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18
translated/tech/20181231 Troubleshooting hardware problems in Linux.md → published/20181231 Troubleshooting hardware problems in Linux.md
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@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: (wxy)
[#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )
[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
[#]: publisher: (wxy)
[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11953-1.html)
[#]: subject: (Troubleshooting hardware problems in Linux)
[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/18/12/troubleshooting-hardware-problems-linux)
[#]: author: (Daniel Oh https://opensource.com/users/daniel-oh)
@ -12,11 +12,11 @@ Linux 硬件故障排除指南
> 了解是什么原因导致你的 Linux 硬件发生故障，以便你可以将其恢复并快速运行。
![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/rh_003499_01_other11x_cc.png?itok=I_kCDYj0)
![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/202003/03/101312zcazy02wl2g8uhy1.jpg)
[Linux 服务器][1]在物理机、虚拟化、私有云、公共云和混合云等许多不同种类的基础设施中运行着关键的业务应用程序。对于 Linux 系统管理员来说，了解如何管理 Linux 硬件基础设施（包括与 [网络][2]、存储、Linux 容器相关的软件定义的功能）和 Linux 服务器上的多种工具非常重要。
[Linux 服务器][1]在物理机、虚拟化、私有云、公共云和混合云等许多不同种类的基础设施中运行着关键的业务应用程序。对于 Linux 系统管理员来说，了解如何管理 Linux 硬件基础设施（包括与 [网络][2]、存储、Linux 容器相关的软件定义功能）和 Linux 服务器上的多种工具非常重要。
在 Linux 上进行故障排除和解决与硬件相关的问题可能需要一些时间。即使是经验丰富的系统管理员，有时也会花费数小时来解决神秘的硬件和软件差异。
在 Linux 上进行排除和解决与硬件相关的问题可能需要一些时间。即使是经验丰富的系统管理员，有时也会花费数小时来解决神秘的硬件和软件差异。
以下提示可以使你更快、更轻松地对 Linux 中的硬件进行故障排除。许多不同的事情都可能导致 Linux 硬件出现问题。在开始诊断它们之前，明智的做法是了解最常见的问题以及最有可能找到问题的地方。
@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ xvdb    202:16   0  20G  0 disk
....
```
### 深入到多个日志当中
### 深入到各个日志当中
使用 `dmesg` 可以找出内核最新消息中的错误和警告。例如，这是 `dmesg | more` 命令的输出：
@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ Dec  1 13:21:33 bastion dnsmasq[30201]: using nameserver 127.0.0.1#53 for domai
### 分析网络功能
你可能有成千上万的云原生应用程序在一个复杂的网络环境中为业务提供服务。其中可能包括虚拟化、多云和混合云。这意味着，作为故障排除的一部分，你应该分析网络连接是否正常工作。弄清 Linux 服务器中网络功能的有用命令包括：`ip addr`、`traceroute`、`nslookup`、`dig` 和 `ping` 等。例如，这是 `ip addr show` 命令的输出：
你可能有成千上万的云原生应用程序在一个复杂的网络环境中为业务提供服务，其中可能包括虚拟化、多云和混合云。这意味着，作为故障排除的一部分，你应该分析网络连接是否正常工作。弄清 Linux 服务器中网络功能的有用命令包括：`ip addr`、`traceroute`、`nslookup`、`dig` 和 `ping` 等。例如，这是 `ip addr show` 命令的输出：
```
# ip addr show
@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/18/12/troubleshooting-hardware-problems-linu
作者：[Daniel Oh][a]
选题：[lujun9972][b]
译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出

113
sources/talk/20200302 8 reasons to consider hyperconverged infrastructure for your data center.md Normal file
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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: ( )
[#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )
[#]: subject: (8 reasons to consider hyperconverged infrastructure for your data center)
[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3530072/eight-reasons-to-consider-hyperconverged-infrastructure-for-your-data-center.html)
[#]: author: (Andy Patrizio https://www.networkworld.com/author/Andy-Patrizio/)
8 reasons to consider hyperconverged infrastructure for your data center
======
Thinkstock
Demand for on-premises data center equipment is shrinking as organizations move workloads to the cloud. But on-prem is far from dead, and one segment that’s thriving is hyperconverged infrastructure ([HCI][1]).
HCI is a form of scale-out, software-integrated infrastructure that applies a modular approach to compute, network and storage capacity. Rather than silos with specialized hardware, HCI leverages distributed, horizontal blocks of commodity hardware and delivers a single-pane dashboard for reporting and management. Form factors vary: Enterprises can choose to deploy hardware-agnostic [hyperconvergence software][2] from vendors such as Nutanix and VMware, or an integrated HCI appliance from vendors such as HP Enterprise, Dell, Cisco, and Lenovo.
**Learn more about enterprise infrastructure trends**
* [Making the right hyperconvergence choice: HCI hardware or software?][3]
* [10 of the world's fastest supercomputers][4]
* [NVMe over Fabrics creates data-center storage disruption][5]
* [For enterprise storage, persistent memory is here to stay][6]
The market is growing fast. By 2023, Gartner projects 70% of enterprises will be running some form of hyperconverged infrastructure, up from less than 30% in 2019. And as HCI grows in popularity, cloud providers such as Amazon, Google and Microsoft are providing connections to on-prem HCI products for hybrid deployment and management.
So why is it so popular? Here are some of the top reasons.
### 1) Simplified design
A traditional data center design is comprised of separate storage silos with individual tiers of servers and specialized networking spanning the compute and storage silos. This worked in the pre-cloud era, but it’s too rigid for the cloud era. “It’s untenable for IT teams to take weeks or months to provision new infrastructure so the dev team can produce new apps and get to market quickly,” says Greg Smith, vice president of product marketing at Nutanix.
“HCI radically simplifies data center architectures and operations, reducing the time and expense of managing data and delivering apps,” he says.
### 2) Cloud integration
HCI software, such as from Nutanix or VMware, is deployed the same way in both a customer’s data center and cloud instances; it runs on bare metal instances in the cloud exactly the same as it does in a data center. HCI “is the best foundation for companies that want to build a hybrid cloud. They can deploy apps in their data center and meld it with a public cloud,” Smith says.
[][7]
“Because it’s the same on both ends, I can have one team manage an end-to-end hybrid cloud and with confidence that whatever apps run in my private cloud will also run in that public cloud environment,” he adds.
### 3) Ability to start small, grow large
“HCI allows you to consolidate compute, network, and storage into one box, and grow this solution quickly and easily without a lot of downtime,” says Tom Lockhart, IT systems manager with Hastings Prince Edward Public Health in Bellville, Ontario, Canada.
In a legacy approach, multiple pieces of hardware – a server, Fiber Channel switch, host-based adapters, and a hypervisor – have to be installed and configured separately. With hyperconvergence, everything is software-defined. HCI uses the storage in the server, and the software almost entirely auto-configures and detects the hardware, setting up the connections between compute, storage, and networking.
“Once we get in on a workload, [customers] typically have a pretty good experience. A few months later, they try another workload, then another, and they start to extend it out of their data center to remote sites,” says Chad Dunn, vice president of product management for HCI at Dell.
“They can start small and grow incrementally larger but also have a consistent operating model experience, whether they have 1,000 nodes or three nodes per site across 1,000 sites, whether they have 40 terabytes of data or 40 petabytes. They have consistent software updates where they don’t have to retrain their people because it’s the same toolset,” Dunn added.
### 4) Reduced footprint
By starting small, customers find they can reduce their hardware stack to just what they need, rather than overprovision excessive capacity. Moving away from the siloed approach also allows users to eliminate certain hardware.
Josh Goodall, automation engineer with steel fabricator USS-POSCO Industries, says his firm deployed HCI primarily for its ability to do stretched clusters, where the hardware cluster is in two physical locations but linked together. This is primarily for use as a backup, so if one site went down, the other can take over the workload. In the process, though, USS-POSCO got rid of a lot of expensive hardware and software. “We eliminated several CPU [software] licenses, we eliminated the SAN from other site, we didn’t need SRM [site recovery management] software, and we didn’t need Commvault licensing. We saved between $25,000 and $30,000 on annual license renewals,” Goodall says.
### 5) No special skills needed
To run a traditional three-tiered environment, companies need specialists in compute, storage, and networking. With HCI, a company can manage its environment with general technology consultants and staff rather than the more expensive specialists.
“HCI has empowered the storage generalist,” Smith says. “You don’t have to hire a storage expert, a network expert. Everyone has to have infrastructure, but they made the actual maintenance of infrastructure a lot easier than under a typical scenario, where a deep level of expertise is needed to manage under those three skill sets.”
Lockhart of Hastings Prince Edward Public Health says adding new compute/storage/networking is also much faster when compared to traditional infrastructure. “An upgrade to our server cluster was 20 minutes with no down time, versus hours of downtime with an interruption in service using the traditional method,” he says.
“Instead of concentrating on infrastructure, you can expand the amount of time and resources you spend on workloads, which adds value to your business. When you don’t have to worry about infrastructure, you can spend more time on things that add value to your clients,” Lockhart adds.
### 6) Faster disaster recovery
Key elements of hyperconvergence products are their backup, recovery, data protection, and data deduplication capabilities, plus analytics to examine it all. Disaster recovery components are managed from a single dashboard, and HCI monitors not only the on-premises storage but also cloud storage resources. With deduplication, compression rates as high as 55:1, and backups can be done in minutes.
USS-POSCO Industries is an HP Enterprise shop and uses HPE’s SimpliVity HCI software, which includes dedupe, backup, and recovery. Goodall says he gets about 12-15:1 compression on mixed workloads, and that has eliminated the need for third-party backup software.
More importantly, recovery timeframes have dropped. “The best recent example is a Windows update messed up a manufacturing line, and the error wasn’t realized for a few weeks. In about 30 minutes, I rolled through four weeks of backups, updated the system, rebooted and tested a 350GB system. Restoring just one backup would have been a multi-hour process,” Goodall says.
### 7) Hyperconvergence analytics
HCI products come with a considerable amount of analytics software to monitor workloads and find resource constraints. The monitoring software is consolidated into a single dashboard view of system performance, including negatively impacted performance.
Hastings recently had a problem with a Windows 7 migration, but the HCI model made it easy to get performance info. “It showed that workloads, depending on time of day, were running out of memory, and there was excessive CPU queuing and paging,” Lockhart says. “We had the entire [issue] written up in an hour. It was easy to determine where problems lie. It can take a lot longer without that single-pane-of-glass view.”
### 8) Less time managing network, storage resources
Goodall says he used to spend up to 50% of his time dealing with storage issues and backup matrixes. Now he spends maybe 20% of his time dealing with it and most of his time tackling and addressing legacy systems. And his apps are better performing under HCI. “We’ve had no issues with our SQL databases; if anything, we’ve seen huge performance gain due to the move to full SSDs [instead of hard disks] and the data dedupe, reducing reads and writes in the environment.”
Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][8] and [LinkedIn][9] to comment on topics that are top of mind.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3530072/eight-reasons-to-consider-hyperconverged-infrastructure-for-your-data-center.html
作者：[Andy Patrizio][a]
选题：[lujun9972][b]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Andy-Patrizio/
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
[1]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3207567/what-is-hyperconvergence.html?nsdr=true
[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3318683/making-the-right-hyperconvergence-choice-hci-hardware-or-software.html
[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3318683/making-the-right-hyperconvergence-choice-hci-hardware-or-software
[4]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3236875/embargo-10-of-the-worlds-fastest-supercomputers.html#slide1
[5]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3394296/nvme-over-fabrics-creates-data-center-storage-disruption.html
[6]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3398988/for-enterprise-storage-persistent-memory-is-here-to-stay.html
[7]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3440100/take-the-intelligent-route-with-consumption-based-storage.html?utm_source=IDG&utm_medium=promotions&utm_campaign=HPE21620&utm_content=sidebar ( Take the Intelligent Route with Consumption-Based Storage)
[8]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/
[9]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world

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sources/tech/20190422 9 ways to save the planet.md
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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: ( )
[#]: translator: (MFGJT)
[#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )

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sources/tech/20200214 PHP Development on Fedora with Eclipse.md
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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: (geekpi)
[#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )
[#]: subject: (PHP Development on Fedora with Eclipse)
[#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/php-development-on-fedora-with-eclipse/)
[#]: author: (Mehdi Haghgoo https://fedoramagazine.org/author/powergame/)
PHP Development on Fedora with Eclipse
======
![][1]
[Eclipse][2] is a full-featured free and open source IDE developed by the Eclipse Foundation. It has been around since 2001. You can write anything from C/C++ and Java to PHP, Python, HTML, JavaScript, Kotlin, and more in this IDE.
### Installation
The software is available from Fedora’s official repository. To install it, invoke:
```
sudo dnf install eclipse
```
This will install the base IDE and Eclipse platform, which enables you to develop Java applications. In order to add PHP development support to the IDE, run this command:
```
sudo dnf install eclipse-pdt
```
This will install PHP development tools like PHP project wizard, PHP server configurations, composer support, etc.
### Features
This IDE has many features that make PHP development easier. For example, it has a comprehensive project wizard (where you can configure many options for your new projects). It also has built-in features like composer support, debugging support, a browser,a terminal, and more.
### Sample project
Now that the IDE is installed, let’s create a simple PHP project. Go to _File →New → Project_. From the resulting dialog, select _PHP project_. Enter a name for your project. There are some other options you might want to change, like changing the project’s default location, enabling JavaScript, and changing PHP version. See the following screenshot.
![Create A New PHP Project in Eclipse][3]
You can click the _Finish_ button to create the project or press _Next_ to configure other options like adding include and build paths. You don’t need to change those in most cases.
Once the project is created, right click on the project folder and select _New → PHP File_ to add a new PHP file to the project. For this tutorial I named it _index.php_, the conventionally-recognized default file in every PHP project.
![][4]
Then add the your code to the new file.
![Demo PHP code][5]
In the example above, I used CSS, JavaScript, and PHP tags on the same page mainly to show that the IDE is capable of supporting all of them together.
Once your page is ready, you can see the result output by moving the file to your web server document root or by creating a development PHP server in the project directory.
Thanks to the built-in terminal in Eclipse, we can launch a PHP development server right from within the IDE. Simply click the terminal icon on the toolbar (![Terminal Icon][6]) and click _OK_. In the new terminal, change to the project directory and run the following command:
```
php -S localhost:8080 -t . index.php
```
![Terminal output][7]
Now, open a browser and head over to <http://localhost:8080>. If everything has been done correctly per instructions and your code is error-free, you will see the output of your PHP script in the browser.
![PHP output in Fedora][8]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://fedoramagazine.org/php-development-on-fedora-with-eclipse/
作者：[Mehdi Haghgoo][a]
选题：[lujun9972][b]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/author/powergame/
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
[1]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/php-eclipse-816x346.png
[2]: https://projects.eclipse.org/projects/eclipse
[3]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Screenshot-from-2020-02-07-01-58-39.png
[4]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Screenshot-from-2020-02-07-02-02-05-1024x576.png
[5]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/code-1024x916.png
[6]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Screenshot-from-2020-02-07-03-50-05.png
[7]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/terminal-1024x239.png
[8]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/output.png

2
sources/tech/20200302 How to Add New Brushes in GIMP -Quick Tip.md
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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: ( )
[#]: translator: (geekpi)
[#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )

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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: ( )
[#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )
[#]: subject: (Install GNU Emacs on Windows)
[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/20/3/emacs-windows)
[#]: author: (Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth)
Install GNU Emacs on Windows
======
Even if your operating system is closed source, you can still use this
popular open source text editor.
![Tall building with windows][1]
GNU Emacs is a popular text editor designed for programmers of all sorts. Because it was developed on Unix and is widely used on Linux (and shipped with macOS), people sometimes don't realize that it's also available for Microsoft Windows. You don't need to be an experienced or full-time programmer to make use of Emacs, either. You can download and install Emacs with just a few clicks, and this article shows you how.
You can install Windows manually or with a package manager, like [Chocolatey][2].
### 7-zip
If you haven't already installed 7-zip for Windows, you should do that first. [7-zip][3] is an open source archive utility with the ability to create and extract ZIP, 7z, TAR, XZ, BZIP2, and GZIP (and more) files. It's an invaluable tool for Windows users.
After installing 7-zip, you have new 7-zip archive options in your right-click menu when browsing files in Windows Explorer.
### Powershell and Chocolatey
To install GNU Emacs on Windows using Chocolatey:
```
`PS> choco install emacs-full`
```
Once it has installed, launch Emacs from Powershell:
```
`PS> emacs`
```
![Emacs running on Windows][4]
### Download GNU Emacs for Windows
To manually install GNU Emacs on Windows, you must [download Emacs][5].
![GNU Windows downloader][6]
This takes you to a server near you, which shows you a list of all available Emacs releases. Find the directory with the highest release number and click into it. There are many different builds of Emacs for Windows, but the most general-purpose version is just named **emacs-VERSION-ARCHITECTURE.zip**. The **VERSION** depends upon which release you're downloading, while the **ARCHITECTURE** depends on whether you have a 32-bit or 64-bit machine. Most modern computers are 64-bit, but if you're in doubt you can download the 32-bit version, which runs on both.
If you're downloading version 26 of Emacs for a 64-bit machine, you would click the link titled **emacs-26.2-x86_64.zip**. There are smaller downloads available (such as the **no-deps** variety) but you must be familiar with how Emacs is built from source code, knowing which libraries it needs and which of those your computer has on it already. Generally, it's easiest to get the large version of Emacs, because it contains everything it needs to run on your computer.
### Extract Emacs
Next, unarchive the ZIP file you downloaded. To extract it, right-click on the Emacs ZIP file and select **Extract to Emacs-VERSION** from the 7-zip sub-menu. It's a big archive, so it may take a while to uncompress, but when it does, you have a new directory containing all the files distributed with Emacs. For example, in this example, the file **emacs-26.2-x86_64.zip** was downloaded, so the unarchived directory is **emacs-26.2-x86_64**.
### Launch Emacs
Within the Emacs directory, find the **bin** directory. This folder stores all the binary executable files (EXE files) distributed with Emacs. Double-click the **emacs.exe** file to launch the application.
![Emacs running on Windows][7]
You can create a shortcut to **emacs.exe** on your desktop for easier access.
### Learn Emacs
Emacs isn't as obtuse as its reputation may indicate. It's got its own traditions and conventions, but when you're typing text into it, you can treat it exactly as you treat Notepad or any given text field on any given website.
The important differences occur when you _edit_ the text you've typed.
The only way to learn is to start using it, though, so make Emacs your go-to text editor for simple tasks. When you'd normally open Notepad or Word or Evernote or whatever it is you use for quick notes or as a temporary scratchpad, launch Emacs instead.
Emacs has the reputation of being a terminal-based application, but obviously it has a GUI, so use the GUI often, just as you would with any application. Copy, cut, and paste (or "yank" in Emacs terminology) from the menu instead of with the keyboard, and open and save files from the menu or toolbar. Start from the beginning and learn the application based on what it is and not how you think it should act based on your experience with other editors.
### Download our [cheatsheet][8]!
_Thanks to Matthias Pfuetzner and Stephen Smoogen._
These are Jimmy's six favorite open source applications that he immediately installs on a new...
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://opensource.com/article/20/3/emacs-windows
作者：[Seth Kenlon][a]
选题：[lujun9972][b]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/seth
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/windows_building_sky_scale.jpg?itok=mH6CAX29 (Tall building with windows)
[2]: https://github.com/chocolatey/choco
[3]: https://www.7-zip.org/
[4]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/windows-ps-choco-emacs.jpg (Emacs running on Windows)
[5]: https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/download.html
[6]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/windows-emacs-download.jpg (GNU Windows downloader)
[7]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/windows-emacs.jpg (Emacs running on Windows)
[8]: https://opensource.com/downloads/emacs-cheat-sheet

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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: ( )
[#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )
[#]: subject: (Using LibreOffice for your open source budgeting tool)
[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/20/3/libreoffice-open-source-budget)
[#]: author: (Jess Weichler https://opensource.com/users/cyanide-cupcake)
Using LibreOffice for your open source budgeting tool
======
Figure out where your money is going with this LibreOffice Calc budget
template.
![scientific calculator][1]
Budgets can be intimidating for beginners. It can feel overwhelming to think about money, much less about how to keep track of it. But it's important to know where your money is coming and going.
In this article, I'll step through a sample budget by explaining the logic behind important money decisions as well as the formulas you need to automate the process. Fortunately, LibreOffice makes it easy for anyone to keep their yearly budget in check, even the math-averse.
### Getting started
Begin by downloading and installing [LibreOffice][2], if you don't already have it. Next, download my [LibreOffice Calc template][3], which you can use as a starting point to create your own budget to meet your spending and savings goals.
It's important to interact with your spreadsheet frequently. You can input transactions as they happen, daily, or weekly. You even could save up your receipts to calculate all your expenses at the end of the month, but this can be a hard slog. You want budgeting to be as quick and easy as possible.
### Categories
The first step to creating a budget is to decide on the categories you want to track. These categories can be as simple or as complex as you like. Think about what is useful to your personal situation and financial goals. You can easily add or change categories as your needs change.
The template has a number of example categories you can start with. There is no right or wrong way to choose categories; your budget has to work for you. Look through the list in Column A of the **Budget** tab and decide which ones to keep, which to delete, and any others you want to add. Then edit that list to align with your personal income and expense situation.
#### Create category drop-down menus
![Budget categories][4]
The template uses a drop-down menu to make it easy to assign categories to income and expenses. You can view them on the **Monthly** sheets (accessed with the tabs at the bottom of the LibreOffice window). Click on a cell in Column C, and a drop-down arrow will appear on the right. Click the arrow, and you'll see the example categories. You may need to change some of them so that they will match the categories in your budget (Column A of the **Budget** tab).
To add or remove categories from the dropdown menu, click on Column C in a Monthly sheet to select all **Category** cells. Then, in the main menu, select **Data** &gt; **Validity**. This opens up a dialog box.
In **Validity**, select the **Criteria** tab, then click on the arrow to the right of **Allow**, set it to **List**, and type the categories you want to use in the **Entries** box. Type one category per line. Make sure to use the exact same categories you used on the **Budget** sheet in Column A.
### Estimating your budget
Once you have defined your categories, it's time to estimate how much you expect to earn and spend. You can calculate these amounts monthly, yearly, or using a mix of the two.
Your first year of budgeting estimates won't be perfect, and you may be surprised at how much or little you spend on certain categories. But doing this will help you get a realistic idea of where your money is going. You can make adjustments in your second year to create a more accurate budget based upon what you spend in year one.
In Column B (**Monthly Estimate**) of the **Budget** tab, enter your anticipated _monthly_ income and expenses for each category (an exception is the **Charity** row, which is automatically calculated as a percentage of your income). For _annual_ expenses and income (e.g., taxes, insurance, tuition, etc.), enter them in Column P (**Yearly Estimate**).
#### Calculating the annual cost of monthly expenses
Most expenses occur monthly. To find the yearly cost of a monthly expense, multiply your monthly estimate by 12. You could do this manually for each category, but it is much easier to use formulas.
Formulas are automated calculations that determine the value of a cell. Formulas do all the heavy lifting, so you don't have to do a lot of sums in your head.
In the template, you can use the **Yearly Estimate** column to make an equation to annualize a monthly expense or income. In a cell in Column P, type this:
```
`=SUM(x*12)`
```
but change _x_ to the name of the **Monthly Estimate** cell you want to use. (For example, to calculate the annual cost of your phone service using the template, the formula would read **=SUM(B12*13)**.)
#### Calculating the monthly cost of yearly expenses
You may pay some expenses, such as car insurance, only once a year. You can either ignore these expenses in the monthly estimates or put money aside for them in your budget each month.
If you want to do the latter, you need to divide your **Yearly Estimate** by 12 and put that amount into your monthly budget. To do so, place this equation in the appropriate cell in the **Monthly Estimate** column:
```
`=SUM(x/12)`
```
where _x_ is the corresponding **Yearly Estimate** cell on your spreadsheet (from Column P).
#### Finding percentages
If you want to donate or save a percentage of your income, there's a function for that, too!
The common recommendation is to put aside 20% of your take-home pay for savings. While I don't focus on this too much, I do find it helpful to see if I'm meeting my savings goals from month to month.
For instance, Row 32 of the **Budget** tab template uses this formula to calculate the 20% of your income that you should allocate to savings:
```
`=SUM(B2*0.2)`
```
This same method can be used if you give a percentage (e.g., 10%) of your income to charity (Row 21 of the template):
```
`=SUM(B2*-0.1)`
```
This formula uses a negative percentage because donating to charity is an expense.
### Entering monthly income and expenses
The template pulls data totals from the **Monthly** sheets (the tabs at the bottom of the spreadsheet) to populate Columns C through N on the **Budget** sheet.
It's useful to place each month's transactions on separate sheets of your budget spreadsheet. By keeping your receipts from purchases and entering them into each month's sheet, you create a digital record of your money.
Enter income as positive numbers and expenses as negative numbers. Select the appropriate category using the drop-down in the **Category** column.
In LibreOffice, the **SUMIF** function can look at values in a specific column and extract only the ones that occur next to a specific word. My template uses a **SUMIF** formula to extract values based on the adjacent category in order to enter an amount in the correct cell on the **Budget** tab. For example, to enter January's internet expenses into the **Budget** spreadsheet, enter this formula in cell C12:
```
`=SUMIF(january.$C:$C,A12,january.$D:$D)`
```
This looks at January's Column C and, if it sees an entry that contains the word in A12 on the **Budget** tab (Internet), then it extracts the number from Column D on the **January** tab and enters that value into the cell that contains the formula on the **Budget** tab (C12).
### Analyzing your budget data
#### Adding a range of numbers to calculate YTD spending
To see how much you have spent overall this year to date (YTD), select the cell where you want to display that data (in the template, it's cell O29, under the **YTD** column), and enter the following formula to total the range of numbers corresponding to your monthly **Total Expense**:
```
`=SUM(x:y)`
```
Instead of _x_ and _y_, enter the first cell and the last cell in the range. You can type them in manually, but it's easier and less error-prone to just click and drag from the first to last cell. LibreOffice does the calculation and enters the appropriate values.
#### Seeing how you're doing on your budget
A big part of budgeting is comparing your estimates to your actual income and expenses. In the template, this is the **Budget** tab's Column Q. This column subtracts the contents of each cell in Column O (**YTD**) from Column P (**Yearly Estimate**). 
```
`=SUM(x-y)`
```
where _x_ and _y_ equal the corresponding cells from Column P and O. For example, using the template to calculate how much you've spent on Utilities compared to your budget, you would enter **=SUM(P11-O11)**.
![Budget overview][5]
### Tracking expenses
Now that your yearly budget is set up, you are ready to start meeting your financial goals.
It's important to look at your budget often—and it's equally important to do so without guilt. Think of this process as gathering data so that you can adjust your estimates for the next year. The primary goal of budgeting is to understand your own spending habits and refine either your expectations or your behavior so that you can plan better for how your income is used.
Which open source tools and apps do you use to budget? Tell us in the comments!
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://opensource.com/article/20/3/libreoffice-open-source-budget
作者：[Jess Weichler][a]
选题：[lujun9972][b]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/cyanide-cupcake
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/calculator_money_currency_financial_tool.jpg?itok=2QMa1y8c (scientific calculator)
[2]: https://www.libreoffice.org/download/download/
[3]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/budget_template_0.ods
[4]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/imagebudget_cat.png (Budget categories)
[5]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/imagebudget_overview.png (Budget overview)

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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: ( )
[#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )
[#]: subject: (Session: An Open Source Private Messenger That Doesn’t Need Your Phone Number)
[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/session-messenger/)
[#]: author: (Ankush Das https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/)
Session: An Open Source Private Messenger That Doesn’t Need Your Phone Number
======
_**Brief: Our open source software highlight of the week is Session. It is a fork of another increasingly popular private messenger Signal. Session doesn’t even need your phone number to operate.**_
### Session: A private messenger in true sense
![][1]
Privacy concerned people are always in the search of an ultimate service that lets you communicate securely while respecting our privacy across multiple platforms.
Recently, I came across an interesting open-source messaging app “[Session][2]” by [Loki Foundation][3], which is technically a fork of another [open source encrypted messenger Signal][4].
In this article, I’ll be sharing my experience with the Session app while highlighting the features it offers.
Session is fairly new to the scene – I’ve mentioned some of the bugs that I encountered at the bottom of the article.
### Features of Session Messenger
I’ll highlight the key features of Session that will help you decide if it’s good enough for you to try.
#### Session does not require a phone number
![][5]
For privacy-enthusiasts, registering the phone number with Signal or other such applications is a potential risk.
But, with Session, you do not need a phone number, simply click on “**Create Account**” after you install it on your desktop or phone and it will simply generate a random (unique) **Session ID**.
It’ll look something like this: **05652245af9a8bfee4f5a8138fd5c……..**
So, you just have to share your Session ID with the contact you want to add. Or, you can also opt to get the **QR Code** after account creation which you can share with your friends to add you back.
#### Session uses blockchain (and other crypto tech)
![Session ID][6]
For the users who’re aware of what a [blockchain][7] is – they’ve been waiting for real-world applications that an average user can utilize. Session is one such example that utilizes blockchain at its core and you don’t need to know it’s there.
If you’re curious about how it works, you can take a look at their [official blog post][8] explaining it.
#### Cross-Platform Support
![][9]
For something strictly privacy-focused, you’d also want it to be available across multiple platforms.
Of course, primarily, I’d focus on the Linux and Android support but it also supports Windows/Mac/iOS. So, you can easily sync between multiple devices cross-platform.
#### Includes Essential Privacy Options
![][10]
Undoubtedly, it offers some essential privacy-focused features that will help make the experience more secure.
For starters, you have the following options:
* **Message TTL**: This lets you control how long the message exists before the recipient sees the message.
* **Read Receipts**: Let others know that you’ve seen the message or if your message has been read.
#### Session uses a decentralized network and protects your metadata
Even though Session isn’t a peer-to-peer technology, it does not have a central server for the network.
It takes a decentralized approach to how the messages are transmitted (or routed). If you’ve no idea what I’m talking about, you can follow Session’s official blog post to know the [difference between centralization and decentralization][11] and explore how it potentially works.
And, this approach of network helps them to protect the metadata (the information associated with a message like IP address).
#### Other Features
Not just limited to the latest/greatest privacy-friendly features, but it also supports group chats, voice messages, and also allows you to send attachments.
### Installing Session on Linux
If you head to the [official download page][12], you will be able to download an .**AppImage** file. In case you have no clue how it works, you should take a look at our article on [how to use AppImage][13].
In either case, you can also head to their [GitHub releases page][14] and grab the **.deb** file.
[Download Session][12]
### My Experience On Using Session App
I’ve managed to try it on multiple platforms. For the desktop, I utilized the .AppImage file on **Pop!_OS 19.10** to run Session.
Overall, the user experience was impressive and had no UI glitches.
It’s also easy to recover your account once you’ve backed up your secret code (which is known as **seed**) from the settings.
![][15]
But, I also noticed a couple of issues- which can be fixed/improved:
* Delay in accepting a friend request
* The way of linking devices is not intuitive
* Sometimes when you reply from two separate devices (using the same ID), the receiver gets two different conversations.
**Conclusion**
Of course, nothing’s ever perfect. For now, I’m thinking of keeping it installed and considering Session’s features, it is definitely something a privacy-focused user should try.
What do you think about it? Feel free to let me know your thoughts in the comments below.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://itsfoss.com/session-messenger/
作者：[Ankush Das][a]
选题：[lujun9972][b]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
[1]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/session-app.jpg?ssl=1
[2]: https://getsession.org/
[3]: https://loki.foundation/
[4]: https://itsfoss.com/signal-messaging-app/
[5]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/session-create.jpg?ssl=1
[6]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/session-application-id.jpg?ssl=1
[7]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockchain
[8]: https://getsession.org/how-session-protects-your-anonymity-with-blockchain-and-crypto/
[9]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/session-cross-platform.jpg?ssl=1
[10]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/session-settings.jpg?fit=800%2C512&ssl=1
[11]: https://getsession.org/centralisation-vs-decentralisation-in-private-messaging/
[12]: https://getsession.org/download/
[13]: https://itsfoss.com/use-appimage-linux/
[14]: https://github.com/loki-project/session-desktop/releases
[15]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/session-seed.jpg?ssl=1

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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: (geekpi)
[#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )
[#]: subject: (PHP Development on Fedora with Eclipse)
[#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/php-development-on-fedora-with-eclipse/)
[#]: author: (Mehdi Haghgoo https://fedoramagazine.org/author/powergame/)
使用 Eclipse 在 Fedora 上进行 PHP 开发
======
![][1]
[Eclipse][2] 是由 Eclipse 基金会开发的功能全面的免费开源 IDE。自 2001 年以来一直存在。你可以在此 IDE 中编写从 C/C++ 和 Java 到 PHP、Python、HTML、JavaScript、Kotlin 等。
### 安装
该软件可从 Fedora 的官方仓库中获得。要安装它，请用：
```
sudo dnf install eclipse
```
这将安装基本的 IDE 和 Eclipse 平台，能让你开发 Java 应用。为了将 PHP 开发支持添加到 IDE，请运行以下命令：
```
sudo dnf install eclipse-pdt
```
这将安装 PHP 开发工具，如 PHP 项目向导、PHP 服务器配置，composer 支持等。
### 功能
该 IDE 有许多使 PHP 开发更加容易的功能。例如，它有全面的项目向导（你可以在其中为新项目配置许多选项）。它还有如 composer 支持、调试支持、浏览器、终端等内置功能。
### 示例项目
现在已经安装了 IDE，让我们创建一个简单的 PHP 项目。进入 _File →New → Project_。在出现的对话框中，选择 _PHP project_。输入项目的名称。你可能还需要更改其他一些选项，例如更改项目的默认位置，启用 JavaScript 以及更改 PHP 版本。请看以下截图。
![Create A New PHP Project in Eclipse][3]
你可以单击 _Finish_ 按钮创建项目，或按 _Next_ 配置其他选项，例如添加包含和构建路径。在大多数情况下，你无需更改这些设置。
创建项目后，右键单击项目文件夹，然后选择 _New→PHP File_ 将新的 PHP 文件添加到项目。在本教程中，我将其命名为 _index.php_，这是每个 PHP 项目中公认的默认文件。
![][4]
接着在新文件中添加代码。
![Demo PHP code][5]
在上面的例子中，我在同一页面上使用了 CSS、JavaScript 和 PHP 标记，主要是为了展示 IDE 能够支持所有这些标记。
页面完成后，你可以将文件移至 Web 服务器文档根目录或在项目目录中创建一个开发 PHP 服务器来查看输出。
借助 Eclipse 中的内置终端，我们可以直接在 IDE 中启动 PHP 开发服务器。只需单击工具栏上的终端图标（![Terminal Icon][6]），然后单击 _OK_。在新终端中，进入项目目录，然后运行以下命令：
```
php -S localhost:8080 -t . index.php
```
![Terminal output][7]
现在，打开浏览器并进入 <http://localhost:8080>。如果按照说明正确完成了所有操作，并且代码没有错误，那么你将在浏览器中看到 PHP 脚本的输出。
![PHP output in Fedora][8]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://fedoramagazine.org/php-development-on-fedora-with-eclipse/
作者：[Mehdi Haghgoo][a]
选题：[lujun9972][b]
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/author/powergame/
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
[1]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/php-eclipse-816x346.png
[2]: https://projects.eclipse.org/projects/eclipse
[3]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Screenshot-from-2020-02-07-01-58-39.png
[4]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Screenshot-from-2020-02-07-02-02-05-1024x576.png
[5]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/code-1024x916.png
[6]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Screenshot-from-2020-02-07-03-50-05.png
[7]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/terminal-1024x239.png
[8]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/output.png