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@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
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Translating by Xuanwo
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Part 1 - LFCS: How to use GNU ‘sed’ Command to Create, Edit, and Manipulate files in Linux
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================================================================================
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The Linux Foundation announced the LFCS (Linux Foundation Certified Sysadmin) certification, a new program that aims at helping individuals all over the world to get certified in basic to intermediate system administration tasks for Linux systems. This includes supporting running systems and services, along with first-hand troubleshooting and analysis, and smart decision-making to escalate issues to engineering teams.
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@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
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Translating by Xuanwo
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Part 10 - LFCS: Understanding & Learning Basic Shell Scripting and Linux Filesystem Troubleshooting
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================================================================================
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The Linux Foundation launched the LFCS certification (Linux Foundation Certified Sysadmin), a brand new initiative whose purpose is to allow individuals everywhere (and anywhere) to get certified in basic to intermediate operational support for Linux systems, which includes supporting running systems and services, along with overall monitoring and analysis, plus smart decision-making when it comes to raising issues to upper support teams.
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@ -99,10 +101,10 @@ Execute Script
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Whenever you need to specify different courses of action to be taken in a shell script, as result of the success or failure of a command, you will use the if construct to define such conditions. Its basic syntax is:
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if CONDITION; then
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if CONDITION; then
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COMMANDS;
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else
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OTHER-COMMANDS
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OTHER-COMMANDS
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fi
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Where CONDITION can be one of the following (only the most frequent conditions are cited here) and evaluates to true when:
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@ -133,8 +135,8 @@ Where CONDITION can be one of the following (only the most frequent conditions a
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This loop allows to execute one or more commands for each value in a list of values. Its basic syntax is:
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for item in SEQUENCE; do
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COMMANDS;
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for item in SEQUENCE; do
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COMMANDS;
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done
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Where item is a generic variable that represents each value in SEQUENCE during each iteration.
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@ -143,8 +145,8 @@ Where item is a generic variable that represents each value in SEQUENCE during e
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This loop allows to execute a series of repetitive commands as long as the control command executes with an exit status equal to zero (successfully). Its basic syntax is:
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while EVALUATION_COMMAND; do
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EXECUTE_COMMANDS;
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while EVALUATION_COMMAND; do
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EXECUTE_COMMANDS;
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done
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Where EVALUATION_COMMAND can be any command(s) that can exit with a success (0) or failure (other than 0) status, and EXECUTE_COMMANDS can be any program, script or shell construct, including other nested loops.
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@ -158,7 +160,7 @@ We will demonstrate the use of the if construct and the for loop with the follow
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Let’s create a file with a list of services that we want to monitor at a glance.
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# cat myservices.txt
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sshd
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mariadb
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httpd
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@ -172,10 +174,10 @@ Script to Monitor Linux Services
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Our shell script should look like.
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#!/bin/bash
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# This script iterates over a list of services and
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# is used to determine whether they are running or not.
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for service in $(cat myservices.txt); do
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systemctl status $service | grep --quiet "running"
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if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
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@ -214,10 +216,10 @@ Services Monitoring Script
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We could go one step further and check for the existence of myservices.txt before even attempting to enter the for loop.
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#!/bin/bash
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# This script iterates over a list of services and
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# is used to determine whether they are running or not.
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if [ -f myservices.txt ]; then
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for service in $(cat myservices.txt); do
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systemctl status $service | grep --quiet "running"
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@ -238,9 +240,9 @@ You may want to maintain a list of hosts in a text file and use a script to dete
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The read shell built-in command tells the while loop to read myhosts line by line and assigns the content of each line to variable host, which is then passed to the ping command.
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#!/bin/bash
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# This script is used to demonstrate the use of a while loop
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while read host; do
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ping -c 2 $host
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done < myhosts
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@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
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Translating by Xuanwo
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Part 2 - LFCS: How to Install and Use vi/vim as a Full Text Editor
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================================================================================
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A couple of months ago, the Linux Foundation launched the LFCS (Linux Foundation Certified Sysadmin) certification in order to help individuals from all over the world to verify they are capable of doing basic to intermediate system administration tasks on Linux systems: system support, first-hand troubleshooting and maintenance, plus intelligent decision-making to know when it’s time to raise issues to upper support teams.
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@ -295,7 +297,7 @@ Vi Search String in File
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c). vi uses a command (similar to sed’s) to perform substitution operations over a range of lines or an entire file. To change the word “old” to “young” for the entire file, we must enter the following command.
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:%s/old/young/g
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:%s/old/young/g
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**Notice**: The colon at the beginning of the command.
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@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
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Translating by Xuanwo
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Part 3 - LFCS: How to Archive/Compress Files & Directories, Setting File Attributes and Finding Files in Linux
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================================================================================
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Recently, the Linux Foundation started the LFCS (Linux Foundation Certified Sysadmin) certification, a brand new program whose purpose is allowing individuals from all corners of the globe to have access to an exam, which if approved, certifies that the person is knowledgeable in performing basic to intermediate system administration tasks on Linux systems. This includes supporting already running systems and services, along with first-level troubleshooting and analysis, plus the ability to decide when to escalate issues to engineering teams.
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@ -178,9 +180,9 @@ List Archive Content
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Run any of the following commands:
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# gzip -d myfiles.tar.gz [#1]
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# bzip2 -d myfiles.tar.bz2 [#2]
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# xz -d myfiles.tar.xz [#3]
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# gzip -d myfiles.tar.gz [#1]
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# bzip2 -d myfiles.tar.bz2 [#2]
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# xz -d myfiles.tar.xz [#3]
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Then
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@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
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Translating by Xuanwo
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Part 4 - LFCS: Partitioning Storage Devices, Formatting Filesystems and Configuring Swap Partition
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================================================================================
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Last August, the Linux Foundation launched the LFCS certification (Linux Foundation Certified Sysadmin), a shiny chance for system administrators to show, through a performance-based exam, that they can perform overall operational support of Linux systems: system support, first-level diagnosing and monitoring, plus issue escalation – if needed – to other support teams.
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@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
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Translating by Xuanwo
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Part 5 - LFCS: How to Mount/Unmount Local and Network (Samba & NFS) Filesystems in Linux
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================================================================================
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The Linux Foundation launched the LFCS certification (Linux Foundation Certified Sysadmin), a brand new program whose purpose is allowing individuals from all corners of the globe to get certified in basic to intermediate system administration tasks for Linux systems, which includes supporting running systems and services, along with overall monitoring and analysis, plus smart decision-making when it comes to raising issues to upper support teams.
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@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
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Translating by Xuanwo
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Part 6 - LFCS: Assembling Partitions as RAID Devices – Creating & Managing System Backups
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================================================================================
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Recently, the Linux Foundation launched the LFCS (Linux Foundation Certified Sysadmin) certification, a shiny chance for system administrators everywhere to demonstrate, through a performance-based exam, that they are capable of performing overall operational support on Linux systems: system support, first-level diagnosing and monitoring, plus issue escalation, when required, to other support teams.
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@ -24,7 +26,7 @@ However, the actual fault-tolerance and disk I/O performance lean on how the har
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Our tool of choice for creating, assembling, managing, and monitoring our software RAIDs is called mdadm (short for multiple disks admin).
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---------------- Debian and Derivatives ----------------
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# aptitude update && aptitude install mdadm
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# aptitude update && aptitude install mdadm
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----------
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@ -34,7 +36,7 @@ Our tool of choice for creating, assembling, managing, and monitoring our softwa
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----------
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---------------- On openSUSE ----------------
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# zypper refresh && zypper install mdadm #
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# zypper refresh && zypper install mdadm #
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#### Assembling Partitions as RAID Devices ####
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@ -55,7 +57,7 @@ Creating RAID Array
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After creating RAID array, you an check the status of the array using the following commands.
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# cat /proc/mdstat
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or
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or
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# mdadm --detail /dev/md0 [More detailed summary]
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@ -203,16 +205,16 @@ The downside of this backup approach is that the image will have the same size a
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# dd if=/dev/sda of=/system_images/sda.img
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OR
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--------------------- Alternatively, you can compress the image file ---------------------
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# dd if=/dev/sda | gzip -c > /system_images/sda.img.gz
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--------------------- Alternatively, you can compress the image file ---------------------
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# dd if=/dev/sda | gzip -c > /system_images/sda.img.gz
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**Restoring the backup from the image file**
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# dd if=/system_images/sda.img of=/dev/sda
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OR
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--------------------- Depending on your choice while creating the image ---------------------
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gzip -dc /system_images/sda.img.gz | dd of=/dev/sda
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OR
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--------------------- Depending on your choice while creating the image ---------------------
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gzip -dc /system_images/sda.img.gz | dd of=/dev/sda
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Method 2: Backup certain files / directories with tar command – already covered in [Part 3][3] of this series. You may consider using this method if you need to keep copies of specific files and directories (configuration files, users’ home directories, and so on).
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@ -247,7 +249,7 @@ Synchronizing remote → local directories over ssh.
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In this case, switch the source and destination directories from the previous example.
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# rsync -avzhe ssh root@remote_host:/remote_directory/ backups
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# rsync -avzhe ssh root@remote_host:/remote_directory/ backups
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Please note that these are only 3 examples (most frequent cases you’re likely to run into) of the use of rsync. For more examples and usages of rsync commands can be found at the following article.
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@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
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Translating by Xuanwo
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Part 7 - LFCS: Managing System Startup Process and Services (SysVinit, Systemd and Upstart)
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================================================================================
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A couple of months ago, the Linux Foundation announced the LFCS (Linux Foundation Certified Sysadmin) certification, an exciting new program whose aim is allowing individuals from all ends of the world to get certified in performing basic to intermediate system administration tasks on Linux systems. This includes supporting already running systems and services, along with first-hand problem-finding and analysis, plus the ability to decide when to raise issues to engineering teams.
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@ -267,7 +269,7 @@ Starting Stoping Services
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Under systemd you can enable or disable a service when it boots.
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# systemctl enable [service] # enable a service
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# systemctl enable [service] # enable a service
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# systemctl disable [service] # prevent a service from starting at boot
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The process of enabling or disabling a service to start automatically on boot consists in adding or removing symbolic links in the /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants directory.
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@ -315,7 +317,7 @@ For example,
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# My test service - Upstart script demo description "Here goes the description of 'My test service'" author "Dave Null <dave.null@example.com>"
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# Stanzas
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#
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# Stanzas define when and how a process is started and stopped
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# See a list of stanzas here: http://upstart.ubuntu.com/wiki/Stanzas#respawn
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@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
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Translating by Xuanwo
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Part 8 - LFCS: Managing Users & Groups, File Permissions & Attributes and Enabling sudo Access on Accounts
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================================================================================
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Last August, the Linux Foundation started the LFCS certification (Linux Foundation Certified Sysadmin), a brand new program whose purpose is to allow individuals everywhere and anywhere take an exam in order to get certified in basic to intermediate operational support for Linux systems, which includes supporting running systems and services, along with overall monitoring and analysis, plus intelligent decision-making to be able to decide when it’s necessary to escalate issues to higher level support teams.
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@ -191,7 +193,7 @@ Thus, any user should have permission to run /bin/passwd, but only root will be
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Change User Password
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**Understanding Setgid**
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When the setgid bit is set, the effective GID of the real user becomes that of the group owner. Thus, any user can access a file under the privileges granted to the group owner of such file. In addition, when the setgid bit is set on a directory, newly created files inherit the same group as the directory, and newly created subdirectories will also inherit the setgid bit of the parent directory. You will most likely use this approach whenever members of a certain group need access to all the files in a directory, regardless of the file owner’s primary group.
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@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
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Translating by Xuanwo
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Part 9 - LFCS: Linux Package Management with Yum, RPM, Apt, Dpkg, Aptitude and Zypper
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================================================================================
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Last August, the Linux Foundation announced the LFCS certification (Linux Foundation Certified Sysadmin), a shiny chance for system administrators everywhere to demonstrate, through a performance-based exam, that they are capable of succeeding at overall operational support for Linux systems. A Linux Foundation Certified Sysadmin has the expertise to ensure effective system support, first-level troubleshooting and monitoring, including finally issue escalation, when needed, to engineering support teams.
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@ -85,7 +87,7 @@ rpm is the package management system used by Linux Standard Base (LSB)-compliant
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yum adds the functionality of automatic updates and package management with dependency management to RPM-based systems. As a high-level tool, like apt-get or aptitude, yum works with repositories.
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- Read More: [20 yum Command Examples][4]
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-
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-
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### Common Usage of Low-Level Tools ###
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The most frequent tasks that you will do with low level tools are as follows:
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@ -155,7 +157,7 @@ The most frequent tasks that you will do with high level tools are as follows.
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aptitude update will update the list of available packages, and aptitude search will perform the actual search for package_name.
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# aptitude update && aptitude search package_name
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# aptitude update && aptitude search package_name
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In the search all option, yum will search for package_name not only in package names, but also in package descriptions.
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@ -190,8 +192,8 @@ The option remove will uninstall the package but leaving configuration files int
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# yum erase package_name
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---Notice the minus sign in front of the package that will be uninstalled, openSUSE ---
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# zypper remove -package_name
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# zypper remove -package_name
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Most (if not all) package managers will prompt you, by default, if you’re sure about proceeding with the uninstallation before actually performing it. So read the onscreen messages carefully to avoid running into unnecessary trouble!
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@ -199,7 +201,7 @@ Most (if not all) package managers will prompt you, by default, if you’re sure
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The following command will display information about the birthday package.
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# aptitude show birthday
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# aptitude show birthday
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# yum info birthday
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# zypper info birthday
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@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ Translating by Xuanwo
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================================================================================
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你在寻找**Ubuntu中最好的BT客户端**吗？事实上，桌面平台中有许多可用的BT客户端，但是它们中的哪些才是**最好的**呢？
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在寻找**Ubuntu中最好的BT客户端**吗？事实上，桌面平台中有许多可用的BT客户端，但是它们中的哪些才是**最好的**呢？
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我将会列出最好的五个BT客户端，它们都拥有着体积轻盈，功能强大的特点，而且还有令人印象深刻的用户界面。自然，易于安装和使用也是特性之一。
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@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ Deluge可在Ubuntu的仓库中获取，你能够在Ubuntu软件中心中安装
|
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正如它的名字所暗示的，[qBittorrent][2] 是著名的 [Bittorrent][3] 应用的Qt版本。如果你曾经使用过它，你将会看到和Windows下的Bittorrent相似的界面。同样轻巧并且有着BT客户端的所有标准功能，qBittorrent也可以在Ubuntu的默认仓库中找到。
|
||||
正如它的名字所暗示的，[qBittorrent][2] 是著名的 [Bittorrent][3] 应用的Qt版本。如果曾经使用过它，你将会看到和Windows下的Bittorrent相似的界面。同样轻巧并且有着BT客户端的所有标准功能，qBittorrent也可以在Ubuntu的默认仓库中找到。
|
||||
|
||||
它可以通过Ubuntu软件仓库安装，或者使用下面的命令：
|
||||
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||||
@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ Deluge可在Ubuntu的仓库中获取，你能够在Ubuntu软件中心中安装
|
||||
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||||
|
||||
|
||||
[Vuze][6]是许多Linux以及Windows用户最喜欢的BT客户端。除了标准的功能，你可以直接在应用程序中搜索种子。你也可以订阅系列片源，这样你就无需再去寻找新的片源了，因为你可以在侧边栏中的订阅看到它们。
|
||||
[Vuze][6]是许多Linux以及Windows用户最喜欢的BT客户端。除了标准的功能，你可以直接在应用程序中搜索种子，也可以订阅系列片源，这样就无需再去寻找新的片源了，因为你可以在侧边栏中的订阅看到它们。
|
||||
|
||||
它还配备了一个视频播放器，可以播放带有字幕的高清视频以及一切。但是我不认为你会用它来代替那些更好的视频播放器，比如VLC。
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||||
|
||||
@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ Vuze可以通过Ubuntu软件中心安装或者使用下列命令：
|
||||
|
||||
[Frostwire][7]可能会是一个你想要去尝试的应用。它不仅仅是一个简单的BT客户端，它还可以应用于安卓，你可以用它通过Wifi来共享文件。
|
||||
|
||||
你可以在应用中搜索种子并且播放他们。除了下载文件，它还可以浏览你本地的影音文件，并且将它们有条理的呈现在播放器中。这同样适用于安卓版本。
|
||||
你可以在应用中搜索种子并且播放他们。除了下载文件，它还可以浏览本地的影音文件，并且将它们有条理的呈现在播放器中。这同样适用于安卓版本。
|
||||
|
||||
还有一个特点是：Frostwire提供了印度艺术家的合法音乐下载。你可以下载并且欣赏它们，免费而且合法。
|
||||
|
||||
@ -84,15 +84,15 @@ Vuze可以通过Ubuntu软件中心安装或者使用下列命令：
|
||||
|
||||
在Windows中，uTorrent（发音：mu torrent）是我最喜欢的BT应用。尽管uTorrent可以在Linux下运行，但是我还是特意忽略了它。因为在Linux下使用uTorrent不仅困难，而且无法获得完整的应用体验（运行在浏览器中）。
|
||||
|
||||
你可以[在这里][9]阅读Ubuntu下uTorrent的安装教程。
|
||||
可以[在这里][9]阅读Ubuntu下uTorrent的安装教程。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 快速提示: ####
|
||||
|
||||
大多数情况下，BT应用不会默认自动自动启动。如果你想改变这一行为，阅读[如何管理Ubuntu下的自启程序][10]来学习。
|
||||
大多数情况下，BT应用不会默认自动自动启动。如果想改变这一行为，请阅读[如何管理Ubuntu下的自启程序][10]来学习。
|
||||
|
||||
### 你最喜欢的是什么？ ###
|
||||
|
||||
这些是我对于Ubuntu下最好的BT客户端的一键。你最喜欢的是什么呢？请发表评论。你也可以查看与本主题相关的[Ubuntu最好的下载管理器][11]。如果你使用Popcorn Time，试试[Popcorn Time技巧][12]
|
||||
这些是我对于Ubuntu下最好的BT客户端的意见。你最喜欢的是什么呢？请发表评论。也可以查看与本主题相关的[Ubuntu最好的下载管理器][11]。如果使用Popcorn Time，试试[Popcorn Time技巧][12]
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
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Reference in New Issue
Block a user