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如何在 Linux 上从 NetworkManager 切换为 systemd-network
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================================================================================
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在 Linux 世界里，对 [systemd][1] 的采用一直是激烈争论的主题，它的支持者和反对者之间的战火仍然在燃烧。到了今天，大部分主流 Linux 发行版都已经采用了 systemd 作为默认的初始化（init）系统。
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正如其作者所说，作为一个 “从未完成、从未完善、但一直追随技术进步” 的系统，systemd 已经不只是一个初始化进程，它被设计为一个更广泛的系统以及服务管理平台，这个平台是一个包含了不断增长的核心系统进程、库和工具的生态系统。
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**systemd** 的其中一部分是 **systemd-networkd**，它负责 systemd 生态中的网络配置。使用 systemd-networkd，你可以为网络设备配置基础的 DHCP/静态 IP 网络。它还可以配置虚拟网络功能，例如网桥、隧道和 VLAN。systemd-networkd 目前还不能直接支持无线网络，但你可以使用 wpa_supplicant 服务配置无线适配器，然后把它和 **systemd-networkd** 联系起来。
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在很多 Linux 发行版中，NetworkManager 仍然作为默认的网络配置管理器。和 NetworkManager 相比，**systemd-networkd** 仍处于积极的开发状态，还缺少一些功能。例如，它还不能像 NetworkManager 那样能让你的计算机在任何时候通过多种接口保持连接。它还没有为更高层面的脚本编程提供 ifup/ifdown 钩子函数。但是，systemd-networkd 和其它 systemd 组件（例如用于域名解析的 **resolved**、NTP 的**timesyncd**，用于命名的 udevd）结合的非常好。随着时间增长，**systemd-networkd**只会在 systemd 环境中扮演越来越重要的角色。
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如果你对 **systemd-networkd** 的进步感到高兴，从 NetworkManager 切换到 systemd-networkd 是值得你考虑的一件事。如果你强烈反对 systemd，对 NetworkManager 或[基础网络服务][2]感到很满意，那也很好。
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但对于那些想尝试 systemd-networkd 的人，可以继续看下去，在这篇指南中学会在 Linux 中怎么从 NetworkManager 切换到 systemd-networkd。
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### 需求 ###
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systemd 210 及其更高版本提供了 systemd-networkd。因此诸如 Debian 8 "Jessie" (systemd 215)、 Fedora 21 (systemd 217)、 Ubuntu 15.04 (systemd 219) 或更高版本的 Linux 发行版和 systemd-networkd 兼容。
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对于其它发行版，在开始下一步之前先检查一下你的 systemd 版本。
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$ systemctl --version
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### 从 NetworkManager 切换到 Systemd-networkd ###
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从 NetworkManager 切换到 systemd-networkd 其实非常简答（反过来也一样）。
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首先，按照下面这样先停用 NetworkManager 服务，然后启用 systemd-networkd。
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$ sudo systemctl disable NetworkManager
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$ sudo systemctl enable systemd-networkd
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你还要启用 **systemd-resolved** 服务，systemd-networkd用它来进行域名解析。该服务还实现了一个缓存式 DNS 服务器。
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$ sudo systemctl enable systemd-resolved
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$ sudo systemctl start systemd-resolved
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当启动后，**systemd-resolved** 就会在 /run/systemd 目录下某个地方创建它自己的 resolv.conf。但是，把 DNS 解析信息存放在 /etc/resolv.conf 是更普遍的做法，很多应用程序也会依赖于 /etc/resolv.conf。因此为了兼容性，按照下面的方式创建一个到 /etc/resolv.conf 的符号链接。
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$ sudo rm /etc/resolv.conf
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$ sudo ln -s /run/systemd/resolve/resolv.conf /etc/resolv.conf
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### 用 systemd-networkd 配置网络连接 ###
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要用 systemd-networkd 配置网络服务，你必须指定带.network 扩展名的配置信息文本文件。这些网络配置文件保存到 /etc/systemd/network 并从这里加载。当有多个文件时，systemd-networkd 会按照字母顺序一个个加载并处理。
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首先创建 /etc/systemd/network 目录。
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$ sudo mkdir /etc/systemd/network
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#### DHCP 网络 ####
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首先来配置 DHCP 网络。对于此，先要创建下面的配置文件。文件名可以任意，但记住文件是按照字母顺序处理的。
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$ sudo vi /etc/systemd/network/20-dhcp.network
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----------
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[Match]
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Name=enp3*
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[Network]
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DHCP=yes
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正如你上面看到的，每个网络配置文件包括了一个或多个 “sections”，每个 “section”都用 [XXX] 开头。每个 section 包括了一个或多个键值对。`[Match]` 部分决定这个配置文件配置哪个（些）网络设备。例如，这个文件匹配所有名称以 ens3 开头的网络设备（例如 enp3s0、 enp3s1、 enp3s2 等等）对于匹配的接口，然后启用 [Network] 部分指定的 DHCP 网络配置。
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### 静态 IP 网络 ###
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如果你想给网络设备分配一个静态 IP 地址，那就新建下面的配置文件。
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$ sudo vi /etc/systemd/network/10-static-enp3s0.network
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----------
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[Match]
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Name=enp3s0
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[Network]
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Address=192.168.10.50/24
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Gateway=192.168.10.1
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DNS=8.8.8.8
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正如你猜测的， enp3s0 接口地址会被指定为 192.168.10.50/24，默认网关是 192.168.10.1， DNS 服务器是 8.8.8.8。这里微妙的一点是，接口名 enp3s0 事实上也匹配了之前 DHCP 配置中定义的模式规则。但是，根据词汇顺序，文件 "10-static-enp3s0.network" 在 "20-dhcp.network" 之前被处理，对于 enp3s0 接口静态配置比 DHCP 配置有更高的优先级。
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一旦你完成了创建配置文件，重启 systemd-networkd 服务或者重启机器。
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$ sudo systemctl restart systemd-networkd
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运行以下命令检查服务状态：
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$ systemctl status systemd-networkd
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$ systemctl status systemd-resolved
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### 用 systemd-networkd 配置虚拟网络设备 ###
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**systemd-networkd** 同样允许你配置虚拟网络设备，例如网桥、VLAN、隧道、VXLAN、绑定等。你必须在用 .netdev 作为扩展名的文件中配置这些虚拟设备。
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这里我展示了如何配置一个桥接接口。
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#### Linux 网桥 ####
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如果你想创建一个 Linux 网桥(br0) 并把物理接口(eth1) 添加到网桥，你可以新建下面的配置。
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$ sudo vi /etc/systemd/network/bridge-br0.netdev
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----------
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[NetDev]
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Name=br0
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Kind=bridge
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然后按照下面这样用 .network 文件配置网桥接口 br0 和从接口 eth1。
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$ sudo vi /etc/systemd/network/bridge-br0-slave.network
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----------
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[Match]
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Name=eth1
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[Network]
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Bridge=br0
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----------
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$ sudo vi /etc/systemd/network/bridge-br0.network
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----------
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[Match]
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Name=br0
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[Network]
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Address=192.168.10.100/24
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Gateway=192.168.10.1
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DNS=8.8.8.8
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最后，重启 systemd-networkd。
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$ sudo systemctl restart systemd-networkd
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你可以用 [brctl 工具][3] 来验证是否创建好了网桥 br0。
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### 总结 ###
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当 systemd 誓言成为 Linux 的系统管理器时，有类似 systemd-networkd 的东西来管理网络配置也就不足为奇。但是在现阶段，systemd-networkd 看起来更适合于网络配置相对稳定的服务器环境。对于桌面/笔记本环境，它们有多种临时有线/无线接口，NetworkManager 仍然是比较好的选择。
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对于想进一步了解 systemd-networkd 的人，可以参考官方[man 手册][4]了解完整的支持列表和关键点。
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://xmodulo.com/switch-from-networkmanager-to-systemd-networkd.html
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作者：[Dan Nanni][a]
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译者：[ictlyh](http://mutouxiaogui.cn/blog)
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校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:http://xmodulo.com/author/nanni
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[1]:http://xmodulo.com/use-systemd-system-administration-debian.html
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[2]:http://xmodulo.com/disable-network-manager-linux.html
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[3]:http://xmodulo.com/how-to-configure-linux-bridge-interface.html
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[4]:http://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/systemd.network.html
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@ -1,26 +1,26 @@
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修复Sheell脚本在Ubuntu中用文本编辑器打开的方式
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修复 Shell 脚本在 Ubuntu 中的默认打开方式
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================================================================================
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当你双击一个脚本(.sh文件)的时候，你想要做的是什么？通常的想法是执行它。但是在Ubuntu下面却不是这样，或者我应该更确切地说是在Files(Nautilus)中。你可能会疯狂地大叫“运行文件，运行文件”，但是文件没有运行而是用Gedit打开了。
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当你双击一个脚本（.sh文件）的时候，你想要做的是什么？通常的想法是执行它。但是在Ubuntu下面却不是这样，或者我应该更确切地说是在Files（Nautilus）中。你可能会疯狂地大叫“运行文件，运行文件”，但是文件没有运行而是用Gedit打开了。
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我知道你也许会说文件有可执行权限么？我会说是的。脚本有可执行权限但是当我双击它的时候，它还是用文本编辑器打开了。我不希望这样如果你遇到了同样的问题，我想你也许也不需要这样。
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我知道你也许会说文件有可执行权限么？我会说是的。脚本有可执行权限但是当我双击它的时候，它还是用文本编辑器打开了。我不希望这样，如果你遇到了同样的问题，我想你也许也想要这样。
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我知道你或许已经被建议在终端下面运行，我知道这个可行但是这不是一个在GUI下不能运行的借口是么？
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我知道你或许已经被建议在终端下面执行，我知道这个可行，但是这不是一个在GUI下不能运行的借口是么？
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这篇教程中，我们会看到**如何在双击后运行shell脚本。**
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#### 修复在Ubuntu中shell脚本用文本编辑器打开的方式 ####
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shell脚本用文件编辑器打开的原因是Files（Ubuntu中的文件管理器）中的默认行为设置。在更早的版本中，它或许会询问你是否运行文件或者用编辑器打开。默认的行位在新的版本中被修改了。
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shell脚本用文件编辑器打开的原因是Files（Ubuntu中的文件管理器）中的默认行为设置。在更早的版本中，它或许会询问你是否运行文件或者用编辑器打开。默认的行为在新的版本中被修改了。
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要修复这个，进入文件管理器，并在菜单中点击**选项**：
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接下来在**文件选项**中进入**行为**标签中，你会看到**文本文件执行**选项。
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接下来在**文件选项（Files Preferences）**中进入**行为（Behavior）**标签中，你会看到**可执行的文本文件（Executable Text Files）**选项。
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默认情况下，它被设置成“在打开是显示文本文件”。我建议你把它改成“每次询问”，这样你可以选择是执行还是编辑了，当然了你也可以选择默认执行。你可以自行选择。
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默认情况下，它被设置成“在打开时显示文本文件（View executable text files when they are opend）”。我建议你把它改成“每次询问（Ask each time）”，这样你可以选择是执行还是编辑了，当然了你也可以选择“在打开时云可执行文本文件（Run executable text files when they are opend）”。你可以自行选择。
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@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ via: http://itsfoss.com/shell-script-opens-text-editor/
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作者：[Abhishek][a]
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译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
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||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
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如何在 CentOS 7.0 上配置 Ceph 存储
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How to Setup Red Hat Ceph Storage on CentOS 7.0
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================================================================================
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Ceph 是一个将数据存储在单一分布式计算机集群上的开源软件平台。当你计划构建一个云时，你首先需要决定如何实现你的存储。开源的 CEPH 是红帽原生技术之一，它基于称为 RADOS 的对象存储系统，用一组网关 API 表示块、文件、和对象模式中的数据。由于它自身开源的特性，这种便携存储平台能在公有和私有云上安装和使用。Ceph 集群的拓扑结构是按照备份和信息分布设计的，这内在设计能提供数据完整性。它的设计目标就是容错、通过正确配置能运行于商业硬件和一些更高级的系统。
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Ceph 是一个将数据存储在单一分布式计算机集群上的开源软件平台。当你计划构建一个云时，你首先需要决定如何实现你的存储。开源的 Ceph 是红帽原生技术之一，它基于称为 RADOS 的对象存储系统，用一组网关 API 表示块、文件、和对象模式中的数据。由于它自身开源的特性，这种便携存储平台能在公有云和私有云上安装和使用。Ceph 集群的拓扑结构是按照备份和信息分布设计的，这种内在设计能提供数据完整性。它的设计目标就是容错、通过正确配置能运行于商业硬件和一些更高级的系统。
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Ceph 能在任何 Linux 发行版上安装，但为了能正确运行，它要求最近的内核以及其它最新的库。在这篇指南中，我们会使用最小化安装的 CentOS-7.0。
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Ceph 能在任何 Linux 发行版上安装，但为了能正确运行，它需要最近的内核以及其它最新的库。在这篇指南中，我们会使用最小化安装的 CentOS-7.0。
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### 系统资源 ###
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@ -25,11 +24,11 @@ Ceph 能在任何 Linux 发行版上安装，但为了能正确运行，它要
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### 安装前的配置 ###
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在安装 CEPH 存储之前，我们要在每个节点上完成一些步骤。第一件事情就是确保每个节点的网络已经配置好并且能相互访问。
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在安装 Ceph 存储之前，我们要在每个节点上完成一些步骤。第一件事情就是确保每个节点的网络已经配置好并且能相互访问。
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**配置 Hosts**
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要在每个节点上配置 hosts 条目，要像下面这样打开默认的 hosts 配置文件。
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要在每个节点上配置 hosts 条目，要像下面这样打开默认的 hosts 配置文件（LCTT 译注：或者做相应的 DNS 解析）。
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# vi /etc/hosts
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@ -46,9 +45,9 @@ Ceph 能在任何 Linux 发行版上安装，但为了能正确运行，它要
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**配置防火墙**
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如果你正在使用启用了防火墙的限制性环境，确保在你的 CEPH 存储管理节点和客户端节点中开放了以下的端口。
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如果你正在使用启用了防火墙的限制性环境，确保在你的 Ceph 存储管理节点和客户端节点中开放了以下的端口。
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你必须在你的 Admin Calamari 节点开放 80、2003、以及4505-4506 端口，并且允许通过 80 号端口到 CEPH 或 Calamari 管理节点，以便你网络中的客户端能访问 Calamari web 用户界面。
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你必须在你的 Admin Calamari 节点开放 80、2003、以及4505-4506 端口，并且允许通过 80 号端口到 CEPH 或 Calamari 管理节点，以便你网络中的客户端能访问 Calamari web 用户界面。
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你可以使用下面的命令在 CentOS 7 中启动并启用防火墙。
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@ -62,7 +61,7 @@ Ceph 能在任何 Linux 发行版上安装，但为了能正确运行，它要
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#firewall-cmd --zone=public --add-port=4505-4506/tcp --permanent
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#firewall-cmd --reload
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在 CEPH Monitor 节点，你要在防火墙中允许通过以下端口。
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在 Ceph Monitor 节点，你要在防火墙中允许通过以下端口。
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#firewall-cmd --zone=public --add-port=6789/tcp --permanent
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@ -82,9 +81,9 @@ Ceph 能在任何 Linux 发行版上安装，但为了能正确运行，它要
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#yum update
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#shutdown -r 0
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### 设置 CEPH 用户 ###
|
||||
### 设置 Ceph 用户 ###
|
||||
|
||||
现在我们会新建一个单独的 sudo 用户用于在每个节点安装 ceph-deploy工具，并允许该用户无密码访问每个节点，因为它需要在 CEPH 节点上安装软件和配置文件而不会有输入密码提示。
|
||||
现在我们会新建一个单独的 sudo 用户用于在每个节点安装 ceph-deploy工具，并允许该用户无密码访问每个节点，因为它需要在 Ceph 节点上安装软件和配置文件而不会有输入密码提示。
|
||||
|
||||
运行下面的命令在 ceph-storage 主机上新建有独立 home 目录的新用户。
|
||||
|
||||
@ -100,7 +99,7 @@ Ceph 能在任何 Linux 发行版上安装，但为了能正确运行，它要
|
||||
|
||||
### 设置 SSH 密钥 ###
|
||||
|
||||
现在我们会在 ceph 管理节点生成 SSH 密钥并把密钥复制到每个 Ceph 集群节点。
|
||||
现在我们会在 Ceph 管理节点生成 SSH 密钥并把密钥复制到每个 Ceph 集群节点。
|
||||
|
||||
在 ceph-node 运行下面的命令复制它的 ssh 密钥到 ceph-storage。
|
||||
|
||||
@ -125,7 +124,8 @@ Ceph 能在任何 Linux 发行版上安装，但为了能正确运行，它要
|
||||
|
||||
### 配置 PID 数目 ###
|
||||
|
||||
要配置 PID 数目的值，我们会使用下面的命令检查默认的内核值。默认情况下，是一个小的最大线程数 32768.
|
||||
要配置 PID 数目的值，我们会使用下面的命令检查默认的内核值。默认情况下，是一个小的最大线程数 32768。
|
||||
|
||||
如下图所示通过编辑系统配置文件配置该值为一个更大的数。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -142,9 +142,9 @@ Ceph 能在任何 Linux 发行版上安装，但为了能正确运行，它要
|
||||
|
||||
#rpm -Uhv http://ceph.com/rpm-giant/el7/noarch/ceph-release-1-0.el7.noarch.rpm
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
或者创建一个新文件并更新 CEPH 库参数，别忘了替换你当前的 Release 和版本号。
|
||||
或者创建一个新文件并更新 Ceph 库参数，别忘了替换你当前的 Release 和版本号。
|
||||
|
||||
[root@ceph-storage ~]# vi /etc/yum.repos.d/ceph.repo
|
||||
|
||||
@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ Ceph 能在任何 Linux 发行版上安装，但为了能正确运行，它要
|
||||
|
||||
之后更新你的系统并安装 ceph-deploy 软件包。
|
||||
|
||||
### 安装 CEPH-Deploy 软件包 ###
|
||||
### 安装 ceph-deploy 软件包 ###
|
||||
|
||||
我们运行下面的命令以及 ceph-deploy 安装命令来更新系统以及最新的 ceph 库和其它软件包。
|
||||
|
||||
@ -181,15 +181,16 @@ Ceph 能在任何 Linux 发行版上安装，但为了能正确运行，它要
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
如果成功执行了上面的命令，你会看到它新建了配置文件。
|
||||
现在配置 CEPH 默认的配置文件，用任意编辑器打开它并在会影响你公共网络的 global 参数下面添加以下两行。
|
||||
|
||||
现在配置 Ceph 默认的配置文件，用任意编辑器打开它并在会影响你公共网络的 global 参数下面添加以下两行。
|
||||
|
||||
#vim ceph.conf
|
||||
osd pool default size = 1
|
||||
public network = 45.79.0.0/16
|
||||
|
||||
### 安装 CEPH ###
|
||||
### 安装 Ceph ###
|
||||
|
||||
现在我们准备在和 CEPH 集群相关的每个节点上安装 CEPH。我们使用下面的命令在 ceph-storage 和 ceph-node 上安装 CEPH。
|
||||
现在我们准备在和 Ceph 集群相关的每个节点上安装 Ceph。我们使用下面的命令在 ceph-storage 和 ceph-node 上安装 Ceph。
|
||||
|
||||
#ceph-deploy install ceph-node ceph-storage
|
||||
|
||||
@ -201,7 +202,7 @@ Ceph 能在任何 Linux 发行版上安装，但为了能正确运行，它要
|
||||
|
||||
#ceph-deploy mon create-initial
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 设置 OSDs 和 OSD 守护进程 ###
|
||||
|
||||
@ -223,9 +224,9 @@ Ceph 能在任何 Linux 发行版上安装，但为了能正确运行，它要
|
||||
|
||||
#ceph-deploy admin ceph-node ceph-storage
|
||||
|
||||
### 测试 CEPH ###
|
||||
### 测试 Ceph ###
|
||||
|
||||
我们几乎完成了 CEPH 集群设置，让我们在 ceph 管理节点上运行下面的命令检查正在运行的 ceph 状态。
|
||||
我们快完成了 Ceph 集群设置，让我们在 ceph 管理节点上运行下面的命令检查正在运行的 ceph 状态。
|
||||
|
||||
#ceph status
|
||||
#ceph health
|
||||
@ -235,7 +236,7 @@ Ceph 能在任何 Linux 发行版上安装，但为了能正确运行，它要
|
||||
|
||||
### 总结 ###
|
||||
|
||||
在这篇详细的文章中我们学习了如何使用两台安装了 CentOS 7 的虚拟机设置 CEPH 存储集群，这能用于备份或者作为用于处理其它虚拟机的本地存储。我们希望这篇文章能对你有所帮助。当你试着安装的时候记得分享你的经验。
|
||||
在这篇详细的文章中我们学习了如何使用两台安装了 CentOS 7 的虚拟机设置 Ceph 存储集群，这能用于备份或者作为用于处理其它虚拟机的本地存储。我们希望这篇文章能对你有所帮助。当你试着安装的时候记得分享你的经验。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
@ -243,7 +244,7 @@ via: http://linoxide.com/storage/setup-red-hat-ceph-storage-centos-7-0/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Kashif Siddique][a]
|
||||
译者：[ictlyh](http://mutouxiaogui.cn/blog/)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
||||
如何在 Ubuntu 上用 Go For It 管理您的待办清单 (To-Do Lists)
|
||||
如何在 Ubuntu 上用 Go For It 管理您的待办清单
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
|
||||
|
||||
### Go For It ###
|
||||
|
||||
[Go For It][1] (GFI) 由 Manuel Kehl 开发，他声称：“这是款简单易用且时尚优雅的生产力软件，以待办清单（To-Do List）为主打特色，并整合了一个能让你专注于当前事务的定时器。”这款软件的定时器功能尤其有趣，它还可以确保您在继续工作之前暂停下来，放松一段时间。
|
||||
[Go For It][1] (GFI) 由 Manuel Kehl 开发，他声称：“这是款简单易用且时尚优雅的生产力软件，以待办清单（To-Do List）为主打特色，并整合了一个能让你专注于当前事务的定时器。”这款软件的定时器功能尤其有趣，它还可以让您在继续工作之前暂停下来，放松一段时间。
|
||||
|
||||
### 下载并安装 ###
|
||||
|
||||
@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ GFI 也能让您稍微调整一些它的设置。例如，下图所示的设置
|
||||
|
||||
### 结论###
|
||||
|
||||
正如您所看到的，GFI 是一款简洁明了且易于使用的任务管理软件。虽然它不提供非常丰富的功能，但它实现了它的承诺，定时器的整合特别有用。如果您正在寻找一款实现了基础功能，并且开源的 Linux 任务管理软件，Go For It 值得您一试。
|
||||
正如您所看到的，GFI 是一款简洁明了且易于使用的任务管理软件。虽然它没有提供非常丰富的功能，但它实现了它的承诺，定时器的整合特别有用。如果您正在寻找一款实现了基础功能，并且开源的 Linux 任务管理软件，Go For It 值得您一试。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
@ -2,22 +2,21 @@ N1：下一代开源邮件客户端
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
当我们谈论到Linux中的邮件客户端，通常上 Thunderbird、Geary 和 [Evolution][3] 会出现在我们的脑海。作为对这些大咖们的挑战，一款新的开源邮件客户端正在涌入市场。
|
||||
|
||||
当我们谈论到Linux中的邮件客户端，通常 Thunderbird、Geary 和 [Evolution][3] 就会出现在我们的脑海。作为对这些大咖们的挑战，一款新的开源邮件客户端正在涌入市场。
|
||||
|
||||
### 设计和功能 ###
|
||||
|
||||
[N1][4]是一个同时聚焦设计和功能的下一代开源邮件客户端。作为一个开源软件，N1目前支持 Linux 和 Mac OS X，Windows的版本还在开发中。
|
||||
[N1][4]是一个设计与功能并重的新一代开源邮件客户端。作为一个开源软件，N1目前支持 Linux 和 Mac OS X，Windows的版本还在开发中。
|
||||
|
||||
N1宣传它自己为“可扩展的开源邮件客户端”，因为它包含了 Javascript 插件架构，任何人都可以为它创建强大的新功能。可扩展是一个非常流行的功能，它帮助[开源编辑器Atom][5]变得流行。N1同样把重点放在了可扩展上面。
|
||||
N1宣传它自己为“可扩展的开源邮件客户端”，因为它包含了 Javascript 插件框架，任何人都可以为它创建强大的新功能。可扩展是一个非常流行的功能，它帮助[开源编辑器Atom][5]变得流行。N1同样把重点放在了可扩展上面。
|
||||
|
||||
除了可扩展性，N1同样着重设计了程序的外观。下面N1的截图就是个很好的例子：
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Mac OS X上的N1客户端。图片来自：N1
|
||||
*Mac OS X上的N1客户端。图片来自：N1*
|
||||
|
||||
除了这个功能，N1兼容上百的邮件提供商包括Gmail、Yahoo、iCloud、Microsoft Exchange等等，桌面应用提供离线功能。
|
||||
除了这个功能，N1兼容上百个邮件服务提供商，包括Gmail、Yahoo、iCloud、Microsoft Exchange等等，这个桌面应用提供了离线功能。
|
||||
|
||||
### 目前只能邀请使用 ###
|
||||
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
|
||||
7 ways hackers can use Wi-Fi against you
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 7 ways hackers can use Wi-Fi against you ###
|
||||
|
||||
Wi-Fi — oh so convenient, yet oh so dangerous. Here are seven ways you could be giving away your identity through a Wi-Fi connection and what to do instead.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Using free hotspots ###
|
||||
|
||||
They seem to be everywhere, and their numbers are expected to [quadruple over the next four years][1]. But many of them are untrustworthy, created just so your login credentials, to email or even more sensitive accounts, can be picked up by hackers using “sniffers” — software that captures any information you submit over the connection. The best defense against sniffing hackers is to use a VPN (virtual private network). A VPN keeps your private data protected because it encrypts what you input.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Banking online ###
|
||||
|
||||
You might think that no one needs to be warned against banking online using free Wi-Fi, but cybersecurity firm Kaspersky Lab says that [more than 100 banks worldwide have lost $900 million][2] from cyberhacking, so it would seem that a lot of people are doing it. If you want to use the free Wi-Fi in a coffee shop because you’re confident it will be legitimate, confirm the exact network name with the barista. It’s pretty easy for [someone else in the shop with a router to set up an open connection][3] with a name that seems like it would be the name of the shop’s Wi-Fi.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Keeping Wi-Fi on all the time ###
|
||||
|
||||
When your phone’s Wi-Fi is automatically enabled, you can be connected to an unsecure network without even realizing it. Use your phone’s [location-based Wi-Fi feature][4], if it’s available. It will turn off your Wi-Fi when you’re away from your saved networks and will turn back on when you’re within range.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Not using a firewall ###
|
||||
|
||||
A firewall is your first line of defense against malicious intruders. It’s meant to let good traffic through your computer on a network and keep hackers and malware out. You should turn it off only when your antivirus software has its own firewall.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Browsing unencrypted websites ###
|
||||
|
||||
Sad to say, [55% of the Web’s top 1 million sites don’t offer encryption][5]. An unencrypted website allows all data transmissions to be viewed by the prying eyes of hackers. Your browser will indicate when a site is secure (you’ll see a gray padlock with Mozilla Firefox, for example, and a green lock icon with Chrome). But even a secure website can’t protect you from sidejackers, who can steal the cookies from a website you visited, whether it’s a valid site or not, through a public network.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Not updating your security software ###
|
||||
|
||||
If you want to ensure that your own network is well protected, upgrade the firmware of your router. All you have to do is go to your router’s administration page to check. Normally, you can download the newest firmware right from the manufacturer’s site.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Not securing your home Wi-Fi ###
|
||||
|
||||
Needless to say, it is important to set up a password that is not too easy to guess, and change your connection’s default name. You can also filter your MAC address so your router will recognize only certain devices.
|
||||
|
||||
**Josh Althuser** is an open software advocate, Web architect and tech entrepreneur. Over the past 12 years, he has spent most of his time advocating for open-source software and managing teams and projects, as well as providing enterprise-level consultancy for Web applications and helping bring their products to the market. You may connect with him on [Twitter][6].
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.networkworld.com/article/3003170/mobile-security/7-ways-hackers-can-use-wi-fi-against-you.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Josh Althuser][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://twitter.com/JoshAlthuser
|
||||
[1]:http://www.pcworld.com/article/243464/number_of_wifi_hotspots_to_quadruple_by_2015_says_study.html
|
||||
[2]:http://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/15/world/bank-hackers-steal-millions-via-malware.html?hp&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&module=first-column-region%C2%AEion=top-news&WT.nav=top-news&_r=3
|
||||
[3]:http://news.yahoo.com/blogs/upgrade-your-life/banking-online-not-hacked-182159934.html
|
||||
[4]:http://pocketnow.com/2014/10/15/should-you-leave-your-smartphones-wifi-on-or-turn-it-off
|
||||
[5]:http://www.cnet.com/news/chrome-becoming-tool-in-googles-push-for-encrypted-web/
|
||||
[6]:https://twitter.com/JoshAlthuser
|
||||
@ -1,81 +0,0 @@
|
||||
translating by ezio
|
||||
|
||||
How to Monitor the Progress of a Linux Command Line Operation Using PV Command
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
If you’re a Linux system admin, there’s no doubt that you must be spending most of your work time on the command line – installing and removing packages; monitoring system stats; copying, moving, deleting stuff; debugging problems; and more. There are times when you fire a command, and it takes a while before the operation completes. However, there are also times when the command you executed just hangs, leaving you guessing as to what’s actually happening behind the scenes.
|
||||
|
||||
Usually, Linux commands provide no information related to the progress of the ongoing operation, something that is very important especially when you have limited time. However, that doesn’t mean you’re helpless – there exists a command, dubbed pv, that displays useful progress information related to the ongoing command line operation. In this article we will discuss this command as well as its features through some easy-to-understand examples.
|
||||
|
||||
### PV Command ###
|
||||
|
||||
Developed by Andrew Wood, [PV][1] – which stands for Pipe Viewer – displays information related to the progress of data through a pipeline. The information includes time elapsed, percentage completed (with progress bar), current throughput rate, total data transferred, and ETA.
|
||||
|
||||
> “To use it, insert it in a pipeline between two processes, with the appropriate options. Its standard input will be passed through to its standard output and progress will be shown on standard error,”
|
||||
|
||||
The above explains the command’s man page.
|
||||
|
||||
### Download and Installation ###
|
||||
|
||||
Users of Debian-based systems like Ubuntu can easily install the utility by running the following command in terminal:
|
||||
|
||||
sudo apt-get install pv
|
||||
|
||||
If you’re using any other Linux distro, you can install the command using the package manager installed on your system. Once installed successfully you can use the command line utility in various scenarios (see the following section). It’s worth mentioning that pv version 1.2.0 has been used in all the examples mentioned in this article.
|
||||
|
||||
### Features and Usage ###
|
||||
|
||||
A very common scenario that probably most of us (who work on the command line in Linux) would relate to is copying a movie file from a USB drive to your computer. If you try to complete the aforementioned operation using the cp command, you’ll have to blindly wait until the copying is complete or some error is thrown.
|
||||
|
||||
However, the pv command can be helpful in this case. Here is an example:
|
||||
|
||||
pv /media/himanshu/1AC2-A8E3/fNf.mkv > ./Desktop/fnf.mkv
|
||||
|
||||
And here’s the output:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
So, as you can see above, the command shows a lot of useful information related to the ongoing operation, including the amount of data that has been transferred, time elapsed, rate of transfer, progress bar, progress in percentage, and the amount of time left.
|
||||
|
||||
The `pv` command provides various display switches. For example, you can use `-p` for displaying percentage, `-t` for timer, `-r` for rate of transfer, `-e` for eta, and -b for byte counter. The good thing is that you won’t have to remember any of them, as all of them are enabled by default. However, should you exclusively require information related to only a particular display switch in the output, you can pass that switch in the pv command.
|
||||
|
||||
There’s also a `-n` display switch that allows the command to display an integer percentage, one per line on standard error, instead of the regular visual progress indicator. The following is an example of this switch in action:
|
||||
|
||||
pv -n /media/himanshu/1AC2-A8E3/fNf.mkv > ./Desktop/fnf.mkv
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
This particular display switch is suitable in scenarios where you want to pipe the output into the [dialog][2] command.
|
||||
|
||||
Moving on, there’s also a command line option, `-L`, that lets you modify the data transfer rate of the pv command. For example, I used -L to limit the data transfer rate to 2MB/s.
|
||||
|
||||
pv -L 2m /media/himanshu/1AC2-A8E3/fNf.mkv > ./Desktop/fnf.mkv
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
As can be seen in the screenshot above, the data transfer rate was capped according to my direction.
|
||||
|
||||
Another scenario where `pv` can help is while compressing files. Here is an example of how you can use this command while compressing files using Gzip:
|
||||
|
||||
pv /media/himanshu/1AC2-A8E3/fnf.mkv | gzip > ./Desktop/fnf.log.gz
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Conclusion ###
|
||||
|
||||
As you have observed, pv is a useful little utility that could help you save your precious time in case a command line operation isn’t behaving as expected. Plus, the information it displays can also be used in shell scripts. I’d strongly recommend this command; it’s worth giving a try.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://www.maketecheasier.com/monitor-progress-linux-command-line-operation/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Himanshu Arora][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/author/himanshu/
|
||||
[1]:http://linux.die.net/man/1/pv
|
||||
[2]:http://linux.die.net/man/1/dialog
|
||||
@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
|
||||
ictlyh Translating
|
||||
Install PostgreSQL 9.4 And phpPgAdmin On Ubuntu 15.10
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
|
||||
translating by ezio
|
||||
|
||||
Going Beyond Hello World Containers is Hard Stuff
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
In [my previous post][1], I provided the basic concepts behind Linux container technology. I wrote as much for you as I did for me. Containers are new to me. And I figured having the opportunity to blog about the subject would provide the motivation to really learn the stuff.
|
||||
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,242 @@
|
||||
How to Install Revive Adserver on Ubuntu 15.04 / CentOS 7
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Revive AdserverHow to Install Revive Adserver on Ubuntu 15.04 / CentOS 7 is a free and open source advertisement management system that enables publishers, ad networks and advertisers to serve ads on websites, apps, videos and manage campaigns for multiple advertiser with many features. Revive Adserver is licensed under GNU Public License which is also known as OpenX Source. It features an integrated banner management interface, URL targeting, geo-targeting and tracking system for gathering statistics. This application enables website owners to manage banners from both in-house advertisement campaigns as well as from paid or third-party sources, such as Google's AdSense. Here, in this tutorial, we'll gonna install Revive Adserver in our machine running Ubuntu 15.04 or CentOS 7.
|
||||
|
||||
### 1. Installing LAMP Stack ###
|
||||
|
||||
First of all, as Revive Adserver requires a complete LAMP Stack to work, we'll gonna install it. LAMP Stack is the combination of Apache Web Server, MySQL/MariaDB Database Server and PHP modules. To run Revive properly, we'll need to install some PHP modules like apc, zlib, xml, pcre, mysql and mbstring. To setup LAMP Stack, we'll need to run the following command with respect to the distribution of linux we are currently running.
|
||||
|
||||
#### On Ubuntu 15.04 ####
|
||||
|
||||
# apt-get install apache2 mariadb-server php5 php5-gd php5-mysql php5-curl php-apc zlibc zlib1g zlib1g-dev libpcre3 libpcre3-dev libapache2-mod-php5 zip
|
||||
|
||||
#### On CentOS 7 ####
|
||||
|
||||
# yum install httpd mariadb php php-gd php-mysql php-curl php-mbstring php-xml php-apc zlibc zlib1g zlib1g-dev libpcre3 libpcre3-dev zip
|
||||
|
||||
### 2. Starting Apache and MariaDB server ###
|
||||
|
||||
We’ll now start our newly installed Apache web server and MariaDB database server in our linux machine. To do so, we'll need to execute the following commands.
|
||||
|
||||
#### On Ubuntu 15.04 ####
|
||||
|
||||
Ubuntu 15.04 is shipped with Systemd as its default init system, so we'll need to execute the following commands to start apache and mariadb daemons.
|
||||
|
||||
# systemctl start apache2 mysql
|
||||
|
||||
After its started, we'll now make it able to start automatically in every system boot by running the following command.
|
||||
|
||||
# systemctl enable apache2 mysql
|
||||
|
||||
Synchronizing state for apache2.service with sysvinit using update-rc.d...
|
||||
Executing /usr/sbin/update-rc.d apache2 defaults
|
||||
Executing /usr/sbin/update-rc.d apache2 enable
|
||||
Synchronizing state for mysql.service with sysvinit using update-rc.d...
|
||||
Executing /usr/sbin/update-rc.d mysql defaults
|
||||
Executing /usr/sbin/update-rc.d mysql enable
|
||||
|
||||
#### On CentOS 7 ####
|
||||
|
||||
Also in CentOS 7, systemd is the default init system so, we'll run the following command to start them.
|
||||
|
||||
# systemctl start httpd mariadb
|
||||
|
||||
Next, we'll enable them to start automatically in every startup of init system using the following command.
|
||||
|
||||
# systemctl enable httpd mariadb
|
||||
|
||||
ln -s '/usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service' '/etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/httpd.service'
|
||||
ln -s '/usr/lib/systemd/system/mariadb.service' '/etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/mariadb.service'
|
||||
|
||||
### 3. Configuring MariaDB ###
|
||||
|
||||
#### On CentOS 7/Ubuntu 15.04 ####
|
||||
|
||||
Now, as we are starting MariaDB for the first time and no password has been assigned for MariaDB so, we’ll first need to configure a root password for it. Then, we’ll gonna create a new database so that it can store data for our Revive Adserver installation.
|
||||
|
||||
To configure MariaDB and assign a root password, we’ll need to run the following command.
|
||||
|
||||
# mysql_secure_installation
|
||||
|
||||
This will ask us to enter the password for root but as we haven’t set any password before and its our first time we’ve installed mariadb, we’ll simply press enter and go further. Then, we’ll be asked to set root password, here we’ll hit Y and enter our password for root of MariaDB. Then, we’ll simply hit enter to set the default values for the further configurations.
|
||||
|
||||
….
|
||||
so you should just press enter here.
|
||||
|
||||
Enter current password for root (enter for none):
|
||||
OK, successfully used password, moving on…
|
||||
|
||||
Setting the root password ensures that nobody can log into the MariaDB
|
||||
root user without the proper authorisation.
|
||||
|
||||
Set root password? [Y/n] y
|
||||
New password:
|
||||
Re-enter new password:
|
||||
Password updated successfully!
|
||||
Reloading privilege tables..
|
||||
… Success!
|
||||
…
|
||||
installation should now be secure.
|
||||
Thanks for using MariaDB!
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 4. Creating new Database ###
|
||||
|
||||
After we have assigned the password to our root user of mariadb server, we'll now create a new database for Revive Adserver application so that it can store its data into the database server. To do so, first we'll need to login to our MariaDB console by running the following command.
|
||||
|
||||
# mysql -u root -p
|
||||
|
||||
Then, it will ask us to enter the password of root user which we had just set in the above step. Then, we'll be welcomed into the MariaDB console in which we'll create our new database, database user and assign its password and grant all privileges to create, remove and edit the tables and data stored in it.
|
||||
|
||||
> CREATE DATABASE revivedb;
|
||||
> CREATE USER 'reviveuser'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'Pa$$worD123';
|
||||
> GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON revivedb.* TO 'reviveuser'@'localhost';
|
||||
> FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
|
||||
> EXIT;
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 5. Downloading Revive Adserver Package ###
|
||||
|
||||
Next, we'll download the latest release of Revive Adserver ie version 3.2.2 in the time of writing this article. So, we'll first get the download link from the official Download Page of Revive Adserver ie [http://www.revive-adserver.com/download/][1] then we'll download the compressed zip file using wget command under /tmp/ directory as shown bellow.
|
||||
|
||||
# cd /tmp/
|
||||
# wget http://download.revive-adserver.com/revive-adserver-3.2.2.zip
|
||||
|
||||
--2015-11-09 17:03:48-- http://download.revive-adserver.com/revive-adserver-3.2.2.zip
|
||||
Resolving download.revive-adserver.com (download.revive-adserver.com)... 54.230.119.219, 54.239.132.177, 54.230.116.214, ...
|
||||
Connecting to download.revive-adserver.com (download.revive-adserver.com)|54.230.119.219|:80... connected.
|
||||
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK
|
||||
Length: 11663620 (11M) [application/zip]
|
||||
Saving to: 'revive-adserver-3.2.2.zip'
|
||||
revive-adserver-3.2 100%[=====================>] 11.12M 1.80MB/s in 13s
|
||||
2015-11-09 17:04:02 (906 KB/s) - 'revive-adserver-3.2.2.zip' saved [11663620/11663620]
|
||||
|
||||
After the file is downloaded, we'll simply extract its files and directories using unzip command.
|
||||
|
||||
# unzip revive-adserver-3.2.2.zip
|
||||
|
||||
Then, we'll gonna move the entire Revive directories including every files from /tmp to the default webroot of Apache Web Server ie /var/www/html/ directory.
|
||||
|
||||
# mv revive-adserver-3.2.2 /var/www/html/reviveads
|
||||
|
||||
### 6. Configuring Apache Web Server ###
|
||||
|
||||
We'll now configure our Apache Server so that revive will run with proper configuration. To do so, we'll create a new virtualhost by creating a new configuration file named reviveads.conf . The directory here may differ from one distribution to another, here is how we create in the following distributions of linux.
|
||||
|
||||
#### On Ubuntu 15.04 ####
|
||||
|
||||
# touch /etc/apache2/sites-available/reviveads.conf
|
||||
# ln -s /etc/apache2/sites-available/reviveads.conf /etc/apache2/sites-enabled/reviveads.conf
|
||||
# nano /etc/apache2/sites-available/reviveads.conf
|
||||
|
||||
Now, we'll gonna add the following lines of configuration into this file using our favorite text editor.
|
||||
|
||||
<VirtualHost *:80>
|
||||
ServerAdmin info@reviveads.linoxide.com
|
||||
DocumentRoot /var/www/html/reviveads/
|
||||
ServerName reviveads.linoxide.com
|
||||
ServerAlias www.reviveads.linoxide.com
|
||||
<Directory /var/www/html/reviveads/>
|
||||
Options FollowSymLinks
|
||||
AllowOverride All
|
||||
</Directory>
|
||||
ErrorLog /var/log/apache2/reviveads.linoxide.com-error_log
|
||||
CustomLog /var/log/apache2/reviveads.linoxide.com-access_log common
|
||||
</VirtualHost>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
After done, we'll gonna save the file and exit our text editor. Then, we'll restart our Apache Web server.
|
||||
|
||||
# systemctl restart apache2
|
||||
|
||||
#### On CentOS 7 ####
|
||||
|
||||
In CentOS, we'll directly create the file reviveads.conf under /etc/httpd/conf.d/ directory using our favorite text editor.
|
||||
|
||||
# nano /etc/httpd/conf.d/reviveads.conf
|
||||
|
||||
Then, we'll gonna add the following lines of configuration into the file.
|
||||
|
||||
<VirtualHost *:80>
|
||||
ServerAdmin info@reviveads.linoxide.com
|
||||
DocumentRoot /var/www/html/reviveads/
|
||||
ServerName reviveads.linoxide.com
|
||||
ServerAlias www.reviveads.linoxide.com
|
||||
<Directory /var/www/html/reviveads/>
|
||||
Options FollowSymLinks
|
||||
AllowOverride All
|
||||
</Directory>
|
||||
ErrorLog /var/log/httpd/reviveads.linoxide.com-error_log
|
||||
CustomLog /var/log/httpd/reviveads.linoxide.com-access_log common
|
||||
</VirtualHost>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Once done, we'll simply save the file and exit the editor. And then, we'll gonna restart our apache web server.
|
||||
|
||||
# systemctl restart httpd
|
||||
|
||||
### 7. Fixing Permissions and Ownership ###
|
||||
|
||||
Now, we'll gonna fix some file permissions and ownership of the installation path. First, we'll gonna set the ownership of the installation directory to Apache process owner so that apache web server will have full access of the files and directories to edit, create and delete.
|
||||
|
||||
#### On Ubuntu 15.04 ####
|
||||
|
||||
# chown www-data: -R /var/www/html/reviveads
|
||||
|
||||
#### On CentOS 7 ####
|
||||
|
||||
# chown apache: -R /var/www/html/reviveads
|
||||
|
||||
### 8. Allowing Firewall ###
|
||||
|
||||
Now, we'll gonna configure our firewall programs to allow port 80 (http) so that our apache web server running Revive Adserver will be accessible from other machines in the network across the default http port ie 80.
|
||||
|
||||
#### On Ubuntu 15.04/CentOS 7 ####
|
||||
|
||||
As CentOS 7 and Ubuntu 15.04 both has systemd installed by default, it contains firewalld running as firewall program. In order to open the port 80 (http service) on firewalld, we'll need to execute the following commands.
|
||||
|
||||
# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=http
|
||||
|
||||
success
|
||||
|
||||
# firewall-cmd --reload
|
||||
|
||||
success
|
||||
|
||||
### 9. Web Installation ###
|
||||
|
||||
Finally, after everything is done as expected, we'll now be able to access the web interface of the application using a web browser. We can go further towards the web installation, by pointing the web browser to the web server we are running in our linux machine. To do so, we'll need to point our web browser to http://ip-address/ or http://domain.com assigned to our linux machine. Here, in this tutorial, we'll point our browser to http://reviveads.linoxide.com/ .
|
||||
|
||||
Here, we'll see the Welcome page of the installation of Revive Adserver with the GNU General Public License V2 as Revive Adserver is released under this license. Then, we'll simply click on I agree button in order to continue the installation.
|
||||
|
||||
In the next page, we'll need to enter the required database information in order to connect Revive Adserver with the MariaDB database server. Here, we'll need to enter the database name, user and password that we had set in the above step. In this tutorial, we entered database name, user and password as revivedb, reviveuser and Pa$$worD123 respectively then, we set the hostname as localhost and continue further.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
We'll now enter the required information like administration username, password and email address so that we can use these information to login to the dashboard of our Adserver. After done, we'll head towards the Finish page in which we'll see that we have successfully installed Revive Adserver in our server.
|
||||
|
||||
Next, we'll be redirected to the Adverstiser page where we'll add new Advertisers and manage them. Then, we'll be able to navigate to our Dashboard, add new users to the adserver, add new campaign for our advertisers, banners, websites, video ads and everything that its built with.
|
||||
|
||||
For enabling more configurations and access towards the administrative settings, we can switch our Dashboard user to the Administrator account. This will add new administrative menus in the dashboard like Plugins, Configuration through which we can add and manage plugins and configure many features and elements of Revive Adserver.
|
||||
|
||||
### Conclusion ###
|
||||
|
||||
In this article, we learned some information on what is Revive Adserver and how we can setup on linux machine running Ubuntu 15.04 and CentOS 7 distributions. Though Revive Adserver's initial source code was bought from OpenX, currently the code base for OpenX Enterprise and Revive Adserver are completely separate. To extend more features, we can install more plugins which we can also find from [http://www.adserverplugins.com/][2] . Really, this piece of software has changed the way of managing the ads for websites, apps, videos and made it very easy and efficient. If you have any questions, suggestions, feedback please write them in the comment box below so that we can improve or update our contents. Thank you !
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://linoxide.com/linux-how-to/install-revive-adserver-ubuntu-15-04-centos-7/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Arun Pyasi][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://linoxide.com/author/arunp/
|
||||
[1]:http://www.revive-adserver.com/download/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.adserverplugins.com/
|
||||
257
sources/tech/20151122 Doubly linked list in the Linux Kernel.md
Normal file
257
sources/tech/20151122 Doubly linked list in the Linux Kernel.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,257 @@
|
||||
Data Structures in the Linux Kernel
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
Doubly linked list
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
Linux kernel provides its own implementation of doubly linked list, which you can find in the [include/linux/list.h](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/master/include/linux/list.h). We will start `Data Structures in the Linux kernel` from the doubly linked list data structure. Why? Because it is very popular in the kernel, just try to [search](http://lxr.free-electrons.com/ident?i=list_head)
|
||||
|
||||
First of all, let's look on the main structure in the [include/linux/types.h](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/master/include/linux/types.h):
|
||||
|
||||
```C
|
||||
struct list_head {
|
||||
struct list_head *next, *prev;
|
||||
};
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
You can note that it is different from many implementations of doubly linked list which you have seen. For example, this doubly linked list structure from the [glib](http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/) library looks like :
|
||||
|
||||
```C
|
||||
struct GList {
|
||||
gpointer data;
|
||||
GList *next;
|
||||
GList *prev;
|
||||
};
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Usually a linked list structure contains a pointer to the item. The implementation of linked list in Linux kernel does not. So the main question is - `where does the list store the data?`. The actual implementation of linked list in the kernel is - `Intrusive list`. An intrusive linked list does not contain data in its nodes - A node just contains pointers to the next and previous node and list nodes part of the data that are added to the list. This makes the data structure generic, so it does not care about entry data type anymore.
|
||||
|
||||
For example:
|
||||
|
||||
```C
|
||||
struct nmi_desc {
|
||||
spinlock_t lock;
|
||||
struct list_head head;
|
||||
};
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Let's look at some examples to understand how `list_head` is used in the kernel. As I already wrote about, there are many, really many different places where lists are used in the kernel. Let's look for an example in miscellaneous character drivers. Misc character drivers API from the [drivers/char/misc.c](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/master/drivers/char/misc.c) is used for writing small drivers for handling simple hardware or virtual devices. Those drivers share same major number:
|
||||
|
||||
```C
|
||||
#define MISC_MAJOR 10
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
but have their own minor number. For example you can see it with:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
ls -l /dev | grep 10
|
||||
crw------- 1 root root 10, 235 Mar 21 12:01 autofs
|
||||
drwxr-xr-x 10 root root 200 Mar 21 12:01 cpu
|
||||
crw------- 1 root root 10, 62 Mar 21 12:01 cpu_dma_latency
|
||||
crw------- 1 root root 10, 203 Mar 21 12:01 cuse
|
||||
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 100 Mar 21 12:01 dri
|
||||
crw-rw-rw- 1 root root 10, 229 Mar 21 12:01 fuse
|
||||
crw------- 1 root root 10, 228 Mar 21 12:01 hpet
|
||||
crw------- 1 root root 10, 183 Mar 21 12:01 hwrng
|
||||
crw-rw----+ 1 root kvm 10, 232 Mar 21 12:01 kvm
|
||||
crw-rw---- 1 root disk 10, 237 Mar 21 12:01 loop-control
|
||||
crw------- 1 root root 10, 227 Mar 21 12:01 mcelog
|
||||
crw------- 1 root root 10, 59 Mar 21 12:01 memory_bandwidth
|
||||
crw------- 1 root root 10, 61 Mar 21 12:01 network_latency
|
||||
crw------- 1 root root 10, 60 Mar 21 12:01 network_throughput
|
||||
crw-r----- 1 root kmem 10, 144 Mar 21 12:01 nvram
|
||||
brw-rw---- 1 root disk 1, 10 Mar 21 12:01 ram10
|
||||
crw--w---- 1 root tty 4, 10 Mar 21 12:01 tty10
|
||||
crw-rw---- 1 root dialout 4, 74 Mar 21 12:01 ttyS10
|
||||
crw------- 1 root root 10, 63 Mar 21 12:01 vga_arbiter
|
||||
crw------- 1 root root 10, 137 Mar 21 12:01 vhci
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Now let's have a close look at how lists are used in the misc device drivers. First of all, let's look on `miscdevice` structure:
|
||||
|
||||
```C
|
||||
struct miscdevice
|
||||
{
|
||||
int minor;
|
||||
const char *name;
|
||||
const struct file_operations *fops;
|
||||
struct list_head list;
|
||||
struct device *parent;
|
||||
struct device *this_device;
|
||||
const char *nodename;
|
||||
mode_t mode;
|
||||
};
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
We can see the fourth field in the `miscdevice` structure - `list` which is a list of registered devices. In the beginning of the source code file we can see the definition of misc_list:
|
||||
|
||||
```C
|
||||
static LIST_HEAD(misc_list);
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
which expands to the definition of variables with `list_head` type:
|
||||
|
||||
```C
|
||||
#define LIST_HEAD(name) \
|
||||
struct list_head name = LIST_HEAD_INIT(name)
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
and initializes it with the `LIST_HEAD_INIT` macro, which sets previous and next entries with the address of variable - name:
|
||||
|
||||
```C
|
||||
#define LIST_HEAD_INIT(name) { &(name), &(name) }
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Now let's look on the `misc_register` function which registers a miscellaneous device. At the start it initializes `miscdevice->list` with the `INIT_LIST_HEAD` function:
|
||||
|
||||
```C
|
||||
INIT_LIST_HEAD(&misc->list);
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
which does the same as the `LIST_HEAD_INIT` macro:
|
||||
|
||||
```C
|
||||
static inline void INIT_LIST_HEAD(struct list_head *list)
|
||||
{
|
||||
list->next = list;
|
||||
list->prev = list;
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
In the next step after a device is created by the `device_create` function, we add it to the miscellaneous devices list with:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
list_add(&misc->list, &misc_list);
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Kernel `list.h` provides this API for the addition of a new entry to the list. Let's look at its implementation:
|
||||
|
||||
```C
|
||||
static inline void list_add(struct list_head *new, struct list_head *head)
|
||||
{
|
||||
__list_add(new, head, head->next);
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
It just calls internal function `__list_add` with the 3 given parameters:
|
||||
|
||||
* new - new entry.
|
||||
* head - list head after which the new item will be inserted.
|
||||
* head->next - next item after list head.
|
||||
|
||||
Implementation of the `__list_add` is pretty simple:
|
||||
|
||||
```C
|
||||
static inline void __list_add(struct list_head *new,
|
||||
struct list_head *prev,
|
||||
struct list_head *next)
|
||||
{
|
||||
next->prev = new;
|
||||
new->next = next;
|
||||
new->prev = prev;
|
||||
prev->next = new;
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Here we add a new item between `prev` and `next`. So `misc` list which we defined at the start with the `LIST_HEAD_INIT` macro will contain previous and next pointers to the `miscdevice->list`.
|
||||
|
||||
There is still one question: how to get list's entry. There is a special macro:
|
||||
|
||||
```C
|
||||
#define list_entry(ptr, type, member) \
|
||||
container_of(ptr, type, member)
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
which gets three parameters:
|
||||
|
||||
* ptr - the structure list_head pointer;
|
||||
* type - structure type;
|
||||
* member - the name of the list_head within the structure;
|
||||
|
||||
For example:
|
||||
|
||||
```C
|
||||
const struct miscdevice *p = list_entry(v, struct miscdevice, list)
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
After this we can access to any `miscdevice` field with `p->minor` or `p->name` and etc... Let's look on the `list_entry` implementation:
|
||||
|
||||
```C
|
||||
#define list_entry(ptr, type, member) \
|
||||
container_of(ptr, type, member)
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
As we can see it just calls `container_of` macro with the same arguments. At first sight, the `container_of` looks strange:
|
||||
|
||||
```C
|
||||
#define container_of(ptr, type, member) ({ \
|
||||
const typeof( ((type *)0)->member ) *__mptr = (ptr); \
|
||||
(type *)( (char *)__mptr - offsetof(type,member) );})
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
First of all you can note that it consists of two expressions in curly brackets. The compiler will evaluate the whole block in the curly braces and use the value of the last expression.
|
||||
|
||||
For example:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
#include <stdio.h>
|
||||
|
||||
int main() {
|
||||
int i = 0;
|
||||
printf("i = %d\n", ({++i; ++i;}));
|
||||
return 0;
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
will print `2`.
|
||||
|
||||
The next point is `typeof`, it's simple. As you can understand from its name, it just returns the type of the given variable. When I first saw the implementation of the `container_of` macro, the strangest thing I found was the zero in the `((type *)0)` expression. Actually this pointer magic calculates the offset of the given field from the address of the structure, but as we have `0` here, it will be just a zero offset along with the field width. Let's look at a simple example:
|
||||
|
||||
```C
|
||||
#include <stdio.h>
|
||||
|
||||
struct s {
|
||||
int field1;
|
||||
char field2;
|
||||
char field3;
|
||||
};
|
||||
|
||||
int main() {
|
||||
printf("%p\n", &((struct s*)0)->field3);
|
||||
return 0;
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
will print `0x5`.
|
||||
|
||||
The next `offsetof` macro calculates offset from the beginning of the structure to the given structure's field. Its implementation is very similar to the previous code:
|
||||
|
||||
```C
|
||||
#define offsetof(TYPE, MEMBER) ((size_t) &((TYPE *)0)->MEMBER)
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Let's summarize all about `container_of` macro. The `container_of` macro returns the address of the structure by the given address of the structure's field with `list_head` type, the name of the structure field with `list_head` type and type of the container structure. At the first line this macro declares the `__mptr` pointer which points to the field of the structure that `ptr` points to and assigns `ptr` to it. Now `ptr` and `__mptr` point to the same address. Technically we don't need this line but it's useful for type checking. The first line ensures that the given structure (`type` parameter) has a member called `member`. In the second line it calculates offset of the field from the structure with the `offsetof` macro and subtracts it from the structure address. That's all.
|
||||
|
||||
Of course `list_add` and `list_entry` is not the only functions which `<linux/list.h>` provides. Implementation of the doubly linked list provides the following API:
|
||||
|
||||
* list_add
|
||||
* list_add_tail
|
||||
* list_del
|
||||
* list_replace
|
||||
* list_move
|
||||
* list_is_last
|
||||
* list_empty
|
||||
* list_cut_position
|
||||
* list_splice
|
||||
* list_for_each
|
||||
* list_for_each_entry
|
||||
|
||||
and many more.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://github.com/0xAX/linux-insides/edit/master/DataStructures/dlist.md
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,236 @@
|
||||
Assign Multiple IP Addresses To One Interface On Ubuntu 15.10
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Some times you might want to use more than one IP address for your network interface card. What will you do in such cases? Buy an extra network card and assign new IP? No, It’s not necessary(at least in the small networks). We can now assign multiple IP addresses to one interface on Ubuntu systems. Curious to know how? Well, Follow me, It is not that difficult.
|
||||
|
||||
This method will work on Debian and it’s derivatives too.
|
||||
|
||||
### Add additional IP addresses temporarily ###
|
||||
|
||||
First, let us find the IP address of the network card. In my Ubuntu 15.10 server, I use only one network card.
|
||||
|
||||
Run the following command to find out the IP address:
|
||||
|
||||
sudo ip addr
|
||||
|
||||
**Sample output:**
|
||||
|
||||
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default
|
||||
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
|
||||
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
|
||||
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
|
||||
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
|
||||
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
|
||||
2: enp0s3: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
|
||||
link/ether 08:00:27:2a:03:4b brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
|
||||
inet 192.168.1.103/24 brd 192.168.1.255 scope global enp0s3
|
||||
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
|
||||
inet6 fe80::a00:27ff:fe2a:34e/64 scope link
|
||||
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
|
||||
|
||||
Or
|
||||
|
||||
sudo ifconfig
|
||||
|
||||
**Sample output:**
|
||||
|
||||
enp0s3 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 08:00:27:2a:03:4b
|
||||
inet addr:192.168.1.103 Bcast:192.168.1.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
|
||||
inet6 addr: fe80::a00:27ff:fe2a:34e/64 Scope:Link
|
||||
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
|
||||
RX packets:186 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
|
||||
TX packets:70 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
|
||||
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
|
||||
RX bytes:21872 (21.8 KB) TX bytes:9666 (9.6 KB)
|
||||
lo Link encap:Local Loopback
|
||||
inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0
|
||||
inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host
|
||||
UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:65536 Metric:1
|
||||
RX packets:217 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
|
||||
TX packets:217 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
|
||||
collisions:0 txqueuelen:0
|
||||
RX bytes:38793 (38.7 KB) TX bytes:38793 (38.7 KB)
|
||||
|
||||
As you see in the above output, my network card name is **enp0s3**, and its IP address is **192.168.1.103**.
|
||||
|
||||
Now let us add an additional IP address, for example **192.168.1.104**, to the Interface card.
|
||||
|
||||
Open your Terminal and run the following command to add additional IP.
|
||||
|
||||
sudo ip addr add 192.168.1.104/24 dev enp0s3
|
||||
|
||||
Now, let us check if the IP is added using command:
|
||||
|
||||
sudo ip address show enp0s3
|
||||
|
||||
**Sample output:**
|
||||
|
||||
2: enp0s3: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
|
||||
link/ether 08:00:27:2a:03:4e brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
|
||||
inet 192.168.1.103/24 brd 192.168.1.255 scope global enp0s3
|
||||
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
|
||||
inet 192.168.1.104/24 scope global secondary enp0s3
|
||||
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
|
||||
inet6 fe80::a00:27ff:fe2a:34e/64 scope link
|
||||
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
|
||||
|
||||
Similarly, you can add as many IP addresses as you want.
|
||||
|
||||
Let us ping the IP address to verify it.
|
||||
|
||||
sudo ping 192.168.1.104
|
||||
|
||||
**Sample output:**
|
||||
|
||||
PING 192.168.1.104 (192.168.1.104) 56(84) bytes of data.
|
||||
64 bytes from 192.168.1.104: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.901 ms
|
||||
64 bytes from 192.168.1.104: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.571 ms
|
||||
64 bytes from 192.168.1.104: icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=0.521 ms
|
||||
64 bytes from 192.168.1.104: icmp_seq=4 ttl=64 time=0.524 ms
|
||||
|
||||
Yeah, It’s working!!
|
||||
|
||||
To remove the IP, just run:
|
||||
|
||||
sudo ip addr del 192.168.1.104/24 dev enp0s3
|
||||
|
||||
Let us check if it is removed.
|
||||
|
||||
sudo ip address show enp0s3
|
||||
|
||||
**Sample output:**
|
||||
|
||||
2: enp0s3: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
|
||||
link/ether 08:00:27:2a:03:4e brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
|
||||
inet 192.168.1.103/24 brd 192.168.1.255 scope global enp0s3
|
||||
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
|
||||
inet6 fe80::a00:27ff:fe2a:34e/64 scope link
|
||||
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
|
||||
|
||||
See, It’s gone!!
|
||||
|
||||
Well, as you may know, the changes will lost after you reboot your system. How do I make it permanent? That’s easy too.
|
||||
|
||||
### Add additional IP addresses permanently ###
|
||||
|
||||
The network card configuration file of your Ubuntu system is **/etc/network/interfaces**.
|
||||
|
||||
Let us check the details of the above file.
|
||||
|
||||
sudo cat /etc/network/interfaces
|
||||
|
||||
**Sample output:**
|
||||
|
||||
# This file describes the network interfaces available on your system
|
||||
# and how to activate them. For more information, see interfaces(5).
|
||||
source /etc/network/interfaces.d/*
|
||||
# The loopback network interface
|
||||
auto lo
|
||||
iface lo inet loopback
|
||||
# The primary network interface
|
||||
auto enp0s3
|
||||
iface enp0s3 inet dhcp
|
||||
|
||||
As you see in the above output, the Interface is DHCP enabled.
|
||||
|
||||
Okay, now we will assign an additional address, for example **192.168.1.104/24**.
|
||||
|
||||
Edit file **/etc/network/interfaces**:
|
||||
|
||||
sudo nano /etc/network/interfaces
|
||||
|
||||
Add additional IP address as shown in the black letters.
|
||||
|
||||
# This file describes the network interfaces available on your system
|
||||
# and how to activate them. For more information, see interfaces(5).
|
||||
source /etc/network/interfaces.d/*
|
||||
# The loopback network interface
|
||||
auto lo
|
||||
iface lo inet loopback
|
||||
# The primary network interface
|
||||
auto enp0s3
|
||||
iface enp0s3 inet dhcp
|
||||
iface enp0s3 inet static
|
||||
address 192.168.1.104/24
|
||||
|
||||
Save and close the file.
|
||||
|
||||
Run the following file to take effect the changes without rebooting.
|
||||
|
||||
sudo ifdown enp0s3 && sudo ifup enp0s3
|
||||
|
||||
**Sample output:**
|
||||
|
||||
Killed old client process
|
||||
Internet Systems Consortium DHCP Client 4.3.1
|
||||
Copyright 2004-2014 Internet Systems Consortium.
|
||||
All rights reserved.
|
||||
For info, please visit https://www.isc.org/software/dhcp/
|
||||
Listening on LPF/enp0s3/08:00:27:2a:03:4e
|
||||
Sending on LPF/enp0s3/08:00:27:2a:03:4e
|
||||
Sending on Socket/fallback
|
||||
DHCPRELEASE on enp0s3 to 192.168.1.1 port 67 (xid=0x225f35)
|
||||
Internet Systems Consortium DHCP Client 4.3.1
|
||||
Copyright 2004-2014 Internet Systems Consortium.
|
||||
All rights reserved.
|
||||
For info, please visit https://www.isc.org/software/dhcp/
|
||||
Listening on LPF/enp0s3/08:00:27:2a:03:4e
|
||||
Sending on LPF/enp0s3/08:00:27:2a:03:4e
|
||||
Sending on Socket/fallback
|
||||
DHCPDISCOVER on enp0s3 to 255.255.255.255 port 67 interval 3 (xid=0xdfb94764)
|
||||
DHCPREQUEST of 192.168.1.103 on enp0s3 to 255.255.255.255 port 67 (xid=0x6447b9df)
|
||||
DHCPOFFER of 192.168.1.103 from 192.168.1.1
|
||||
DHCPACK of 192.168.1.103 from 192.168.1.1
|
||||
bound to 192.168.1.103 -- renewal in 35146 seconds.
|
||||
|
||||
**Note**: It is **very important** to run the above two commands into **one** line if you are remoting into the server because the first one will drop your connection. Given in this way the ssh-session will survive.
|
||||
|
||||
Now, let us check if IP is added using command:
|
||||
|
||||
sudo ip address show enp0s3
|
||||
|
||||
**Sample output:**
|
||||
|
||||
2: enp0s3: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
|
||||
link/ether 08:00:27:2a:03:4e brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
|
||||
inet 192.168.1.103/24 brd 192.168.1.255 scope global enp0s3
|
||||
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
|
||||
inet 192.168.1.104/24 brd 192.168.1.255 scope global secondary enp0s3
|
||||
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
|
||||
inet6 fe80::a00:27ff:fe2a:34e/64 scope link
|
||||
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
|
||||
|
||||
Cool! Additional IP has been added.
|
||||
|
||||
Well then let us ping the IP address to verify.
|
||||
|
||||
sudo ping 192.168.1.104
|
||||
|
||||
**Sample output:**
|
||||
|
||||
PING 192.168.1.104 (192.168.1.104) 56(84) bytes of data.
|
||||
64 bytes from 192.168.1.104: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.137 ms
|
||||
64 bytes from 192.168.1.104: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.050 ms
|
||||
64 bytes from 192.168.1.104: icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=0.054 ms
|
||||
64 bytes from 192.168.1.104: icmp_seq=4 ttl=64 time=0.067 ms
|
||||
|
||||
Voila! It’s working. That’s it.
|
||||
|
||||
Want to know how to add additional IP addresses on CentOS/RHEL/Scientific Linux/Fedora systems, check the following link.
|
||||
|
||||
注：此篇文章以前做过选题：20150205 Linux Basics--Assign Multiple IP Addresses To Single Network Interface Card On CentOS 7.md
|
||||
- [Assign Multiple IP Addresses To Single Network Interface Card On CentOS 7][1]
|
||||
|
||||
Happy weekend!
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.unixmen.com/assign-multiple-ip-addresses-to-one-interface-on-ubuntu-15-10/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[SK][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.unixmen.com/author/sk/
|
||||
[1]:http://www.unixmen.com/linux-basics-assign-multiple-ip-addresses-single-network-interface-card-centos-7/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
|
||||
How To Install Microsoft Visual Studio Code on Linux
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Visual Studio code (VScode) is the cross-platform Chromium-based code editor is being open sourced today by Microsoft. How do I install Microsoft Visual Studio Code on a Debian or Ubuntu or Fedora Linux desktop?
|
||||
|
||||
Visual Studio supports debugging Linux apps and code editor now open source by Microsoft. It is a preview (beta) version but you can test it and use it on your own Linux based desktop.
|
||||
|
||||
### Why use Visual Studio Code? ###
|
||||
|
||||
From the project website:
|
||||
|
||||
> Visual Studio Code provides developers with a new choice of developer tool that combines the simplicity and streamlined experience of a code editor with the best of what developers need for their core code-edit-debug cycle. Visual Studio Code is the first code editor, and first cross-platform development tool - supporting OS X, Linux, and Windows - in the Visual Studio family. If you use Unity, ASP.NET 5, NODE.JS or related tool, give it a try.
|
||||
|
||||
### Requirements for Visual Studio Code on Linux ###
|
||||
|
||||
1. Ubuntu Desktop version 14.04
|
||||
1. GLIBCXX version 3.4.15 or later
|
||||
1. GLIBC version 2.15 or later
|
||||
|
||||
The following installation instructions are tested on:
|
||||
|
||||
1. Fedora Linux 22 and 23
|
||||
1. Debian Linux 8
|
||||
1. Ubuntu Linux 14.04 LTS
|
||||
|
||||
### Download Visual Studio Code ###
|
||||
|
||||
Visit [this page][1] to grab the latest version and save it to ~/Downloads/ folder on Linux desktop:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Fig.01: Download Visual Studio Code For Linux
|
||||
|
||||
Make a new folder (say $HOME/VSCode) and extract VSCode-linux-x64.zip inside that folder or in /usr/local/ folder. Unzip VSCode-linux64.zip to that folder.
|
||||
|
||||
Make a new folder (say $HOME/VSCode) and extract VSCode-linux-x64.zip inside that folder or in /usr/local/ folder. Unzip VSCode-linux64.zip to that folder.
|
||||
|
||||
### Alternate install method ###
|
||||
|
||||
You can use the wget command to download VScode as follows:
|
||||
|
||||
$ wget 'https://az764295.vo.msecnd.net/public/0.10.1-release/VSCode-linux64.zip'
|
||||
|
||||
Sample outputs:
|
||||
|
||||
--2015-11-18 13:55:23-- https://az764295.vo.msecnd.net/public/0.10.1-release/VSCode-linux64.zip
|
||||
Resolving az764295.vo.msecnd.net (az764295.vo.msecnd.net)... 93.184.215.200, 2606:2800:11f:179a:1972:2405:35b:459
|
||||
Connecting to az764295.vo.msecnd.net (az764295.vo.msecnd.net)|93.184.215.200|:443... connected.
|
||||
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK
|
||||
Length: 64638315 (62M) [application/octet-stream]
|
||||
Saving to: 'VSCode-linux64.zip'
|
||||
|
||||
100%[======================================>] 64,638,315 84.9MB/s in 0.7s
|
||||
|
||||
2015-11-18 13:55:23 (84.9 MB/s) - 'VSCode-linux64.zip' saved [64638315/64638315]
|
||||
|
||||
### Install VScode using the command line ###
|
||||
|
||||
Cd to ~/Download/ location, enter:
|
||||
|
||||
$ cd ~/Download/
|
||||
$ ls -l
|
||||
|
||||
Sample outputs:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Fig.02: VSCode downloaded to my ~/Downloads/ folder
|
||||
|
||||
Unzip VSCode-linux64.zip in /usr/local/ directory, enter:
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo unzip VSCode-linux64.zip -d /usr/local/
|
||||
|
||||
Cd into /usr/local/ to create the soft-link as follows using the ln command for the Code executable. This is useful to run VSCode from the terminal application:
|
||||
|
||||
$ su -
|
||||
# cd /usr/local/
|
||||
# ls -l
|
||||
# cd bin/
|
||||
# ln -s ../VSCode-linux-x64/Code code
|
||||
# exit
|
||||
|
||||
Sample session:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Fig.03 Create the sym-link with the absolute path to the Code executable
|
||||
|
||||
### How do I use VSCode on Linux? ###
|
||||
|
||||
Open the Terminal app and type the following command:
|
||||
|
||||
$ /usr/local/bin/code
|
||||
|
||||
Sample outputs:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Fig.04: VSCode in action on Linux
|
||||
|
||||
And, there you have it, the VSCode installed and working correctly on the latest version of Debian, Ubuntu and Fedora Linux. I suggest that you read [getting started pages from Microsoft][2] to understand the core concepts that will make you more productive writing and navigating your code.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/debian-ubuntu-fedora-linux-installing-visual-studio-code/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：Vivek Gite
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:https://code.visualstudio.com/Download
|
||||
[2]:https://code.visualstudio.com/docs
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
|
||||
How to Configure Apache Solr on Ubuntu 14 / 15
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Hello and welcome to our today's article on Apache Solr. The brief description about Apache Solr is that it is an Open Source most famous search platform with Apache Lucene at the back end for Web sites that enables you to easily create search engines which searches websites, databases and files. It can index and search multiple sites and return recommendations for related contents based on the searched text.
|
||||
|
||||
Solr works with HTTP Extensible Markup Language (XML) that offers application program interfaces (APIs) for Javascript Object Notation, Python, and Ruby. According to the Apache Lucene Project, Solr offers capabilities that have made it popular with administrators including it many featuring like:
|
||||
|
||||
- Full Text Search
|
||||
- Faceted Navigation
|
||||
- Snippet generation/highting
|
||||
- Spell Suggestion/Auto complete
|
||||
- Custom document ranking/ordering
|
||||
|
||||
#### Prerequisites: ####
|
||||
|
||||
On a fresh Linux Ubuntu 14/15 with minimal packages installed, you only have to take care of few prerequisites in order to install Apache Solr.
|
||||
|
||||
### 1)System Update ###
|
||||
|
||||
Login to your Ubuntu server with a non-root sudo user that will be used to perform all the steps to install and use Solr.
|
||||
|
||||
After successful login, issue the following command to update your system with latest updates and patches.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo apt-get update
|
||||
|
||||
### 2) JRE Setup ###
|
||||
|
||||
The Solr setup needs Java Runtime Environment to be installed on the system as its basic requirement because solr and tomcat both are the Java based applications. So, we need to install and configure its home environment with latest Java.
|
||||
|
||||
To install the latest version on Oracle Java 8, we need to install Python Software Properties using the below command.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo apt-get install python-software-properties
|
||||
|
||||
Upon completion, run the setup its the repository for the latest version of Java 8.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:webupd8team/java
|
||||
|
||||
Now you are able to install the latest version of Oracle Java 8 with 'wget' by issuing the below commands to update the packages source list and then to install Java.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo apt-get update
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo apt-get install oracle-java8-installer
|
||||
|
||||
Accept the Oracle Binary Code License Agreement for the Java SE Platform Products and JavaFX as you will be asked during the Java installation and configuration process by a click on the 'OK' button.
|
||||
|
||||
When the installation process complete, run the below command to test the successful installation of Java and check its version.
|
||||
|
||||
kash@solr:~$ java -version
|
||||
java version "1.8.0_66"
|
||||
Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.8.0_66-b17)
|
||||
Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (build 25.66-b17, mixed mode)
|
||||
|
||||
The output indicates that we have successfully fulfilled the basic requirement of Solr by installing the Java. Now move to the next step to install Solr.
|
||||
|
||||
### Installing Solr ###
|
||||
|
||||
Installing Solr on Ubuntu can be done by using two different ways but in this article we prefer to install its latest package from the source.
|
||||
|
||||
To install Solr from its source, download its available package with latest version from there Official [Web Page][1], copy the link address and get it using 'wget' command.
|
||||
|
||||
$ wget http://www.us.apache.org/dist/lucene/solr/5.3.1/solr-5.3.1.tgz
|
||||
|
||||
Run the command below to extract the archived service into '/bin' folder.
|
||||
|
||||
$ tar -xzf solr-5.3.1.tgz solr-5.3.1/bin/install_solr_service.sh --strip-components=2
|
||||
|
||||
Then run the script to start Solr service that will creates a new 'solr' user and then installs solr as a service.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo bash ./install_solr_service.sh solr-5.3.1.tgz
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
To check the status of Solr service, you use the below command.
|
||||
|
||||
$ service solr status
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Creating Solr Collection: ###
|
||||
|
||||
Now we can create multiple collections using Solr user. To do so just run the below command by mentioning the name of the collection you want to create and by specifying its configuration set as shown.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo su - solr -c "/opt/solr/bin/solr create -c myfirstcollection -n data_driven_schema_configs"
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
We have successfully created the new core instance directory for our our first collection where we can add new data in it. To view its default schema file in directory '/opt/solr/server/solr/configsets/data_driven_schema_configs/conf' .
|
||||
|
||||
### Using Solr Web ###
|
||||
|
||||
Apache Solr can be accessible on the default port of Solr that 8983. Open your favorite browser and navigate to http://your_server_ip:8983/solr or http://your-domain.com:8983/solr. Make sure that the port is allowed in your firewall.
|
||||
|
||||
http://172.25.10.171:8983/solr/
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
From the Solr Web Console click on the 'Core Admin' button from the left bar, then you will see your first collection that we created earlier using CLI. While you can also create new cores by pointing on the 'Add Core' button.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
You can also add the document and query from the document as shown in below image by selecting your particular collection and pointing the document. Add the data in the specified format as shown in the box.
|
||||
|
||||
{
|
||||
"number": 1,
|
||||
"Name": "George Washington",
|
||||
"birth_year": 1989,
|
||||
"Starting_Job": 2002,
|
||||
"End_Job": "2009-04-30",
|
||||
"Qualification": "Graduation",
|
||||
"skills": "Linux and Virtualization"
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
After adding the document click on the 'Submit Document' button.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Conclusion ###
|
||||
|
||||
You are now able to insert and query data using the Solr web interface after its successful installation on Ubuntu. Now add more collections and insert you own data and documents that you wish to put and manage through Solr. We hope you have got this article much helpful and enjoyed reading this.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://linoxide.com/ubuntu-how-to/configure-apache-solr-ubuntu-14-15/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Kashif][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://linoxide.com/author/kashifs/
|
||||
[1]:http://lucene.apache.org/solr/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
|
||||
How to Install Cockpit in Fedora / CentOS / RHEL/ Arch Linux
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Cockpit is a free and open source server management software that makes us easy to administer our GNU/Linux servers via its beautiful web interface frontend. Cockpit helps make linux system administrator, system maintainers and DevOps easy to manage their server and to perform simple tasks, such as administering storage, inspecting journals, starting and stopping services and more. Its journal interface adds aroma in flower making people easy to switch between the terminal and web interface. And moreover, it makes easy to manage not only one server but several multiple networked servers from a single place at the same time with just a single click. It is very light weight and has easy to use web based interface. In this tutorial, we'll learn how we can setup Cockpit and use it to manage our server running Fedora, CentOS, Arch Linux and RHEL distributions as their operating system software. Some of the awesome benefits of Cockpit in our GNU/Linux servers are as follows:
|
||||
|
||||
1. It consist of systemd service manager for ease.
|
||||
1. It has a Journal log viewer to perform troubleshoots and log analysis.
|
||||
1. Storage setup including LVM was never easier before.
|
||||
1. Basic Network configuration can be applied with Cockpit
|
||||
1. We can easily add and remove local users and manage multiple servers.
|
||||
|
||||
### 1. Installing Cockpit ###
|
||||
|
||||
First of all, we'll need to setup Cockpit in our linux based server. In most of the distributions, the cockpit package is already available in their official repositories. Here, in this tutorial, we'll setup Cockpit in Fedora 22, CentOS 7, Arch Linux and RHEL 7 from their official repositories.
|
||||
|
||||
#### On CentOS / RHEL ####
|
||||
|
||||
Cockpit is available in the official repository of CenOS and RHEL. So, we'll simply install it using yum manager. To do so, we'll simply run the following command under sudo/root access.
|
||||
|
||||
# yum install cockpit
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### On Fedora 22/21 ####
|
||||
|
||||
Alike, CentOS, it is also available by default in Fedora's official repository, we'll simply install cockpit using dnf package manager.
|
||||
|
||||
# dnf install cockpit
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### On Arch Linux ####
|
||||
|
||||
Cockpit is currently not available in the official repository of Arch Linux but it is available in the Arch User Repository also know as AUR. So, we'll simply run the following yaourt command to install it.
|
||||
|
||||
# yaourt cockpit
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 2. Starting and Enabling Cockpit ###
|
||||
|
||||
After we have successfully installed it, we'll gonna start the cockpit server with our service/daemon manager. As of 2015, most of the linux distributions have adopted Systemd whereas some of the linux distributions still run SysVinit to manage daemon, but Cockpit uses systemd for almost everything from running daemons to services. So, we can only setup Cockpit in the latest releases of linux distributions running Systemd. In order to start Cockpit and make it start in every boot of the system, we'll need to run the following command in a terminal or a console.
|
||||
|
||||
# systemctl start cockpit
|
||||
|
||||
# systemctl enable cockpit.socket
|
||||
|
||||
Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/sockets.target.wants/cockpit.socket to /usr/lib/systemd/system/cockpit.socket.
|
||||
|
||||
### 3. Allowing Firewall ###
|
||||
|
||||
After we have started our cockpit server and enable it to start in every boot, we'll now go for configuring firewall. As we have firewall programs running in our server, we'll need to allow ports in order to make cockpit accessible outside of the server.
|
||||
|
||||
#### On Firewalld ####
|
||||
|
||||
# firewall-cmd --add-service=cockpit --permanent
|
||||
|
||||
success
|
||||
|
||||
# firewall-cmd --reload
|
||||
|
||||
success
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### On Iptables ####
|
||||
|
||||
# iptables -A INPUT -p tcp -m tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT
|
||||
|
||||
# service iptables save
|
||||
|
||||
### 4. Accessing Cockpit Web Interface ###
|
||||
|
||||
Next, we'll gonna finally access the Cockpit web interface using a web browser. We'll simply need to point our web browser to https://ip-address:9090 or https://server.domain.com:9090 according to the configuration. Here, in our tutorial, we'll gonna point our browser to https://128.199.114.17:9090 as shown in the image below.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
We'll be displayed an SSL certification warning as we are using a self-signed SSL certificate. So, we'll simply ignore it and go forward towards the login page, in chrome/chromium, we'll need to click on Show Advanced and then we'll need to click on **Proceed to 128.199.114.17 (unsafe)** .
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Now, we'll be asked to enter the login details in order to enter into the dashboard. Here, the username and password is the same as that of the login details we use to login to our linux server. After we enter the login details and click on Log In button, we will be welcomed into the Cockpit Dashboard.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Here, we'll see all the menu and visualization of CPU, Disk, Network, Storage usages of the server. We'll see the dashboard as shown above.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Services ####
|
||||
|
||||
To manage services, we'll need to click on Services button on the menu situated in the right side of the web page. Then, we'll see the services under 5 categories, Targets, System Services, Sockets, Timers and Paths.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### Docker Containers ####
|
||||
|
||||
We can even manage docker containers with Cockpit. It is pretty easy to monitor and administer Docker containers with Cockpit. As docker isn't installed and running in our server, we'll need to click on Start Docker.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Cockpit will automatically install and run docker in our server. After its running, we see the following screen. Then, we can manage the docker images, containers as per our requirement.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### Journal Log Viewer ####
|
||||
|
||||
Cockpit has a managed log viewer which separates the Errors, Warnings, Notices into different tabs. And we also have a tab All where we can see them all in a single place.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### Networking ####
|
||||
|
||||
Under the networking section, we see two graphs in which there is the visualization of Sending and Receiving speed. And we can see there the list of available interfaces with option to Add Bond, Bridge, VLAN. If we need to configure an interface, we can do so by simply clicking on the interface name. Below everything, we can see the Journal Log Viewer for Networking.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### Storage ####
|
||||
|
||||
Now, its easy with Cockpit to see the R/W speed of our hard disk. We can see the Journal log of the Storage in order to perform troubleshoot and fixes. A clear visualization bar of how much space is occupied is shown in the page. We can even Unmount, Format, Delete a partition of a Hard Disk and more. Features like creating RAID Device, Volume Group is also available in it.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### Account Management ####
|
||||
|
||||
We can easily create new accounts with Cockpit Web Interface. The accounts created in it is applied to the system's user account. We can change password, specify roles, delete, rename user accounts with it.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### Live Terminal ####
|
||||
|
||||
This is an awesome feature built-in with Cockpit. Yes, we can execute commands, do stuffs with the live terminal provided by Cockpit interface. This makes us really easy to switch between the web interface and terminal according to our need.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Conclusion ###
|
||||
|
||||
Cockpit is a good free and open source software developed by [Red Hat][1] for making the server management easy and simple. It is best for performing simple system administration tasks and is good for the new system administrators. It is still under pre-release as its stable release hasn't been released yet. So, it is not suitable for production. It is currently developed on the latest release of Fedora, CentOS, Arch Linux, RHEL where systemd is installed by default. If you are willing to install Cockpit in Ubuntu, you can get the PPA access but is currently outdated. If you have any questions, suggestions, feedback please write them in the comment box below so that we can improve or update our contents. Thank You !
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://linoxide.com/linux-how-to/install-cockpit-fedora-centos-rhel-arch-linux/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Arun Pyasi][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://linoxide.com/author/arunp/
|
||||
[1]:http://www.redhat.com/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
|
||||
How to Install NVIDIA 358.16 Driver in Ubuntu 15.10, 14.04
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[NVIDIA 358.16][1], the first stable release in NVIDIA 358 series, has been announced with some fixes to 358.09 (Beta) and other small features.
|
||||
|
||||
NVIDIA 358 added a new **nvidia-modeset.ko** kernel module that works in conjunction with the nvidia.ko kernel module to program the display engine of the GPU. In a later driver release, the **nvidia-modeset.ko** kernel driver will be used as a basis for the mode-setting interface provided by the kernel’s direct rendering manager (DRM).
|
||||
|
||||
Thew new driver also has new GLX protocol extensions and a new system memory allocation mechanism for large allocations in the OpenGL driver. New GPUs **GeForce 805A** and **GeForce GTX 960A** are supported. NVIDIA 358.16 also supports X.Org Server 1.18 and OpenGL 4.3
|
||||
|
||||
### How to Install NVIDIA 358.16 in Ubuntu: ###
|
||||
|
||||
> Please don’t do it on production machines unless you know what you’re doing and how to undo it.
|
||||
|
||||
For the official binaries, please go to [nvidia.com/object/unix.html][1].
|
||||
|
||||
For those who prefer an Ubuntu PPA, I’d recommend the [Graphics Drivers PPA][2]. So far, Ubuntu 16.04, Ubuntu 15.10, Ubuntu 15.04, Ubuntu 14.04 are supported.
|
||||
|
||||
**1. Add PPA.**
|
||||
|
||||
Open terminal from Unity Dash, App Launcher, or via Ctrl+Alt+T shortcut key. When it opens, paste below command and hit enter:
|
||||
|
||||
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:graphics-drivers/ppa
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Type your password when it asks. No visual feedback, just type in mind and hit Enter to continue.
|
||||
|
||||
**2. Refresh and install new driver.**
|
||||
|
||||
After adding PPA, run below commands one by one to refresh repository cache and install new driver packages:
|
||||
|
||||
sudo apt-get update
|
||||
|
||||
sudo apt-get install nvidia-358 nvidia-settings
|
||||
|
||||
### (Optional) Uninstall: ###
|
||||
|
||||
Boot into the recovery mode from the grub menu, and drop into root console. Then run below commands one by one:
|
||||
|
||||
Remount the file system as writable:
|
||||
|
||||
mount -o remount,rw /
|
||||
|
||||
Remove all nvidia packages:
|
||||
|
||||
apt-get purge nvidia*
|
||||
|
||||
Finally back to menu and reboot:
|
||||
|
||||
reboot
|
||||
|
||||
To disable/remove the graphics driver PPA, launch **Software & Updates** and navigate to **Other Software** tab.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://ubuntuhandbook.org/index.php/2015/11/install-nvidia-358-16-driver-ubuntu-15-10/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Ji m][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://ubuntuhandbook.org/index.php/about/
|
||||
[1]:http://www.nvidia.com/Download/driverResults.aspx/95921/en-us
|
||||
[2]:http://www.nvidia.com/object/unix.html
|
||||
[3]:https://launchpad.net/~graphics-drivers/+archive/ubuntu/ppa
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
|
||||
How to access Dropbox from the command line in Linux
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Cloud storage is everywhere in today's multi-device environment, where people want to access content across multiple devices wherever they go. Dropbox is the most widely used cloud storage service thanks to its elegant UI and flawless multi-platform compatibility. The popularity of Dropbox has led to a flurry of official or unofficial Dropbox clients that are available across different operating system platforms.
|
||||
|
||||
Linux has its own share of Dropbox clients: CLI clients as well as GUI-based clients. [Dropbox Uploader][1] is an easy-to-use Dropbox CLI client written in BASH scripting language. In this tutorial, I describe** how to access Dropbox from the command line in Linux by using Dropbox Uploader**.
|
||||
|
||||
### Install and Configure Dropbox Uploader on Linux ###
|
||||
|
||||
To use Dropbox Uploader, download the script and make it executable.
|
||||
|
||||
$ wget https://raw.github.com/andreafabrizi/Dropbox-Uploader/master/dropbox_uploader.sh
|
||||
$ chmod +x dropbox_uploader.sh
|
||||
|
||||
Make sure that you have installed curl on your system, since Dropbox Uploader runs Dropbox APIs via curl.
|
||||
|
||||
To configure Dropbox Uploader, simply run dropbox_uploader.sh. When you run the script for the first time, it will ask you to grant the script access to your Dropbox account.
|
||||
|
||||
$ ./dropbox_uploader.sh
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
As instructed above, go to [https://www.dropbox.com/developers/apps][2] on your web browser, and create a new Dropbox app. Fill in the information of the new app as shown below, and enter the app name as generated by Dropbox Uploader.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
After you have created a new app, you will see app key/secret on the next page. Make a note of them.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Enter the app key and secret in the terminal window where dropbox_uploader.sh is running. dropbox_uploader.sh will then generate an oAUTH URL (e.g., https://www.dropbox.com/1/oauth/authorize?oauth_token=XXXXXXXXXXXX).
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Go to the oAUTH URL generated above on your web browser, and allow access to your Dropbox account.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
This completes Dropbox Uploader configuration. To check whether Dropbox Uploader is successfully authenticated, run the following command.
|
||||
|
||||
$ ./dropbox_uploader.sh info
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
Dropbox Uploader v0.12
|
||||
|
||||
> Getting info...
|
||||
|
||||
Name: Dan Nanni
|
||||
UID: XXXXXXXXXX
|
||||
Email: my@email_address
|
||||
Quota: 2048 Mb
|
||||
Used: 13 Mb
|
||||
Free: 2034 Mb
|
||||
|
||||
### Dropbox Uploader Examples ###
|
||||
|
||||
To list all contents in the top-level directory:
|
||||
|
||||
$ ./dropbox_uploader.sh list
|
||||
|
||||
To list all contents in a specific folder:
|
||||
|
||||
$ ./dropbox_uploader.sh list Documents/manuals
|
||||
|
||||
To upload a local file to a remote Dropbox folder:
|
||||
|
||||
$ ./dropbox_uploader.sh upload snort.pdf Documents/manuals
|
||||
|
||||
To download a remote file from Dropbox to a local file:
|
||||
|
||||
$ ./dropbox_uploader.sh download Documents/manuals/mysql.pdf ./mysql.pdf
|
||||
|
||||
To download an entire remote folder from Dropbox to a local folder:
|
||||
|
||||
$ ./dropbox_uploader.sh download Documents/manuals ./manuals
|
||||
|
||||
To create a new remote folder on Dropbox:
|
||||
|
||||
$ ./dropbox_uploader.sh mkdir Documents/whitepapers
|
||||
|
||||
To delete an entire remote folder (including all its contents) on Dropbox:
|
||||
|
||||
$ ./dropbox_uploader.sh delete Documents/manuals
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://xmodulo.com/access-dropbox-command-line-linux.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Dan Nanni][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://xmodulo.com/author/nanni
|
||||
[1]:http://www.andreafabrizi.it/?dropbox_uploader
|
||||
[2]:https://www.dropbox.com/developers/apps
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
|
||||
How to install Android Studio on Ubuntu 15.04 / CentOS 7
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
With the advancement of smart phones in the recent years, Android has become one of the biggest phone platforms and all the tools required to build Android applications are also freely available. Android Studio is an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) for developing Android applications based on [IntelliJ IDEA][1]. It is a free and open source software by Google released in 2014 and succeeds Eclipse as the main IDE.
|
||||
|
||||
In this article, we will learn how to install Android Studio on Ubuntu 15.04 and CentOS 7.
|
||||
|
||||
### Installation on Ubuntu 15.04 ###
|
||||
|
||||
We can install Android Studio in two ways. One is to set up the required repository and install it; other is to download it from the official Android site and install it locally. In the following example, we will be setting up the repo using command line and install it. Before proceeding, we need to make sure that we have JDK version1.6 or greater installed.
|
||||
|
||||
Here, I'm installing JDK 1.8.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:webupd8team/java
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo apt-get update
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo apt-get install oracle-java8-installer oracle-java8-set-default
|
||||
|
||||
Verify if java installation was successful:
|
||||
|
||||
poornima@poornima-Lenovo:~$ java -version
|
||||
|
||||
Now, setup the repo for installing Android Studio
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo apt-add-repository ppa:paolorotolo/android-studio
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo apt-get update
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo apt-get install android-studio
|
||||
|
||||
Above install command will install android-studio in the directory /opt.
|
||||
|
||||
Now, run the following command to start the setup wizard:
|
||||
|
||||
$ /opt/android-studio/bin/studio.sh
|
||||
|
||||
This will invoke the setup screen. Following are the screen shots that follow to set up Android studio:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Once you press the Finish button, Licence agreement will be displayed. After you accept the licence, it starts downloading the required components.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Android studio installation will be complete after this step. When you relaunch Android studio, you will be shown the following welcome screen from where you will be able to start working with your Android Studio.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Installation on CentOS 7 ###
|
||||
|
||||
Let us now learn how to install Android Studio on CentOS 7. Here also, you need to install JDK 1.6 or later. Remember to use 'sudo' before the commands if you are not a root user. You can download the [latest version][2] of JDK. In case you already have an older version installed, remove the same before installing the new one. In the below example, I will be installing JDK version 1.8.0_65 by downloading the required rpm.
|
||||
|
||||
[root@li1260-39 ~]# rpm -ivh jdk-8u65-linux-x64.rpm
|
||||
Preparing... ################################# [100%]
|
||||
Updating / installing...
|
||||
1:jdk1.8.0_65-2000:1.8.0_65-fcs ################################# [100%]
|
||||
Unpacking JAR files...
|
||||
tools.jar...
|
||||
plugin.jar...
|
||||
javaws.jar...
|
||||
deploy.jar...
|
||||
rt.jar...
|
||||
jsse.jar...
|
||||
charsets.jar...
|
||||
localedata.jar...
|
||||
jfxrt.jar...
|
||||
|
||||
If Java path is not set properly, you will get error messages. Hence, set the correct path:
|
||||
|
||||
export JAVA_HOME=/usr/java/jdk1.8.0_25/
|
||||
export PATH=$PATH:$JAVA_HOME
|
||||
|
||||
Check if the correct version has been installed:
|
||||
|
||||
[root@li1260-39 ~]# java -version
|
||||
java version "1.8.0_65"
|
||||
Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.8.0_65-b17)
|
||||
Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (build 25.65-b01, mixed mode)
|
||||
|
||||
If you notice any error message of the sort "unable-to-run-mksdcard-sdk-tool:" while trying to install Android Studio, you might also have to install the following packages on CentOS 7 64-bit:
|
||||
|
||||
glibc.i686
|
||||
|
||||
glibc-devel.i686
|
||||
|
||||
libstdc++.i686
|
||||
|
||||
zlib-devel.i686
|
||||
|
||||
ncurses-devel.i686
|
||||
|
||||
libX11-devel.i686
|
||||
|
||||
libXrender.i686
|
||||
|
||||
libXrandr.i686
|
||||
|
||||
Let us know install studio by downloading the ide file from [Android site][3] and unzipping the same.
|
||||
|
||||
[root@li1260-39 tmp]# unzip android-studio-ide-141.2343393-linux.zip
|
||||
|
||||
Move android-studio directory to /opt directory
|
||||
|
||||
[root@li1260-39 tmp]# mv /tmp/android-studio/ /opt/
|
||||
|
||||
You can create a simlink to the studio executable to quickly start it whenever you need it.
|
||||
|
||||
[root@li1260-39 tmp]# ln -s /opt/android-studio/bin/studio.sh /usr/local/bin/android-studio
|
||||
|
||||
Now launch the studio from a terminal:
|
||||
|
||||
[root@localhost ~]#studio
|
||||
|
||||
The screens that follow for completing the installation are same as the ones shown above for Ubuntu. When the installation completes, you can start creating your own Android applications.
|
||||
|
||||
### Conclusion ###
|
||||
|
||||
Within a year of its release, Android Studio has taken over as the primary IDE for Android development by eclipsing Eclipse. It is the only official IDE tool that will support future Android SDKs and other Android features that will be provided by Google. So, what are you waiting for? Go install Android Studio and have fun developing Android apps.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://linoxide.com/tools/install-android-studio-ubuntu-15-04-centos-7/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[B N Poornima][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://linoxide.com/author/bnpoornima/
|
||||
[1]:https://www.jetbrains.com/idea/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/downloads/jdk8-downloads-2133151.html
|
||||
[3]:http://developer.android.com/sdk/index.html
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
|
||||
Install Intel Graphics Installer in Ubuntu 15.10
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Intel has announced a new release of its Linux graphics installer recently. Ubuntu 15.10 Wily is required and support for Ubuntu 15.04 is deprecated in the new release.
|
||||
|
||||
> The Intel® Graphics Installer for Linux* allows you to easily install the latest graphics and video drivers for your Intel graphics hardware. This allows you to stay current with the latest enhancements, optimizations, and fixes to the Intel® Graphics Stack to ensure the best user experience with your Intel® graphics hardware. The Intel® Graphics Installer for Linux* is available for the latest version of Ubuntu*.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### How to Install: ###
|
||||
|
||||
**1.** Download the installer from [the link page][1]. The current is version 1.2.1 for Ubuntu 15.10. Check your OS type, 32-bit or 64-bit, via **System Settings -> Details**.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**2.** Once the download process finished, go to your Download folder and click open the .deb package with Ubuntu Software Center and finally click the install button.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**3.** In order to trust the Intel Graphics Installer, you will need to add keys via below commands.
|
||||
|
||||
Open terminal from Unity Dash, App Launcher, or via Ctrl+Alt+T shortcut key. When it opens, paste below commands and run one by one:
|
||||
|
||||
wget --no-check-certificate https://download.01.org/gfx/RPM-GPG-KEY-ilg -O - | sudo apt-key add -
|
||||
|
||||
wget --no-check-certificate https://download.01.org/gfx/RPM-GPG-KEY-ilg-2 -O - | sudo apt-key add -
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
NOTE: While running the first command, if the cursor is stuck and blinking after downloading the key, as above picture shows, type your password (no visual feedback) and hit enter to continue.
|
||||
|
||||
Finally launch Intel Graphics Installer via Unity Dash or Application launcher.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://ubuntuhandbook.org/index.php/2015/11/install-intel-graphics-installer-in-ubuntu-15-10/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Ji m][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://ubuntuhandbook.org/index.php/about/
|
||||
[1]:https://01.org/linuxgraphics/downloads
|
||||
83
sources/tech/20151123 LNAV--Ncurses based log file viewer.md
Normal file
83
sources/tech/20151123 LNAV--Ncurses based log file viewer.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
|
||||
LNAV – Ncurses based log file viewer
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
The Logfile Navigator, lnav for short, is a curses-based tool for viewing and analyzing log files. The value added by lnav over text viewers / editors is that it takes advantage of any semantic information that can be gleaned from the log file, such as timestamps and log levels. Using this extra semantic information, lnav can do things like: interleaving messages from different files; generate histograms of messages over time; and providing hotkeys for navigating through the file. It is hoped that these features will allow the user to quickly and efficiently zero-in on problems.
|
||||
|
||||
### lnav Features ###
|
||||
|
||||
#### Support for the following log file formats: ####
|
||||
|
||||
Syslog, Apache access log, strace, tcsh history, and generic log files with timestamps. The file format is automatically detected when the file is read in.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Histogram view: ####
|
||||
|
||||
Displays the number of log messages per bucket-of-time. Useful for getting an overview of what was happening over a long period of time.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Filters: ####
|
||||
|
||||
Display only lines that match or do not match a set of regular expressions. Useful for removing extraneous log lines that you are not interested in.
|
||||
|
||||
#### "Live" operation: ####
|
||||
|
||||
Searches are done as you type; new log lines are automatically loaded and searched as they are added; filters apply to lines as they are loaded; and, SQL queries are checked for correctness as you type.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Automatic tailing: ####
|
||||
|
||||
The log file view automatically scrolls down to follow new lines that are added to files. Simply scroll up to lock the view in place and then scroll down to the bottom to resume tailing.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Time-of-day ordering of lines: ####
|
||||
|
||||
The log lines from all the files are loaded and then sorted by time-of-day. Relieves you of having to manually line up log messages from different files.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Syntax highlighting: ####
|
||||
|
||||
Errors and warnings are colored in red and yellow, respectively. Highlights are also applied to: SQL keywords, XML tags, file and line numbers in Java backtraces, and quoted strings.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Navigation: ####
|
||||
|
||||
There are hotkeys for jumping to the next or previous error or warning and moving forward or backward by an amount of time.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Use SQL to query logs: ####
|
||||
|
||||
Each log file line is treated as a row in a database that can be queried using SQL. The columns that are available depend on logs file types being viewed.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Command and search history: ####
|
||||
|
||||
Your previously entered commands and searches are saved so you can access them between sessions.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Compressed files: ####
|
||||
|
||||
Compressed log files are automatically detected and uncompressed on the fly.
|
||||
|
||||
### Install lnav on ubuntu 15.10 ###
|
||||
|
||||
Open the terminal and run the following command
|
||||
|
||||
sudo apt-get install lnav
|
||||
|
||||
### Using lnav ###
|
||||
|
||||
If you want to view logs using lnav you can do using the following command by default it shows syslogs
|
||||
|
||||
lnav
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
If you want to view specific logs provide the path
|
||||
|
||||
If you want to view CUPS logs run the following command from your terminal
|
||||
|
||||
lnav /var/log/cups
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.ubuntugeek.com/lnav-ncurses-based-log-file-viewer.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[ruchi][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.ubuntugeek.com/author/ubuntufix
|
||||
@ -1,202 +0,0 @@
|
||||
如何在 Linux 中从 NetworkManager 切换为 systemd-network
|
||||
How to switch from NetworkManager to systemd-networkd on Linux
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
在 Linux 世界里， [systemd][1] 的采用一直是激烈争论的主题，它的支持者和反对者之间的战火仍然在燃烧。到了今天，大部分主流 Linux 发行版都已经采用了 systemd 作为默认初始化系统。
|
||||
In the world of Linux, adoption of [systemd][1] has been a subject of heated controversy, and the debate between its proponents and critics is still going on. As of today, most major Linux distributions have adopted systemd as a default init system.
|
||||
|
||||
正如其作者所说，作为一个 “从未完成、从未完善、但一直追随技术进步” 的系统，systemd 已经不只是一个初始化进程，它被设计为一个更广泛的系统以及服务管理平台，这个；平台包括了不断增长的核心系统进程、库和工具的生态系统。
|
||||
Billed as a "never finished, never complete, but tracking progress of technology" by its author, systemd is not just the init daemon, but is designed as a more broad system and service management platform which encompasses the growing ecosystem of core system daemons, libraries and utilities.
|
||||
|
||||
**systemd** 的其中一部分是 **systemd-networkd**，它负责 systemd 生态中的网络配置。使用 systemd-networkd，你可以为网络设备配置基础的 DHCP/静态 IP 网络。它还可以配置虚拟网络功能，例如网桥、隧道和 VLAN。systemd-networkd 目前还不能直接支持无线网络，但你可以使用 wpa_supplicant 服务配置无线适配器，然后用 **systemd-networkd** 挂钩起来。
|
||||
One of many additions to **systemd** is **systemd-networkd**, which is responsible for network configuration within the systemd ecosystem. Using systemd-networkd, you can configure basic DHCP/static IP networking for network devices. It can also configure virtual networking features such as bridges, tunnels or VLANs. Wireless networking is not directly handled by systemd-networkd, but you can use wpa_supplicant service to configure wireless adapters, and then hook it up with **systemd-networkd**.
|
||||
|
||||
在很多 Linux 发行版中，NetworkManager 仍然作为默认的网络配置管理器。和 NetworkManager 相比，**systemd-networkd** 仍处于活跃的开发状态，还缺少一些功能。例如，它还不能像 NetworkManager 那样能在任何时候让你的计算机在多种接口之间保持连接。它还没有为高级脚本提供 ifup/ifdown 钩子函数。但是，systemd-networkd 和其它 systemd 组件（例如用于域名解析的 **resolved**、NTP 的**timesyncd**，用于命名的 udevd）结合的非常好。随着时间增长，**systemd-networkd**只会在 systemd 环境中扮演越来越重要的角色。
|
||||
On many Linux distributions, NetworkManager has been and is still used as a default network configuration manager. Compared to NetworkManager, **systemd-networkd** is still under active development, and missing features. For example, it does not have NetworkManager's intelligence to keep your computer connected across various interfaces at all times. It does not provide ifup/ifdown hooks for advanced scripting. Yet, systemd-networkd is integrated well with the rest of systemd components (e.g., **resolved** for DNS, **timesyncd** for NTP, udevd for naming), and the role of **systemd-networkd** may only grow over time in the systemd environment.
|
||||
|
||||
如果你对 **systemd-networkd** 的进步感到高兴，从 NetworkManager 切换到 systemd-networkd 是值得你考虑的一件事。如果你强烈反对 systemd，对 NetworkManager 或[基础网络服务][2]感到很满意，那也很好。
|
||||
If you are happy with the way **systemd** is evolving, one thing you can consider is to switch from NetworkManager to systemd-networkd. If you are feverishly against systemd, and perfectly happy with NetworkManager or [basic network service][2], that is totally cool.
|
||||
|
||||
但对于那些想尝试 systemd-networkd 的人，可以继续看下去，在这篇指南中学会在 Linux 中怎么从 NetworkManager 切换到 systemd-networkd。
|
||||
But for those of you who want to try out systemd-networkd, you can read on, and find out in this tutorial how to switch from NetworkManager to systemd-networkd on Linux.
|
||||
|
||||
### 需求 ###
|
||||
### Requirement ###
|
||||
|
||||
systemd 210 或更高版本提供了 systemd-networkd。因此诸如 Debian 8 "Jessie" (systemd 215)、 Fedora 21 (systemd 217)、 Ubuntu 15.04 (systemd 219) 或更高版本的 Linux 发行版和 systemd-networkd 兼容。
|
||||
systemd-networkd is available in systemd version 210 and higher. Thus distributions like Debian 8 "Jessie" (systemd 215), Fedora 21 (systemd 217), Ubuntu 15.04 (systemd 219) or later are compatible with systemd-networkd.
|
||||
|
||||
对于其它发行版，在开始下一步之前先检查一下你的 systemd 版本。
|
||||
For other distributions, check the version of your systemd before proceeding.
|
||||
|
||||
$ systemctl --version
|
||||
|
||||
### 从 NetworkManager 切换到 Systemd-networkd ###
|
||||
### Switch from Network Manager to Systemd-Networkd ###
|
||||
|
||||
从 NetworkManager 切换到 systemd-networkd 其实非常简答（反过来也一样）。
|
||||
It is relatively straightforward to switch from Network Manager to systemd-networkd (and vice versa).
|
||||
|
||||
首先，按照下面这样先停用 NetworkManager 服务，然后启用 systemd-networkd。
|
||||
First, disable Network Manager service, and enable systemd-networkd as follows.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo systemctl disable NetworkManager
|
||||
$ sudo systemctl enable systemd-networkd
|
||||
|
||||
你还要启用 **systemd-resolved** 服务，systemd-networkd用它来进行域名解析。该服务还实现了一个缓存式 DNS 服务器。
|
||||
You also need to enable **systemd-resolved** service, which is used by systemd-networkd for network name resolution. This service implements a caching DNS server.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo systemctl enable systemd-resolved
|
||||
$ sudo systemctl start systemd-resolved
|
||||
|
||||
一旦启动，**systemd-resolved** 就会在 /run/systemd 目录下某个地方创建它自己的 resolv.conf。但是，把 DNS 解析信息存放在 /etc/resolv.conf 是更普遍的做法，很多应用程序也会依赖于 /etc/resolv.conf。因此为了兼容性，按照下面的方式创建一个到 /etc/resolv.conf 的符号链接。
|
||||
Once started, **systemd-resolved** will create its own resolv.conf somewhere under /run/systemd directory. However, it is a common practise to store DNS resolver information in /etc/resolv.conf, and many applications still rely on /etc/resolv.conf. Thus for compatibility reason, create a symlink to /etc/resolv.conf as follows.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo rm /etc/resolv.conf
|
||||
$ sudo ln -s /run/systemd/resolve/resolv.conf /etc/resolv.conf
|
||||
|
||||
### 用 systemd-networkd 配置网络连接 ###
|
||||
### Configure Network Connections with Systemd-networkd ###
|
||||
|
||||
要用 systemd-networkd 配置网络服务，你必须指定带.network 扩展名的配置信息文本文件。这些网络配置文件保存到 /etc/systemd/network 并从这里加载。当有多个文件时，systemd-networkd 会按照词汇顺序一个个加载并处理。
|
||||
To configure network devices with systemd-networkd, you must specify configuration information in text files with .network extension. These network configuration files are then stored and loaded from /etc/systemd/network. When there are multiple files, systemd-networkd loads and processes them one by one in lexical order.
|
||||
|
||||
首先创建 /etc/systemd/network 目录。
|
||||
Let's start by creating a folder /etc/systemd/network.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo mkdir /etc/systemd/network
|
||||
|
||||
#### DHCP 网络 ####
|
||||
#### DHCP Networking ####
|
||||
|
||||
首先来配置 DHCP 网络。对于此，先要创建下面的配置文件。文件名可以任意，但记住文件是按照词汇顺序处理的。
|
||||
Let's configure DHCP networking first. For this, create the following configuration file. The name of a file can be arbitrary, but remember that files are processed in lexical order.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo vi /etc/systemd/network/20-dhcp.network
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
[Match]
|
||||
Name=enp3*
|
||||
|
||||
[Network]
|
||||
DHCP=yes
|
||||
|
||||
正如你上面看到的，每个网络配置文件包括了一个多多个 “sections”，每个 “section”都用 [XXX] 开头。每个 section 包括了一个或多个键值对。[Match] 部分决定这个配置文件配置哪个（些）网络设备。例如，这个文件匹配所有名称以 ens3 开头的网络设备（例如 enp3s0、 enp3s1、 enp3s2 等等）对于匹配的接口，然后启用 [Network] 部分指定的 DHCP 网络配置。
|
||||
As you can see above, each network configuration file contains one or more "sections" with each section preceded by [XXX] heading. Each section contains one or more key/value pairs. The [Match] section determine which network device(s) are configured by this configuration file. For example, this file matches any network interface whose name starts with ens3 (e.g., enp3s0, enp3s1, enp3s2, etc). For matched interface(s), it then applies DHCP network configuration specified under [Network] section.
|
||||
|
||||
### 静态 IP 网络 ###
|
||||
### Static IP Networking ###
|
||||
|
||||
如果你想给网络设备分配一个静态 IP 地址，那就新建下面的配置文件。
|
||||
If you want to assign a static IP address to a network interface, create the following configuration file.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo vi /etc/systemd/network/10-static-enp3s0.network
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
[Match]
|
||||
Name=enp3s0
|
||||
|
||||
[Network]
|
||||
Address=192.168.10.50/24
|
||||
Gateway=192.168.10.1
|
||||
DNS=8.8.8.8
|
||||
|
||||
正如你猜测的， enp3s0 接口地址会被指定为 192.168.10.50/24，默认网关是 192.168.10.1， DNS 服务器是 8.8.8.8。这里微妙的一点是，接口名 enp3s0 事实上也匹配了之前 DHCP 配置中定义的模式规则。但是，根据词汇顺序，文件 "10-static-enp3s0.network" 在 "20-dhcp.network" 之前被处理，对于 enp3s0 接口静态配置比 DHCP 配置有更高的优先级。
|
||||
As you can guess, the interface enp3s0 will be assigned an address 192.168.10.50/24, a default gateway 192.168.10.1, and a DNS server 8.8.8.8. One subtlety here is that the name of an interface enp3s0, in facts, matches the pattern rule defined in the earlier DHCP configuration as well. However, since the file "10-static-enp3s0.network" is processed before "20-dhcp.network" according to lexical order, the static configuration takes priority over DHCP configuration in case of enp3s0 interface.
|
||||
|
||||
一旦你完成了创建配置文件，重启 systemd-networkd 服务或者重启机器。
|
||||
Once you are done with creating configuration files, restart systemd-networkd service or reboot.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo systemctl restart systemd-networkd
|
||||
|
||||
运行以下命令检查服务状态：
|
||||
Check the status of the service by running:
|
||||
|
||||
$ systemctl status systemd-networkd
|
||||
$ systemctl status systemd-resolved
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 用 systemd-networkd 配置虚拟网络设备 ###
|
||||
### Configure Virtual Network Devices with Systemd-networkd ###
|
||||
|
||||
**systemd-networkd** 同样允许你配置虚拟网络设备，例如网桥、VLAN、隧道、VXLAN、绑定等。你必须在用 .netdev 作为扩展名的文件中配置这些虚拟设备。
|
||||
**systemd-networkd** also allows you to configure virtual network devices such as bridges, VLANs, tunnel, VXLAN, bonding, etc. You must configure these virtual devices in files with .netdev extension.
|
||||
|
||||
这里我展示了如何配置一个桥接接口。
|
||||
Here I'll show how to configure a bridge interface.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Linux 网桥 ####
|
||||
#### Linux Bridge ####
|
||||
|
||||
如果你想创建一个 Linux 网桥(br0) 并把物理接口(eth1) 添加到网桥，你可以新建下面的配置。
|
||||
If you want to create a Linux bridge (br0) and add a physical interface (eth1) to the bridge, create the following configuration.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo vi /etc/systemd/network/bridge-br0.netdev
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
[NetDev]
|
||||
Name=br0
|
||||
Kind=bridge
|
||||
|
||||
然后按照下面这样用 .network 文件配置网桥接口 br0 和从接口 eth1。
|
||||
Then configure the bridge interface br0 and the slave interface eth1 using .network files as follows.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo vi /etc/systemd/network/bridge-br0-slave.network
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
[Match]
|
||||
Name=eth1
|
||||
|
||||
[Network]
|
||||
Bridge=br0
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo vi /etc/systemd/network/bridge-br0.network
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
[Match]
|
||||
Name=br0
|
||||
|
||||
[Network]
|
||||
Address=192.168.10.100/24
|
||||
Gateway=192.168.10.1
|
||||
DNS=8.8.8.8
|
||||
|
||||
最后，重启 systemd-networkd。
|
||||
Finally, restart systemd-networkd:
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo systemctl restart systemd-networkd
|
||||
|
||||
你可以用 [brctl 工具][3] 来验证是否创建了网桥 br0。
|
||||
You can use [brctl tool][3] to verify that a bridge br0 has been created.
|
||||
|
||||
### 总结 ###
|
||||
### Summary ###
|
||||
|
||||
当 systemd 誓言成为 Linux 的系统管理器时，有类似 systemd-networkd 的东西来管理网络配置也就不足为奇。但是在现阶段，systemd-networkd 看起来更适合于网络配置相对稳定的服务器环境。对于桌面/笔记本环境，它们有多种临时有线/无线接口，NetworkManager 仍然是比较好的选择。
|
||||
When systemd promises to be a system manager for Linux, it is no wonder something like systemd-networkd came into being to manage network configurations. At this stage, however, systemd-networkd seems more suitable for a server environment where network configurations are relatively stable. For desktop/laptop environments which involve various transient wired/wireless interfaces, NetworkManager may still be a preferred choice.
|
||||
|
||||
对于想进一步了解 systemd-networkd 的人，可以参考官方[man 手册][4]了解完整的支持列表和关键点。
|
||||
For those who want to check out more on systemd-networkd, refer to the official [man page][4] for a complete list of supported sections and keys.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://xmodulo.com/switch-from-networkmanager-to-systemd-networkd.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Dan Nanni][a]
|
||||
译者：[ictlyh](http://mutouxiaogui.cn/blog)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://xmodulo.com/author/nanni
|
||||
[1]:http://xmodulo.com/use-systemd-system-administration-debian.html
|
||||
[2]:http://xmodulo.com/disable-network-manager-linux.html
|
||||
[3]:http://xmodulo.com/how-to-configure-linux-bridge-interface.html
|
||||
[4]:http://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/systemd.network.html
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
|
||||
如何监控linux 命令行的命令执行进度
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
如果你是一个linux 系统管理员，那么毫无疑问你必须花费大量的工作时间在命令行上：安装和卸载软件，监视系统状态，复制、移动、删除文件，查错，等等。很多时候都是你输入一个命令，然后等待很长时间直到执行完成。也有的时候你执行的命令挂起了，而你只能猜测命令执行的实际情况。
|
||||
|
||||
通常linux命令不提供和进度相关的信息，而这些信息特别重要，尤其当你只有有限的时间时。然而这并不意味着你是无助的-现在有一个命令，pv，他会显示当前在命令行执行的命令的进度信息。在本文我们会讨论它并用几个简单的例子说明种特性。
|
||||
|
||||
### PV 命令 ###
|
||||
|
||||
[PV][1] 由Andrew Wood 开发，是Pipe Viewer 的简称，意思是通过管道显示数据处理进度的信息。这些信息包括已经耗费的时间，完成的百分比（通过进度条显示），当前的速度，要传输的全部数据，以及估计剩余的时间。
|
||||
|
||||
>"要使用PV，需要配合合适的选项，把它放置在两个进程之间的管道。命令的标准输入将会通过标准输出传进来的，而进度会被输出到标准错误输出。”
|
||||
|
||||
上面解释了命令的主页（？）
|
||||
|
||||
### 下载和安装 ###
|
||||
|
||||
Debian 系的操作系统，如Ubuntu，可以简单的使用下面的命令安装PV：
|
||||
|
||||
sudo apt-get install pv
|
||||
|
||||
如果你使用了其他发行版本，你可以使用各自的包管理软件在你的系统上安装PV。一旦PV 安装好了你就可以在各种场合使用它（详见下文）。需要注意的是下面所有例子都可以正常的鱼pv 1.2.0 工作。
|
||||
|
||||
### 特性和用法 ###
|
||||
|
||||
我们（在linux 上使用命令行的用户）的大多数使用场景都会用到的命令是从一个USB 驱动器拷贝电影文件到你的电脑。如果你使用cp 来完成上面的任务，你会什么情况都不清楚知道整个复制过程结束或者出错。
|
||||
|
||||
然而pv 命令在这种情景下很有帮助。比如：
|
||||
|
||||
pv /media/himanshu/1AC2-A8E3/fNf.mkv > ./Desktop/fnf.mkv
|
||||
|
||||
输出如下：
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
所以，如你所见，这个命令显示了很多和操作有关的有用信息，包括已经传输了的数据量，花费的时间，传输速率，进度条，进度的百分比，已经剩余的时间。
|
||||
|
||||
`pv` 命令提供了多种显示选项开关。比如，你可以使用`-p` 来显示百分比，`-t` 来显示时间，`-r` 表示传输速率，`-e` 代表eta（译注：估计剩余的时间）。好事是你不必记住某一个选项，因为默认这几个选项都是使能的。但是，如果你只要其中某一个信息，那么可以通过控制这几个选项来完成任务。
|
||||
|
||||
整理还有一个`-n` 选项来允许pv 命令显示整数百分比，在标准错误输出上每行显示一个数字，用来替代通常的视觉进度条。下面是一个例子：
|
||||
|
||||
pv -n /media/himanshu/1AC2-A8E3/fNf.mkv > ./Desktop/fnf.mkv
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
这个特殊的选项非常合适某些情境下的需求，如你想把用管道把输出传给[dialog][2] 命令。
|
||||
|
||||
接下来还有一个命令行选项，`-L` 可以让你修改pv 命令的传输速率。举个例子，使用-L 选项来限制传输速率为2MB/s。
|
||||
|
||||
pv -L 2m /media/himanshu/1AC2-A8E3/fNf.mkv > ./Desktop/fnf.mkv
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
如上图所见，数据传输速度按照我们的要求被限制了。
|
||||
|
||||
另一个pv 可以帮上忙的情景是压缩文件。这里有一个例子可以向你解释如何与压缩软件Gzip 一起工作。
|
||||
|
||||
pv /media/himanshu/1AC2-A8E3/fnf.mkv | gzip > ./Desktop/fnf.log.gz
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 结论 ###
|
||||
|
||||
如上所述，pv 是一个非常有用的小工具，它可以在命令没有按照预期执行的情况下帮你节省你宝贵的时间。而且这些现实的信息还可以用在shell 脚本里。我强烈的推荐你使用这个命令，他值得你一试。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://www.maketecheasier.com/monitor-progress-linux-command-line-operation/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Himanshu Arora][a]
|
||||
译者：[ezio](https://github.com/oska874)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/author/himanshu/
|
||||
[1]:http://linux.die.net/man/1/pv
|
||||
[2]:http://linux.die.net/man/1/dialog
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user