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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
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[#]: translator: (heguangzhi)
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[#]: reviewer: ( )
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[#]: publisher: ( )
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[#]: url: ( )
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[#]: subject: (How to find what you’re looking for on Linux with find)
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[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3527420/how-to-find-what-you-re-looking-for-on-linux-with-find.html)
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[#]: author: (Sandra Henry-Stocker https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/)
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How to find what you’re looking for on Linux with find
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======
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The find command has a huge array of options to help you locate exactly the files you're looking for on a Linux system. This post explores a series of extremely useful commands.
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CSA Images / Getty Images
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There are a number of commands for finding files on Linux systems, but there are also a huge number of options that you can deploy when looking for them.
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For example, you can find files not just by their names, but by their owners and/or groups, their age, their size, the assigned permissions, the last time they were accessed, the associated inodes and even whether the files belong to an account or group that no longer exists on the system and so on.
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[[Get regularly scheduled insights by signing up for Network World newsletters.]][1]
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You can also specify where a search should start, how deeply into the file system the search should reach and how much the search result will tell you about the files it finds.
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And all these criteria can be handled by the **find** command.
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Examples of finding files by these criteria are provided below. In some commands, errors (such as trying to list files that you don’t have read access to), error output will be sent to **/dev/null** so that we don’t have to look at it. In others, we’ll simply run as root to avoid this problem.
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Keep in mind that additional options exist. This post covers a lot of ground, but not all of the ways that the **find** command can help locate files for you.
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### Picking a starting point
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With **find**, you can either select a point or start where you are. To select a starting spot, enter it following the word “find”. For example, “find /usr” or “find ./bin” would search starting the **/usr** directory or the **bin** directory in the current location while “find ~” would start in your home directory even if you’re currently located in some other location in the file system.
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[][2]
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### Picking what you want to see
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One of the most commonly used search strategies is to search for files by name. This requires using the **-name** option.
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By default, **find** will show you the full path to the files it finds. This is the same thing you would see if you add **-print** to your command. If you want to see the details associated with a file – its length, permissions, etc., you would need to add **-ls** to the end of your **find** command.
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```
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$ find ~/bin -name tryme
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/home/shs/bin/tryme
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$ find ~/bin -name tryme -print
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/home/shs/bin/tryme
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$ find ~/bin -name tryme -ls
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917528 4 -rwx------ 1 shs shs 139 Apr 8 2019 /home/shs/bin/tryme
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```
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You can also find files using substrings. For example, if you replace "tryme" in the example above with "try*", you'll find all the files with names that begin with "try".
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Finding files by name is probably the most typical use of the **find** command, but there are so many other ways to look for files and good reasons to want to. The sections below show how to use many of the other criteria available.
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In addition, when searching for files by size, group, inode etc., you probably will want some confirmation that the files found match what you were looking for. Using the **-ls** option to display the details is often very helpful.
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### Finding files by size
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Finding files by size requires use of the **-size** option and a little finesse with the specifications. If you specify **-size 189b**, for you example, you’re going to find files that are 189 blocks long, not 189 bytes. For bytes, you would need to use **-size 189c** (characters). And, if you specify **-size 200w**, you’re going to find files that are 200 words – words as in "two-byte increments", not words as in "those things we all say to each other". You can also look for file by providing sizes in kilobytes (k), megabytes (M) and gigabytes (G).
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Most of the time, Linux users will be searching for files that are larger than some selected size. For example, to find files that are larger than a gigabyte, you might use a command like this where the +1G means "larger than a gigabyte":
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```
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$ find -size +1G -ls 2>/dev/null
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787715 1053976 -rw-rw-r-- 1 shs shs 1079263432 Dec 21 2018 ./backup.zip
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801834 1052556 -rw-rw-r-- 1 shs shs 1077809525 Dec 21 2018 ./2019/hold.zip
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```
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### Finding files by inode #
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You can find files by the inode that is used to maintain the file’s metadata (i.e., everything but the file content and file name).
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```
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$ find -inum 919674 -ls 2>/dev/null
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919674 4 -rw-rw-r-- 1 shs shs 512 Dec 27 15:25 ./bin/my.log
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```
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### Finding files with a specific file owner or group
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Finding files by owner or group is also very straightforward. Here we use sudo to overcome permission issues.
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```
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$ sudo find /home -user nemo -name "*.png"-ls
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1705219 4 drwxr-xr-x 2 nemo nemo 4096 Jan 28 08:50 /home/nemo/Pictures/me.png
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```
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In this command, we look for a file that is owned by a multi-user group called “admins”.
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```
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# find /tmp -group admins -ls
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262199 4 -rwxr-x--- 1 dory admins 27 Feb 16 18:57 /tmp/testscript
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```
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### Finding files with no owners or groups
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You can look for files that don't belong to any users currently set up on the system by using the **-nouser** option as shown in the command below.
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```
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# find /tmp -nouser -ls
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262204 4 -rwx------ 1 1016 1016 17 Feb 17 16:42 /tmp/hello
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```
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Notice that the listing shows the old user's UID and GID – a clear indication that this user is not defined on the system. This kind of command will find files that were likely created in other-than-home directories by users whose accounts have since been removed from the system or in home directories that were not removed after the user account was removed. Similarly, the **-nogroup** option would find such files – especially when these users were the only members of the associated groups.
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### Finding files by last update time
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In this command, we look for files that have been updated in the last 24 hours in a particular user's home directory. The **sudo** is being used to allow searching another user’s home directory.
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```
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$ sudo find /home/nemo -mtime -1
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/home/nemo
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/home/nemo/snap/cheat
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/home/nemo/tryme
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```
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### Finding files by when permissions were last changed
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The **-ctime** option can help you find files that have had their status (e.g., permissions) changed within some referenced time frame. Here’s an example of looking for files that had permission changes within the last day:
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```
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$ find . -ctime -1 -ls
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787987 4 -rwxr-xr-x 1 shs shs 189 Feb 11 07:31 ./tryme
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```
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Keep in mind that the date and time displayed reflect the last updates to the file contents. You will have to use a command like **stat** to see all three times associated with a file (file creation, modification and status changes) .
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### Finding files based on last access times
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In this command, we look for local pdf files that were accessed within the last two days using the **-atime** option.
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```
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$ find -name "*.pdf" -atime -2
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./Wingding_Invites.pdf
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```
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### Finding files based on their age relative to another file
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You can use the -newer option to find files that are newer than some other file.
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```
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$ find . -newer dig1 -ls
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786434 68 drwxr-xr-x 67 shs shs 69632 Feb 16 19:05 .
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1064442 4 drwxr-xr-x 5 shs shs 4096 Feb 16 11:06 ./snap/cheat
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791846 4 -rw-rw-r-- 1 shs shs 649 Feb 13 14:26 ./dig
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```
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There is no corresponding **-older** option, but you can get a similar result with **! -newer** (i.e., not newer), which means almost the same thing.
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### Finding files by type
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Finding a file by file type, you get a lot of choices – regular files, directories, block and character files, etc. Here’s a list of the file type options:
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```
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b block (buffered) special
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c character (unbuffered) special
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d directory
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p named pipe (FIFO)
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f regular file
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l symbolic link
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s socket
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```
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Here’s an example looking for symbolic links:
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```
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$ find . -type l -ls
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805717 0 lrwxrwxrwx 1 shs shs 11 Apr 10 2019 ./volcano -> volcano.pdf
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918552 0 lrwxrwxrwx 1 shs shs 1 Jun 16 2018 ./letter -> pers/letter2mom
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```
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### Limiting how deeply find should look
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The **-mindepth** and **-maxdepth** options control how deeply into the file system (from the current location or starting point) your searches will look.
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```
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$ find -maxdepth 3 -name "*loop"
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./bin/save/oldloop
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./bin/long-loop
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./private/loop
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```
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### Finding files only if empty
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In this command, we look for empty files, but no further than directories and their subdirectories.
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```
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$ find . -maxdepth 2 -empty -type f -ls
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917517 0 -rw-rw-r-- 1 shs shs 0 Sep 23 11:00 ./complaints/newfile
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792050 0 -rw-rw-r-- 1 shs shs 0 Oct 4 19:02 ./junk
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```
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### Finding files by permissions
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You can find files that have specific permissions set using the **-perm** option. In the example below, we are looking only for regular files (**-type f**) to avoid seeing symbolic links that are given these permissions by default even if the file they refer to is restricted.
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```
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$ find -perm 777 -type f -ls
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find: ‘./.dbus’: Permission denied
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798748 4 -rwxrwxrwx 1 shs shs 15 Mar 28 2019 ./runme
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```
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### Using find to help you get rid of files
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You can use the find command to both locate and then remove files if you use a command like this one:
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```
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$ find . -name runme -exec rm {} \;
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```
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The {} represents the name of each of the files located by the search criteria.
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One very useful option is to replace **-exec** with **-ok**. When you do this, **find** will ask for a confirmation before it removes any file.
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```
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$ find . -name runme -ok rm -rf {} \;
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< rm ... ./bin/runme > ?
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```
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Removing a file isn't the only thing that **-ok** and **-rm** can do for you. For example, you could copy, rename or move files.
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There are really a lot of options for using the find command effectively and undoubtedly some that haven’t been covered in this post. I hope you’ve found some that are new and especially promising.
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Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][3] and [LinkedIn][4] to comment on topics that are top of mind.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3527420/how-to-find-what-you-re-looking-for-on-linux-with-find.html
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作者：[Sandra Henry-Stocker][a]
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选题：[lujun9972][b]
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译者：[heguangzhi](https://github.com/heguangzhi)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/
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[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
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[1]: https://www.networkworld.com/newsletters/signup.html
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[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3440100/take-the-intelligent-route-with-consumption-based-storage.html?utm_source=IDG&utm_medium=promotions&utm_campaign=HPE21620&utm_content=sidebar ( Take the Intelligent Route with Consumption-Based Storage)
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[3]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/
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||||
[4]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world
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@ -0,0 +1,241 @@
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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
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[#]: translator: (heguangzhi)
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[#]: reviewer: ( )
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[#]: publisher: ( )
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[#]: url: ( )
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[#]: subject: (How to find what you’re looking for on Linux with find)
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[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3527420/how-to-find-what-you-re-looking-for-on-linux-with-find.html)
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[#]: author: (Sandra Henry-Stocker https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/)
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如何在 Linux上通过 find 命令找到你要找的东西
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======
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find 命令有大量选项可以帮助你准确定位你在 Linux 系统上需要寻找的文件。这篇文章讨论了一系列非常有用的选项。
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CSA 图片/ Getty 图片
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在 Linux 系统上有许多用于查找文件的命令，但是在查找文件时也有大量的选项可以选择。
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例如，你不仅可以通过文件的名称来查找文件，还可以通过文件的所有者或者组、它们的创建时间、大小、分配的权限、最后一次访问它们的时间、关联的信息节点，甚至是文件是否属于系统上不再存在的帐户或组等等来查找文件。
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[[Get regularly scheduled insights by signing up for Network World newsletters.]][1]
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你还可以指定搜索从哪里开始，搜索应该深入到文件系统的什么位置，以及搜索结果将告诉你它所找到的文件的数量。
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而所有这些要求都可以通过 **find** 命令来处理。
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下面提供了根据这些标准查找文件的示例。在某些命令中，错误(例如试图列出你没有读取权限的文件)，错误输出将被发送到 **/dev/null**，以便我们不必查看它。在其他情况下，我们将简单地以 root 身份运行以避免这个问题。
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请记住，还其他选项存在。这篇文章涵盖了很多内容，但并不是 **find** 命令帮助你定位查找文件的所有方式。
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### 选择起点
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使用 **find**，您可以选择一个起点或从你所在的位置开始。请在单词“find”后输入要选择起点。例如，“find /usr” 或 “find ./bin "将在 **/usr** 目录或 **bin** 目录开始搜索，而" find ~ " 将在你的主目录中开始，即使你位于当前文件系统中的其他位置。
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[][2]
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### 选择你想看的
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最常用的搜索策略之一是按名称搜索文件。这需要使用 **-name** 选项。
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默认情况下，**查找** 会显示找到的文件的完整路径。如果你在命令中添加 **-print**，你会看到同样的情况。如果你想查看与文件相关的详细信息—-例如：文件的长度、权限等，您需要在你的 **查找** 命令的末尾添加 **-ls** 命令。
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```
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$ find ~/bin -name tryme
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/home/shs/bin/tryme
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$ find ~/bin -name tryme -print
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/home/shs/bin/tryme
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$ find ~/bin -name tryme -ls
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917528 4 -rwx------ 1 shs shs 139 Apr 8 2019 /home/shs/bin/tryme
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```
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你也可以使用子字符串来查找文件。例如，如果你将上面示例中的“tryme”替换为“try*”，你将会找到所有名称以“try”开头的文件。
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按名称查找文件可能是 **find** 命令最典型的用法，但是有很多其他的方式来查找文件，并且有很好的理由这样做。下面的部分展示了如何使用其他可用的方式。
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此外，当按大小、组、索引节点等条件来搜索文件时，你需要确认找到的文件与你要查找的文件是否相匹配。使用 **-ls** 选项来显示细节是非常有用。
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### 通过大小查找文件
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按大小查找文件需要使用 **-size** 选项并且对相应规范使用一点技巧。如果你指定 **-size 189b**，例如，你将找到189个块长的文件，而不是189个字节。对于字节，你需要使用 **--size 189c**(字符)。而且，如果你指定 **--size 200w** ，你将会找到200个单词的文件——以“双字节增量”为单位的单词，而不是“我们彼此都在说的那些事情”中的单词。你还可以通过以千字节(k)、兆字节(M)和千兆字节(G)为单位提供大小来查找文件。
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大多数情况下，Linux用户会搜索比所选文件大的文件。例如，要查找大于1千兆字节的文件，你可以使用这样的命令，其中 +1G 表示“大于1千兆字节”:
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```
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$ find -size +1G -ls 2>/dev/null
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787715 1053976 -rw-rw-r-- 1 shs shs 1079263432 Dec 21 2018 ./backup.zip
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801834 1052556 -rw-rw-r-- 1 shs shs 1077809525 Dec 21 2018 ./2019/hold.zip
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```
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### 通过索引节点查找文件 #
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你可以通过用于维护文件元数据(即除文件内容和文件名之外的所有内容)的索引节点来查找文件。
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```
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$ find -inum 919674 -ls 2>/dev/null
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919674 4 -rw-rw-r-- 1 shs shs 512 Dec 27 15:25 ./bin/my.log
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```
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### 查找具有特定文件所有者或组的文件
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按所有者或组查找文件也非常简单。这里我们使用 sudo 来解决权限问题。
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```
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$ sudo find /home -user nemo -name "*.png"-ls
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1705219 4 drwxr-xr-x 2 nemo nemo 4096 Jan 28 08:50 /home/nemo/Pictures/me.png
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```
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在这个命令中，我们寻找一个被称为 “admins” 的多用户组拥有的文件。
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```
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# find /tmp -group admins -ls
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262199 4 -rwxr-x--- 1 dory admins 27 Feb 16 18:57 /tmp/testscript
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```
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### 查找没有所有者或组的文件
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你可以使用如下命令所示的 **-nouser** 选项来查找系统上没有任何现存用户属性的文件。
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```
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# find /tmp -nouser -ls
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262204 4 -rwx------ 1 1016 1016 17 Feb 17 16:42 /tmp/hello
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```
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|
||||
请注意，该列表显示了旧用户的 UID 和 GID，这清楚地表明该用户未在系统上定义。这种命令将查找由于帐户已从系统中删除的用户在非主目录中创建的文件，或者在用户帐户被删除后未被删除的主目录中创建的文件。类似地，**-nogroup** 选项会找到这样的文件，尤其是当这些用户是相关组的唯一成员时。
|
||||
|
||||
### 按上次更新时间查找文件
|
||||
|
||||
在此命令中，我们在特定用户的主目录中查找过去24小时内更新过的文件。**sudo** 用于搜索另一个用户的主目录。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo find /home/nemo -mtime -1
|
||||
/home/nemo
|
||||
/home/nemo/snap/cheat
|
||||
/home/nemo/tryme
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 按上次更改权限的时间查找文件
|
||||
|
||||
**-ctime** 选项可以帮助你查找在某个参考时间范围内状态(如权限)发生更改的文件。以下是查找在最后一天内权限发生更改的文件的示例:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ find . -ctime -1 -ls
|
||||
787987 4 -rwxr-xr-x 1 shs shs 189 Feb 11 07:31 ./tryme
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
请记住，显示的日期和时间反映了文件内容的最后更新。你需要使用像 **stat** 这样的命令来查看与文件相关联的三个状态(文件创建、修改和状态更改)。
|
||||
|
||||
### Finding files based on last access times
|
||||
|
||||
在这个命令中，我们使用 **-atime** 选项查找在过去两天内访问过的本地 pdf 文件。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ find -name "*.pdf" -atime -2
|
||||
./Wingding_Invites.pdf
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 根据文件相对于另一个文件的时间来查找文件
|
||||
|
||||
你可以使用 -newer 选项来查找比其他文件更新的文件。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ find . -newer dig1 -ls
|
||||
786434 68 drwxr-xr-x 67 shs shs 69632 Feb 16 19:05 .
|
||||
1064442 4 drwxr-xr-x 5 shs shs 4096 Feb 16 11:06 ./snap/cheat
|
||||
791846 4 -rw-rw-r-- 1 shs shs 649 Feb 13 14:26 ./dig
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
没有相应的 **-older** 选项，但是你可以用**，得到类似的结果 **! -newer**(即更旧)，这意味着几乎相同的事情。
|
||||
|
||||
### 按类型查找文件
|
||||
|
||||
通过文件类型找到一个文件，你有很多选项——常规文件、目录、块和字符文件等等。以下是文件类型选项列表:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
b block (buffered) special
|
||||
c character (unbuffered) special
|
||||
d directory
|
||||
p named pipe (FIFO)
|
||||
f regular file
|
||||
l symbolic link
|
||||
s socket
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
这里有一个寻找符号链接的例子:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ find . -type l -ls
|
||||
805717 0 lrwxrwxrwx 1 shs shs 11 Apr 10 2019 ./volcano -> volcano.pdf
|
||||
918552 0 lrwxrwxrwx 1 shs shs 1 Jun 16 2018 ./letter -> pers/letter2mom
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 限制查找的深度
|
||||
|
||||
**-mindepth** 和 **-maxdepth** 选项控制在文件系统中搜索的深度(从当前位置或起始点开始)。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ find -maxdepth 3 -name "*loop"
|
||||
./bin/save/oldloop
|
||||
./bin/long-loop
|
||||
./private/loop
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 查找空文件
|
||||
|
||||
在这个命令中，我们寻找空文件，但不超过目录及其子目录。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ find . -maxdepth 2 -empty -type f -ls
|
||||
917517 0 -rw-rw-r-- 1 shs shs 0 Sep 23 11:00 ./complaints/newfile
|
||||
792050 0 -rw-rw-r-- 1 shs shs 0 Oct 4 19:02 ./junk
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 按权限查找文件
|
||||
|
||||
你可以使用 **-perm** 选项查找具有特定权限集的文件。在下面的示例中，我们只查找常规文件(**-type f**)，以避免看到默认情况下被赋予这些权限的符号链接，即使它们引用的文件是受限的。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ find -perm 777 -type f -ls
|
||||
find: ‘./.dbus’: Permission denied
|
||||
798748 4 -rwxrwxrwx 1 shs shs 15 Mar 28 2019 ./runme
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 使用查找来帮助你删除文件
|
||||
|
||||
如果使用如下命令，你可以使用 find 命令定位并删除文件:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ find . -name runme -exec rm {} \;
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
{} 代表根据搜索条件找到的每个文件的名称。
|
||||
|
||||
一个非常有用的选项是将 **-exec** 替换为 **-ok**。当您这样做时，**find** 会在删除任何文件之前要求确认。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ find . -name runme -ok rm -rf {} \;
|
||||
< rm ... ./bin/runme > ?
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
删除文件并不是 **-ok** 和 **-rm** 能为你做的唯一事情。例如，你可以复制、重命名或移动文件。
|
||||
|
||||
确实有很多选择可以有效地使用 find 命令，毫无疑问还有一些在本文中没有涉及到。我希望你已经找到一些新的，特别有帮助的。
|
||||
|
||||
加入[Facebook][3]和[LinkedIn][4]上的网络世界社区，评论最热门的话题。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3527420/how-to-find-what-you-re-looking-for-on-linux-with-find.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Sandra Henry-Stocker][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[heguangzhi](https://github.com/heguangzhi)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://www.networkworld.com/newsletters/signup.html
|
||||
[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3440100/take-the-intelligent-route-with-consumption-based-storage.html?utm_source=IDG&utm_medium=promotions&utm_campaign=HPE21620&utm_content=sidebar ( Take the Intelligent Route with Consumption-Based Storage)
|
||||
[3]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/
|
||||
[4]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user