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20151104-1 选题
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How to Create New File Systems/Partitions in the Terminal on Linux
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================================================================================
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Partition editing or making new file systems on Linux usually means one thing: installing the Gnome Parted partition editor (GParted). For most Linux users, this is the only way to go about it. Still, what if you could edit these partitions and file systems right in the terminal? You can! Here’s how!
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### Creating a basic Linux partition layout with CFdisk ###
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Here’s how to make a basic Linux partition scheme right from the command line. The first thing to do is open your terminal. Once you’re there, you’ll need to identify what hard drive you’re looking to change. This can easily be figured out with one simple command.
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lsblk
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Once you’ve run `lsblk`, you should get a detailed list of each hard drive currently on your system. Look through this generated list, and figure out the denotation to the drive you want to change. In this article I’ll be using `sdb` for the sake of example.
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In your terminal enter this command. It will launch a powerful terminal-based partition editing program.
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sudo cfdisk /dev/sdb
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**Note**: replace `sdb` with whatever `lsblk` told you your hard drive was.
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When this command is entered, you’ll be inside the partition editor and will have total access to the hard drive you wish to modify.
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Since hard drive partitions are different, depending on a user’s needs, this part of the guide will go over **how to set up a split Linux home/root system layout**.
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To start, a root partition will need to be created. This will require a bit of math as the gigabytes on the hard drive need to be divided up. My test drive is 32 GB.
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In CFdisk using the arrow keys on your keyboard, select some free space. Once you’ve found some, use the arrow key to select [ NEW ] and press the Enter key.
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The program will ask you to input the partition size. Once you’ve specified the size, press the Enter key. This will be known as the root partition (or /dev/sdb1).
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Next it’s time to create the home partition (/dev/sdb2). Once again, you’ll need to select some free space in CFdisk. Use the arrow key to select the [ NEW ] option, and press the Enter key. Input the size of your home partition, and press the Enter key to create it.
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Finally, the swap partition needs to be created. Like the two times before, find some free space, and use the arrow key to select the [ NEW ] option. After that calculate exactly how big your Linux swap partition needs to be.
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**Note**: a swap partition is usually about as big as a computer’s physical RAM.
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Now that the swap partition has been created, it’s time to specify its type. Highlight it with the up and down arrow keys. After that use the left and right arrow keys to select [ TYPE ]. Find Linux swap in the menu, and press Enter.
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All of the partition creation is out of the way. All that’s left is to write it to the disk. Using the right arrow key, select the [ WRITE ] option, and press the Enter key. This will write your newly created layout directly to the hard drive.
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### Creating file systems with mkfs ###
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Sometimes you don’t need to make an entire partition layout. Sometimes you just need to make a file system. This can easily be accomplished directly in the terminal with the `mkfs` command.
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To start, figure out what you’re looking to modify. Enter `lsblk` in your terminal to find out. It’ll print out a list, and after that just find the partition or drive you want to make a file system on.
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In this example, I’ll point it towards the first partition of the secondary drive `/dev/sdb1`. It’s also possible to just point mkfs to `/dev/sdb` (to make use of the entire drive).
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To create the new file system on a specific partition, just enter
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sudo mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb1
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into the terminal. It should be noted that `mkfs.ext4` can be changed to whatever file system you want to use.
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### Conclusion ###
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Though editing file systems and partitions is easier using a graphical tool, the terminal is arguably more efficient. It’s much more faster to just load up a terminal, tap a few buttons and be done. With GParted and tools like it, it’s a whole ordeal. I hope that with the help of this tutorial you, too, understand how efficient editing file systems in the terminal can be.
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Do you prefer to use terminal-based programs to edit partitions on Linux? Why or why not? Tell us below!
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://www.maketecheasier.com/create-file-systems-partitions-terminal-linux/
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作者：[Derrik Diener][a]
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/author/derrikdiener/
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How to Install Pure-FTPd with TLS on FreeBSD 10.2
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================================================================================
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FTP or File Transfer Protocol is application layer standard network protocol used to transfer file from the client to the server, after user logged in to the FTP server over the TCP-Network, such as internet. FTP has been round long time ago, much longer then P2P Program, or World Wide Web, and until this day it was a primary method for sharing file with other over the internet and it it remain very popular even today. FTP provide an secure transmission, that protect username, password and encrypt the content with SSL/TLS.
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Pure-FTPd is free FTP Server with strong and focus on the software security. It was great choice for you if you want to provide a fast, secure, lightweight with feature rich FTP Services. Pure-FTPd can be install on variety of Unix-like operating system, include Linux and FreeBSD. Pure-FTPd is created by Frank Dennis in 2001, based on Troll-FTPd, and until now is actively developed by a team led by Dennis.
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In this tutorial we will provide about installation and configuration of "**Pure-FTPd**" with Unix-like operating system FreeBSD 10.2.
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### Step 1 - Update system ###
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The first thing you must do is to install and update the freebsd repository, please connect to your server with SSH and then type command below as sudo/root :
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freebsd-update fetch
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freebsd-update install
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### Step 2 - Install Pure-FTPd ###
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You can install Pure-FTPd from the ports method, but in this tutorial we will install from the freebsd repository with "**pkg**" command. So, now let's install :
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pkg install pure-ftpd
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Once installation is finished, please add pure-ftpd to the start at the boot time with sysrc command below :
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sysrc pureftpd_enable=yes
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### Step 3 - Configure Pure-FTPd ###
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Configuration file for Pure-FTPd is located at directory "/usr/local/etc/", please go to the directory and copy the sample configuration for pure-ftpd to "**pure-ftpd.conf**".
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cd /usr/local/etc/
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cp pure-ftpd.conf.sample pure-ftpd.conf
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Now edit the file configuration with nano editor :
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nano -c pure-ftpd.conf
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Note : -c option to show line number on nano.
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Go to line 59 and change the value of "VerboseLog" to "**yes**". This option is allow you as administrator to see the log all command used by the users.
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VerboseLog yes
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And now look at line 126 "PureDB" for virtual-users configuration. Virtual users is a simple mechanism to store a list of users, with their password, name, uid, directory, etc. It's just like /etc/passwd. But it's not /etc/passwd. It's a different file and only for FTP. In this tutorial we will store the list of user to the file "**/usr/local/etc/pureftpd.passwd**" and "**/usr/local/etc/pureftpd.pdb**". Please uncomment that line and change the path for the file to "/usr/local/etc/pureftpd.pdb".
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PureDB /usr/local/etc/pureftpd.pdb
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Next, uncomment on the line 336 "**CreateHomeDir**", this option make you easy to add the virtual users, allow automatically create home directories if they are missing.
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CreateHomeDir yes
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Save and exit.
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Next, start pure-ftpd with service command :
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service pure-ftpd start
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### Step 4 - Adding New Users ###
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At this step FTP server is started without error, but you can not log in to the FTP Server, because the default configuration of pure-ftpd is disabled for anonymous users. We need to create new users with home directory, and then give it the password for login.
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On thing you must do befere you add new user to pure-ftpd virtual-user is to create a system user for this, lets create new system user "**vftp**" and the default group is same as username, with home directory "**/home/vftp/**".
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pw useradd vftp -s /sbin/nologin -w no -d /home/vftp \
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-c "Virtual User Pure-FTPd" -m
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Now you can add the new user for the FTP Server with "**pure-pw**" command. For an example here, we will create new user named "**akari**", so please see command below :
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pure-pw useradd akari -u vftp -g vftp -d /home/vftp/akari
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Password: TYPE YOUR PASSWORD
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that command will create user "**akari**" and the data stored at the file "**/usr/local/etc/pureftpd.passwd**", not at /etc/passwd file, so this means is that you can easily create FTP-only accounts without messing up your system accounts.
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Next, you must generate the PureDB user database with this command :
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pure-pw mkdb
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Now restart the pure-ftpd services and try connect with user "akari" :
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service pure-ftpd restart
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Trying to connect with user akari :
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ftp SERVERIP
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**NOTE :**
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If you want to add new user again, you can use "**pure-pw**" command. And if you want to delete the current user, you can use this :
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pure-pw userdel useryouwanttodelete
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pure-pw mkdb
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### Step 5 - Add SSL/TLS to Pure-FTPd ###
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Pure-FTPd supports encryption using TLS security mechanisms. To support for TLS/SSL, make sure the OpenSSL library is already installed on your freebsd system.
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Now you must generate new "**self-signed certificate**" on the directory "**/etc/ssl/private**". Before you generate the certificate, please create new directory there called "private".
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cd /etc/ssl/
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mkdir private
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cd private/
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Now generate "self-signed certificate" with openssl command below :
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openssl req -x509 -nodes -newkey rsa:2048 -sha256 -keyout \
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/etc/ssl/private/pure-ftpd.pem \
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-out /etc/ssl/private/pure-ftpd.pem
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FILL ALL WITH YOUR PERSONAL INFO.
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Next, change the certificate permission :
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chmod 600 /etc/ssl/private/*.pem
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Once the certifcate is generated, Edit the pure-ftpd configuration file :
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nano -c /usr/local/etc/pure-ftpd.conf
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Uncomment on line **423** to enable the TLS :
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TLS 1
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And line **439** for the certificate file path :
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CertFile /etc/ssl/private/pure-ftpd.pem
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Save and exit, then restart the pure-ftpd services :
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service pure-ftpd restart
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Now let's test the Pure-FTPd that work with TLS/SSL. I'm here use "**FileZilla**" to connect to the FTP Server, and use user "**akari**" that have been created.
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Pure-FTPd with TLS on FreeBSD 10.2 successfully.
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### Conclusion ###
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FTP or File Transfer Protocol is standart protocol used to transfer file between users and the server. One of the best, lightweight and secure FTP Server Software is Pure-FTPd. It is secure and support for TLS/SSL encryption mechanism. Pure-FTPd is easy to to install and configure, you can manage the user with virtual user support, and it is make you as sysadmin is easy to manage the user if you have a much user ftp server.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://linoxide.com/linux-how-to/install-pure-ftpd-tls-freebsd-10-2/
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作者：[Arul][a]
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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||||
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||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:http://linoxide.com/author/arulm/
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236
sources/tech/20151104 How to Install Redis Server on CentOS 7.md
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236
sources/tech/20151104 How to Install Redis Server on CentOS 7.md
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How to Install Redis Server on CentOS 7
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================================================================================
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Hi everyone, today Redis is the subject of our article, we are going to install it on CentOS 7. Build sources files, install the binaries, create and install files. After installing its components, we will set its configuration as well as some operating system parameters to make it more reliable and faster.
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Redis server
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Redis is an open source multi-platform data store written in ANSI C, that uses datasets directly from memory achieving extremely high performance. It supports various programming languages, including Lua, C, Java, Python, Perl, PHP and many others. It is based on simplicity, about 30k lines of code that do "few" things, but do them well. Despite you work on memory, persistence may exist and it has a fairly reasonable support for high availability and clustering, which does good in keeping your data safe.
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### Building Redis ###
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There is no official RPM package available, we need to build it from sources, in order to do this you will need install Make and GCC.
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Install GNU Compiler Collection and Make with yum if it is not already installed
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yum install gcc make
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Download the tarball from [redis download page][1].
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curl http://download.redis.io/releases/redis-3.0.4.tar.gz -o redis-3.0.4.tar.gz
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Extract the tarball contents
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tar zxvf redis-3.0.4.tar.gz
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Enter Redis the directory we have extracted
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cd redis-3.0.4
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Use Make to build the source files
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make
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### Install ###
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Enter on the src directory
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cd src
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Copy Redis server and client to /usr/local/bin
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cp redis-server redis-cli /usr/local/bin
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Its good also to copy sentinel, benchmark and check as well.
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cp redis-sentinel redis-benchmark redis-check-aof redis-check-dump /usr/local/bin
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Make Redis config directory
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mkdir /etc/redis
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Create a working and data directory under /var/lib/redis
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mkdir -p /var/lib/redis/6379
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#### System parameters ####
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In order to Redis work correctly you need to set some kernel options
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Set the vm.overcommit_memory to 1, which means always, this will avoid data to be truncated, take a look [here][2] for more.
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sysctl -w vm.overcommit_memory=1
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Change the maximum of backlog connections some value higher than the value on tcp-backlog option of redis.conf, which defaults to 511. You can find more on sysctl based ip networking "tunning" on [kernel.org][3] website.
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sysctl -w net.core.somaxconn=512.
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Disable transparent huge pages support, that is known to cause latency and memory access issues with Redis.
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echo never > /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled
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### redis.conf ###
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Redis.conf is the Redis configuration file, however you will see the file named as 6379.conf here, where the number is the same as the network port is listening to. This name is recommended if you are going to run more than one Redis instance.
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Copy sample redis.conf to **/etc/redis/6379.conf**.
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cp redis.conf /etc/redis/6379.conf
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Now edit the file and set at some of its parameters.
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vi /etc/redis/6379.conf
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#### daemonize ####
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Set daemonize to no, systemd need it to be in foreground, otherwise Redis will suddenly die.
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daemonize no
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#### pidfile ####
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Set the pidfile to redis_6379.pid under /var/run.
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pidfile /var/run/redis_6379.pid
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#### port ####
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Change the network port if you are not going to use the default
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port 6379
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#### loglevel ####
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Set your loglevel.
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loglevel notice
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#### logfile ####
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Set the logfile to /var/log/redis_6379.log
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logfile /var/log/redis_6379.log
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#### dir ####
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Set the directory to /var/lib/redis/6379
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dir /var/lib/redis/6379
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### Security ###
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Here are some actions that you can take to enforce the security.
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#### Unix sockets ####
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In many cases, the client application resides on the same machine as the server, so there is no need to listen do network sockets. If this is the case you may want to use unix sockets instead, for this you need to set the **port** option to 0, and then enable unix sockets with the following options.
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Set the path to the socket file
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unixsocket /tmp/redis.sock
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Set restricted permission to the socket file
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unixsocketperm 700
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Now, to have access with redis-cli you should use the -s flag pointing to the socket file
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redis-cli -s /tmp/redis.sock
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#### requirepass ####
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You may need remote access, if so, you should use a password, that will be required before any operation.
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requirepass "bTFBx1NYYWRMTUEyNHhsCg"
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#### rename-command ####
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Imagine the output of the next command. Yes, it will dump the configuration of the server, so you should deny access to this kind information whenever is possible.
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CONFIG GET *
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To restrict, or even disable this and other commands by using the **rename-command**. You must provide a command name and a replacement. To disable, set the replacement string to "" (blank), this is more secure as it will prevent someone from guessing the command name.
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rename-command FLUSHDB "FLUSHDB_MY_SALT_G0ES_HERE09u09u"
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rename-command FLUSHALL ""
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rename-command CONFIG "CONFIG_MY_S4LT_GO3S_HERE09u09u"
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Access through unix sockets with password and command changes
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#### Snapshots ####
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By default Redis will periodically dump its datasets to **dump.rdb** on the data directory we set. You can configure how often the rdb file will be updated by the save command, the first parameter is a timeframe in seconds and the second is a number of changes performed on the data file.
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Every 15 hours if there was at least 1 key change
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save 900 1
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Every 5 hours if there was at least 10 key changes
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save 300 10
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Every minute if there was at least 10000 key changes
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save 60 10000
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The **/var/lib/redis/6379/dump.rdb** file contains a dump of the dataset on memory since last save. Since it creates a temporary file and then replace the original file, there is no problem of corruption and you can always copy it directly without fear.
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### Starting at boot ###
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You may use systemd to add Redis to the system startup
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Copy sample init_script to /etc/init.d, note also the number of the port on the script name
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cp utils/redis_init_script /etc/init.d/redis_6379
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We are going to use systemd, so create a unit file named redis_6379.service under **/etc/systems/system**
|
||||
|
||||
vi /etc/systemd/system/redis_6379.service
|
||||
|
||||
Put this content, try man systemd.service for details
|
||||
|
||||
[Unit]
|
||||
Description=Redis on port 6379
|
||||
|
||||
[Service]
|
||||
Type=forking
|
||||
ExecStart=/etc/init.d/redis_6379 start
|
||||
ExecStop=/etc/init.d/redis_6379 stop
|
||||
|
||||
[Install]
|
||||
WantedBy=multi-user.target
|
||||
|
||||
Now add the memory overcommit and maximum backlog options we have set before to the **/etc/sysctl.conf** file.
|
||||
|
||||
vm.overcommit_memory = 1
|
||||
|
||||
net.core.somaxconn=512
|
||||
|
||||
For the transparent huge pages support there is no sysctl directive, so you can put the command at the end of /etc/rc.local
|
||||
|
||||
echo never > /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled
|
||||
|
||||
### Conclusion ###
|
||||
|
||||
That's enough to start, with these settings you will be able to deploy Redis server for many simpler scenarios, however there is many options on redis.conf for more complex environments. On some cases, you may use [replication][4] and [Sentinel][5] to provide high availability, [split the data][6] across servers, create a cluster of servers. Thanks for reading!
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://linoxide.com/storage/install-redis-server-centos-7/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Carlos Alberto][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://linoxide.com/author/carlosal/
|
||||
[1]:http://redis.io/download
|
||||
[2]:https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/vm/overcommit-accounting
|
||||
[3]:https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/networking/ip-sysctl.txt
|
||||
[4]:http://redis.io/topics/replication
|
||||
[5]:http://redis.io/topics/sentinel
|
||||
[6]:http://redis.io/topics/partitioning
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
|
||||
How to Install SQLite 3.9.1 with JSON Support on Ubuntu 15.04
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Hello and welcome to our today's article on SQLite which is the most widely deployed SQL database engine in the world that comes with zero-configuration, that means no setup or administration needed. SQLite is public-domain software package that provides relational database management system, or RDBMS that is used to store user-defined records in large tables. In addition to data storage and management, database engine process complex query commands that combine data from multiple tables to generate reports and data summaries.
|
||||
|
||||
SQLite is very small and light weight that does not require a separate server process or system to operate. It is available on UNIX, Linux, Mac OS-X, Android, iOS and Windows which is being used in various software applications like Opera, Ruby On Rails, Adobe System, Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome and Skype.
|
||||
|
||||
### 1) Basic Requirements: ###
|
||||
|
||||
There is are no such complex complex requirements for the installation of SQLite as it mostly comes support all major cross platforms.
|
||||
|
||||
So, let's login to your Ubuntu server with sudo or root credentials using your CLI or Secure Shell. Then update your system so that your operating system is upto date with latest packages.
|
||||
|
||||
In ubuntu, the below command is to be used for system update.
|
||||
|
||||
# apt-get update
|
||||
|
||||
If you are starting to deploy SQLite on on a fresh Ubuntu, then make sure that you have installed some basic system management utilities like wget, make, unzip, gcc.
|
||||
|
||||
To install wget, make and gcc packages on ubuntu, you use the below command, then press "Y" to allow and proceed with installation of these packages.
|
||||
|
||||
# apt-get install wget make gcc
|
||||
|
||||
### 2) Download SQLite ###
|
||||
|
||||
To download the latest package of SQLite, you can refer to their official [SQLite Download Page][1] as shown below.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
You can copy the link of its resource package and download it on ubuntu server using the wget utility command.
|
||||
|
||||
# wget https://www.sqlite.org/2015/sqlite-autoconf-3090100.tar.gz
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
After downloading is complete, extract the package and change your current directory to the extracted SQLite folder by using the below command as shown.
|
||||
|
||||
# tar -zxvf sqlite-autoconf-3090100.tar.gz
|
||||
|
||||
### 3) Installing SQLite ###
|
||||
|
||||
Now we are going to install and configure the SQLite package that we downloaded. So, to compile and install SQLite on ubuntu run the configuration script within the same directory where your have extracted the SQLite package as shown below.
|
||||
|
||||
root@ubuntu-15:~/sqlite-autoconf-3090100# ./configure –prefix=/usr/local
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Once the package is configuration is done under the mentioned prefix, then run the below command make command to compile the package.
|
||||
|
||||
root@ubuntu-15:~/sqlite-autoconf-3090100# make
|
||||
source='sqlite3.c' object='sqlite3.lo' libtool=yes \
|
||||
DEPDIR=.deps depmode=none /bin/bash ./depcomp \
|
||||
/bin/bash ./libtool --tag=CC --mode=compile gcc -DPACKAGE_NAME=\"sqlite\" -DPACKAGE_TARNAME=\"sqlite\" -DPACKAGE_VERSION=\"3.9.1\" -DPACKAGE_STRING=\"sqlite\ 3.9.1\" -DPACKAGE_BUGREPORT=\"http://www.sqlite.org\" -DPACKAGE_URL=\"\" -DPACKAGE=\"sqlite\" -DVERSION=\"3.9.1\" -DSTDC_HEADERS=1 -DHAVE_SYS_TYPES_H=1 -DHAVE_SYS_STAT_H=1 -DHAVE_STDLIB_H=1 -DHAVE_STRING_H=1 -DHAVE_MEMORY_H=1 -DHAVE_STRINGS_H=1 -DHAVE_INTTYPES_H=1 -DHAVE_STDINT_H=1 -DHAVE_UNISTD_H=1 -DHAVE_DLFCN_H=1 -DLT_OBJDIR=\".libs/\" -DHAVE_FDATASYNC=1 -DHAVE_USLEEP=1 -DHAVE_LOCALTIME_R=1 -DHAVE_GMTIME_R=1 -DHAVE_DECL_STRERROR_R=1 -DHAVE_STRERROR_R=1 -DHAVE_POSIX_FALLOCATE=1 -I. -D_REENTRANT=1 -DSQLITE_THREADSAFE=1 -DSQLITE_ENABLE_FTS3 -DSQLITE_ENABLE_RTREE -g -O2 -c -o sqlite3.lo sqlite3.c
|
||||
|
||||
After running make command, to complete the installation of SQLite on ubuntu run the 'make install' command as shown below.
|
||||
|
||||
# make install
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 4) Testing SQLite Installation ###
|
||||
|
||||
To confirm the successful installation of SQLite 3.9, run the below command in your command line interface.
|
||||
|
||||
# sqlite3
|
||||
|
||||
You will the SQLite verion after running the above command as shown.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 5) Using SQLite ###
|
||||
|
||||
SQLite is very handy to use. To get the detailed information about its usage, simply run the below command in the SQLite console.
|
||||
|
||||
sqlite> .help
|
||||
|
||||
So here is the list of all its available commands, with their description that you can get help to start using SQLite.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Now in this last section , we make use of few SQLite commands to create a new database using the SQLite3 command line interface.
|
||||
|
||||
To to create a new database run the below command.
|
||||
|
||||
# sqlite3 test.db
|
||||
|
||||
To create a table within the new database run the below command.
|
||||
|
||||
sqlite> create table memos(text, priority INTEGER);
|
||||
|
||||
After creating the table, insert some data using the following commands.
|
||||
|
||||
sqlite> insert into memos values('deliver project description', 15);
|
||||
sqlite> insert into memos values('writing new artilces', 100);
|
||||
|
||||
To view the inserted data from the table , run the below command.
|
||||
|
||||
sqlite> select * from memos;
|
||||
deliver project description|15
|
||||
writing new artilces|100
|
||||
|
||||
to exit from the sqlite3 type the below command.
|
||||
|
||||
sqlite> .exit
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Conclusion ###
|
||||
|
||||
In this article you learned the installation of latest version of SQLite 3.9.1 which enables the recently JSON1 support in its 3.9.0 version and so on. Its is an amazing library that gets embedded inside the application that makes use of it to keep the resources much efficient and lighter. We hope you find this article much helpful, feel free to get back to us if you find any difficulty.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://linoxide.com/ubuntu-how-to/install-sqlite-json-ubuntu-15-04/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Kashif Siddique][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://linoxide.com/author/kashifs/
|
||||
[1]:https://www.sqlite.org/download.html
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,266 @@
|
||||
How to Setup Pfsense Firewall and Basic Configuration
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
In this article our focus is Pfsense setup, basic configuration and overview of features available in the security distribution of FreeBSD. In this tutorial we will run network wizard for basic setting of firewall and detailed overview of services. After the [installation process][1] following snapshot shows the IP addresses of WAN/LAN and different options for the management of Pfsense firewall.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
After setup , following window appear which shows the url for configuration of Pfsense.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Open above given URL in the browser and login with username **admin** and password **pfsense**
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
After successful login, following wizard appears for the basic setting of Pfsense firewall. However setup wizard option can be bypassed and user can run it from the **System** menu from the web interface.
|
||||
|
||||
Click on the **Next** button to start basic configuration process on Pfsense firewall.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Setting hostname, domain and DNS addresses is shown in the following figure.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Setting time zone is shown in the below given snapshot.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Next window shows setting for the WAN interface. By defaults Pfsense firewall block bogus and private networks.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Setting LAN IP address which is used to access the Pfsense web interface for further configuration.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
By default password for web interface is "pfsense". Enter new password for admin user on the following window to access the web interface for further configuration.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Click on the "reload" button which is shown below. It applies the setting and redirect firewall user to main dashboard of Pfsense.
|
||||
|
||||
 and status of ethernet/wireless interfaces etc.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Menu detail ###
|
||||
|
||||
PFsense consist of System, interfaces, firewall,services,vpn,status,diagnostics and help menus.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### System Menu ###
|
||||
|
||||
Sub menus of **System** is given below.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
In the **Advanced** sub menu user can perform following operations.
|
||||
|
||||
1. Configuration of web interface
|
||||
1. Firewall/Nat setting
|
||||
1. Networking setting
|
||||
1. System tuneables setting
|
||||
1. Notification setting
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
In the **Cert manager** sub menu, firewall administrator generates certificates for CA and users.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
In the **Firmware** sub menu, user can update Pfsense firmware manually/automatically. User can take full backup of Pfsense configurations.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
In the **General Setup** sub menu, user can change basic setting such as hostname and domain etc.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
As menu title indicates, user can enable/disable high availability feature from this sub menu.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Packages sub menu provides package manager facility in the web interface for Pfsense .
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
User can perform gateway and route management using **Routing** sub menu.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**Setup Wizard** sub menu opens following window which start basic configuration of Pfsense.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Management of user can be done from the **User manager** sub menu.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Interfaces Menu ###
|
||||
|
||||
This menu is used for the assignment of interfaces (LAN/WAN), VLAN setting,wireless and GRE configuration etc.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Firewall Menu ###
|
||||
|
||||
Firewall is the main and core part of Pfsense distribution and it provides following features.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**Aliases**
|
||||
|
||||
Aliases are defined for real hosts, networks or ports and they can be used to minimize the number of changes.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**NAT (Network Address Translation)**
|
||||
|
||||
NAT binds a specific internal address to a specific external address. Incoming traffic from the Internet to the specified IP will be directed toward the associated internal IP.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**Firewall Rules**
|
||||
|
||||
Firewall rules control what traffic is allowed to enter an interface on the firewall. After traffic is passed on the interface, it enters an entry in the state table is created.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**Schedules**
|
||||
|
||||
Firewall rules can be scheduled so that they are only active at certain times of day or on certain specific days or days of the week.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**Traffic Shaper**
|
||||
|
||||
Traffic shaping is the control of computer network traffic in order to optimize performance and lower latency.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**Virtual IPs**
|
||||
|
||||
Virtual IPs add knowledge of additional IP addresses to the firewall that are different from the firewall's real interface addresses.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Services Menu ###
|
||||
|
||||
Services menu shows services which are provided by the Pfsense distribution along firewall.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
New program/software installed for some specific service is also shown in this menu such as snort. By default following services are listed in services menu.
|
||||
|
||||
**Captive portal**
|
||||
|
||||
The captive portal functionality in Pfsense allows securing a network by requiring a username and password entered on a portal page.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**DHCP Relay**
|
||||
|
||||
The DHCP Relay daemon will relay DHCP requests between broadcast domains for IPv4 DHCP.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**DHCP Server**
|
||||
|
||||
User can run DHCP service on the firewall for the network devices.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**DNS Forwarder/Resolver/Dynamic DNS**
|
||||
|
||||
DNS different services can be configured on the Pfsense firewall.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**IGMP Proxy**
|
||||
|
||||
User can configure IGMP on the Pfsense firewall from services menu.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**Load Balancer**
|
||||
|
||||
Load Balancing is one of the important feature which is also supported by the Pfsense firewall.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol)**
|
||||
|
||||
Pfsense supports all versions of snmp for remote management of firewall.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**Wake on Lan**
|
||||
|
||||
Using this feature packet sent to a workstation on a locally connected network which will power on a workstation.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### VPN Menu ###
|
||||
|
||||
It is one of the most important feature of Pfsense. Its supports following types of vpn configuration.
|
||||
|
||||
**VPN IPsec**
|
||||
|
||||
IPsec is a standard for providing security to IP protocols via encryption and/or authentication.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**L2TP IPsec**
|
||||
|
||||
L2TP/IPsec is a common VPN type that wraps L2TP, an insecure tunneling protocol, inside a secure channel built using transport mode IPsec.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**OpenVPN**
|
||||
|
||||
OpenVPN is an Open Source VPN server and client that is supported on pfSense.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**Status Menu**
|
||||
|
||||
It shows the status of services provided by Pfsense such as dhcp server, ipsec and load balancer etc.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**Diagnostic Menu**
|
||||
|
||||
This menu helps administrator/user for the rectification of Pfsense issues or problems.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**Help Menu**
|
||||
|
||||
This menu provides links for different useful resources such as FreeBSD handbook,developer wiki, paid support and pfsense book.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Conclusion ###
|
||||
|
||||
In this article our focus was on the basic configuration and features set of Pfsense distribution. It is based on FreeBSD distribution and widely used due to security and stability features. In our future articles on Pfsense, our focus will be on the basic firewall rules setting, snort (IDS/IPS) and IPSEC VPN configuration.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://linoxide.com/firewall/pfsense-setup-basic-configuration/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[nido][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://linoxide.com/author/naveeda/
|
||||
[1]:http://linoxide.com/firewall/install-pfsense-firewall/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
|
||||
How to Manage Your To-Do Lists in Ubuntu Using Go For It Application
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Task management is arguably one of the most important and challenging part of professional as well as personal life. Professionally, as you assume more and more responsibility, your performance is directly related to or affected with your ability to manage the tasks you’re assigned.
|
||||
|
||||
If your job involves working on a computer, then you’ll be happy to know that there are various applications available that claim to make task management easy for you. While most of them cater to Windows users, there are many options available on Linux, too. In this article we will discuss one such application: Go For It.
|
||||
|
||||
### Go For It ###
|
||||
|
||||
[Go For It][1] (GFI) is developed by Manuel Kehl, who describes it as a “a simple and stylish productivity app, featuring a to-do list, merged with a timer that keeps your focus on the current task.” The timer feature, specifically, is interesting, as it also makes sure that you take a break from your current task and relax for sometime before proceeding further.
|
||||
|
||||
### Download and Installation ###
|
||||
|
||||
Users of Debian-based systems, like Ubuntu, can easily install the app by running the following commands in terminal:
|
||||
|
||||
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:mank319/go-for-it
|
||||
sudo apt-get update
|
||||
sudo apt-get install go-for-it
|
||||
|
||||
Once done, you can execute the application by running the following command:
|
||||
|
||||
go-for-it
|
||||
|
||||
### Usage and Configuration ###
|
||||
|
||||
Here is how the GFI interface looks when you run the app for the very first time:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
As you can see, the interface consists of three tabs: To-Do, Timer, and Done. While the To-Do tab contains a list of tasks (the 4 tasks shown in the image above are there by default – you can delete them by clicking on the rectangular box in front of them), the Timer tab contains task timer, while Done contains a list of tasks that you’ve finished successfully. Right at the bottom is a text box where you can enter the task text and click “+” to add it to the list above.
|
||||
|
||||
For example, I added a task named “MTE-research-work” to the list and selected it by clicking on it in the list – see the screenshot below:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Then I selected the Timer tab. Here I could see a 25-minute timer for the active task which was “MTE-reaserch-work.”
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Of course, you can change the timer value and set to any time you want. I, however, didn’t change the value and clicked the Start button present below to start the task timer. Once 60 seconds were left, GFI issued a notification indicating the same.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
And once the time was up, I was asked to take a break of five minutes.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Once those five minutes were over, I could again start the task timer for my task.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
When you’re done with your task, you can click the Done button in the Timer tab. The task is then removed from the To-Do tab and listed in the Done tab.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
GFI also allows you to tweak some of its settings. For example, the settings window shown below contains options to tweak the default task duration, break duration, and reminder time.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
It’s worth mentioning that GFI stores the to-do lists in the Todo.txt format which simplifies synchronization with mobile devices and makes it possible for you to edit tasks using other frontends – read more about it [here][2].
|
||||
|
||||
You can also see the GFI app in action in the video below.
|
||||
|
||||
注：youtube 视频
|
||||
<iframe frameborder="0" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/mnw556C9FZQ?autoplay=1&autohide=2&border=1&wmode=opaque&enablejsapi=1&controls=1&showinfo=0" id="youtube-iframe"></iframe>
|
||||
|
||||
### Conclusion ###
|
||||
|
||||
As you have observed, GFI is an easy to understand and simple to use task management application. Although it doesn’t offer a plethora of features, it does what it claims – the timer integration is especially useful. If you’re looking for a basic, open-source task management tool for Linux, Go For It is worth trying.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://www.maketecheasier.com/to-do-lists-ubuntu-go-for-it/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Himanshu Arora][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/author/himanshu/
|
||||
[1]:http://manuel-kehl.de/projects/go-for-it/
|
||||
[2]:http://todotxt.com/
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user