diff --git a/published/20180104 How allowing myself to be vulnerable made me a better leader.md b/published/20180104 How allowing myself to be vulnerable made me a better leader.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..f52b693856 --- /dev/null +++ b/published/20180104 How allowing myself to be vulnerable made me a better leader.md @@ -0,0 +1,56 @@ +怎样通过示弱增强领导力 +====== +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/201908/25/052430b01hc00qrcz99p9w.jpg) + +传统观念中的领导者总是强壮、大胆、果决的。我也确实见过一些拥有这些特点的领导者。但更多时候，领导者也许看起来比传统印象中的领导者要更脆弱些，他们内心有很多这样的疑问：我的决策正确吗？我真的适合这个职位吗？我有没有在做最该做的事情？ + +解决这些问题的方法是把问题说出来。把问题憋在心里只会助长它们，一名开明的领导者更倾向于把自己的脆弱之处暴露出来，这样我们才能从有过相同经验的人那里得到慰藉。 + +为了证明这个观点，我来讲一个故事。 + +### 一个扰人的想法 + +假如你在教育领域工作，你会发现发现大家更倾向于创造[一个包容性的环境][1] —— 一个鼓励多样性繁荣发展的环境。长话短说，我一直以来都认为自己是出于营造包容性环境的考量，而进行的“多样性雇佣”，意思就是人事雇佣我看重的是我的性别而非能力，这个想法一直困扰着我。随之而来的开始自我怀疑：我真的是这个岗位的最佳人选吗？还是只是因为我是个女人？许多年来，我都认为公司雇佣我是因为我的能力最好。但如今却发现，对那些雇主们来说，与我的能力相比，他们似乎更关注我的性别。 + +我开解自己：我到底是因为什么被雇佣并不重要，我知道我是这个职位的最佳人选而且我会用实际行动去证明。我工作很努力，达到过预期，也犯过错，也收获了很多，我做了一个老板想要自己雇员做的一切事情。 + +但那个“多样性雇佣”问题的阴影并未因此散去。我无法摆脱它，甚至回避一切与之相关的话题如蛇蝎，最终意识到自己拒绝谈论它意味着我能做的只有直面它。如果我继续回避这个问题，早晚会影响到我的工作，这是我最不希望看到的。 + +### 倾诉心中的困扰 + +直接谈论多样性和包容性这个话题有点尴尬，在进行自我剖析之前有几个问题需要考虑： + + * 我们能够相信我们的同事，能够在他们面前表露脆弱吗？ + * 一个团队的领导者在同事面前表露脆弱合适吗？ + * 如果我玩脱了呢？会不会影响我的工作？ + +于是我和一位主管在午餐时间进行了一场小型的 Q&A 会议，这位主管负责着集团很多领域，并且以正直坦率著称。一位女同事问他，“我是因为多样性才被招进来的吗？”，他停下手头工作花了很长时间和一屋子女性员工解释了这件事，我不想复述他讲话的全部内容，我只说对我触动最大的几句：如果你知道自己能够胜任这个职位，并且面试很顺利，那么不必质疑招聘的结果。每个怀疑自己是因为多样性雇佣进公司的人私下都有自己的问题，你不必重蹈他们的覆辙。 + +完毕。 + +我很希望我能由衷地说我放下这个问题了，但事实上我没有。这问题挥之不去：万一我就是被破格录取的那个呢？万一我就是多样性雇佣的那个呢？我认识到我不能避免地反复思考这些问题。 + +几周后我和这位主管进行了一次一对一谈话，在谈话的末尾，我提到作为一位女性，自己很欣赏他那番对于多样性和包容性的坦率发言。当得知领导很有交流的意愿时，谈论这种话题变得轻松许多。我也向他提出了最初的问题，“我是因为多样性才被雇佣的吗？”，他回答得很干脆：“我们谈论过这个问题。”谈话后我意识到，我急切地想找人谈论这些需要勇气的问题，其实只是因为我需要有一个人的关心、倾听和好言劝说。 + +但正因为我有展露脆弱的勇气——去和那位主管谈论我的问题——我承受我的秘密困扰的能力提高了。我觉得身轻如燕，我开始组织各种对话，主要围绕着内隐偏见及其引起的一系列问题、怎样增加自身的包容性和多样性的表现等。通过这些经历，我发现每个人对于多样性都有不同的认识，如果我只囿于自己的秘密，我不会有机会组织参与这些精彩的对话。 + +我有谈论内心脆弱的勇气，我希望你也有。 + +我们可以谈谈那些影响我们领导力的秘密，这样从任何意义上来说，我们距离成为一位开明的领导就近了一些。那么适当示弱有帮助你成为更好的领导者吗？ + +### 作者简介 + +Angela Robertson 是微软的一名高管。她和她的团队对社群互助有着极大热情，并参与开源工作。在加入微软之前，Angela 就职于红帽公司。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/17/12/how-allowing-myself-be-vulnerable-made-me-better-leader + +作者：[Angela Robertson][a] +译者：[Valoniakim](https://github.com/Valoniakim) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:https://opensource.com/users/arobertson98 +[1]:https://opensource.com/open-organization/17/9/building-for-inclusivity diff --git a/published/20180720 A brief history of text-based games and open source.md b/published/20180720 A brief history of text-based games and open source.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..7b35ec7f9c --- /dev/null +++ b/published/20180720 A brief history of text-based games and open source.md @@ -0,0 +1,156 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (cycoe) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11272-1.html) +[#]: subject: (A brief history of text-based games and open source) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/18/7/interactive-fiction-tools) +[#]: author: (Jason Mclntosh https://opensource.com/users/jmac) + +互动小说及其开源简史 +====== + +> 了解开源如何促进互动小说的成长和发展。 + +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/201908/27/142657ryf4pa2lym6fe6f1.jpg) + +[互动小说技术基金会][1]Interactive Fiction Technology Foundation（IFTF） 是一个非营利组织，致力于保护和改进那些用来生成我们称之为互动小说interactive fiction的数字艺术形式的技术。当 Opensource.com 的一位社区版主提出一篇关于 IFTF、它支持的技术与服务，以及它如何与开源相交织的文章时，我发现这对于我讲了数几十年的开源故事来说是个新颖的视角。互动小说的历史比自由及开源软件Free and Open Source Software（FOSS）运动的历史还要长，但同时也与之密切相关。希望你们能喜欢我在这里的分享。 + +### 定义和历史 + +对于我来说，互动小说这个术语涵盖了读者主要通过文本与之交互的任何视频游戏或数字化艺术作品。这个术语起源于 20 世纪 80 年代，当时由语法解析器驱动的文本冒险游戏确立了什么是家用电脑娱乐，在美国主要以 [魔域][2]、[银河系漫游指南][3] 和 [Infocom][4] 公司的其它佳作为代表。在 20 世纪 90 年代，它的主流商业价值被挖掘殆尽，但在线爱好者社区接过了该传统，继续发布这类游戏和游戏创建工具。 + +在四分之一个世纪之后的今天，互动小说包括了品种繁多并且妙趣橫生的作品，如从充满谜题的文字冒险游戏到衍生改良的超文本类型。定期举办的在线竞赛和节日为品鉴和试玩新作品提供了个好地方---英语互动小说世界每年都会举办一些活动，包括 [Spring Thing][5] 和 [IFComp][6]。后者是自 1995 年以来现代互动小说的核心活动，这也使它成为在同类型活动中持续举办时间最长的游戏展示活动。[IFComp 从 2017 年开始的评选和排名记录][7] 显示了如今基于文本的游戏在形式、风格和主题方面的惊人多样性。 + +（作者注：以上我特指英语，因为可能出于写作方面的技术原因，互动小说社区倾向于按语言进行区分。例如也有 [法语][8] 或 [意大利语][9] 的互动小说年度活动，我就听说过至少一届的中文互动小说节。幸运的是，这些边界易于打破。在我管理 IFComp 的四年中，我们很欢迎来自国际社区的所有英语翻译工作。） + +![“假冒的猴子”游戏截图][11] + +*在解释器 Lectrote 上启动 Emily Short 的“假冒的猴子”新游戏（二者皆为开源软件）。* + +此外由于互动小说专注于文本，它为玩家和作者都提供了最方便的平台。几乎所有能阅读数字化文本的人（包括能通过文字转语音软件等辅助技术阅读的用户）都能玩大部分的互动小说作品。同样，互动小说的创作对所有愿意学习和使用其工具和技术的作家开放。 + +这使我们了解了互动小说与开源的长期关系，以及从它的全盛时期以来，对于艺术形式可用性的积极影响。接下来我将概述当代开源互动小说创建工具，并讨论共享源代码的互动小说作品古老且有点稀奇的传统。 + +### 开源互动小说工具的世界 + +一些开发平台（其中大部分是开源的）可用于创建传统的语法解析器驱动互动小说，其中用户可通过输入命令（如 `向北走`、`拾取提灯`、`收养小猫` 或 `向 Zoe 询问量子机械学`）来与游戏世界交互。20 世纪 90 年代初期出现了几个适于魔改hacker-friendly的语法解析器游戏开发工具，其中目前还在使用的有 [TADS][12]、[Alan][13] 和 [Quest][14]，它们都是开源的，并且后两者兼容 FOSS 许可证。 + +其中最出名的是 [Inform][15]，1993 年 Graham Nelson 发布了第一个版本，目前由 Nelson 领导的一个团队进行维护。Inform 的源代码是不太寻常的半开源：Inform 6 是前一个主要版本，[它通过 Artistic 许可证开放源码][16]。这其中蕴涵着比我们所看到的更直接的相关性，因为它专有的 Inform 7 将 Inform 6 作为其核心，可以让它在将作品编译为机器码之前，将其 [杰出的自然语言语法][17] （LCTT 译注：此链接已遗失）翻译为其前一代的那种更类似 C 的代码。 + +![inform 7 集成式开发环境截图][19] + +*Inform 7 集成式开发环境，打开了文档以及一个示例项目* + +Inform 游戏运行在虚拟机上，这是 Infocom 时代的遗留产物。当时的发行者为了让同一个游戏可以运行在 Apple II、Commodore 4、Atari 800 以及其它种类的“[家用计算机][20]”上，将虚拟机作为解决方案。这些原本流行的操作系统中只有少数至今仍存在，但 Inform 的虚拟机使得它创建的作品能够通过 Inform 解释器运行在任何的计算机上。这些虚拟机包括相对现代的 [Glulx][21]，或者通过对 Infocom 过去的虚拟机进行逆向工程克隆得到的可爱的古董 [Z-machine][22]。现在，流行的跨平台解释器包括如 [lectrote][23] 和 [Gargoyle][24] 等桌面程序，以及如 [Quixe][25] 和 [Parchment][26] 等基于浏览器的程序。以上所有均为开源软件。 + +如其它的流行开源项目一样，如果 Inform 的发展进程随着它的成熟而逐渐变缓，它为我们留下的最重要的财富就是其活跃透明的生态环境。对于 Inform 来说，（这些财富）包括前面提到的解释器、[一套语言扩展][27]（通常混合使用 Inform 6 和 Inform 7 写成），当然也包括所有用它们写成并分享于全世界的作品，有的时候也包括那些源代码。（在这篇文章的后半部分我会回到这个话题） + +互动小说创建工具发明于 21 世纪，力求在传统的语法解析器之外探索一种新的玩家交互方式，即创建任何现代 Web 浏览器都能加载的超文本驱动作品。其中的领头羊是 [Twine][28]，原本由 Klimas 在 2009 年开发，目前是 [GNU 许可证开源项目][29]，有许多贡献者正在积极开发。（事实上，[Twine][30] 的开源软件血统可追溯到 [TiddlyWiki][31]，Klimas 的项目最初是从该项目衍生而来的） + +对于互动小说开发来说，Twine 代表着一系列最开放及最可用的方法。由于它天生的 FOSS 属性，它将其输出渲染为一个自包含的网站，不依赖于需要进一步特殊解析的机器码，而是使用开放并且成熟的 HTML、CSS 和 JavaScript 标准。作为一个创建工具，Twine 能够根据创建者的技能等级，展示出与之相匹配的复杂度。拥有很少或没有编程知识的用户能够创建简单但是可玩的互动小说作品，但那些拥有更多编码和设计技能（包括通过开发 Twine 游戏获得的技能提升）的用户能够创建更复杂的项目。这也难怪近几年 Twine 在教育领域的曝光率和流行度有不小的提升。 + +另一些值得注意的开源互动小说开发项目包括由 Ian Millington 开发的以 MIT 许可证发布的 [Undum][32]，以及由 Dan Fabulich 和 [Choice of Games][34] 团队开发的 [ChoiceScript][33]，两者也专注于将 Web 浏览器作为游戏平台。除了以上专用的开发系统以外，基于 Web 的互动小说也呈现给我们以开源作品的丰富、变幻的生态。比如 Furkle 的 [Twine 扩展工具集][35]，以及 Liza Daly 为自己的互动小说游戏创建的名为 [Windrift][36] 的 JavaScript 框架。 + +### 程序、游戏，以及游戏程序 + +Twine 受益于 [一个致力于提供支持的长期 IFTF 计划][37]，公众可以为其维护和发展提供资助。IFTF 还直接支持两个长期公共服务：IFComp 和互动小说归档IF Archive，这两个服务都依赖并回馈开源软件和技术。 + +![Harmonia 开场截图][39] + +*由 Liza Daly 开发的“Harmonia”的开场画面，该游戏使用 Windrift 开源互动小说创建框架创建。* + +自 2014 年以来，用于运行 IFComp 网站的基于 Perl 和 JavaScript 的应用程序一直是 [一个共享源代码项目][40]，它反映了 [互动小说特有子组件使用的 FOSS 许可证是个大杂烩][41]，其中包括那些可以让以语法解析器驱动的竞争项目在 Web 浏览器中运行的各式各样的代码库。在 1992 年上线并 [在 2017 年成为一个 IFTF 项目][43] 的 [互动小说归档][42]IF Archive，是一套完全基于古老且稳定的互联网标准的镜像仓库，只使用了 [一点开源 Pyhon 脚本][44] 用来处理索引。 + +### 最后，也是最有趣的部分，让我们聊聊开源文字游戏 + +互动小说归档的主体 [由游戏组成][45]，当然，是那些历经岁月的游戏。它们反映了数十年来不断发展的游戏设计趋势和互动小说工具发展。 + +许多互动小说作品都共享其源代码，要快速找到它们的快速很简单 —— [在 IFDB 中搜索标签 “source available”][46]。IFDB 是另一个长期运行的互动小说社区服务，由 TADS 的创立者 Mike Roberts 私人运营。对更加简单的界面感到舒适的用户，也可以浏览互动小说归档的 [games/source 目录][47]，该目录按开发平台和编写语言对内容运行分组（也有很多作品，由于太繁杂或太古老而无法分类，只能浮于顶级目录）。 + +对这些代码共享游戏随机抽取的几个样本，揭示了一个有趣的窘境：与更广阔的开源软件世界不同，互动小说社区缺少一种普遍认同的方式来授权它生成的所有代码。与软件工具（包括我们用来创建互动小说的所有工具）不同的是，从字面意思上讲，交互式小说游戏是一件艺术作品。这意味着，将面向软件的开源许可证用于交互式小说游戏，并不会比将其用于其它像散文或诗歌作品更适合。但同样，互动小说游戏也是一个软件，它展示了创建者希望合法地与世界分享的源代码模式和技术。一个拥有开源意识的互动小说创建者会怎么做呢？ + +有些游戏通过将其代码放到公共领域来解决这一问题，或者通过明确的许可证，亦或者如 [42 年前由 Crowther 和 Woods 开发的“冒险之旅Adventure”][48] 一样通过社区发布。一些人试图将其中的不同部分分开，应用他们自己的许可证，允许免费复用游戏公开的业务逻辑，但禁止针对其散文内容的再创作。这是我在开源自己的游戏 [莺巢][49]The Warbler’s Nest 时采取的策略。天知道这是否能在法律上站得住脚，但我当时没有更好的主意。 + +当然，你会发现一些作品对所有部分使用单一的许可证，而不介意反对者。一个突出的例子就是 [Emily Short 的史诗作品“假冒的猴子Counterfeit Monkey”][50]，其全部采用 Creative Commons 4.0 许可证发布。[CC 对其应用于代码感到不满][51]，但你可以认为 [Inform 7 源码这种不寻常的散文风格特性][52] 至少比传统的软件项目更适合 CC 许可证。 + +### 接下来要做什么呢，冒险者？ + +如果你希望开始探索互动小说的世界，这里有几个链接可供你参考： + ++ 如上所述，[IFDB][53] 和[互动小说归档][54]都提供了可浏览的界面，用于浏览超过 40 年价值的互动小说作品。其中大部分可以在 Web 浏览器中玩，但有些需要额外的解释器程序。IFDB 能帮助你找到并安装它们。[IFComp 的年度结果页面][55]展现了另一个视图，帮助你了解最佳的免费和归档可用作品。 ++ [互动小说技术基金会][56]是一个非营利组织，主要帮助并支持 Twine、IFComp 和互动小说归档的发展，以及提升互动小说的无障碍功能、探索互动小说在教育领域中的应用等等。加入其[邮件列表][57]，可以接收 IFTF 的每月资讯，浏览其[博客][58]，亦或浏览[一些主题商品][59]。 ++ 在今年的早些时候，John Paul Wohlscheid 写了这篇[关于开源互动小说工具][60]的文章。它涵盖了一些这里没有提及的平台，所以如果你还想了解更多，请看一看这篇文章。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/18/7/interactive-fiction-tools + +作者：[Jason Mclntosh][a] +选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) +译者：[cycoe](https://github.com/cycoe) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:https://opensource.com/users/jmac +[1]:http://iftechfoundation.org/ +[2]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zork +[3]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hitchhiker%27s_Guide_to_the_Galaxy_(video_game) +[4]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infocom +[5]:http://www.springthing.net/ +[6]:http://ifcomp.org/ +[7]:https://ifcomp.org/comp/2017 +[8]:http://www.fiction-interactive.fr/ +[9]:http://www.oldgamesitalia.net/content/marmellata-davventura-2018 +[10]:/file/403396 +[11]:https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/monkey.png (counterfeit monkey game screenshot) +[12]:http://tads.org/ +[13]:https://www.alanif.se/ +[14]:http://textadventures.co.uk/quest/ +[15]:http://inform7.com/ +[16]:https://github.com/DavidKinder/Inform6 +[17]:http://inform7.com/learn/man/RB_4_1.html#e307 +[18]:/file/403386 +[19]:https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/inform.png (inform 7 IDE screenshot) +[20]:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bu55q_3YtOY +[21]:http://ifwiki.org/index.php/Glulx +[22]:http://ifwiki.org/index.php/Z-machine +[23]:https://github.com/erkyrath/lectrote +[24]:https://github.com/garglk/garglk/ +[25]:http://eblong.com/zarf/glulx/quixe/ +[26]:https://github.com/curiousdannii/parchment +[27]:https://github.com/i7/extensions +[28]:http://twinery.org/ +[29]:https://github.com/klembot/twinejs +[30]:/article/18/7/twine-vs-renpy-interactive-fiction +[31]:https://tiddlywiki.com/ +[32]:https://github.com/idmillington/undum +[33]:https://github.com/dfabulich/choicescript +[34]:https://www.choiceofgames.com/ +[35]:https://github.com/furkle +[36]:https://github.com/lizadaly/windrift +[37]:http://iftechfoundation.org/committees/twine/ +[38]:/file/403391 +[39]:https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/harmonia.png (Harmonia opening screen shot) +[40]:https://github.com/iftechfoundation/ifcomp +[41]:https://github.com/iftechfoundation/ifcomp/blob/master/LICENSE.md +[42]:https://www.ifarchive.org/ +[43]:http://blog.iftechfoundation.org/2017-06-30-iftf-is-adopting-the-if-archive.html +[44]:https://github.com/iftechfoundation/ifarchive-ifmap-py +[45]:https://www.ifarchive.org/indexes/if-archiveXgames +[46]:http://ifdb.tads.org/search?sortby=ratu&searchfor=%22source+available%22 +[47]:https://www.ifarchive.org/indexes/if-archiveXgamesXsource.html +[48]:http://ifdb.tads.org/viewgame?id=fft6pu91j85y4acv +[49]:https://github.com/jmacdotorg/warblers-nest/ +[50]:https://github.com/i7/counterfeit-monkey +[51]:https://creativecommons.org/faq/#can-i-apply-a-creative-commons-license-to-software +[52]:https://github.com/i7/counterfeit-monkey/blob/master/Counterfeit%20Monkey.materials/Extensions/Counterfeit%20Monkey/Liquids.i7x +[53]:http://ifdb.tads.org/ +[54]:https://ifarchive.org/ +[55]:https://ifcomp.org/comp/last_comp +[56]:http://iftechfoundation.org/ +[57]:http://iftechfoundation.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/friends +[58]:http://blog.iftechfoundation.org/ +[59]:http://blog.iftechfoundation.org/2017-12-20-the-iftf-gift-shop-is-now-open.html +[60]:https://itsfoss.com/create-interactive-fiction/ diff --git a/published/20180727 4 Ways to Customize Xfce and Give it a Modern Look.md b/published/20180727 4 Ways to Customize Xfce and Give it a Modern Look.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ad09ac44cf --- /dev/null +++ b/published/20180727 4 Ways to Customize Xfce and Give it a Modern Look.md @@ -0,0 +1,146 @@ +4 种方式来自定义 Xfce 来给它一个现代化外观 +====== + +> Xfce 是一个非常轻量的桌面环境，但它有一个缺点，它看起来有点老旧。但是你没有必要坚持默认外观。让我们看看你可以自定义 Xfce 的各种方法，来给它一个现代化的、漂亮的外观。 + +![Customize Xfce desktop envirnment][1] + +首先，Xfce 是最[受欢迎的桌面环境][2]之一。作为一个轻量级桌面环境，你可以在非常低的资源上运行 Xfce，并且它仍然能很好地工作。这是为什么很多[轻量级 Linux 发行版][3]默认使用 Xfce 的原因之一。 + +一些人甚至喜欢在高端设备上使用它，说明它的简单性、易用性和非资源依赖性是主要原因。 + +[Xfce][4] 自身很小，而且只提供你需要的东西。令人烦恼的一点是会令人觉得它的外观和感觉很老了。然而，你可以简单地自定义 Xfce 以使其看起来现代化和漂亮，但又不会像 Unity/GNOME 会话那样占用系统资源。 + +### 4 种方式来自定义 Xfce 桌面 + +让我们看看一些方法，我们可以通过这些方法改善你的 Xfce 桌面环境的外观和感觉。 + +默认 Xfce 桌面环境看起来有些像这样： + +![Xfce default screen][5] + +如你所见，默认 Xfce 桌面有点乏味。我们将使用主题、图标包以及更改默认 dock 来使它看起来新鲜和有点惊艳。 + +#### 1. 在 Xfce 中更改主题 + +我们将做的第一件事是从 [xfce-look.org][6] 中找到一款主题。我最喜欢的 Xfce 主题是 [XFCE-D-PRO][7]。 + +你可以从[这里][8]下载主题，并提取到某处。 + +你可以复制提取出的这些主题文件到你的家目录中的 `.theme` 文件夹。如果该文件夹尚不存在，你可以创建一个，同样的道理，图标需要放在一个在家目录中的 `.icons` 文件夹。 + +打开 **设置 > 外观 > 样式** 来选择该主题，注销并重新登录以查看更改。默认的 Adwaita-dark 也是一个不错的主题。 + +![Appearance Xfce][9] + +你可以在 Xfce 上使用各种[好的 GTK 主题][10]。 + +#### 2. 在 Xfce 中更改图标 + +Xfce-look.org 也提供你可以下载的图标主题，提取并放置图标到你的家目录中 `.icons` 目录。在你添加图标主题到 `.icons` 目录中后，转到 **设置 > 外观 > 图标** 来选择这个图标主题。 + +![Moka icon theme][11] + +我已经安装 [Moka 图标集][12] ，它看起来令人惊艳。 + +![Moka theme][13] + +你也可以参考我们[令人惊艳的图标主题][14]列表。 + +##### 可选: 通过 Synaptic 安装主题 + +如果你想避免手工搜索和复制文件，在你的系统中安装 Synaptic 软件包管理器。你可以通过网络来查找最佳的主题和图标集，使用 synaptic 软件包管理器，你可以搜索和安装主题。 + +``` +sudo apt-get install synaptic +``` + +**通过 Synaptic 搜索和安装主题/图标** + +打开 synaptic，并在**搜索**上单击。输入你期望的主题名，接下来，它将显示匹配主题的列表。勾选所有更改所需的附加依赖，并在**应用**上单击。这些操作将下载主题和安装主题。 + +![Arc Theme][15] + +在安装后，你可以打开**外观**选项来选择期望的主题。 + +在我看来，这不是在 Xfce 中安装主题的最佳方法。 + +#### 3. 在 Xfce 中更改桌面背景 + +再强调一次，默认 Xfce 桌面背景也不错。但是你可以把桌面背景更改成与你的图标和主题相匹配的东西。 + +为在 Xfce 中更改桌面背景，在桌面上右击，并单击**桌面设置**。从文件夹选择中选择**背景**，并选择任意一个默认背景或自定义背景。 + +![Changing desktop wallpapers][16] + +#### 4. 在 Xfce 中更改 dock + +默认 dock 也不错，恰如其分。但是，再强调一次，它看来有点平平淡淡。 + +![Docky][17] + +不过，如果你想你的 dock 变得更好，并带有更多一点的自定义选项，你可以安装另一个 dock 。 + +Plank 是一个简单而轻量级的、高度可配置的 dock。 + +为安装 Plank ，使用下面的命令： + +``` +sudo apt-get install plank +``` + +如果 Plank 在默认存储库中没有，你可以从这个 PPA 中安装它。 + +``` +sudo add-apt-repository ppa:ricotz/docky +sudo apt-get update +sudo apt-get install plank +``` + +在你使用 Plank 前，你应该通过右键单击移除默认的 dock，并在**面板设置**下，单击**删除**。 + +在完成后，转到 **附件 > Plank** 来启动 Plank dock 。 + +![Plank][18] + +Plank 从你正在使用的图标主题中选取图标。因此，如果你更改图标主题，你也将在 dock 中看到相关的更改。 + +### 总结 + +XFCE 是一个轻量级、快速和高度可自定义的桌面环境。如果你的系统资源有限，它服务很好，并且你可以简单地自定义它来看起来更好。这是在应用这些步骤后，我的屏幕的外观。 + +![XFCE desktop][19] + +这只是半个小时的努力成果，你可以使用不同的主题/图标自定义使它看起来更好。请随意在评论区分享你自定义的 XFCE 桌面屏幕，以及你正在使用的主题和图标组合。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/customize-xfce/ + +作者：[Ambarish Kumar][a] +选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) +译者：[robsean](https://github.com/robsean) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:https://itsfoss.com/author/ambarish/ +[1]:https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/xfce-customization.jpeg +[2]:https://itsfoss.com/best-linux-desktop-environments/ +[3]:https://itsfoss.com/lightweight-linux-beginners/ +[4]:https://xfce.org/ +[5]:https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/1-1-800x410.jpg +[6]:http://xfce-look.org +[7]:https://www.xfce-look.org/p/1207818/XFCE-D-PRO +[8]:https://www.xfce-look.org/p/1207818/startdownload?file_id=1523730502&file_name=XFCE-D-PRO-1.6.tar.xz&file_type=application/x-xz&file_size=105328&url=https%3A%2F%2Fdl.opendesktop.org%2Fapi%2Ffiles%2Fdownloadfile%2Fid%2F1523730502%2Fs%2F6019b2b57a1452471eac6403ae1522da%2Ft%2F1529360682%2Fu%2F%2FXFCE-D-PRO-1.6.tar.xz +[9]:https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/4.jpg +[10]:https://itsfoss.com/best-gtk-themes/ +[11]:https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/6.jpg +[12]:https://snwh.org/moka +[13]:https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/11-800x547.jpg +[14]:https://itsfoss.com/best-icon-themes-ubuntu-16-04/ +[15]:https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/5-800x531.jpg +[16]:https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/7-800x546.jpg +[17]:https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/8.jpg +[18]:https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/9.jpg +[19]:https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/10-800x447.jpg diff --git a/published/20181030 Podman- A more secure way to run containers.md b/published/20181030 Podman- A more secure way to run containers.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..50e64225a4 --- /dev/null +++ b/published/20181030 Podman- A more secure way to run containers.md @@ -0,0 +1,128 @@ +Podman：一个更安全的运行容器的方式 +====== + +> Podman 使用传统的 fork/exec 模型（相对于客户端/服务器模型）来运行容器。 + +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/201908/23/234924m55sn8zt3b5q8815.jpg) + +在进入本文的主要主题 [Podman][1] 和容器之前，我需要了解一点 Linux 审计功能的技术。 + +### 什么是审计？ + +Linux 内核有一个有趣的安全功能，叫做**审计**。它允许管理员在系统上监视安全事件，并将它们记录到`audit.log` 中，该文件可以本地存储或远程存储在另一台机器上，以防止黑客试图掩盖他的踪迹。 + +`/etc/shadow` 文件是一个经常要监控的安全文件，因为向其添加记录可能允许攻击者获得对系统的访问权限。管理员想知道是否有任何进程修改了该文件，你可以通过执行以下命令来执行此操作： + +``` +# auditctl -w /etc/shadow +``` + +现在让我们看看当我修改了 `/etc/shadow` 文件会发生什么： + +``` +# touch /etc/shadow +# ausearch -f /etc/shadow -i -ts recent + +type=PROCTITLE msg=audit(10/10/2018 09:46:03.042:4108) : proctitle=touch /etc/shadow type=SYSCALL msg=audit(10/10/2018 09:46:03.042:4108) : arch=x86_64 syscall=openat success=yes exit=3 a0=0xffffff9c a1=0x7ffdb17f6704 a2=O_WRONLY|O_CREAT|O_NOCTTY| O_NONBLOCK a3=0x1b6 items=2 ppid=2712 pid=3727 auid=dwalsh uid=root gid=root euid=root suid=root fsuid=root egid=root sgid=root fsgid=root tty=pts1 ses=3 comm=touch exe=/usr/bin/touch subj=unconfined_u:unconfined_r:unconfined_t:s0-s0:c0.c1023 key=(null)` +``` + +审计记录中有很多信息，但我重点注意到它记录了 root 修改了 `/etc/shadow` 文件，并且该进程的审计 UID（`auid`）的所有者是 `dwalsh`。 + +内核修改了这个文件了么？ + +#### 跟踪登录 UID + +登录 UID（`loginuid`），存储在 `/proc/self/loginuid` 中，它是系统上每个进程的 proc 结构的一部分。该字段只能设置一次；设置后，内核将不允许任何进程重置它。 + +当我登录系统时，登录程序会为我的登录过程设置 `loginuid` 字段。 + +我（`dwalsh`）的 UID 是 3267。 + +``` +$ cat /proc/self/loginuid +3267 +``` + +现在，即使我变成了 root，我的登录 UID 仍将保持不变。 + +``` +$ sudo cat /proc/self/loginuid +3267 +``` + +请注意，从初始登录过程 fork 并 exec 的每个进程都会自动继承 `loginuid`。这就是内核知道登录的人是 `dwalsh` 的方式。 + +### 容器 + +现在让我们来看看容器。 + +``` +sudo podman run fedora cat /proc/self/loginuid +3267 +``` + +甚至容器进程也保留了我的 `loginuid`。 现在让我们用 Docker 试试。 + +``` +sudo docker run fedora cat /proc/self/loginuid +4294967295 +``` + +### 为什么不一样？ + +Podman 对于容器使用传统的 fork/exec 模型，因此容器进程是 Podman 进程的后代。Docker 使用客户端/服务器模型。我执行的 `docker` 命令是 Docker 客户端工具，它通过客户端/服务器操作与 Docker 守护进程通信。然后 Docker 守护程序创建容器并处理 stdin/stdout 与 Docker 客户端工具的通信。 + +进程的默认 `loginuid`（在设置 `loginuid` 之前）是 `4294967295`（LCTT 译注：2^32 - 1）。由于容器是 Docker 守护程序的后代，而 Docker 守护程序是 init 系统的子代，所以，我们看到 systemd、Docker 守护程序和容器进程全部具有相同的 `loginuid`：`4294967295`，审计系统视其为未设置审计 UID。 + +``` +cat /proc/1/loginuid +4294967295 +``` + +### 怎么会被滥用？ + +让我们来看看如果 Docker 启动的容器进程修改 `/etc/shadow` 文件会发生什么。 + +``` +$ sudo docker run --privileged -v /:/host fedora touch /host/etc/shadow +$ sudo ausearch -f /etc/shadow -i type=PROCTITLE msg=audit(10/10/2018 10:27:20.055:4569) : proctitle=/usr/bin/coreutils --coreutils-prog-shebang=touch /usr/bin/touch /host/etc/shadow type=SYSCALL msg=audit(10/10/2018 10:27:20.055:4569) : arch=x86_64 syscall=openat success=yes exit=3 a0=0xffffff9c a1=0x7ffdb6973f50 a2=O_WRONLY|O_CREAT|O_NOCTTY| O_NONBLOCK a3=0x1b6 items=2 ppid=11863 pid=11882 auid=unset uid=root gid=root euid=root suid=root fsuid=root egid=root sgid=root fsgid=root tty=(none) ses=unset comm=touch exe=/usr/bin/coreutils subj=system_u:system_r:spc_t:s0 key=(null) +``` + +在 Docker 情形中，`auid` 是未设置的（`4294967295`）；这意味着安全人员可能知道有进程修改了 `/etc/shadow` 文件但身份丢失了。 + +如果该攻击者随后删除了 Docker 容器，那么在系统上谁修改 `/etc/shadow` 文件将没有任何跟踪信息。 + +现在让我们看看相同的场景在 Podman 下的情况。 + +``` +$ sudo podman run --privileged -v /:/host fedora touch /host/etc/shadow +$ sudo ausearch -f /etc/shadow -i type=PROCTITLE msg=audit(10/10/2018 10:23:41.659:4530) : proctitle=/usr/bin/coreutils --coreutils-prog-shebang=touch /usr/bin/touch /host/etc/shadow type=SYSCALL msg=audit(10/10/2018 10:23:41.659:4530) : arch=x86_64 syscall=openat success=yes exit=3 a0=0xffffff9c a1=0x7fffdffd0f34 a2=O_WRONLY|O_CREAT|O_NOCTTY| O_NONBLOCK a3=0x1b6 items=2 ppid=11671 pid=11683 auid=dwalsh uid=root gid=root euid=root suid=root fsuid=root egid=root sgid=root fsgid=root tty=(none) ses=3 comm=touch exe=/usr/bin/coreutils subj=unconfined_u:system_r:spc_t:s0 key=(null) +``` + +由于它使用传统的 fork/exec 方式，因此 Podman 正确记录了所有内容。 + +这只是观察 `/etc/shadow` 文件的一个简单示例，但审计系统对于观察系统上的进程非常有用。使用 fork/exec 容器运行时（而不是客户端/服务器容器运行时）来启动容器允许你通过审计日志记录保持更好的安全性。 + +### 最后的想法 + +在启动容器时，与客户端/服务器模型相比，fork/exec 模型还有许多其他不错的功能。例如，systemd 功能包括： + +* `SD_NOTIFY`：如果将 Podman 命令放入 systemd 单元文件中，容器进程可以通过 Podman 返回通知，表明服务已准备好接收任务。这是在客户端/服务器模式下无法完成的事情。 +* 套接字激活：你可以将连接的套接字从 systemd 传递到 Podman，并传递到容器进程以便使用它们。这在客户端/服务器模型中是不可能的。 + +在我看来，其最好的功能是**作为非 root 用户运行 Podman 和容器**。这意味着你永远不会在宿主机上授予用户 root 权限，而在客户端/服务器模型中（如 Docker 使用的），你必须打开以 root 身份运行的特权守护程序的套接字来启动容器。在那里，你将受到守护程序中实现的安全机制与宿主机操作系统中实现的安全机制的支配 —— 这是一个危险的主张。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/18/10/podman-more-secure-way-run-containers + +作者：[Daniel J Walsh][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/rhatdan +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://podman.io diff --git a/published/20181213 Podman and user namespaces- A marriage made in heaven.md b/published/20181213 Podman and user namespaces- A marriage made in heaven.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ebf5c606a5 --- /dev/null +++ b/published/20181213 Podman and user namespaces- A marriage made in heaven.md @@ -0,0 +1,146 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (wxy) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11268-1.html) +[#]: subject: (Podman and user namespaces: A marriage made in heaven) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/18/12/podman-and-user-namespaces) +[#]: author: (Daniel J Walsh https://opensource.com/users/rhatdan) + +Podman 和用户名字空间：天作之合 +====== + +> 了解如何使用 Podman 在单独的用户空间运行容器。 + +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/201908/25/220204khh9psjo1phllkok.jpg) + +[Podman][1] 是 [libpod][2] 库的一部分，使用户能够管理 pod、容器和容器镜像。在我的上一篇文章中，我写过将 [Podman 作为一种更安全的运行容器的方式][3]。在这里，我将解释如何使用 Podman 在单独的用户命名空间中运行容器。 + +作为分离容器的一个很棒的功能，我一直在思考[用户命名空间][4]user namespace，它主要是由 Red Hat 的 Eric Biederman 开发的。用户命名空间允许你指定用于运行容器的用户标识符（UID）和组标识符（GID）映射。这意味着你可以在容器内以 UID 0 运行，在容器外以 UID 100000 运行。如果容器进程逃逸出了容器，内核会将它们视为以 UID 100000 运行。不仅如此，任何未映射到用户命名空间的 UID 所拥有的文件对象都将被视为 `nobody` 所拥有（UID 是 `65534`， 由 `kernel.overflowuid` 指定），并且不允许容器进程访问，除非该对象可由“其他人”访问（即世界可读/可写）。 + +如果你拥有一个权限为 [660][5] 的属主为“真实” `root` 的文件，而当用户命名空间中的容器进程尝试读取它时，会阻止它们访问它，并且会将该文件视为 `nobody` 所拥有。 + +### 示例 + +以下是它是如何工作的。首先，我在 `root` 拥有的系统中创建一个文件。 + +``` +$ sudo bash -c "echo Test > /tmp/test" +$ sudo chmod 600 /tmp/test +$ sudo ls -l /tmp/test +-rw-------. 1 root root 5 Dec 17 16:40 /tmp/test +``` + +接下来，我将该文件卷挂载到一个使用用户命名空间映射 `0:100000:5000` 运行的容器中。 + +``` +$ sudo podman run -ti -v /tmp/test:/tmp/test:Z --uidmap 0:100000:5000 fedora sh +# id +uid=0(root) gid=0(root) groups=0(root) +# ls -l /tmp/test +-rw-rw----. 1 nobody nobody 8 Nov 30 12:40 /tmp/test +# cat /tmp/test +cat: /tmp/test: Permission denied +``` + +上面的 `--uidmap` 设置告诉 Podman 在容器内映射一系列的 5000 个 UID，从容器外的 UID 100000 开始的范围（100000-104999）映射到容器内 UID 0 开始的范围（0-4999）。在容器内部，如果我的进程以 UID 1 运行，则它在主机上为 100001。 + +由于实际的 `UID=0` 未映射到容器中，因此 `root` 拥有的任何文件都将被视为 `nobody` 所拥有。即使容器内的进程具有 `CAP_DAC_OVERRIDE` 能力，也无法覆盖此种保护。`DAC_OVERRIDE` 能力使得 root 的进程能够读/写系统上的任何文件，即使进程不是 `root` 用户拥有的，也不是全局可读或可写的。 + +用户命名空间的功能与宿主机上的功能不同。它们是命名空间的功能。这意味着我的容器的 root 只在容器内具有功能 —— 实际上只有该范围内的 UID 映射到内用户命名空间。如果容器进程逃逸出了容器，则它将没有任何非映射到用户命名空间的 UID 之外的功能，这包括 `UID=0`。即使进程可能以某种方式进入另一个容器，如果容器使用不同范围的 UID，它们也不具备这些功能。 + +请注意，SELinux 和其他技术还限制了容器进程破开容器时会发生的情况。 + +### 使用 podman top 来显示用户名字空间 + +我们在 `podman top` 中添加了一些功能，允许你检查容器内运行的进程的用户名，并标识它们在宿主机上的真实 UID。 + +让我们首先使用我们的 UID 映射运行一个 `sleep` 容器。 + +``` +$ sudo podman run --uidmap 0:100000:5000 -d fedora sleep 1000 +``` + +现在运行 `podman top`： + +``` +$ sudo podman top --latest user huser +USER   HUSER +root   100000 + +$ ps -ef | grep sleep +100000   21821 21809  0 08:04 ?         00:00:00 /usr/bin/coreutils --coreutils-prog-shebang=sleep /usr/bin/sleep 1000 +``` + +注意 `podman top` 报告用户进程在容器内以 `root` 身份运行，但在宿主机（`HUSER`）上以 UID 100000 运行。此外，`ps` 命令确认 `sleep` 过程以 UID 100000 运行。 + +现在让我们运行第二个容器，但这次我们将选择一个单独的 UID 映射，从 200000 开始。 + +``` +$ sudo podman run --uidmap 0:200000:5000 -d fedora sleep 1000 +$ sudo podman top --latest user huser +USER   HUSER +root   200000 + +$ ps -ef | grep sleep +100000   21821 21809  0 08:04 ?         00:00:00 /usr/bin/coreutils --coreutils-prog-shebang=sleep /usr/bin/sleep 1000 +200000   23644 23632  1 08:08 ?         00:00:00 /usr/bin/coreutils --coreutils-prog-shebang=sleep /usr/bin/sleep 1000 +``` + +请注意，`podman top` 报告第二个容器在容器内以 `root` 身份运行，但在宿主机上是 UID=200000。 + +另请参阅 `ps` 命令，它显示两个 `sleep` 进程都在运行：一个为 100000，另一个为 200000。 + +这意味着在单独的用户命名空间内运行容器可以在进程之间进行传统的 UID 分离，而这从一开始就是 Linux/Unix 的标准安全工具。 + +### 用户名字空间的问题 + +几年来，我一直主张用户命名空间应该作为每个人应该有的安全工具，但几乎没有人使用过。原因是没有任何文件系统支持，也没有一个移动文件系统shifting file system。 + +在容器中，你希望在许多容器之间共享**基本**镜像。上面的每个示例中使用了 Fedora 基本镜像。Fedora 镜像中的大多数文件都由真实的 `UID=0` 拥有。如果我在此镜像上使用用户名称空间 `0:100000:5000` 运行容器，默认情况下它会将所有这些文件视为 `nobody` 所拥有，因此我们需要移动所有这些 UID 以匹配用户名称空间。多年来，我想要一个挂载选项来告诉内核重新映射这些文件 UID 以匹配用户命名空间。上游内核存储开发人员还在继续研究，在此功能上已经取得一些进展，但这是一个难题。 + +由于由 Nalin Dahyabhai 领导的团队开发的自动 [chown][6] 内置于[容器/存储][7]中，Podman 可以在同一镜像上使用不同的用户名称空间。当 Podman 使用容器/存储，并且 Podman 在新的用户命名空间中首次使用一个容器镜像时，容器/存储会 “chown”（如，更改所有权）镜像中的所有文件到用户命名空间中映射的 UID 并创建一个新镜像。可以把它想象成一个 `fedora:0:100000:5000` 镜像。 + +当 Podman 在具有相同 UID 映射的镜像上运行另一个容器时，它使用“预先 chown”的镜像。当我在`0:200000:5000` 上运行第二个容器时，容器/存储会创建第二个镜像，我们称之为 `fedora:0:200000:5000`。 + +请注意，如果你正在执行 `podman build` 或 `podman commit` 并将新创建的镜像推送到容器注册库，Podman 将使用容器/存储来反转该移动，并将推送所有文件属主变回真实 UID=0 的镜像。 + +这可能会导致在新的 UID 映射中创建容器时出现真正的减速，因为 `chown` 可能会很慢，具体取决于镜像中的文件数。此外，在普通的 [OverlayFS][8] 上，镜像中的每个文件都会被复制。普通的 Fedora 镜像最多可能需要 30 秒才能完成 `chown` 并启动容器。 + +幸运的是，Red Hat 内核存储团队（主要是 Vivek Goyal 和 Miklos Szeredi）在内核 4.19 中为 OverlayFS 添加了一项新功能。该功能称为“仅复制元数据”。如果使用 `metacopy=on` 选项来挂载层叠文件系统，则在更改文件属性时，它不会复制较低层的内容；内核会创建新的 inode，其中包含引用指向较低级别数据的属性。如果内容发生变化，它仍会复制内容。如果你想试用它，可以在 Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8 Beta 中使用此功能。 + +这意味着容器 `chown` 可能在两秒钟内发生，并且你不会倍增每个容器的存储空间。 + +这使得像 Podman 这样的工具在不同的用户命名空间中运行容器是可行的，大大提高了系统的安全性。 + +### 前瞻 + +我想向 Podman 添加一个新选项，比如 `--userns=auto`，它会为你运行的每个容器自动选择一个唯一的用户命名空间。这类似于 SELinux 与单独的多类别安全（MCS）标签一起使用的方式。如果设置环境变量 `PODMAN_USERNS=auto`，则甚至不需要设置该选项。 + +Podman 最终允许用户在不同的用户名称空间中运行容器。像 [Buildah][9] 和 [CRI-O][10] 这样的工具也可以利用用户命名空间。但是，对于 CRI-O，Kubernetes 需要了解哪个用户命名空间将运行容器引擎，上游正在开发这个功能。 + +在我的下一篇文章中，我将解释如何在用户命名空间中将 Podman 作为非 root 用户运行。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/18/12/podman-and-user-namespaces + +作者：[Daniel J Walsh][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/rhatdan +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://podman.io/ +[2]: https://github.com/containers/libpod +[3]: https://linux.cn/article-11261-1.html +[4]: http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man7/user_namespaces.7.html +[5]: https://chmodcommand.com/chmod-660/ +[6]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chown +[7]: https://github.com/containers/storage +[8]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OverlayFS +[9]: https://buildah.io/ +[10]: http://cri-o.io/ diff --git a/sources/tech/20190805 Find The Linux Distribution Name, Version And Kernel Details.md b/published/20190805 Find The Linux Distribution Name, Version And Kernel Details.md similarity index 54% rename from sources/tech/20190805 Find The Linux Distribution Name, Version And Kernel Details.md rename to published/20190805 Find The Linux Distribution Name, Version And Kernel Details.md index 874f68e181..f133239088 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190805 Find The Linux Distribution Name, Version And Kernel Details.md +++ b/published/20190805 Find The Linux Distribution Name, Version And Kernel Details.md @@ -1,32 +1,32 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11270-1.html) [#]: subject: (Find The Linux Distribution Name, Version And Kernel Details) [#]: via: (https://www.ostechnix.com/find-out-the-linux-distribution-name-version-and-kernel-details/) [#]: author: (sk https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/) -Find The Linux Distribution Name, Version And Kernel Details +查找 Linux 发行版名称、版本和内核详细信息 ====== ![Find The Linux Distribution Name, Version And Kernel Details][1] -This guide explains how to find the Linux distribution name, version and Kernel details. If your Linux system has GUI mode, you can find these details easily from the System’s Settings. But in CLI mode, it is bit difficult for beginners to find out such details. No problem! Here I have given a few command line methods to find the Linux system information. There could be many, but these methods will work on most Linux distributions. +本指南介绍了如何查找 Linux 发行版名称、版本和内核详细信息。如果你的 Linux 系统有 GUI 界面，那么你可以从系统设置中轻松找到这些信息。但在命令行模式下，初学者很难找到这些详情。没有问题！我这里给出了一些命令行方法来查找 Linux 系统信息。可能有很多，但这些方法适用于大多数 Linux 发行版。 -### 1\. Find Linux distribution name, version +### 1、查找 Linux 发行版名称、版本 -There are many methods to find out what OS is running on in your VPS. +有很多方法可以找出 VPS 中运行的操作系统。 -##### Method 1: +#### 方法 1： -Open your Terminal and run the following command: +打开终端并运行以下命令： ``` $ cat /etc/*-release ``` -**Sample output from CentOS 7:** +CentOS 7 上的示例输出： ``` CentOS Linux release 7.0.1406 (Core) @@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ CentOS Linux release 7.0.1406 (Core) CentOS Linux release 7.0.1406 (Core) ``` -**Sample output from Ubuntu 18.04:** +Ubuntu 18.04 上的示例输出： ``` DISTRIB_ID=Ubuntu @@ -66,29 +66,29 @@ VERSION_CODENAME=bionic UBUNTU_CODENAME=bionic ``` -##### Method 2: +#### 方法 2： -The following command will also get your distribution details. +以下命令也能获取你发行版的详细信息。 ``` $ cat /etc/issue ``` -**Sample output from Ubuntu 18.04:** +Ubuntu 18.04 上的示例输出： ``` Ubuntu 18.04.2 LTS \n \l ``` -##### Method 3: +#### 方法 3： -The following command will get you the distribution details in Debian and its variants like Ubuntu, Linux Mint etc. +以下命令能在 Debian 及其衍生版如 Ubuntu、Linux Mint 上获取发行版详细信息。 ``` $ lsb_release -a ``` -**Sample output:** +示例输出： ``` No LSB modules are available. @@ -98,87 +98,73 @@ Release: 18.04 Codename: bionic ``` -### 2\. Find Linux Kernel details +### 2、查找 Linux 内核详细信息 -##### Method 1: +#### 方法 1： -To find out your Linux kernel details, run the following command from your Terminal. +要查找 Linux 内核详细信息，请在终端运行以下命令。 ``` $ uname -a ``` -**Sample output in CentOS 7:** +CentOS 7 上的示例输出： ``` Linux server.ostechnix.lan 3.10.0-123.9.3.el7.x86_64 #1 SMP Thu Nov 6 15:06:03 UTC 2014 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux ``` -**Sample output in Ubuntu 18.04:** +Ubuntu 18.04 上的示例输出： ``` Linux ostechnix 4.18.0-25-generic #26~18.04.1-Ubuntu SMP Thu Jun 27 07:28:31 UTC 2019 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux ``` -Or, +或者， ``` $ uname -mrs ``` -**Sample output:** +示例输出： ``` Linux 4.18.0-25-generic x86_64 ``` -Where, +这里， - * **Linux** – Kernel name - * **4.18.0-25-generic** – Kernel version - * **x86_64** – System hardware architecture (i.e 64 bit system) + * `Linux` – 内核名 + * `4.18.0-25-generic` – 内核版本 + * `x86_64` – 系统硬件架构（即 64 位系统） - - -For more details about uname command, refer the man page. +有关 `uname` 命令的更多详细信息，请参考手册页。 ``` $ man uname ``` -##### Method 2: +#### 方法2： -From your Terminal, run the following command: +在终端中，运行以下命令： ``` $ cat /proc/version ``` -**Sample output from CentOS 7:** +CentOS 7 上的示例输出： ``` Linux version 3.10.0-123.9.3.el7.x86_64 ([email protected]) (gcc version 4.8.2 20140120 (Red Hat 4.8.2-16) (GCC) ) #1 SMP Thu Nov 6 15:06:03 UTC 2014 ``` -**Sample output from Ubuntu 18.04:** +Ubuntu 18.04 上的示例输出： ``` Linux version 4.18.0-25-generic ([email protected]) (gcc version 7.4.0 (Ubuntu 7.4.0-1ubuntu1~18.04.1)) #26~18.04.1-Ubuntu SMP Thu Jun 27 07:28:31 UTC 2019 ``` -* * * - -**Suggested read:** - - * [**How To Find Linux System Details Using inxi**][2] - * [**Neofetch – Display Linux system Information In Terminal**][3] - * [**How To Find Hardware And Software Specifications In Ubuntu**][4] - - - -* * * - -These are few ways to find find out a Linux distribution’s name, version and Kernel details. Hope you find it useful. +这些是查找 Linux 发行版的名称、版本和内核详细信息的几种方法。希望你觉得它有用。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -186,14 +172,11 @@ via: https://www.ostechnix.com/find-out-the-linux-distribution-name-version-and- 作者：[sk][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 [a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/ [b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 [1]: https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Linux-Distribution-Name-Version-Kernel-720x340.png -[2]: https://www.ostechnix.com/how-to-find-your-system-details-using-inxi/ -[3]: https://www.ostechnix.com/neofetch-display-linux-systems-information/ -[4]: https://www.ostechnix.com/getting-hardwaresoftware-specifications-in-linux-mint-ubuntu/ diff --git a/translated/tech/20190814 How to Reinstall Ubuntu in Dual Boot or Single Boot Mode.md b/published/20190814 How to Reinstall Ubuntu in Dual Boot or Single Boot Mode.md similarity index 67% rename from translated/tech/20190814 How to Reinstall Ubuntu in Dual Boot or Single Boot Mode.md rename to published/20190814 How to Reinstall Ubuntu in Dual Boot or Single Boot Mode.md index c75e0f9016..62cd5beb4d 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190814 How to Reinstall Ubuntu in Dual Boot or Single Boot Mode.md +++ b/published/20190814 How to Reinstall Ubuntu in Dual Boot or Single Boot Mode.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11262-1.html) [#]: subject: (How to Reinstall Ubuntu in Dual Boot or Single Boot Mode) [#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/reinstall-ubuntu/) [#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/) @@ -16,9 +16,9 @@ 据我所知，Ubuntu 中没有像 Windows 那样的系统恢复分区。那么，问题出现了：如何重新安装 Ubuntu？让我告诉你如何重新安装 Ubuntu。 -警告！ +**警告！** -磁盘分区始终是一项危险的任务。我强烈建议你在外部磁盘上备份数据。 +> **磁盘分区始终是一项危险的任务。我强烈建议你在外部磁盘上备份数据。** ### 如何重新安装 Ubuntu Linux @@ -30,21 +30,21 @@ 首先，在网站上下载 Ubuntu。你可以下载[任何需要的 Ubuntu 版本][2]。 -[Download Ubuntu][3] +- [下载 Ubuntu][3] 获得 ISO 镜像后，就可以创建 live USB 了。如果 Ubuntu 系统仍然可以使用，那么可以使用 Ubuntu 提供的启动盘创建工具创建它。 -如果无法使用你的 Ubuntu，那么你可以使用其他系统。你可以参考这篇文章来学习[如何在 Windows 中创建 Ubuntu的 live USB][4]。 +如果无法使用你的 Ubuntu，那么你可以使用其他系统。你可以参考这篇文章来学习[如何在 Windows 中创建 Ubuntu 的 live USB][4]。 #### 步骤 2：重新安装 Ubuntu -有了 Ubuntu 的 live USB 之后插入 USB。重新启动系统。在启动时，按下 F2/10/F12 键进入 BIOS 设置，并确保已在顶部设置 “Boot from Removable Devices/USB”。保存并退出 BIOS。这将启动进入 live USB。 +有了 Ubuntu 的 live USB 之后将其插入 USB 端口。重新启动系统。在启动时，按下 `F2`/`F10`/`F12` 之类的键进入 BIOS 设置，并确保已设置 “Boot from Removable Devices/USB”。保存并退出 BIOS。这将启动进入 live USB。 进入 live USB 后，选择安装 Ubuntu。你将看到选择语言和键盘布局这些常用选项。你还可以选择下载更新等。 ![Go ahead with regular installation option][5] -现在是重要的步骤。你应该看到一个“安装类型”页面。你在屏幕上看到的内容在很大程度上取决于 Ubuntu 如何处理系统上的磁盘分区和安装的操作系统。 +现在是重要的步骤。你应该看到一个“安装类型Installation Type”页面。你在屏幕上看到的内容在很大程度上取决于 Ubuntu 如何处理系统上的磁盘分区和安装的操作系统。 在此步骤中仔细阅读选项及它的细节。注意每个选项的说明。屏幕上的选项可能在不同的系统中看上去不同。 @@ -54,15 +54,15 @@ 第一个选项是擦除 Ubuntu 18.04.2 并重新安装它。它告诉我它将删除我的个人数据，但它没有说删除所有操作系统（即 Windows）。 -如果你非常幸运或处于单一启动模式，你可能会看到一个“重新安装 Ubuntu” 的选项。此选项将保留现有数据，甚至尝试保留已安装的软件。如果你看到这个选项，那么就用它吧。 +如果你非常幸运或处于单一启动模式，你可能会看到一个“重新安装 UbuntuReinstall Ubuntu”的选项。此选项将保留现有数据，甚至尝试保留已安装的软件。如果你看到这个选项，那么就用它吧。 -双启动系统注意 +**双启动系统注意** -如果你是双启动 Ubuntu 和 Windows，并且在重新安装中，你的 Ubuntu 系统看不到 Windows，你必须选择 “Something else” 选项并从那里安装 Ubuntu。我已经在[在双启动下安装 Linux 的过程][8]这篇文章中说明了。 +> **如果你是双启动 Ubuntu 和 Windows，并且在重新安装中，你的 Ubuntu 系统看不到 Windows，你必须选择 “Something else” 选项并从那里安装 Ubuntu。我已经在[在双启动下安装 Linux 的过程][8]这篇文章中说明了。** -对我来说，没有重新安装并保留数据的选项，因此我选择了“擦除 Ubuntu 并重新安装”。该选项即使在 Windows 的双启动模式下，也将重新安装 Ubuntu。 +对我来说，没有重新安装并保留数据的选项，因此我选择了“擦除 Ubuntu 并重新安装Erase Ubuntu and reinstall”。该选项即使在 Windows 的双启动模式下，也将重新安装 Ubuntu。 -我建议为 root 和 home 使用单独分区就是为了重新安装。这样，即使重新安装 Linux，也可以保证 home 分区中的数据安全。我已在此视频中演示过： +我建议为 `/` 和 `/home` 使用单独分区就是为了重新安装。这样，即使重新安装 Linux，也可以保证 `/home` 分区中的数据安全。我已在此视频中演示过： 选择重新安装 Ubuntu 后，剩下就是单击下一步。选择你的位置、创建用户账户。 @@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ via: https://itsfoss.com/reinstall-ubuntu/ 作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 diff --git a/published/20190817 LiVES Video Editor 3.0 is Here With Significant Improvements.md b/published/20190817 LiVES Video Editor 3.0 is Here With Significant Improvements.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..309a394d97 --- /dev/null +++ b/published/20190817 LiVES Video Editor 3.0 is Here With Significant Improvements.md @@ -0,0 +1,103 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (scvoet) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11266-1.html) +[#]: subject: (LiVES Video Editor 3.0 is Here With Significant Improvements) +[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/lives-video-editor/) +[#]: author: (Ankush Das https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/) + +LiVES 视频编辑器 3.0 有了显著的改善 +====== + +我们最近列出了一个[最佳开源视频编辑器][1]的清单。LiVES 是这些开源视频编辑器之一，可以免费使用。 + +即使许多用户还在等待 Windows 版本的发行，但在刚刚发行的 LiVES 视频编辑器 Linux 版本中（最新版本 v3.0.1）进行了一个重大更新，包括了一些新的功能和改进。 + +在这篇文章里，我将会列出新版本中的重要改进，并且我将会提到在 Linux 上安装的步骤。 + +### LiVES 视频编辑器 3.0：新的改进 + +![Zorin OS 中正在加载的 LiVES 视频编辑器][2] + +总的来说，在这次重大更新中 LiVES 视频编辑器旨在提供更加平滑的回放、防止意外崩溃、优化视频录制，以及让在线视频下载器更加实用。 + +下面列出了变化： + +* 如果需要渲染的话，可以静默渲染直到到视频播放完毕。 +* 改进回放插件为 openGL，提供更加平滑的回放。 +* 重新启用了 openGL 回放插件的高级选项。 +* 在所有帧的 VJ/预解码中允许“Enough” +* 重构了在回放时的时基计算的代码（a/v 同步更好）。 +* 彻底修复了外部音频和音频，提高了准确性并减少了 CPU 占用。 +* 进入多音轨模式时自动切换至内部音频。 +* 重新显示效果映射器窗口时，将会正常展示效果状态（on/off）。 +* 解决了音频和视频线程之间的冲突。 +* 现在可以对在线视频下载器，可以对剪辑大小和格式进行修改并添加了更新选项。 +* 对实时效果实例实现了引用计数。 +* 大量重写了主界面，清理代码并改进许多视觉效果。 +* 优化了视频播放器运行时的录制功能。 +* 改进了 projectM 过滤器封装，包括对 SDL2 的支持。 +* 添加了一个选项来逆转多轨合成器中的 Z-order（后层现在可以覆盖上层了）。 +* 增加了对 musl libc 的支持 +* 更新了乌克兰语的翻译 + +如果你不是一位高级视频编辑师，也许会对上面列出的重要更新提不起太大的兴趣。但正是因为这些更新，才使得“LiVES 视频编辑器”成为了最好的开源视频编辑软件。 + +[][3] + +### 在 Linux 上安装 LiVES 视频编辑器 + +LiVES 几乎可以在所有主要的 Linux 发行版中使用。但是，你可能并不能在软件中心找到它的最新版本。所以，如果你想通过这种方式安装，那你就不得不耐心等待了。 + +如果你想要手动安装，可以从它的下载页面获取 Fedora/Open SUSE 的 RPM 安装包。它也适用于其他 Linux 发行版。 + +- [下载 LiVES 视频编辑器][4] + +如果你使用的是 Ubuntu（或其他基于 Ubuntu 的发行版），可以安装由 [Ubuntuhandbook][6] 维护的[非官方 PPA][5]。 + +下面由我来告诉你，你该做些什么： + +1、启动终端后输入以下命令： + +``` +sudo add-apt-repository ppa:ubuntuhandbook1/lives +``` + +系统将提示你输入密码用于确认添加 PPA。 + +2、完成后，你现在可以轻松地更新软件包列表并安装 LiVES 视频编辑器。以下是需要你输入的命令段： + +``` +sudo apt update +sudo apt install life-plugins +``` + +3、现在，它开始下载并安装这个视频编辑器，等待大约一分钟即可完成。 + +### 总结 + +Linux 上有许多[视频编辑器][7]。但它们通常被认为不能用于专业编辑。而我并不是一名专业人士，所以像 LiVES 这样免费的视频编辑器就足以进行简单的编辑了。 + +你认为怎么样呢？你在 Linux 上使用 LiVES 或其他视频编辑器的体验还好吗？在下面的评论中告诉我们你的感觉吧。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/lives-video-editor/ + +作者：[Ankush Das][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[Scvoet](https://github.com/scvoet) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://itsfoss.com/open-source-video-editors/ +[2]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/lives-video-editor-loading.jpg?ssl=1 +[3]: https://itsfoss.com/vidcutter-video-editor-linux/ +[4]: http://lives-video.com/index.php?do=downloads#binaries +[5]: https://itsfoss.com/ppa-guide/ +[6]: http://ubuntuhandbook.org/index.php/2019/08/lives-video-editor-3-0-released-install-ubuntu/ +[7]: https://itsfoss.com/best-video-editing-software-linux/ diff --git a/published/20190825 Happy birthday to the Linux kernel- What-s your favorite release.md b/published/20190825 Happy birthday to the Linux kernel- What-s your favorite release.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b8ce475557 --- /dev/null +++ b/published/20190825 Happy birthday to the Linux kernel- What-s your favorite release.md @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (wxy) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11271-1.html) +[#]: subject: (Happy birthday to the Linux kernel: What's your favorite release?) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/8/linux-kernel-favorite-release) +[#]: author: (Lauren Pritchett https://opensource.com/users/lauren-pritchett) + +Linux 内核生日快乐 —— 那么你喜欢哪个版本？ +====== + +> 自从第一个 Linux 内核发布已经过去 28 年了。自 1991 年以来发布了几十个 Linux 内核版本，你喜欢的是哪个？投个票吧！ + +![][1] + +让我们回到 1991 年 8 月，那个创造历史的时间。科技界经历过许多关键时刻，这些时刻仍在影响着我们。在那个 8 月，Tim Berners-Lee 宣布了一个名为万维网World Wide Web的有趣项目，并推出了第一个网站；超级任天堂在美国发布，为所有年龄段的孩子们开启了新的游戏篇章；在赫尔辛基大学，一位名叫 Linus Torvalds 的学生向同好们询问（1991 年 8 月 25 日）了他作为[业余爱好][3]开发的新免费操作系统的反馈。那时 Linux 内核诞生了。 + +如今，我们可以浏览超过 15 亿个网站，在我们的电视机上玩另外五种任天堂游戏机，并维护着六个长期 Linux 内核。以下是我们的一些作者对他们最喜欢的 Linux 内核版本所说的话。 + +“引入模块的那个版本（1.2 吧？）。这是 Linux 迈向成功的未来的重要一步。” - Milan Zamazal + +“2.6.9，因为它是我 2006 年加入 Red Hat 时的版本（在 RHEL4 中）。但我也更钟爱 2.6.18（RHEL5）一点，因为它在大规模部署的、我们最大客户（Telco, FSI）的关键任务工作负载中使用。它还带来了我们最大的技术变革之一：虚拟化（Xen 然后是 KVM）。” - Herve Lemaitre + +“4.10。（虽然我不知道如何衡量这一点）。” - Ivan Bazulic + +“Fedora 30 附带的新内核修复了我的 Thinkpad Yoga 笔记本电脑的挂起问题；挂起功能现在可以完美运行。我是一个笨人，只是忍受这个问题而从未试着提交错误报告，所以我特别感谢这项工作，我知道一定会解决这个问题。” - MáirínDuffy + +“2.6.16 版本将永远在我的心中占有特殊的位置。这是我负责将其转换为在 hertz neverlost gps 系统上运行的第一个内核。我负责这项为那个设备构建内核和根文件系统的工作，对我来说这真的是一个奇迹时刻。我们在初次发布后多次更新了内核，但我想我必须还是推选那个最初版本，不过，我对于它的热爱没有任何技术原因，这纯属感性选择 =）” - Michael McCune + +“我最喜欢的 Linux 内核版本是 2.4.0 系列，它集成了对 USB、LVM 和 ext3 的支持。ext3 是第一个具有日志支持的主流 Linux 文件系统，其从 2.4.15 内核可用。我使用的第一个内核版本是 2.2.13。” - Sean Nelson + +“也许是 2.2.14，因为它是在我安装的第一个 Linux 上运行的版本（Mandrake Linux 7.0，在 2000 IIRC）。它也是我第一个需要重新编译以让我的视频卡或我的调制解调器（记不清了）工作的版本。” - GermánPulido + +“我认为最新的一个！但我有段时间使用实时内核扩展来进行音频制作。” - Mario Torre + +*在 Linux 内核超过 [52 个的版本][2]当中，你最喜欢哪一个？参加我们的调查并在评论中告诉我们原因。* + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/8/linux-kernel-favorite-release + +作者：[Lauren Pritchett][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/lauren-pritchetthttps://opensource.com/users/sethhttps://opensource.com/users/luis-ibanezhttps://opensource.com/users/mhayden +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/linux_anniversary_celebreate_tux.jpg?itok=JOE-yXus +[2]: http://phb-crystal-ball.org/ +[3]: http://lkml.iu.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/1908.3/00457.html diff --git a/sources/news/20190817 LiVES Video Editor 3.0 is Here With Significant Improvements.md b/sources/news/20190817 LiVES Video Editor 3.0 is Here With Significant Improvements.md deleted file mode 100644 index 30130205d6..0000000000 --- a/sources/news/20190817 LiVES Video Editor 3.0 is Here With Significant Improvements.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,107 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (scvoet) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (LiVES Video Editor 3.0 is Here With Significant Improvements) -[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/lives-video-editor/) -[#]: author: (Ankush Das https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/) - -LiVES 视频编辑器 3.0 有了显著的改善 -====== - -我们最近列出了[最好开源视频编辑器][1]的清单。LiVES 是这些开源视频编辑器中的免费提供服务的一个。 - -即使许多用户还在等待 Windows 版本的发行，但在刚刚发行的 LiVES 视频编辑器 Linux 版本中（最新版本 v3.0.1）进行了一个重大更新，更新内容中包括了一些新的功能和改进。 - -在这篇文章里，我将会列出新版本中的重要改进，并且我将会提到在 Linux 上安装的步骤。 - -### LiVES 视频编辑器 3.0：新的改进 - -![Zorin OS 中正在加载的 LiVES 视频编辑器][2] - -总的来说，在这次重大更新中 LiVES 视频编辑器旨在提供更加丝滑的回放、防止闻所未闻的崩溃、优化视频记录，以及让在线视频下载更加实用。 - -下面列出了修改： - - * 如果需要加载的话，可以静默加载直到到视频播放完毕。 - * 改进回放插件为 openGL，提供更加丝滑的回放。 - * 重新启用了 openGL 回放插件的高级选项。 -  * 在 VJ/预解码 中允许“充足”的所有帧 -  * 重构了在播放时基础计算的代码（有了更好的 a/v 同步）。 -  * 彻底修复了外部音频和音频，提高了准确性并减少了 CPU 周期。 -  * 进入多音轨模式时自动切换至内部音频。 -  * 重新显示效果映射器窗口时，将会正常展示效果状态（on/off）。 -  * 解决了音频和视频线程之间的冲突。 -  * 现在可以对在线视频下载器，剪辑大小和格式进行修改并添加了更新选项。 -  * 对实时效果实行了参考计数的记录。 -  * 大范围重写了主界面，清理代码并改进多视觉。 -  * 优化了视频播放器运行时的录制功能。 -  * 改进了 projectM 过滤器，包括支持了 SDL2。 -  * 添加了一个选项来逆转多轨合成器中的 Z-order（后层现在可以覆盖上层了）。 -  * 增加了对 musl libc 的支持 -  * 更新了乌克兰语的翻译 - - -如果您不是一位高级视频编辑师，也许会对上面列出的重要更新提不起太大的兴趣。但正是因为这些更新，才使得“LiVES 视频编辑器”成为了最好的开源视频编辑软件。 - -[][3] - -推荐阅读  VidCutter Lets You Easily Trim And Merge Videos In Linux - -### 在 Linux 上安装 LiVES 视频编辑器 - -LiVES 几乎可以在所有主要 Linux 发行版中使用。但是，您可能并不能在软件中心找到它的最新版本。所以，如果你想通过这种方式安装，那你就不得不耐心等待了。 - -如果你想要手动安装，可以从它的下载页面获取 Fedora/Open SUSE 的 RPM 安装包。它也适用于其他 Linux 发行版。 - -[下载 LiVES 视频编辑器] [4] - -如果您使用的是 Ubuntu（或其他基于 Ubuntu 的发行版），您可以安装由 [Ubuntuhandbook][6] 进行维护的[非官方 PPA][5]。 - -下面由我来告诉你，你该做些什么： - -**1. **启动终端后输入以下命令： - -``` -sudo add-apt-repository ppa：ubuntuhandbook1 / lives -``` - -系统将提示您输入密码用于确认添加 PPA。 - -**2. **完成后，您现在可以轻松地更新软件包列表并安装 LiVES 视频编辑器。以下是需要您输入的命令段： - -``` -sudo apt update -sudo apt install life-plugins -``` - -**3.** 现在，它开始下载并安装视频编辑器，等待大约一分钟即可完成。 - -**总结** - -Linux 上有许多[视频编辑器] [7]。但它们通常被认为不能进行专业的编辑。而我并不是一名专业人士，所以像 LiVES 这样免费的视频编辑器就足以进行简单的编辑了。 - -您认为怎么样呢？您在 Linux 上使用 LiVES 或其他视频编辑器的体验还好吗？在下面的评论中告诉我们你的感觉吧。 - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://itsfoss.com/lives-video-editor/ - -作者：[Ankush Das][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[Scvoet][c] -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[c]: https://github.com/scvoet -[1]: https://itsfoss.com/open-source-video-editors/ -[2]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/lives-video-editor-loading.jpg?ssl=1 -[3]: https://itsfoss.com/vidcutter-video-editor-linux/ -[4]: http://lives-video.com/index.php?do=downloads#binaries -[5]: https://itsfoss.com/ppa-guide/ -[6]: http://ubuntuhandbook.org/index.php/2019/08/lives-video-editor-3-0-released-install-ubuntu/ -[7]: https://itsfoss.com/best-video-editing-software-linux/ diff --git a/sources/news/20190822 Semiconductor startup Cerebras Systems launches massive AI chip.md b/sources/news/20190822 Semiconductor startup Cerebras Systems launches massive AI chip.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..91685c8501 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/news/20190822 Semiconductor startup Cerebras Systems launches massive AI chip.md @@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Semiconductor startup Cerebras Systems launches massive AI chip) +[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3433617/semiconductor-startup-cerebras-systems-launches-massive-ai-chip.html) +[#]: author: (Andy Patrizio https://www.networkworld.com/author/Andy-Patrizio/) + +Semiconductor startup Cerebras Systems launches massive AI chip +====== + +![Cerebras][1] + +There are a host of different AI-related solutions for the data center, ranging from add-in cards to dedicated servers, like the Nvidia DGX-2. But a startup called Cerebras Systems has its own server offering that relies on a single massive processor rather than a slew of small ones working in parallel. + +Cerebras has taken the wraps off its Wafer Scale Engine (WSE), an AI chip that measures 8.46x8.46 inches, making it almost the size of an iPad and more than 50 times larger than a CPU or GPU. A typical CPU or GPU is about the size of a postage stamp. + +[Now see how AI can boost data-center availability and efficiency.][2] + +Cerebras won’t sell the chips to ODMs due to the challenges of building and cooling such a massive chip. Instead, it will come as part of a complete server to be installed in data centers, which it says will start shipping in October. + +The logic behind the design is that AI requires huge amounts of data just to run a test and current technology, even GPUs, are not fast or powerful enough. So Cerebras supersized the chip. + +The numbers are just incredible. The company’s WSE chip has 1.2 trillion transistors, 400,000 computing cores and 18 gigabytes of memory. A typical PC processor has about 2 billion transistors, four to six cores and a few megabytes of cache memory. Even a high-end GPU has 21 billion transistors and a few thousand cores. + +The 400,000 cores on the WSE are connected via the Swarm communication fabric in a 2D mesh with 100 Pb/s of bandwidth. The WSE has 18 GB of on-chip memory, all accessible within a single clock cycle, and provides 9 PB/s memory bandwidth. This is 3000x more capacity and 10,000x greater bandwidth than the best Nvidia has to offer. More to the point it eliminates the need to move data in and out of memory to and from the CPU. + +“A vast array of programmable cores provides cluster-scale compute on a single chip. High-speed memory close to each core ensures that cores are always occupied doing calculations. And by connecting everything on-die, communication is many thousands of times faster than what is possible with off-chip technologies like InfiniBand,” the company said in a [blog post][3] announcing the processor. + +The cores are called Sparse Linear Algebra Cores, or SLA. They are optimized for the sparse linear algebra that is fundamental to neural network calculation. These cores are designed specifically for AI work. They are small and fast, contain no caches, and have eliminated other features and overheads that are needed in general purpose cores but play no useful role in a deep learning processor. + +The chip is the brainchild of Andrew Feldman, who created the SeaMicro high density Atom-based server a decade ago as an alternative to overpowered Xeons for doing simple tasks like file and print or serving LAMP stacks. Feldman is a character, one of the more interesting people [I’ve interviewed][4]. He definitely thinks outside the box. + +Feldman sold SeaMicro to AMD for $334 million in 2012, which turned out to be a colossal waste of money on AMD’s part, as the product shortly disappeared from the market. Since then he’s raised $100 million in VC money. + +Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][5] and [LinkedIn][6] to comment on topics that are top of mind. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3433617/semiconductor-startup-cerebras-systems-launches-massive-ai-chip.html + +作者：[Andy Patrizio][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Andy-Patrizio/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/08/cerebras-wafer-scale-engine-100809084-large.jpg +[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3274654/ai-boosts-data-center-availability-efficiency.html +[3]: https://www.cerebras.net/hello-world/ +[4]: https://www.serverwatch.com/news/article.php/3887471/SeaMicro-Launches-an-AtomPowered-Cloud-Computing-Server.htm +[5]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ +[6]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world diff --git a/sources/news/20190823 VMware spends -4.8B to grab Pivotal, Carbon Black to secure, develop integrated cloud world.md b/sources/news/20190823 VMware spends -4.8B to grab Pivotal, Carbon Black to secure, develop integrated cloud world.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..be11927309 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/news/20190823 VMware spends -4.8B to grab Pivotal, Carbon Black to secure, develop integrated cloud world.md @@ -0,0 +1,96 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (VMware spends $4.8B to grab Pivotal, Carbon Black to secure, develop integrated cloud world) +[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3433916/vmware-spends-48b-to-grab-pivotal-carbon-black-to-secure-develop-integrated-cloud-world.html) +[#]: author: (Michael Cooney https://www.networkworld.com/author/Michael-Cooney/) + +VMware spends $4.8B to grab Pivotal, Carbon Black to secure, develop integrated cloud world +====== +VMware will spend $2.7 billion on cloud-application developer Pivotal and $2.1 billion for security vendor Carbon Black - details at next week's VMworld user conference +![Bigstock][1] + +All things cloud are major topics of conversation at the VMworld user conference next week, ratcheded up a notch by VMware's $4.8 billion plans to acquire cloud development firm Pivotal and security provider Carbon Black. + +VMware said during its quarterly financial call this week it would spend about $2.7 billion on Pivotal and its Cloud Foundry hybrid cloud development technology, and about $2.1 billion for the security technology of Carbon Black, which includes its Predictive Security Cloud and other endpoint-security software.  Both amounts represent the [enterprise value][2] of the deals the actual purchase prices will vary, experts said. + +**[ Check out [What is hybrid cloud computing][3] and learn [what you need to know about multi-cloud][4]. | Get regularly scheduled insights by [signing up for Network World newsletters][5]. ]** + +VMware has deep relationships with both companies. Carbon Black technology is part of [VMware’s AppDefense][6] endpoint security. Pivotal has a deeper relationship in that VMware and Dell, VMware’s parent company, [spun out Pivotal][7] in 2013. + +“These acquisitions address two critical technology priorities of all businesses today – building modern, enterprise-grade applications and protecting enterprise workloads and clients. With these actions we meaningfully accelerate our subscription and SaaS offerings and expand our ability to enable our customers’ digital transformation,” said VMware CEO Pat Gelsinger, on the call. + +With regards to the Pivotal acquisition Gelsinger said the time was right to own the whole compute stack. “We will now be uniquely positioned to help customers build, run and manage their cloud environment, and customers can go one place to get all of this technology,” Gelsinger said. “We embed the technology in our core VMware platform, and we will explain more about that at VMworld next week.” + +On the Carbon Black buy Gelsinger said he expects the technology to be integrated across VMware’s produce families such as NSX networking software and vSphere, VMware's flagship virtualization platform. + +“Security is broken and fundamentally customers want a different answer in the security space. We think this move will be an opportunity for major disruption.” + +**[ [Prepare to become a Certified Information Security Systems Professional with this comprehensive online course from PluralSight. Now offering a 10-day free trial!][8] ]** + +Patric Morley, president and CEO of Carbon Black [wrote of the deal][9]: “VMware has a vision to create a modern security platform for any app, running on any cloud, delivered to any device – essentially, to build security into the fabric of the compute stack. Carbon Black’s cloud-native platform, our ability to see and stop attackers by leveraging the power of our rich data and behavioral analytics, and our deep cybersecurity expertise are all truly differentiating.” + +Both transactions are expected to close in the second half of VMware’s fiscal year, which ends Jan. 31. + +VMware has been on a massive buying spree this year that has included: + + * Avi Networks for multi-cloud application delivery services. + * Bitfusion for hardware virtualization. + * Uhana, a company that is employing deep learning and real-time AI in carrier networks and applications, to automate network operations and optimize application experience. + * Veriflow, for network verification, assurance, and troubleshooting. + * Heptio for its Kubernetes technology. + + + +Kubernetes integration will be a big topic at VMworld, Gelsinger hinted. “You will hear very specific announcements about how Heptio will be used. [And] we will be announcing major expansions of our Kubernetes and modern apps portfolio and help Pivotal complete that strategy. Together with Heptio and Pivotal, VMware will offer a comprehensive Kubernetes-based portfolio to build, run and manage modern applications on any cloud,” Gelsinger said. + +“VMware has increased its Kubernetes-related investments over the past year with the acquisition of Heptio to become a top-three contributor to Kubernetes, and at VMworld we will describe a major R&D effort to evolve VMware vSphere into a native Kubernetes platform for VMs and containers.” + +Other updates about where VMware vSphere and NSX-T are headed will also be hot topics. + +Introduced in 2017, NSX-T Data Center software is targeted at organizations looking to support multivendor cloud-native applications, [bare-metal][10] workloads, [hypervisor][11] environments and the growing hybrid and multi-cloud worlds. In February the [company anointed NSX-T][12] the company’s go-to platform for future software-defined cloud developments. + +VMware is battling Cisco's Application Centric Infrastructure, Juniper's Contrail system and other platforms from vendors including Pluribus, Arista and Big Switch. How NSX-T evolves will be key to how well VMware competes. + +The most recent news around vSphere was that new features of its Hybrid Cloud Extension application-mobility software enables non-vSphere as well as increased on-premises application workloads to migrate to a variety of specific cloud services. Introduced in 2017, [VMware HCX][13] lets vSphere customers tie on-premises systems and applications to cloud services. + +The HCX announcement was part of VMware’s continued evolution into cloud technologies. In July the company teamed with [Google][14] to natively support VMware workloads in its Google Cloud service, giving customers more options for deploying enterprise applications. + +Further news about that relationship is likely at VMworld as well. + +VMware also has a hybrid cloud partnership with [Microsoft’s Azure cloud service][15].  That package, called Azure VMware Solutions is built on VMware Cloud Foundation, which  is a packag of vSphere with NSX network-virtualization and VSAN software-defined storage-area-network platform. The company is expected to update developments with that platform as well. + +Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][16] and [LinkedIn][17] to comment on topics that are top of mind. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3433916/vmware-spends-48b-to-grab-pivotal-carbon-black-to-secure-develop-integrated-cloud-world.html + +作者：[Michael Cooney][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Michael-Cooney/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/08/hybridcloud-100808516-large.jpg +[2]: http://valuationacademy.com/what-is-the-enterprise-value-ev/ +[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3233132/cloud-computing/what-is-hybrid-cloud-computing.html +[4]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3252775/hybrid-cloud/multicloud-mania-what-to-know.html +[5]: https://www.networkworld.com/newsletters/signup.html +[6]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3359242/vmware-firewall-takes-aim-at-defending-apps-in-data-center-cloud.html +[7]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/2225739/what-is-pivotal--emc-and-vmware-want-it-to-be-your-platform-for-building-big-data-apps.html +[8]: https://pluralsight.pxf.io/c/321564/424552/7490?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pluralsight.com%2Fpaths%2Fcertified-information-systems-security-professional-cisspr +[9]: https://www.carbonblack.com/2019/08/22/the-next-chapter-in-our-story-vmware-carbon-black/ +[10]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3261113/why-a-bare-metal-cloud-provider-might-be-just-what-you-need.html?nsdr=true +[11]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3243262/what-is-a-hypervisor.html?nsdr=true +[12]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3346017/vmware-preps-milestone-nsx-release-for-enterprise-cloud-push.html +[13]: https://docs.vmware.com/en/VMware-HCX/services/rn/VMware-HCX-Release-Notes.html +[14]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3428497/google-cloud-to-offer-vmware-data-center-tools-natively.html +[15]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3113394/vmware-cloud-foundation-integrates-virtual-compute-network-and-storage-systems.html +[16]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ +[17]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world diff --git a/sources/news/20190826 Implementing edge computing, DevOps like car racing, and more industry trends.md b/sources/news/20190826 Implementing edge computing, DevOps like car racing, and more industry trends.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b048ecbdab --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/news/20190826 Implementing edge computing, DevOps like car racing, and more industry trends.md @@ -0,0 +1,72 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Implementing edge computing, DevOps like car racing, and more industry trends) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/8/implementing-edge-more-industry-trends) +[#]: author: (Tim Hildred https://opensource.com/users/thildred) + +Implementing edge computing, DevOps like car racing, and more industry trends +====== +A weekly look at open source community and industry trends. +![Person standing in front of a giant computer screen with numbers, data][1] + +As part of my role as a senior product marketing manager at an enterprise software company with an open source development model, I publish a regular update about open source community, market, and industry trends for product marketers, managers, and other influencers. Here are five of my and their favorite articles from that update. + +## [How to implement edge computing][2] + +> "When you have hundreds or thousands of locations, it's a challenge to manage all of that compute as you continue to scale it out at the edge," said Coufal. "For organizations heavily involved with IoT, there are cases where these enterprises can find themselves with millions of different endpoints to manage. This is where you need to automate as much as you can operationally so there is less need for humans to manage the day-to-day activities." + +**The impact:** We may think that there is a lot of stuff hooked up to the internet already, but edge connected Internet of Things (IoT) devices are already proving we ain't seen nothing yet. A heuristic that breaks the potential billions of endpoints into three categories (at least in a business context) helps us think about what this IoT might actually do for us, and who should be responsible for what. + +## [Can a composable hypervisor re-imagine virtualization?][3] + +> Van de Ven explained that in talking with customers he has seen five areas emerge as needing re-imagining in order to support evolving virtualization plans. These include a platform that is lightweight; one that is fast; something that can support high density workloads; that has quick start up; and one that is secure. However, the degrees of those needs remains in flux. +> +> Van de Ven explained that a [composable][4] hypervisor was one way to deal with these varying needs, pointing to Intel’s work with the [recently launched][5] rust-vmm hypervisor. +> +> That [open source project][6] provides a set of common hypervisor components developed by contributing vendors that can provide a more secure, higher performance container technology designed for [cloud native][7] environments. + +**The impact**: The container boom has been perhaps unprecedented in both the rapidness of its onset and the breadth of its impact. You'd be forgiven for thinking that all the innovation has moved on from virtualization; not so! For one thing, most of those containers are running in virtual machines, and there are still places where virtual machines outshine containers (particularly where security is concerned). Thankfully there are projects pushing the state of hypervisors and virtualization forward. + +## [How DevOps is like auto racing][8] + +> To achieve their goals, race teams don’t think from start to finish; they flip the table to look at the race from the end goal to the beginning. They set a goal, a stretch goal, and then work backward from that goal to determine how to get there. Work is delegated to team members to push toward the objectives that will get the team to the desired outcome. + +**The impact**: Sometimes the best way to understand the impact of an idea is to re-imagine the stakes. Here we recontextualize the moving and configuration of bits as the direction of explosive power and get a better understanding of why process, roles, and responsibilities are important contributors to success. + +## [CNCF archives the rkt project][9] + +> All open source projects are subject to a lifecycle and can become less active for a number of reasons. In rkt’s case, despite its initial popularity following its creation in December 2014, and contribution to CNCF in March 2017, end user adoption has severely declined. The CNCF is also [home][10] to other container runtime projects: [containerd][11] and [CRI-O][12], and while the rkt project played an important part in the early days of cloud native adoption, in recent times user adoption has trended away from rkt towards these other projects. Furthermore, [project activity][13] and the number of contributors has also steadily declined over time, along with unpatched CVEs. + +**The impact**: Betamax and laser discs pushed cassettes and DVDs to be better, and so it is with rkt. The project showed there is more than one way to run containers at a time when it looked like there was only one way to run containers. rkt galvanized a push towards standard interfaces in the container space, and for that, we are eternally grateful. + +_I hope you enjoyed this list of what stood out to me from last week and come back next Monday for more open source community, market, and industry trends._ + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/8/implementing-edge-more-industry-trends + +作者：[Tim Hildred][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/thildred +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/data_metrics_analytics_desktop_laptop.png?itok=9QXd7AUr (Person standing in front of a giant computer screen with numbers, data) +[2]: https://www.techrepublic.com/article/how-to-implement-edge-computing/ +[3]: https://www.sdxcentral.com/articles/news/can-a-composable-hypervisor-re-imagine-virtualization/2019/08/ +[4]: https://www.sdxcentral.com/data-center/composable/definitions/what-is-composable-infrastructure-definition/ (What is Composable Infrastructure? Definition) +[5]: https://www.sdxcentral.com/articles/news/intel-pushes-open-source-hypervisor-with-cloud-giants/2019/05/ +[6]: https://github.com/rust-vmm +[7]: https://www.sdxcentral.com/cloud-native/ (Cloud Native) +[8]: https://developers.redhat.com/blog/2019/08/22/how-devops-is-like-auto-racing/ +[9]: https://www.cncf.io/blog/2019/08/16/cncf-archives-the-rkt-project/ +[10]: https://landscape.cncf.io/category=container-runtime&format=card-mode +[11]: https://containerd.io/ +[12]: https://cri-o.io/ +[13]: https://rkt.devstats.cncf.io diff --git a/sources/talk/20180104 How allowing myself to be vulnerable made me a better leader.md b/sources/talk/20180104 How allowing myself to be vulnerable made me a better leader.md deleted file mode 100644 index 339003abe5..0000000000 --- a/sources/talk/20180104 How allowing myself to be vulnerable made me a better leader.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,66 +0,0 @@ -translating by valoniakim - -How allowing myself to be vulnerable made me a better leader -====== -![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/leaderscatalysts.jpg?itok=f8CwHiKm) - -Conventional wisdom suggests that leadership is strong, bold, decisive. In my experience, leadership does feel like that some days. - -Some days leadership feels more vulnerable. Doubts creep in: Am I making good decisions? Am I the right person for this job? Am I focusing on the most important things? - -The trick with these moments is to talk about these moments. When we keep them secret, our insecurity only grows. Being an open leader means pushing our vulnerability into the spotlight. Only then can we seek comfort from others who have experienced similar moments. - -To demonstrate how this works, I'll share a story. - -### A nagging question - -If you work in the tech industry, you'll note an obvious focus on creating [an organization that's inclusive][1]--a place for diversity to flourish. Long story short: I thought I was a "diversity hire," someone hired because of my gender, not my ability. Even after more than 15 years in the industry, with all of the focus on diversity in hiring, that possibility got under my skin. Along came the doubts: Was I hired because I was the best person for the job--or because I was a woman? After years of knowing I was hired because I was the best person, the fact that I was female suddenly seemed like it was more interesting to potential employers. - -I rationalized that it didn't matter why I was hired; I knew I was the best person for the job and would prove it. I worked hard, delivered results, made mistakes, learned, and did everything an employer would want from an employee. - -And yet the "diversity hire" question nagged. I couldn't shake it. I avoided the subject like the plague and realized that not talking about it was a signal that I had no choice but to deal with it. If I continued to avoid the subject, it was going to affect my work. And that's the last thing I wanted. - -### Speaking up - -Talking about diversity and inclusion can be awkward. So many factors enter into the decision to open up: - - * Can we trust our co-workers with a vulnerable moment? - * Can a leader of a team be too vulnerable? - * What if I overstep? Do I damage my career? - - - -In my case, I ended up at a lunch Q&A session with an executive who's a leader in many areas of the organization--especially candid conversations. A coworker asked the "Was I a diversity hire?" question. He stopped and spent a significant amount of time talking about this question to a room full of women. I'm not going to recount the entire discussion here; I will share the most salient point: If you know you're qualified for the job and you know the interview went well, don't doubt the outcome. Anyone who questions whether you're a diversity hire has their own questions to answer. You don't have to go on their journey. - -Mic drop. - -I wish I could say that I stopped thinking about this topic. I didn't. The question lingered: What if I am the exception to the rule? What if I was the one diversity hire? I realized that I couldn't avoid the nagging question. - -Because I had the courage to be vulnerable--to go there with my question--I had the burden of my secret question lifted. - -A few weeks later I had a one-on-one with the executive. At the end of conversation, I mentioned that, as a woman, I appreciate his candid conversations about diversity and inclusion. It's easier to talk about these topics when a recognized leader is willing to have the conversation. I also returned to the "Was I a diversity hire? question. He didn't hesitate: We talked. At the end of the conversation, I realized that I was hungry to talk about these things that require bravery; I only needed a nudge and someone who cared enough to talk and listen. - -Because I had the courage to be vulnerable--to go there with my question--I had the burden of my secret question lifted. Feeling physically lighter, I started to have constructive conversations around the questions of implicit bias, what we can do to be inclusive, and what diversity looks like. As I've learned, every person has a different answer when I ask the diversity question. I wouldn't have gotten to have all of these amazing conversations if I'd stayed stuck with my secret. - -I had courage to talk, and I hope you will too. - -Let's talk about these things that hold us back in terms of our ability to lead so we can be more open leaders in every sense of the phrase. Has allowing yourself to be vulnerable made you a better leader? - -### About The Author - -Angela Robertson;Angela Robertson Works As A Senior Manager At Microsoft. She Works With An Amazing Team Of People Passionate About Community Contributions;Engaged In Open Organizations. Before Joining Microsoft;Angela Worked At Red Hat - - - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://opensource.com/article/17/12/how-allowing-myself-be-vulnerable-made-me-better-leader - -作者：[Angela Robertson][a] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:https://opensource.com/users/arobertson98 -[1]:https://opensource.com/open-organization/17/9/building-for-inclusivity diff --git a/sources/talk/20180116 Command Line Heroes- Season 1- OS Wars_2.md b/sources/talk/20180116 Command Line Heroes- Season 1- OS Wars_2.md deleted file mode 100644 index 59747b4d40..0000000000 --- a/sources/talk/20180116 Command Line Heroes- Season 1- OS Wars_2.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,162 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (lujun9972) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (Command Line Heroes: Season 1: OS Wars) -[#]: via: (https://www.redhat.com/en/command-line-heroes/season-1/os-wars-part-2-rise-of-linux) -[#]: author: (redhat https://www.redhat.com) - -Command Line Heroes: Season 1: OS Wars(Part2 Rise of Linux) -====== -Saron Yitbarek: Is this thing on? Cue the epic Star Wars crawl, and, action. - -Voice Actor: [00:00:30] Episode Two: Rise of Linux ® . The empire of Microsoft controls 90 % of desktop users . C omplete standardization of operating systems seems assured. However, the advent of the internet swerves the focus of the war from the desktop toward enterprise, where all businesses scramble to claim a server of their own. Meanwhile, an unlikely hero arises from amongst the band of open source rebels . Linus Torvalds, head strong, bespectacled, releases his Linux system free of charge. Microsoft reels — and regroups. - -Saron Yitbarek: [00:01:00] Oh, the nerd in me just loves that. So, where were we? Last time, Apple and Microsoft were trading blows, trying to dominate in a war over desktop users. By the end of e pisode o ne, we saw Microsoft claiming most of the prize. Soon, the entire landscape went through a seismic upheaval. That's all because of the rise of the internet and the army of developers that rose with it. The internet moves the battlefield from PC users in their home offices to giant business clients with hundreds of servers. - -[00:01:30] This is a huge resource shift. Not only does every company out there wanting to remain relevant suddenly have to pay for server space and get a website built — they also have to integrate software to track resources, monitor databases, et cetera, et cetera. You're going to need a lot of developers to help you with that. At least, back then you did. - -In p art t wo of the OS wars, we'll see how that enormous shift in priorities , and the work of a few open source rebels like Linus Torvalds and Richard Stallman , managed to strike fear in the heart of Microsoft, and an entire software industry. - -[00:02:00] I'm Saron Yitbarek and you're listening to Command Line Heroes, an original podcast from Red Hat. In each episode, we're bringing you stories about the people who transform technology from the command line up. - -[00:02:30] Okay. Imagine for a second that you're Microsoft in 1991. You're feeling pretty good, right? Pretty confident. Assured global domination feels nice. You've mastered the art of partnering with other businesses, but you're still pretty much cutting out the developers, programmers, and sys admins that are the real foot soldiers out there. There is this Finnish geek named Linus Torvalds. He and his team of open source programmers are starting to put out versions of Linux, this OS kernel that they're duct taping together. - -[00:03:00] If you're Microsoft, frankly, you're not too concerned about Linux or even about open source in general, but eventually, the sheer size of Linux gets so big that it becomes impossible for Microsoft not to notice. The first version comes out in 1991 and it's got maybe 10,000 lines of code. A decade later, there will be three million lines of code. In case you're wondering, today it's at 20 million. - -[00:03:30] For a moment, let's stay in the early 90s. Linux hasn't yet become the behemoth we know now. It's just this strangely viral OS that's creeping across the planet, and the geeks and hackers of the world are falling in love with it. I was too young in those early days, but I sort of wish I'd been there. At that time, discovering Linux was like gaining access to a secret society. Programmers would share the Linux CD set with friends the same way other people would share mixtapes of underground music. - -Developer Tristram Oaten [00:03:40] tells the story of how he first encountered Linux when he was 16 years old. - -Tristram Oaten: [00:04:00] We went on a scuba diving holiday, my family and I, to Hurghada, which is on the Red Sea. Beautiful place, highly recommend it. The first day, I drank the tap water. Probably, my mom told me not to. I was really sick the whole week — didn't leave the hotel room. All I had with me was a laptop with a fresh install of Slackware Linux, this thing that I'd heard about and was giving it a try. There were no extra apps, just what came on the eight CDs. By necessity, all I had to do this whole week was to get to grips with this alien system. I read man pages, played around with the terminal. I remember not knowing the difference between a single dot, meaning the current directory, and two dots, meaning the previous directory. - -[00:04:30] I had no clue. I must have made so many mistakes, but slowly, over the course of this forcible solitude, I broke through this barrier and started to understand and figure out what this command line thing was all about. By the end of the holiday, I hadn't seen the pyramids, the Nile, or any Egyptian sites, but I had unlocked one of the wonders of the modern world. I'd unlocked Linux, and the rest is history. - -Saron Yitbarek: You can hear some variation on that story from a lot of people. Getting access to that Linux command line was a transformative experience. - -David Cantrell: This thing gave me the source code. I was like, "That's amazing." - -Saron Yitbarek: We're at a 2017 Linux developers conference called Flock to Fedora. - -David Cantrell: ... very appealing. I felt like I had more control over the system and it just drew me in more and more. From there, I guess, after my first Linux kernel compile in 1995, I was hooked, so, yeah. - -Saron Yitbarek: Developers David Cantrell and Joe Brockmire. - -Joe Brockmeier: I was going through the cheap software and found a four - CD set of Slackware Linux. It sounded really exciting and interesting so I took it home, installed it on a second computer, started playing with it, and really got excited about two things. One was, I was excited not to be running Windows, and I was excited by the open source nature of Linux. - -Saron Yitbarek: [00:06:00] That access to the command line was, in some ways, always there. Decades before open source really took off, there was always a desire to have complete control, at least among developers. Go way back to a time before the OS wars, before Apple and Microsoft were fighting over their GUIs. There were command line heroes then, too. Professor Paul Jones is the director of the online library ibiblio.org. He worked as a developer during those early days. - -Paul Jones: [00:07:00] The internet, by its nature, at that time, was less client server, totally, and more peer to peer. We're talking about, really, some sort of VAX to VAX, some sort of scientific workstation, the scientific workstation. That doesn't mean that client and server relationships and applications weren't there, but it does mean that the original design was to think of how to do peer - to - peer things, the opposite of what IBM had been doing, in which they had dumb terminals that had only enough intelligence to manage the user interface, but not enough intelligence to actually let you do anything in the terminal that would expose anything to it. - -Saron Yitbarek: As popular as GUI was becoming among casual users, there was always a pull in the opposite direction for the engineers and developers. Before Linux in the 1970s and 80s, that resistance was there, with EMAX and GNU . W ith Stallman's free software foundation, certain folks were always begging for access to the command line, but it was Linux in the 1990s that delivered like no other. - -[00:07:30] The early lovers of Linux and other open source software were pioneers. I'm standing on their shoulders. We all are. - -You're listening to Command Line Heroes, an original podcast from Red Hat. This is part two of the OS wars: Rise of Linux. - -Steven Vaughan-Nichols: By 1998, things have changed. - -Saron Yitbarek: Steven Vaughan-Nichols is a contributing editor at zdnet.com, and he's been writing for decades about the business side of technology. He describes how Linux slowly became more and more popular until the number of volunteer contributors was way larger than the number of Microsoft developers working on Windows. Linux never really went after Microsoft's desktop customers, though, and maybe that's why Microsoft ignored them at first. Where Linux did shine was in the server room. When businesses went online, each one required a unique programming solution for their needs. - -[00:08:30] Windows NT comes out in 1993 and it's competing with other server operating systems, but lots of developers are thinking, "Why am I going to buy an AIX box or a large windows box when I could set up a cheap Linux-based system with Apache?" Point is, Linux code started seeping into just about everything online. - -Steven Vaughan-Nichols: [00:09:00] Microsoft realizes that Linux, quite to their surprise, is actually beginning to get some of the business, not so much on the desktop, but on business servers. As a result of that, they start a campaign, what we like to call FUD — fear, uncertainty and doubt — saying, "Oh this Linux stuff, it's really not that good. It's not very reliable. You can't trust it with anything." - -Saron Yitbarek: [00:09:30] That soft propaganda style attack goes on for a while. Microsoft wasn't the only one getting nervous about Linux, either. It was really a whole industry versus that weird new guy. For example, anyone with a stake in UNIX was likely to see Linux as a usurper. Famously, the SCO Group, which had produced a version of UNIX, waged lawsuits for over a decade to try and stop the spread of Linux. SCO ultimately failed and went bankrupt. Meanwhile, Microsoft kept searching for their opening. They were a company that needed to make a move. It just wasn't clear what that move was going to be. - -Steven Vaughan-Nichols: [00:10:30] What will make Microsoft really concerned about it is the next year, in 2000, IBM will announce that they will invest a billion dollars in Linux in 2001. Now, IBM is not really in the PC business anymore. They're not out yet, but they're going in that direction, but what they are doing is they see Linux as being the future of servers and mainframe computers, which, spoiler alert, IBM was correct. Linux is going to dominate the server world. - -Saron Yitbarek: This was no longer just about a bunch of hackers loving their Jedi-like control of the command line. This was about the money side working in Linux's favor in a major way. John "Mad Dog" Hall, the executive director of Linux International, has a story that explains why that was. We reached him by phone. - -John Hall: [00:11:30] A friend of mine named Dirk Holden [00:10:56] was a German systems administrator at Deutsche Bank in Germany, and he also worked in the graphics projects for the early days of the X Windows system for PCs. I visited him one day at the bank, and I said, "Dirk, you have 3,000 servers here at the bank and you use Linux. Why don't you use Microsoft NT?" He looked at me and he said, "Yes, I have 3,000 servers , and if I used Microsoft Windows NT, I would need 2,999 systems administrators." He says, "With Linux, I only need four." That was the perfect answer. - -Saron Yitbarek: [00:12:00] The thing programmers are getting obsessed with also happens to be deeply attractive to big business. Some businesses were wary. The FUD was having an effect. They heard open source and thought, "Open. That doesn't sound solid. It's going to be chaotic, full of bugs," but as that bank manager pointed out, money has a funny way of convincing people to get over their hangups. Even little businesses, all of which needed websites, were coming on board. The cost of working with a cheap Linux system over some expensive proprietary option, there was really no comparison. If you were a shop hiring a pro to build your website, you wanted them to use Linux. - -[00:12:30] Fast forward a few years. Linux runs everybody's website. Linux has conquered the server world, and then, along comes the smartphone. Apple and their iPhones take a sizeable share of the market, of course, and Microsoft hoped to get in on that, except, surprise, Linux was there, too, ready and raring to go. - -Author and journalist James Allworth. - -James Allworth: [00:13:00] There was certainly room for a second player, and that could well have been Microsoft, but for the fact of Android, which was fundamentally based on Linux, and because Android, famously acquired by Google, and now running a majority of the world's smartphones, Google built it on top of that. They were able to start with a very sophisticated operating system and a cost basis of zero. They managed to pull it off, and it ended up locking Microsoft out of the next generation of devices, by and large, at least from an operating system perspective. - -Saron Yitbarek: [00:13:30] The ground was breaking up, big time, and Microsoft was in danger of falling into the cracks. John Gossman is the chief architect on the Azure team at Microsoft. He remembers the confusion that gripped the company at that time. - -John Gossman: [00:14:00] Like a lot of companies, Microsoft was very concerned about IP pollution. They thought that if you let developers use open source they would likely just copy and paste bits of code into some product and then some sort of a viral license might take effect that ... They were also very confused, I think, it was just culturally, a lot of companies, Microsoft included, were confused on the difference between what open source development meant and what the business model was. There was this idea that open source meant that all your software was free and people were never going to pay anything. - -Saron Yitbarek: [00:14:30] Anybody invested in the old, proprietary model of software is going to feel threatened by what's happening here. When you threaten an enormous company like Microsoft, yeah, you can bet they're going to react. It makes sense they were pushing all that FUD — fear, uncertainty and doubt. At the time, an “ us versus them ” attitude was pretty much how business worked. If they'd been any other company, though, they might have kept that old grudge, that old thinking, but then, in 2013, everything changes. - -[00:15:00] Microsoft's cloud computing service, Azure, goes online and, shockingly, it offers Linux virtual machines from day one. Steve Ballmer, the CEO who called Linux a cancer, he's out, and a new forward - thinking CEO, Satya Nadella, has been brought in. - -John Gossman: Satya has a different attitude. He's another generation. He's a generation younger than Paul and Bill and Steve were, and had a different perspective on open source. - -Saron Yitbarek: John Gossman, again, from Microsoft's Azure team. - -John Gossman: [00:16:00] We added Linux support into Azure about four years ago, and that was for very pragmatic reasons. If you go to any enterprise customer, you will find that they are not trying to decide whether to use Windows or to use Linux or to use .net or to use Java TM . They made all those decisions a long time ago — about 15 years or so ago, there was some of this argument. Now, every company that I have ever seen has a mix of Linux and Java and Windows and .net and SQL Server and Oracle and MySQL — proprietary source code - based products and open source code products. - -If you're going to operate a cloud and you're going to allow and enable those companies to run their businesses on the cloud, you simply cannot tell them, "You can use this software but you can't use this software." - -Saron Yitbarek: [00:16:30] That's exactly the philosophy that Satya Nadella adopted. In the fall of 2014, he gets up on stage and he wants to get across one big, fat point. Microsoft loves Linux. He goes on to say that 20 % of Azure is already Linux and that Microsoft will always have first - class support for Linux distros. There's not even a whiff of that old antagonism toward open source. - -To drive the point home, there's literally a giant sign behind them that reads, "Microsoft hearts Linux." Aww. For some of us, that turnaround was a bit of a shock, but really, it shouldn't have been. Here's Steven Levy, a tech journalist and author. - -Steven Levy: [00:17:30] When you're playing a football game and the turf becomes really slick, maybe you switch to a different kind of footwear in order to play on that turf. That's what they were doing. They can't deny reality and there are smart people there so they had to realize that this is the way the world is and put aside what they said earlier, even though they might be a little embarrassed at their earlier statements, but it would be crazy to let their statements about how horrible open source was earlier, affect their smart decisions now. - -Saron Yitbarek: [00:18:00] Microsoft swallowed its pride in a big way. You might remember that Apple, after years of splendid isolation, finally shifted toward a partnership with Microsoft. Now it was Microsoft's turn to do a 180. After years of battling the open source approach, they were reinventing themselves. It was change or perish. Steven Vaughan-Nichols. - -Steven Vaughan-Nichols: [00:18:30] Even a company the size of Microsoft simply can't compete with the thousands of open source developers working on all these other major projects , including Linux. They were very loath e to do so for a long time. The former Microsoft CEO, Steve Ballmer, hated Linux with a passion. Because of its GPL license, it was a cancer, but once Ballmer was finally shown the door, the new Microsoft leadership said, "This is like trying to order the tide to stop coming in. The tide is going to keep coming in. We should work with Linux, not against it." - -Saron Yitbarek: [00:19:00] Really, one of the big wins in the history of online tech is the way Microsoft was able to make this pivot, when they finally decided to. Of course, older, hardcore Linux supporters were pretty skeptical when Microsoft showed up at the open source table. They weren't sure if they could embrace these guys, but, as Vaughan-Nichols points out, today's Microsoft simply is not your mom and dad's Microsoft. - -Steven Vaughan-Nichols : [00:19:30] Microsoft 2017 is not Steve Ballmer's Microsoft, nor is it Bill Gates' Microsoft. It's an entirely different company with a very different approach and, again, once you start using open source, it's not like you can really pull back. Open source has devoured the entire technology world. People who have never heard of Linux as such, don't know it, but every time they're on Facebook , they're running Linux. Every time you do a Google search , you're running Linux. - -[00:20:00] Every time you do anything with your Android phone , you're running Linux again. It literally is everywhere, and Microsoft can't stop that, and thinking that Microsoft can somehow take it all over, I think is naïve. - -Saron Yitbarek: [00:20:30] Open source supporters might have been worrying about Microsoft coming in like a wolf in the flock, but the truth is, the very nature of open source software protects it from total domination. No single company can own Linux and control it in any specific way. Greg Kroah-Hartman is a fellow at the Linux Foundation. - -Greg Kroah-Hartman: Every company and every individual contributes to Linux in a selfish manner. They're doing so because they want to solve a problem that they have, be it hardware isn't working , or they want to add a new feature to do something else , or want to take it in a direction that they'll build that they can use for their product. That's great, because then everybody benefits from that because they're releasing the code back, so that everybody can use it. It's because of that selfishness that all companies and all people have, everybody benefits. - -Saron Yitbarek: [00:21:30] Microsoft has realized that in the coming cloud wars, fighting Linux would be like going to war with, well, a cloud. Linux and open source aren't the enemy, they're the atmosphere. Today, Microsoft has joined the Linux Foundation as a platinum member. They became the number one contributor to open source on GitHub. In September, 2017, they even joined the Open Source Initiative. These days, Microsoft releases a lot of its code under open licenses. Microsoft's John Gossman describes what happened when they open sourced .net. At first, they didn't really think they'd get much back. - -John Gossman: [00:22:00] We didn't count on contributions from the community, and yet, three years in, over 50 per cent of the contributions to the .net framework libraries, now, are coming from outside of Microsoft. This includes big pieces of code. Samsung has contributed ARM support to .net. Intel and ARM and a couple other chip people have contributed code generation specific for their processors to the .net framework, as well as a surprising number of fixes, performance improvements , and stuff — from just individual contributors to the community. - -Saron Yitbarek: Up until a few years ago, the Microsoft we have today, this open Microsoft, would have been unthinkable. - -[00:23:00] I'm Saron Yitbarek, and this is Command Line Heroes. Okay, we've seen titanic battles for the love of millions of desktop users. We've seen open source software creep up behind the proprietary titans, and nab huge market share. We've seen fleets of command line heroes transform the programming landscape into the one handed down to people like me and you. Today, big business is absorbing open source software, and through it all, everybody is still borrowing from everybody. - -[00:23:30] In the tech wild west, it's always been that way. Apple gets inspired by Xerox, Microsoft gets inspired by Apple, Linux gets inspired by UNIX. Evolve, borrow, constantly grow. In David and Goliath terms, open source software is no longer a David, but, you know what? It's not even Goliath, either. Open source has transcended. It's become the battlefield that others fight on. As the open source approach becomes inevitable, new wars, wars that are fought in the cloud, wars that are fought on the open source battlefield, are ramping up. - -Here's author Steven Levy. - -Steven Levy: [00:24:00] Basically, right now, we have four or five companies, if you count Microsoft, that in various ways are fighting to be the platform for all we do, for artificial intelligence, say. You see wars between intelligent assistants, and guess what? Apple has an intelligent assistant, Siri. Microsoft has one, Cortana. Google has the Google Assistant. Samsung has an intelligent assistant. Amazon has one, Alexa. We see these battles shifting to different areas, there. Maybe, you could say, the hottest one is would be, whose AI platform is going to control all the stuff in our lives there, and those five companies are all competing for that. - -Saron Yitbarek: If you're looking for another rebel that's going to sneak up behind Facebook or Google or Amazon and blindside them the way Linux blindsided Microsoft, you might be looking a long time, because as author James Allworth points out, being a true rebel is only getting harder and harder. - -James Allworth: [00:25:30] Scale's always been an advantage but the nature of scale advantages are almost ... Whereas, I think previously they were more linear in nature, now it's more exponential in nature, and so, once you start to get out in front with something like this , it becomes harder and harder for a new player to come in and catch up. I think this is true of the internet era in general, whether it's scale like that or the importance and advantages that data bestow on an organization in terms of its ability to compete. Once you get out in front, you attract more customers, and then that gives you more data and that enables you to do an even better job, and then, why on earth would you want to go with the number two player, because they're so far behind? I think it's going to be no different in cloud. - -Saron Yitbarek: [00:26:00] This story began with singular heroes like Steve Jobs and Bill Gates, but the progress of technology has taken on a crowdsourced, organic feel. I think it's telling that our open source hero, Linus Torvalds, didn't even have a real plan when he first invented the Linux kernel. He was a brilliant , young developer for sure, but he was also like a single drop of water at the very front of a tidal wave. The revolution was inevitable. It's been estimated that for a proprietary company to create a Linux distribution in their old - fashioned , proprietary way, it would cost them well over $ 10 billion. That points to the power of open source. - -[00:26:30] In the end, it's not something that a proprietary model is going to compete with. Successful companies have to remain open. That's the big, ultimate lesson in all this. Something else to keep in mind: W hen we're wired together, our capacity to grow and build on what we've already accomplished becomes limitless. As big as these companies get, we don't have to sit around waiting for them to give us something better. Think about the new developer who learns to code for the sheer joy of creating, the mom who decides that if nobody's going to build what she needs, then she'll build it herself. - -Wherever tomorrow's great programmers come from, they're always going to have the capacity to build the next big thing, so long as there's access to the command line. - -[00:27:30] That's it for our two - part tale on the OS wars that shaped our digital lives. The struggle for dominance moved from the desktop to the server room, and ultimately into the cloud. Old enemies became unlikely allies, and a crowdsourced future left everything open . Listen, I know, there are a hundred other heroes we didn't have space for in this history trip, so drop us a line. Share your story. Redhat.com/commandlineheroes. I'm listening. - -We're spending the rest of the season learning what today's heroes are creating, and what battles they're going through to bring their creations to life. Come back for more tales — from the epic front lines of programming. We drop a new episode every two weeks. In a couple weeks' time, we bring you episode three: the Agile Revolution. - -[00:28:00] Command Line Heroes is an original podcast from Red Hat. To get new episodes delivered automatically for free, make sure to subscribe to the show. Just search for “ Command Line Heroes ” in Apple p odcast s , Spotify, Google Play, and pretty much everywhere else you can find podcasts. Then, hit “ subscribe ” so you will be the first to know when new episodes are available. - -I'm Saron Yitbarek. Thanks for listening. Keep on coding. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.redhat.com/en/command-line-heroes/season-1/os-wars-part-2-rise-of-linux - -作者：[redhat][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://www.redhat.com -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 diff --git a/sources/talk/20180720 A brief history of text-based games and open source.md b/sources/talk/20180720 A brief history of text-based games and open source.md deleted file mode 100644 index a16799d551..0000000000 --- a/sources/talk/20180720 A brief history of text-based games and open source.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,151 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (cycoe) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (A brief history of text-based games and open source) -[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/18/7/interactive-fiction-tools) -[#]: author: (Jason Mclntosh https://opensource.com/users/jmac) - -A brief history of text-based games and open source -====== - -![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/compass_map_explore_adventure.jpg?itok=ecCoVTrZ) - -The [Interactive Fiction Technology Foundation][1] (IFTF) is a non-profit organization dedicated to the preservation and improvement of technologies enabling the digital art form we call interactive fiction. When a Community Moderator for Opensource.com suggested an article about IFTF, the technologies and services it supports, and how it all intersects with open source, I found it a novel angle to the decades-long story I’ve so often told. The history of IF is longer than—but quite enmeshed with—the modern FOSS movement. I hope you’ll enjoy my sharing it here. - -### Definitions and history - -To me, the term interactive fiction includes any video game or digital artwork whose audience interacts with it primarily through text. The term originated in the 1980s when parser-driven text adventure games—epitomized in the United States by [Zork][2], [The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy][3], and the rest of [Infocom][4]’s canon—defined home-computer entertainment. Its mainstream commercial viability had guttered by the 1990s, but online hobbyist communities carried on the tradition, releasing both games and game-creation tools. - -After a quarter century, interactive fiction now comprises a broad and sparkling variety of work, from puzzle-laden text adventures to sprawling and introspective hypertexts. Regular online competitions and festivals provide a great place to peruse and play new work: The English-language IF world enjoys annual events including [Spring Thing][5] and [IFComp][6], the latter a centerpiece of modern IF since 1995—which also makes it the longest-lived continually running game showcase event of its kind in any genre. [IFComp’s crop of judged-and-ranked entries from 2017][7] shows the amazing diversity in form, style, and subject matter that text-based games boast today. - -(I specify "English-language" above because IF communities tend to self-segregate by language, perhaps due to the technology's focus on writing. There are also annual IF events in [French][8] and [Italian][9], for example, and I've heard of at least one Chinese IF festival. Happily, these borders are porous; during the four years I managed IFComp, it has welcomed English-translated work from all international communities.) - -![counterfeit monkey game screenshot][11] - -Starting a new game of Emily Short's "Counterfeit Monkey," running on the interpreter Lectrote (both open source software). - -Also due to its focus on text, IF presents some of the most accessible platforms for both play and authorship. Almost anyone who can read digital text—including users of assistive technology such as text-to-speech software—can play most IF works. Likewise, IF creation is open to all writers willing to learn and work with its tools and techniques. - -This brings us to IF’s long relationship with open source, which has helped enable the art form’s availability since its commercial heyday. I'll provide an overview of contemporary open-source IF creation tools, and then discuss the ancient and sometimes curious tradition of IF works that share their source code. - -### The world of open source IF tools - -A number of development platforms, most of which are open source, are available to create traditional parser-driven IF in which the user types commands—for example, `go north,` `get lamp`, `pet the cat`, or `ask Zoe about quantum mechanics`—to interact with the game’s world. The early 1990s saw the emergence of several hacker-friendly parser-game development kits; those still in use today include [TADS][12], [Alan][13], and [Quest][14]—all open, with the latter two bearing FOSS licenses. - -But by far the most prominent of these is [Inform][15], first released by Graham Nelson in 1993 and now maintained by a team Nelson still leads. Inform source is semi-open, in an unusual fashion: Inform 6, the previous major version, [makes its source available through the Artistic License][16]. This has more immediate relevance than may be obvious, since the otherwise proprietary Inform 7 holds Inform 6 at its core, translating its [remarkable natural-language syntax][17] into its predecessor’s more C-like code before letting it compile the work down into machine code. - -![inform 7 IDE screenshot][19] - -The Inform 7 IDE, loaded up with documentation and a sample project. - -Inform games run on a virtual machine, a relic of the Infocom era when that publisher targeted a VM so that it could write a single game that would run on Apple II, Commodore 64, Atari 800, and other flavors of the "[home computer][20]." Fewer popular operating systems exist today, but Inform’s virtual machines—the relatively modern [Glulx][21] or the charmingly antique [Z-machine][22], a reverse-engineered clone of Infocom’s historical VM—let Inform-created work run on any computer with an Inform interpreter. Currently, popular cross-platform interpreters include desktop programs like [Lectrote][23] and [Gargoyle][24] or browser-based ones like [Quixe][25] and [Parchment][26]. All are open source. - -If the pace of Inform’s development has slowed in its maturity, it remains vital through an active and transparent ecosystem—just like any other popular open source project. In Inform’s case, this includes the aforementioned interpreters, [a collection of language extensions][27] (usually written in a mix of Inform 6 and 7), and of course, all the work created with it and shared with the world, sometimes with source included (I’ll return to that topic later in this article). - -IF creation tools invented in the 21st century tend to explore player interactions outside of the traditional parser, generating hypertext-driven work that any modern web browser can load. Chief among these is [Twine][28], originally developed by Chris Klimas in 2009 and under active development by many contributors today as [a GNU-licensed open source project][29]. (In fact, [Twine][30] can trace its OSS lineage back to [TiddlyWiki][31], the project from which Klimas initially derived it.) - -Twine represents a sort of maximally [open and accessible approach][30] to IF development: Beyond its own FOSS nature, it renders its output as self-contained websites, relying not on machine code requiring further specialized interpretation but the open and well-exercised standards of HTML, CSS, and JavaScript. As a creative tool, Twine can match its own exposed complexity to the creator’s skill level. Users with little or no programming knowledge can create simple but playable IF work, while those with more coding and design skills—including those developing these skills by making Twine games—can develop more sophisticated projects. Little wonder that Twine’s visibility and popularity in educational contexts has grown quite a bit in recent years. - -Other noteworthy open source IF development projects include the MIT-licensed [Undum][32] by Ian Millington, and [ChoiceScript][33] by Dan Fabulich and the [Choice of Games][34] team—both of which also target the web browser as the gameplay platform. Looking beyond strict development systems like these, web-based IF gives us a rich and ever-churning ecosystem of open source work, such as furkle’s [collection of Twine-extending tools][35] and Liza Daly’s [Windrift][36], a JavaScript framework purpose-built for her own IF games. - -### Programs, games, and game-programs - -Twine benefits from [a standing IFTF program dedicated to its support][37], allowing the public to help fund its maintenance and development. IFTF also directly supports two long-time public services, IFComp and the IF Archive, both of which depend upon and contribute back into open software and technologies. - -![Harmonia opening screen shot][39] - -The opening of Liza Daly's "Harmonia," created with the Windrift open source IF-creation framework. - -The Perl- and JavaScript-based application that runs the IFComp’s website has been [a shared-source project][40] since 2014, and it reflects [the stew of FOSS licenses used by its IF-specific sub-components][41], including the various code libraries that allow parser-driven competition entries to run in a web browser. [The IF Archive][42]—online since 1992 and [an IFTF project since 2017][43]—is a set of mirrored repositories based entirely on ancient and stable internet standards, with [a little open source Python script][44] to handle indexing. - -### At last, the fun part: Let's talk about open source text games - -The bulk of the archive [comprises games][45], of course—years and years of games, reflecting decades of evolving game-design trends and IF tool development. - -Lots of IF work shares its source code, and the community’s quick-start solution for finding it is simple: [Search the IFDB for the tag "source available"][46]. (The IFDB is yet another long-running IF community service, run privately by TADS creator Mike Roberts.) Users who are comfortable with a more bare-bones interface may also wish to browse [the `/games/source` directory][47] of the IF Archive, which groups content by development platform and written language (there's also a lot of work either too miscellaneous or too ancient to categorize floating at the top). - -A little bit of random sampling of these code-sharing games reveals an interesting dilemma: Unlike the wider world of open source software, the IF community lacks a generally agreed-upon way of licensing all the code that it generates. Unlike a software tool—including all the tools we use to build IF—an interactive fiction game is a work of art in the most literal sense, meaning that an open source license intended for software would fit it no better than it would any other work of prose or poetry. But then again, an IF game is also a piece of software, and it exhibits source-code patterns and techniques that its creator may legitimately wish to share with the world. What is an open source-aware IF creator to do? - -Some games address this by passing their code into the public domain, either through explicit license or—as in the case of [the original 42-year-old Adventure by Crowther and Woods][48]—through community fiat. Some try to split the difference, rolling their own license that allows for free re-use of a game’s exposed business logic but prohibits the creation of work derived specifically from its prose. This is the tack I took when I opened up the source of my own game, [The Warbler’s Nest][49]. Lord knows how well that’d stand up in court, but I didn’t have any better ideas at the time. - -Naturally, you can find work that simply puts everything under a single common license and never mind the naysayers. A prominent example is [Emily Short’s epic Counterfeit Monkey][50], released in its entirety under a Creative Commons 4.0 license. [CC frowns at its application to code][51], but you could argue that [the strangely prose-like nature of Inform 7 source][52] makes it at least a little more compatible with a CC license than a more traditional software project would be. - -### What now, adventurer? - -If you are eager to start exploring the world of interactive fiction, here are a few links to check out: - - -+ As mentioned above, IFDB and the IF Archive both present browsable interfaces to more than 40 years worth of collected interactive fiction work. Much of this is playable in a web browser, but some require additional interpreter programs. IFDB can help you find and install these. - - IFComp’s annual results pages provide another view into the best of this free and archive-available work. - -+ The Interactive Fiction Technology Foundation is a charitable non-profit organization that helps support Twine, IFComp, and the IF Archive, as well as improve the accessibility of IF, explore IF’s use in education, and more. Join its mailing list to receive IFTF’s monthly newsletter, peruse its blog, and browse some thematic merchandise. - -+ John Paul Wohlscheid wrote this article about open-source IF tools earlier this year. It covers some platforms not mentioned here, so if you’re still hungry for more, have a look. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://opensource.com/article/18/7/interactive-fiction-tools - -作者：[Jason Mclntosh][a] -选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:https://opensource.com/users/jmac -[1]:http://iftechfoundation.org/ -[2]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zork -[3]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hitchhiker%27s_Guide_to_the_Galaxy_(video_game) -[4]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infocom -[5]:http://www.springthing.net/ -[6]:http://ifcomp.org/ -[7]:https://ifcomp.org/comp/2017 -[8]:http://www.fiction-interactive.fr/ -[9]:http://www.oldgamesitalia.net/content/marmellata-davventura-2018 -[10]:/file/403396 -[11]:https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/monkey.png (counterfeit monkey game screenshot) -[12]:http://tads.org/ -[13]:https://www.alanif.se/ -[14]:http://textadventures.co.uk/quest/ -[15]:http://inform7.com/ -[16]:https://github.com/DavidKinder/Inform6 -[17]:http://inform7.com/learn/man/RB_4_1.html#e307 -[18]:/file/403386 -[19]:https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/inform.png (inform 7 IDE screenshot) -[20]:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bu55q_3YtOY -[21]:http://ifwiki.org/index.php/Glulx -[22]:http://ifwiki.org/index.php/Z-machine -[23]:https://github.com/erkyrath/lectrote -[24]:https://github.com/garglk/garglk/ -[25]:http://eblong.com/zarf/glulx/quixe/ -[26]:https://github.com/curiousdannii/parchment -[27]:https://github.com/i7/extensions -[28]:http://twinery.org/ -[29]:https://github.com/klembot/twinejs -[30]:/article/18/7/twine-vs-renpy-interactive-fiction -[31]:https://tiddlywiki.com/ -[32]:https://github.com/idmillington/undum -[33]:https://github.com/dfabulich/choicescript -[34]:https://www.choiceofgames.com/ -[35]:https://github.com/furkle -[36]:https://github.com/lizadaly/windrift -[37]:http://iftechfoundation.org/committees/twine/ -[38]:/file/403391 -[39]:https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/harmonia.png (Harmonia opening screen shot) -[40]:https://github.com/iftechfoundation/ifcomp -[41]:https://github.com/iftechfoundation/ifcomp/blob/master/LICENSE.md -[42]:https://www.ifarchive.org/ -[43]:http://blog.iftechfoundation.org/2017-06-30-iftf-is-adopting-the-if-archive.html -[44]:https://github.com/iftechfoundation/ifarchive-ifmap-py -[45]:https://www.ifarchive.org/indexes/if-archiveXgames -[46]:http://ifdb.tads.org/search?sortby=ratu&searchfor=%22source+available%22 -[47]:https://www.ifarchive.org/indexes/if-archiveXgamesXsource.html -[48]:http://ifdb.tads.org/viewgame?id=fft6pu91j85y4acv -[49]:https://github.com/jmacdotorg/warblers-nest/ -[50]:https://github.com/i7/counterfeit-monkey -[51]:https://creativecommons.org/faq/#can-i-apply-a-creative-commons-license-to-software -[52]:https://github.com/i7/counterfeit-monkey/blob/master/Counterfeit%20Monkey.materials/Extensions/Counterfeit%20Monkey/Liquids.i7x diff --git a/sources/talk/20190729 I Used The Web For A Day On A 50 MB Budget - Smashing Magazine.md b/sources/talk/20190729 I Used The Web For A Day On A 50 MB Budget - Smashing Magazine.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b0a7f4a7e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20190729 I Used The Web For A Day On A 50 MB Budget - Smashing Magazine.md @@ -0,0 +1,538 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (I Used The Web For A Day On A 50 MB Budget — Smashing Magazine) +[#]: via: (https://www.smashingmagazine.com/2019/07/web-on-50mb-budget/) +[#]: author: (Chris Ashton https://www.smashingmagazine.com/author/chrisbashton) + +I Used The Web For A Day On A 50 MB Budget +====== + +Data can be prohibitively expensive, especially in developing countries. Chris Ashton puts himself in the shoes of someone on a tight data budget and offers practical tips for reducing our websites’ data footprint. + +This article is part of a series in which I attempt to use the web under various constraints, representing a given demographic of user. I hope to raise the profile of difficulties faced by real people, which are avoidable if we design and develop in a way that is sympathetic to their needs. + +Last time, I [navigated the web for a day using Internet Explorer 8][7]. This time, I browsed the web for a day on a 50 MB budget. + +### Why 50 MB? + +Many of us are lucky enough to be on mobile plans which allow several gigabytes of data transfer per month. Failing that, we are usually able to connect to home or public WiFi networks that are on fast broadband connections and have effectively unlimited data. + +But there are parts of the world where mobile data is prohibitively expensive, and where there is little or no broadband infrastructure. + +> People often buy data packages of just tens of megabytes at a time, making a gigabyte a relatively large and therefore expensive amount of data to buy. +> — Dan Howdle, consumer telecoms analyst at Cable.co.uk + +Just how expensive are we talking? + +#### The Cost Of Mobile Data + +A 2018 [study by cable.co.uk][8] found that Zimbabwe was the most expensive country in the world for mobile data, where 1 GB cost an average of $75.20, ranging from $12.50 to $138.46. The enormous range in price is due to smaller amounts of data being very expensive, getting proportionally cheaper the bigger the data plan you commit to. You can read the [study methodology][9] for more information. + +Zimbabwe is by no means a one-off. Equatorial Guinea, Saint Helena and the Falkland Islands are next in line, with 1 GB of data costing $65.83, $55.47 and $47.39 respectively. These countries generally have a combination of poor technical infrastructure and low adoption, meaning data is both costly to deliver and doesn’t have the economy of scale to drive costs down. + +Data is expensive in parts of Europe too. A gigabyte of data in Greece will set you back $32.71; in Switzerland, $20.22. For comparison, the same amount of data costs $6.66 in the UK, or $12.37 in the USA. On the other end of the scale, India is the cheapest place in the world for data, at an average cost of $0.26. Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan and Ukraine follow at $0.27, $0.49 and $0.51 per GB respectively. + +The speed of mobile networks, too, varies considerably between countries. Perhaps surprisingly, [users experience faster speeds over a mobile network than WiFi][10] in at least 30 countries worldwide, including Australia and France. South Korea has the [fastest mobile download speed][11], averaging 52.4 Mbps, but Iraq has the slowest, averaging 1.6 Mbps download and 0.7 Mbps upload. The USA ranks 40th in the world for mobile download speeds, at around 34 Mbps, and is [at risk of falling further behind][12] as the world moves towards 5G. + +As for mobile network connection type, 84.7% of user connections in the UK are on 4G, compared to 93% in the USA, and 97.5% in South Korea. This compares with less than 50% in Uzbekistan and less than 60% in Algeria, Ecuador, Nepal and Iraq. + +#### The Cost Of Broadband Data + +Meanwhile, a [study of the cost of broadband in 2018][13] shows that a broadband connection in Niger costs $263 ‘per megabit per month’. This metric is a little difficult to comprehend, so here’s an example: if the average cost of broadband packages in a country is $22, and the average download speed offered by the packages is 10 Mbps, then the cost ‘per megabit per month’ would be $2.20. + +It’s an interesting metric, and one that acknowledges that broadband speed is as important a factor as the data cap. A cost of $263 suggests a combination of extremely slow and extremely expensive broadband. For reference, the metric is $1.19 in the UK and $1.26 in the USA. + +What’s perhaps easier to comprehend is the average cost of a broadband package. Note that this study was looking for the cheapest broadband packages on offer, ignoring whether or not these packages had a data cap, so provides a useful ballpark figure rather than the cost of data per se. + +On package cost alone, Mauritania has the most expensive broadband in the world, at an average of $768.16 (a range of $307.26 to $1,368.72). This enormous cost includes building physical lines to the property, since few already exist in Mauritania. At 0.7 Mbps, Mauritania also has one of the slowest broadband networks in the world. + +[Taiwan has the fastest broadband in the world][14], at a mean speed of 85 Mbps. Yemen has the slowest, at 0.38 Mbps. But even countries with good established broadband infrastructure have so-called ‘not-spots’. The United Kingdom is ranked 34th out of 207 countries for broadband speed, but in July 2019 there was [still a school in the UK without broadband][15]. + +The average cost of a broadband package in the UK is $39.58, and in the USA is $67.69. The cheapest average in the world is Ukraine’s, at just $5, although the cheapest broadband deal of them all was found in Kyrgystan ($1.27 — against the country average of $108.22). + +Zimbabwe was the most costly country for mobile data, and the statistics aren’t much better for its broadband, with an average cost of $128.71 and a ‘per megabit per month’ cost of $6.89. + +#### Absolute Cost vs Cost In Real Terms + +All of the costs outlined so far are the absolute costs in USD, based on the exchange rates at the time of the study. These costs have [not been accounted for cost of living][16], meaning that for many countries the cost is actually far higher in real terms. + +I’m going to limit my browsing today to 50 MB, which in Zimbabwe would cost around $3.67 on a mobile data tariff. That may not sound like much, but teachers in Zimbabwe were striking this year because their [salaries had fallen to just $2.50 a day][17]. + +For comparison, $3.67 is around half the [$7.25 minimum wage in the USA][18]. As a Zimbabwean, I’d have to work for around a day and a half to earn the money to buy this 50MB data, compared to just half an hour in the USA. It’s not easy to compare cost of living between countries, but on wages alone the $3.67 cost of 50 MB of data in Zimbabwe would feel like $52 to an American on minimum wage. + +### Setting Up The Experiment + +I launched Chrome and opened the dev tools, where I throttled the network to a slow 3G connection. I wanted to simulate a slow connection like those experienced by users in Uzbekistan, to see what kind of experience websites would give me. I also throttled my CPU to simulate being on a lower end device. + +[![][19]][20]I opted to throttle my network to Slow 3G and my CPU to 6x slowdown. ([Large preview][20]) + +I installed [ModHeader][21] and set the [‘Save-Data’ header][22] to let websites know I want to minimise my data usage. This is also the header set by Chrome for Android’s ‘Lite mode’, which I’ll cover in more detail later. + +I downloaded [TripMode][23]; an application for Mac which gives you control over which apps on your Mac can access the internet. Any other application’s internet access is automatically blocked. + +You can enable/disable individual apps from connecting to the internet with TripMode. I enabled Chrome. ([Large preview][24]) + +How far do I predict my 50 MB budget will take me? With the [average weight of a web page being almost 1.7 MB][25], that suggests I’ve got around 29 pages in my budget, although probably a few more than that if I’m able to stay on the same sites and leverage browser caching. + +Throughout the experiment I will suggest performance tips to speed up the [first contentful paint][26] and perceived loading time of the page. Some of these tips may not affect the amount of data transferred directly, but do generally involve deferring the download of less important resources, which on slow connections may mean the resources are never downloaded and data is saved. + +### The Experiment + +Without any further ado, I loaded google.com, using 402 KB of my budget and spending $0.03 (around 1% of my Zimbabwe budget). + +[![402 KB transferred, 1.1 MB resources, 24 requests][27]][28]402 KB transferred, 1.1 MB resources, 24 requests. ([Large preview][28]) + +All in all, not a bad page size, but I wondered where those 24 network requests were coming from and whether or not the page could be made any lighter. + +#### Google Homepage — DOM + +[![][29]][30]Chrome devtools screenshot of the DOM, where I’ve expanded one inline `style` tag. ([Large preview][30]) + +Looking at the page markup, there are no external stylesheets — all of the CSS is inline. + +##### Performance Tip #1: Inline Critical CSS + +This is good for performance as it saves the browser having to make an additional network request in order to fetch an external stylesheet, so the styles can be parsed and applied immediately for the first contentful paint. There’s a trade-off to be made here, as external stylesheets can be cached but inline ones cannot (unless you [get clever with JavaScript][31]). + +The general advice is for your [critical styles][32] (anything [above-the-fold][33]) to be inline, and for the rest of your styling to be external and loaded asynchronously. Asynchronous loading of CSS can be achieved in [one remarkably clever line of HTML][34]: + +``` + +``` + +The devtools show a prettified version of the DOM. If you want to see what was actually downloaded to the browser, switch to the Sources tab and find the document. + +[![A wall of minified code.][35]][36]Switching to Sources and finding the index shows the ‘raw’ HTML that was delivered to the browser. What a mess! ([Large preview][36]) + +You can see there is a LOT of inline JavaScript here. It’s worth noting that it has been uglified rather than merely minified. + +##### Performance Tip #2: Minify And Uglify Your Assets + +Minification removes unnecessary spaces and characters, but uglification actually ‘mangles’ the code to be shorter. The tell-tale sign is that the code contains short, machine-generated variable names rather than untouched source code. This is good as it means the script is smaller and quicker to download. + +Even so, inline scripts look to be roughly 120 KB of the 210 KB page resource (about half the 60 KB gzipped size). In addition, there are five external JavaScript files amounting to 291 KB of the 402 KB downloaded: + +[![Network tab of DevTools showing the external javascript files][37]][38]Five external JavaScript files in the Network tab of the devtools. ([Large preview][38]) + +This means that JavaScript accounts for about 80 percent of the overall page weight. + +This isn’t useless JavaScript; Google has to have some in order to display suggestions as you type. But I suspect a lot of it is tracking code and advertising setup. + +For comparison, I disabled JavaScript and reloaded the page: + +[![DevTools showing only 5 network requests][39]][40]The disabled JS version of Google search was only 102 KB and had just 5 network requests. ([Large preview][40]) + +The JS-disabled version of Google search is just 102 KB, as opposed to 402 KB. Although Google can’t provide autosuggestions under these conditions, the site is still functional, and I’ve just cut my data usage down to a quarter of what it was. If I really did have to limit my data usage in the long term, one of the first things I’d do is disable JavaScript. [It’s not as bad as it sounds][41]. + +##### Performance Tip #3: Less Is More + +Inlining, uglifying and minifying assets is all well and good, but the best performance comes from not sending down the assets in the first place. + + * Before adding any new features, do you have a [performance budget][42] in place? + * Before adding JavaScript to your site, can your feature be accomplished using plain HTML? (For example, [HTML5 form validation][43]). + * Before pulling a large JavaScript or CSS library into your application, use something like [bundlephobia.com][44] to measure how big it is. Is the convenience worth the weight? Can you accomplish the same thing using vanilla code at a much smaller data size? + + + +#### Analysing The Resource Info + +There’s a lot to unpack here, so let’s get cracking. I’ve only got 50 MB to play with, so I’m going to milk every bit of this page load. Settle in for a short Chrome Devtools tutorial. + +402 KB transferred, but 1.1 MB of resources: what does that actually mean? + +It means 402 KB of content was actually downloaded, but in its compressed form (using a compression algorithm such as [gzip or brotli][45]). The browser then had to do some work to unpack it into something meaningful. The total size of the unpacked data is 1.1 MB. + +This unpacking isn’t free — [there are a few milliseconds of overhead in decompressing the resources][46]. But that’s a negligible overhead compared to sending 1.1MB down the wire. + +##### Performance Tip #4: Compress Text-based Assets + +As a general rule, always compress your assets, using something like gzip. But don’t use compression on your images and other binary files — you should optimize these in advance at source. Compression could actually end up [making them bigger][47]. + +And, if you can, [avoid compressing files that are 1500 bytes or smaller][47]. The smallest TCP packet size is 1500 bytes, so by compressing to, say, 800 bytes, you save nothing, as it’s still transmitted in the same byte packet. Again, the cost is negligible, but wastes some compression CPU time on the server and decompression CPU time on the client. + +Now back to the Network tab in Chrome: let’s dig into those priorities. Notice that resources have priority “Highest” to “Lowest” — these are the browser’s best guess as to what are the more important resources to download. The higher the priority, the sooner the browser will try to download the asset. + +##### Performance Tip #5: Give Resource Hints To The Browser + +The browser will guess at what the highest priority assets are, but you can [provide a resource hint][48] using the `` tag, instructing the browser to download the asset as soon as possible. It’s a good idea to preload fonts, logos and anything else that appears above the fold. + +Let’s talk about caching. I’m going to hold ALT and right-click to change my column headers to unlock some more juicy information. We’re going to check out Cache-Control. + +There are lots of interesting fields tucked away behind ALT. ([Large preview][49]) + +Cache-Control denotes whether or not a resource can be cached, how long it can be cached for, and what rules it should follow around [revalidating][50]. Setting proper cache values is crucial to keeping the data cost of repeat visits down. + +##### Performance Tip #6: Set cache-control Headers On All Cacheable Assets + +Note that the cache-control value begins with a directive of `public` or `private`, followed by an expiration value (e.g. `max-age=31536000`). What does the directive mean, and why the oddly specific `max-age` value? + +[![Screenshot of Google network tab with cache-control column visible][51]][52]A mixture of max-age values and public/private. ([Large preview][52]) + +The value `31536000` is the number of seconds there are in a year, and is the theoretical maximum value allowed by the cache-control specification. It is common to see this value applied to all static assets and effectively means “this resource isn’t going to change”. In practice, [no browser is going to cache for an entire year][53], but it will cache the asset for as long as makes sense. + +To explain the public/private directive, we must explain the two main caches that exist off the server. First, there is the traditional browser cache, where the resource is stored on the user’s machine (the ‘client’). And then there is the CDN cache, which sits between the client and the server; resources are cached at the CDN level to prevent the CDN from requesting the resource from the origin server over and over again. + +A `Cache-Control` directive of `public` allows the resource to be cached in both the client and the CDN. A value of `private` means only the client can cache it; the CDN is not supposed to. This latter value is typically used for pages or assets that exist behind authentication, where it is fine to be cached on the client but we wouldn’t want to leak private information by caching it in the CDN and delivering it to other users. + +[![Screenshot of Google logo cache-control setting: private, max-age=31536000][54]][55]A mixture of max-age values and public/private. ([Large preview][55]) + +One thing that got my attention was that the Google logo has a cache control of “private”. Other images on the page do have a public cache, and I don’t know why the logo would be treated any differently. If you have any ideas, let me know in the comments! + +I refreshed the page and most of the resources were served from cache, apart from the page itself, which as you’ve seen already is `private, max-age=0`, meaning it cannot be cached. This is normal for dynamic web pages where it is important that the user always gets the very latest page when they refresh. + +It was at this point I accidentally clicked on an ‘Explanation’ URL in the devtools, which took me to the [network analysis reference][56], costing me about 5 MB of my budget. Oops. + +### Google Dev Docs + +4.2 MB of this new 5 MB page was down to images; specifically SVGs. The weightiest of these was 186 KB, which isn’t particularly big — there were just so many of them, and they all downloaded at once. + +This is a loooong page. All the images downloaded on page load. ([Large preview][57]) + +That 5 MB page load was 10% of my budget for today. So far I’ve used 5.5 MB, including the no-JavaScript reload of the Google homepage, and spent $0.40. I didn’t even mean to open this page. + +What would have been a better user experience here? + +##### Performance Tip #7: Lazy-load Your Images + +Ordinarily, if I accidentally clicked on a link, I would hit the back button in my browser. I’d have received no benefit whatsoever from downloading those images — what a waste of 4.2 MB! + +Apart from video, where you generally know what you’re getting yourself into, images are by far the biggest culprit to data usage on the web. A [study of the world’s top 500 websites][58] found that images take up to 53% of the average page weight. “This means they have a big impact on page-loading times and subsequently overall performance”. + +Instead of downloading all of the images on page load, it is good practice to lazy-load the images so that only users who are engaged with the page pay the cost of downloading them. Users who choose not to scroll below the fold therefore don’t waste any unnecessary bandwidth downloading images they’ll never see. + +There’s a great [css-tricks.com guide to rolling out lazy-loading for images][59] which offers a good balance between those on good connections, those on poor connections, and those with JavaScript disabled. + +If this page had implemented lazy loading as per the guide above, each of the 38 SVGs would have been represented by a 1 KB placeholder image by default, and only loaded into view on scroll. + +##### Performance Tip #8: Use The Right Format For Your Images + +I thought that Google had missed a trick by not using [WebP][60], which is an image format that is 26% smaller in size compared to PNGs (with no loss in quality) and 25-34% smaller in size compared to JPEGs (and of a comparable quality). I thought I’d have a go at converting SVG to WebP. + +Converting to WebP did bring one of the SVGs down from 186 KB to just 65 KB, but actually, looking at the images side by side, the WebP came out grainy: + +[![Comparison of the two images][61]][62]The SVG (left) is noticeably crisper than the WebP (right). ([Large preview][62]) + +I then tried converting one of the PNGs to WebP, which is supposed to be lossless and should come out smaller. However, the WebP output was *heavier* (127 KB, from 109 KB)! + +[![Comparison of the two images][63]][64]The PNG (left) is a similar quality to the WebP (right) but is smaller at 109 KB compared to 127 KB. ([Large preview][64]) + +This surprised me. WebP isn’t necessarily the silver bullet we think it is, and even Google have neglected to use it on this page. + +So my advice would be: where possible, experiment with different image formats on a per-image basis. The format that keeps the best quality for the smallest size may not be the one you expect. + +Now back to the DOM. I came across this: + +Notice the `async` keyword on the Google analytics script? + +[![Screenshot of performance analysis output of devtools][65]][66]Google analytics has ‘low’ priority. ([Large preview][66]) + +Despite being one of the first things in the head of the document, this was given a low priority, as we’ve explicitly opted out of being a blocking request by using the `async` keyword. + +A blocking request is one that stops the rendering of the page. A `