步命令： + +``` +$ git annex sync --content +``` + +如果别人已经提交了共享资源，您需要拉取它们，git annex sync 命令将提示您本地不存在，但在服务器上存在的资源，并检出到本地。 + +git-media 和 git-annex 都非常灵活，都可以使用本地存储库来代替服务器，所以它们也常用于管理私有的本地项目。 + +Git 是一个非常强大和扩展性非常强的系统应用软件，我们应该毫不犹豫的使用它。现在就开始试试吧！ + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/life/16/8/how-manage-binary-blobs-git-part-7 + +作者：[Seth Kenlon][a] +译者：[runningwater](https://github.com/runningwater) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/seth From c5e276e96fa0e01e00b642bb950512621be741b2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: xiaojin Date: Mon, 28 Nov 2016 09:21:46 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 195/220] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E5=AE=8C=E6=88=90=20?= =?UTF-8?q?4=20Useful=20Way=20to=20Know=20Plugged=20USB=20Device=20Name=20?= =?UTF-8?q?in=20Linux=20(#4704)?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit * 翻译完成 4 Useful Way to Know Plugged USB Device Name in Linux 翻译完成 * Delete 20161031 4 Useful Way to Know Plugged USB Device Name in Linux.md 翻译完成 --- ...o Know Plugged USB Device Name in Linux.md | 102 ------------------ ...o Know Plugged USB Device Name in Linux.md | 100 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 100 insertions(+), 102 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20161031 4 Useful Way to Know Plugged USB Device Name in Linux.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/4 Useful Way to Know Plugged USB Device Name in Linux.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20161031 4 Useful Way to Know Plugged USB Device Name in Linux.md b/sources/tech/20161031 4 Useful Way to Know Plugged USB Device Name in Linux.md deleted file mode 100644 index ec11433a75..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20161031 4 Useful Way to Know Plugged USB Device Name in Linux.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,102 +0,0 @@ -###Translating by rusking - -4 Useful Way to Know Plugged USB Device Name in Linux -============================================================ - -As a newbie, one of the many [things you should master in Linux][1] is identification of devices attached to your system. It may be your computer’s hard disk, an external hard drive or removable media such USB drive or SD Memory card. - -Using USB drives for file transfer is so common today, and for those (new Linux users) who prefer to use the command line, learning the different ways to identify a USB device name is very important, when you need to format it. - -Once you attach a device to your system such as a USB, especially on a desktop, it is automatically mounted to a given directory, normally under /media/username/device-label and you can then access the files in it from that directory. However, this is not the case with a server where you have to[ manually mount a device][2] and specify its mount point. - -Linux identifies devices using special device files stored in `/dev` directory. Some of the files you will find in this directory include `/dev/sda` or `/dev/hda` which represents your first master drive, each partition will be represented by a number such as `/dev/sda1` or `/dev/hda1` for the first partition and so on. - -``` -$ ls /dev/sda* -``` -[ - ![List All Linux Device Names](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/List-All-Linux-Device-Names.png) -][3] - -List All Linux Device Names - -Now let’s find out device names using some different command-line tools as shown: - -### Find Out Plugged USB Device Name Using df Command - -To view each device attached to your system as well as its mount point, you can use the [df command][4](checks Linux disk space utilization) as shown in the image below: - -``` -$ df -h -``` -[ - ![Find USB Device Name Using df Command](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Find-USB-Device-Name.png) -][5] - -Find USB Device Name Using df Command - -### Use lsblk Command to Find USB Device Name - -You can also use the [lsblk command (list block devices)][6] which lists all block devices attached to your system like so: - -``` -$ lsblk -``` -[ - ![List Linux Block Devices](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/List-Linux-Block-Devices.png) -][7] - -List Linux Block Devices - -### Identify USB Device Name with fdisk Utility - -[fdisk is a powerful utility][8] which prints out the partition table on all your block devices, a USB drive inclusive, you can run it will root privileges as follows: - -``` -$ sudo fdisk -l -``` -[ - ![List Partition Table of Block Devices](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/List-Partition-Table.png) -][9] - -List Partition Table of Block Devices - -### Determine USB Device Name with dmesg Command - -dmesg is an important command that prints or controls the kernel ring buffer, a data structure which [stores information about the kernel’s operations][10]. - -Run the command below to view kernel operation messages which will as well print information about your USB device: - -``` -$ dmesg -``` -[ - ![dmesg - Prints USB Device Name](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/dmesg-shows-kernel-information.png) -][11] - -dmesg – Prints USB Device Name - -That is all for now, in this article, we have covered different approaches of how to find out a USB device name from the command line. You can also share with us any other methods for the same purpose or perhaps offer us your thoughts about the article via the response section below. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.tecmint.com/find-usb-device-name-in-linux - -作者：[Aaron Kili ][a] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/aaronkili/ -[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/tag/linux-tricks/ -[2]:http://www.tecmint.com/mount-filesystem-in-linux/ -[3]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/List-All-Linux-Device-Names.png -[4]:http://www.tecmint.com/how-to-check-disk-space-in-linux/ -[5]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Find-USB-Device-Name.png -[6]:http://www.tecmint.com/commands-to-collect-system-and-hardware-information-in-linux/ -[7]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/List-Linux-Block-Devices.png -[8]:http://www.tecmint.com/fdisk-commands-to-manage-linux-disk-partitions/ -[9]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/List-Partition-Table.png -[10]:http://www.tecmint.com/dmesg-commands/ -[11]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/dmesg-shows-kernel-information.png diff --git a/translated/tech/4 Useful Way to Know Plugged USB Device Name in Linux.md b/translated/tech/4 Useful Way to Know Plugged USB Device Name in Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..0bd1f48f7e --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/4 Useful Way to Know Plugged USB Device Name in Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,100 @@ +4 Useful Way to Know Plugged USB Device Name in Linux +在Linux系统里识别USB设备名字的4种方法 +============================================================ + +对于初学者来说，在Linux系统里你必须掌握的技术之一就是识别出插入系统里的各种设备。这也许是你的系统硬盘，外部的存储设备或者是可移动设备，比如USB设备或SD闪存卡等。 + +现如今，使用USB设备来传输文件是十分常见的事，对于那些喜欢使用命令行的新手来说，当你需要格式化USB设备时，学会使用不同的方法来识别USB设备名是非常重要的。 + +如果你插入一个设备到你的系统中，尤其是在桌面环境下，比如USB设备，它会自动挂载到一个指定目录,正常情况下是在/media/username/device-label目录下，之后你就可以进入到该目录下访问那些文件了。然而，在服务器上就不是这么回事了，你必须手动挂载这个设备，并且指定一个挂载点。 + +Linux系统使用/dev目录下特定的设备文件来标识插入的设备。你会发现该目录下的某些文件，包括/dev/sda或者/dev/sha表示你的第一个主设备，每个分区使用一个数字来表示，比如/dev/sda1或/dev/sha1表示主设备的第一个分区等等。 + +``` +$ ls /dev/sda* +``` +[ + ![List All Linux Device Names](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/List-All-Linux-Device-Names.png) +][3] + +列出Linux系统下所有的设备名 + +现在咱们来使用下面一些特殊的命令行工具找出设备名： + +### 使用df命令来找出插入的USB设备名 + +查看插入你系统里的每一个设备及对应的挂载点，你可以使用下图中的df命令检查Linux系统磁盘空间使用情况： + +``` +$ df -h +``` +[ + ![Find USB Device Name Using df Command](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Find-USB-Device-Name.png) +][5] + +使用df命令查找USB设备名 + +### 使用lsblk命令查找USB设备名 + +你也可以使用下面的lsblk命令（列出块设备）来列出插入你系统里的所有块设备： + +``` +$ lsblk +``` +[ + ![List Linux Block Devices](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/List-Linux-Block-Devices.png) +][7] + +列出Linux系统里的块设备 + +### 使用fdisk工具识别USB设备名 + +fdisk是一个功能强大的工具，用于查看你系统中的所有分区表，包括所有的USB设备，使用root权限执行如下命令： +``` +$ sudo fdisk -l +``` +[ + ![List Partition Table of Block Devices](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/List-Partition-Table.png) +][9] + +列出块设备的分区表 + +### 使用dmesg命令来识别出USB设备名 + +dmesg是一个重要的用于打印或者控制内核环形缓冲区的命令。环形缓冲区是一种数据结构，它存放着内核操作数据的信息。 + +运行如下的命令来查看内核操作信息，它同时也会打印出USB设备的信息： + +``` +$ dmesg +``` +[ + ![dmesg - Prints USB Device Name](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/dmesg-shows-kernel-information.png) +][11] + +dmesg – 打印USB设备名 + +以上就是这篇文章中提及到的所有命令，我们在命令行下使用不同的方法来找出USB设备名。你也可以跟大家分享下实现这个目的的其它方法，或者如果你对这篇文章有什么想法也可以在下面跟大家交流下。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.tecmint.com/find-usb-device-name-in-linux + +作者：[Aaron Kili ][a] +译者：[rusking](https://github.com/rusking) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/aaronkili/ +[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/tag/linux-tricks/ +[2]:http://www.tecmint.com/mount-filesystem-in-linux/ +[3]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/List-All-Linux-Device-Names.png +[4]:http://www.tecmint.com/how-to-check-disk-space-in-linux/ +[5]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Find-USB-Device-Name.png +[6]:http://www.tecmint.com/commands-to-collect-system-and-hardware-information-in-linux/ +[7]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/List-Linux-Block-Devices.png +[8]:http://www.tecmint.com/fdisk-commands-to-manage-linux-disk-partitions/ +[9]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/List-Partition-Table.png +[10]:http://www.tecmint.com/dmesg-commands/ +[11]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/dmesg-shows-kernel-information.png From 25992d9b969beb5f32f211c1b3c92ffee27884f0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: jasminepeng Date: Mon, 28 Nov 2016 10:05:05 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 196/220] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=A0=A1=E5=AF=B9=E4=B8=AD?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 校对中 --- .../4 Useful Way to Know Plugged USB Device Name in Linux.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/4 Useful Way to Know Plugged USB Device Name in Linux.md b/translated/tech/4 Useful Way to Know Plugged USB Device Name in Linux.md index 0bd1f48f7e..3310d48ad0 100644 --- a/translated/tech/4 Useful Way to Know Plugged USB Device Name in Linux.md +++ b/translated/tech/4 Useful Way to Know Plugged USB Device Name in Linux.md @@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ via: http://www.tecmint.com/find-usb-device-name-in-linux 作者：[Aaron Kili ][a] 译者：[rusking](https://github.com/rusking) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[jasminepeng](https://github.com/jasminepeng) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 3d7033305c8d8786087e77bc6ede25c781205342 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: jasminepeng Date: Mon, 28 Nov 2016 10:37:36 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 197/220] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=A0=A1=E5=AF=B9=E5=AE=8C=E6=AF=95?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 校对完毕 --- ...o Know Plugged USB Device Name in Linux.md | 28 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/4 Useful Way to Know Plugged USB Device Name in Linux.md b/translated/tech/4 Useful Way to Know Plugged USB Device Name in Linux.md index 3310d48ad0..842efc93f4 100644 --- a/translated/tech/4 Useful Way to Know Plugged USB Device Name in Linux.md +++ b/translated/tech/4 Useful Way to Know Plugged USB Device Name in Linux.md @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -4 Useful Way to Know Plugged USB Device Name in Linux + 在Linux系统里识别USB设备名字的4种方法 ============================================================ @@ -6,18 +6,17 @@ 现如今，使用USB设备来传输文件是十分常见的事，对于那些喜欢使用命令行的新手来说，当你需要格式化USB设备时，学会使用不同的方法来识别USB设备名是非常重要的。 -如果你插入一个设备到你的系统中，尤其是在桌面环境下，比如USB设备，它会自动挂载到一个指定目录,正常情况下是在/media/username/device-label目录下，之后你就可以进入到该目录下访问那些文件了。然而，在服务器上就不是这么回事了，你必须手动挂载这个设备，并且指定一个挂载点。 +如果在系统中插入一个设备，尤其是在桌面环境下，比如USB设备，它会自动挂载到一个指定目录,一般是在/media/username/device-label目录下，之后你就可以进入到该目录下访问那些文件了。然而，在服务器上就不是这么回事了，你必须手动挂载这个设备，并且指定一个挂载点。 Linux系统使用/dev目录下特定的设备文件来标识插入的设备。你会发现该目录下的某些文件，包括/dev/sda或者/dev/sha表示你的第一个主设备，每个分区使用一个数字来表示，比如/dev/sda1或/dev/sha1表示主设备的第一个分区等等。 ``` $ ls /dev/sda* ``` -[ - ![List All Linux Device Names](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/List-All-Linux-Device-Names.png) +[ ![List All Linux Device Names](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/List-All-Linux-Device-Names.png) ][3] -列出Linux系统下所有的设备名 +*列出Linux系统下所有的设备名* 现在咱们来使用下面一些特殊的命令行工具找出设备名： @@ -28,11 +27,10 @@ $ ls /dev/sda* ``` $ df -h ``` -[ - ![Find USB Device Name Using df Command](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Find-USB-Device-Name.png) +[![Find USB Device Name Using df Command](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Find-USB-Device-Name.png) ][5] -使用df命令查找USB设备名 +*使用df命令查找USB设备名* ### 使用lsblk命令查找USB设备名 @@ -45,11 +43,11 @@ $ lsblk ![List Linux Block Devices](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/List-Linux-Block-Devices.png) ][7] -列出Linux系统里的块设备 +*列出Linux系统里的块设备* ### 使用fdisk工具识别USB设备名 -fdisk是一个功能强大的工具，用于查看你系统中的所有分区表，包括所有的USB设备，使用root权限执行如下命令： +[fdisk是一个功能强大的工具][12]，用于查看你系统中的所有分区表，包括所有的USB设备，使用root权限执行如下命令： ``` $ sudo fdisk -l ``` @@ -57,13 +55,13 @@ $ sudo fdisk -l ![List Partition Table of Block Devices](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/List-Partition-Table.png) ][9] -列出块设备的分区表 +*列出块设备的分区表* ### 使用dmesg命令来识别出USB设备名 -dmesg是一个重要的用于打印或者控制内核环形缓冲区的命令。环形缓冲区是一种数据结构，它存放着内核操作数据的信息。 +dmesg是一个重要的用于打印或者控制内核环形缓冲区的命令。环形缓冲区是一种数据结构，它[存放着内核操作数据的信息][13]。 -运行如下的命令来查看内核操作信息，它同时也会打印出USB设备的信息： +运行如下命令来查看内核操作信息，它同时也会打印出USB设备的信息： ``` $ dmesg @@ -72,7 +70,7 @@ $ dmesg ![dmesg - Prints USB Device Name](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/dmesg-shows-kernel-information.png) ][11] -dmesg – 打印USB设备名 +*dmesg – 打印USB设备名* 以上就是这篇文章中提及到的所有命令，我们在命令行下使用不同的方法来找出USB设备名。你也可以跟大家分享下实现这个目的的其它方法，或者如果你对这篇文章有什么想法也可以在下面跟大家交流下。 @@ -98,3 +96,5 @@ via: http://www.tecmint.com/find-usb-device-name-in-linux [9]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/List-Partition-Table.png [10]:http://www.tecmint.com/dmesg-commands/ [11]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/dmesg-shows-kernel-information.png +[12]:http://www.tecmint.com/fdisk-commands-to-manage-linux-disk-partitions/ +[13]:http://www.tecmint.com/dmesg-commands/ From b51e2249ab7459dde9f90a116f03de177cf6ce39 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: jasminepeng Date: Mon, 28 Nov 2016 10:41:10 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 198/220] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=A0=A1=E5=AF=B9=E4=B8=AD?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 校对中 --- ...161104 4 Easy Ways To Generate A Strong Password In Linux.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20161104 4 Easy Ways To Generate A Strong Password In Linux.md b/translated/tech/20161104 4 Easy Ways To Generate A Strong Password In Linux.md index 47f62a5ec7..2b203cae45 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20161104 4 Easy Ways To Generate A Strong Password In Linux.md +++ b/translated/tech/20161104 4 Easy Ways To Generate A Strong Password In Linux.md @@ -272,7 +272,7 @@ via: https://www.ostechnix.com/4-easy-ways-to-generate-a-strong-password-in-linu 译者：[FSSlc](https://github.com/FSSlc) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[jasminepeng](https://github.com/jasminepeng) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 91a528cb590c0cd277b128f5ec16f2e8deeca123 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: runningwater Date: Mon, 28 Nov 2016 11:07:21 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 199/220] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E7=94=B3=E9=A2=86?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...0 4 Ways to Batch Convert Your PNG to JPG and Vice-Versa.md | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20161110 4 Ways to Batch Convert Your PNG to JPG and Vice-Versa.md b/sources/tech/20161110 4 Ways to Batch Convert Your PNG to JPG and Vice-Versa.md index 98a3cfced3..af11e92cde 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20161110 4 Ways to Batch Convert Your PNG to JPG and Vice-Versa.md +++ b/sources/tech/20161110 4 Ways to Batch Convert Your PNG to JPG and Vice-Versa.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +(翻译中 by runningwater) # 4 Ways to Batch Convert Your PNG to JPG and Vice-Versa In computing, Batch processing is the [execution of a series of tasks][11] in a program non-interactively. In this guide will offer you 4 simple ways to batch convert several `.PNG` images to `.JPG` and vice-versa using Linux command-line tools. @@ -162,7 +163,7 @@ via: http://www.tecmint.com/linux-image-conversion-tools/ 作者：[Aaron Kili][a] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +译者：[runningwater](https://github.com/runningwater) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) From 16f6983770be5f8c5f49910cf40e3e2dc1e98fbc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: jasminepeng Date: Mon, 28 Nov 2016 11:35:41 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 200/220] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=A0=A1=E5=AF=B9=E4=B8=AD?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 校对中 --- ... To Generate A Strong Password In Linux.md | 27 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20161104 4 Easy Ways To Generate A Strong Password In Linux.md b/translated/tech/20161104 4 Easy Ways To Generate A Strong Password In Linux.md index 2b203cae45..e0499c9408 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20161104 4 Easy Ways To Generate A Strong Password In Linux.md +++ b/translated/tech/20161104 4 Easy Ways To Generate A Strong Password In Linux.md @@ -3,23 +3,21 @@ ![在 Linux 下生成一个高强度密码](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/password-720x340.jpg) 图片来源： Google. -昨天，我们已经分享了如何 [要求用户在基于 DEB 的系统中使用一个高强度的密码][8]，例如在 Debian，Ubuntu，Linux Mint， Elementary OS 等系统中。那么，你可能会疑惑一个高强度的密码究竟是什么样的呢？怎么才能生成一个那样的密码呢？不用担心，下面我们将介绍 4 种简单方法让你在 Linux 中生成一个高强度密码。当然，已经有很多免费的工具或者方式来完成这个任务，但这里我们仅考虑那些简单直接的方法。下面就让我们开始吧。 - -下载 – [免费电子书：“Ubuntu 16.04 入门”][7] +前一段时间，我们已经分享了如何 [强制用户在基于 DEB 的系统中使用高强度的密码][8]，例如 Debian，Ubuntu，Linux Mint， Elementary OS 等系统中。那么，你可能会疑惑一个高强度的密码究竟是什么样的呢？怎么才能生成一个那样的密码呢？不用担心，下面我们将介绍 4 种简单方法让你在 Linux 中生成一个高强度密码。当然，已经有很多免费的工具或者方式来完成这个任务，但这里我们仅考虑那些简单直接的方法。下面就让我们开始吧。 ### 1. 在 Linux 中使用 OpenSSL 来生成一个高强度密码 OpenSSL 在所有的类 Unix 发行版本，Solaris，Mac OS X 和 Windows 中都可以获取到。 -要使用 OpenSSL 生成一个随机密码，唤起你的终端并运行下面的命令： +要使用 OpenSSL 生成一个随机密码，打开终端并运行下面的命令： ``` openssl rand 14 -base64 ``` -上面的 `-base64` 字符串将确保生成的密码可以被键盘敲出来。 +上面的 `-base64` 参数将确保生成的密码可以被键盘敲出来。 -样例输出： +输出样例： ``` wXCHXlxuhrFrFMQLqik= @@ -29,7 +27,7 @@ wXCHXlxuhrFrFMQLqik= ![sksk_003](http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/sk@sk_003.png) ][6] -上面的命令将生成一个随机的、长度为 14 个字符的高强度密码。记住我们强烈推荐你生成 14 个字符的密码。 +上面的命令将生成一个随机的、长度为 14 个字符的高强度密码。我们强烈推荐你生成 14 个字符的密码。 当然你可以使用 OpenSSL 生成任意长度的密码。 要了解更多信息，可以参考联机手册： @@ -60,13 +58,13 @@ sudo yum install pwgen sudo pacman -S pwgen ``` -一旦 pwgen 安装完成后，便可以使用下面的命令来生成 1 个长度为 14 个字符的随机高强度密码： +pwgen 安装完成后，便可以使用下面的命令来生成 一个长度为 14 个字符的随机高强度密码： ``` pwgen 14 1 ``` -样例输出： +输出样例： ``` Choo4aicozai3a @@ -76,19 +74,19 @@ Choo4aicozai3a ![sksk_004](http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/sk@sk_004.png) ][5] -上面的命令将只生成 1 个长度为 14 个字符的密码，如果要生成 2 个长度为 14 个字符的不同密码，则可以运行： +上面的命令将只生成 一个 14 位字符长的密码，如果要生成两个不同的 14 位字符长的密码，则可以运行： ``` pwgen 14 2 ``` -样例输出： +输出样例： ``` xee7seerez6Kau Aeshu0geveeji8 ``` -如果要生成 100 个（尽管可能没有必要生成那么多）长度为 14 个字符的不同密码，则可以运行： +如果要生成 100 个（尽管可能没有必要生成那么多）不同的 14 位字符长的密码，则可以运行： ``` pwgen 14 @@ -129,7 +127,7 @@ aiyoxeiva8Maih gieRahgh8anahM ve2ath9Eyi5iet quohg6ok3Ahgee theingaech5Nef pwgen 14 1 -n 1 ``` -样例输出： +输出样例： ``` xoiFush3ceiPhe @@ -150,7 +148,7 @@ xoiFush3ceiPhe -s 或 --secure （生成完全随机的密码） - -B 或 --ambiguous （在密码中不包含双关词语） + -B 或 --ambiguous （在密码中不包含难于区分的字母，如0和o, 1和l） -h 或 --help （输出帮助信息） @@ -283,5 +281,4 @@ via: https://www.ostechnix.com/4-easy-ways-to-generate-a-strong-password-in-linu [4]:http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/sk@sk_005.png [5]:http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/sk@sk_004.png [6]:http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/sk@sk_003.png -[7]:http://ostechnix.tradepub.com/free/w_ubun08/prgm.cgi?a=1 [8]:https://www.ostechnix.com/force-users-use-strong-passwords-debian-ubuntu/ From 0fc9223564954345d78430ad0d9ebc0e14deed49 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Mon, 28 Nov 2016 14:00:32 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 201/220] PROOF:4 Useful Way to Know Plugged USB Device Name in Linux MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @rusking 不要改文件名 --- ...o Know Plugged USB Device Name in Linux.md | 47 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 25 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/4 Useful Way to Know Plugged USB Device Name in Linux.md b/translated/tech/4 Useful Way to Know Plugged USB Device Name in Linux.md index 842efc93f4..6eb8432b8a 100644 --- a/translated/tech/4 Useful Way to Know Plugged USB Device Name in Linux.md +++ b/translated/tech/4 Useful Way to Know Plugged USB Device Name in Linux.md @@ -1,53 +1,56 @@ - -在Linux系统里识别USB设备名字的4种方法 +在 Linux 系统里识别 USB 设备名字的 4 种方法 ============================================================ -对于初学者来说，在Linux系统里你必须掌握的技术之一就是识别出插入系统里的各种设备。这也许是你的系统硬盘，外部的存储设备或者是可移动设备，比如USB设备或SD闪存卡等。 +对于初学者来说，在 Linux 系统里你必须掌握的技术之一就是识别出插入系统里的各种设备。这也许是你的系统硬盘、外部的存储设备或者是可移动设备，比如 USB 设备或 SD 闪存卡等。 -现如今，使用USB设备来传输文件是十分常见的事，对于那些喜欢使用命令行的新手来说，当你需要格式化USB设备时，学会使用不同的方法来识别USB设备名是非常重要的。 +现如今，使用 USB 设备来传输文件是十分常见的事，对于那些喜欢使用命令行的新手来说，当你需要格式化 USB 设备时，学会使用不同的方法来识别 USB 设备名是非常重要的。 -如果在系统中插入一个设备，尤其是在桌面环境下，比如USB设备，它会自动挂载到一个指定目录,一般是在/media/username/device-label目录下，之后你就可以进入到该目录下访问那些文件了。然而，在服务器上就不是这么回事了，你必须手动挂载这个设备，并且指定一个挂载点。 +如果在系统中插入一个设备，尤其是在桌面环境下，比如 USB 设备，它会自动挂载到一个指定目录，一般是在 `/media/username/device-label` 目录下，之后你就可以进入到该目录下访问那些文件了。然而，在服务器上就不是这么回事了，你必须[手动挂载](http://www.tecmint.com/mount-filesystem-in-linux/)这个设备，并且指定一个挂载点。 -Linux系统使用/dev目录下特定的设备文件来标识插入的设备。你会发现该目录下的某些文件，包括/dev/sda或者/dev/sha表示你的第一个主设备，每个分区使用一个数字来表示，比如/dev/sda1或/dev/sha1表示主设备的第一个分区等等。 +Linux 系统使用 `/dev` 目录下特定的设备文件来标识插入的设备。你会发现该目录下的某些文件，包括 `/dev/sda` 或者 `/dev/hda` 表示你的第一个主设备，每个分区使用一个数字来表示，比如 `/dev/sda1` 或 `/dev/hda1` 表示主设备的第一个分区等等。 ``` $ ls /dev/sda* ``` + [ ![List All Linux Device Names](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/List-All-Linux-Device-Names.png) ][3] -*列出Linux系统下所有的设备名* +*列出 Linux 系统下所有的设备名* -现在咱们来使用下面一些特殊的命令行工具找出设备名： +现在让我们来使用下面一些特殊的命令行工具找出设备名： -### 使用df命令来找出插入的USB设备名 +### 使用 df 命令来找出插入的 USB 设备名 -查看插入你系统里的每一个设备及对应的挂载点，你可以使用下图中的df命令检查Linux系统磁盘空间使用情况： +查看插入你系统里的每一个设备及对应的挂载点，你可以使用下图中的 `df` 命令检查 Linux 系统磁盘空间使用情况： ``` $ df -h ``` + [![Find USB Device Name Using df Command](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Find-USB-Device-Name.png) ][5] -*使用df命令查找USB设备名* +*使用 df 命令查找 USB 设备名* -### 使用lsblk命令查找USB设备名 +### 使用 lsblk 命令查找 USB 设备名 -你也可以使用下面的lsblk命令（列出块设备）来列出插入你系统里的所有块设备： +你也可以使用下面的 `lsblk` 命令（列出块设备）来列出插入你系统里的所有块设备： ``` $ lsblk ``` + [ ![List Linux Block Devices](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/List-Linux-Block-Devices.png) ][7] -*列出Linux系统里的块设备* +*列出 Linux 系统里的块设备* -### 使用fdisk工具识别USB设备名 +### 使用 fdisk 工具识别 USB 设备名 + +[fdisk 是一个功能强大的工具][12]，用于查看你系统中的所有分区表，包括所有的 USB 设备，使用 root 权限执行如下命令： -[fdisk是一个功能强大的工具][12]，用于查看你系统中的所有分区表，包括所有的USB设备，使用root权限执行如下命令： ``` $ sudo fdisk -l ``` @@ -57,11 +60,11 @@ $ sudo fdisk -l *列出块设备的分区表* -### 使用dmesg命令来识别出USB设备名 +### 使用 dmesg 命令来识别出 USB 设备名 -dmesg是一个重要的用于打印或者控制内核环形缓冲区的命令。环形缓冲区是一种数据结构，它[存放着内核操作数据的信息][13]。 +`dmesg` 是一个用于打印或者控制内核环形缓冲区（kernel ring buffer）的重要命令。环形缓冲区是一种数据结构，它[存放着内核操作数据的信息][13]。 -运行如下命令来查看内核操作信息，它同时也会打印出USB设备的信息： +运行如下命令来查看内核操作信息，它同时也会打印出 USB 设备的信息： ``` $ dmesg @@ -70,15 +73,15 @@ $ dmesg ![dmesg - Prints USB Device Name](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/dmesg-shows-kernel-information.png) ][11] -*dmesg – 打印USB设备名* +*dmesg – 打印 USB 设备名* -以上就是这篇文章中提及到的所有命令，我们在命令行下使用不同的方法来找出USB设备名。你也可以跟大家分享下实现这个目的的其它方法，或者如果你对这篇文章有什么想法也可以在下面跟大家交流下。 +以上就是这篇文章中提及到的所有命令，我们在命令行下使用不同的方法来找出 USB 设备名。你也可以跟大家分享下实现这个目的的其它方法，或者如果你对这篇文章有什么想法也可以在下面跟大家交流下。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: http://www.tecmint.com/find-usb-device-name-in-linux -作者：[Aaron Kili ][a] +作者：[Aaron Kili][a] 译者：[rusking](https://github.com/rusking) 校对：[jasminepeng](https://github.com/jasminepeng) From 419313f0aba6f036b6df3edb7ff36125ef5ee596 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Mon, 28 Nov 2016 14:00:47 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 202/220] PUB:4 Useful Way to Know Plugged USB Device Name in Linux @rusking --- .../4 Useful Way to Know Plugged USB Device Name in Linux.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/4 Useful Way to Know Plugged USB Device Name in Linux.md (100%) diff --git a/translated/tech/4 Useful Way to Know Plugged USB Device Name in Linux.md b/published/4 Useful Way to Know Plugged USB Device Name in Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/tech/4 Useful Way to Know Plugged USB Device Name in Linux.md rename to published/4 Useful Way to Know Plugged USB Device Name in Linux.md From 8aa5961994b8a18ae6ffd361f79ddc1dceafda4c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: jasminepeng Date: Mon, 28 Nov 2016 14:10:56 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 203/220] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=A0=A1=E5=AF=B9=E5=AE=8C=E6=AF=95?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 校对完毕 --- ... To Generate A Strong Password In Linux.md | 23 ++++++++----------- 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20161104 4 Easy Ways To Generate A Strong Password In Linux.md b/translated/tech/20161104 4 Easy Ways To Generate A Strong Password In Linux.md index e0499c9408..1a9eee5c6e 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20161104 4 Easy Ways To Generate A Strong Password In Linux.md +++ b/translated/tech/20161104 4 Easy Ways To Generate A Strong Password In Linux.md @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ ![在 Linux 下生成一个高强度密码](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/password-720x340.jpg) 图片来源： Google. -前一段时间，我们已经分享了如何 [强制用户在基于 DEB 的系统中使用高强度的密码][8]，例如 Debian，Ubuntu，Linux Mint， Elementary OS 等系统中。那么，你可能会疑惑一个高强度的密码究竟是什么样的呢？怎么才能生成一个那样的密码呢？不用担心，下面我们将介绍 4 种简单方法让你在 Linux 中生成一个高强度密码。当然，已经有很多免费的工具或者方式来完成这个任务，但这里我们仅考虑那些简单直接的方法。下面就让我们开始吧。 +前一段时间，我们已经分享了如何 [强制用户在基于 DEB 的系统中使用高强度的密码][8] ，例如 Debian，Ubuntu，Linux Mint， Elementary OS 等系统中。那么，你可能会疑惑一个高强度的密码究竟是什么样的呢？怎么才能生成一个那样的密码呢？不用担心，下面我们将介绍 4 种简单方法让你在 Linux 中生成一个高强度密码。当然，已经有很多免费的工具或者方式来完成这个任务，但这里我们仅考虑那些简单直接的方法。下面就让我们开始吧。 ### 1. 在 Linux 中使用 OpenSSL 来生成一个高强度密码 @@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ sudo yum install pwgen sudo pacman -S pwgen ``` -pwgen 安装完成后，便可以使用下面的命令来生成 一个长度为 14 个字符的随机高强度密码： +pwgen 安装完成后，便可以使用下面的命令来生成一个长度为 14 个字符的随机高强度密码： ``` pwgen 14 1 @@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ xee7seerez6Kau Aeshu0geveeji8 pwgen 14 ``` -样例输出： +输出样例： ``` kaeNg3EiVei4ei Oo0iehiJaix5Ae aenuv2eree2Quo iaT7zahH1eN2Aj Bie2owaiFahsie @@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ xoiFush3ceiPhe -s 或 --secure （生成完全随机的密码） - -B 或 --ambiguous （在密码中不包含难于区分的字母，如0和o, 1和l） + -B 或 --ambiguous （在密码中不包含难于区分的字母，如 0 和 o, 1 和 l） -h 或 --help （输出帮助信息） @@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ man pwgen ### 3. 在 Linux 中使用 GPG 来生成一个高强度密码 -GPG (GnuPG or GNU Privacy Guard) 是一个免费的命令行程序，可以用于替代赛门铁克的 PGP 加密软件。在类 Unix 操作系统、Microsoft Windows 和 Android 中都可以获取到它。 +GPG (GnuPG 或 GNU Privacy Guard) 是一个免费的命令行程序，可以用于替代赛门铁克的 PGP 加密软件。在类 Unix 操作系统、Microsoft Windows 和 Android 中都可以获取到它。 要使用 PGP 生成 1 个长度为 14 个字符的高强度密码，请在终端中运行下面的命令： @@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ GPG (GnuPG or GNU Privacy Guard) 是一个免费的命令行程序，可以用 gpg --gen-random --armor 1 14 ``` -样例输出： +输出样例： ``` DkmsrUy3klzzbIbavx8= @@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ Perl 在大多数 Linux 发行版本的默认软件仓库中都可以获取到 sudo apt-get install perl ``` -在基于 RPM 的系统中安装 Perl ，可以运行： +在基于 RPM 的系统中安装 Perl，可以运行： ``` sudo yum install perl @@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ perl password.pl 使用你自己定义的文件名来替换上面命令中的 `password.pl` 。 -样例输出： +输出样例： ``` 3V4CJJnYd @@ -253,14 +253,11 @@ perl password.pl 注： 我无法找到这个脚本的原有作者，假如你知道作者的名字，请在下面的评论部分让我知晓，我将在这篇指南中添加上该作者的名字。 -Please note that you must memorize or keep the passwords you have generated in a safe place in your computer. I recommend you to memorize the password and delete it from your system. It is much better in case your system is compromised by any hackers. -请注意：对于你生成的密码，你必须记住它，或者将它保存到你电脑中一个安全的地方。我建议你记住密码并将它从你的系统中删除，因为这总比你的系统被黑客控制要好。 +请注意：对于生成的密码，你必须记住它，或者将它保存到电脑中一个安全的地方。我建议你记住密码并将它从系统中删除，因为这比你的系统被黑客控制要好的多。 -伙计们，今天就是这么多了。不久我将带来另一篇有意思的文章。在此之前，敬请关注 OSTechNix。 +伙计们，今天就是这么多了。不久我将带来另一篇有意思的文章。在此之前，敬请继续关注 OSTechNix。 -Happy Weekend! -Cheers!! -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- From 9e8899d12b71926759074e8996f79daa736c8761 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Mon, 28 Nov 2016 22:26:54 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 204/220] PROOF:09 - The history of Android @alim0x --- .../09 - The history of Android.md | 65 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 35 insertions(+), 30 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/talk/The history of Android/09 - The history of Android.md b/translated/talk/The history of Android/09 - The history of Android.md index 5ffee45dbe..d141ba224d 100644 --- a/translated/talk/The history of Android/09 - The history of Android.md +++ b/translated/talk/The history of Android/09 - The history of Android.md @@ -1,73 +1,78 @@ -安卓编年史 +安卓编年史（9）：安卓 1.6 Donut——CDMA 支持将安卓带给了各个运营商 ================================================================================ ![新版安卓市场——黑色比重减少，白色和绿色增多。](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/marketab2.png) -新版安卓市场——黑色比重减少，白色和绿色增多。 -Ron Amadeo供图 -###安卓1.6，Donut——CDMA支持将安卓带给了各个运营商### +*新版安卓市场——黑色比重减少，白色和绿色增多。 +[Ron Amadeo 供图]* -安卓的第四个版本——1.6，甜甜圈——在2009年9月发布，这时是在纸杯蛋糕面世的5个月后。尽管有无数更新，谷歌仍然在给安卓添加基本的功能。甜甜圈带来了对不同屏幕尺寸和CDMA的支持，还有一个文本语音转换引擎。 +###安卓 1.6 Donut——CDMA 支持将安卓带给了各个运营商### -安卓1.6是个很好的更新例子，要在今天的话，它将没什么理由作为一个独立更新存在。主要的改进基本上可以总结为新版安卓市场，相机以及YouTube。从这一年起，像这样的应用已经从系统分离开来，并且谷歌任何时候都能升级它们。然而在完成所有的这些模块化功能工作之前，看起来甚至是一个微小的应用更新似乎都需要完整的系统更新。 +安卓的第四个版本——1.6 甜甜圈——在 2009 年 9 月发布，这时是在纸杯蛋糕面世的 5 个月后。尽管有无数更新，谷歌仍然在给安卓添加基本的功能。甜甜圈带来了对不同屏幕尺寸和 CDMA 的支持，还有一个文本语音转换引擎。 -另一个重大改进——CDMA支持——也表明了除了版本号之外，谷歌仍然在忙于将基本功能带到安卓上来。 +安卓 1.6 是个很好的更新例子，要在今天的话，它将没什么理由作为一个独立更新存在。主要的改进基本上可以总结为新版安卓市场、相机以及 YouTube。从这一年起，像这样的应用已经从系统分离开来，并且谷歌任何时候都能升级它们。然而在完成所有的这些模块化功能工作之前，看起来甚至是一个微小的应用更新似乎都需要完整的系统更新。 + +另一个重大改进——CDMA 支持——也表明了除了版本号之外，谷歌仍然在忙于将基本功能带到安卓上来。 安卓市场被标注为版本“1.6”，并且得到了一个彻底的改进。原本的全黑设计被抛弃，转向带有绿色高亮的白色应用设计——安卓的设计师很明显使用了安卓吉祥物来获得灵感。 -新的市场对谷歌来说一定是个新的应用设计风格。屏幕顶部的五分之一用于显示横幅logo，表明了这个应用确实是“安卓市场”。在横幅之下是应用，游戏以及下载按钮，一个搜索按钮被安置在横幅的右侧。在导航键下面显示这特色应用的快照，可以在它们之间滑动。再下面是个垂直滚动列表，显示了更多的特色应用。 +新的市场对谷歌来说一定是个新的应用设计风格。屏幕顶部的五分之一用于显示横幅 logo，表明了这个应用确实是“安卓市场”。在横幅之下是应用、游戏以及下载按钮，一个搜索按钮被安置在横幅的右侧。在导航键下面显示着特色应用的快照，可以在它们之间滑动。再下面是个垂直滚动列表，显示了更多的特色应用。 ![新的市场设计，展示了：带有截图的应用页面，应用分类页面，应用榜，下载。](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/marketpages.png) -新的市场设计，展示了：带有截图的应用页面，应用分类页面，应用榜，下载。 -Ron Amadeo供图 -市场最大的新增内容是包含应用截图。安卓用户终于可以在安装之前看到应用长什么样子——之前他们只能看到简短的描述和用户评论。你的个人星级评价和评论被放在显著位置，随后是描述，最后是截图。查看截图常常需要一点点滚动来查看——如果你想要找个设计尚佳的应用，那可要费一番功夫了。 +*新的市场设计，展示了：带有截图的应用页面、应用分类页面、应用排行榜、下载。 +[Ron Amadeo 供图]* -点击应用或游戏按钮会打开一个分类列表，就像你在上面第二张图看到的那样。选择一个类别之后，更多的导航显示在了屏幕顶部，用户可以看到“热门付费”，“热门免费”，或“热门新品”分类里看到各自的应用。尽管这些看起来像是会加载出新页面的按钮，实际上它们仅仅是个笨拙的标签页。每个按钮边有个绿色小灯指示现在哪个标签处于活跃状态。这个界面最赞的地方是应用列表是无穷滚动的（滚动加载）——一旦你到达列表底部的时候，它将加载更多应用。这个特性使得查看应用列表变得轻松，但是你点开任意一个应用再返回的话将会丢失你在列表里的位置——你得从头开始查看。下载部分可以做一些连新的Google Play商店都做不到的事：不过是显示一个已购买应用列表而已。 +市场的最大的新增内容是包含应用截图。安卓用户终于可以在安装之前看到应用长什么样子——之前他们只能看到简短的描述和用户评论。你的个人星级评价和评论被放在显著位置，随后是描述，最后是截图。查看截图常常需要一点点滚动来查看——如果你想要找个设计尚佳的应用，那可要费一番功夫了。 -尽管新的市场看起来无疑比旧的好多了，但应用间的一致性更糟糕了。看起来就像是每个应用都是由不同团队制作的，但他们之间从没沟通过所有的安卓应用应该有的样子。 +点击应用或游戏按钮会打开一个分类列表，就像你在上面第二张图看到的那样。选择一个类别之后，更多的导航显示在了屏幕顶部，用户可以看到“热门付费”、“热门免费”，或在分类里看到各自的“热门新品”应用。尽管这些看起来像是会加载出新页面的按钮，实际上它们仅仅是个笨拙的标签页。每个按钮边有个绿色小灯指示现在哪个标签处于活跃状态。这个界面最赞的地方是应用列表是无穷滚动的（滚动加载）——一旦你到达列表底部的时候，它将加载更多应用。这个特性使得查看应用列表变得轻松，但是你点开任意一个应用再返回的话将会丢失你在列表里的位置——你得从头开始查看。下载部分可以做一些连新的 Google Play 商店都做不到的事：不过是显示一个已购买应用列表而已。 + +尽管新的市场看起来无疑比旧的好多了，但应用间的一致性更糟糕了。看起来就像是每个应用都是由不同团队制作的，他们之间从没沟通过所有的安卓应用应该有的样子。 ![相机取景窗，照片回看界面，菜单。](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/device-2013-12-27-145949.png) -相机取景窗，照片回看界面，菜单。 -Ron Amadeo供图 -举个例子，相机应用从全屏，最小化设计变成一个盒状的边缘带控制的取景窗。在相机应用中，谷歌着手引入拟物化，将应用包装成一个大致复刻皮革纹经典相机的样子。在相机和摄像机之间切换通过一个缺乏想象力的开关完成，下面是个触摸快门按钮。 +*相机取景窗，照片回看界面，菜单。 +[Ron Amadeo 供图]* -点击最近照片快照不再会打开相册，但一个定制的照片查看器内建在了相机应用内。当你查看照片的时候，皮革质感的控制区从相机操作键变成图片操作键，你可以在这里删除，共享照片，或者把照片设置成壁纸或联系人图像。这里图片之间依然没有滑动操作——切换照片还是要通过照片两侧的箭头按钮完成。 +举个例子，相机应用从全屏、精简设计变成一个盒状的边缘带控制的取景窗。在相机应用中，谷歌着手引入拟物化，将应用包装成一个大致复刻了皮革纹经典相机的样子。在相机和摄像机之间切换通过一个缺乏想象力的开关完成，下面是个触摸快门按钮。 -第二张截图展示的是设计师减少对菜单按钮依赖的例子之一，因为安卓团队慢慢开始意识到其在可发现性上的糟糕表现。许多的应用设计者（包括那些在谷歌的）使用菜单作为所有种类的控制和导航元素的集中处。但大多数用户没想过点击菜单按钮，也从没看到这些指令。 +点击最近照片快照不再会打开相册，而是一个内建在了相机应用内定制的照片查看器。当你查看照片的时候，皮革质感的控制区从相机操作键变成图片操作键，你可以在这里删除、共享照片，或者把照片设置成壁纸或联系人图像。这里图片之间依然没有滑动操作——切换照片还是要通过照片两侧的箭头按钮完成。 -未来版本的安卓的共有主题会将选项从菜单移到主要屏幕上，使得整个系统对用户更加友好。菜单按钮在安卓4.0中被完全移除，并且它只在传统应用中被支持。 +第二张截图展示的是设计师减少对菜单按钮依赖的例子之一，因为安卓团队慢慢开始意识到其在可发现性上的糟糕表现。许多的应用设计者（包括那些在谷歌的）使用菜单作为所有种类的控制和导航元素的集中之处。但大多数用户没想过点击菜单按钮，也从没看到这些指令。 + +未来版本的安卓的公共主题会将选项从菜单移到主要屏幕上，使得整个系统对用户更加友好。菜单按钮在安卓 4.0 中被完全移除，并且它只在老式应用中被支持。 ![电池以及文本语音转换引擎设置。](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/settings1.png) -电池以及文本语音转换引擎设置。 -Ron Amadeo供图 -甜甜圈是第一个持续追踪电池使用量的安卓版本。在“关于手机”菜单里有个选项“电池使用”，它会以百分比的方式显示应用以及硬件功能的电池用量。点击一项会打开一个单独的相关状态页面。硬件项目有个按钮可以直接跳转到它们的设置界面，所以，举个例子，如果你觉得显示的电池用量太高你可以更改显示的屏幕超时。 +*电池以及文本语音转换引擎设置。 +[Ron Amadeo 供图]* -安卓1.6同样是第一个支持文本语音转换引擎(TTS)的版本，这意味着系统以及应用能够用机器合成声音来回应你。“语音合成器”选项允许你设置语言，选择语速，以及从安卓市场安装语音数据（慎重）。今天，谷歌在安卓上部署它自己的TTS引擎，但是似乎甜甜圈是通过硬编码的方式使用了来自SVOX的TTS引擎。但SVOX的引擎并未部署在甜甜圈上，所以点击“安装语音数据”会链接到安卓市场的一个应用。（甜甜圈的全盛期几年后，这个应用已被撤下。看起来似乎安卓1.6再也不能说话了。） +甜甜圈是第一个持续追踪电池使用量的安卓版本。在“关于手机”菜单里有个选项“电池使用”，它会以百分比的方式显示应用以及硬件功能的电池用量。点击其中一项会打开一个单独的相关状态页面。硬件项目有个按钮可以直接跳转到它们的设置界面，所以，举个例子，如果你觉得显示的电池用量太高你可以更改显示的屏幕超时。 + +安卓 1.6 同样是第一个支持文本语音转换引擎（TTS）的版本，这意味着系统以及应用能够用机器合成声音来回应你。“语音合成器”选项允许你设置语言，选择语速，以及从安卓市场安装语音数据（慎重）。今天，谷歌在安卓上部署它自己的 TTS 引擎，但是似乎甜甜圈是通过硬编码的方式使用了来自 SVOX 的 TTS 引擎。但 SVOX 的引擎并未部署在甜甜圈上，所以点击“安装语音数据”会链接到安卓市场的一个应用。（甜甜圈的全盛期几年后，这个应用已被撤下。看起来似乎安卓 1.6 再也不能说话了。） ![从左到右：新的小部件，搜索栏界面，新清除通知按钮，新相册控件。](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/grabbag16.png) -从左到右：新的小部件，搜索栏界面，新清除通知按钮，新相册控件。 -Ron Amadeo供图 -前端小部件部分花了更多的功夫。甜甜圈带来了全新的叫做“电量控制”小部件。它包含了常见耗电功能的开关：Wi-Fi，蓝牙，GPS，同步（同谷歌服务器之间），以及亮度。 +*从左到右：新的小部件，搜索栏界面，新清除通知按钮，新相册控件。 +[Ron Amadeo 供图]* + +前端小部件部分花了更多的功夫。甜甜圈带来了全新的叫做“电量控制”小部件。它包含了常见耗电功能的开关：Wi-Fi、蓝牙、GPS、同步（同谷歌服务器之间），以及亮度。 搜索小部件同样经过了重新设计，变得更加纤细，并且内置了一个麦克风按钮用于语音搜索。它现在有了些实质界面并且够实时搜索，不仅仅是搜索互联网，还能搜索你的应用和历史。 -“清除通知”按钮大幅缩水并且去掉了“通知”字样。在稍晚些的安卓后续版本总它还会缩减成仅仅是个方形按钮。相册继续遵循了把功能从菜单里拿出来的趋势，并且将它们放在用户面前——单张图片查看界面得到了“设置为”，“分享”，以及“删除”按钮。 +“清除通知”按钮大幅缩水并且去掉了“通知”字样。在稍晚些的安卓后续版本总它还会缩减成仅仅是个方形按钮。相册继续遵循了把功能从菜单里拿出来的趋势，并且将它们放在用户面前——单张图片查看界面得到了“设置为”、“分享”以及“删除”按钮。 ---------- ![Ron Amadeo](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content//uploads/authors/ron-amadeo-sq.jpg) -[Ron Amadeo][a] / Ron是Ars Technica的评论编缉，专注于安卓系统和谷歌产品。他总是在追寻新鲜事物，还喜欢拆解事物看看它们到底是怎么运作的。 +[Ron Amadeo][a] / Ron 是 Ars Technica 的评论编缉，专注于安卓系统和谷歌产品。他总是在追寻新鲜事物，还喜欢拆解事物看看它们到底是怎么运作的。 [@RonAmadeo][t] -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -via: http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/9/ +via: http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2016/10/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/9/ -译者：[alim0x](https://github.com/alim0x) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[alim0x](https://github.com/alim0x) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 9e8b5574c14582e2fc2bfe77a3ee1cec19c98687 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Mon, 28 Nov 2016 22:27:15 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 205/220] PUB:09 - The history of Android @alim0x --- .../The history of Android/09 - The history of Android.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translated/talk => published}/The history of Android/09 - The history of Android.md (100%) diff --git a/translated/talk/The history of Android/09 - The history of Android.md b/published/The history of Android/09 - The history of Android.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/talk/The history of Android/09 - The history of Android.md rename to published/The history of Android/09 - The history of Android.md From 566efb3cbcd05787bbc7678fd0207a512d4fcbc9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Mon, 28 Nov 2016 23:46:18 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 206/220] PROOF:20160815 How to manage binary blobs with Git @runningwater --- ...815 How to manage binary blobs with Git.md | 72 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 36 insertions(+), 36 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20160815 How to manage binary blobs with Git.md b/translated/tech/20160815 How to manage binary blobs with Git.md index ffcf0c5f7b..5714665dad 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20160815 How to manage binary blobs with Git.md +++ b/translated/tech/20160815 How to manage binary blobs with Git.md @@ -1,40 +1,37 @@ -第七部分 - 使用 Git 管理二进制大对象 +Git 系列（七）：使用 Git 管理二进制大对象 ===================== - -通过这系列的前六篇文章，我们已经学会使用 Git 来对文本文件进行版本控制的管理。不禁要问，还有二进制文件呢，也可进行进行版本控制吗？答案是肯定的，Git 已经有了扩展可以处理像多媒体文件这样的二进制大对象块。因此，今天我们会学习使用 Git 来管理所谓的二进制资产。 +通过这系列的前六篇文章，我们已经学会使用 Git 来对文本文件进行版本控制的管理。我们不禁要问，还有二进制文件呢，也可进行进行版本控制吗？答案是肯定的，Git 已经有了可以处理像多媒体文件这样的二进制大对象块（blob）的扩展。因此，今天我们会学习使用 Git 来管理所谓的二进制资产。 似乎大家都认可的事就是 Git 对于大的二进制对象文件支持得不好。要记住，二进制大对象与大文本文件是不同的。虽然 Git 对大型的文本文件版本控制毫无问题，但是对于不透明的二进制文件起不了多大作用，只能把它当作一个大的实体黑盒来提交。 -设想这样的场景，有一个另人兴奋的第一人称解密游戏，您正在为它制作复杂的 3D 建模，源文件是以二进制格式保存的，最后生成一个 1G 大小的的文件。您提交过一次，在 Git 源仓库历史中有一个 1G 大小的新增提交。随后，您修改了下模型人物的头发造型，然后提交更新，因为 Git 并不能把头发和头部及模型中其余的部分离开来，所以您仅仅只能又提交 1G 的量。接着，您改变了模型的眼睛颜色，提交这部分更新：又是 G 字节的提交量。对一个模型的一些微小修改，就会导致三个 G 字节的量提交。对于想对一个游戏所有资源进行版本控制这样的级别，这是个严重的问题。 +设想这样的场景，有一个另人兴奋的第一人称解密游戏，您正在为它制作复杂的 3D 建模，源文件是以二进制格式保存的，最后生成一个 1GB 大小的的文件。您提交过一次，在 Git 源仓库历史中有一个 1GB 大小的新增提交。随后，您修改了下模型人物的头发造型，然后提交更新，因为 Git 并不能把头发从头部及模型中其余的部分离开来，所以您只能又提交 1GB 的量。接着，您改变了模型的眼睛颜色，提交这部分更新：又是 GB 级的提交量。对一个模型的一些微小修改，就会导致三个 GB 级的提交量。对于想对一个游戏所有资源进行版本控制这样的规模，这是个严重的问题。 -对比如 .obj 这种格式的文本文件，和其它模块文件一样，都是一个提交就存储所有更新修改状态，不同的是 .obj 文件是一系列描述模型生成目标的纯文本行。如果您修改了模型并保存出成为 .obj 文件，Git 可以逐行读取这两个文件，然后创建一个差异版本，得到一个相当小的提交。模块越精致，提交就越小，这就是精典的 Git 用例。虽然文件本身很大，但 Git 使用覆盖或稀疏存储的方法来构建当前数据使用状态的完整图案。 +不同的是如 `.obj` 这种格式的文本文件，和其它类型文件一样，都是一个提交就存储所有更新修改状态，不同的是 `.obj` 文件是一系列描述模型的纯文本行。如果您修改了该模型并保存回 `.obj` 文件，Git 可以逐行读取这两个文件，然后创建一个差异版本，得到一个相当小的提交。模型越精细，提交就越小，这就是标准的 Git 用例。虽然文件本身很大，但 Git 使用覆盖或稀疏存储的方法来构建当前数据使用状态的完整描述。 -然而，不是所有的都是纯文本的，但都要使用 Git。所以需要解决方案，其实有几个已经浮现了。 +然而，不是所有的都是纯文本的，但都要使用 Git，所以需要解决方案，并且已经出现几个了。 -[OSTree](https://ostree.readthedocs.io/en/latest/) 是GNOME 项目用的，旨在管理操作系统的二进制文件。它不适用于这里，所以我直接跳过。 +[OSTree](https://ostree.readthedocs.io/en/latest/) 开始是作为 GNOME 项目出现的，旨在管理操作系统的二进制文件。它不适用于这里，所以我直接跳过。 -[Git 大文件存储](https://git-lfs.github.com/)(LFS) 是在 GitHub 上的一个开源项目，是从 git-media 项目中分支出来的。[git-media](https://github.com/alebedev/git-media) 和 [git-annex](https://git-annex.branchable.com/walkthrough/) 是 Git 对于管理大文件的扩展。它们是对同一问题的两种不同的解决方案，各有优点。虽然它们都不是官方的项目，但在我看来，都是独一无二的，体现在： +[Git 大文件存储](https://git-lfs.github.com/)（LFS） 是放在 GitHub 上的一个开源项目，是从 git-media 项目中分支出来的。[git-media](https://github.com/alebedev/git-media) 和 [git-annex](https://git-annex.branchable.com/walkthrough/) 是 Git 用于管理大文件的扩展。它们是对同一问题的两种不同的解决方案，各有优点。虽然它们都不是官方的项目，但在我看来，每个都有独到之处： -* git-media 是一个集中模式，有一个公共资源的存储库。您可以告诉告诉 git-media 大文件需要存储的位置，是在硬盘驱动器、服务器还是在云存储服务器，项目中的每个用户都将该位置视为大型资产的中心主位置。 -* git-annex 更侧重于分布模式。用户各自创建存储库，每个存储库都有一个存储大文件的本地目录 .git/annex。annexes 会定期同步，只要有需要，每个用户都可以访问到所有的资源。除非是特别配置，否则 git-annex 优先使用本地存储，再使用外部存储。 +* git-media 是集中模式，有一个公共资产的存储库。你可以告诉 git-media 大文件需要存储的位置，是在硬盘、服务器还是在云存储服务器，项目中的每个用户都将该位置视为大型文件的中心主存储位置。 +* git-annex 侧重于分布模式。用户各自创建存储库，每个存储库都有一个存储大文件的本地目录 `.git/annex`。这些 annex 会定期同步，只要有需要，每个用户都可以访问到所有的资源。除非通过 annex-cost 特别配置，否则 git-annex 优先使用本地存储，再使用外部存储。 -基于这些选项，我已经在生产中使用了 git-media 和 git-annex，那么下面会向你们概述其工作原理。 +对于这些，我已经在生产中使用了 git-media 和 git-annex，那么下面会向你们概述其工作原理。 +### git-media -## git-media +git-media 是使用 Ruby 语言开发的，所以首先要安装 gem（LCTT 译注：Gem 是基于 Ruby 的一些开发工具包）。安装说明在[其网站](https://github.com/alebedev/git-media)上。想使用 git-meida 的用户都需要安装它，因为 gem 是跨平台的工具，所以在各平台都适用。 - -git-media 使用的是 Ruby 语言，所以首先要安装 gem(译者注：Gem是基于Ruby的一些开发工具包)。安装说明在[网站](https://github.com/alebedev/git-media)上。想使用 git-meida 的用户都需要安装它，因为 gem 是跨平台的工具，所以在各平台都适用。 - -安装完 git-media 后，需要对 Git 的配置选择进行设置。在每台机器上只需要配置一次。 +安装完 git-media 后，你需要设置一些 Git 的配置选项。在每台机器上只需要配置一次。 ``` $ git config filter.media.clean "git-media filter-clean" $ git config filter.media.smudge "git-media filter-smudge" ``` -在要使用 git-media 的每个存储库中，设置一个属性以将刚刚创建的过滤器合并到要您想分类的介质的文件类型里。别被这种术语混淆。一个更好的术语是“资产”，因为“媒体”通常的意思是音频、视频和照片,但您可能很容易的也会将 3D 模型，烘焙和纹理等归类为媒体。 +在要使用 git-media 的每个存储库中，设置一个属性以将刚刚创建的过滤器结合到要您分类为“媒体（media）”的文件类型里。别被这种术语混淆。一个更好的术语是“资产”，因为“媒体”通常的意思是音频、视频和照片，但您也可以很容易地将 3D 模型，烘焙和纹理等归类为媒体。 例如： @@ -46,9 +43,9 @@ $ echo "*.flac filter=media -crlf" >> .gitattributes $ echo "*.kra filter=media -crlf" >> .gitattributes ``` -当您对这些类型的文件分级时，文件会被复制到 .git/media 目录。 +当您要暂存（stage）这些类型的文件时，文件会被复制到 `.git/media` 目录。 -假设在服务器已经有了一个 Git 源仓库，最后一步就告诉源仓库“母版”所在的位置，也就是，当媒体文件被推送给所有用户共享时，媒体文件将会存储的位置。在仓库的 .git/config 文件中设置，替换成您的用户名、主机和路径： +假设在服务器已经有了一个 Git 源仓库，最后一步就告诉源仓库“母舰”所在的位置，也就是，当媒体文件被推送给所有用户共享时，媒体文件将会存储的位置。这在仓库的 `.git/config` 文件中设置，请替换成您的用户名、主机和路径： ``` [git-media] @@ -59,27 +56,27 @@ scphost = example.com scppath = /opt/jupiter.git ``` -如果您的服务器上有复杂的 SSH 设置，例如非标准端口或非默认 SSH 密钥文件的路径，请使用 .ssh/config 为主机设置默认配置。 +如果您的服务器上 SSH 设置比较复杂，例如使用了非标准端口或非默认 SSH 密钥文件的路径，请使用 `.ssh/config` 为主机设置默认配置。 -git-media 的生命周期和普通的一样，可以把它当成普通文件和 blobs 文件一样对待，一样进行 commit 操作。操作流程中唯一的不同就是，在某些时候，您应该将您的资产库（er、media 等）同步到共享存储库中。 +git-media 的使用和普通文件一样，可以把普通文件和 blob 文件一样对待，一样进行 commit 操作。操作流程中唯一的不同就是，在某些时候，您应该将您的资产（或称媒体）同步到共享存储库中。 -当要为团队发布资源或备份资料时，请使用如下命令： +当要为团队发布资产或自己备份资料时，请使用如下命令： ``` $ git media sync ``` -使用 git-media 时, 要使发变更的版本（例如，一个已经美声过的音频文件，或者一个已经完成的遮罩绘画，或者一个已经被颜色分级的视频文件）来替换一个文件，您必须明确的告诉 Git 要更新操作。这将覆盖 git-media 的默认设置，如果远程已经存在此文件，就不会重新复制一份文件： +要用一个变更后的版本替换 git-media 中的文件时（例如，一个已经美声过的音频文件，或者一个已经完成的遮罩绘画，或者一个已经被颜色分级的视频文件），您必须明确的告诉 Git 更新该媒体。这将覆盖 git-media 不会复制远程已经存在的文件的默认设置： ``` $ git update-index --really-refresh ``` -当您团队的其他成员(或是您本人，在其它机器上）克隆本仓库时，如果没有在 .git/config 中把 autodownload 选择设置为 true 的话，默认是不会下载资源的。但 git-media 的一个同步命令可解决所有问题。 +当您团队的其他成员（或是您本人，在其它机器上）克隆本仓库时，如果没有在 `.git/config` 中把 `autodownload` 选项设置为 `true` 的话，默认是不会下载资源的。但 git-media 的一个同步命令 `git media sync` 可解决所有问题。 -## git-annex +### git-annex -git-annex 的处理流程略微的有些不同，默认是使用本地仓库的，但基本的思想都一样。您可以从分布的仓库中安装 git-annex，或者根据需要从网站上下载安装。与git-media 一样，任何使用 git-annex 的用户都必须在其机器上安装上。 +git-annex 的处理流程略微的有些不同，默认是使用本地仓库的，但基本的思想都一样。您可以从你的发行版的软件仓库中安装 git-annex，或者根据需要从该网站上下载安装。与 git-media 一样，任何使用 git-annex 的用户都必须在其机器上安装它。 其初始化设置比 git-media 都简单。运行如下命令，其中替换成您的路径，就可以在您的服务器上创建好裸存储库： @@ -98,11 +95,13 @@ $ git annex init "seth workstation" init seth workstation ok ``` -不要使用过滤器来区分媒体资源或大文件，您可以使用 git annex 命令来配置归类大文件： +不要使用过滤器来区分媒体资源或大文件，您可以使用 `git annex` 命令来配置归类大文件： ``` -$ git annex add bigblobfile.flacadd bigblobfile.flac - (checksum) ok(Recording state in Git...) +$ git annex add bigblobfile.flac +add bigblobfile.flac +(checksum) ok +(Recording state in Git...) ``` 跟普通文件一样进行提交操作： @@ -111,21 +110,22 @@ $ git annex add bigblobfile.flacadd bigblobfile.flac $ git commit -m 'added flac source for sound fx' ``` -但是推送操作是不同的，因为 git annex 使用自己的分支来跟踪资源。您首次推送可能需要 -u 选项，具体取决于您如何管理您的存储库： +但是推送操作是不同的，因为 `git annex` 使用自己的分支来跟踪资产。您首次推送可能需要 `-u` 选项，具体取决于您如何管理您的存储库： ``` -$ git push -u origin master git-annexTo seth@example.com:/opt/jupiter.git* -[new branch] master -> master* -[new branch] git-annex -> git-annex +$ git push -u origin master git-annex +To seth@example.com:/opt/jupiter.git +* [new branch] master -> master +* [new branch] git-annex -> git-annex ``` -和 git-media 一样，普通的 git push 命令是不会拷贝资料到服务器的，仅仅只是发送了相关的消息，要真正分享文件，需要运行同步命令： +和 git-media 一样，普通的 `git push` 命令是不会拷贝资料到服务器的，仅仅只是发送了相关的消息，要真正共享文件，需要运行同步命令： ``` $ git annex sync --content ``` -如果别人已经提交了共享资源，您需要拉取它们，git annex sync 命令将提示您本地不存在，但在服务器上存在的资源，并检出到本地。 +如果别人已经提交了共享资源，您需要拉取它们，`git annex sync` 命令将提示您要在本地检出你本机没有，但在服务器上存在的资源。 git-media 和 git-annex 都非常灵活，都可以使用本地存储库来代替服务器，所以它们也常用于管理私有的本地项目。 @@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/life/16/8/how-manage-binary-blobs-git-part-7 作者：[Seth Kenlon][a] 译者：[runningwater](https://github.com/runningwater) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From eb99fa5a35fa12185220dc2f3e51ad77e74a72fd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Mon, 28 Nov 2016 23:46:38 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 207/220] PUB:20160815 How to manage binary blobs with Git @runningwater --- .../20160815 How to manage binary blobs with Git.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20160815 How to manage binary blobs with Git.md (100%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20160815 How to manage binary blobs with Git.md b/published/20160815 How to manage binary blobs with Git.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/tech/20160815 How to manage binary blobs with Git.md rename to published/20160815 How to manage binary blobs with Git.md From 0446205dbfb54d57817b6e12c1d6c84c7ee20ca5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: xiaojin Date: Tue, 29 Nov 2016 09:15:37 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 208/220] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=94=B3=E8=AF=B7=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Forget=20Technical=20Debt=20=E2=80=94Here'sHowtoBuild=20Technic?= =?UTF-8?q?al=20Wealth=20=20(#4706)?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit * 翻译完成 4 Useful Way to Know Plugged USB Device Name in Linux 翻译完成 * Delete 20161031 4 Useful Way to Know Plugged USB Device Name in Linux.md 翻译完成 * 申请翻译 Forget Technical Debt —Here'sHowtoBuild Technical Wealth 申请翻译 --- ...Debt —Here'sHowtoBuild Technical Wealth.md | 3 + ...o Know Plugged USB Device Name in Linux.md | 100 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 103 insertions(+) create mode 100644 translated/tech/4 Useful Way to Know Plugged USB Device Name in Linux.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20160826 Forget Technical Debt —Here'sHowtoBuild Technical Wealth.md b/sources/talk/20160826 Forget Technical Debt —Here'sHowtoBuild Technical Wealth.md index 35d0577943..b67d6be5fb 100644 --- a/sources/talk/20160826 Forget Technical Debt —Here'sHowtoBuild Technical Wealth.md +++ b/sources/talk/20160826 Forget Technical Debt —Here'sHowtoBuild Technical Wealth.md @@ -1,3 +1,6 @@ + +### rusking translating + # Forget Technical Debt —Here'sHowtoBuild Technical Wealth [Andrea Goulet][58] and her business partner sat in her living room, casually reviewing their strategic plan, when an episode of This Old House came on television. It was one of those moments where ideas collide to create something new. They’d been looking for a way to communicate their value proposition — cleaning up legacy code and technical debt for other companies. And here they were, face to face with the perfect analogy. diff --git a/translated/tech/4 Useful Way to Know Plugged USB Device Name in Linux.md b/translated/tech/4 Useful Way to Know Plugged USB Device Name in Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..0bd1f48f7e --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/4 Useful Way to Know Plugged USB Device Name in Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,100 @@ +4 Useful Way to Know Plugged USB Device Name in Linux +在Linux系统里识别USB设备名字的4种方法 +============================================================ + +对于初学者来说，在Linux系统里你必须掌握的技术之一就是识别出插入系统里的各种设备。这也许是你的系统硬盘，外部的存储设备或者是可移动设备，比如USB设备或SD闪存卡等。 + +现如今，使用USB设备来传输文件是十分常见的事，对于那些喜欢使用命令行的新手来说，当你需要格式化USB设备时，学会使用不同的方法来识别USB设备名是非常重要的。 + +如果你插入一个设备到你的系统中，尤其是在桌面环境下，比如USB设备，它会自动挂载到一个指定目录,正常情况下是在/media/username/device-label目录下，之后你就可以进入到该目录下访问那些文件了。然而，在服务器上就不是这么回事了，你必须手动挂载这个设备，并且指定一个挂载点。 + +Linux系统使用/dev目录下特定的设备文件来标识插入的设备。你会发现该目录下的某些文件，包括/dev/sda或者/dev/sha表示你的第一个主设备，每个分区使用一个数字来表示，比如/dev/sda1或/dev/sha1表示主设备的第一个分区等等。 + +``` +$ ls /dev/sda* +``` +[ + ![List All Linux Device Names](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/List-All-Linux-Device-Names.png) +][3] + +列出Linux系统下所有的设备名 + +现在咱们来使用下面一些特殊的命令行工具找出设备名： + +### 使用df命令来找出插入的USB设备名 + +查看插入你系统里的每一个设备及对应的挂载点，你可以使用下图中的df命令检查Linux系统磁盘空间使用情况： + +``` +$ df -h +``` +[ + ![Find USB Device Name Using df Command](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Find-USB-Device-Name.png) +][5] + +使用df命令查找USB设备名 + +### 使用lsblk命令查找USB设备名 + +你也可以使用下面的lsblk命令（列出块设备）来列出插入你系统里的所有块设备： + +``` +$ lsblk +``` +[ + ![List Linux Block Devices](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/List-Linux-Block-Devices.png) +][7] + +列出Linux系统里的块设备 + +### 使用fdisk工具识别USB设备名 + +fdisk是一个功能强大的工具，用于查看你系统中的所有分区表，包括所有的USB设备，使用root权限执行如下命令： +``` +$ sudo fdisk -l +``` +[ + ![List Partition Table of Block Devices](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/List-Partition-Table.png) +][9] + +列出块设备的分区表 + +### 使用dmesg命令来识别出USB设备名 + +dmesg是一个重要的用于打印或者控制内核环形缓冲区的命令。环形缓冲区是一种数据结构，它存放着内核操作数据的信息。 + +运行如下的命令来查看内核操作信息，它同时也会打印出USB设备的信息： + +``` +$ dmesg +``` +[ + ![dmesg - Prints USB Device Name](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/dmesg-shows-kernel-information.png) +][11] + +dmesg – 打印USB设备名 + +以上就是这篇文章中提及到的所有命令，我们在命令行下使用不同的方法来找出USB设备名。你也可以跟大家分享下实现这个目的的其它方法，或者如果你对这篇文章有什么想法也可以在下面跟大家交流下。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.tecmint.com/find-usb-device-name-in-linux + +作者：[Aaron Kili ][a] +译者：[rusking](https://github.com/rusking) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/aaronkili/ +[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/tag/linux-tricks/ +[2]:http://www.tecmint.com/mount-filesystem-in-linux/ +[3]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/List-All-Linux-Device-Names.png +[4]:http://www.tecmint.com/how-to-check-disk-space-in-linux/ +[5]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Find-USB-Device-Name.png +[6]:http://www.tecmint.com/commands-to-collect-system-and-hardware-information-in-linux/ +[7]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/List-Linux-Block-Devices.png +[8]:http://www.tecmint.com/fdisk-commands-to-manage-linux-disk-partitions/ +[9]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/List-Partition-Table.png +[10]:http://www.tecmint.com/dmesg-commands/ +[11]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/dmesg-shows-kernel-information.png From 19cc656a0e48624638ae604b4e6cfd94d6366163 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ezio Date: Tue, 29 Nov 2016 09:32:40 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 209/220] =?UTF-8?q?20161129-1=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- .../27 - The history of Android.md | 92 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 92 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/The-history-of-Android/27 - The history of Android.md diff --git a/sources/talk/The-history-of-Android/27 - The history of Android.md b/sources/talk/The-history-of-Android/27 - The history of Android.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..4ae9a0602d --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/The-history-of-Android/27 - The history of Android.md @@ -0,0 +1,92 @@ +The history of Android +================================================================================ + +>Follow the endless iterations from Android 0.5 to Android 7 and beyond. + +### Android Wear + +* [ + ![](https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/g-watch-150x150.png) + ][1] +* [ + ![](https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Untitled-150x150.jpg) + ][2] +* [ + ![](https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/home-screen33-640x261-150x150.png) + ][3] +* [ + ![](https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/feature-640x212-150x150.png) + ][4] +* [ + ![](https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/superlayout2000-150x150.png) + ][5] +* [ + ![](https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/darker-150x150.png) + ][6] + +June 2014 saw Android tackle a new form factor: smartwatches. Google launched "[Android Wear][10]" at Google I/O 2014 with the intention of putting a tiny computer on your wrist. Designing for [a 1.6-inch screens][11] meant having to rethink the entire interface from the ground up, so Google stripped down Android 4.4 KitKat and created a tiny smartwatch OS. Android Wear devices weren't standalone computers. They depended on an Android smartphone running the Android Wear companion app for connectivity, authentication, and app data. + +Android Wear smartwatches were mostly notification machines. With new APIs built into Android 4.3 and up, any notification your phone received would also be shown on the watch—no app support required. The notification action buttons were shipped to the watch as well, giving users a small way to interact with notifications from the watch. Dismissing a notification on the watch would clear it from the phone, allowing users to manage notifications without having to whip out another device. There was also a voice command system and a microphone included in every watch, allowing users to just lift their wrist to wake the watch, say "OK Google," and then issue a command. You could reply-by-voice to messages, too. There was even an app drawer for native watch apps. + +The home screen, of course, showed the time and allowed users to swap home screen looks with tons of different watch styles. The interface used a card motif for notifications. A vertically-scrolling list of notifications would pile up on the watch, included some Google Now cards showing the weather or traffic into. Swiping to the left would dismiss a notification, and swiping to the right would bring up the action buttons one at a time. Tapping on the home screen would bring up the voice command system, and from there you could activate the settings or app drawer. There wasn't much to the initial Android Wear home screen other than that. + +Only 720,000 Android Wear devices shipped in 2014, and since then we haven't seen much growth from the software or hardware. Today, smartphone sales are [falling year-over-year][12], and even after the release of the [Apple Watch][13], no one is really sure what they want their little wrist computers to do. It's apparently going to take until 2017 before Android Wear 2.0 hits the market. Since the Moto 360 brought round devices to the market, we haven't seen much new from hardware vendors. + +### Android 5.0 Lollipop—The most important Android release ever + + ![](https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/heade2r-980x479-980x479.jpg) + +In November 2014, Google launched [Android 5.0 Lollipop][14]. Lots of OS updates get called "the biggest release ever," but that cliche actually holds true for Android 5.0 Lollipop. For starters, it changed the way Android was released. With this version of Android, Google started the "Developer Preview" program, which saw the new OS released in beta form months before the release. With the code name and version number now used as marketing tools, the final name was kept secret during the beta and referred to only by letter. At Google I/O 2014, Google announced the "Android L Developer Preview." + +### FURTHER READING + +[Android 5.0 Lollipop, thoroughly reviewed][7] + +Giving developers (and the rest of the world) four months to wrap their head around this release was definitely needed. Android L contained wide-ranging changes that debuted in this OS and are still being felt today. Lollipop introduced Material Design, which was used a guideline to revamp every single interface of Android. A new runtime called "ART" represented a complete overhaul of the engine that powers Android apps. Google's "OK Google" voice command system was upgraded to work on any screen, and on some devices it could even work when the phone was asleep. Multi-user was brought from tablets to phones. Lollipop also laid the foundation for Android for Work, an enterprise-focused dual persona feature. + +#### Material Design gives Android (and all of Google) an identity + +When Matias Duarte took to the I/O stage and announced Material Design, he unveiled a unified design blueprint for not just Android, but all of Google and the third-party app ecosystem. The idea was that the Android, iOS, Chrome OS, and Web versions of a Google app should all look the same and that all Google products should have consistent iconography, fonts, and behavior. They didn't necessarily need identical layouts across screen sizes, but Material Design offered building blocks with consistent behavior that could be rearranged based on the screen size. + +Duarte and his team had experimented with a "Tron" aesthetic in Honeycomb, and a "Card" motif in Jelly Bean, but Material Design finally represented a cohesive design system for all of Google. Material Design went beyond UI guidelines and became an identity for Google as a company. + +The primary metaphor for Material Design is "paper and ink." All UI surfaces were sheets of "paper" that floated above a bottom surface. Shadows were used to provide hierarchy to the interface—each layer of the UI occupied a position in Z space and casted a shadow on the elements below it. This was a clear evolution of the "Card" style used in Google Now on Android 4.1\. "Ink" was used to refer to the bold splashes of color that Google recommended to developers for important items in the UI. These concepts also referenced real world things, which went against the anti-skeuomorphic "flat at any cost" trend that was brought about by things like Windows 8 and iOS 7. + +Anination was a big focus, too, with the idea that nothing should "pop" onto the screen. Components should slide in, shrink, or grow. The "paper" surfaces didn't quite work like real world paper, either they could shrink, expand, merge, and grow. To make the animation system work with image assets, shadows weren't baked into the UI widgets the way they were in previous versions—Google actually created a real-time, 3D shadowing system so that shadows would be correctly rendered during these animations and transitions. + + ![An exaggerated side view of Lollipop's layered interface and the shadows it creates.](https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/2014-07-10_21-56-05.jpg) + +
An exaggerated side view of Lollipop's layered interface and the shadows it creates.[Google I/O 2014 - Material design principles][8]
+ +To bring Material Design to the rest of Google and the app ecosystem, Google created and still maintains [a cohesive set of design guidelines][15] describing how everything should work. There are DOs and DON'Ts, keylines, baseline grids, color swatches, stock iconography, fonts, libraries, layout suggestions, and more. Google even started regularly holding [design-focused conferences][16]to hear from and educate designers, and the company founded the [Material Design awards][17]. Shortly after the launch of Material Design, Duarte left the Android team and became VP of Material Design at Google, creating a whole design-focused division of the company. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2016/10/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/27/ + +作者：[RON AMADEO][a] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://arstechnica.com/author/ronamadeo +[1]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2016/10/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/27/# +[2]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2016/10/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/27/# +[3]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2016/10/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/27/# +[4]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2016/10/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/27/# +[5]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2016/10/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/27/# +[6]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2016/10/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/27/# +[7]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/11/android-5-0-lollipop-thoroughly-reviewed/ +[8]:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=isYZXwaP3Q4 +[9]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/11/android-5-0-lollipop-thoroughly-reviewed/ +[10]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/android-wear-review/ +[11]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/reviewing-android-wears-first-watches-sometimes-promising-often-frustrating/ +[12]:http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20161024005145/en/Smartwatch-Market-Declines-51.6-Quarter-Platforms-Vendors +[13]:http://arstechnica.com/apple/2015/05/review-the-absolutely-optional-apple-watch-and-watch-os-1-0/ +[14]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/11/android-5-0-lollipop-thoroughly-reviewed/ +[15]:https://design.google.com/resources/ +[16]:https://design.google.com/events/ +[17]:https://design.google.com/articles/material-design-awards/ + + From dbc656c5926aac6865aeaecda6ed91359eb8595a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: jasminepeng Date: Tue, 29 Nov 2016 09:33:01 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 210/220] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=A0=A1=E5=AF=B9=E4=B8=AD?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 校对中 --- .../20160718 Tips for managing your project's issue tracker.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translated/talk/20160718 Tips for managing your project's issue tracker.md b/translated/talk/20160718 Tips for managing your project's issue tracker.md index a56bdca1d8..e3c8899ba7 100644 --- a/translated/talk/20160718 Tips for managing your project's issue tracker.md +++ b/translated/talk/20160718 Tips for managing your project's issue tracker.md @@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/life/16/7/how-take-your-projects-github-issues-good- 作者：[Matt Butler][a] 译者：[echoma](https://github.com/echoma) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[jasminepeng](https://github.com/jasminepeng) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From e71a8c22910ee2f8370e9b18595983bdbecc97e1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ezio Date: Tue, 29 Nov 2016 10:00:12 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 211/220] =?UTF-8?q?20161129-2=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- .../28 - The history of Android.md | 117 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 117 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/The-history-of-Android/28 - The history of Android.md diff --git a/sources/talk/The-history-of-Android/28 - The history of Android.md b/sources/talk/The-history-of-Android/28 - The history of Android.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..85e7a7ac5f --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/The-history-of-Android/28 - The history of Android.md @@ -0,0 +1,117 @@ +The history of Android +================================================================================ + +>Follow the endless iterations from Android 0.5 to Android 7 and beyond. + +#### ART—The Android Runtime provides a platform for the future + +There aren't too many components that can trace their lineage all the way back to Android 1.0, but in 2014 one of them was Dalvik, the runtime that powers Android apps. Dalvik was originally designed for single-core, low-performance devices, and it prioritized storage and memory usage over performance. Over the years, Google bolted on more and more upgrades to Dalvik, like JIT support, concurrent garbage collection, and multi-process support. But with the advent of multi-core phones that were many times faster than the T-Mobile G1, upgrades could only take Android so far. + +The solution was to replace Dalvik with ART, the Android RunTime, a new app engine written from the ground up for modern smartphone hardware. ART brought an emphasis on performance and UI smoothness. ART brought a switch from JIT (Just-in-time) compilation to AOT (Ahead-of-time) compilation. JIT would compile an app every time it was run, saving storage space since compiled code was never written to disk, but instead it took up more CPU and RAM. AOT would save the compiled code to disk, making app start faster and reducing memory usage. Rather than shipping precompiled code, ART would compile code on the device as part of installation, giving the compiler access to device-specific optimizations. ART also brought support for 64-bit which, in addition to more addressable memory, brings better performance from the 64-bit instruction set (particularly in media and cryptography apps). + +The best part was this change brought these performance improvements and 64-bit support to every java Android app. ART generates code for every java app, thus any improvements to ART automatically come to these apps. ART was also written with future upgrades in mind, so it would be able to evolve along with Android. + +#### A system-wide interface refresh + + +* [ + ![](https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/systemui150-1-150x150.jpg) + ][1] +* [ + ![](https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/lock-1-150x150.jpg) + ][2] +* [ + ![](https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/recent-apps-150x150.jpg) + ][3] +* [ + ![](https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/recent2-150x150.jpg) + ][4] +* [ + ![](https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/notification-1-150x150.jpg) + ][5] +* [ + ![](https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/headsup-1-150x150.jpg) + ][6] +* [ + ![](https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/panels-150x150.jpg) + ][7] +* [ + ![](https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/noticontrols-150x150.jpg) + ][8] + +Material Design brought a complete overhaul to nearly every interface in Android. For starters, the entire core System UI was changed. Android got a revamped set of buttons that look a bit like a PlayStation controller: triangle, circle, and square buttons now represented back, home, and recent apps, respectively. The status bar was all new thanks to a set of redesigned icons. + +Recent apps got a big revamp, switching from a vertical list of small thumbnails to a cascading view of large, almost fullscreen thumbnails. It also got a new name (which didn't really stick) called "Overview." This definitely seems like something that was inspired by Chrome's tab switcher in past versions. + +Chrome's tab switcher was gone in this release, by the way. In an attempt to put Web apps on even ground with installed apps, Chrome tabs were merged into the Overview list. That's right: the list of recent "apps" now showed recently opened apps mixed in with recently opened websites. In Lollipop, the recent apps list also took a "document centric" approach, meaning apps could put more than one listing into the recent apps list. For instance if you opened two documents in Google Docs, both would be shown in recent apps, allowing you to easily switch between them rather than having to switch back and forth via the app's file list. + +The notification panel was all new. Google brought the "card" motif to the notification panel, storing each item in its own rectangle. Individual notifications changed from a dark background to a white one with better typography and round icons. These new notifications came to the lock screen, changing it from a mostly-useless interstitial screen to a very useful "here's what happened while your were gone" screen. + +Full screen notifications for calls and alarms were banished, replaced with a "heads up" notification that would pop into the top part of the screen. Heads-up notifications also came to "high-priority" app notifications, which were originally intended for IM messages. It was up to developers to decide what was a high-priority notification though, and after developers realized this would make their notifications more noticeable, everyone started forcing them on users. Later versions of Android would fix this by giving users control over the "high-priority" setting. + +Google also added a separate-but-similarly-named "priority" notification system to Lollipop. "Priority" notification was a mode in-between completely silent and "beep for everything" allowing users to flag certain people and apps as "important." Priority mode would only beep for these important people. In the UI, this took the form of a set of notification priority controls attached to the volume popup and a new settings screen for priority notifications. And whenever you were in priority mode, there was a little star in the status bar. + +Quick Settings got a huge series of improvements The controls were now a panel _above_ the notification panel, so that it could be opened with a "double swipe down" gesture. The first pull down would open the notification panel, and the second pull down gesture would shrink the notification panel and open Quick Settings. The layout of the Quick Settings controls changed, dumping the tile layout for a series of buttons floating on a single panel. The top was a very handy brightness slider, followed by buttons for connectivity, auto rotate, the flashlight, GPS, and Chromecast. + +There were also actual in-line panels now in the Quick Settings. It would display Wi-Fi access points, Bluetooth device, and data usage right in the main interface. + + +* [ + ![](https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/4-150x150.jpg) + ][9] +* [ + ![](https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/gmail2-150x150.jpg) + ][10] +* [ + ![](https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/fit-150x150.jpg) + ][11] +* [ + ![](https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/messages-1-150x150.jpg) + ][12] +* [ + ![](https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/googl1-150x150.jpg) + ][13] +* [ + ![](https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/2-150x150.jpg) + ][14] +* [ + ![](https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/reminers-150x150.png) + ][15] + +The Material Design revamp gave nearly every app a new icon and brought a brighter, white background to the app drawer. There were lots of changes to the default apps loadout. Say "hello" to the new apps: Contacts, Docs, Fit, Messenger, Photos, Play Newsstand, Sheets, and Slides. Say "goodbye" to the dead apps: Gallery, G+ Photos, People, Play Magazines, Email, and Quickoffice. + +Many of these new apps came from Google Drive, which split up from a monolithic app into an app for each product. There was now Drive, Docs, Sheets, and Slides, all from the Drive team. Drive is also responsible for the death of Quickoffice, which was consumed by the Drive team. In the "Google can never make up its mind" category: "People" got renamed back to "Contacts" again, and an SMS app called "Messenger" was reinstated at the behest of cellular carriers. (Those carriers did _not_ like Google Hangouts taking over SMS duties.) We got one genuinely new service: Google Fit, a fitness tracking app that worked on Android phones and Android Wear watches. There was also a revamp of Play Magazines to include websites, so it changes names to "Play Newsstand." + +There were more cases of proprietary Google apps taking over for AOSP. + +* "G+ Photos" became "Google Photos" and took over default picture duties from the AOSP Gallery, which became a dead app. The name change to "Google Photos" was in preparation for Photos being [pulled out of Google+][16] and launching as a standalone service. The Google Photos launch would happen about six months after the launch of Lollipop—for now, this is just the Google+ app spawning a new icon and interface. +* Gmail took over POP3, IMAP, and Exchange e-mail duties from the "Email" app. Despite being dead Email still had an app icon, which was a fake—it only displayed a message that told users to setup all e-mail accounts in the Gmail app. +* The "People" to "Contacts" change was actually to "Google Contacts" another AOSP replacement app. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2016/10/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/28/ + +作者：[RON AMADEO][a] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://arstechnica.com/author/ronamadeo/ +[1]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2016/10/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/28/# +[2]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2016/10/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/28/# +[3]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2016/10/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/28/# +[4]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2016/10/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/28/# +[5]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2016/10/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/28/# +[6]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2016/10/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/28/# +[7]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2016/10/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/28/# +[8]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2016/10/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/28/# +[9]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2016/10/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/28/# +[10]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2016/10/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/28/# +[11]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2016/10/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/28/# +[12]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2016/10/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/28/# +[13]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2016/10/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/28/# +[14]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2016/10/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/28/# +[15]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2016/10/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/28/# +[16]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2015/05/google-photos-leaves-google-launches-as-a-standalone-service/ From 6ca5b1aa005988da6d7fd4d72671c04f675dfe69 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: jasminepeng Date: Tue, 29 Nov 2016 11:03:24 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 212/220] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=A0=A1=E5=AF=B9=E5=AE=8C=E6=AF=95?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 校对完毕 --- ...r managing your project's issue tracker.md | 66 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 35 insertions(+), 31 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/talk/20160718 Tips for managing your project's issue tracker.md b/translated/talk/20160718 Tips for managing your project's issue tracker.md index e3c8899ba7..e3e4025f5a 100644 --- a/translated/talk/20160718 Tips for managing your project's issue tracker.md +++ b/translated/talk/20160718 Tips for managing your project's issue tracker.md @@ -1,88 +1,92 @@ -几个小窍门帮你管理项目的问题追踪器 +管理项目问题追踪器的几个小窍门 ============================================== ![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/images/business/BUSINESS_opennature_3.png?itok=30fRGfpv) +***图片来源:*** opensource.com -对于大多数开源项目来讲，问题追踪系统是至关重要的。虽然市面上有非常多的开源工具提供了这样的功能，但是大量项目还是选择了GitHub自带的问题追踪器（Issue Tracker）。 +对于大多数开源项目来讲，问题追踪系统是至关重要的。虽然有非常多的开源工具提供了这样的功能，大量项目还是选择了 GitHub 自带的问题追踪器（Issue Tracker）。 它结构简单，因此其他人可以非常轻松地参与进来，但这才刚刚开始。 -如果没有适当的处理，你的代码仓库会挤满重复的问题单、模糊不明的特性需求单、混淆不清的bug报告单。项目维护者会被大量的组织内协调工作压得喘不过气来，新的贡献者也搞不清楚项目当前的重点工作是什么。 +如果没有适当的处理，你的储存库（repository）会变得很庞大，挤满重复的问题单、模糊不明的特性需求单、含混的 bug 报告单。项目维护者会被大量工作压得喘不过气来，新的贡献者也搞不清楚项目当前的工作重点是什么。 -接下来，我们一起研究下，如何玩转GitHub的问题单。 +接下来，我们一起研究下，如何玩转 GitHub 的问题单。 ### 问题单就是用户的故事 -我的团队曾经和开源专家[Jono Bacon][1]做过一次对话，他是[The Art of Community][2]的作者、GitHub的战略顾问和前社区总监。他告诉我们，高质量的问题单是项目成功的关键。尽管有些人把问题单仅仅看作是一堆难题的列表，但是他认为这个难题列表是我们必须要时刻关注、完善管理并进行分类的。他还认为，给问题单打上标签的做法，会令人意想不到的提升我们对代码和社区的了解程度，也让我们更清楚问题的关键点在哪里。 +我的团队曾经和开源专家 [Jono Bacon][1] 做过一次对话，他是 [The Art of Community][2] 的作者、GitHub 的战略顾问和前社区总监。他告诉我们，高质量的问题单是项目成功的关键。有些人把问题单仅仅看作是一堆你不得不去处理的问题列表，但是如果这些问题单管理完善，进行了分类并打上标签，会令人意想不到的提升我们对代码和社区的了解程度，也让我们更清楚问题的关键点在哪里。 -“在提交问题单时，用户不太会有耐心或者有兴趣把问题的细节描述清楚。在这种情况下，你应当努力花最短的时间，尽量多的获取有用的信息。”，Jono Bacon说。 + +“在提交问题单时，用户不太会有耐心或者有兴趣把问题的细节描述清楚。在这种情况下，你应当努力花最短的时间，尽量多的获取有用的信息。”，Jono Bacon 说。 统一的问题单模板可以大大减轻项目维护者的负担，尤其是开源项目的维护者。我们发现，让用户讲故事的方法总是可以把问题描述的非常清楚。用户讲故事时需要说明“是谁，做了什么，为什么而做”，也就是：我是【何种用户】，为了【达到何种目的】，我要【做何种操作】。 实际操作起来，大概是这样的： ->我是一名顾客，我想付钱，所以我想创建个账户。 +>我是一名**顾客**，我想**购买东西**，所以我想**创建个账户**。 -我们建议，问题单的标题始终使用这样的用户故事形式。你可以设置[问题单模板][3]来保证这点。 +我们建议，问题单的标题始终使用这样的用户故事形式。你可以设置[问题单模板][3]来保证一致性。 ![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/resize/issuetemplate-new-520x293.png) -> 问题单模板让特性需求单保持统一的形式 +         问题单模板让特性需求单保持统一的形式 + +这个做法的核心点在于，问题单要清晰的呈现给它涉及的每一个人：它要尽量简单的指明受众（或者说用户），操作（或者说任务），和输出（或者说目标）。不过，不需要过分拘泥于这个模板，只要能把故事里的是什么事情或者是什么原因说清楚，就达到目的了。 -这个做法的核心点在于，问题单要被清晰的呈现给它涉及的每一个人：它要尽量简单的指明受众（或者说用户），操作（或者说任务），和收益（或者说目标）。你不需要拘泥于这个具体的模板，只要能把故事里的是什么事情或者是什么原因搞清楚，就达到目的了。 ### 高质量的问题单 -问题单的质量是参差不齐的，这一点任何一个开源软件的贡献者或维护者都能证实。具有良好格式的问题单所应具备的素质在[The Agile Samurai][4]有过概述。 +问题单的质量是参差不齐的，这一点任何一个开源软件的贡献者或维护者都能证实。在[《The Agile Samurai》][4]中概述过一个良好的问题单所应具备的素质。 -问题单需要满足如下条件： +好的问题单尽量满足如下条件： - 客户价值所在 - 避免使用术语或晦涩的文字，就算不是专家也能看懂 -- 可以切分，也就是说我们可以一小步一小步的对最终价值进行交付 -- 尽量跟其他问题单没有瓜葛，这会降低我们在问题范围上的灵活性 +- 可以切分，也就是说我们可以逐步解决问题 +- 尽量跟其他问题单没有瓜葛，依赖其它问题会降低处理的灵活性 - 可以协商，也就说我们有好几种办法达到目标 - 问题足够小，可以非常容易的评估出所需时间和资源 - 可衡量，我们可以对结果进行测试 -### 那其他的呢? 要有约束 +### 不满足的问题单呢? 要有约束 -如果一个问题单很难衡量，或者很难在短时间内完成，你也一样有办法搞定它。有些人把这种办法叫做”约束“。 +如果一个问题单很难衡量，或者很难在短时间内完成，你也一样有办法搞定它。有些人把这种办法叫做“约束”（constraints）。 -例如，”这个软件要快“，这种问题单是不符合我们的故事模板的，而且是没办法协商的。多快才是快呢？这种模糊的需求没有达到”好问题单“的标准，但是如果你把一些概念进一步定义一下，例如”每个页面都需要在0.5秒内加载完“，那我们就能更轻松的解决它了。我们可以把”约束“看作是成功的标尺，或者是里程碑。每个团队都应该定期的对”约束“进行测试。 +例如，“这个产品要快”，这种问题单不符合故事模板，而且是没办法协商的。多快才是快呢？这种模糊的需求没有达到“好问题单”的标准，但是如果你进一步定义一下，例如“每个页面都需要在0.5秒内加载完”，那我们就能更轻松地解决它了。我们可以把“约束”看作是成功的标尺，或者要实现的里程碑。每个团队都应该定期的对“约束”进行测试。 ### 问题单里面有什么？ -敏捷方法中，用户的故事里通常要包含验收指标或者标准。如果是在GitHub里，建议大家使用markdown的清单来概述完成这个问题单需要完成的任务。优先级越高的问题单应当包含更多的细节。 +敏捷方法中，用户的故事里通常要包含验收指标或者标准。在 GitHub 里，建议大家使用 markdown 的清单来概括解决这个问题单需要完成的任务。优先级越高的问题单应当包含更多的细节。 -比如说，你打算提交一个问题单，关于网站的新版主页的。那这个问题单的子任务列表可能就是这样的： +比如说，你打算提交一个关于新版网站主页的问题单。那这个问题单的子任务列表可能就是这样的： ![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/resize/markdownchecklist-520x255.png) ->使用markdown的清单把复杂问题拆分成多个部分 +         使用 markdown 的清单把复杂问题拆分成多个部分 -在必要的情况下，你还可以链接到其他问题单，那些问题单每个都是一个要完成的任务。（GitHub里做这个挺方便的） +在必要的情况下，你还可以链接到其他问题单，以进一步明确任务。（GitHub 里做这个挺方便的） -将特性进行细粒度的拆分，这样更轻松的跟踪整体的进度和测试，要能更高频的发布有价值的代码。 +将特性定义的越细化，越容易跟踪进度、测试，最终能更高效的发布有价值的代码。 -一旦以问题单的形式收到数据，我们还可以用API更深入的了解软件的健康度。 +以问题单的形式收到到问题所在后，还可以用 API 更深入的了解软件的健康度。 -”在统计问题单的类型和趋势时，GitHub的API可以发挥巨大作用“，Bacon告诉我们，”如果再做些数据挖掘工作，你就能发现代码里的问题点，谁是社区的活跃成员，或者其他有用的信息。“ +“在统计问题单的类型和趋势时，GitHub API 可以发挥巨大作用”，Bacon告诉我们，“如果再做些数据挖掘工作，你就能发现代码里的问题点，社区里的活跃成员，或者其他有用的信息。” -有些问题单管理工具提供了API，通过API可以增加额外的信息，比如预估时间或者历史进度。 +有些问题单管理工具提供的 API 可以提高额外信息，比如预估时间或者历史进度。 ### 让大伙都上车 -一旦你的团队决定使用某种问题单模板，你要想办法让所有人都按照模板来。代码仓库里的ReadMe.md其实也可以是项目的”How-to“文档。这个文档会描述清除这个项目是做什么的（最好是用可以搜索的语言），并且解释其他贡献者应当如何参与进来（比如提交需求单、bug报告、建议，或者直接贡献代码） +团队决定使用某种问题单模板后，如何让所有人都照做？存储库里的 ReadMe.md 其实也可以是你们项目的 “How-to” 文档。这个文档应描述清楚这个项目是做什么的（最好是用可以搜索的语言），以及其他贡献者应当如何参与进来（比如提交需求单、bug 报告、建议，或者直接贡献代码）。 + ![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/resize/readme-520x184.png) ->为新来的合作者在ReadMe文件里增加清晰的说明 +       在 ReadMe 文件里增加清晰的说明，供新合作者参考 -ReadMe文件是提供”问题单指引“的完美场所。如果你希望特性需求单遵循”用户讲故事“的格式，那就把格式写在ReadMe里。如果你使用某种跟踪工具来管理待办事项，那就标记在ReadMe里，这样别人也能看到。 +ReadMe 文件是提供“问题单指引”的完美场所。如果希望特性需求单遵循“用户讲故事”的格式，那就把格式写在 ReadMe 里。如果使用某种跟踪工具来管理待办事项，那就标记在 ReadMe 里，这样别人也能看到。 -”问题单模板，合理的标签，如何提交问题单的文档，确保问题单被分类，所有的问题单都及时做出回复，这些对于开源项目都至关重要“，Bacon说。 +“问题单模板、合理的标签、提交问题单的指导文档、确保问题单被分类并及时回应，这些对于开源项目都至关重要”，Bacon 说。 -记住一点：这不是为了完成工作而做的工作。这时让其他人更轻松的发现、了解、融入你的社区而设立的规则。 +记住一点：这不是为了完成工作而做的工作。这是让其他人更轻松的发现、了解、融入你的社区而设立的规则。 -"关注社区的成长，不仅要关注参与开发者的的数量增长，也要关注那些在问题单上帮助我们的人，他们让问题单更加明确、保持更新，这是活跃沟通和高效解决问题的力量源泉"，Bacon说。 +"关注社区的成长，不仅要关注参与开发者的的数量增长，也要关注那些在问题单上帮助我们的人，他们让问题单更加明确、保持更新，这是活跃沟通和高效解决问题的力量源泉"，Bacon 说。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- From cf5d6f3537548897c9c2f35a472a32ddd54cfe58 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: jasminepeng Date: Tue, 29 Nov 2016 11:16:13 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 213/220] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=A0=A1=E5=AF=B9=E5=AE=8C=E6=AF=95?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 校对完毕 --- ...8 Tips for managing your project's issue tracker.md | 10 +++++----- 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/talk/20160718 Tips for managing your project's issue tracker.md b/translated/talk/20160718 Tips for managing your project's issue tracker.md index e3e4025f5a..af54b18ac4 100644 --- a/translated/talk/20160718 Tips for managing your project's issue tracker.md +++ b/translated/talk/20160718 Tips for managing your project's issue tracker.md @@ -28,7 +28,8 @@ 我们建议，问题单的标题始终使用这样的用户故事形式。你可以设置[问题单模板][3]来保证一致性。 ![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/resize/issuetemplate-new-520x293.png) -         问题单模板让特性需求单保持统一的形式 +         +>          问题单模板让特性需求单保持统一的形式 这个做法的核心点在于，问题单要清晰的呈现给它涉及的每一个人：它要尽量简单的指明受众（或者说用户），操作（或者说任务），和输出（或者说目标）。不过，不需要过分拘泥于这个模板，只要能把故事里的是什么事情或者是什么原因说清楚，就达到目的了。 @@ -60,7 +61,7 @@ 比如说，你打算提交一个关于新版网站主页的问题单。那这个问题单的子任务列表可能就是这样的： ![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/resize/markdownchecklist-520x255.png) -         使用 markdown 的清单把复杂问题拆分成多个部分 +> 使用 markdown 的清单把复杂问题拆分成多个部分 在必要的情况下，你还可以链接到其他问题单，以进一步明确任务。（GitHub 里做这个挺方便的） @@ -72,13 +73,12 @@ 有些问题单管理工具提供的 API 可以提高额外信息，比如预估时间或者历史进度。 -### 让大伙都上车 - +### 团队协同一致 团队决定使用某种问题单模板后，如何让所有人都照做？存储库里的 ReadMe.md 其实也可以是你们项目的 “How-to” 文档。这个文档应描述清楚这个项目是做什么的（最好是用可以搜索的语言），以及其他贡献者应当如何参与进来（比如提交需求单、bug 报告、建议，或者直接贡献代码）。 ![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/resize/readme-520x184.png) -       在 ReadMe 文件里增加清晰的说明，供新合作者参考 +> 在 ReadMe 文件里增加清晰的说明，供新合作者参考 ReadMe 文件是提供“问题单指引”的完美场所。如果希望特性需求单遵循“用户讲故事”的格式，那就把格式写在 ReadMe 里。如果使用某种跟踪工具来管理待办事项，那就标记在 ReadMe 里，这样别人也能看到。 From 728c1c83e843260cf651dc691f48bacbd2165a9f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: jasminepeng Date: Tue, 29 Nov 2016 11:27:30 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 214/220] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=A0=A1=E5=AF=B9=E5=AE=8C=E6=AF=95?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 校对完毕 --- ...0718 Tips for managing your project's issue tracker.md | 8 +++++--- 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/talk/20160718 Tips for managing your project's issue tracker.md b/translated/talk/20160718 Tips for managing your project's issue tracker.md index af54b18ac4..10cbe18eec 100644 --- a/translated/talk/20160718 Tips for managing your project's issue tracker.md +++ b/translated/talk/20160718 Tips for managing your project's issue tracker.md @@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ ![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/resize/issuetemplate-new-520x293.png)         ->          问题单模板让特性需求单保持统一的形式 +*问题单模板让特性需求单保持统一的形式* 这个做法的核心点在于，问题单要清晰的呈现给它涉及的每一个人：它要尽量简单的指明受众（或者说用户），操作（或者说任务），和输出（或者说目标）。不过，不需要过分拘泥于这个模板，只要能把故事里的是什么事情或者是什么原因说清楚，就达到目的了。 @@ -61,7 +61,8 @@ 比如说，你打算提交一个关于新版网站主页的问题单。那这个问题单的子任务列表可能就是这样的： ![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/resize/markdownchecklist-520x255.png) -> 使用 markdown 的清单把复杂问题拆分成多个部分 + +*使用 markdown 的清单把复杂问题拆分成多个部分* 在必要的情况下，你还可以链接到其他问题单，以进一步明确任务。（GitHub 里做这个挺方便的） @@ -78,7 +79,8 @@ ![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/resize/readme-520x184.png) -> 在 ReadMe 文件里增加清晰的说明，供新合作者参考 + +*在 ReadMe 文件里增加清晰的说明，供新合作者参考* ReadMe 文件是提供“问题单指引”的完美场所。如果希望特性需求单遵循“用户讲故事”的格式，那就把格式写在 ReadMe 里。如果使用某种跟踪工具来管理待办事项，那就标记在 ReadMe 里，这样别人也能看到。 From dd2167d40132428334f1e8cad4b4823e5822c723 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: jasminepeng Date: Tue, 29 Nov 2016 11:28:49 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 215/220] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=A0=A1=E5=AF=B9=E5=AE=8C=E6=AF=95?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 呵呵，再提交一次，改一处 --- .../20160718 Tips for managing your project's issue tracker.md | 1 + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) diff --git a/translated/talk/20160718 Tips for managing your project's issue tracker.md b/translated/talk/20160718 Tips for managing your project's issue tracker.md index 10cbe18eec..a2a54d31b5 100644 --- a/translated/talk/20160718 Tips for managing your project's issue tracker.md +++ b/translated/talk/20160718 Tips for managing your project's issue tracker.md @@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ ![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/resize/issuetemplate-new-520x293.png)         + *问题单模板让特性需求单保持统一的形式* 这个做法的核心点在于，问题单要清晰的呈现给它涉及的每一个人：它要尽量简单的指明受众（或者说用户），操作（或者说任务），和输出（或者说目标）。不过，不需要过分拘泥于这个模板，只要能把故事里的是什么事情或者是什么原因说清楚，就达到目的了。 From 49e636abdfd7b689ee06d96c9ab5f41b3fc4ee3a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Mars Wong Date: Tue, 29 Nov 2016 15:44:24 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 216/220] [Translated by OneNewLife]20161114 Apache Vs Nginx Vs Node.js And What It Means About The Performance Of WordPress Vs Ghost.md --- ...t The Performance Of WordPress Vs Ghost.md | 233 ----------------- ...t The Performance Of WordPress Vs Ghost.md | 234 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 234 insertions(+), 233 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20161114 Apache Vs Nginx Vs Node.js And What It Means About The Performance Of WordPress Vs Ghost.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20161114 Apache Vs Nginx Vs Node.js And What It Means About The Performance Of WordPress Vs Ghost.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20161114 Apache Vs Nginx Vs Node.js And What It Means About The Performance Of WordPress Vs Ghost.md b/sources/tech/20161114 Apache Vs Nginx Vs Node.js And What It Means About The Performance Of WordPress Vs Ghost.md deleted file mode 100644 index 219da11002..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20161114 Apache Vs Nginx Vs Node.js And What It Means About The Performance Of WordPress Vs Ghost.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,233 +0,0 @@ -OneNewLife translating - -Apache Vs Nginx Vs Node.js And What It Means About The Performance Of WordPress Vs Ghost -============================================================ - - ![Node vs Apache vs Nginx](https://iwf1.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Node-vs-Apache-vs-Nginx-730x430.jpg) - -Ultimate battle of the giants: can the rising star Node.js prevail against the titans Apache and Nginx? - - -Just like you, I too have read the various kinds of opinions / facts which are scattered all over the Internet throughout all sorts of sources, some of which I consider reliable, while others, perhaps shady or doubtful. - -Many of the sources I read were quite contradicting, ahm – did someone say StackOverflow?[1][2], others showed a clear yet surprising results[3] thus having a crucial role in pushing me towards running my own tests and experiments. - -At first, I did some thought experiments thinking I may avoid all the hassle of building and running physical tests of my own – I was drowning deep in those before I even knew it. - -Nonetheless, looking backwards on it, it seem that my initial thoughts were quite accurate after all and have been reaffirmed by my tests; a fact which reminds me of what I learned back in school regarding Einstein and his photoelectric effect experiments where he faced a wave–particle duality and initially concluded that the experiments were affected by his state of mind, that is, when he expected the result would be a wave then so it was and vice versa. - -That said, I’m pretty sure my results won’t prove to be a duality anytime in the near future, although my own state of mind probably did had an effect, to some extents, on them. - -### About The Comparison - -One of the sources I read came up with a revolutionary way, in my view, to deal with the natural subjectiveness and personal biases an author may have. - -A way which I decided to embrace as-well, thus I declare the following in advance: - -Developers spend many years honing their craft. Those who reach higher levels usually make their own choice based on a host of factors. It’s subjective; you’ll promote and defend your technology decision. - -That said, the point of this comparison is not to become another “use whatever suits you, buddy” article. I will make recommendations based on my own experience, requirements and biases. You’ll agree with some points and disagree with others; that’s great — your comments will help others make an informed choice. - -And thank you to Craig Buckler of [SitePoint][2] for re-enlightening me regarding the purpose of comparisons – a purpose I tend re-forgetting as I’m trying to please all visitors. - -### About The Tests - -All test were ran locally on an: - -* Intel core i7-2600k machine of 4 cores and 8 threads. -* **[Gentoo Linux][1]** is the operating system used to run the tests. - -The tool used for benchmarking: ApacheBench, Version 2.3 <$Revision: 1748469 $>. - -The tests included a series of benchmarks, starting from 1,000 to 10,000 requests and a concurrency of 100 to 1,000 – the results were quite surprising. - -In addition, stress test to measure server function under high load was also issued. - -As for the content, the main focus was about a static file containing a number of Lorem Ipsum verses with headings and an image. - -[ - ![Lorem Ipsum and ApacheBenchmark](http://iwf1.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Lorem-Ipsum-and-ApacheBenchmark-730x411.jpg) -][3] - -Lorem Ipsum and ApacheBenchmark - -The reason I decided to focus on static files is because they remove all sorts of rendering factors that may have an effect on the tests, such as: the speed of a programming language interpreter, how well is an interpreter integrated with the server, etc… - -Also, based on my own experience, a substantial part of the average page load time is usually being spent on static content such as images for example, therefore in order to see which server could save us the most of that precious time it seem more realistic to focus on that part. - -That aside, I also wanted to test a more real case scenario where I benchmarked each server upon running a dynamic page of different CMSs (more details about that later on). - -### The Servers - -As I’m running Gentoo Linux, you could say that either one of my HTTP servers is starting from an optimized state to begin with, since I built them using only the use-flags I actually needed. I.e there shouldn’t be any unnecessary code or module loading or running in the background while I ran my tests. - -[ - ![Apache vs Nginx vs Node.js use-flags](http://iwf1.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Apache-vs-Nginx-vs-Node.js-use-flags-730x241.jpg) -][4] - -Apache vs Nginx vs Node.js use-flags - -### Apache - -`$: curl -i http://localhost/index.html -HTTP/1.1 200 OK -Date: Sun, 30 Oct 2016 15:35:44 GMT -Server: Apache -Last-Modified: Sun, 30 Oct 2016 14:13:36 GMT -ETag: "2cf2-54015b280046d" -Accept-Ranges: bytes -Content-Length: 11506 -Cache-Control: max-age=600 -Expires: Sun, 30 Oct 2016 15:45:44 GMT -Vary: Accept-Encoding -Content-Type: text/html` - -Apache was configured with “event mpm”. - -### Nginx - -`$: curl -i http://localhost/index.html -HTTP/1.1 200 OK -Server: nginx/1.10.1 -Date: Sun, 30 Oct 2016 14:17:30 GMT -Content-Type: text/html -Content-Length: 11506 -Last-Modified: Sun, 30 Oct 2016 14:13:36 GMT -Connection: keep-alive -Keep-Alive: timeout=20 -ETag: "58160010-2cf2" -Accept-Ranges: bytes` - -Nginx included various tweaks, among them: “sendfile on”, “tcp_nopush on” and “tcp_nodelay on”. - -### Node.js - -`$: curl -i http://127.0.0.1:8080 -HTTP/1.1 200 OK -Content-Length: 11506 -Etag: 15 -Last-Modified: Thu, 27 Oct 2016 14:09:58 GMT -Content-Type: text/html -Date: Sun, 30 Oct 2016 16:39:47 GMT -Connection: keep-alive` - -The Node.js server used in the static tests was custom built from scratch, tailor made to be as lightweight and fast as possible – no external modules (outside of Node’s core) were used. - -### The Results - -Click on the images to enlarge: - -[ - ![Apache vs Nginx vs Node: performance under requests load (per 100 concurrent users)](http://iwf1.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/requests-730x234.jpg) -][5] - -Apache vs Nginx vs Node: performance under requests load (per 100 concurrent users) - -[ - ![Apache vs Nginx vs Node: performance under concurrent users load](http://iwf1.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/concurrency-730x234.jpg) -][6] - -Apache vs Nginx vs Node: performance under concurrent users load (per 1,000 requests) - -### Stress Testing - -[ - ![Apache vs Nginx vs Node: time to complete 100,000 requests with concurrency of 1,000](http://iwf1.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/stress.jpg) -][7] - -Apache vs Nginx vs Node: time to complete 100,000 requests with concurrency of 1,000 - -### What Can We Learn From The Results? - -Judging by the results above, it appears that Nginx can complete the highest amount of requests in the least amount of time, in other words, **Nginx** is the fastest HTTP server. - -Another thing we can learn, which is quite surprising as a matter of fact, is that Node.js can be faster than Nginx and Apache in some cases, given the right amount of concurrent users and requests. - -To those who wonder, the answer is NO, when the number of requests was raised during the concurrency test then Nginx would return to a leading position. - -Unlike Apache and Nginx, Node.js, especially clustered Node, seem to be indifferent to the number of concurrent users hitting it. As the chart shows, clustered Node keeps a straight line at around 0.1 seconds while both Apache and Nginx suffer a variation of about 0.2 seconds. - -A conclusion that can be drawn based on the above statistics is that the smaller the site is the less it matters which server it uses. However, as the site grows larger audience, the more apparent the impact an HTTP server has. - -At the bottom line, when it comes to the raw speed of each server, as it’s depicted by the stress test, my sense is that the most crucial factor behind the performance is not some special algorithm but what it comes down to is actually the programming language each server is running. - -As both Apache and Nginx are using C language – which is AOT (Ahead Of Time) compiled language, Node.js on the other hand is using JavaScript – which is an interpreted / JIT (Just In Time) compiled language. This means there’s additional work for the Node.js server on its way to execute a program. - -This sense I base not only upon the results above but also upon further results, which you’ll see below, where I got pretty much the same performance parity even when using an optimized Node.js server built with the popular Express framework. - -### The Bigger Picture - -At the end of the day, an HTTP server is quite useless without the content it serves. Therefore when looking to compare web servers, a vital part we must take into account is the content we wish to run on top of it. - -Although other function exists as well, the most widely popular use done with an HTTP server is running a website. Hence, to see the real life implications of each server’s performance I decided to compare WordPress – the most widely used CMS (Content Management System) in the world, with Ghost – a rising star with a gimmick of using JavaScript at its core. - -Will a Ghost web-page based on JavaScript alone be able to outperform a WordPress page running on top of PHP and Apache / Nginx? - -That’s an interesting question since Ghost has the advantage of using a single, coherent tool for its actions – no additional layers needed, whereas WordPress needs to rely on the integration between Apache / Nginx and PHP, an integration which might incur significant performance drawbacks. - -Adding to that, there’s also a significant performance difference between PHP and Node.js in favor of the latter, which I’ll briefly talk about below, things might come out a bit differently than initially seemed. - -### PHP Vs Node.js - -In order to compare WordPress and Ghost we must first consider an essential component which affects both. - -Essentially, WordPress is a PHP based CMS while Ghost is Node.js (JavaScript) based. Unlike PHP, Node.js enjoys the following advantages: - -* Non-blocking I/O -* Event driven -* Modern, less legacy code encumbered - -Since there are plenty of comparisons out there explaining and demonstrating Node.js raw speed over PHP (including PHP 7) I shall not elaborate further on the subject, Google it, I implore you. - -So, given that Node.js outperforms PHP in general, will it be significant enough to make a Node.js website faster than Apache / Nginx with PHP? - -### WordPress Vs Ghost - -When comparing WordPress to Ghost some would say it’s like comparing apples to oranges and for the most part I’ll agree, as WordPress is a fully fledged CMS while Ghost is basically just a blogging platform at the moment. - -However, the two still share many overlapping areas where both can be used to publish thoughts to the world. - -Given that premise, how can we compare the 2 while one runs on totally different code base than the other, including themes and core features. - -Indeed, a scientific lab-conditioned test would be hard to devise. However, in this comparison I’m interested in a more real life case scenario, where WordPress gets to keep its theme and so does Ghost. Thus, the goal here is to have both platform’s web-pages similar in size as possible and let PHP and Node.js do their magic behind the scenes. - -Since the results were measured against different criteria and most importantly not exact same sizes, it wouldn’t be fair to display them side by side in a chart. Hence a table is used instead: - -[ - ![Node vs Nginx vs Apache comparison table](http://iwf1.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Node-vs-Nginx-vs-Apache-comparison-table-730x185.jpg) -][8] - -Node vs Nginx vs Apache running WordPress & Ghost. Top 2 rows are WordPress, bottom 2 are Ghost - -As you can see, despite the fact Ghost (Node.js) is loading a smaller sized page (you’d be surprised how much difference can 1kB make) it still remains slower than both WordPress with Nginx and with Apache. - -Also, does preempting every Node server hit with Nginx proxy that serves as a load balancer actually contributes or detracts from performance? - -Well, according to the table above, if it has any effect at all then it is a detracting one – which is a reasonable outcome as adding another layer should make things slower. However, the numbers above shows it just might be negligible. - -But the most important thing the table above shows us is that even though Node.js is faster than PHP, the role an HTTP server has, may surpass the importance of what type of programming language a certain web platform uses. - -Of course, on the other hand, if the page loaded was a lot more reliant on server-side script serving, then the results would of wind up a bit different, I suspect. - -At the end of it, if a web platform really wants to beat WordPress at its own game, performance-wise that is, the conclusion rising from this comparison is it’ll have to have some sort of customized tool a-la PHP-FPM, that will communicate with JavaScript directly (instead of running it as a server) thus it could fully harness JS power to reach a better performance. - - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://iwf1.com/apache-vs-nginx-vs-node-js-and-what-it-means-about-the-performance-of-wordpress-vs-ghost/ - -作者：[Liron][a] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:https://iwf1.com/tag/linux -[1]:http://iwf1.com/5-reasons-use-gentoo-linux/ -[2]:https://www.sitepoint.com/sitepoint-smackdown-php-vs-node-js/ -[3]:http://iwf1.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Lorem-Ipsum-and-ApacheBenchmark.jpg -[4]:http://iwf1.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Apache-vs-Nginx-vs-Node.js-use-flags.jpg -[5]:http://iwf1.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/requests.jpg -[6]:http://iwf1.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/concurrency.jpg -[7]:http://iwf1.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/stress.jpg -[8]:http://iwf1.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Node-vs-Nginx-vs-Apache-comparison-table.jpg diff --git a/translated/tech/20161114 Apache Vs Nginx Vs Node.js And What It Means About The Performance Of WordPress Vs Ghost.md b/translated/tech/20161114 Apache Vs Nginx Vs Node.js And What It Means About The Performance Of WordPress Vs Ghost.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..c5ebd40f75 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20161114 Apache Vs Nginx Vs Node.js And What It Means About The Performance Of WordPress Vs Ghost.md @@ -0,0 +1,234 @@ +OneNewLife translated + +Apache、Nginx 与 Node.js 之争 —— WordPress 与 Ghost 的性能大对决 +============================================================ + + ![Node、Apache 与 Nginx 的对决](https://iwf1.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Node-vs-Apache-vs-Nginx-730x430.jpg) + +巨强之间的终极对决：崛起的新星 Node.js 能否战胜巨人 Apache 和 Nginx？ + +我和你一样，都阅读过大量散布在互联网各处的意见或事实，其中有一些我认为是可靠的，而其它的可能是谣传，让人难以置信。 + +我读过的许多信息是相当矛盾的，有人深信 StackOverflow，而其他人展示了一个清晰的令人惊讶的结果，这在推动我自己去做测试来验证结论的过程中扮演了重要的角色。 + +起初，我做了一些思想准备，认为我可以避免自己进行测试来校验结论的麻烦——在我沉浸在这种想法之前我甚至已经知道会这样。 + +尽管如此，往后看的时候，似乎我最初的想法是相当准确的，并且已经再次重申我的测试。这个事实让我想起了当年我在学校学到的爱因斯坦和他的光电效应的实验，他面临着一个光的波粒二重性的问题，最初的结论是实验受到他的心理状态的影响，即当他期望结果是一个波的时候结果就会是一个波，反之亦然。 + +也就是说，我坚信我的结果不会在不久的将来被证明是一个二重性，虽然我的心理状态可能在某种程度上对他们有影响。 + +### 关于比较 + +在我看来，我阅读的一个来源给作者处理自然现象和个人偏见带来了一种革命性的方式。 + +这同时也是一种我决定接受的方式，因此我提前声明以下内容： + +开发者花了很多年来磨练他们的工艺。那些达到更高水平的人通常参考很多因素来做出自己的抉择。这是主观的；你将会推崇和捍卫你的技术决策。 + +也就是说，这个比较点不会成为另一篇“兄弟，使用任何适合你的东西”的文章。我将会根据我的自身经验、要求和偏见提出建议。你会同意一些观点，反对他人；这是很好的——你的意见会帮助别人做出明智的选择。 + +感谢 Craig Buckler 的 [建站观点][2]，这重新启发了我比较的意义——尝试重新忘记自我，并试图让所有的读者心悦诚服。 + +### 关于测试 + +所有的测试都在本地运行： + +* 英特尔酷睿 i7-2600k，四核心八线程的机器 +* **[Gentoo Linux][1]** 是用于测试的操作系统 + +用于基准测试的工具：ApacheBench，2.3 版（次版本：1748469） + +测试包括一系列基准，从 1000 到 10000 个请求以及从 100 到 1000 个的并发请求——结果相当令人惊讶。 + +此外，我还进行了在高负载下测量服务器功能的压力测试。 + +至于内容，主要是一个包含一些 Lorem Ipsum 的标题和一张图片静态文件。 + +[![Lorem Ipsum and ApacheBenchmark](http://iwf1.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Lorem-Ipsum-and-ApacheBenchmark-730x411.jpg) +][3] + +Lorem Ipsum 和 ApacheBenchmark + +我决定专注于静态文件的原因是因为它们删除了可能对测试产生影响的各种渲染因素，例如：编程语言解释器的速度、解释器与服务器的集成程度等等。 + +此外，基于我的自身经验，平均网页加载时间的很大一部分通常用于静态内容，例如图片，因此关注哪个服务器可以节省我们加载静态内容的时间是比较现实的。 + +除此之外，我还想测试一个更加真实的案例，案例中我在运行不同 CMS 的动态页面（稍后将详细介绍）时对服务器进行基准测试。 + +### 服务器 + +正如我用的是 Gentoo Linux，你可以说我的 HTTP 服务器在一开始就已经经过优化了，因为我在构建系统的时候只使用了我实际需要的东西。也就是说，当我运行我的测试的时候，不应该在后台运行任何不必要的代码或加载没用的模块。 + +[![Apache、Nginx 和 Node.js 的使用标志对比](http://iwf1.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Apache-vs-Nginx-vs-Node.js-use-flags-730x241.jpg) +][4] + +Apache、Nginx 和 Node.js 的使用标志对比 + +### Apache + +``` +$: curl -i http://localhost/index.html + +HTTP/1.1 200 OK +Date: Sun, 30 Oct 2016 15:35:44 GMT +Server: Apache +Last-Modified: Sun, 30 Oct 2016 14:13:36 GMT +ETag: "2cf2-54015b280046d" +Accept-Ranges: bytes +Content-Length: 11506 +Cache-Control: max-age=600 +Expires: Sun, 30 Oct 2016 15:45:44 GMT +Vary: Accept-Encoding +Content-Type: text/html +``` + +Apache 配置了 “event mpm”。 + +### Nginx + +``` +$: curl -i http://localhost/index.html + +HTTP/1.1 200 OK +Server: nginx/1.10.1 +Date: Sun, 30 Oct 2016 14:17:30 GMT +Content-Type: text/html +Content-Length: 11506 +Last-Modified: Sun, 30 Oct 2016 14:13:36 GMT +Connection: keep-alive +Keep-Alive: timeout=20 +ETag: "58160010-2cf2" +Accept-Ranges: bytes +``` + +Nginx 包括各种调整：`sendfile on`、`tcp_nopush on` 和 `tcp_nodelay on`。 + +### Node.js + +``` +$: curl -i http://127.0.0.1:8080 + +HTTP/1.1 200 OK +Content-Length: 11506 +Etag: 15 +Last-Modified: Thu, 27 Oct 2016 14:09:58 GMT +Content-Type: text/html +Date: Sun, 30 Oct 2016 16:39:47 GMT +Connection: keep-alive +``` + +在静态测试中使用的 Node.js 服务器是从零开始定制的，这样可以让它尽可能更加的轻快——没有使用外部模块（Node 核心模块除外）。 + +### 测试结果 + +点击图片以放大： + +[![Apache、Nginx 与 Node 的对比：请求负载能力（每 100 位并发用户）](http://iwf1.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/requests-730x234.jpg) +][5] + +Apache、Nginx 与 Node 的对比：请求负载的性能（每 100 位并发用户 + +[![Apache、Nginx 与 Node 的对比：用户负载能力](http://iwf1.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/concurrency-730x234.jpg) +][6] + +Apache、Nginx 与 Node 的对比：用户负载能力（每 1000 个请求） + +### 压力测试 + +[![Apache、Nginx 与 Node 的对比：完成 1000 位用户并发的 100000 个请求耗时](http://iwf1.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/stress.jpg) +][7] + +Apache、Nginx 与 Node 的对比：完成 1000 位用户并发的 100000 个请求耗时 + +### 我们可以从结果中得到什么？ + +从以上结果判断，似乎 Nginx 可以在最少的时间内完成最多请求，换句话来说，**Nginx** 是最快的 HTTP 服务器。 + +还有一个相当惊人的事实是，在特定的用户并发数和请求数下，Node.js 可以比 Nginx 和 Apache 更快。 + +当请求的数量在并发测试中增加的时候，Nginx 将重回领先的位置，这个结果可以让那些陷入 Node.js 的遐想的人清醒一下。 + +和 Apache、Nginx 不同的是，Node.js 似乎对用户的并发数不太敏感，尤其是在集群节点。如图所示，集群节点在 0.1 秒左右保持一条直线，而 Apache 和 Nginx 都有大约 0.2 秒的波动。 + +基于上述统计可以得出的结论是：站点越小，其使用的服务器就越重要。然而，随着网站的受众越来越多，HTTP 服务器的影响变得愈加明显。 + +当涉及到每台服务器的原始速度的底线的时候，正如压力测试所描述的，我的感觉是，性能背后最关键的因素不是一些特定的算法，但它到底是什么，实际上每台服务器所运行的编程语言。 + +由于 Apache 和 Nginx 都使用了 C 语言—— AOT 语言（编译型语言），而 Node.js 使用了 JavaScript ——这是一种 JIT 语言（解释型语言）。这意味着 Node.js 在执行程序的过程中还有额外的工作负担。 + +这意味着我不能仅仅基于上面的结果来下结论，而要做进一步校验，你会看到下面的结果，我得到几乎相同的性能奇偶性校验，即使当我使用一台经过优化的 Node.js 服务器来构建和流行的 Express 框架。 + +### The Bigger Picture + +一天就这么过去了，如果没有服务的内容，HTTP 服务器是没什么用的。因此，在比较 web 服务器的时候，我们必须考虑的一个重要的部分就是我们希望在上面运行的内容。 + +虽然其它功能也存在，但是 HTTP 服务器最广泛的使用就是运行网站。因此，为了看到每台服务器的性能对现实生活的影响，我决定比较一下 WordPress ——世界上使用最广泛的 CMS（内容管理系统）和 Ghost ——内核使用了 JavaScript 的一颗冉冉升起的明星。 + +基于 JavaScript 的 Ghost 网页能否胜过运行在 PHP 和 Apache / Nginx 上面的 WordPress 页面？ + +这是一个有趣的问题，因为 Ghost 具有操作工具单一且一致的优点——无需额外的封装，而 WordPress 需要依赖 Apache / Nginx 和 PHP 之间的集成，这可能会导致显著的性能缺陷。 + +除此之外，PHP 和 Node.js 之间还有一个显著的性能差异，这有利于后者，我将在下面简要介绍一下，可能会出现一些与初衷大相径庭的结果。 + +### PHP 与 Node.js 的对决 + +为了比较 WordPress 和 Ghost，我们必须首先考虑一个影响到两者的基本组件。 + +基本上，WordPress 是一个基于 PHP 的 CMS，而 Ghost 是基于 Node.js（JavaScript）的。与 PHP 不同，Node.js 有以下优点： + +* 非阻塞的 I/O +* 事件驱动 +* 更新颖，更少的残旧代码 + +由于有大量的比较解释和演示了 Node.js 的原始速度超过 PHP（包括 PHP 7），我不会再进一步阐述这个主题，请你自行用谷歌搜索相关内容。 + +因此，考虑到 Node.js 的性能优于 PHP，一个 Node.js 的网站的速度要比 Apache / Nginx 和 PHP 的网站快吗？ + +### WordPress 和 Ghost 对决 + +当比较 WordPress 和 Ghost 时，有些人会说这就像比较苹果和橘子，大多数情况下我同意这个观点，因为 WordPress 是一个完全成熟的 CMS，而 Ghost 基本上只是一个博客平台。 + +然而，两者仍然有共同竞争的市场，其中两者都可以用于向世界发布你的个人想法。 + +制定一个前提，我们怎么比较两个完全基于不同的代码来运行的平台，包括主题和核心功能。 + +事实上，一个科学的实验测试条件是很难设计的。然而，在这个测试中我对更接近生活的情景更感兴趣，所以 WordPress 和 Ghost 都将保留其主题。因此，这里的目标是使两个平台的网页大小尽可能相似，让 PHP 和 Node.js 在幕后斗智斗勇。 + +由于结果是根据不同的标准进行测量的，最重要的是尺度不一样，因此在图表中并排显示它们是不公平的。因此，我改为使用表： + +[![Node、Nginx 和 Apache 性能比较表](http://iwf1.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Node-vs-Nginx-vs-Apache-comparison-table-730x185.jpg) +][8] + +Node、Nginx、Apache 以及运行 WordPress 和 Ghost 的比较。前两行是 WordPress，底部的两行是 Ghost + +正如你所见，尽管事实上 Ghost（Node.js）正在加载一个更小的页面（你可能会惊讶 1 字节可以产生这么大的差异），它仍然比同时使用 Nginx 和 Apache 的 WordPress 要慢。 + +此外，抢占每个 Node 服务器使用 Nginx 代理作为负载均衡器实际上会提升还是降低性能？ + +那么，根据上面的表格，如果说它产生什么效果的话，它造成了减益的效果——这是一个合理的结果，因为额外封装一层理所当然会使其变得更慢。当然，上面的数字也表明这可以忽略不计。 + +但是上表中最重要的一点是，即使 Node.js 比 PHP 快，HTTP 服务器的作用也可能超过某个 web 平台使用的编程语言的重要性。 + +当然，另一方面，如果加载的页面更多地依赖于服务器端的脚本服务，那么我怀疑结果可能会有点不同。 + +最后，如果一个 web 平台真的想在自己的天地里击败 WordPress，从这个比较中得出的结论就是，要想性能占优，必须要定制一些像 PHP-FPM 的工具，它将直接与 JavaScript 通信（而不是作为服务器来运行），因此它可以完全利用 JS 的力量来达到更好的性能。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://iwf1.com/apache-vs-nginx-vs-node-js-and-what-it-means-about-the-performance-of-wordpress-vs-ghost/ + +作者：[Liron][a] +译者：[OneNewLife](https://github.com/OneNewLife) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:https://iwf1.com/tag/linux +[1]:http://iwf1.com/5-reasons-use-gentoo-linux/ +[2]:https://www.sitepoint.com/sitepoint-smackdown-php-vs-node-js/ +[3]:http://iwf1.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Lorem-Ipsum-and-ApacheBenchmark.jpg +[4]:http://iwf1.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Apache-vs-Nginx-vs-Node.js-use-flags.jpg +[5]:http://iwf1.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/requests.jpg +[6]:http://iwf1.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/concurrency.jpg +[7]:http://iwf1.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/stress.jpg +[8]:http://iwf1.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Node-vs-Nginx-vs-Apache-comparison-table.jpg From 112a9a6d84b27278357ffd8b77e5933639b3a89a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Wed, 30 Nov 2016 08:08:27 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 217/220] PROOF:10 - The history of Android @alim0x --- .../10 - The history of Android.md | 64 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 34 insertions(+), 30 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/talk/The history of Android/10 - The history of Android.md b/translated/talk/The history of Android/10 - The history of Android.md index adea04cb85..544716e346 100644 --- a/translated/talk/The history of Android/10 - The history of Android.md +++ b/translated/talk/The history of Android/10 - The history of Android.md @@ -1,75 +1,79 @@ -安卓编年史 +安卓编年史（10）：Android 2.0 Éclair——带动 GPS 产业 ================================================================================ 注：youtube视频地址 -### Android 2.0, Éclair——带动GPS产业 ### +### Android 2.0 Éclair——带动 GPS 产业 ### -41天——这是从安卓1.6到安卓2.0所经历的时间。安卓的第一个大的版本号更迭发生在2009年10月的[摩托罗拉Droid][1]身上，它是第一部“第二代”安卓设备。相对于G1而言，Droid进行了大幅的硬件升级，拥有巨大的3.7英寸（在当时而言），分辨率854×480的LCD屏幕。它同样带来了更强劲的性能：一个600Mhz的德州仪器TI OMAP Cortex A8处理器（还是单核），以及256MB的RAM内存。 +41 天——这是从安卓 1.6 到安卓 2.0 所经历的时间。安卓的第一个大的版本号更迭发生在 2009 年 10 月的[摩托罗拉 Droid][1] 身上，它是第一部“第二代”安卓设备。相对于 G1 而言，Droid 进行了大幅的硬件升级，拥有巨大的 3.7 英寸（在当时而言），分辨率 854×480 的 LCD 屏幕。它同样带来了更强劲的性能：一个 600Mhz 的德州仪器 TI OMAP Cortex A8 处理器（还是单核），以及 256MB 的内存。 ![摩托罗拉Droid凝视着你的灵魂。](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/2181.jpg) -摩托罗拉Droid凝视着你的灵魂。 -但Droid最重要的部分是围绕它的大型广告活动。Droid是美国运营商威瑞森Verizon的旗舰设备，这个头衔给它从美国最大运营商那里带来了不少收入。威瑞森从卢卡斯影业那获得了单词“droid”的授权，并且开始了[“Droid Does”运动][2]——通过广告将设备定位成一个敢于发声，充满突破的（由此也延伸到安卓身上）强力iPhone替代品。媒体常常说T-Mobile G1想要成为一个“iPhone杀手”，但是Droid走了出来，并拥有了这个称号。 +*摩托罗拉Droid凝视着你的灵魂。* -就和G1一样，Droid有个侧滑实体键盘。轨迹球已经不见了，但是还是强制性要求有类似十字方向键的东西，所以摩托罗拉把一个五键十字方向键放在了键盘右侧。Droid正面按键从实体按键变成了电容式触摸按键，它们只是被印在了玻璃触摸屏上。安卓2.0同样最终取消了必须有“呼叫”和“结束”按钮的强制要求。所以连同十字方向键移到键盘那里的变动，正面的按键可以排成漂亮又整洁的一行。所有这些精简结果带来的是有史以来最好看的安卓设备。T-Mobile G1看起来像是费雪牌的玩具，但摩托罗拉Droid看起来像个可以用来削人的工业工具。 +但 Droid 最重要的部分是围绕它的大型广告活动。Droid 是美国运营商威瑞森 Verizon 的旗舰设备，这个头衔给它从美国最大运营商那里带来了不少收入。威瑞森从卢卡斯影业那获得了单词“droid”的授权，并且开始了[“Droid Does”运动][2]——通过广告将设备定位成一个敢于发声、充满突破的（由此也延伸到安卓身上）强力 iPhone 替代品。媒体常常说 T-Mobile G1 想要成为一个“iPhone 杀手”，但是 Droid 走了出来，并拥有了这个称号。 + +就和 G1 一样，Droid 有个侧滑实体键盘。轨迹球已经不见了，但是还是强制性要求有类似十字方向键的东西，所以摩托罗拉把一个五键十字方向键放在了键盘右侧。Droid 正面按键从实体按键变成了电容式触摸按键，它们只是被印在了玻璃触摸屏上。安卓 2.0 同样最终取消了必须有“呼叫”和“结束”按钮的强制要求。所以连同十字方向键移到键盘那里的变动，正面的按键可以排成漂亮又整洁的一行。所有这些精简结果带来的是有史以来最好看的安卓设备。T-Mobile G1 看起来像是费雪牌的玩具，但摩托罗拉 Droid 看起来像个可以用来削人的工业工具。 ![安卓2.0和1.6的锁屏和主屏幕。](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/intro202.png) -安卓2.0和1.6的锁屏和主屏幕。 -Ron Amadeo供图 -威瑞森的一些差劲的广告活动泄漏了这个软件，原本平静，水汪汪的远景默认壁纸变成了脏兮兮的混凝土。开机动画用了红色脉动的哈儿（HAL 9000）的眼球（译注：哈儿是英国小说家亚瑟·克拉克所著《太空漫游》小说中出现的一部拥有强人工智能的超级电脑），每当你收到邮件的时候，默认通知铃声还会高喊“[DRRRRROOOOIIIIDDDD][3]”。Éclair泡芙就像是安卓的忧郁少年阶段。 +*安卓 2.0 和 1.6 的锁屏和主屏幕。 +[Ron Amadeo 供图]* -安卓2.0中最先呈现给用户的事情之一就是新的锁屏。滑动解锁是苹果的专利，因此谷歌就采用了来自旋转手机的灵感，使用了弧线解锁手势。把你的手指放在锁定图标上并且向右滑动可以解锁设备，从音量图标向左滑动可以让手机静音。手指自然移动是圆弧状的，所以这手势感觉比按直线滑动更加自然。 +威瑞森的一些差劲的广告活动泄漏了这个软件，原本平静、水汪汪的远景默认壁纸变成了脏兮兮的混凝土。开机动画用了红色脉动的哈儿（HAL 9000）的眼球（LCTT 译注：哈儿是英国小说家亚瑟·克拉克所著《太空漫游》小说中出现的一部拥有强人工智能的超级电脑），每当你收到邮件的时候，默认通知铃声还会高喊“[DRRRRROOOOIIIIDDDD][3]”。Éclair 泡芙就像是安卓的忧郁少年阶段。 + +安卓 2.0 中最先呈现给用户的事情之一就是新的锁屏。滑动解锁是苹果的专利，因此谷歌就采用了来自旋转手机的灵感，使用了弧线解锁手势。把你的手指放在锁定图标上并且向右滑动可以解锁设备，从音量图标向左滑动可以让手机静音。手指的自然移动是圆弧状的，所以这手势感觉比按直线滑动更加自然。 默认主屏幕布局取消了多余的模拟时钟小部件，引入了现如今安卓的一个主要部分：主屏幕顶端的一个搜索栏。短信和安卓市场同样花了大功夫在新布局上。应用抽屉页同样被经过了明显的重新设计。 ![应用抽屉和“添加到主屏幕”菜单截图。](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/icons.png) -应用抽屉和“添加到主屏幕”菜单截图。 -Ron Amadeo供图 -安卓在早期的阶段以极快的步伐开发前进，而安卓团队在考虑界面设计时也从来没有对未来的设备有过真正的规划。摩托罗拉Droid——拥有854×480分辨率的LCD显示屏——相对于320×480分辨率的G1时代设备在分辨率上是个巨大的提升。几乎所有的东西都需要重绘。界面设计的“从头开始”就几乎成为了安卓2.0的主要课题。 +*应用抽屉和“添加到主屏幕”菜单截图。 +[Ron Amadeo 供图]* -谷歌借此机会几乎重新设计了安卓的所有图标，从带有等距轴线的卡通风格图标转变为风格更为正式直观的图标。唯一一套没有重绘的图标是状态栏图标，和经过修改的系统其它部分相比显得格格不入。这些图标会从安卓0.9一直使用到安卓2.3。 +安卓在早期的阶段以极快的步伐开发前进，而安卓团队在考虑界面设计时也从来没有对未来的设备有过真正的规划。摩托罗拉 Droid——拥有 854×480 分辨率的 LCD 显示屏——相对于 320×480 分辨率的 G1 时代设备在分辨率上是个巨大的提升。几乎所有的东西都需要重绘。界面设计的“从头开始”就几乎成为了安卓 2.0 的主要课题。 -应用阵容上同样也有一些改变。摄像机被合并到相机中，IM应用被去除，并增加了两个新的谷歌应用：Car Home，一个被设计为在驾驶时使用的带有大按钮的启动器，还有企业日历，除了它支持Exchange而不是谷歌日历以外，它和常规的日历没什么不一样。奇怪的是，谷歌还预装了两个第三方应用程序：Facebook和Verizon的Visual VM应用 （现在都不能用了）。第二组图片显示的是“添加到主屏幕”菜单，它同样经过了全新的设计。 +谷歌借此机会几乎重新设计了安卓的所有图标，从带有等距轴线的卡通风格图标转变为风格更为正式直观的图标。唯一一套没有重绘的图标是状态栏图标，和经过修改的系统其它部分相比显得格格不入。这些图标会从安卓 0.9 一直使用到安卓 2.3。 + +应用阵容上同样也有一些改变。摄像机被合并到相机中，IM 应用被去除，并增加了两个新的谷歌应用：Car Home，这是一个被设计为在驾驶时使用的带有大按钮的启动器，还有企业日历，除了它支持 Exchange 而不是谷歌日历以外，它和常规的日历没什么不一样。奇怪的是，谷歌还预装了两个第三方应用程序：Facebook 和 Verizon 的 Visual VM 应用 （现在都不能用了）。第二组图片显示的是“添加到主屏幕”菜单，它同样经过了全新的设计。 ![一个地点页面，显示“导航”选项，导航免责声明，实际的导航画面，以及交通信息。](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/nav2.png) -一个地点页面，显示“导航”选项，导航免责声明，实际的导航画面，以及交通信息。 -Ron Amadeo供图 -除了新的设计以外，安卓2.0最突出的亮点是谷歌地图导航。谷歌更新了地图，以支持免费的逐向导航，配有兴趣点搜索和文本到语音引擎，这使得它可以像一个独立的GPS设备一样大声读出街道名称。把GPS导航从一个单独的产品变成免费的智能手机功能，这几乎一夜之间[摧毁][4]了独立GPS市场。TomTom的股票在安卓2.0推出的一周内下跌了近40％。 +*一个地点页面，显示“导航”选项，导航免责声明，实际的导航画面，以及交通信息。 +[Ron Amadeo 供图]* -但一开始导航非常难以找到。你必须打开搜索框，键入一个地点或地址，并点击搜索结果。接下来，点击了“导航”按钮后，谷歌会显示一个警告，声明导航正处于beta测试阶段，不应该被信任。点击“接受”后，你可以跳上车，一个粗糙的合成语音会引导你到达目的地。菜单按钮背后隐藏着一个选项，可以查看整个路线上的交通状况和突发事件。导航的设计一直徘徊不前。甚至连谷歌地图主界面都在安卓4.0时更新了，安卓2.0风格的导航部分还是那么放着，这几乎持续到了安卓4.3才有所改观。 +除了新的设计以外，安卓 2.0 最突出的亮点是谷歌地图导航。谷歌更新了地图，以支持免费的逐向导航，配有兴趣点搜索和文本到语音引擎，这使得它可以像一个独立的 GPS 设备一样大声读出街道名称。把 GPS 导航从一个单独的产品变成免费的智能手机功能，这几乎一夜之间[摧毁][4]了独立 GPS 市场。TomTom 的股票在安卓 2.0 推出的一周内下跌了近 40％。 -地图还会显示路线的概览，其中包含你的路线的交通数据。起初数据只是由常规的交通数据提供商授权，但后来，谷歌使用运行谷歌地图的安卓和iOS手机[收集原始交通数据][5]。这是在移动设备地图游戏中谷歌迈向霸主地位的第一步。毕竟，实时交通流量的监控确实仅仅取决于你有多少数据点来源。现在，伴随着数以亿计的iOS和安卓的谷歌地图的用户，谷歌已经成为世界上最好的交通数据提供商。 +但一开始这个导航应用非常难以找到。你必须打开搜索框，键入一个地点或地址，并点击搜索结果。接下来，点击了“导航”按钮后，谷歌会显示一个警告，声明导航正处于 beta 测试阶段，不应该被信任。点击“接受”后，你可以跳上车，一个粗糙的合成语音会引导你到达目的地。菜单按钮背后隐藏着一个选项，可以查看整个路线上的交通状况和突发事件。导航的设计一直徘徊不前。甚至连谷歌地图主界面都在安卓 4.0 时更新了，安卓 2.0 风格的导航部分还是那么放着，这几乎持续到了安卓 4.3 才有所改观。 -地图导航，安卓终于找到了自己的杀手级应用。谷歌公司那时提供了其他人提供不了的东西。“为什么我应该买这个而不是买个iPhone？”问题终于有了个答案。谷歌地图也不需要像许多GPS设备一样通过PC更新。有了云，地图能够始终保持最新状态，所有这些更新都是免费的。唯一的缺点是，你需要一个互联网连接来使用谷歌地图。 +地图还会显示路线的概览，其中包含你的路线的交通数据。起初数据只是由常规的交通数据提供商授权，但后来，谷歌通过运行谷歌地图的安卓和 iOS 手机[收集原始交通数据][5]。这是在移动设备地图竞争中谷歌迈向霸主地位的第一步。毕竟，实时交通流量的监控确实仅仅取决于你有多少数据点来源。现在，伴随着数以亿计的 iOS 和安卓的谷歌地图的用户，谷歌已经成为世界上最好的交通数据提供商。 -精确的地图在[苹果地图的惨败][6]中被大大宣传，它已经成为了智能手机的最重要的功能之一，即使没有人真正在它们工作的时候赞赏它们。绘制世界真的只借助无数人的力量，今天，谷歌的“地球”部门是公司最大的部门，拥有超过[7000名员工][7]。对于这里的大多数人来说，他们的工作是驾驶着公司充满相机的街景车驶过世界上的每一条道路。经过八年的数据收集，谷歌拥有超过[五百万英里][8]的360度街景视图，谷歌地图成为了公司不可撼动的支柱之一。 +有了地图导航，安卓终于找到了自己的杀手级应用。谷歌公司那时提供了其他人提供不了的东西。“为什么我应该买这个而不是买个 iPhone？”问题终于有了个答案。谷歌地图也不需要像许多 GPS 设备一样通过 PC 更新。有了云，地图能够始终保持最新状态，所有这些更新都是免费的。唯一的缺点是，你需要一个互联网连接来使用谷歌地图。 + +精确的地图在[苹果地图的惨败][6]中被大大宣传，它已经成为了智能手机的最重要的功能之一，即使没有人真正在它们工作的时候赞赏它们。绘制世界真的只是借助了无数人的力量，今天，谷歌的“地球”部门是公司最大的部门，拥有超过[7000 名员工][7]。对于这里的大多数人来说，他们的工作就是驾驶着公司装满了相机的街景车驶过世界上的每一条道路。经过八年的数据收集，谷歌拥有超过[五百万英里][8]的 360 度街景视图，谷歌地图成为了公司不可撼动的支柱之一。 ![Car Home主屏幕，并且因为有空间，加入了一个横版的导航。](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/carhome1.png) -Car Home主屏幕，并且因为有空间，加入了一个横版的导航。 -Ron Amadeo供图 -随着和谷歌地图导航一起到来的还有“Car Home”，一个大按钮设计的主屏幕，旨在帮助你在驾驶时使用手机。这不是定制的，每一个按钮只是一个独立应用的快捷方式。摩托罗拉Droid和其官方的[车载dock配件][9]有特殊的磁铁，二者接触将自动触发Car Home。在手机接入dock时，按压Droid的实体home键会打开Car Home主屏而不是正常的主屏幕，屏幕上的触摸Home键可以打开正常的主屏幕。 +*Car Home 主屏幕，并且因为有空间，加入了一个横版的导航。 +[Ron Amadeo 供图]* -Car Home，虽然很有用，但并没有存在多久——它在安卓3.0中被去掉了，再也没有回来过。GPS系统几乎全部用在汽车驾驶时，但它鼓励用户使用如“搜索”这样的功能，它会弹出一个键盘，谷歌的律师可能并不是很喜欢这种功能。随着[苹果的CarPlay][10]和谷歌的[开放汽车联盟][11]的到来，车载电脑看到了复苏的希望。这一次，重点更多的是在安全上，政府机构（如美国国家公路交通安全管理局）也在协助着这一方面的发展。 +随着和谷歌地图导航一起到来的还有“Car Home”，一个大按钮设计的主屏幕，旨在帮助你在驾驶时使用手机。不能定制，每一个按钮只是一个独立应用的快捷方式。摩托罗拉 Droid 和其官方的[车载 dock 配件][9]之间有特殊的磁铁，二者接触将自动触发 Car Home。在手机接入 dock 时，按压 Droid 的实体 home 键会打开 Car Home 主屏而不是正常的主屏幕，屏幕上的触摸 Home 键可以打开正常的主屏幕。 + +Car Home，虽然很有用，但并没有存在多久——它在安卓 3.0 中被去掉了，再也没有回来过。GPS 系统几乎全部用在汽车驾驶时，但它鼓励用户使用如“搜索”这样的功能，它会弹出一个键盘，谷歌的律师可能并不是很喜欢这种功能。随着[苹果的 CarPlay][10]和谷歌的[开放汽车联盟][11]的到来，车载电脑看到了复苏的希望。这一次，重点更多的是在安全上，政府机构（如美国国家公路交通安全管理局）也在协助着这一方面的发展。 ---------- ![Ron Amadeo](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content//uploads/authors/ron-amadeo-sq.jpg) -[Ron Amadeo][a] / Ron是Ars Technica的评论编缉，专注于安卓系统和谷歌产品。他总是在追寻新鲜事物，还喜欢拆解事物看看它们到底是怎么运作的。 - +[Ron Amadeo][a] / Ron 是 Ars Technica 的评论编缉，专注于安卓系统和谷歌产品。他总是在追寻新鲜事物，还喜欢拆解事物看看它们到底是怎么运作的。 [@RonAmadeo][t] -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -via: http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/10/ +via: http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2016/10/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/10/ -译者：[alim0x](https://github.com/alim0x) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[alim0x](https://github.com/alim0x) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 24eb4af07d2145f7d4cf5c927e3d63bcdf3e8889 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Wed, 30 Nov 2016 08:08:50 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 218/220] PUB:10 - The history of Android @alim0x --- .../The history of Android/10 - The history of Android.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translated/talk => published}/The history of Android/10 - The history of Android.md (100%) diff --git a/translated/talk/The history of Android/10 - The history of Android.md b/published/The history of Android/10 - The history of Android.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/talk/The history of Android/10 - The history of Android.md rename to published/The history of Android/10 - The history of Android.md From fe841f95e5c97b13d4977c1a35c14874f90f3935 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Wed, 30 Nov 2016 08:49:03 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 219/220] PUB:20160718 Tips for managing your project's issue tracker @echoma --- ...r managing your project's issue tracker.md | 24 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-) rename {translated/talk => published}/20160718 Tips for managing your project's issue tracker.md (78%) diff --git a/translated/talk/20160718 Tips for managing your project's issue tracker.md b/published/20160718 Tips for managing your project's issue tracker.md similarity index 78% rename from translated/talk/20160718 Tips for managing your project's issue tracker.md rename to published/20160718 Tips for managing your project's issue tracker.md index a2a54d31b5..4107314320 100644 --- a/translated/talk/20160718 Tips for managing your project's issue tracker.md +++ b/published/20160718 Tips for managing your project's issue tracker.md @@ -1,12 +1,13 @@ -管理项目问题追踪器的几个小窍门 +玩转 GitHub 的问题单（issue） ============================================== ![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/images/business/BUSINESS_opennature_3.png?itok=30fRGfpv) + ***图片来源:*** opensource.com -对于大多数开源项目来讲，问题追踪系统是至关重要的。虽然有非常多的开源工具提供了这样的功能，大量项目还是选择了 GitHub 自带的问题追踪器（Issue Tracker）。 +对于大多数开源项目来讲，问题追踪系统（Issue-tracking system）是至关重要的。虽然有非常多的开源工具提供了这样的功能，但是大量项目还是选择了 GitHub 自带的问题追踪器（Issue Tracker）。 -它结构简单，因此其他人可以非常轻松地参与进来，但这才刚刚开始。 +它结构简单，可以让其他人可以非常轻松地参与进来，但这才仅仅是开始。 如果没有适当的处理，你的储存库（repository）会变得很庞大，挤满重复的问题单、模糊不明的特性需求单、含混的 bug 报告单。项目维护者会被大量工作压得喘不过气来，新的贡献者也搞不清楚项目当前的工作重点是什么。 @@ -14,8 +15,7 @@ ### 问题单就是用户的故事 -我的团队曾经和开源专家 [Jono Bacon][1] 做过一次对话，他是 [The Art of Community][2] 的作者、GitHub 的战略顾问和前社区总监。他告诉我们，高质量的问题单是项目成功的关键。有些人把问题单仅仅看作是一堆你不得不去处理的问题列表，但是如果这些问题单管理完善，进行了分类并打上标签，会令人意想不到的提升我们对代码和社区的了解程度，也让我们更清楚问题的关键点在哪里。 - +我的团队曾经和开源专家 [Jono Bacon][1] 做过一次对话，他是 [社区艺术（The Art of Community）][2] 的作者、一位战略顾问、前 GitHub 社区总监。他告诉我们，高质量的问题单是项目成功的关键。有些人把问题单仅仅看作是一堆你不得不去处理的问题列表，但是如果这些问题单管理完善，进行了分类并打上标签，会令人意想不到的提升我们对代码和社区的了解程度，也让我们更清楚问题的关键点在哪里。 “在提交问题单时，用户不太会有耐心或者有兴趣把问题的细节描述清楚。在这种情况下，你应当努力花最短的时间，尽量多的获取有用的信息。”，Jono Bacon 说。 @@ -28,13 +28,11 @@ 我们建议，问题单的标题始终使用这样的用户故事形式。你可以设置[问题单模板][3]来保证一致性。 ![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/resize/issuetemplate-new-520x293.png) -         *问题单模板让特性需求单保持统一的形式* 这个做法的核心点在于，问题单要清晰的呈现给它涉及的每一个人：它要尽量简单的指明受众（或者说用户），操作（或者说任务），和输出（或者说目标）。不过，不需要过分拘泥于这个模板，只要能把故事里的是什么事情或者是什么原因说清楚，就达到目的了。 - ### 高质量的问题单 问题单的质量是参差不齐的，这一点任何一个开源软件的贡献者或维护者都能证实。在[《The Agile Samurai》][4]中概述过一个良好的问题单所应具备的素质。 @@ -49,15 +47,15 @@ - 问题足够小，可以非常容易的评估出所需时间和资源 - 可衡量，我们可以对结果进行测试 -### 不满足的问题单呢? 要有约束 +### 不满足上述条件的问题单呢? 要有约束 如果一个问题单很难衡量，或者很难在短时间内完成，你也一样有办法搞定它。有些人把这种办法叫做“约束”（constraints）。 -例如，“这个产品要快”，这种问题单不符合故事模板，而且是没办法协商的。多快才是快呢？这种模糊的需求没有达到“好问题单”的标准，但是如果你进一步定义一下，例如“每个页面都需要在0.5秒内加载完”，那我们就能更轻松地解决它了。我们可以把“约束”看作是成功的标尺，或者要实现的里程碑。每个团队都应该定期的对“约束”进行测试。 +例如，“这个产品要快”，这种问题单不符合故事模板，而且是没办法协商的。多快才是快呢？这种模糊的需求没有达到“好问题单”的标准，但是如果你进一步定义一下，例如“每个页面都需要在 0.5 秒内加载完”，那我们就能更轻松地解决它了。我们可以把“约束”看作是成功的标尺，或者要实现的里程碑。每个团队都应该定期的对“约束”进行测试。 ### 问题单里面有什么？ -敏捷方法中，用户的故事里通常要包含验收指标或者标准。在 GitHub 里，建议大家使用 markdown 的清单来概括解决这个问题单需要完成的任务。优先级越高的问题单应当包含更多的细节。 +敏捷方法中，用户故事里通常要包含验收指标或者标准。在 GitHub 里，建议大家使用 markdown 格式的清单来概括解决这个问题单需要完成的任务。优先级越高的问题单应当包含更多的细节。 比如说，你打算提交一个关于新版网站主页的问题单。那这个问题单的子任务列表可能就是这样的： @@ -71,17 +69,17 @@ 以问题单的形式收到到问题所在后，还可以用 API 更深入的了解软件的健康度。 -“在统计问题单的类型和趋势时，GitHub API 可以发挥巨大作用”，Bacon告诉我们，“如果再做些数据挖掘工作，你就能发现代码里的问题点，社区里的活跃成员，或者其他有用的信息。” +“在统计问题单的类型和趋势时，GitHub API 可以发挥巨大作用”，Bacon 告诉我们，“如果再做些数据挖掘工作，你就能发现代码里的问题点、社区里的活跃成员，或者其他有用的信息。” 有些问题单管理工具提供的 API 可以提高额外信息，比如预估时间或者历史进度。 ### 团队协同一致 -团队决定使用某种问题单模板后，如何让所有人都照做？存储库里的 ReadMe.md 其实也可以是你们项目的 “How-to” 文档。这个文档应描述清楚这个项目是做什么的（最好是用可以搜索的语言），以及其他贡献者应当如何参与进来（比如提交需求单、bug 报告、建议，或者直接贡献代码）。 +团队决定使用某种问题单模板后，如何让所有人都照做？存储库里的 ReadMe.md 其实也可以是你们项目的 “How-to” 文档。这个文档应描述清楚这个项目是做什么的（最好是用可以搜索的语言），以及其他贡献者应当如何参与进来（比如提交需求单、bug 报告、建议，或者直接贡献代码）。 ![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/resize/readme-520x184.png) -*在 ReadMe 文件里增加清晰的说明，供新合作者参考* +*在 ReadMe 文件里增加清晰的说明，供新协作者参考* ReadMe 文件是提供“问题单指引”的完美场所。如果希望特性需求单遵循“用户讲故事”的格式，那就把格式写在 ReadMe 里。如果使用某种跟踪工具来管理待办事项，那就标记在 ReadMe 里，这样别人也能看到。 From 255592a83a42a7520c7473577c7f1ca9aa952ce5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Wed, 30 Nov 2016 09:04:45 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 220/220] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=B7=B2=E7=BB=8F=E6=A0=A1=E5=AF=B9?= =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @rusking --- ...o Know Plugged USB Device Name in Linux.md | 100 ------------------ 1 file changed, 100 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 translated/tech/4 Useful Way to Know Plugged USB Device Name in Linux.md diff --git a/translated/tech/4 Useful Way to Know Plugged USB Device Name in Linux.md b/translated/tech/4 Useful Way to Know Plugged USB Device Name in Linux.md deleted file mode 100644 index 0bd1f48f7e..0000000000 --- a/translated/tech/4 Useful Way to Know Plugged USB Device Name in Linux.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,100 +0,0 @@ -4 Useful Way to Know Plugged USB Device Name in Linux -在Linux系统里识别USB设备名字的4种方法 -============================================================ - -对于初学者来说，在Linux系统里你必须掌握的技术之一就是识别出插入系统里的各种设备。这也许是你的系统硬盘，外部的存储设备或者是可移动设备，比如USB设备或SD闪存卡等。 - -现如今，使用USB设备来传输文件是十分常见的事，对于那些喜欢使用命令行的新手来说，当你需要格式化USB设备时，学会使用不同的方法来识别USB设备名是非常重要的。 - -如果你插入一个设备到你的系统中，尤其是在桌面环境下，比如USB设备，它会自动挂载到一个指定目录,正常情况下是在/media/username/device-label目录下，之后你就可以进入到该目录下访问那些文件了。然而，在服务器上就不是这么回事了，你必须手动挂载这个设备，并且指定一个挂载点。 - -Linux系统使用/dev目录下特定的设备文件来标识插入的设备。你会发现该目录下的某些文件，包括/dev/sda或者/dev/sha表示你的第一个主设备，每个分区使用一个数字来表示，比如/dev/sda1或/dev/sha1表示主设备的第一个分区等等。 - -``` -$ ls /dev/sda* -``` -[ - ![List All Linux Device Names](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/List-All-Linux-Device-Names.png) -][3] - -列出Linux系统下所有的设备名 - -现在咱们来使用下面一些特殊的命令行工具找出设备名： - -### 使用df命令来找出插入的USB设备名 - -查看插入你系统里的每一个设备及对应的挂载点，你可以使用下图中的df命令检查Linux系统磁盘空间使用情况： - -``` -$ df -h -``` -[ - ![Find USB Device Name Using df Command](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Find-USB-Device-Name.png) -][5] - -使用df命令查找USB设备名 - -### 使用lsblk命令查找USB设备名 - -你也可以使用下面的lsblk命令（列出块设备）来列出插入你系统里的所有块设备： - -``` -$ lsblk -``` -[ - ![List Linux Block Devices](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/List-Linux-Block-Devices.png) -][7] - -列出Linux系统里的块设备 - -### 使用fdisk工具识别USB设备名 - -fdisk是一个功能强大的工具，用于查看你系统中的所有分区表，包括所有的USB设备，使用root权限执行如下命令： -``` -$ sudo fdisk -l -``` -[ - ![List Partition Table of Block Devices](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/List-Partition-Table.png) -][9] - -列出块设备的分区表 - -### 使用dmesg命令来识别出USB设备名 - -dmesg是一个重要的用于打印或者控制内核环形缓冲区的命令。环形缓冲区是一种数据结构，它存放着内核操作数据的信息。 - -运行如下的命令来查看内核操作信息，它同时也会打印出USB设备的信息： - -``` -$ dmesg -``` -[ - ![dmesg - Prints USB Device Name](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/dmesg-shows-kernel-information.png) -][11] - -dmesg – 打印USB设备名 - -以上就是这篇文章中提及到的所有命令，我们在命令行下使用不同的方法来找出USB设备名。你也可以跟大家分享下实现这个目的的其它方法，或者如果你对这篇文章有什么想法也可以在下面跟大家交流下。 - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.tecmint.com/find-usb-device-name-in-linux - -作者：[Aaron Kili ][a] -译者：[rusking](https://github.com/rusking) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/aaronkili/ -[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/tag/linux-tricks/ -[2]:http://www.tecmint.com/mount-filesystem-in-linux/ -[3]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/List-All-Linux-Device-Names.png -[4]:http://www.tecmint.com/how-to-check-disk-space-in-linux/ -[5]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Find-USB-Device-Name.png -[6]:http://www.tecmint.com/commands-to-collect-system-and-hardware-information-in-linux/ -[7]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/List-Linux-Block-Devices.png -[8]:http://www.tecmint.com/fdisk-commands-to-manage-linux-disk-partitions/ -[9]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/List-Partition-Table.png -[10]:http://www.tecmint.com/dmesg-commands/ -[11]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/dmesg-shows-kernel-information.png