mirror of
https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject.git
synced 2025-02-03 23:40:14 +08:00
Merge remote-tracking branch 'LCTT/master'
This commit is contained in:
Xingyu Wang
commit
5eee8e6c1a
@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: publisher: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-12609-1.html)
|
||||
[#]: subject: (Linux Jargon Buster: What is a Linux Distribution? Why is it Called a ‘Distribution’?)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/what-is-linux-distribution/)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/)
|
||||
|
||||
Linux 黑话解释：什么是 Linux 发行版？为什么它被称为“发行版”？
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
> 在这一章的 Linux 黑话解释中，我们来讨论一些基本的东西。
|
||||
|
||||
![][8]
|
||||
|
||||
让我们来讨论一下什么是 Linux 发行版，为什么它被称为<ruby>发行版<rt>distribution</rt></ruby>（或简称 distro），以及，它与 Linux 内核有什么不同。你还会了解到为什么有些人坚称 Linux 为 GNU/Linux。
|
||||
|
||||
### 什么是 Linux 发行版？
|
||||
|
||||
Linux 发行版是一个由 Linux 内核、[GNU 工具][1]、附加软件和软件包管理器组成的操作系统，它也可能包括[显示服务器][9]和[桌面环境][2]，以用作常规的桌面操作系统。
|
||||
|
||||
这个术语之所以是 “Linux 发行版”，是因为像 Debian、Ubuntu 这样的机构“发行”了 Linux 内核以及所有必要的软件及实用程序（如网络管理器、软件包管理器、桌面环境等），使其可以作为一个操作系统使用。
|
||||
|
||||
你的发行版还负责提供更新来维护其内核和其他实用程序。
|
||||
|
||||
所以，“Linux” 是内核，而 “Linux 发行版”是操作系统。这就是为什么它们有时也被称为基于 Linux 的操作系统的原因。
|
||||
|
||||
如果不是很理解以上所有的内容，不要担心。下面我将详细解释一下。
|
||||
|
||||
### “Linux 只是一个内核，不是一个操作系统。”这是什么意思？
|
||||
|
||||
你可能看到到过这句话，这说的没错。内核是一个操作系统的核心，它接近于具体硬件。你使用应用程序和 shell 与它交互。
|
||||
|
||||
![Linux 内核结构][3]
|
||||
|
||||
为了理解这一点，我就用我在《[什么是 Linux 的详细指南][4]》中曾用过的那个比喻。把操作系统看成车辆，把内核看成引擎。你不能直接驱动引擎。同样，你也不能直接使用内核。
|
||||
|
||||
![操作系统类比][5]
|
||||
|
||||
一个 Linux 发行版可以看作是一个汽车制造商（比如丰田或福特）为你提供的现成的汽车，就像 Ubuntu 或 Fedora 发行版的发行商为你提供的一个基于 Linux 的现成操作系统一样。
|
||||
|
||||
### 什么是 GNU/Linux？
|
||||
|
||||
让我们再来看看这张图片。1991 年的时候，[Linus Torvalds][6] 创造的只是其中的最内圈，即 Linux 内核。
|
||||
|
||||
![Linux 内核结构][3]
|
||||
|
||||
要使用 Linux，即使是以最原始的形式，甚至没有 GUI，你也需要一个 shell。最常见的是 Bash shell。
|
||||
|
||||
然后，你需要在 shell 中运行一些命令来完成一些工作。你能记起一些基本的 Linux 命令吗？比如 `cat`、`cp`、`mv`、`grep`、`find`、`diff`、`gzip` 等等。
|
||||
|
||||
严格来说，这些所谓的“Linux 命令”并不是只属于 Linux。它们中的很多都来源于 UNIX 操作系统。
|
||||
|
||||
在 Linux 诞生之前，Richard Stallman 就已经在 1983 年创建了<ruby>自由软件项目<rt>free software project</rt></ruby>中的第一个项目：GNU（GNU 是“GNU is Not Unix” 的递归缩写）。[GNU 项目][7]实现了许多流行的 Unix 实用程序，如 `cat`、`grep`、`awk`、shell（`bash`），同时还开发了自己的编译器（GCC）和编辑器（Emacs）。
|
||||
|
||||
在 80 年代，UNIX 是专有软件，而且超级昂贵。这就是为什么 Linus Torvalds 开发了一个类似 UNIX 的新内核的原因。为了与 Linux 内核进行交互，Linus Torvalds 使用了 GNU 工具，这些工具在其 GPL 开源许可证下是免费的。
|
||||
|
||||
有了这些 GNU 工具，它的行为也像 UNIX 一样。这就是为什么 Linux 也被称为类 UNIX 操作系统的原因。
|
||||
|
||||
你无法想象没有 shell 和所有这些命令的 Linux。由于 Linux 与 GNU 工具集成得很深，几乎是完全依赖于 GNU 工具，所以纯粹主义者要求 GNU 应该得到应有的认可，这就是为什么他们坚称它为 GNU Linux（写成 GNU/Linux）。
|
||||
|
||||
### 总结
|
||||
|
||||
那么，该用哪个术语？Linux、GNU/Linux、Linux 发行版，基于 Linux 的操作系统还是类 UNIX 操作系统？这取决于你的上下文。我已经为你提供了足够的细节，让你对这些相关的术语有更好的理解。
|
||||
|
||||
我希望你喜欢这个 Linux 黑话解释系列，并能学习到新的东西。欢迎你的反馈和建议。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://itsfoss.com/what-is-linux-distribution/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://www.gnu.org/manual/blurbs.html
|
||||
[2]: https://itsfoss.com/what-is-desktop-environment/
|
||||
[3]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Linux_Kernel_structure.png?resize=800%2C350&ssl=1
|
||||
[4]: https://itsfoss.com/what-is-linux/
|
||||
[5]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/operating_system_analogy.png?resize=800%2C350&ssl=1
|
||||
[6]: https://itsfoss.com/linus-torvalds-facts/
|
||||
[7]: https://www.gnu.org/gnu/thegnuproject.en.html
|
||||
[8]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/what-is-linux-distribution.png?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1
|
||||
[9]: https://linux.cn/article-12589-1.html
|
||||
@ -1,63 +0,0 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: ( )
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
[#]: subject: (Military looks to ultraviolet networks for secure battlefield communication)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3572372/military-looks-to-ultraviolet-networks-for-secure-battlefield-communication.html)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Patrick Nelson https://www.networkworld.com/author/Patrick-Nelson/)
|
||||
|
||||
Military looks to ultraviolet networks for secure battlefield communication
|
||||
======
|
||||
The U.S. Army wants to develop new, more secure communications networks for soldiers in the field using free-space ultra-violet optical transmissions.
|
||||
Thinkstock
|
||||
|
||||
U.S. Army researchers are exploring the use of ultraviolet optical communications in battlefield situations because, under the right circumstances, the technology might support links that are undetectable to the enemy.
|
||||
|
||||
One thing the researchers looked at was the effects of attenuation, the natural phenomenon of the signals getting weaker over distance. They wanted to know whether there was a distance range in which the signals were weak enough that adversaries likely couldn’t detect them, but still be strong enough that friendly receivers could. They say they observed that to be the case, but the [research paper about their work][1] doesn’t say what those distances are.
|
||||
|
||||
According to an army press release, “ultraviolet communication has unique propagation characteristics that not only allow for a novel non-line-of-sight optical link, but also imply that the transmissions may be harder for an adversary to detect.”
|
||||
|
||||
The main thrust of the study by the U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command’s [Army Research Laboratory][2] was to develop a framework for future research that could quantify the circumstances under which ultraviolet communications could be both useful to friendly forces and undetectable to hostiles. In the course of that research they gleaned two other important insights:
|
||||
|
||||
* The worst case scenario – when the enemy detector is in direct line-of-sight with the transmitter and the friendly receiver is not – isn’t as big a concern as might be feared.
|
||||
* Steering the signal of the UV transmitter doesn’t seem to be an effective way to mitigate detection of the signal by an adversary.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The researchers plan to analyze four scenarios involving the placement of the UV transmitter, the intended receiver and the enemy detector:
|
||||
|
||||
* The friendly receiver and the adversary detector are both in line-of-sight with the transmitter.
|
||||
* The friendly receiver is in line-of-sight but the adversary detector is not. (Best case)
|
||||
* The adversary’s detector is in line-of-sight but the friendly receiver is not. (Worst case)
|
||||
* Neither the friendly receiver nor adversary detector is in line-of-sight.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The assumption is that an opponent would try to count photons over time to detect a coherent transmission signal that would indicate that communication was underway.
|
||||
|
||||
The scientists accept the fact that close-in to the transmitter, the signal is easy to detect, so effective use of the UV transmissions would rely on having a good sense of where the opposing detectors are located.
|
||||
|
||||
“Our work provides a framework enabling the study of the fundamental limits of detectability for an ultraviolet communication system meeting desired communication performance requirements,” said Dr. Robert Drost, one of the researchers.
|
||||
|
||||
“Our research is ensuring that the community has the fundamental understanding of the potential for and limitations of using ultraviolet wavelengths for communications, and I am confident that this understanding will inform the development of future Army networking capabilities.”
|
||||
|
||||
Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][3] and [LinkedIn][4] to comment on topics that are top of mind.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3572372/military-looks-to-ultraviolet-networks-for-secure-battlefield-communication.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Patrick Nelson][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Patrick-Nelson/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://www.osapublishing.org/DirectPDFAccess/4516B0FD-2152-4663-9A9899BF00560B7C_433781/oe-28-16-23640.pdf?da=1&id=433781&seq=0&mobile=no
|
||||
[2]: https://www.arl.army.mil
|
||||
[3]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/
|
||||
[4]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: ( )
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
[#]: subject: (How breaking my back led me to open source)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/20/9/breaking-back-open-source)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Sara Kelly https://opensource.com/users/sarapk)
|
||||
|
||||
How breaking my back led me to open source
|
||||
======
|
||||
Open source gave a voice and a community to someone coping with the
|
||||
aftermath of a major injury, and eventually led to a new career.
|
||||
![Open source doctor.][1]
|
||||
|
||||
Recently, I noticed some unusual activity on my blog. A very old post about [how I broke my back][2] while living in London had a lot of hits. Was it yet another case of Internet spammers finding a new target for their lewd advertisements? I finally put two and two together when I read [the headlines][3] that British personality Simon Cowell had broken his back in a freak motorcycle accident. Aha. So, a little celebrity mishap had led to a renewed interest in my story. Not to worry, if my recovery is anything to go by, then Simon should be just fine, folks.
|
||||
|
||||
Breaking my back was a pivotal experience on many fronts. It scared the hell out of me. But the road to recovery helped me become a more resilient, courageous, and patient human being. Interestingly, it was this incident that also led me to the world of open source. Living with chronic pain is lonely, but I found my voice and a community via WordPress. Now, nearly eight years later, I'm working for the number one open source company in the world.
|
||||
|
||||
### Wiggle your toes
|
||||
|
||||
When I woke up in the trauma ward of Whitechapel Hospital back in 2011, I was tightly swaddled in white cotton, like an infant. Pitiful moans echoed around me, and I saw nurses scurrying to-and-fro. There was barely time to balk at my surroundings before a stern-looking doctor with a clipboard approached my cot. He skipped the niceties, and gravely informed me that I had broken my back.
|
||||
|
||||
My first reaction was to wiggle my toes as a cold sweat hit my face. Would I ever walk again?
|
||||
|
||||
"But doctor, I can feel my toes!" I cried, desperately hoping that would be the end of the nightmare.
|
||||
|
||||
I was curtly informed that breaking your back is not the same as a spinal injury. One is a case of broken bones, which can heal over time. The other means permanent disability. In my case, the L1 bone had shattered into small pieces which were resting scarily close to the spinal cord. The doctor recommended complex spinal surgery to collect the bone fragments and piece them back together with metal rods. However, until surgery occurred, I should not make any sudden movements in case the bones slipped and damaged the spinal cord.
|
||||
|
||||
It was five days before I underwent surgery, during which I was in a constant state of terror. I was afraid to move an inch lest I become wheelchair-bound. Lying in the same position for hours on end is painful. Even worse were the well-meaning nurses who needed to carefully maneuver me to change the bed sheets each morning. Those five days seemed like an eternity, but eventually, I had my surgery, and a few days later, I was discharged from the hospital.
|
||||
|
||||
### Learning to walk
|
||||
|
||||
Muscles waste away at an alarming rate. Broken back patients are encouraged to start moving as soon after surgery as possible for the best chance of recovery. During spinal surgery, most of the muscles in your back are spliced through so that the surgeons have room to focus on inserting titanium metal rods around the broken bones. So, when you wake up, you are starting from a position of zero muscle strength.
|
||||
|
||||
The day after my surgery, my first goal was to take two steps. The next day, it was ten steps. Then it was walking to the bathroom and back. By the time I left the hospital, I still couldn't walk more than 15 feet without assistance, but I continued to set myself small goals and started hydrotherapy to regain my mobility.
|
||||
|
||||
Funny enough, my pain only increased as I learned to walk again. Up until that point, I had avoided any serious reliance on drugs. But by the time I could take a shower independently, walk upstairs, or catch public transport with confidence, I was in utter agony.
|
||||
|
||||
### Chronic pain is a lonely place
|
||||
|
||||
It felt like thick, iron poles were constantly stabbing my right hip and knee. At first, the pain would creep on in the early afternoon, but eventually, it became constant chronic pain. The most difficult part was not knowing why it was happening. I was supposed to be getting better, so why was I hurting so badly?
|
||||
|
||||
Nobody explained to me what nerve pain is. Now I know it is a common side effect of any surgery and can be temporary or permanent. Back then, various disinterested doctors and physiotherapists put it down to me not walking correctly or simply complaining.
|
||||
|
||||
Being in constant pain, especially when nobody is listening, is incredibly lonely. For the next couple of years, I experimented with all sorts of medications, yoga, pilates, meditation, and even chiropractic treatments. Nothing would make the pain go away. I became heavily dependent on opiates, which caused other health problems such as constipation, insomnia, and mild hallucinations.
|
||||
|
||||
### Introducing WordPress
|
||||
|
||||
Just as I was giving in to depression, I was introduced to WordPress. A friend of mine had created their own personal blog, and they were posting creative articles about their life and opinions. Up until that time, I had thought the realm of websites was reserved for techie folks. I didn't have a clue about programming, let alone what a domain name was.
|
||||
|
||||
My friend insisted it was easy and invited me to post a guest blog on their site. I decided to share the story of my accident. Publishing the blog was cathartic—I needed that emotional release—and from a technical perspective, it was easy peasy. WordPress allowed me to format the text and add pictures with ease. Afterward, my friend informed me of the number of views my blog posting received, and I toyed with the idea of starting my own website.
|
||||
|
||||
### The doctor calls
|
||||
|
||||
A few weeks after publishing my first ever blog, I was going for a routine checkup at Whitechapel Hospital. Shortly after signing in at the reception counter, the original doctor—the one with the clipboard who had performed my spinal surgery, beckoned me into his office.
|
||||
|
||||
Gone was the serious expression and grouchy-looking eyebrows. The doctor actually looked happy to see me. As usual, he skipped the pleasantries and hastened to share that he had read my blog about breaking my back. I was shocked something I had posted had reached him! He went on to say how moved he was by my struggles, as well as concerned by some of the "remedies" I had tried. He promised he would do whatever he could to get to the bottom of my issue.
|
||||
|
||||
Well, long story short, the doctor eventually discovered the nerve pain I was experiencing was caused by the placement of two of the metal pins around my spine. I went in for a second spinal surgery to remove them, and ever since, I have been pain-free.
|
||||
|
||||
### I'm an open source believer
|
||||
|
||||
![What happens when you break your back][4]
|
||||
|
||||
Sara Kelly [[CC-BY-SA][5]]
|
||||
|
||||
That experience taught me about the power of communication, and it wasn't long before I became a WordPress ninja! I entrenched myself in the [WordPress community][6] and soaked up everything there is to know about [running a website][7], thanks to the amazing network of contributors who post hacks, how-to guides, and respond to troubleshooting forums.
|
||||
|
||||
[WordPress][8] is a completely free platform that anyone can use, study, and even change. I am a huge fan of their [mission statement][9], which reads: "We believe in democratizing publishing and the freedoms that come with open source." My own humble story is just one example of how having a voice made an impact. My original blog is long gone, but I have written subsequent stories about my recovery, which my doctor now shares with new patients, so they know what to expect after a broken back. Perhaps my story has even helped a celebrity like Simon? In any case, I like the idea that there are millions of people the world over, with their own struggles and aspirations, who can make a positive difference in the world by using free platforms like WordPress.
|
||||
|
||||
What can I say? When I got the phone call almost a year ago that Red Hat was hiring, it felt like destiny. It's only by working at Red Hat I've come to appreciate how the idea of "open" unlocks the world's potential. The principles of open source—from decision-making to management practices—are firmly embedded in Red Hat's culture. Now, I truly am an open source believer.
|
||||
|
||||
Besides its popularity, WordPress is also known for usability and an easy-to-develop environment.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/article/20/9/breaking-back-open-source
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Sara Kelly][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/sarapk
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/osdc_520x292_opensourcedoctor.png?itok=fk79NwpC (Open source doctor.)
|
||||
[2]: https://bossyflossie.com/recover-broken-back/
|
||||
[3]: https://edition.cnn.com/2020/08/09/us/simon-cowell-bike-accident-trnd/index.html
|
||||
[4]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/what_happens_if_you_break_your_back.jpg (What happens when you break your back)
|
||||
[5]: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode
|
||||
[6]: https://make.wordpress.org/
|
||||
[7]: https://opensource.com/article/20/4/updating-wordpress
|
||||
[8]: http://wordpress.org
|
||||
[9]: https://wordpress.org/about/
|
||||
@ -1,89 +0,0 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: ( )
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
[#]: subject: (Linux Jargon Buster: What is a Linux Distribution? Why is it Called a ‘Distribution’?)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/what-is-linux-distribution/)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/)
|
||||
|
||||
Linux Jargon Buster: What is a Linux Distribution? Why is it Called a ‘Distribution’?
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
In this chapter of the Linux Jargon Buster, let’s discuss something elementary.
|
||||
|
||||
Let’s discuss what is a Linux distribution, why it is called a distribution (or distro) and how is it different from the Linux kernel. You’ll also learn a thing or two about why some people insist of calling Linux as GNU/Linux.
|
||||
|
||||
### What is a Linux distribution?
|
||||
|
||||
A Linux distribution is an operating system composed of the Linux kernel, [GNU tools][1], additional software and a package manager. It may also include display server and [desktop environment][2] to be used as regular desktop operating system.
|
||||
|
||||
The term is Linux distribution (or distro in short form) because an entity like Debian or Ubuntu ‘distributes’ the Linux kernel along with all the necessary software and utilities (like network manager, package manager, desktop environments etc) so that it can be used as an operating system.
|
||||
|
||||
Your distributions also takes the responsibility of providing updates to maintain the kernel and other utilities.
|
||||
|
||||
So, Linux is the kernel whereas the Linux distribution is the operating system. This is the reason why they are also sometime referred as Linux-based operating systems.
|
||||
|
||||
Don’t worry if not all the above makes sense right away. I’ll explain it in a bit more detail.
|
||||
|
||||
### Linux is just a kernel, not an operating system: What does it mean?
|
||||
|
||||
You might have come across that phrase and that’s entirely correct. The kernel is at the core of an operating system and it is close to the actual hardware. You interact with it using the applications and shell.
|
||||
|
||||
![Linux Kernel Structure][3]
|
||||
|
||||
To understand that, I’ll use the same analogy that I had used in my [detailed guide on what is Linux][4]. Think of operating systems as vehicles and kernel as engine. You cannot drive an engine directly. Similarly, you cannot use kernel directly.
|
||||
|
||||
![Operating System Analogy][5]
|
||||
|
||||
A Linux distribution can be seen as a vehicle manufacturer like Toyota or Ford that provides you ready to use cars just like Ubuntu or Fedora distributions provide you a ready to use operating systems based on Linux.
|
||||
|
||||
### What is GNU/Linux?
|
||||
|
||||
Take a look at this picture once again. What [Linus Torvalds][6] created in 1991 is just the innermost circle, i.e. the Linux kernel.
|
||||
|
||||
![Linux Kernel Structure][3]
|
||||
|
||||
To use Linux even in the most primitive form (without even a GUI), you need a shell. Most commonly, it is Bash shell.
|
||||
|
||||
And then, you need to run some commands in the shell to do some work. Can you recall some basic Linux commands? There is cat, cp, mv, grep find, diff, gzip and more.
|
||||
|
||||
Technically, not all of these so called ‘Linux commands’ belong to Linux exclusively. A lot of them originate mainly from the UNIX operating system.
|
||||
|
||||
Even before Linux came into existence, Richard Stallman had created the GNU (recursive acronym for GNU is not Unix) project, the first of the free software project, in 1983. The [GNU project][7] implemented many of the popular Unix utilities like cat, grep, awk, shell (bash) along with developing their own compilers (GCC) and editors (Emacs).
|
||||
|
||||
Back in the 80s UNIX was proprietary and super expensive. This is why Linus Torvalds developed a new kernel that was like UNIX. To interact with the Linux kernel, Torvalds used GNU tools which were available for free under their open source GPL license.
|
||||
|
||||
With the GNU tools, it also behaved like UNIX. This is the reason why Linux is also termed as UNIX-like operating system.
|
||||
|
||||
You cannot imagine Linux without the shell and all those commands. Since Linux integrates deeply with the GNU tools, almost dependent on it, the purists demand that GNU should get its fair share of recognition and this is why they insist on calling it GNU Linux (written as GNU/Linux).
|
||||
|
||||
### Conclusion
|
||||
|
||||
![][8]
|
||||
|
||||
So, what is the correct term? Linux, GNU/Linux, Linux distribution, Linux distro, Linux based operating system or UNIX-like operating system? I say it depends on you and the context. I have provided you enough detail so that you have a better understanding of these related terms.
|
||||
|
||||
I hope you are liking this **Linux Jargon Buster** series and learning new things. Your feedback and suggestions are welcome.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://itsfoss.com/what-is-linux-distribution/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://www.gnu.org/manual/blurbs.html
|
||||
[2]: https://itsfoss.com/what-is-desktop-environment/
|
||||
[3]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Linux_Kernel_structure.png?resize=800%2C350&ssl=1
|
||||
[4]: https://itsfoss.com/what-is-linux/
|
||||
[5]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/operating_system_analogy.png?resize=800%2C350&ssl=1
|
||||
[6]: https://itsfoss.com/linus-torvalds-facts/
|
||||
[7]: https://www.gnu.org/gnu/thegnuproject.en.html
|
||||
[8]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/what-is-linux-distribution.png?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: (silentdawn-zz)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
[#]: subject: (Military looks to ultraviolet networks for secure battlefield communication)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3572372/military-looks-to-ultraviolet-networks-for-secure-battlefield-communication.html)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Patrick Nelson https://www.networkworld.com/author/Patrick-Nelson/)
|
||||
|
||||
美国军方正探索战场保密通信用紫外网络
|
||||
======
|
||||
美国军方想以开放空间传输的紫外线为载体，为士兵开发新的更安全的通讯网络。
|
||||
|
||||
智库
|
||||
|
||||
美国军方研究者之所以探索战场环境下的紫外光通信的应用，是因为这种技术可能实现敌对方无法侦测的通信。
|
||||
|
||||
研究者关注的一个方面是衰减效应，即信号强度随传播距离的增加而减弱的自然现象。他们想知道是否存在一个合适的距离范围，在该范围内，信号强度足够弱，以至于敌对方几乎无法侦测，但又足够强，使得友方可以侦测并建立通信。他们说他们观察到了这种情况，但关于他们相关工作的 [研究论文][1] 并没有讲这个距离范围究竟是多少。
|
||||
|
||||
一份军方出版物提到，“紫外通信具有独特的传输特性，不但可以实现非视距连接，而且让敌对方难以侦测。”
|
||||
|
||||
这个研究由美军作战能力发展司令部 [军队研究实验室][2] 主导，其重点是开发一个基础架构，为未来研究提供可量化环境，在该环境下，己方既可以使用紫外通信，也能够避免敌对方的侦测。研究过程中他们还有另外两个发现：
|
||||
|
||||
* 最差情况，即敌对方探测器与己方发射器在视线范围内，但右方接收器不在视线范围内，问题不像想象中严重。
|
||||
* 转换紫外线发射器的发射方向不是降低敌对方探测到通信信号可能性的有效方式。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
研究者计划分析下面四种场景，场景中涵盖了己方紫外发射器、友方接收器、敌对方探测器相对位置关系：
|
||||
|
||||
* 友方接收器、敌对方探测器都在发射器的视线范围内。
|
||||
* 友方接收器在发射器视线范围内，但敌对方探测器不在视线范围内（最佳条件）。
|
||||
* 敌对方探测器在发射器的视线范围内，但友方接收器不在视线范围内（最差条件）。
|
||||
* 友方接收器、敌对方探测器均不在视线范围内。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
假定敌对方试图通过时域上的光子计数来发现相干通信信号，进而判定正在进行通信。
|
||||
|
||||
科学家们承认这么一个事实，即越靠近发射器，信号越容易被侦测。所以紫外通信中发射器的有效使用依赖于对敌对方探测器位置的准确感知。
|
||||
|
||||
”我们提供了一个基础框架，使得对紫外通信系统实际可探测性与期望性能间差距的根本限制因素的研究得以进行。“ 研究者之一，Robert Drost 博士如是说。
|
||||
|
||||
“我们的研究确保了团队O紫外波段用于通信的潜力及有限性有了根本上的理解。我坚信这种理解将影响到未来军队网络通信能力的发展。”
|
||||
|
||||
欢迎通过 [Facebook][3] 和 [LinkedIn][4] 加入 Network World 社团，点评顶级话题。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3572372/military-looks-to-ultraviolet-networks-for-secure-battlefield-communication.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Patrick Nelson][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[silentdawn-zz](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Patrick-Nelson/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://www.osapublishing.org/DirectPDFAccess/4516B0FD-2152-4663-9A9899BF00560B7C_433781/oe-28-16-23640.pdf?da=1&id=433781&seq=0&mobile=no
|
||||
[2]: https://www.arl.army.mil
|
||||
[3]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/
|
||||
[4]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user