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martin qi
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怎样在 ubuntu 和 debian 中通过命令行管理 KVM
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================================================================================
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有很多不同的方式去管理运行在 KVM 管理程序上的虚拟机。例如，virt-manager 就是一个流行的基于图形界面的前端虚拟机管理工具。然而，如果你想要在没有图形窗口的服务器环境下使用 KVM ，那么基于图形界面的解决方案显然是行不通的。事实上，你可以单纯使用包装了 kvm 命令行脚本的命令行来管理 KVM 虚拟机。作为替代方案，你可以使用 virsh 这个容易使用的命令行程序来管理客户虚拟机。在 virsh 中，它通过和 libvirtd 服务通信来达到控制虚拟机的目的，而 libvirtd 可以控制多个不同的虚拟机管理器，包括 KVM，Xen，QEMU，LXC 和 OpenVZ。
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当你想要对虚拟机的前期准备和后期管理实现自动化操作时，像 virsh 这样的命令行管理工具是非常有用的。同样，virsh 支持多个管理器也就意味着你可以通过相同的 virsh 接口去管理不同的虚拟机管理器。
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在这篇文章中，我会示范**怎样在 ubuntu 和 debian 上通过使用 virsh 命令行去运行 KVM**。
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### 第一步：确认你的硬件平台支持虚拟化 ###
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第一步，首先要确认你的 CPU 支持硬件虚拟化扩展（e.g.，Intel VT 或者 AMD-V)，这是 KVM 对硬件的要求。下面的命令可以检查硬件是否支持虚拟化。
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```
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$ egrep '(vmx|svm)' --color /proc/cpuinfo
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```
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如果在输出中不包含 vmx 或者 svm 标识，那么就意味着你的 cpu 不支持硬件虚拟化。因此你不能在你的机器上使用 KVM 。确认了 cpu 支持 vmx 或者 svm 之后，接下来开始安装 KVM。
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对于 KVM 来说，它不要求运行在拥有 64 位内核系统的主机上，但是通常我们会推荐在 64 位系统的主机上面运行 KVM。
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### 第二步：安装KVM ###
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使用 `apt-get` 安装 KVM 和相关的用户空间工具。
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```
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$ sudo apt-get install qemu-kvm libvirt-bin
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```
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安装期间，libvirtd 用户组（在 debian 上是 libvirtd-qemu 用户组）将会被创建，并且你的用户 id 将会被自动添加到该组中。这样做的目的是让你可以以一个普通用户而不是 root 用户的身份去管理虚拟机。你可以使用 `id` 命令来确认这一点，下面将会告诉你怎么去显示你的组 id：
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```
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$ id <your-userID>
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```
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如果因为某些原因，libvirt（在 debian 中是 libvirt-qemu）没有在你的组 id 中被找到，你也可以手动将你自己添加到对应的组中，如下所示：
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在 ubuntu 上：
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```
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$ sudo adduser [youruserID] libvirtd
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```
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在 debian 上：
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```
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$ sudo adduser [youruserID] libvirt-qemu
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```
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按照如下命令重新载入更新后的组成员关系。如果要求输入密码，那么输入你的登陆密码即可。
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```
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$ exec su -l $USER
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```
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这时，你应该可以以普通用户的身份去执行 virsh 了。做一个如下所示的测试，这个命令将会以列表的形式列出可用的虚拟机（当前的列表是空的）。如果你没有遇到权限问题，那意味着到目前为止一切都是正常的。
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$ virsh list
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----------
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Id Name State
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----------------------------------------------------
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### 第三步：配置桥接网络 ###
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为了使 KVM 虚拟机能够访问外部网络，一种方法是通过在 KVM 宿主机上创建 Linux 桥来实现。创建之后的桥能够将虚拟机的虚拟网卡和宿主机的物理网卡连接起来，因此，虚拟机能够发送和接收由物理网卡传输的数据包。这种方式叫做网络桥接。
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下面将告诉你如何创建并且配置网桥，我们创建一个网桥称它为 br0。
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首先，安装一个必需的包，然后用命令行创建一个网桥。
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```
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$ sudo apt-get install bridge-utils
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$ sudo brctl addbr br0
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```
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下一步就是配置已经创建好的网桥，即修改位于 `/etc/network/interfaces` 的配置文件。我们需要将该桥接网卡设置成开机启动。为了修改该配置文件，你需要关闭你的操作系统上的网络管理器（如果你在使用它的话）。跟随[操作指南][1]的说明去关闭网络管理器。
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关闭网络管理器之后，接下来就是通过修改配置文件来配置网桥了。
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```
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#auto eth0
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#iface eth0 inet dhcp
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auto br0
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iface br0 inet dhcp
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bridge_ports eth0
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bridge_stp off
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bridge_fd 0
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bridge_maxwait 0
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```
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在上面的配置中，我假设 eth0 是主要网卡，它也是连接到外网的网卡，同样，我假设 eth0 将会通过 DHCP 协议自动获取 ip 地址。注意，之前在 `/etc/network/interfaces` 中还没有对 eth0 进行任何配置。桥接网卡 br0 引用了 eth0 的配置，而 eth0 也会受到 br0 的制约。
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重启网络服务，并确认网桥已经被成功的配置好。如果成功的话，br0 的 ip 地址将会是 eth0 自动分配的 ip 地址，而且 eth0 不会被分配任何 ip 地址。
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```
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$ sudo /etc/init.d/networking restart
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$ ifconfig
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```
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如果因为某些原因，eth0 仍然保留了之前分配给了 br0 的 ip 地址，那么你可能必须手动删除 eth0 的 ip 地址。
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### 第四步：用命令行创建一个虚拟机 ###
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对于虚拟机来说，它的配置信息被存储在它对应的xml文件中。因此，创建一个虚拟机的第一步就是准备一个与虚拟机对应的 xml 文件。
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下面是一个示例 xml 文件，你可以根据需要手动修改它。
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```
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<domain type='kvm'>
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<name>alice</name>
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<uuid>f5b8c05b-9c7a-3211-49b9-2bd635f7e2aa</uuid>
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<memory>1048576</memory>
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<currentMemory>1048576</currentMemory>
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<vcpu>1</vcpu>
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<os>
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<type>hvm</type>
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<boot dev='cdrom'/>
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</os>
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<features>
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<acpi/>
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</features>
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<clock offset='utc'/>
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<on_poweroff>destroy</on_poweroff>
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<on_reboot>restart</on_reboot>
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<on_crash>destroy</on_crash>
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<devices>
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<emulator>/usr/bin/kvm</emulator>
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<disk type="file" device="disk">
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<driver name="qemu" type="raw"/>
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<source file="/home/dev/images/alice.img"/>
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<target dev="vda" bus="virtio"/>
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<address type="pci" domain="0x0000" bus="0x00" slot="0x04" function="0x0"/>
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</disk>
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<disk type="file" device="cdrom">
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<driver name="qemu" type="raw"/>
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<source file="/home/dev/iso/CentOS-6.5-x86_64-minimal.iso"/>
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<target dev="hdc" bus="ide"/>
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<readonly/>
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<address type="drive" controller="0" bus="1" target="0" unit="0"/>
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</disk>
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<interface type='bridge'>
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<source bridge='br0'/>
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<mac address="00:00:A3:B0:56:10"/>
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</interface>
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<controller type="ide" index="0">
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<address type="pci" domain="0x0000" bus="0x00" slot="0x01" function="0x1"/>
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</controller>
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<input type='mouse' bus='ps2'/>
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<graphics type='vnc' port='-1' autoport="yes" listen='0.0.0.0'/>
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<console type='pty'>
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<target port='0'/>
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</console>
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</devices>
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</domain>
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```
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上面的主机xml配置文件定义了如下的虚拟机内容。
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- 1GB内存，一个虚拟cpu和一个硬件驱动
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- 磁盘镜像：`/home/dev/images/alice.img`
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- 从 CD-ROM 引导（`/home/dev/iso/CentOS-6.5-x86_64-minomal.iso`）
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- 网络：一个桥接到 br0 的虚拟网卡
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- 通过 VNC 远程访问
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`<uuid></uuid>` 中的 UUID 字符串可以随机生成。为了得到一个随机的 uuid 字符串，你可能需要使用 uuid 命令行工具。
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```
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$ sudo apt-get install uuid
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$ uuid
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```
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生成一个主机 xml 配置文件的方式就是通过一个已经存在的虚拟机来导出它的 xml 配置文件。如下所示。
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```
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$ virsh dumpxml alice > bob.xml
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```
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### 第五步：使用命令行启动虚拟机 ###
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在启动虚拟机之前，我们需要创建它的初始磁盘镜像。为此，你需要使用 qemu-img 命令来生成一个 qemu-kvm 镜像。下面的命令将会创建 10 GB 大小的空磁盘，并且它是 qcow2 格式的。
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```
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$ qemu-img create -f qcow2 /home/dev/images/alice.img 10G
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```
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使用 qcow2 格式的磁盘镜像的好处就是它在创建之初并不会给它分配全部大小磁盘容量（这里是 10 GB），而是随着虚拟机中文件的增加而逐渐增大。因此，它对空间的使用更加有效。
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现在，你可以通过使用之前创建的 xml 配置文件启动你的虚拟机了。下面的命令将会创建一个虚拟机，然后自动启动它。
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```
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$ virsh create alice.xml
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Domain alice created from alice.xml
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```
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**注意**: 如果你对一个已经存在的虚拟机执行了了上面的命令，那么这个操作将会在没有任何警告的情况下抹去那个已经存在的虚拟机的全部信息。如果你已经创建了一个虚拟机，你可能会使用下面的命令来启动虚拟机。
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```
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$ virsh start alice.xml
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```
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使用如下命令确认一个新的虚拟机已经被创建并成功的被启动。
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```
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$ virsh list
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```
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Id Name State
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----------------------------------------------------
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3 alice running
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同样，使用如下命令确认你的虚拟机的虚拟网卡已经被成功的添加到了你先前创建的 br0 网桥中。
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$ sudo brctl show
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### 远程连接虚拟机 ###
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为了远程访问一个正在运行的虚拟机的控制台，你可以使用VNC客户端。
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首先，你需要使用如下命令找出用于虚拟机的VNC端口号。
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```
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$ sudo netstat -nap | egrep '(kvm|qemu)'
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```
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在这个例子中，用于 alice 虚拟机的 VNC 端口号是 5900。 然后启动一个VNC客户端，连接到一个端口号为5900的VNC服务器。在我们的例子中，虚拟机支持由CentOS光盘文件启动。
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### 使用 virsh 管理虚拟机 ###
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下面列出了 virsh 命令的常规用法：
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创建客户机并且启动虚拟机：
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```
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$ virsh create alice.xml
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```
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停止虚拟机并且删除客户机：
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```
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$ virsh destroy alice
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```
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关闭虚拟机（不用删除它）：
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```
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$ virsh shutdown alice
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```
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暂停虚拟机：
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```
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$ virsh suspend alice
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```
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恢复虚拟机：
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```
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$ virsh resume alice
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```
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访问正在运行的虚拟机的控制台：
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```
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$ virsh console alice
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```
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设置虚拟机开机启动：
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```
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$ virsh autostart alice
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```
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查看虚拟机的详细信息：
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```
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$ virsh dominfo alice
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```
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编辑虚拟机的配置文件：
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```
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$ virsh edit alice
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```
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上面的这个命令将会使用一个默认的编辑器来调用主机配置文件。该配置文件中的任何改变都将自动被libvirt验证其正确性。
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你也可以在一个virsh会话中管理虚拟机。下面的命令会创建并进入到一个virsh会话中：
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```
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$ virsh
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```
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在 virsh 提示中，你可以使用任何 virsh 命令。
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### 问题处理 ###
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1. 我在创建虚拟机的时候遇到了一个错误：
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error: internal error: no supported architecture for os type 'hvm'
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如果你的硬件不支持虚拟化的话你可能就会遇到这个错误。（例如，Intel VT或者AMD-V），这是运行KVM所必需的。如果你遇到了这个错误，而你的cpu支持虚拟化，那么这里可以给你一些可用的解决方案：
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首先，检查你的内核模块是否丢失。
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```
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$ lsmod | grep kvm
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```
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如果内核模块没有加载，你必须按照如下方式加载它。
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```
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$ sudo modprobe kvm_intel (for Intel processor)
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$ sudo modprobe kvm_amd (for AMD processor)
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```
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第二个解决方案就是添加 `--connect qemu:///system` 参数到 `virsh` 命令中，如下所示。当你正在你的硬件平台上使用超过一个虚拟机管理器的时候就需要添加这个参数（例如，VirtualBox，VMware）。
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```
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$ virsh --connect qemu:///system create alice.xml
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```
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2. 当我试着访问我的虚拟机的登陆控制台的时候遇到了错误：
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```
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$ virsh console alice
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error: internal error: cannot find character device <null>
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||||
```
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这个错误发生的原因是你没有在你的虚拟机配置文件中定义控制台设备。在 xml 文件中加上下面的内部设备部分即可。
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||||
```
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||||
<console type='pty'>
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<target port='0'/>
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</console>
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```
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||||
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||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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||||
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||||
via: http://xmodulo.com/use-kvm-command-line-debian-ubuntu.html
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||||
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||||
作者：[Dan Nanni][a]
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||||
译者：[kylepeng93](https://github.com/kylepeng93 )
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||||
校对：[Ezio](https://github.com/oska874)
|
||||
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||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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||||
[a]:http://xmodulo.com/author/nanni
|
||||
[1]:http://xmodulo.com/disable-network-manager-linux.html
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@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
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||||
我们能通过快速、开放的研究来战胜寨卡病毒吗？
|
||||
============================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
关于寨卡病毒，最主要的问题就是我们对于它了解的太少了。这意味着我们需要尽快对它作出很多研究。
|
||||
|
||||
寨卡病毒现已严重威胁到世界人民的健康。在 2015 年爆发之后，它就成为了全球性的突发公共卫生事件，并且这个病毒也可能与儿童的出生缺陷有关。根据[维基百科][4]，在这个病毒在 40 年代末期被发现以后，早在 1952 年就被观测到了对于人类的影响。
|
||||
|
||||
在 2 月 10 日，开放杂志 PLoS [发布了一个声明][1]，这个是声明是关于有关公众紧急状况的信息共享。在此之后，刊登在研究期刊 F1000 的一篇文章 [对于能治疗寨卡病毒的开源药物（Open drug）的研究][2]，它讨论了寨卡病毒及其开放研究的状况。那篇来自 PLoS 的声明列出了超过 30 个开放了对于寨卡病毒的研究进度的数据的重要组织。并且世界卫生组织实施了一个特别规定，以[创作共用许可证][3]公布提交到他们那里的资料。
|
||||
|
||||
快速公布，无限制的重复利用，以及强调研究结果的传播是推动开放科研社区的战略性一步。看到我们所关注的突发公共卫生事件能够以这样的方式开始是很令人受鼓舞的。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/life/16/2/how-rapid-open-science-could-change-game-zika-virus
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Marcus D. Hanwell][a]
|
||||
译者：[name1e5s](https://github.com/name1e5s)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/mhanwell
|
||||
[1]: http://blogs.plos.org/plos/2016/02/statement-on-data-sharing-in-public-health-emergencies/
|
||||
[2]: http://f1000research.com/articles/5-150/v1
|
||||
[3]: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/
|
||||
[4]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zika_virus
|
||||
0
published/20160226 Development Release
Normal file
0
published/20160226 Development Release
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
|
||||
Xubuntu 16.04 Beta 1 开发发布
|
||||
============================================
|
||||
|
||||
Ubuntu 发布组宣布为选定的社区版本而准备的最新的 beta 测试镜像已经可以使用了。新的发布版名称是 16.04 beta 1 ，这个版本只推荐给测试人员测试用，并不适合普通人进行日常使用。
|
||||
|
||||
“这个 beta 特性的镜像主要是为 [Lubuntu][1], Ubuntu Cloud, [Ubuntu GNOME][2], [Ubuntu MATE][3], [Ubuntu Kylin][4], [Ubuntu Studio][5] 和 [Xubuntu][6] 这几个发布版准备的。Xenial Xerus （LCTT 注： ubuntu 16.04 的开发代号） 的这个预发布版本并不推荐那些需要稳定版本的人员使用，同时那些不希望在系统运行中偶尔或频繁的出现 bug 的人也不建议使用这个版本。这个版本主要还是推荐给那些喜欢 ubuntu 的开发人员，以及那些想协助我们测试、报告 bug 和修改 bug 的人使用，和我们一起努力让这个发布版本早日准备就绪。” 更多的信息可以从 [发布日志][7] 获取。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://www.linux.com/news/software/applications/888731-development-release-xubuntu-1604-beta-1
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[DistroWatch][a]
|
||||
译者：[Ezio](https://github.com/oska874)
|
||||
校对：[Ezio](https://github.com/oska874)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://www.linux.com/community/forums/person/284
|
||||
[1]: http://distrowatch.com/lubuntu
|
||||
[2]: http://distrowatch.com/ubuntugnome
|
||||
[3]: http://distrowatch.com/ubuntumate
|
||||
[4]: http://distrowatch.com/ubuntukylin
|
||||
[5]: http://distrowatch.com/ubuntustudio
|
||||
[6]: http://distrowatch.com/xubuntu
|
||||
[7]: https://lists.ubuntu.com/archives/ubuntu-devel-announce/2016-February/001173.html
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
|
||||
Zephyr Project for Internet of Things, releases from Facebook, IBM, Yahoo, and more news
|
||||
===========================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
In this week's edition of our open source news roundup, we take a look at the new IoT project from the Linux Foundation, three big corporations releasing open source, and more.
|
||||
|
||||
**News roundup for February 21 - 26, 2016**
|
||||
|
||||
### Linux Foundation unveils the Zephyr Project
|
||||
|
||||
The Internet of Things (IoT) is shaping up to be the next big thing in consumer technology. At the moment, most IoT solutions are proprietary and closed source. Open source is making numerous in-roads into the IoT world, and that's undoubtedly going to accelerate now that the Linux Foundation has [announced the Zephyr Project][1].
|
||||
|
||||
The Zephyr Project, according to ZDNet, "hopes to bring vendors and developers together under a single operating system which could make the development of connected devices an easier, less expensive and more stable process." The Project "aims to incorporate input from the open source and embedded developer communities and to encourage collaboration on the RTOS (real-time operating system)," according to the [Linux Foundation's press release][2].
|
||||
|
||||
Currently, Intel Corporation, NXP Semiconductors N.V., Synopsys, Inc., and UbiquiOS Technology Limited are the main supporters of the project. The Linux Foundation intends to attract other IoT vendors to this effort as well.
|
||||
|
||||
### Releases from Facebook, IBM, Yahoo
|
||||
|
||||
As we all know, open source isn't just about individuals or small groups hacking on code and hardware. Quite a few large corporations have significant investments in open source. This past week, three of them affirmed their commitment to open source.
|
||||
|
||||
Yahoo again waded into open source waters this week with the [release of CaffeOnSpark][3] artificial intelligence software under an Apache 2.0 license. CaffeOnSpark performs "a popular type of AI called 'deep learning' on the vast swaths of data kept in its Hadoop open-source file system for storing big data," according to VentureBeat. If you're curious, you can [find the source code on GitHub][4].
|
||||
|
||||
Earlier this week, Facebook "[unveiled a new project that seeks not only to accelerate the evolution of technologies that drive our mobile networks, but to freely share this work with the world’s telecoms][5]," according to Wired. The company plans to build "everything from new wireless radios to nee optical fiber equipment." The designs, according to Facebook, will be open source so any telecom firm can use them.
|
||||
|
||||
As part of the [Open Mainframe Project][6], IBM has open sourced the code for its Anomaly Detection Engine (ADE) for Linux logs. [According to IBM][7], "ADE detects anomalous time slices and messages in Linux logs using statistical learning" to detect suspicious behaviour. You can grab the [source code for ADE][8] from GitHub.
|
||||
|
||||
### European Union to fund research
|
||||
|
||||
The European Research Council, the European Union's science and technology funding body, is [funding four open source research projects][9] to the tune of about €2 million. According to joinup.ec.europa.eu, the projects being funded are:
|
||||
|
||||
- A code audit of Mozilla's open source Rust programming language
|
||||
|
||||
- An initiative at INRIA (France's national computer science research center) studying secure programming
|
||||
|
||||
- A project at Austria's Technische Universitat Graz testing "ways to secure code against attacks that exploit certain properties of the computer hardware"
|
||||
|
||||
- The "development of techniques to prove popular cryptographic protocols and schemes" at IST Austria
|
||||
|
||||
### In other news
|
||||
|
||||
- [Infosys' newest weapon: open source][10]
|
||||
|
||||
- [Intel demonstrates Android smartphone running a Linux desktop][11]
|
||||
|
||||
- [BeeGFS file system goes open source][12]
|
||||
|
||||
A big thanks, as always, to the Opensource.com moderators and staff for their help this week.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/life/16/2/weekly-news-feb-26
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Scott Nesbitt][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/scottnesbitt
|
||||
[1]: http://www.zdnet.com/article/the-linux-foundations-zephyr-project-building-an-operating-system-for-iot-devices/
|
||||
[2]: http://www.linuxfoundation.org/news-media/announcements/2016/02/linux-foundation-announces-project-build-real-time-operating-system
|
||||
[3]: http://venturebeat.com/2016/02/24/yahoo-open-sources-caffeonspark-deep-learning-framework-for-hadoop/
|
||||
[4]: https://github.com/yahoo/CaffeOnSpark
|
||||
[5]: http://www.wired.com/2016/02/facebook-open-source-wireless-gear-forge-5g-world/
|
||||
[6]: https://www.openmainframeproject.org/
|
||||
[7]: http://openmainframeproject.github.io/ade/
|
||||
[8]: https://github.com/openmainframeproject/ade
|
||||
[9]: https://joinup.ec.europa.eu/node/149541
|
||||
[10]: http://www.businessinsider.in/Exclusive-Infosys-is-using-Open-Source-as-its-mostlethal-weapon-yet/articleshow/51109129.cms
|
||||
[11]: http://www.theregister.co.uk/2016/02/23/move_over_continuum_intel_shows_android_smartphone_powering_bigscreen_linux/
|
||||
[12]: http://insidehpc.com/2016/02/beegfs-parallel-file-system-now-open-source/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
|
||||
Node.js 5.7 released ahead of impending OpenSSL updates
|
||||
=============================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
>Once again, OpenSSL fixes must be evaluated by keepers of the popular server-side JavaScript platform
|
||||
|
||||
The Node.js Foundation is gearing up this week for fixes to OpenSSL that could mean updates to Node.js itself.
|
||||
|
||||
Releases to OpenSSL due on Tuesday will fix defects deemed to be of "high" severity, Rod Vagg, foundation technical steering committee director, said [in a blog post][1] on Monday. Within a day of the OpenSSL releases, the Node.js crypto team will assess their impacts, saying, "Please be prepared for the possibility of important updates to Node.js v0.10, v0.12, v4 and v5 soon after Tuesday, the 1st of March."
|
||||
|
||||
[ Deep Dive: [How to rethink security for the new world of IT][2]. | Discover how to secure your systems with InfoWorld's [Security newsletter][3]. ]
|
||||
|
||||
The high severity status actually means the issues are of lower risks than critical, perhaps affecting less-common configurations or less likely to be exploitable. Due to an embargo, the exact nature of these fixes and their impact on Node.js remain uncertain, said Vagg. "Node.js v0.10 and v0.12 both use OpenSSL v1.0.1, and Node.js v4 and v5 both use OpenSSL v1.0.2, and releases from nodejs.org and some other popular distribution sources are statically compiled. Therefore, all active release lines are impacted by this update." OpenSSL also impacted Node.js in December, [when two critical vulnerabilities were fixed][4].
|
||||
|
||||
The latest OpenSSL developments follow [the release of Node.js 5.7.0][5], which is clearing a path for the upcoming Node.js 6. Version 5 is the main focus for active development, said foundation representative Mikeal Rogers, "However, v5 won't be supported long-term, and most users will want to wait for v6, which will be released by the end of April, for the new features that are landing in v5."
|
||||
|
||||
Release 5.7 has more predictability for C++ add-ons' interactions with JavaScript. Node.js can invoke JavaScript code from C++ code, and in version 5.7, the C++ node::MakeCallback() API is now re-entrant; calling it from inside another MakeCallback() call no longer causes the nextTick queue or Promises microtask queue to be processed out of order, [according to release notes][6].
|
||||
|
||||
Also fixed is an HTTP bug where handling headers mistakenly trigger an "upgrade" event where the server just advertises protocols. The bug can prevent HTTP clients from communicating with HTTP2-enabled servers. Version 5.7 performance improvements are featured in the path, querystring, streams, and process.nextTick modules.
|
||||
|
||||
This story, "Node.js 5.7 released ahead of impending OpenSSL updates" was originally published by [InfoWorld][7].
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.itworld.com/article/3039005/security/nodejs-57-released-ahead-of-impending-openssl-updates.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Paul Krill][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.itworld.com/author/Paul-Krill/
|
||||
[1]: https://nodejs.org/en/blog/vulnerability/openssl-march-2016/
|
||||
[2]: http://www.infoworld.com/resources/17273/security-management/how-to-rethink-security-for-the-new-world-of-it#tk.ifw-infsb
|
||||
[3]: http://www.infoworld.com/newsletters/signup.html#tk.ifw-infsb
|
||||
[4]: http://www.infoworld.com/article/3012157/security/why-nodejs-waited-for-openssl-security-update-before-patching.html
|
||||
[5]: https://nodejs.org/en/blog/release/v5.7.0/
|
||||
[6]: https://nodejs.org/en/blog/release/v5.7.0/
|
||||
[7]: http://www.infoworld.com/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
|
||||
OpenSSH 7.2 Out Now with Support for RSA Signatures Using SHA-256/512 Algorithms
|
||||
========================================================
|
||||
|
||||
**Today, February 29, 2016, the OpenBSD project had the great pleasure of announcing the release and immediate availability for download of OpenSSH 7.2 for all supported platforms.**
|
||||
|
||||
According to the internal [release notes][1], also attached at the end of the article for reference, OpenSSH 7.2 is primarily a bugfix release, fixing most of the issues reported by users or discovered by the development team since the release of OpenSSH 7.1p2, but we can see several new features as well.
|
||||
|
||||
Among these, we can mention support for RSA signatures using SHA-256 or SHA-256 512 hash algorithms, the addition of an AddKeysToAgent client option to add private keys used for authentication to the ssh-agent, and the implementation of the "restrict" authorized_keys option for storing key restrictions.
|
||||
|
||||
Furthermore, there's now an ssh_config CertificateFile option for explicitly listing certificates, the ssh-keygen is now capable of changing the key comment for all supported formats, fingerprinting is now allowed from standard input and for multiple public keys in a file.
|
||||
|
||||
### ssh-keygen now supports multiple certificates
|
||||
|
||||
In addition to the changes mentioned above, OpenSSH 7.2 adds support for multiple certificates to ssh-keygen, one per line, implements the "none" argument for sshd_config ChrootDirectory and Foreground, and the "-c" flag allows ssh-keyscan to fetch certificates instead of plain keys.
|
||||
|
||||
Last but not least, OpenSSH 7.2 no longer enables by default all flavors of the rijndael-cbc aliases for AES, blowfish-cbc, and cast128-cbc legacy ciphers, as well as MD5-based and truncated HMAC algorithms. The getrandom() syscall is now supported under Linux. [Download OpenSSH 7.2][2] and check the changelog below for some additional details about exactly what has been fixed in this major release.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/openssh-7-2-out-now-with-support-for-rsa-signatures-using-sha-256-512-algorithms-501111.shtml
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Marius Nestor][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: http://news.softpedia.com/editors/browse/marius-nestor
|
||||
[1]: http://www.openssh.com/txt/release-7.2
|
||||
[2]: http://linux.softpedia.com/get/Security/OpenSSH-4474.shtml
|
||||
@ -1,66 +0,0 @@
|
||||
ictlyh Translating
|
||||
Review EXT4 vs. Btrfs vs. XFS
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
To be honest, one of the things that comes last in people’s thinking is to look at which file system on their PC is being used. Windows users as well as Mac OS X users even have less reason for looking as they have really only 1 choice for their operating system which are NTFS and HFS+. Linux operating system, on the other side, has plenty of various file system options, with the current default is being widely used ext4. However, there is another push for changing the file system to something other which is called btrfs. But what makes btrfs better, what are other file systems, and when can we see the distributions making the change?
|
||||
|
||||
Let’s first have a general look at file systems and what they really do, then we will make a small comparison between famous file systems.
|
||||
|
||||
### So, What Do File Systems Do? ###
|
||||
|
||||
Just in case if you are unfamiliar about what file systems really do, it is actually simple when it is summarized. The file systems are mainly used in order for controlling how the data is stored after any program is no longer using it, how access to the data is controlled, what other information (metadata) is attached to the data itself, etc. I know that it does not sound like an easy thing to be programmed, and it is definitely not. The file systems are continually still being revised for including more functionality while becoming more efficient in what it simply needs to do. Therefore, however, it is a basic need for all computers, it is not quite as basic as it sounds like.
|
||||
|
||||
### Why Partitioning? ###
|
||||
|
||||
Many people have a vague knowledge of what the partitions are since each operating system has an ability for creating or removing them. It can seem strange that Linux operating system uses more than 1 partition on the same disk, even while using the standard installation procedure, so few explanations are called for them. One of the main goals of having different partitions is achieving higher data security in the disaster case.
|
||||
|
||||
By dividing your hard disk into partitions, the data may be grouped and also separated. When the accidents occur, only the data stored in the partition which got the hit will only be damaged, while data on the other partitions will survive most likely. These principles date from the days when the Linux operating system didn’t have a journaled file system and any power failure might have led to a disaster.
|
||||
|
||||
The using of partitions will remain for security and the robustness reasons, then the breach on 1 part of the operating system does not automatically mean that whole computer is under risk or danger. This is currently most important factor for the partitioning process. For example, the users create scripts, the programs or web applications which start filling up the disk. If that disk contains only 1 big partition, then entire system may stop functioning if that disk is full. If the users store data on separate partitions, then only that data partition can be affected, while system partitions and the possible other data partitions will keep functioning.
|
||||
|
||||
Mind that to have a journaled file system will only provide data security in case if there is a power failure as well as sudden disconnection of the storage devices. Such will not protect the data against the bad blocks and the logical errors in the file system. In such cases, the user should use a Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks (RAID) solution.
|
||||
|
||||
### Why Switch File Systems? ###
|
||||
|
||||
The ext4 file system has been an improvement for the ext3 file system that was also an improvement over the ext2 file system. While the ext4 is a very solid file system which has been the default choice for almost all distributions for the past few years, it is made from an aging code base. Additionally, Linux operating system users are seeking many new different features in file systems which ext4 does not handle on its own. There is software which takes care of some of such needs, but in the performance aspect, being able to do such things on the file system level could be faster.
|
||||
|
||||
### Ext4 File System ###
|
||||
|
||||
The ext4 has some limits which are still a bit impressive. The maximum file size is 16 tebibytes (which is roughly 17.6 terabytes) and is much bigger than any hard drive a regular consumer can currently buy. While, the largest volume/partition you can make with ext4 is 1 exbibyte (which is roughly 1,152,921.5 terabytes). The ext4 is known to bring the speed improvements over ext3 by using multiple various techniques. Like in the most modern file systems, it is a journaling file system that means that it will keep a journal of where the files are mainly located on the disk and of any other changes that happen to the disk. Regardless all of its features, it doesn’t support the transparent compression, the data deduplication, or the transparent encryption. The snapshots are supported technically, but such feature is experimental at best.
|
||||
|
||||
### Btrfs File System ###
|
||||
|
||||
The btrfs, many of us pronounce it different ways, as an example, Better FS, Butter FS, or B-Tree FS. It is a file system which is completely made from scratch. The btrfs exists because its developers firstly wanted to expand the file system functionality in order to include snapshots, pooling, as well as checksums among the other things. While it is independent from the ext4, it also wants to build off the ideas present in the ext4 that are great for the consumers and the businesses alike as well as incorporate those additional features that will benefit everybody, but specifically the enterprises. For the enterprises who are using very large programs with very large databases, they are having a seemingly continuous file system across the multiple hard drives could be very beneficial as it will make a consolidation of the data much easier. The data deduplication could reduce the amount of the actual space data could occupy, and the data mirroring could become easier with the btrfs as well when there is a single and broad file system which needs to be mirrored.
|
||||
|
||||
The user certainly can still choose to create multiple partitions so that he does not need to mirror everything. Considering that the btrfs will be able for spanning over the multiple hard drives, it is a very good thing that it can support 16 times more drive space than the ext4. A maximum partition size of the btrfs file system is 16 exbibytes, as well as maximum file size is 16 exbibytes too.
|
||||
|
||||
### XFS File System ###
|
||||
|
||||
The XFS file system is an extension of the extent file system. The XFS is a high-performance 64-bit journaling file system. The support of the XFS was merged into Linux kernel in around 2002 and In 2009 Red Hat Enterprise Linux version 5.4 usage of the XFS file system. XFS supports maximum file system size of 8 exbibytes for the 64-bit file system. There is some comparison of XFS file system is XFS file system can’t be shrunk and poor performance with deletions of the large numbers of files. Now, the RHEL 7.0 uses XFS as the default filesystem.
|
||||
|
||||
### Final Thoughts ###
|
||||
|
||||
Unfortunately, the arrival date for the btrfs is not quite known. But officially, the next-generation file system is still classified as “unstable”, but if the user downloads the latest version of Ubuntu, he will be able to choose to install on a btrfs partition. When the btrfs will be classified actually as “stable” is still a mystery, but users shouldn’t expect the Ubuntu to use the btrfs by default until it’s indeed considered “stable”. It has been reported that Fedora 18 will use the btrfs as its default file system as by the time of its release a file system checker for the btrfs should exist. There is a good amount of work still left for the btrfs, as not all the features are yet implemented and the performance is a little sluggish if we compare it to the ext4.
|
||||
|
||||
So, which is better to use? Till now, the ext4 will be the winner despite the identical performance. But why? The answer will be the convenience as well as the ubiquity. The ext4 is still excellent file system for the desktop or workstation use. It is provided by default, so the user can install the operating system on it. Also, the ext4 supports volumes up to 1 Exabyte and files up to 16 Terabyte in size, so there’s still a plenty of room for the growth where space is concerned.
|
||||
|
||||
The btrfs might offer greater volumes up to 16 Exabyte and improved fault tolerance, but, till now, it feels more as an add-on file system rather than one integrated into the Linux operating system. For example, the btrfs-tools have to be present before a drive will be formatted with the btrfs, which means that the btrfs is not an option during the Linux operating system installation though that could vary with the distribution.
|
||||
|
||||
Even though the transfer rates are so important, there’s more to a just file system than speed of the file transfers. The btrfs has many useful features such as Copy-on-Write (CoW), extensive checksums, snapshots, scrubbing, self-healing data, deduplication, as well as many more good improvements that ensure the data integrity. The btrfs lacks the RAID-Z features of ZFS, so the RAID is still in an experimental state with the btrfs. For pure data storage, however, the btrfs is the winner over the ext4, but time still will tell.
|
||||
|
||||
Till the moment, the ext4 seems to be a better choice on the desktop system since it is presented as a default file system, as well as it is faster than the btrfs when transferring files. The btrfs is definitely worth to look into, but to completely switch to replace the ext4 on desktop Linux might be few years later. The data farms and the large storage pools could reveal different stories and show the right differences between ext4, XCF, and btrfs.
|
||||
|
||||
If you have a different or additional opinion, kindly let us know by commenting on this article.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.unixmen.com/review-ext4-vs-btrfs-vs-xfs/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[M.el Khamlichi][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.unixmen.com/author/pirat9/
|
||||
@ -1,203 +0,0 @@
|
||||
Gaming On Linux: All You Need To Know
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**Can I play games on Linux?**
|
||||
|
||||
This is one of the most frequently asked questions by people who are thinking about [switching to Linux][1]. After all, gaming on Linux often termed as a distant possibility. In fact, some people even wonder if they can listen to music or watch movies on Linux. Considering that, question about native Linux games seem genuine.
|
||||
|
||||
In this article, I am going to answer most of the Linux gaming questions a Linux beginner may have. For example, if it is possible to play games on Linux, if yes, what are the Linux games available, where can you **download Linux games** from or how do you get more information of gaming on Linux.
|
||||
|
||||
But before I do that, let me make a confession. I am not a PC gamer or rather I should say, I am not desktop Linux gamer. I prefer to play games on my PS4 and I don’t care about PC games or even mobile games (no candy crush request sent to anyone in my friend list). This is the reason you see only a few articles in [Linux games][2] section of It’s FOSS.
|
||||
|
||||
So why am I covering this topic then?
|
||||
|
||||
Because I have been asked questions about playing games on Linux several times and I wanted to come up with a Linux gaming guide that could answer all those question. And remember, it’s not just gaming on Ubuntu I am talking about here. I am talking about Linux in general.
|
||||
|
||||
### Can you play games on Linux? ###
|
||||
|
||||
Yes and no!
|
||||
|
||||
Yes, you can play games on Linux and no, you cannot play ‘all the games’ in Linux.
|
||||
|
||||
Confused? Don’t be. What I meant here is that you can get plenty of popular games on Linux such as [Counter Strike, Metro Last Night][3] etc. But you might not get all the latest and popular Windows games on Linux, for e.g., [PES 2015][4].
|
||||
|
||||
The reason, in my opinion, is that Linux has less than 2% of desktop market share and these numbers are demotivating enough for most game developers to avoid working on the Linux version of their games.
|
||||
|
||||
Which means that there is huge possibility that the most talked about games of the year may not be playable in Linux. Don’t despair, there are ‘other means’ to get these games on Linux and we shall see it in coming sections, but before that let’s talk about what kind of games are available for Linux.
|
||||
|
||||
If I have to categorize, I’ll divide them in four categories:
|
||||
|
||||
1. Native Linux Games
|
||||
1. Windows games in Linux
|
||||
1. Browser Games
|
||||
1. Terminal Games
|
||||
|
||||
Let’s start with the most important one, native Linux games, first.
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
### 1. Where to find native Linux games? ###
|
||||
|
||||
Native Linux games mean those games which are officially supported in Linux. These games have native Linux client and can be installed like most other applications in Linux without requiring any additional effort (we’ll see about these in next section).
|
||||
|
||||
So, as you see, there are games developed for Linux. Next question that arises is where can you find these Linux games and how can you play them. I am going to list some of the resources where you can get Linux games.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Steam ####
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
“[Steam][5] is a digital distribution platform for video games. As Amazon Kindle is digital distribution platform for e-Books, iTunes for music, similarly Steam is for games. It provides you the option to buy and install games, play multiplayer and stay in touch with other games via social networking on its platform. The games are protected with [DRM][6].”
|
||||
|
||||
A couple of years ago, when gaming platform Steam announced support for Linux, it was a big news. It was an indication that gaming on Linux is being taken seriously. Though Steam’s decision was more influenced with its own Linux-based gaming console and a separate [Linux distribution called Steam OS][7], it still was a reassuring move that has brought a number of games on Linux.
|
||||
|
||||
I have written a detailed article about installing and using Steam. If you are getting started with Steam, do read it.
|
||||
|
||||
- [Install and use Steam for gaming on Linux][8]
|
||||
|
||||
#### GOG.com ####
|
||||
|
||||
[GOG.com][9] is another platform similar to Steam. Like Steam, you can browse and find hundreds of native Linux games on GOG.com, purchase the games and install them. If the games support several platforms, you can download and use them across various operating systems. Your purchased games are available for you all the time in your account. You can download them anytime you wish.
|
||||
|
||||
One main difference between the two is that GOG.com offers only DRM free games and movies. Also, GOG.com is entirely web based. So you don’t need to install a client like Steam. You can simply download the games from browser and install them in your system.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Portable Linux Games ####
|
||||
|
||||
[Portable Linux Games][10] is a website that has a collection of a number of Linux games. The unique and best thing about Portable Linux Games is that you can download and store the games for offline installation.
|
||||
|
||||
The downloaded files have all the dependencies (at times Wine and Perl installation) and these are also platform independent. All you need to do is to download the files and double click to install them. Store the downloadable file on external hard disk and use them in future. Highly recommend if you don’t have continuous access to high speed internet.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Game Drift Game Store ####
|
||||
|
||||
[Game Drift][11] is actually a Linux distribution based on Ubuntu with sole focus on gaming. While you might not want to start using this Linux distribution for the sole purpose of gaming, you can always visit its game store online and see what games are available for Linux and install them.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Linux Game Database ####
|
||||
|
||||
As the name suggests, [Linux Game Database][12] is a website with a huge collection of Linux games. You can browse through various category of games and download/install them from the game developer’s website. As a member of Linux Game Database, you can even rate the games. LGDB, kind of, aims to be the IGN or IMDB for Linux games.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Penguspy ####
|
||||
|
||||
Created by a gamer who refused to use Windows for playing games, [Penguspy][13] showcases a collection of some of the best Linux games. You can browse games based on category and if you like the game, you’ll have to go to the respective game developer’s website.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Software Repositories ####
|
||||
|
||||
Look into the software repositories of your own Linux distribution. There always will be some games in it. If you are using Ubuntu, Ubuntu Software Center itself has an entire section for games. Same is true for other Linux distributions such as Linux Mint etc.
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
### 2. How to play Windows games in Linux? ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
So far we talked about native Linux games. But there are not many Linux games, or to be more precise, most popular Linux games are not available for Linux but they are available for Windows PC. So the questions arises, how to play Windows games in Linux?
|
||||
|
||||
Good thing is that with the help of tools like Wine, PlayOnLinux and CrossOver, you can play a number of popular Windows games in Linux.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Wine ####
|
||||
|
||||
Wine is a compatibility layer which is capable of running Windows applications in systems like Linux, BSD and OS X. With the help of Wine, you can install and use a number of Windows applications in Linux.
|
||||
|
||||
[Installing Wine in Ubuntu][14] or any other Linux is easy as it is available in most Linux distributions’ repository. There is a huge [database of applications and games supported by Wine][15] that you can browse.
|
||||
|
||||
#### CrossOver ####
|
||||
|
||||
[CrossOver][16] is an improved version of Wine that brings professional and technical support to Wine. But unlike Wine, CrossOver is not free. You’ll have to purchase the yearly license for it. Good thing about CrossOver is that every purchase contributes to Wine developers and that in fact boosts the development of Wine to support more Windows games and applications. If you can afford $48 a year, you should buy CrossOver for the support they provide.
|
||||
|
||||
### PlayOnLinux ###
|
||||
|
||||
PlayOnLinux too is based on Wine but implemented differently. It has different interface and slightly easier to use than Wine. Like Wine, PlayOnLinux too is free to use. You can browse the [applications and games supported by PlayOnLinux on its database][17].
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
### 3. Browser Games ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Needless to say that there are tons of browser based games that are available to play in any operating system, be it Windows or Linux or Mac OS X. Most of the addictive mobile games, such as [GoodGame Empire][18], also have their web browser counterparts.
|
||||
|
||||
Apart from that, thanks to [Google Chrome Web Store][19], you can play some more games in Linux. These Chrome games are installed like a standalone app and they can be accessed from the application menu of your Linux OS. Some of these Chrome games are playable offline as well.
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
### 4. Terminal Games ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Added advantage of using Linux is that you can use the command line terminal to play games. I know that it’s not the best way to play games but at times, it’s fun to play games like [Snake][20] or [2048][21] in terminal. There is a good collection of Linux terminal games at [this blog][22]. You can browse through it and play the ones you want.
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
### How to stay updated about Linux games? ###
|
||||
|
||||
When you have learned a lot about what kind of games are available on Linux and how could you use them, next question is how to stay updated about new games on Linux? And for that, I advise you to follow these blogs that provide you with the latest happenings of the Linux gaming world:
|
||||
|
||||
- [Gaming on Linux][23]: I won’t be wrong if I call it the nest Linux gaming news portal. You get all the latest rumblings and news about Linux games. Frequently updated, Gaming on Linux has dedicated fan following which makes it a nice community of Linux game lovers.
|
||||
- [Free Gamer][24]: A blog focusing on free and open source games.
|
||||
- [Linux Game News][25]: A Tumbler blog that updates on various Linux games.
|
||||
|
||||
#### What else? ####
|
||||
|
||||
I think that’s pretty much what you need to know to get started with gaming on Linux. If you are still not convinced, I would advise you to [dual boot Linux with Windows][26]. Use Linux as your main desktop and if you want to play games, boot into Windows. This could be a compromised solution.
|
||||
|
||||
I think that’s pretty much what you need to know to get started with gaming on Linux. If you are still not convinced, I would advise you to [dual boot Linux with Windows][27]. Use Linux as your main desktop and if you want to play games, boot into Windows. This could be a compromised solution.
|
||||
|
||||
It’s time for you to add your inputs. Do you play games on your Linux desktop? What are your favorites? What blogs you follow to stay updated on latest Linux games?
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
投票项目：
|
||||
How do you play games on Linux?
|
||||
|
||||
- I use Wine and PlayOnLinux along with native Linux Games
|
||||
- I am happy with Browser Games
|
||||
- I prefer the Terminal Games
|
||||
- I use native Linux games only
|
||||
- I play it on Steam
|
||||
- I dual boot and go in to Windows to play games
|
||||
- I don't play games at all
|
||||
|
||||
注：投票代码
|
||||
<div class="PDS_Poll" id="PDI_container9132962" style="display:inline-block;"></div>
|
||||
<div id="PD_superContainer"></div>
|
||||
<script type="text/javascript" charset="UTF-8" src="http://static.polldaddy.com/p/9132962.js"></script>
|
||||
<noscript><a href="http://polldaddy.com/poll/9132962">Take Our Poll</a></noscript>
|
||||
|
||||
注，发布时根据情况看怎么处理
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://itsfoss.com/linux-gaming-guide/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Abhishek][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/
|
||||
[1]:http://itsfoss.com/reasons-switch-linux-windows-xp/
|
||||
[2]:http://itsfoss.com/category/games/
|
||||
[3]:http://blog.counter-strike.net/
|
||||
[4]:https://pes.konami.com/tag/pes-2015/
|
||||
[5]:http://store.steampowered.com/
|
||||
[6]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_rights_management
|
||||
[7]:http://itsfoss.com/valve-annouces-linux-based-gaming-operating-system-steamos/
|
||||
[8]:http://itsfoss.com/install-steam-ubuntu-linux/
|
||||
[9]:http://www.gog.com/
|
||||
[10]:http://www.portablelinuxgames.org/
|
||||
[11]:http://gamedrift.org/GameStore.html
|
||||
[12]:http://www.lgdb.org/
|
||||
[13]:http://www.penguspy.com/
|
||||
[14]:http://itsfoss.com/wine-1-5-11-released-ppa-available-to-download/
|
||||
[15]:https://appdb.winehq.org/
|
||||
[16]:https://www.codeweavers.com/products/
|
||||
[17]:https://www.playonlinux.com/en/supported_apps.html
|
||||
[18]:http://empire.goodgamestudios.com/
|
||||
[19]:https://chrome.google.com/webstore/category/apps
|
||||
[20]:http://itsfoss.com/nsnake-play-classic-snake-game-linux-terminal/
|
||||
[21]:http://itsfoss.com/play-2048-linux-terminal/
|
||||
[22]:https://ttygames.wordpress.com/
|
||||
[23]:https://www.gamingonlinux.com/
|
||||
[24]:http://freegamer.blogspot.fr/
|
||||
[25]:http://linuxgamenews.com/
|
||||
[26]:http://itsfoss.com/install-ubuntu-1404-dual-boot-mode-windows-8-81-uefi/
|
||||
[27]:http://itsfoss.com/install-ubuntu-1404-dual-boot-mode-windows-8-81-uefi/
|
||||
@ -1,86 +0,0 @@
|
||||
alim0x translating
|
||||
|
||||
The history of Android
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
### Android 4.2, Jelly Bean—new Nexus devices, new tablet interface ###
|
||||
|
||||
The Android Platform was rapidly maturing, and with Google hosting more and more apps in the Play Store, there was less and less that needed to go out in the OS update. Still, the relentless march of updates must continue, and in November 2012 Android 4.2 was released. 4.2 was still called "Jelly Bean," a nod to the relatively small amount of changes that were present in this release.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The LG-made Nexus 4 and Samsung-made Nexus 10.
|
||||
Photo by Google/Ron Amadeo
|
||||
|
||||
Along with Android 4.2 came two flagship devices, the Nexus 4 and the Nexus 10, both of which were sold direct by Google on the Play Store. The Nexus 4 applied the Nexus 7 strategy of a quality device at a shockingly low price and sold for $300 unlocked. The Nexus 4 had a quad-core 1.5 GHz Snapdragon S4 Pro, 2GB of RAM and a 4.7-inch 1280×768 LCD. Google's new flagship phone was manufactured by LG, and with the manufacturer switch came a focus on materials and build quality. The Nexus 4 had a glass front and back, and while you couldn't drop it, it was one of the nicest-feeling Android phones to date. The biggest downside to the Nexus 4 was the lack of LTE at a time when most phones, including the Verizon Galaxy Nexus, came with the faster modem. Still, demand for the Nexus 4 greatly exceeded Google's expectations—the launch rush crashed the Play Store Web site on launch day. The device sold out in under an hour.
|
||||
|
||||
The Nexus 10 was Google's first 10-inch Nexus tablet. The highlight of the device was the 2560×1600 display, which was the highest resolution in its class. All those pixels were powered by a dual core, 1.7GHz Cortex A15 processor and 2GB of RAM. With each passing month, it's looking more and more like the Nexus 10 is the first and last 10-inch Nexus tablet. Usually these devices are upgraded every year, but the Nexus 10 is now 16 months old, and there's no sign of the new model on the horizon. Google is doing well with smaller-sized 7-inch tablets, and it seems content to let partners [like Samsung][1] explore the larger end of the tablet spectrum.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The new lock screen, wallpaper, and clock widget design.
|
||||
Photo by Ron Amadeo
|
||||
|
||||
4.2 brought lots of changes to the lock screen. The font was centered and used an extremely thick weight for the hour and a thin font for the minutes. The lock screen was now paginated and could be customized with widgets. Rather than a simple clock on the lock screen, users could replace it with another widget or add extra pages to the lock screen for more widgets.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The lock screen's add widget page, the list of widgets, the Gmail widget on the lock screen, and swiping over to the camera.
|
||||
Photo by Ron Amadeo
|
||||
|
||||
The lock screen now worked like a stripped-down version of the home screen. Page outlines would pop up on the left and right sides of the lock screen to hint to users that they could swipe to other pages with other widgets. Swiping to the left would show a simple blank page with a plus sign in the center, and tapping on it would bring up a list of widgets that were compatible with the lock screen. Lock screens were limited to one widget per page and could be expanded or collapsed by dragging up or down on the widget. The right-most page was reserved for the camera—a simple over would open the camera interface, but you weren't able to swipe back.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The new Quick Settings panel and a composite image of the app lineup.
|
||||
Photo by Ron Amadeo
|
||||
|
||||
One of the biggest additions to 4.2 was the new "Quick Settings" panel. Android 3.0 brought a way to quickly change power settings to tablets, and 4.2 finally brought that ability to phones. A new icon was added to the top right corner of the notification panel that would switch between the normal list of notifications and the new quick settings screen. Quick Settings offered faster access to screen brightness, network connections, and battery and data usage without having to dig through the full settings screen. The top level settings button in Android 4.1 was removed, and a square was added to the Quick Settings screen for it.
|
||||
|
||||
There were lots of changes to the app drawer and 4.2's lineup of apps and icons. Thanks to the wider aspect ratio of the Nexus 4 (5:3 vs 16:9 on the Galaxy Nexus), the app drawer on that device could now show a five-wide grid of icons. 4.2 replaced the stock browser with Google Chrome and the stock calendar with Google Calendar, both of which brought new icon designs. The Clock and Camera apps were revamped in 4.2, and new icons were part of the deal. "Google Settings" was a new app that offered shortcuts to all the existing Google Account settings around the OS, and it had a unified look with Google Search and the new Google+ icon. Google Maps got a new icon, and Google Latitude, which was part of Google Maps, was retired in favor of Google+ location.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The browser was replaced with Chrome, and the new camera interface with a full screen viewfinder.
|
||||
Photo by Ron Amadeo
|
||||
|
||||
The stock browser did its best Chrome imitation for a while—it took many cues from Chrome’s interface, many Chrome features, and was even using Chrome’s javascript engine—but by the time Android 4.2 rolled around, Google deemed the Android version of Chrome ready to replace the imitator. On the surface, it didn't seem like much of a difference; the interface looked different, and early versions of Chrome for Android didn't scroll as smoothly as the stock browser. Under the hood, though, everything was different. Development of Android's main browser was now handled by the Google Chrome team instead of being a side project of the Android team. Android's default browser moved from being a stagnant app tied to Android releases to a Play Store app that was continually updated. Today there is even a beta channel that receives several updates per month.
|
||||
|
||||
The camera interface was redesigned. It was now a completely full-screen app, showing a live view of the camera and places controls on top of it. The layout aesthetic had a lot in common with the [camera design][2] of Android 1.5: minimal controls with a focus on the viewfinder output. The circle of controls in the center appeared when you either held your finger on the screen or pressed the circle icon in the bottom right corner. When holding your finger down, you could slide around to pick the options around the circle, often expanding out into a sub-menu. Releasing over a highlighted item would select it. This was clearly inspired by the Quick Controls in the Android 4.0 browser, but arranging the options in a circle meant your finger was almost always blocking part of the interface.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The clock app, which went from a two-screen app to a feature-packed, useful application.
|
||||
Photo by Ron Amadeo
|
||||
|
||||
The clock application was completely revamped, going from a simple two-screen alarm clock to a world clock, alarm, timer, and stopwatch. The clock app design was like nothing Google introduced before, with an ultra-minimal aesthetic and red highlights. It seemed to be an experiment for Google. Even several versions later, this design language seemed to be confined only to this app.
|
||||
|
||||
The clock's time picker was particularly well-designed. It showed a simple number pad, and it would intelligently disable numbers that would result in an invalid time. It was also impossible to set an alarm time without implicitly selecting AM or PM, forever solving the problem of accidentally setting an alarm for 9pm instead of 9am.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The new system UI for tablets used a stretched-out phone interface.
|
||||
Photo by Ron Amadeo
|
||||
|
||||
The most controversial change in Android 4.2 was made to the tablet UI, which switched from a unified single bottom system bar to a two-bar interface with a top status bar and bottom system bar. The new design unified the phone and tablet interfaces, but critics said it was a waste of space to stretch the phone interface to a 10-inch landscape tablet. Since the navigation buttons had the whole bottom bar to themselves now, they were centered, just like the phone interface.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Multiple users on a tablet, and the new gesture-driven keyboard.
|
||||
Photo by Ron Amadeo
|
||||
|
||||
On tablets, Android 4.2 brought support for multiple users. In the settings, a "Users" section was added, where you could manage users on a device. Setup was done from within each user account, where Android would keep separate settings, home screens, apps, and app data for each user.
|
||||
|
||||
4.2 also added a new keyboard with swiping abilities. Rather than just tapping each individual letter, users could now keep a finger on the screen the whole time and just slide from letter to letter to type.
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[Ron Amadeo][a] / Ron is the Reviews Editor at Ars Technica, where he specializes in Android OS and Google products. He is always on the hunt for a new gadget and loves to rip things apart to see how they work.
|
||||
|
||||
[@RonAmadeo][t]
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/22/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/01/hands-on-with-samsungs-notepro-and-tabpro-new-screen-sizes-and-magazine-ui/
|
||||
[2]:http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/device-2013-12-26-11016071.png
|
||||
[a]:http://arstechnica.com/author/ronamadeo
|
||||
[t]:https://twitter.com/RonAmadeo
|
||||
@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
|
||||
FSSlc translating
|
||||
|
||||
5 great Raspberry Pi projects for the classroom
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
|
||||
translated by bestony
|
||||
How to Install OsTicket Ticketing System in Fedora 22 / Centos 7
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
In this article, we'll learn how to setup help desk ticketing system with osTicket in our machine or server running Fedora 22 or CentOS 7 as operating system. osTicket is a free and open source popular customer support ticketing system developed and maintained by [Enhancesoft][1] and its contributors. osTicket is the best solution for help and support ticketing system and management for better communication and support assistance with clients and customers. It has the ability to easily integrate with inquiries created via email, phone and web based forms into a beautiful multi-user web interface. osTicket makes us easy to manage, organize and log all our support requests and responses in one single place. It is a simple, lightweight, reliable, open source, web-based and easy to setup and use help desk ticketing system.
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,156 +0,0 @@
|
||||
How to send email notifications using Gmail SMTP server on Linux
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Suppose you want to configure a Linux app to send out email messages from your server or desktop. The email messages can be part of email newsletters, status updates (e.g., [Cachet][1]), monitoring alerts (e.g., [Monit][2]), disk events (e.g., [RAID mdadm][3]), and so on. While you can set up your [own outgoing mail server][4] to deliver messages, you can alternatively rely on a freely available public SMTP server as a maintenance-free option.
|
||||
|
||||
One of the most reliable **free SMTP servers** is from Google's Gmail service. All you have to do to send email notifications within your app is to add Gmail's SMTP server address and your credentials to the app, and you are good to go.
|
||||
|
||||
One catch with using Gmail's SMTP server is that there are various restrictions in place, mainly to combat spammers and email marketers who often abuse the server. For example, you can send messages to no more than 100 addresses at once, and no more than 500 recipients per day. Also, if you don't want to be flagged as a spammer, you cannot send a large number of undeliverable messages. When any of these limitations is reached, your Gmail account will temporarily be locked out for a day. In short, Gmail's SMTP server is perfectly fine for your personal use, but not meant for commercial bulk emails.
|
||||
|
||||
With that being said, let me demonstrate **how to use Gmail's SMTP server in Linux environment**.
|
||||
|
||||
### Google Gmail SMTP Server Setting ###
|
||||
|
||||
If you want to send emails from your app using Gmail's SMTP server, remember the following details.
|
||||
|
||||
- **Outgoing mail server (SMTP server)**: smtp.gmail.com
|
||||
- **Use authentication**: yes
|
||||
- **Use secure connection**: yes
|
||||
- **Username**: your Gmail account ID (e.g., "alice" if your email is alice@gmail.com)
|
||||
- **Password**: your Gmail password
|
||||
- **Port**: 587
|
||||
|
||||
Exact configuration syntax may vary depending on apps. In the rest of this tutorial, I will show you several useful examples of using Gmail SMTP server in Linux.
|
||||
|
||||
### Send Emails from the Command Line ###
|
||||
|
||||
As the first example, let's try the most basic email functionality: send an email from the command line using Gmail SMTP server. For this, I am going to use a command-line email client called mutt.
|
||||
|
||||
First, install mutt:
|
||||
|
||||
For Debian-based system:
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo apt-get install mutt
|
||||
|
||||
For Red Hat based system:
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo yum install mutt
|
||||
|
||||
Create a mutt configuration file (~/.muttrc) and specify in the file Gmail SMTP server information as follows. Replace <gmail-id> with your own Gmail ID. Note that this configuration is for sending emails only (not receiving emails).
|
||||
|
||||
$ vi ~/.muttrc
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
set from = "<gmail-id>@gmail.com"
|
||||
set realname = "Dan Nanni"
|
||||
set smtp_url = "smtp://<gmail-id>@smtp.gmail.com:587/"
|
||||
set smtp_pass = "<gmail-password>"
|
||||
|
||||
Now you are ready to send out an email using mutt:
|
||||
|
||||
$ echo "This is an email body." | mutt -s "This is an email subject" alice@yahoo.com
|
||||
|
||||
To attach a file in an email, use "-a" option:
|
||||
|
||||
$ echo "This is an email body." | mutt -s "This is an email subject" alice@yahoo.com -a ~/test_attachment.jpg
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Using Gmail SMTP server means that the emails appear as sent from your Gmail account. In other words, a recepient will see your Gmail address as the sender's address. If you want to use your domain as the email sender, you need to use Gmail SMTP relay service instead.
|
||||
|
||||
### Send Email Notification When a Server is Rebooted ###
|
||||
|
||||
If you are running a [virtual private server (VPS)][5] for some critical website, one recommendation is to monitor VPS reboot activities. As a more practical example, let's consider how to set up email notifications for every reboot event on your VPS. Here I assume you are using systemd on your VPS, and show you how to create a custom systemd boot-time service for automatic email notifications.
|
||||
|
||||
First create the following script reboot_notify.sh which takes care of email notifications.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo vi /usr/local/bin/reboot_notify.sh
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
#!/bin/sh
|
||||
|
||||
echo "`hostname` was rebooted on `date`" | mutt -F /etc/muttrc -s "Notification on `hostname`" alice@yahoo.com
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo chmod +x /usr/local/bin/reboot_notify.sh
|
||||
|
||||
In the script, I use "-F" option to specify the location of system-wide mutt configuration file. So don't forget to create /etc/muttrc file and populate Gmail SMTP information as described earlier.
|
||||
|
||||
Now let's create a custom systemd service as follows.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo mkdir -p /usr/local/lib/systemd/system
|
||||
$ sudo vi /usr/local/lib/systemd/system/reboot-task.service
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
[Unit]
|
||||
Description=Send a notification email when the server gets rebooted
|
||||
DefaultDependencies=no
|
||||
Before=reboot.target
|
||||
|
||||
[Service]
|
||||
Type=oneshot
|
||||
ExecStart=/usr/local/bin/reboot_notify.sh
|
||||
|
||||
[Install]
|
||||
WantedBy=reboot.target
|
||||
|
||||
Once the service file is created, enable and start the service.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo systemctl enable reboot-task
|
||||
$ sudo systemctl start reboot-task
|
||||
|
||||
From now on, you will be receiving a notification email every time the VPS gets rebooted.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Send Email Notification from Server Usage Monitoring ###
|
||||
|
||||
As a final example, let me present a real-world application called [Monit][6], which is a pretty useful server monitoring application. It comes with comprehensive [VPS][7] monitoring capabilities (e.g., CPU, memory, processes, file system), as well as email notification functions.
|
||||
|
||||
If you want to receive email notifications for any event on your VPS (e.g., server overload) generated by Monit, you can add the following SMTP information to Monit configuration file.
|
||||
|
||||
set mailserver smtp.gmail.com port 587
|
||||
username "<your-gmail-ID>" password "<gmail-password>"
|
||||
using tlsv12
|
||||
|
||||
set mail-format {
|
||||
from: <your-gmail-ID>@gmail.com
|
||||
subject: $SERVICE $EVENT at $DATE on $HOST
|
||||
message: Monit $ACTION $SERVICE $EVENT at $DATE on $HOST : $DESCRIPTION.
|
||||
|
||||
Yours sincerely,
|
||||
Monit
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
# the person who will receive notification emails
|
||||
set alert alice@yahoo.com
|
||||
|
||||
Here is the example email notification sent by Monit for excessive CPU load.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Conclusion ###
|
||||
|
||||
As you can imagine, there will be so many different ways to take advantage of free SMTP servers like Gmail. But once again, remember that the free SMTP server is not meant for commercial usage, but only for your own personal project. If you are using Gmail SMTP server inside any app, feel free to share your use case.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://xmodulo.com/send-email-notifications-gmail-smtp-server-linux.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Dan Nanni][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://xmodulo.com/author/nanni
|
||||
[1]:http://xmodulo.com/setup-system-status-page.html
|
||||
[2]:http://xmodulo.com/server-monitoring-system-monit.html
|
||||
[3]:http://xmodulo.com/create-software-raid1-array-mdadm-linux.html
|
||||
[4]:http://xmodulo.com/mail-server-ubuntu-debian.html
|
||||
[5]:http://xmodulo.com/go/digitalocean
|
||||
[6]:http://xmodulo.com/server-monitoring-system-monit.html
|
||||
[7]:http://xmodulo.com/go/digitalocean
|
||||
@ -1,201 +0,0 @@
|
||||
Data Structures in the Linux Kernel
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
Radix tree
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
As you already know linux kernel provides many different libraries and functions which implement different data structures and algorithms. In this part we will consider one of these data structures - [Radix tree](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radix_tree). There are two files which are related to `radix tree` implementation and API in the linux kernel:
|
||||
|
||||
* [include/linux/radix-tree.h](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/master/include/linux/radix-tree.h)
|
||||
* [lib/radix-tree.c](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/master/lib/radix-tree.c)
|
||||
|
||||
Lets talk about what a `radix tree` is. Radix tree is a `compressed trie` where a [trie](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trie) is a data structure which implements an interface of an associative array and allows to store values as `key-value`. The keys are usually strings, but any data type can be used. A trie is different from an `n-tree` because of its nodes. Nodes of a trie do not store keys; instead, a node of a trie stores single character labels. The key which is related to a given node is derived by traversing from the root of the tree to this node. For example:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
+-----------+
|
||||
| |
|
||||
| " " |
|
||||
| |
|
||||
+------+-----------+------+
|
||||
| |
|
||||
| |
|
||||
+----v------+ +-----v-----+
|
||||
| | | |
|
||||
| g | | c |
|
||||
| | | |
|
||||
+-----------+ +-----------+
|
||||
| |
|
||||
| |
|
||||
+----v------+ +-----v-----+
|
||||
| | | |
|
||||
| o | | a |
|
||||
| | | |
|
||||
+-----------+ +-----------+
|
||||
|
|
||||
|
|
||||
+-----v-----+
|
||||
| |
|
||||
| t |
|
||||
| |
|
||||
+-----------+
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
So in this example, we can see the `trie` with keys, `go` and `cat`. The compressed trie or `radix tree` differs from `trie` in that all intermediates nodes which have only one child are removed.
|
||||
|
||||
Radix tree in linux kernel is the datastructure which maps values to integer keys. It is represented by the following structures from the file [include/linux/radix-tree.h](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/master/include/linux/radix-tree.h):
|
||||
|
||||
```C
|
||||
struct radix_tree_root {
|
||||
unsigned int height;
|
||||
gfp_t gfp_mask;
|
||||
struct radix_tree_node __rcu *rnode;
|
||||
};
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
This structure presents the root of a radix tree and contains three fields:
|
||||
|
||||
* `height` - height of the tree;
|
||||
* `gfp_mask` - tells how memory allocations will be performed;
|
||||
* `rnode` - pointer to the child node.
|
||||
|
||||
The first field we will discuss is `gfp_mask`:
|
||||
|
||||
Low-level kernel memory allocation functions take a set of flags as - `gfp_mask`, which describes how that allocation is to be performed. These `GFP_` flags which control the allocation process can have following values: (`GF_NOIO` flag) means sleep and wait for memory, (`__GFP_HIGHMEM` flag) means high memory can be used, (`GFP_ATOMIC` flag) means the allocation process has high-priority and can't sleep etc.
|
||||
|
||||
* `GFP_NOIO` - can sleep and wait for memory;
|
||||
* `__GFP_HIGHMEM` - high memory can be used;
|
||||
* `GFP_ATOMIC` - allocation process is high-priority and can't sleep;
|
||||
|
||||
etc.
|
||||
|
||||
The next field is `rnode`:
|
||||
|
||||
```C
|
||||
struct radix_tree_node {
|
||||
unsigned int path;
|
||||
unsigned int count;
|
||||
union {
|
||||
struct {
|
||||
struct radix_tree_node *parent;
|
||||
void *private_data;
|
||||
};
|
||||
struct rcu_head rcu_head;
|
||||
};
|
||||
/* For tree user */
|
||||
struct list_head private_list;
|
||||
void __rcu *slots[RADIX_TREE_MAP_SIZE];
|
||||
unsigned long tags[RADIX_TREE_MAX_TAGS][RADIX_TREE_TAG_LONGS];
|
||||
};
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
This structure contains information about the offset in a parent and height from the bottom, count of the child nodes and fields for accessing and freeing a node. This fields are described below:
|
||||
|
||||
* `path` - offset in parent & height from the bottom;
|
||||
* `count` - count of the child nodes;
|
||||
* `parent` - pointer to the parent node;
|
||||
* `private_data` - used by the user of a tree;
|
||||
* `rcu_head` - used for freeing a node;
|
||||
* `private_list` - used by the user of a tree;
|
||||
|
||||
The two last fields of the `radix_tree_node` - `tags` and `slots` are important and interesting. Every node can contains a set of slots which are store pointers to the data. Empty slots in the linux kernel radix tree implementation store `NULL`. Radix trees in the linux kernel also supports tags which are associated with the `tags` fields in the `radix_tree_node` structure. Tags allow individual bits to be set on records which are stored in the radix tree.
|
||||
|
||||
Now that we know about radix tree structure, it is time to look on its API.
|
||||
|
||||
Linux kernel radix tree API
|
||||
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
We start from the datastructure initialization. There are two ways to initialize a new radix tree. The first is to use `RADIX_TREE` macro:
|
||||
|
||||
```C
|
||||
RADIX_TREE(name, gfp_mask);
|
||||
````
|
||||
|
||||
As you can see we pass the `name` parameter, so with the `RADIX_TREE` macro we can define and initialize radix tree with the given name. Implementation of the `RADIX_TREE` is easy:
|
||||
|
||||
```C
|
||||
#define RADIX_TREE(name, mask) \
|
||||
struct radix_tree_root name = RADIX_TREE_INIT(mask)
|
||||
|
||||
#define RADIX_TREE_INIT(mask) { \
|
||||
.height = 0, \
|
||||
.gfp_mask = (mask), \
|
||||
.rnode = NULL, \
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
At the beginning of the `RADIX_TREE` macro we define instance of the `radix_tree_root` structure with the given name and call `RADIX_TREE_INIT` macro with the given mask. The `RADIX_TREE_INIT` macro just initializes `radix_tree_root` structure with the default values and the given mask.
|
||||
|
||||
The second way is to define `radix_tree_root` structure by hand and pass it with mask to the `INIT_RADIX_TREE` macro:
|
||||
|
||||
```C
|
||||
struct radix_tree_root my_radix_tree;
|
||||
INIT_RADIX_TREE(my_tree, gfp_mask_for_my_radix_tree);
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
where:
|
||||
|
||||
```C
|
||||
#define INIT_RADIX_TREE(root, mask) \
|
||||
do { \
|
||||
(root)->height = 0; \
|
||||
(root)->gfp_mask = (mask); \
|
||||
(root)->rnode = NULL; \
|
||||
} while (0)
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
makes the same initialziation with default values as it does `RADIX_TREE_INIT` macro.
|
||||
|
||||
The next are two functions for inserting and deleting records to/from a radix tree:
|
||||
|
||||
* `radix_tree_insert`;
|
||||
* `radix_tree_delete`;
|
||||
|
||||
The first `radix_tree_insert` function takes three parameters:
|
||||
|
||||
* root of a radix tree;
|
||||
* index key;
|
||||
* data to insert;
|
||||
|
||||
The `radix_tree_delete` function takes the same set of parameters as the `radix_tree_insert`, but without data.
|
||||
|
||||
The search in a radix tree implemented in two ways:
|
||||
|
||||
* `radix_tree_lookup`;
|
||||
* `radix_tree_gang_lookup`;
|
||||
* `radix_tree_lookup_slot`.
|
||||
|
||||
The first `radix_tree_lookup` function takes two parameters:
|
||||
|
||||
* root of a radix tree;
|
||||
* index key;
|
||||
|
||||
This function tries to find the given key in the tree and return the record associated with this key. The second `radix_tree_gang_lookup` function have the following signature
|
||||
|
||||
```C
|
||||
unsigned int radix_tree_gang_lookup(struct radix_tree_root *root,
|
||||
void **results,
|
||||
unsigned long first_index,
|
||||
unsigned int max_items);
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
and returns number of records, sorted by the keys, starting from the first index. Number of the returned records will not be greater than `max_items` value.
|
||||
|
||||
And the last `radix_tree_lookup_slot` function will return the slot which will contain the data.
|
||||
|
||||
Links
|
||||
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
* [Radix tree](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radix_tree)
|
||||
* [Trie](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trie)
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://github.com/0xAX/linux-insides/edit/master/DataStructures/radix-tree.md
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[0xAX]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
|
||||
【Translating by cposture 2016-03-01】
|
||||
* * *
|
||||
|
||||
# GCC-Inline-Assembly-HOWTO
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,174 +0,0 @@
|
||||
(翻译中 by runningwater)
|
||||
How to Add New Disk in Linux CentOS 7 Without Rebooting
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
Increasing disk spaces on the Linux servers is a daily routine work for very system administrator. So, in this article we are going to show you some simple simple steps that you can use to increase your disk spaces on Linux CentOS 7 without rebooting to your production server using Linux commands. We will cover multiple methods and possibilities to increase and add new disks to the Linux systems, so that you can follow the one that you feel comfortable while using according to your requirements.
|
||||
|
||||
### 1. Increasing Disk of VM Guest: ###
|
||||
|
||||
Before increasing the disk volume inside your Linux system, you need to add a new disk or increase the one its has already attached with the system by editing its settings from your VMware vShere, Workstation or any other infrastructure environment that you are using.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 2. Check Disk Space: ###
|
||||
|
||||
Run the following command to check the current size of your disk space.
|
||||
|
||||
# df -h
|
||||
# fdisk -l
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Here we can see that the total disk size is still the same that is 10 GB while we have already increased it to 50 GB from the back end.
|
||||
|
||||
### 3. Expanding Space without Rebooting VM ###
|
||||
|
||||
Now run the following commands to expand the disk space in the physical volume of the Operating System without rebooting the virtual machine by Re-scanning the SCSI Bus and then adding SCSI Device.
|
||||
|
||||
# ls /sys/class/scsi_host/
|
||||
# echo "- - -" > /sys/class/scsi_host/host0/scan
|
||||
# echo "- - -" > /sys/class/scsi_host/host1/scan
|
||||
# echo "- - -" > /sys/class/scsi_host/host2/scan
|
||||
|
||||
Check the names of your SCSI devices and then rescan the SCSI buses using below commands.
|
||||
|
||||
# ls /sys/class/scsi_device/
|
||||
# echo 1 > /sys/class/scsi_device/0\:0\:0\:0/device/rescan
|
||||
# echo 1 > /sys/class/scsi_device/2\:0\:0\:0/device/rescan
|
||||
|
||||
That will rescan the current scsi bus and the disk size that we increased from the VM guest settings will be show up as you can see in the below image.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 4. New Disk Partition: ###
|
||||
|
||||
Once you are able to see the increased disk space inside your system then the run the following command to format your disk for creating a new partition by following the steps to increase your physical disk volume.
|
||||
|
||||
# fdisk /dev/sda
|
||||
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2) press the 'm' key for help
|
||||
Command (m for help): m
|
||||
Command action
|
||||
a toggle a bootable flag
|
||||
b edit bsd disklabel
|
||||
c toggle the dos compatibility flag
|
||||
d delete a partition
|
||||
g create a new empty GPT partition table
|
||||
G create an IRIX (SGI) partition table
|
||||
l list known partition types
|
||||
m print this menu
|
||||
n add a new partition
|
||||
o create a new empty DOS partition table
|
||||
p print the partition table
|
||||
q quit without saving changes
|
||||
s create a new empty Sun disklabel
|
||||
t change a partition's system id
|
||||
u change display/entry units
|
||||
v verify the partition table
|
||||
w write table to disk and exit
|
||||
x extra functionality (experts only)
|
||||
|
||||
Command (m for help):
|
||||
|
||||
Type the 'p' to print the current partition table then create a new primary partition by typing the 'n' key and selecting the available sectors. Change the disk type to 'Linux LVM' by using 't' command and selecting the code to '8e' or leave as it to its default type that is '83'.
|
||||
|
||||
Now write the table to disk and exit by Entring 'w' key as shown.
|
||||
|
||||
Command (m for help): w
|
||||
The partition table has been altered!
|
||||
|
||||
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
|
||||
|
||||
WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy.
|
||||
The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at
|
||||
the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 5. Creating Physical Volume: ###
|
||||
|
||||
As indicated above run the 'partprobe' or kpartx command so that the tables are ready to use and then create the new Physical Volume using the below commands.
|
||||
|
||||
# partprobe
|
||||
# pvresize /dev/sda3
|
||||
|
||||
To check the newly created volume run the following command to see if the new physical volume has been created and visible. After that we will extend the Volume Group 'centos' with the newly create Physical Volume as shown.
|
||||
|
||||
# pvdisplay
|
||||
# vgextend centos /dev/sda3
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 6. Extending Logical Volume: ###
|
||||
|
||||
Now we will extend the Logical Volume to increase the disk space on it using the the below command.
|
||||
|
||||
# lvextend -L +40G /dev/mapper/centos-root
|
||||
|
||||
Once you get the successfully increased message, run the command as shown below to extend the size of your logical volume .
|
||||
|
||||
# xfs_growfs /dev/mapper/centos-root
|
||||
|
||||
The size of the '/' partition has been increased successfully, you can check the size of your disk drives by using the 'df' command as shown.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 7. Extending Root Partition by Adding New Disk Without Reboot: ###
|
||||
|
||||
This is the second method with but with quite similar commands to increase the size of the Logical volume in CentOS 7.
|
||||
|
||||
So, the first step is to Open the setting of your VM guest settings and click on the 'Add' new button and proceed to the next option.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Choose the required configuration for the new disk by selecting the size of the new disk and its type as shown in the below image.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Then come to the server side and repeat the following commands to scan your disk devices to the new disk is visible on the system.
|
||||
|
||||
# echo "- - -" > /sys/class/scsi_host/host0/scan
|
||||
# echo "- - -" > /sys/class/scsi_host/host1/scan
|
||||
# echo "- - -" > /sys/class/scsi_host/host2/scan
|
||||
|
||||
List the names of your SCSi devices
|
||||
|
||||
# ls /sys/class/scsi_device/
|
||||
# echo 1 > /sys/class/scsi_device/1\:0\:0\:0/device/rescan
|
||||
# echo 1 > /sys/class/scsi_device/2\:0\:0\:0/device/rescan
|
||||
# echo 1 > /sys/class/scsi_device/3\:0\:0\:0/device/rescan
|
||||
# fdisk -l
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Once the new disk is visible run the below commands to create the new physical volume and add it to the volume group as shown.
|
||||
|
||||
# pvcreate /dev/sdb
|
||||
# vgextend centos /dev/sdb
|
||||
# vgdisplay
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Now extend the Logical Volume by adding the disk space on it and then add it to the root partition.
|
||||
|
||||
# lvextend -L +20G /dev/mapper/centos-root
|
||||
# xfs_growfs /dev/mapper/centos-root
|
||||
# df -h
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Conclusion: ###
|
||||
|
||||
Managing disk partitions in Linux CentOS 7 is a simple process to increase the disk space of any of your logical volumes by using the steps as described in this article. You don't need to give your production server's reboot for this purpose but simply rescan your SCSi devices and expand your desired LVM. We hope you find this article much helpful. Feel free to leave your valuable comments or suggestions.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://linoxide.com/linux-how-to/add-new-disk-centos-7-without-rebooting/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Kashif S][a]
|
||||
译者：[runningwater](https://github.com/runningwater
|
||||
)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://linoxide.com/author/kashifs/
|
||||
@ -1,92 +0,0 @@
|
||||
GHLandy Translating
|
||||
|
||||
Best Linux Desktop Environments for 2016
|
||||
=============================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Linux creates a friendly environment for choices and options. For example, there are many Linux-based distributions out there that use different desktop environments for you to choose from. I have picked some of the best desktop environments that you will see in the Linux world.
|
||||
|
||||
## Plasma
|
||||
|
||||
I consider [KDE’s Plasma desktop](https://www.kde.org/workspaces/plasmadesktop/) to be the most advanced desktop environment (DE). It’s the most feature-rich and customizable desktop environment that I have ever seen; even Mac OS X and Windows don’t come near Plasma when it comes to complete control by the user.
|
||||
|
||||
I also love Plasma because of its awesome file manager, Dolphin. One reason I prefer Plasma over Gnome-based systems is the file manager. One of my biggest gripes with Gnome is that its file manager, Files, can’t handle basic tasks, such as batch-files renaming. That’s important for me because I take a lot of pictures, and Gnome makes it impossible for me to rename image files. On Dolphin, it’s a walk in the park.
|
||||
|
||||
Then, you can add more functionality to Plasma with plugins. Plasma comes with some incredible software including Krita, Kdenlive, Calligra Office Suite, digiKam, Kwrite, and many other applications being developed by the KDE community.
|
||||
|
||||
The only weakness of the Plasma desktop is its default email client, Kmail. It’s way too complicated to set up, and I also wish that setting up Kmail also configured the Address Book and Calendar.
|
||||
|
||||
Plasma is the default desktop environment of many major distributions including openSUSE.
|
||||
|
||||
## GNOME
|
||||
|
||||
[GNOME](https://www.gnome.org/) (GNU Network Object Model Environment) was founded by [Miguel de Icaza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_de_Icaza) and Federico Mena in 1997 because KDE used Qt toolkit, which was released under a proprietary license. Unlike KDE, where there were numerous customizations, GNOME focused on keeping things simple. GNOME became extremely popular due to its simplicity and ease of use. A factor that I think contributed heavily to Gnome’s popularity was the fact that Ubuntu, one of the most popular Linux distributions, picked it as their default desktop environment.
|
||||
|
||||
With changing times, GNOME needed a change. Therefore, with GNOME 3 the developers introduced the GNOME 3 Shell, which brought with it an entirely new design paradigm. That in turn led to some conflict with Canonical’s plans with Ubuntu, and they created their own shell for GNOME called Unity. Initially, GNOME 3 Shell was plagued by many issues -- most notably, the fact that extensions would stop working after updates. This major shift in design and the various problems then led to many forks of GNOME, such as the Cinnamon and Mate desktops.
|
||||
|
||||
That said, what makes GNOME desktop interesting is that they are targeting touch-based devices, so if you have new laptops that come with a touchscreen, Gnome is the best suited DE for them.
|
||||
|
||||
With version 3.18, GNOME has made some impressive improvements. The most interesting thing that they have done is Google Drive integration where users can mount their Google Drive as a remote file storage and work with files without having to use a web browser. I also love GNOME’s awesome integration of email client with calendar and address book. Despite all this awesomeness, however, the one thing that keeps me from using GNOME is its file manager, which can’t handle batch file renames. I will stick to Plasma until GNOME developers fix this problem.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## Unity
|
||||
|
||||
[Unity](https://unity.ubuntu.com/) is technically not a desktop environment, it’s a graphical shell developed by Canonical for Ubuntu. Unity runs on top of GNOME desktop environment and uses most stock GNOME apps and tools. The Ubuntu team has forked a few GNOME components to better suit the needs of Unity users.
|
||||
|
||||
Unity plays a very important role in Ubuntu’s convergence story and with Unity 8, the company is bringing the desktop and mobile world together. Canonical has developed many intriguing technologies for Unity including HUD (Head-up Display). They also took a unique approach with lenses and scopes making it easy for users to find appropriate content.
|
||||
|
||||
The upcoming release of Ubuntu, 16.04, is expected to ship with Unity 8 so users will get to experience all the work that developers have put into this open source software. One of the biggest criticisms with Unity was opt-out integration of Amazon ads and other services. With the upcoming release, though, Canonical is removing Amazon ads from Dash, making it a privacy-respecting OS by default.
|
||||
|
||||
## Cinnamon
|
||||
|
||||
[Cinnamon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnamon_(software)) was initially developed by [Linux Mint](http://www.linuxmint.com/) -- the most popular distro on DistroWatch. Cinnamon is a fork of GNOME Shell, just like Unity. Later, however, it evolved into a desktop environment as Linux Mint developers forked many components of the GNOME desktop, including Files, to address the needs of their users.
|
||||
|
||||
Because Linux Mint was based on regular releases of Ubuntu, the developers continued to chase the moving target that was Ubuntu. As a result, despite great promises Cinnamon was full of bugs and problems. With the 17.x release, however, Linux Mint developers moved to LTS edition of Ubuntu that allowed them to focus on core components of Cinnamon without having to worry about the base. As a result of this move, Cinnamon has become incredibly stable and bug free. The developers have started adding more features to the desktop.
|
||||
|
||||
For those who prefer the good old Windows-like UI on top of the simplicity of GNOME, Cinnamon is the best desktop environment.
|
||||
|
||||
## MATE Desktop
|
||||
|
||||
The [MATE desktop](http://mate-desktop.com/) environment is also a fork of GNOME. However, unlike Cinnamon, it’s not a fork of GNOME 3; instead it’s a fork of GNOME 2 codebase, which is not unmaintained. A few developers didn’t like Gnome 3 and wanted to “continue” GNOME 2, so they took the codebase and created MATE. The MATE project forked many components of the GNOME project and created a few from scratch. To avoid any conflict with GNOME 3, they renamed all their packages: Nautilus become Caja, Gedit became Pluma, Evince became Atril, and so on.
|
||||
|
||||
Although MATE is a continuation of GNOME 2, that doesn’t mean they are using old and obsolete technologies; they are using newer technologies to offer a modern GNOME 2 experience.
|
||||
|
||||
What makes MATE an impressive desktop environment is that it’s extremely resource efficient. You can run it on older hardware or newer less powerful hardware, such as Raspberry Pi or Chromebook Flip. What’s makes it even more interesting is that using it on powerful systems frees most system resources for applications instead of the resources being consumed by the desktop environment itself.
|
||||
|
||||
## LXQt
|
||||
|
||||
[LXQt](http://lxqt.org/) is the successor of LXDE, one of the most lightweight desktop environments. It’s a merger of two open source projects LXDE and Razor-Qt. The first usable version of LXQt (v 0.9) was released in 2015. Initially, the developers used Qt4 but then all compatibility with it was dropped, and they moved to Qt5 and KDE Frameworks 5 for speedy development. I have tried LXQt on my Arch systems, and its a great lightweight desktop environment, but it has a long way to go before it becomes the rightful successor of LXDE.
|
||||
|
||||
## Xfce
|
||||
|
||||
[Xfce](http://www.xfce.org/) predates the KDE desktop environment. It is one of the oldest and lightest desktop environments around. The latest release of Xfce is 4.15, which was released in 2015 and uses modern technologies like GTK+ 3. Xfce is used by many special purpose distributions, such as Ubuntu Studio, because -- much like MATE -- it frees most system resources for applications. It’s also the default desktop environment of many notable Linux distributions including Manjaro Linux, PC/OS, Salix, and Mythbuntu.
|
||||
|
||||
## Budgie
|
||||
|
||||
[Budgie](https://solus-project.com/budgie/) is a new desktop environment being developed by the Solus Linux team. Solus is new Linux distribution that’s being developed from scratch, and Budgie is a core component of it. Budgie uses many GNOME components and offers a minimalistic UI. Because there’s not much information about the new desktop, I talked to the core developer of Solus, Ikey Doherty, and he explained, “We ship our own desktop, the Budgie Desktop. Unlike some other desktops, this is not a fork, rather it aims for full integration into the GNOME stack. It's written from scratch, and is specifically designed to cater for the experience Solus is offering. We work with upstream GNOME here as much as we can, contributing fixes, and advocate and support their work.”
|
||||
|
||||
## Pantheon
|
||||
|
||||
[Pantheon](https://elementary.io/) needs no introduction, it’s the desktop environment powering the lovely Linux distribution elementary OS. Similar to Budgie, Pantheon is not a fork of GNOME as many may assume. elementary OS team comes from design background so they pay very close attention to minute details, as a result Pantheon is extremely polished desktop environment. At the moment, it may lack many feature found in DEs like Plasma, but the developers are taking their time in order to stick to the design principle.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## Conclusion
|
||||
|
||||
As I went through this story, I realized the awesomeness of open source and Linux. There is something for everyone. As Jon “maddog” Hall said during the latest SCaLE 14, “Yes, there are 300 Linux distributions. I can try them and stick to the one that I like!”
|
||||
|
||||
So, enjoy this diversity and use the one that floats your boat!
|
||||
|
||||
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.linux.com/news/software/applications/881107-best-linux-desktop-environments-for-2016
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Swapnil Bhartiya][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.linux.com/community/forums/person/61003
|
||||
@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
|
||||
[Translating] Haohong Wang
|
||||
How to Setup Lighttpd Web server on Ubuntu 15.04 / CentOS 7
|
||||
=================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,31 +0,0 @@
|
||||
Manjaro Linux Is Coming To ARM With Manjaro-ARM
|
||||
===================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Recently, the developers of Manjaro have announced the release of an [alpha build for ARM devices](https://manjaro.github.io/Manjaro-ARM-launched/). This is a big step for the Arch-based distro, which up until this point only ran on 32 and 64-bit PCs.
|
||||
|
||||
According to the announcement, “[Manjaro Arm](http://manjaro-arm.org/) is a project aimed to bring you the simplicity and customability that is Manjaro to [ARM devices](https://www.arm.com/). These devices are growing in numbers and can be used for any number of applications. Most famous is the Raspberry Pi series and BeagleBoard series.” The alpha build only supports the Raspberry Pi 2, but that will undoubtedly grow with time.
|
||||
|
||||
The developers currently include dodgejcr, Torei, Strit, and Ringo32. They are looking for more people to help the project grow and develop. Besides developers, [they are looking for maintainers, moderators and admins, and artists](http://manjaro-arm.org/forums/website/looking-for-contributors/?PHPSESSID=876d5c11400e9c25eb727e9965300a9a).
|
||||
|
||||
Manjaro-ARM will be available in four different versions. The Media Edition will allow you to create a media center with very little configuration and will run Kodi. The Server Edition will come with SSH, FTP, and a LAMP server preconfigured so you can use your ARM device as a file or web server. The Base Edition acts as the desktop edition, with an XFCE desktop. If you want to build you own system from scratch, the Minimal Edition is your choice. It will come with no preloaded packages or desktop, only have a root user.
|
||||
|
||||
## Final Thoughts
|
||||
|
||||
As a fan of Manjaro (I have it installed on 4 computers), I’m glad to hear that they are branching out into the ARM world. ARM is being used in more and more devices. According to technology commentator Robert Cringely, [device makers are starting to look at cheap ARM chips over more expensive Intel or AMD chips](http://www.cringely.com/2016/01/21/prediction-8-intel-starts-to-become-irrelevent/). Even Microsoft (please don’t strike me down) is thinking of porting some of its software to ARM. As the use of ARM powered devices increase, Manjaro will be ready to give those users a great Linux experience.
|
||||
|
||||
What do you think? Do you wish that more Linux distros would create ARM ports? Or do you think that ARM is a passing fad? Tell us below.
|
||||
|
||||
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://itsfoss.com/manjaro-linux-arm/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[JOHN PAUL][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://itsfoss.com/author/john/
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
|
||||
BeeGFS Parallel File System Goes Open Source
|
||||
==================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Today ThinkParQ announced that the complete [BeeGFS parallel file system][1] is now available as open source. Developed specifically for performance-critical environments, the BeeGFS parallel file system was developed with a strong focus on easy installation and high flexibility, including converged setups where storage servers are also used for compute jobs. By increasing the number of servers and disks in the system, performance and capacity of the file system can simply be scaled out to the desired level, seamlessly from small clusters up to enterprise-class systems with thousands of nodes.
|
||||
|
||||
The first official announcement to make the BeeGFS sources available was made at the International Supercomputing Conference 2013. This was in the context of the European exascale project [DEEP-ER][2], where several new approaches to address extreme I/O requirements are being designed and implemented. For exascale systems, the different software and hardware layers have to work together very efficiently to achieve maximum scalability. Thus, making the sources of BeeGFS available is one logical step to enabling efficient integration of all layers of an exascale stack.
|
||||
|
||||
“While some of our users are just happy with the fact that BeeGFS is so easy to install and doesn’t require much attention, others really want to understand exactly what is happening under the hood to further optimize the runtime of their applications, improve their monitoring or port it to other platforms like BSD,” said Sven Breuner, CEO of ThinkParQ, the company behind BeeGFS “Also, being able to build BeeGFS for non-x86 architectures like ARM and Power is another important aspect that the community has been waiting for.”
|
||||
|
||||
The steady advances in ARM technology indeed make it a more and more interesting technology to look at for future procurements. Thus, the BeeGFS team is also participating in [ExaNeSt][3], a new European exascale project, which is specifically focused on getting the ARM ecosystem ready for performance-critical workloads. “Although BeeGFS can already run out of the box on ARM systems today, this project will give us the opportunity to make sure that we can deliver the maximum performance on this architecture as well.”, adds Bernd Lietzow, BeeGFS head for ExaNeSt.
|
||||
|
||||
With a rather compact code base of about 25K lines of C++ code for the distributed metadata service and about 15K lines of C++ code for the distributed storage service, BeeGFS should be relatively easy to understand and extend, not only for senior programmers, but also for University students interested in file system research. On GitHub, there are already a number of projects listed related to BeeGFS, e.g. for browser-based monitoring or Docker integration.
|
||||
|
||||
In related news, the [BeeGFS User Meeting][4] will take place May 18-19 in Kaiserslautern, Germany.
|
||||
|
||||
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://insidehpc.com/2016/02/beegfs-parallel-file-system-now-open-source/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+InsideHPC+%28insideHPC.com%29
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[staff][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: http://insidehpc.com/author/staff/
|
||||
[1]: http://www.beegfs.com/
|
||||
[2]: http://www.deep-project.eu/deep-project/EN/Home/home_node.html
|
||||
[3]: http://www.exanest.eu/
|
||||
[4]: http://www.beegfs.com/content/user-meeting-2016/
|
||||
@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
|
||||
Intel shows budget Android phone powering big-screen Linux
|
||||
==============================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**MWC16** Intel is showing what it calls "Big Screen Experience" at Mobile World Congress, an Android smartphone which runs a full Linux desktop when plugged into an external display.
|
||||
|
||||
The concept is broadly similar to Microsoft's Continuum for Windows 10 Mobile, but whereas Continuum devices are towards the high end, Intel's project is aimed, it says, at budget smartphones and emerging markets.
|
||||
|
||||
On display in Barcelona is a prototype SoFIA (Smart or Feature Phone with Intel Architecture) smartphone with an Atom x3 processor, 2GB RAM and 16GB storage, and modified to support an external display. Attach keyboard, mouse and display, and it becomes desktop Linux, with an option to display the Android screen in a window on the large display.
|
||||
|
||||
"Android is based on a Linux kernel, so we're running one kernel, we have an Android stack and a Linux stack, and we're sharing the same context, so the file system is identical. The phone stays fully functional," Intel's Nir Metzer, Path Finding Group Manager, told the Reg.
|
||||
|
||||
"I have a multi-window environment. As soon as I plug in I can do spreadsheets, I can drag and drop, play video. Achieving all this on a low-end platform is a challenge," said Metzer.
|
||||
|
||||
Currently the display on the device goes blank when the external display is attached, but Metzer said that the next version of the Atom X3 will support dual displays.
|
||||
|
||||
The version of Linux used is maintained by Intel. "We need to align between the Linux versions and the Android," said Metzer. "The framework is pre-installed, not an app you can download."
|
||||
|
||||
Intel is pitching the idea at phone manufacturers here at Mobile World Congress, but had nothing to report concerning actual customers for its device. "The chip is ready, this is production-ready. This can go into production tomorrow. It is a business decision," said Metzer.®
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.theregister.co.uk/2016/02/23/move_over_continuum_intel_shows_android_smartphone_powering_bigscreen_linux/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Tim Anderson][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.theregister.co.uk/Author/2878
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
|
||||
How to add open source experience to your resume
|
||||
==================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
In this article, I'll share my technique for leveraging open source contributions to stand out as a great candidate for a job in the technology field.
|
||||
|
||||
No goal can be accomplished without first being set. Before jumping into a new commitment or spending the evening overhauling your resume, it pays to clearly define the traits of the job you're seeking. Your resume is a piece of persuasive writing, so you have to know your audience for it to reach its full potential. Your resume's audience is anyone with the need for your skills and the budget to hire you. When editing, read your resume while imagining what it's like to be in their position. Do you look like a candidate that you would hire?
|
||||
|
||||
I personally find it helpful to make a list of the key traits that the ideal candidate for my target job displays. I gather this list from a combination of personal experience, reading job postings, and asking colleagues in similar roles. LinkedIn and conferences are great places to find people happy to offer this sort of advice. Many people enjoy talking about themselves, and inviting them to tell part of their own story to help you expand your knowledge makes everyone feel good. As you talk to others about their career paths, you'll gain insights not only into how to land the jobs you want, but also into which traits or behaviors correspond to ending up in situations you'd rather avoid.
|
||||
|
||||
For example, the list of key traits for a junior role might look like this:
|
||||
|
||||
### Technical:
|
||||
|
||||
- Experience with CI, Jenkins preferred
|
||||
|
||||
- Strong scripting background in Python and Ruby
|
||||
|
||||
- Familiarity with Eclipse IDE
|
||||
|
||||
- Basic Git and Bash
|
||||
|
||||
### Personal:
|
||||
|
||||
- Self-directed learner
|
||||
|
||||
- Clear communication and documentation skills
|
||||
|
||||
- Experience working on a multi-person development team ("team player")
|
||||
|
||||
- Familiarity with issue tracker workflow
|
||||
|
||||
### Apply anyway
|
||||
|
||||
Remember, you don't have to meet every single criterion listed in a job description to get an interview.
|
||||
|
||||
The job description describes whoever left the role, and if you start out knowing everything you've likely signed yourself up for a few years that don't challenge or expand your skill set. If you're nervous about missing a particular technology on the list, do some research into it to see whether comparable skills from another experience would apply. For example, someone who's never used [Jenkins][1] might still understand the principles of continuous integration testing from working on a project that uses [Buildbot][2] or [Travis CI][3].
|
||||
|
||||
If you're applying at a larger company, they probably have an entire department and comprehensive screening process to make sure they don't hire any candidate unable to succeed in a role. That means it's your job to apply and their job to decide whether to reject you. Don't prematurely reject yourself from the job by refusing to apply.
|
||||
|
||||
Now you have an idea of what job you want and what skills you'll need to impress your interviewers. The next steps to take will vary based on how much experience you've already got.
|
||||
|
||||
### Tailoring existing involvement
|
||||
|
||||
Start by making a list of all the projects you've been involved with in the past few years. One way to get a quick list of things you've worked on lately is to navigate to the **Repositories** tab of your GitHub profile and filter the list by clicking on **Forks**. Additionally, look down your [Organizations][4] list for places you might have been engaging in leadership roles. If you already have a resume, make sure you've included everything from these lists under experience.
|
||||
|
||||
Consider any IRC channel where you have special permissions as a potential leadership experience. Check your Meetup and Eventbrite accounts and add any events that you organize or volunteer at to your list. Skim your calendar for the past year and note any volunteering, mentoring, or public speaking engagements.
|
||||
|
||||
Now for the hard part: Map the list of required skills onto the list of experiences. I like to assign a letter or number to each trait needed for the job, then mark the same symbol next to every piece of experience or involvement where you demonstrated the trait. When in doubt, claim it anyway—your problem is more likely a reluctance to brag than actual incompetence.
|
||||
|
||||
This is the point in the process at which resume writers are often fettered by reluctance to risk overselling their own skills. It often helps to re-frame the question as: "Did someone who organized a meetup show leadership and planning skills?" Rather than: "Did I personally show these skills when I organized that meetup?".
|
||||
|
||||
If you've been sufficiently thorough at figuring out where your free time has gone for the past year or two and you code a lot, you might now be facing a surprising problem: Too many items to fit on a single-page resume! If anything on your list of experiences didn't demonstrate any of the skills you're trying to showcase, cross it off. If an item demonstrates few skills and you don't have any stories that you enjoy telling about it, cross it off. If this abridged list of things you've done still won't fit in the format of a resume, prioritize the experiences from which you gained a relevant story or extensive experience with a desired technology.
|
||||
|
||||
At this point, it should be obvious if you need a better piece of experience to hone a particular skill. Consider using an issue aggregator like OpenHatch to find an open source project where you build and practice your skills with the tool or technology that you're missing.
|
||||
|
||||
### Make your resume beautiful
|
||||
|
||||
A resume's beauty comes from conciseness, clarity, and layout. Each piece of experience should be accompanied by enough information for a reader to immediately know why you included it, but no more. Each type of information should be formatted consistently throughout the document—it's distracting to have some dates italicized or right-aligned and others not.
|
||||
|
||||
Typeset your resume using a tool that makes these goals easy to achieve. I enjoy using [LaTeX][5], since its macro system makes visual consistency easy and most interviewers recognize it immediately. Your tool of choice might be [LibreOffice][6] or HTML, depending on your skills and how you want to distribute your resume.
|
||||
|
||||
Remember that a digitally submitted resume might be scanned for keywords, so it can help to use the same acronyms as the job posting when describing your experiences. To make your resume easy for your interviewer to use, place the most important information first.
|
||||
|
||||
Coders often struggle to quantify balance and layout when typesetting a document. My favorite technique for stepping back and assessing whether my document's whitespace is in the right place is to fullscreen the PDF or print it out, then look at it in a mirror. If you're using LibreOffice Writer, save a copy of your resume then change the font to that of a language you can't read. Both of these techniques forcibly pull you out of reading the content, and allow you to see the overall layout of the document in a new light. They take you from a "That sentence is poorly worded!" critique to noticing things like "It looks funny to have only a single word on that line."
|
||||
|
||||
Finally, double check that your resume displays correctly in the media where it will be seen. If you're distributing it as a web page, test it at different screen widths in multiple browsers. If it's a PDF, open it on your phone or a friend's computer to make sure all the fonts it needs are available.
|
||||
|
||||
### Next steps
|
||||
|
||||
Finally, don't let the content that you worked so hard on for your resume go to waste! Mirror it to your LinkedIn account—complete with the buzzwords from the job posting—and don't be surprised if recruiters start reaching out to you. Even if the jobs they're describing aren't a good fit right now, you can leverage their time and interest to get feedback on what's working well about your resume and what isn't.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/business/16/2/add-open-source-to-your-resume
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[edunham][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/edunham
|
||||
[1]: https://jenkins-ci.org/
|
||||
[2]: http://buildbot.net/
|
||||
[3]: https://travis-ci.org/
|
||||
[4]: https://github.com/settings/organizations
|
||||
[5]: https://www.latex-project.org/
|
||||
[6]: https://www.libreoffice.org/download/libreoffice-fresh/
|
||||
177
sources/tech/20160225 The Tao of project management.md
Normal file
177
sources/tech/20160225 The Tao of project management.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
|
||||
(翻译中 by runningwater)
|
||||
The Tao of project management
|
||||
=================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The [Tao Te Ching][1], [believed to have been written][2] by the sage [Lao Tzu][3] in the 6th century BCE, is among the most widely translated texts in existence. It has inspired everything from [religions][4] to [funny movies about dating][5], and authors have used it as a metaphor to explain all kinds of things (even [programming][6]).
|
||||
|
||||
This text is what immediately comes to my mind when thinking about project management in open organizations.
|
||||
|
||||
That might sound strange. But to understand where I'm coming from, you should start by reading *The Open Organization: Igniting Passion and Performance*, Red Hat president and CEO Jim Whitehurst's manifesto on corporate culture and the new leadership paradigm. In this book, Jim (with a little help from other Red Hatters) explains the difference between conventional organizations (a "top-down" approach, with decisions coming down from central command to employees motivated by promotion and pay) and open organizations (a bottom-up approach, with leaders focused on inspiring purpose and passion so employees are empowered to be and do their best).
|
||||
|
||||
This concept—that employees in open organizations are motivated by passion, purpose, and engagement—plays directly into where I think project managers should focus.
|
||||
|
||||
And to explain, I'll return to the *Tao Te Ching*.
|
||||
|
||||
### Don't let your job title define you
|
||||
|
||||
>The tao that can be told
|
||||
>is not the eternal Tao
|
||||
>The name that can be named
|
||||
>is not the eternal Name.
|
||||
|
||||
>The unnameable is the eternally real.
|
||||
>Naming is the origin
|
||||
>of all particular things.
|
||||
[[1]][7]
|
||||
|
||||
What exactly is project management? And what does a project manager do?
|
||||
|
||||
As you might expect, part of being a project manager is managing projects: gathering requirements, managing stakeholder communication, setting priority, scheduling tasks, helping the team resolve blockers. Many institutions can teach you how to manage projects very well, and these are good skills to have.
|
||||
|
||||
However, literally managing projects is only part of what project managers in open organizations do. These organizations require something more: Courage. If you're good at managing projects (or if you're good at any job, really), then you can start to feel safe in your routine. That's when you know you need to find the courage to take a risk.
|
||||
|
||||
Do you have the courage to step outside of your comfort zone? The courage to ask important people challenging questions that might raise eyebrows, but that might also uncover a better way forward? The courage to identify the next thing that needs to be done—then the courage to go and do it? The courage to call out communication gaps and take initiative to fix them? The courage to try things? The courage to fail?
|
||||
|
||||
The opening passage of the Tao Te Ching (which I cited above) suggests that words, labels, and names are limiting. That includes job titles. In open organizations, project managers don't just perform the rote tasks required to manage projects. They help teams accomplish the organization's mission, however defined.
|
||||
|
||||
### Connect the right people
|
||||
|
||||
>We join spokes together in a wheel,
|
||||
>but it is the center hole
|
||||
>that makes the wagon move.
|
||||
[[11]][8]
|
||||
|
||||
One of the most difficult lessons I had to learn as I transitioned into project management was that not having all the answers was perfectly acceptable, even expected. That was new for me. I like having all the answers. But as a project manager, my role is more about connecting people—so the ones who do have the answers can collaborate efficiently.
|
||||
|
||||
This does not mean dodging responsibility or ownership. This means being comfortable saying, "I don't know, but I will find out for you," and closing that loop as quickly as possible.
|
||||
|
||||
Picture a wagon wheel. Without the stability and direction provided by the center hole, the spokes would fall and the wheel collapse in on itself. Project managers in an open organization can help a team maintain forward momentum by bringing the right people together and cultivating the right discussions.
|
||||
|
||||
### Trust your team
|
||||
|
||||
>When the Master governs, the people
|
||||
>are hardly aware that he exists.
|
||||
>Next best is a leader who is loved.
|
||||
>Next, one who is feared.
|
||||
>The worst is one who is despised.
|
||||
>
|
||||
>If you don't trust the people,
|
||||
>you make them untrustworthy.
|
||||
>
|
||||
>The Master doesn't talk, he acts.
|
||||
>When his work is done,
|
||||
>the people say, "Amazing:
|
||||
>we did it, all by ourselves!"
|
||||
[[17]][9]
|
||||
|
||||
[Rebecca Fernandez][10] once told me that what differentiates leaders in open organizations is not the trust people have in them, but the trust they have in other people.
|
||||
|
||||
Open organizations do a great job hiring smart people who are passionate about what their companies are doing. In order for them to do their best work, we have to give them what they need and then get out of their way.
|
||||
|
||||
Here, I think the above passage from the Tao Te Ching speaks for itself.
|
||||
|
||||
### Be effortless
|
||||
|
||||
>The Master does nothing
|
||||
>yet he leaves nothing undone.
|
||||
>The ordinary man is always doing things,
|
||||
>yet many more are left to be done.
|
||||
[[38]][11]
|
||||
|
||||
Do you know the type of person who is always extremely busy? The one who seems frazzled and stressed with too many things to do?
|
||||
|
||||
Don't be that person.
|
||||
|
||||
I know that's easier said than done. The thing that most helps me keep from being that person is remembering that we are all extremely busy. I don't have a single co-worker who is bored.
|
||||
|
||||
But someone needs to be the calm in the middle of the storm. Someone needs to be the person who reassures the team that everything is going to be okay, that we'll find a way to get things done within the parameters dictated by reality and the number of business hours in a day (because that's the truth, and we have to).
|
||||
|
||||
Be that person.
|
||||
|
||||
What this passage of the Tao Te Ching says to me is that the person who's always talking about what she or he is doing has no time to actually do those things. If you can make your job seem effortless to those around you, then you're doing your job right.
|
||||
|
||||
### Be a culture coach
|
||||
|
||||
>When a superior man hears of the Tao,
|
||||
>he immediately begins to embody it.
|
||||
>When an average man hears of the Tao,
|
||||
>he half believes it, half doubts it.
|
||||
>When a foolish man hears of the Tao,
|
||||
>he laughs out loud.
|
||||
>If he didn't laugh,
|
||||
>it wouldn't be the Tao.
|
||||
[[41]][12]
|
||||
|
||||
Last fall, I enrolled an MBA business ethics class with a bunch of federal employees. When I started describing my company's culture, values, and ethics framework, I got the direct impression that both my classmates and my professor thought I was a naive young lady with [a lot of lovely daydreams][13] about how companies should run. They told me things couldn't possibly be as they seemed. They said I should investigate further.
|
||||
|
||||
So I did.
|
||||
|
||||
And here's what I found: Things are exactly as they seem.
|
||||
|
||||
In open organizations, culture matters. Maintaining that culture as an organization grows makes it possible to wake up and look forward to going to work in the morning. I (and other members of open organizations) don't want to "work to live," as my classmates described it. I need to feel a passion and purpose, to understand how the work I do on a daily basis directly contributes to something I believe in.
|
||||
|
||||
As a project manager, you might think that your job has nothing to do with cultivating your company's culture on your team. However, it's your job to embody it.
|
||||
|
||||
### Kaizen
|
||||
|
||||
>In pursuit of knowledge,
|
||||
>every day something is added.
|
||||
>In the practice of the Tao,
|
||||
>every day something is dropped.
|
||||
>Less and less do you need to force things,
|
||||
>until finally you arrive at non-action. When nothing is done,
|
||||
>nothing is left undone.
|
||||
[[48]][14]
|
||||
|
||||
The general field of project management is too focused on the latest and greatest tools. But the answer to the question of which tool you should use is always the same: "the simplest."
|
||||
|
||||
For example, I keep my running to-do list in a text file on my desktop because it serves its purpose without unnecessary distractions. Whatever tools, processes, and procedures you introduce to a team should increase efficiency and remove obstacles, not introduce additional complexity. So instead of focusing on the tools, focus on the problem(s) you're using those tools to solve.
|
||||
|
||||
My favorite part of being a project manager in an Agile world is having the freedom to throw out what doesn't work. This is related to the concept of kaizen, or "continuous improvement." Don't be afraid to try and fail. Failing is the label we've put on the process of learning what works and what doesn't. But it's the only way to improve.
|
||||
|
||||
The best processes arise organically. As a project manager, you can help your team by supporting them and not trying to force them into anything.
|
||||
|
||||
### Practice
|
||||
|
||||
>Some say that my teaching is nonsense.
|
||||
>Others call it lofty but impractical.
|
||||
>But to those who have looked inside themselves,
|
||||
>this nonsense makes perfect sense.
|
||||
>And to those who put it into practice,
|
||||
>this loftiness has roots that go deep.
|
||||
[[67]][15]
|
||||
|
||||
I believe in what open organizations are doing. What open organizations are doing for the field of management is almost as important as the actual products and services they offer. We have an opportunity to lead by example, to inspire passion and purpose in others, to create working environments that inspire and empower.
|
||||
|
||||
I encourage you to find ways to incorporate some of these ideas into your own projects and teams to see what happens. Learn about your organization's mission and how your projects contribute to it. Have courage, expect to try some things that won't work, and don't forget to share the lessons you learn with our community so we can continue to improve.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/open-organization/16/2/tao-project-management
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Allison Matlack][a]
|
||||
译者：[runningwater](https://github.com/runningwater)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/amatlack
|
||||
[1]: http://acc6.its.brooklyn.cuny.edu/~phalsall/texts/taote-v3.html
|
||||
[2]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tao_Te_Ching
|
||||
[3]: http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/laozi/
|
||||
[4]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoism
|
||||
[5]: http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0234853/
|
||||
[6]: http://www.mit.edu/~xela/tao.html
|
||||
[7]: http://acc6.its.brooklyn.cuny.edu/~phalsall/texts/taote-v3.html#1
|
||||
[8]: http://acc6.its.brooklyn.cuny.edu/~phalsall/texts/taote-v3.html#11
|
||||
[10]: https://opensource.com/users/rebecca
|
||||
[11]: http://acc6.its.brooklyn.cuny.edu/~phalsall/texts/taote-v3.html#38
|
||||
[12]: http://acc6.its.brooklyn.cuny.edu/~phalsall/texts/taote-v3.html#41
|
||||
[13]: https://opensource.com/open-organization/15/9/reflections-open-organization-starry-eyed-dreamer
|
||||
[14]: http://acc6.its.brooklyn.cuny.edu/~phalsall/texts/taote-v3.html#48
|
||||
[15]: http://acc6.its.brooklyn.cuny.edu/~phalsall/texts/taote-v3.html#67
|
||||
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,215 @@
|
||||
How to use Python to hack your Eclipse IDE
|
||||
==============================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The Eclipse Advanced Scripting Environment ([EASE][1]) project is a new but powerful set of plugins that enables you to quickly hack your Eclipse IDE.
|
||||
|
||||
Eclipse is a powerful framework that can be extended in many different ways by using its built-in plugin mechanism. However, writing and deploying a new plugin can be cumbersome if all you want is a bit of additional functionality. Now, using EASE, there's a better way to do that, without having to write a single line of Java code. EASE provides a way to easily automate workbench functionality using scripting languages such as Python or Javascript.
|
||||
|
||||
In this article, based on my [talk][2] at EclipseCon North America this year, I'll cover the basics of how to set up your Eclipse environment with Python and EASE and look at a few ideas to supercharge your IDE with the power of Python.
|
||||
|
||||
### Setup and run "Hello World"
|
||||
|
||||
The examples in this article are based on the Java-implementation of Python, Jython. You can install EASE directly into your existing Eclipse IDE. In this example we use Eclipse [Mars][3] and install EASE itself, its modules and the Jython engine.
|
||||
|
||||
From within the Eclipse Install Dialog (`Help>Install New Software`...), install EASE: [http://download.eclipse.org/ease/update/nightly][4]
|
||||
|
||||
And, select the following components:
|
||||
|
||||
- EASE Core feature
|
||||
|
||||
- EASE core UI feature
|
||||
|
||||
- EASE Python Developer Resources
|
||||
|
||||
- EASE modules (Incubation)
|
||||
|
||||
This will give you EASE and its modules. The main one we are interested in is the Resource module that gives you access to the Eclipse workspace, projects, and files API.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
After those have been successfully installed, next install the EASE Jython engine: [https://dl.bintray.com/pontesegger/ease-jython/][5]. Once the plugins are installed, test EASE out. Create a new project and add in a new file called hello.py with this content:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
print "hello world"
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Select the file, right click, and select 'Run as -> EASE script'. You should see "Hello World" appear in the console.
|
||||
|
||||
Now you can start writing Python scripts that can access the workspace and projects. This power can be used for all sorts of hacks, below are just a few ideas.
|
||||
|
||||
### Improve your code quality
|
||||
|
||||
Maintaining good code quality can be a tiresome job especially when dealing with a large codebase or when lots of developers are involved. Some of this pain can be made easier with a script, such as for batch formatting for a set of files, or even fixing certain files to [remove unix line endings][6] for easy comparison in source control like git. Another nice thing to do is use a script to generate Eclipse markers to highlight code that could do with improving. Here's an example script that you could use to add task markers for all "printStackTrace" methods it detects in Java files. See the source code: [markers.py][7]
|
||||
|
||||
To run, copy the file to your workspace, then right click and select 'Run as -> EASE script'.
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
loadModule('/System/Resources')
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
from org.eclipse.core.resources import IMarker
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
for ifile in findFiles("*.java"):
|
||||
file_name = str(ifile.getLocation())
|
||||
print "Processing " + file_name
|
||||
with open(file_name) as f:
|
||||
for line_no, line in enumerate(f, start=1):
|
||||
if "printStackTrace" in line:
|
||||
marker = ifile.createMarker(IMarker.TASK)
|
||||
marker.setAttribute(IMarker.TRANSIENT, True)
|
||||
marker.setAttribute(IMarker.LINE_NUMBER, line_no)
|
||||
marker.setAttribute(IMarker.MESSAGE, "Fix in Sprint 2: " + line.strip())
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
If you have any java files with printStackTraces you will be able to see the newly created markers in the Tasks view and in the editor margin.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Automate tedious tasks
|
||||
|
||||
When you are working with several projects you may want to automate some tedious, repetitive tasks. Perhaps you need to add in a copyright header to the beginning of each source file, or update source files when adopting a new framework. For instance, when we first switched to using Tycho and Maven, we had to add a pom.xml to each project. This is easily done using a few lines of Python. Then when Tycho provided support for pom-less builds, we wanted to remove unnecessary pom files. Again, a few lines of Python script enabled this. As an example, here is a script which adds a README.md file to every open project in your workspace, noting if they are Java or Python projects. See the source code: [add_readme.py][8].
|
||||
|
||||
To run, copy the file to your workspace, then right click and select 'Run as -> EASE script'.
|
||||
|
||||
loadModule('/System/Resources')
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
for iproject in getWorkspace().getProjects():
|
||||
if not iproject.isOpen():
|
||||
continue
|
||||
|
||||
ifile = iproject.getFile("README.md")
|
||||
|
||||
if not ifile.exists():
|
||||
contents = "# " + iproject.getName() + "\n\n"
|
||||
if iproject.hasNature("org.eclipse.jdt.core.javanature"):
|
||||
contents += "A Java Project\n"
|
||||
elif iproject.hasNature("org.python.pydev.pythonNature"):
|
||||
contents += "A Python Project\n"
|
||||
writeFile(ifile, contents)
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
The result should be that every open project will have a README.md file, with Java and Python projects having an additional descriptive line.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Prototype new features
|
||||
|
||||
You can also use a Python script to hack a quick-fix for some much wanted functionality, or as a prototype to help demonstrate to your team or users how you envision a feature. For instance, one feature Eclipse IDE doesn't currently support is auto-save on the current file you are working on. Although this feature is in the works for future releases, you can have a quick and dirty version that autosaves every 30 seconds or when the editor is deactivated. Below is a snippet of the main method. See the full source: [autosave.py][9]
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
def save_dirty_editors():
|
||||
workbench = getService(org.eclipse.ui.IWorkbench)
|
||||
for window in workbench.getWorkbenchWindows():
|
||||
for page in window.getPages():
|
||||
for editor_ref in page.getEditorReferences():
|
||||
part = editor_ref.getPart(False)
|
||||
if part and part.isDirty():
|
||||
print "Auto-Saving", part.getTitle()
|
||||
part.doSave(None)
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Before running this script you will need to turn on the 'Allow Scripts to run code in UI thread' setting by checking the box under Window > Preferences > Scripting. Then you can add the file to your workspace, right click on it and select 'Run As>EASE Script'. A save message is printed out in the Console view every time an editor is saved. To turn off the autosave just stop the script by pressing the 'Terminate' red square button in the Console view.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Quickly extend the user interface with custom buttons, menus, etc
|
||||
|
||||
One of the best things about EASE is that it allows you to take your scripts and quickly hook them into UI elements of the IDE, for example, as a new button or new menu item. No need to write Java or have a new plugin, just add a couple of lines to your script header—it's that simple.
|
||||
|
||||
Here's an example for a simplistic script that creates us three new projects.
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# name : Create fruit projects
|
||||
# toolbar : Project Explorer
|
||||
# description : Create fruit projects
|
||||
|
||||
loadModule("/System/Resources")
|
||||
|
||||
for name in ["banana", "pineapple", "mango"]:
|
||||
createProject(name)
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
The comment lines specify to EASE to add a button to the Project Explorer toolbar. Here's another script that adds a button to the same toolbar to delete those three projects. See the source files: [createProjects.py][10] and [deleteProjects.py][11]
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# name :Delete fruit projects
|
||||
# toolbar : Project Explorer
|
||||
# description : Get rid of the fruit projects
|
||||
|
||||
loadModule("/System/Resources")
|
||||
|
||||
for name in ["banana", "pineapple", "mango"]:
|
||||
project = getProject(name)
|
||||
project.delete(0, None)
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
To get the buttons to appear, add the two script files to a new project—let's call it 'ScriptsProject'. Then go to Windows > Preference > Scripting > Script Locations. Click on the 'Add Workspace' button and select the ScriptsProject. This project now becomes a default location for locating script files. You should see the buttons show up in the Project Explorer without needing to restart your IDE. You should be able to quickly create and delete the projects using your newly added buttons.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Integrate with third-party tools
|
||||
|
||||
Every now and then you may need to use a tool outside the Eclipse ecosystem (sad but true, it has a lot but it does not do everything). For those occasions it might be quite handy to wrap calling that call to the tool in a script. Here's an example that allows you to integrate with explorer.exe, and add it to the content menu so you could instantly open a file browser using the current selection. See the source code: [explorer.py][12]
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# name : Explore from here
|
||||
# popup : enableFor(org.eclipse.core.resources.IResource)
|
||||
# description : Start a file browser using current selection
|
||||
loadModule("/System/Platform")
|
||||
loadModule('/System/UI')
|
||||
|
||||
selection = getSelection()
|
||||
if isinstance(selection, org.eclipse.jface.viewers.IStructuredSelection):
|
||||
selection = selection.getFirstElement()
|
||||
|
||||
if not isinstance(selection, org.eclipse.core.resources.IResource):
|
||||
selection = adapt(selection, org.eclipse.core.resources.IResource)
|
||||
|
||||
if isinstance(selection, org.eclipse.core.resources.IFile):
|
||||
selection = selection.getParent()
|
||||
|
||||
if isinstance(selection, org.eclipse.core.resources.IContainer):
|
||||
runProcess("explorer.exe", [selection.getLocation().toFile().toString()])
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
To get the menu to appear, add the script to a new project—let's call it 'ScriptsProject'. Then go to Windows > Preference > Scripting > Script Locations. Click on the 'Add Workspace' button and select the ScriptsProject. You should see the new menu item show up in the context menu when you right-click on a file. Select this action to bring up a file browser. (Note this functionality already exists in Eclipse but this example is one you could adapt to other third-party tools).
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The Eclipse Advanced Scripting Environment provides a great way to get more out of your Eclipse IDE by leveraging the power of Python. It is a project in its infancy so there is so much more to come. Learn more [about the project][13] and get involved by signing up for the [forum][14].
|
||||
|
||||
I'll be talking more about EASE at [Eclipsecon North America][15] 2016. My talk [Scripting Eclipse with Python][16] will go into how you can use not just Jython, but C-Python and how this functionality can be extended specifically for scientific use-cases.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/life/16/2/how-use-python-hack-your-ide
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Tracy Miranda][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://opensource.com/users/tracymiranda
|
||||
[1]: https://eclipse.org/ease/
|
||||
[2]: https://www.eclipsecon.org/na2016/session/scripting-eclipse-python
|
||||
[3]: https://www.eclipse.org/downloads/packages/eclipse-ide-eclipse-committers-451/mars1
|
||||
[4]: http://download.eclipse.org/ease/update/nightly
|
||||
[5]: https://dl.bintray.com/pontesegger/ease-jython/
|
||||
[6]: http://code.activestate.com/recipes/66434-change-line-endings/
|
||||
[7]: https://gist.github.com/tracymiranda/6556482e278c9afc421d
|
||||
[8]: https://gist.github.com/tracymiranda/f20f233b40f1f79b1df2
|
||||
[9]: https://gist.github.com/tracymiranda/e9588d0976c46a987463
|
||||
[10]: https://gist.github.com/tracymiranda/55995daaea9a4db584dc
|
||||
[11]: https://gist.github.com/tracymiranda/baa218fc2c1a8e898194
|
||||
[12]: https://gist.github.com/tracymiranda/8aa3f0fc4bf44f4a5cd3
|
||||
[13]: https://eclipse.org/ease/
|
||||
[14]: https://dev.eclipse.org/mailman/listinfo/ease-dev
|
||||
[15]: https://www.eclipsecon.org/na2016
|
||||
[16]: https://www.eclipsecon.org/na2016/session/scripting-eclipse-python
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
|
||||
The Evolving Market for Commercial Software Built On Open Source
|
||||
=====================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
>Attendees listen to a presentation during Structure at the UCSF Mission Bay Conference Center, where Structure Data 2016 will take place. Image credit: Structure Events.
|
||||
|
||||
It's really hard to understate the impact of open source projects on the enterprise software market these days; open source integration became the norm so quickly we could be forgiven for missing the turning point.
|
||||
|
||||
Hadoop, for example, changed more than just the world of data analysis. It gave rise to a new generation of data companies that created their own software around open source projects, tweaking and supporting that code as needed, much like how Red Hat embraced Linux in the 1990s and early 2000s. And this software is increasingly delivered over public clouds, rather than run on the buyer's own servers, enabling an amazing degree of operational flexibility but raising all sorts of new questions about licensing, support, and pricing.
|
||||
|
||||
We've been following this closely over the years when putting together the lineup for our Structure Data conference, and Structure Data 2016 is no exception. The CEOs of three of the most important companies in big data operating around Hadoop -- Hortonworks, Cloudera and MapR -- will share the stage to discuss how they sell enterprise software and services around open source projects, generating cash while giving back to that community project at the same time.
|
||||
|
||||
There was a time when making money on enterprise software was easier. Once purchased by a customer, a mega-package of software from an enterprise vendor turned into its own cash register, generating something close to lifetime income from maintenance contracts and periodic upgrades to software that became harder and harder to displace as it became the heart of a customer’s business. Customers grumbled about lock-in, but they didn't really have much of a choice if they wanted to make their workforce more productive.
|
||||
|
||||
That is no longer the case. While an awful lot of companies are still stuck running immense software packages critical to their infrastructure, new projects are being deployed on cloud servers using open source technologies. This makes it much easier to upgrade one's capabilities without having to rip out a huge software package and reinstall something else, and it also allows companies to pay as they go, rather than paying for a bunch of features they'll never use.
|
||||
|
||||
And there are a lot of customers who want to take advantage of open source projects without building and supporting a team of engineers to tweak one of those projects for their own unique needs. Those customers are willing to pay for software packages whose value is based on the delta between the open source projects and the proprietary features laid on top of that project.
|
||||
|
||||
This is especially true for infrastructure-related software. Sure, your customers could install their own tweaks to a project like Hadoop or Spark or Node.js, but there's money to be made helping those customers out with a customizable package that lets them implement some of today's vital open source technologies without having to do all of the heavy lifting themselves. Just look at Structure Data 2016 presenters such as Confluent (Kafka), Databricks (Spark), and the Cloudera-Hortonworks-MapR (Hadoop) trio.
|
||||
|
||||
There's certainly something to be said for having a vendor to yell at when things go wrong. If your engineers botch the implementation of an open source project, you've only yourself to blame. But If you contract with a company that is willing to guarantee certain performance and uptime metrics inside of a service-level agreement, you're willing to pay for support, guidance, and a chance to yell at somebody outside of your organization when inevitable problems crop up.
|
||||
|
||||
The evolving market for commercial software on top of open source projects is something we've been tracking at Structure Data for years, and we urge you to join us in San Francisco March 9 and 10 if this is a topic near and dear to your heart.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://www.linux.com/news/enterprise/cloud-computing/889564-the-evolving-market-for-commercial-software-built-on-open-source-
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Tom Krazit ][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://www.linux.com/community/forums/person/70513
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
|
||||
(翻译中 by runningwater)
|
||||
Viper, the Python IoT Development Suite, is now Zerynth
|
||||
============================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The startup that launched the tools to develop embedded solutions in Python language announced the brand change along with the first official release.
|
||||
|
||||
>Exactly one year after the Kickstarter launch of the suite for developing Internet of Things solutions in Python language, **Viper becomes Zerynth**. It is definitely a big day for the startup that created a radically new way to approach the world of microcontrollers and connected devices, making professionals and makers able to design interactive solutions with reduced efforts and shorter time.
|
||||
|
||||
>“We really believe in the uniqueness of our tools, this is why they deserve an adequate recognition. Viper was a great name for a product, but other notable companies had the same feeling many decades ago, with the result that this term was shared with too many other actors out there. We are grown now, and ready to take off fast and light, like the design processes that our tools are enabling”, says the Viper (now Zerynth), co-founders.
|
||||
|
||||
>**Thousands of users** developed amazing connected solutions in just 9 months of life in Beta version. Built to be cross-platform, Zerynth’s tools are meant for high-level design of Internet/cloud-connected devices, interactive objects, artistic installations. They are: **Zerynth Studio**, a browser-based IDE for programming embedded devices in Python with cloud sync and board management features; **Zerynth Virtual Machine**: a multithreaded real-time OS that provides real hardware independence allowing code reuse on the entire ARM architecture; **Zerynth App**, a general purpose interface that turns any mobile into the controller and display for smart objects and IoT systems.
|
||||
|
||||
>This modular set of tools, adaptable to different hardware and cloud infrastructures, can dramatically reduce the time to market and the overall development costs for makers, professionals and companies.
|
||||
|
||||
>Now Zerynth celebrates its new name launching the **first official release** of the toolkit. Check it here [www.zerynth.com][1]
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.open-electronics.org/viper-the-python-iot-development-suite-is-now-zerynth/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+OpenElectronics+%28Open+Electronics%29
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Staff ][a]
|
||||
译者：[runningwater](https://github.com/runningwater)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.open-electronics.org/author/staff/
|
||||
[1]: http://www.zerynth.com/
|
||||
|
||||
0
translated/news/20160226 Development Release
Normal file
0
translated/news/20160226 Development Release
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
|
||||
超过一千万个使用 https 的站点有可能收到新型的加密攻击的影响
|
||||
===========================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
低成本的淹没攻击会在几个小时内完成解密操作，同时这也不利于采用了 TLS 的邮件服务器。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
一个国际研究小组在周二发出的警告说，超过 1100 万的网站和邮件服务采用了[传输层安全协议][1]，以此来保护自己的服务，而这些都是处于一个新发现的、低成本的攻击的威胁之下，这种攻击会在几个小时内解密敏感的通信，在某些情况下甚至是立即解密。 1 百万个最流行的网站中有超过 81,000 个就处于这些受到威胁的 HTTPS 协议保护之下。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
处于 TLS 保护的通信协议，依赖于 [RSA 加密系统][2]，如果密钥被泄露了，即使是间接的通过 SSLv2 ——一种在 20 年前就因为自身缺陷而退休了的安全协议，也就是 TLS 的前辈协议——泄露也会处于这种新型攻击的威胁之下。这种危险性在于允许一个入侵者通过反复的使用 SSLv2 来连接到服务器，可以解密一个被中途拦截下来的 TLS 连接。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://www.linux.com/news/software/applications/889455--more-than-11-million-https-websites-imperiled-by-new-decryption-attack
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[ArsTechnica][a]
|
||||
译者：[Ezio](https://github.com/oska874)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://www.linux.com/community/forums/person/112
|
||||
[1]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_Layer_Security
|
||||
[2]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSA_(cryptosystem)
|
||||
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,200 @@
|
||||
Linux上的游戏：所有你需要知道的
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
** 我能在 Linux 上玩游戏吗 ？**
|
||||
|
||||
这是打算[投奔 Linux 阵营][1]的人最经常问的问题之一。毕竟，在 Linux 上面玩游戏经常被认为有点难以实现。事实上，一些人甚至考虑他们能不能在 Linux 上看电影或者听音乐。考虑到这些，关于 Linux 的平台的游戏的问题是很现实的。「
|
||||
|
||||
在本文中，我将解答大多数 Linux 新手关于在 Linux 打游戏的问题。例如 Linux 下能不能玩游戏，如果能的话，在**哪里下载游戏**或者如何获取有关游戏的信息。
|
||||
|
||||
但是在此之前，我需要说明一下。我不是一个 PC 上的玩家或者说我不认为我是一个在 Linux 桌面上完游玩戏的家伙。我更喜欢在 PS4 上玩游戏并且我不关心 PC 上的游戏甚至也不关心手机上的游戏（我没有给我的任何一个朋友安利糖果传奇）。这也就是你很少在 It's FOSS 上很少看见关于 [Linux 上的游戏][2]的部分。
|
||||
|
||||
所以我为什么要写这个主题？
|
||||
|
||||
因为别人问过我几次有关 Linux 上的游戏的问题并且我想要写出来一个能解答这些问题的 Linux 上的游戏指南。注意，在这里我不只是讨论 Ubuntu 上的游戏。我讨论的是在所有的 Linux 上的游戏。
|
||||
|
||||
### 我能在 Linux 上玩游戏吗 ？ ###
|
||||
|
||||
是，但不是完全是。
|
||||
|
||||
“是”，是指你能在Linux上玩游戏；“不完全是”，是指你不能在 Linux 上玩 ’所有的游戏‘。
|
||||
|
||||
什么？你是拒绝的？不必这样。我的意思是你能在 Linux 上玩很多流行的游戏，比如[反恐精英以及地铁：最后的曙光][3]等。但是你可能不能玩到所有在 Windows 上流行的最新游戏，比如[实况足球2015][4]。
|
||||
|
||||
在我看来，造成这种情况的原因是 Linux 在桌面系统中仅占不到 2%，这占比使得大多数开发者没有在 Linux 上发布他们的游戏的打算。
|
||||
|
||||
这就意味指大多数近年来被提及的比较多的游戏很有可能不能在 Linux 上玩。不要灰心。我们能以某种方式在 Linux 上玩这些游戏，我们将在下面的章节中讨论这些方法。但是，在此之前，让我们看看在 Linux 上能玩的游戏的种类。
|
||||
|
||||
要我说的话，我会把那些游戏分为四类：
|
||||
|
||||
1. Linux 原生游戏
|
||||
2. Linux 上的 Windows 游戏
|
||||
3. 浏览器里的游戏
|
||||
4. 终端里的游戏
|
||||
|
||||
让我们以最重要的 Linux 的原生游戏开始。
|
||||
|
||||
---------
|
||||
|
||||
### 1. 在哪里去找 Llinux 原生游戏 ？###
|
||||
|
||||
原生游戏指的是官方支持 Linux 的游戏。这些游戏有原生的 Linux 客户端并且能像在 Linux 上的其他软件一样不需要附加的步骤就能安装在 Linux 上面（我们将在下一节讨论）。
|
||||
|
||||
所以，如你所见，这里有一些为 Linux 开发的游戏，下一个问题就是在哪能找到这些游戏以及如何安装。我将列出来一些让你玩到游戏的渠道了。
|
||||
|
||||
#### Steam ####
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
“[Steam][5] 是一个游戏的分发平台。就如同 Kindle 是电子书的分发平台，iTunes 是音乐的分发平台一样，Steam 也具有那样的功能。它给了你购买和安装游戏，玩多人游戏以及在它的平台上关注其他游戏的选项。这些游戏被[ DRM ][6]所保护。”
|
||||
|
||||
两年以前，游戏平台 Steam 宣布支持 Linux，这在当时是一个大新闻。这是 Linux 上玩游戏被严肃的对待的一个迹象。尽管这个决定更多地影响了他们自己的基于 Linux 游戏平台[ Steam OS][7]。这仍然是令人欣慰的事情，因为它给 Linux 带来了一大堆游戏。
|
||||
|
||||
我已经写了一篇详细的关于安装以及使用 Steam 的文章。如果你想开始使用 Steam 的话，读读那篇文章。
|
||||
|
||||
- [在 Linux 上安装以及使用 Steam ][8]
|
||||
|
||||
#### GOG.com ####
|
||||
|
||||
[GOG.com][9] 失灵一个与 Steam 类似的平台。与 Steam 一样，你能在这上面找到数以百计的 Linux 游戏，你可以购买和安装它们。如果游戏支持好几个平台，尼卡一在多个操作系统上安装他们。你买到你账户的游戏你可以随时玩。捏可以在你想要下载的任何时间下载。
|
||||
|
||||
GOG.com 与 Steam 不同的是前者仅提供没有 DRM 保护的游戏以及电影。而且，GOG.com 完全是基于网页的，所以你不需要安装类似 Steam 的客户端。你只需要用浏览器下载游戏然后安装到你的系统上。
|
||||
|
||||
#### Portable Linux Games ####
|
||||
|
||||
[Portable Linux Games][10] 是一个集聚了不少 Linux 游戏的网站。这家网站最特别以及最好的就是你能离线安装这些游戏。
|
||||
|
||||
你下载到的文件包含所有的依赖（仅需 Wine 以及 Perl）并且他们也是与平台无关的。你所需要的仅仅是下载文件并且双击来启动安装程序。你也可以把文件储存起来以用于将来的安装，如果你网速不够快的话我很推荐您这样做。
|
||||
|
||||
#### Game Drift 游戏商店 ####
|
||||
|
||||
[Game Drift][11] 是一个只专注于游戏的基于 Ubuntu 的 Linux 发行版。但是如果你不想只为游戏就去安装这个发行版的话，你也可以经常上线看哪个游戏可以在 Linux 上运行并且安装他们。
|
||||
|
||||
#### Linux Game Database ####
|
||||
|
||||
如其名字所示，[Linux Game Database][12]是一个收集了很多 Linux 游戏的网站。你能在这里浏览诸多类型的游戏并从游戏开发者的网站下载/安装这些游戏。作为这家网站的会员，你甚至可以为游戏打分。LGDB，有点像 Linux 游戏界的 IMDB 或者 IGN.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Penguspy ####
|
||||
|
||||
此网站由一个不想用 Windows 玩游戏的玩家创立。[Penguspy][13] 聚集了一些 Linux 下最好的游戏。在这里你也能分类浏览游戏，如果你喜欢这个游戏的话，你可以跳转到游戏开发者的网站去下载安装。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 软件源 ####
|
||||
|
||||
看看你自己的发行版的软件源。那里可能有一些游戏。如果你用 Ubuntu 的话，它的软件中心里有一个游戏的分类。在一些其他的发行版里也有，比如 Liux Mint 等。
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
### 2. 如何在 Linux 上玩 Windows 的游戏 ？###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
到现在为止，我们一直在讨论 Linux 的原生游戏。但是并没有很多 Linux 上的原生游戏，或者说，火的不要不要的游戏大多不支持 Linux，但是都支持 Windows PC。所以，如何在 Linux 上玩 Wendows 的游戏？
|
||||
|
||||
幸好，由于我们有 Wine, PlayOnLinux 和 CrossOver 等工具，我们能在 Linux 上玩不少的 Wendows 游戏。
|
||||
|
||||
#### Wine ####
|
||||
|
||||
Wine 是一个能使 Wendows 应用在类似 Linux, BSD 和 OS X 上运行的兼容层。在 Wine 的帮助下，你可以在 Linux 下安装以及使用很多 Windows 下的应用。
|
||||
|
||||
[在 Ubuntu 上安装 Wine][14]或者在其他 Linux 上安装 Wine 是很简单的，因为大多数发行版的软件源里都有它。这里也有一个很大的[ Wine 支持的应用的数据库][15]供您浏览。
|
||||
|
||||
#### CrossOver ####
|
||||
|
||||
[CrossOver][16] 是 Wine 的增强版，它给 Wine 提供了专业的技术上的支持。但是与 Wine 不同， CrossOver 不是免费的。你需要购买许可。好消息是它会把更新也贡献到 Wine 的开发者那里并且事实上加速了 Wine 的开发使得 Wine 能支持更多的 Windows 上的游戏和应用。如果你可以一年支付 48 美元，你可以购买 CrossOver 并得到他们提供的技术支持。
|
||||
|
||||
### PlayOnLinux ###
|
||||
|
||||
PlayOnLinux 也基于 Wine 但是执行程序的方式略有不同。它有着更好用的，不同的界面。与 Wine 一样，PlayOnLinux 也是免费使用。你可以在[开发者自己的数据库里查看它支持的应用以及游戏][17]。
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
### 3. 网页游戏 ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
不必说你也应该知道有非常多的基于网页的游戏，这些游戏都可以在任何操作系统里运行，无论是 Windows，Linux，还是 OS X。大多数让人上瘾的手机游戏，比如[帝国之战][18]就有官方的网页版。
|
||||
|
||||
除了这些，还有 [Google Chrome在线商店][19]，你可以在 Linux 上玩更多的这些游戏。这些 Chrome 上的游戏可以像一个单独的应用一样安装并从应用菜单中打开，一些游戏就算是离线也能运行。
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
### 4. 终端游戏 ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
使用 Linux 的一个附加优势就是可以使用命令行终端玩游戏。我知道这不是最好的玩游戏的 方法，但是在终端里玩[贪吃蛇][20]或者 [2048][21] 很有趣。在[这个博客][21]中有一些好玩的的终端游戏。你可以浏览并安装你喜欢的游戏。
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
### 如何保证游戏的版本是最新的 ？###
|
||||
|
||||
当你了解了不少的在 Linux 上你可以玩到的游戏以及你如何使用他们，下一个问题就是如何保持游戏的版本是最新的。对于这件事，我建议你看看下面的博客，这些博客能告诉你 Linux 游戏世界的最新消息：
|
||||
|
||||
- [Gaming on Linux][23]：我认为我把它叫做 Linux 游戏的门户并没有错误。在这你可以得到关于 Linux 的游戏的最新的传言以及新闻。最近， Gaming on Linux 有了一个由 Linux 游戏爱好者组成的漂亮的社区。
|
||||
- [Free Gamer][24]：一个专注于免费开源的游戏的博客。
|
||||
- [Linux Game News][25]：一个提供很多的 Linux 游戏的升级的 Tumbler 博客。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 还有别的要说的吗？ ####
|
||||
|
||||
我认为让你知道如何开始在 Linux 上的游戏人生是一个好事。如果你仍然不能被说服。我推荐你做个[双系统][26]，把 Linux 作为你的主要桌面系统，当你想玩游戏时，重启到 Windows。这是一个对游戏妥协的解决办法。
|
||||
|
||||
现在，这里是你说出你自己的状况的时候了。你在 Linux 上玩游戏吗？你最喜欢什么游戏？你关注了哪些游戏博客？
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
投票项目：
|
||||
你怎样在 Linux 上玩游戏？
|
||||
|
||||
- 我玩原生 Linux 游戏，我也用 Wine 以及 PlayOnLinux 运行 Windows 游戏
|
||||
- 我喜欢网页游戏
|
||||
- 我喜欢终端游戏
|
||||
- 我只玩原生 Linux 游戏
|
||||
- 我用 Steam
|
||||
- 我用双系统，要玩游戏时就换到 Windows
|
||||
- 我不玩游戏
|
||||
|
||||
注：投票代码
|
||||
<div class="PDS_Poll" id="PDI_container9132962" style="display:inline-block;"></div>
|
||||
<div id="PD_superContainer"></div>
|
||||
<script type="text/javascript" charset="UTF-8" src="http://static.polldaddy.com/p/9132962.js"></script>
|
||||
<noscript><a href="http://polldaddy.com/poll/9132962">Take Our Poll</a></noscript>
|
||||
|
||||
注，发布时根据情况看怎么处理
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://itsfoss.com/linux-gaming-guide/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Abhishek][a]
|
||||
译者：[name1e5s](https://github.com/name1e5s)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/
|
||||
[1]:http://itsfoss.com/reasons-switch-linux-windows-xp/
|
||||
[2]:http://itsfoss.com/category/games/
|
||||
[3]:http://blog.counter-strike.net/
|
||||
[4]:https://pes.konami.com/tag/pes-2015/
|
||||
[5]:http://store.steampowered.com/
|
||||
[6]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_rights_management
|
||||
[7]:http://itsfoss.com/valve-annouces-linux-based-gaming-operating-system-steamos/
|
||||
[8]:http://itsfoss.com/install-steam-ubuntu-linux/
|
||||
[9]:http://www.gog.com/
|
||||
[10]:http://www.portablelinuxgames.org/
|
||||
[11]:http://gamedrift.org/GameStore.html
|
||||
[12]:http://www.lgdb.org/
|
||||
[13]:http://www.penguspy.com/
|
||||
[14]:http://itsfoss.com/wine-1-5-11-released-ppa-available-to-download/
|
||||
[15]:https://appdb.winehq.org/
|
||||
[16]:https://www.codeweavers.com/products/
|
||||
[17]:https://www.playonlinux.com/en/supported_apps.html
|
||||
[18]:http://empire.goodgamestudios.com/
|
||||
[19]:https://chrome.google.com/webstore/category/apps
|
||||
[20]:http://itsfoss.com/nsnake-play-classic-snake-game-linux-terminal/
|
||||
[21]:http://itsfoss.com/play-2048-linux-terminal/
|
||||
[22]:https://ttygames.wordpress.com/
|
||||
[23]:https://www.gamingonlinux.com/
|
||||
[24]:http://freegamer.blogspot.fr/
|
||||
[25]:http://linuxgamenews.com/
|
||||
[26]:http://itsfoss.com/install-ubuntu-1404-dual-boot-mode-windows-8-81-uefi/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
|
||||
安卓编年史
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
### Android 4.2，果冻豆——全新 Nexus 设备，全新平板界面 ###
|
||||
|
||||
安卓平台成熟的脚步越来越快，谷歌也将越来越多的应用托管到 Play 商店，需要通过系统更新来更新的应用越来越少。但是不间断的更新还是要继续的，2012 年 11 月，安卓 4.2 发布。4.2 还是叫做“果冻豆”，这个版本主要是一些少量变动。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
LG 生产的 Nexus 4 和三星生产的 Nexus 10。
|
||||
Google/Ron Amadeo 供图
|
||||
|
||||
和安卓 4.2 一同发布的还有两部旗舰设备，Nexus 4 和 Nexus 10，都由谷歌直接在 Play 商店出售。Nexus 4 使用了 Nexus 7 的策略，令人惊讶的低价和高质量，并且无锁设备售价 300 美元。Nexus 4 有一个 4 核 1.5GHz 骁龙 S4 Pro 处理器，2GB 内存以及 1280×768 分辨率 4.7 英寸 LCD 显示屏。谷歌的新旗舰手机由 LG 生产，并和制造商一起将关注点转向了材料和质量。Nexus 4 有着正反两面双面玻璃，这会让你爱不释手，他是有史以来触感最佳的安卓手机之一。Nexus 4 最大的缺点是没有 LTE 支持，那时候大部分手机，包括 Version Galaxy Nexus 都有更快的基带。但 Nexus 4 的需求仍大大超出了谷歌的预料——发布当日大量的流量拖垮了 Play 商店网站。手机在一小时之内销售一空。
|
||||
|
||||
Nexus 10 是谷歌的第一部 10 英寸 Nexus 平板。该设备的亮点是 2560×1600 分辨率的显示屏，在其等级上是分辨率最高的。这背后是双核 1.7GHz Cortex A15 处理器和 2GB 内存的强力支持。随着时间一个月一个月地流逝，Nexus 10 似乎逐渐成为了第一部也是最后一部 10 英寸 Nexus 平板。通常这些设备每年都升级，但 Nexus 10 至今面世 16 个月了，可预见的未来还没有新设备的迹象。谷歌在小尺寸的 7 英寸平板上做得很出色，它似乎更倾向于让[像三星][1]这样的合作伙伴探索更大的平板家族。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
新的锁屏，壁纸，以及时钟小部件设计。
|
||||
Ron Amadeo 供图
|
||||
|
||||
4.2 为锁屏带来了很多变化。文字居中，并且对小时使用了较大的字重，对分钟使用了较细的字体。锁屏现在是分页的，可以自定义小部件。锁屏不仅仅是一个简单的时钟，用户还可以将其替换成其它小部件或者添加额外的页面和更多的小部件。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
锁屏的添加小部件页面，小部件列表，锁屏上的 Gmail 部件，以及滑动到相机。
|
||||
Ron Amadeo 供图
|
||||
|
||||
锁屏现在就像是一个精简版的主屏幕。页面轮廓会显示在锁屏的左右两侧来提示用户可以滑动到有其他小部件的页面。向左滑动页面会显示一个中间带有加号的简单空白页面，点击加号会打开兼容锁屏的小部件列表。锁屏每个页面限制一个小部件，将小部件向上或向下拖动可以展开或收起。最右侧的页面保留给了相机——一个简单的滑动就能打开相机界面，但是你没办法滑动回来。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
新的快速设置面板以及内置应用集合。
|
||||
Ron Amadeo 供图
|
||||
|
||||
4.2 最大的新增特性之一就是“快速设置”面板。安卓 3.0 为平板引入了快速改变电源设置的途径，4.2 终于将这种能力带给了手机。通知中心右上角加入了一枚新图标，可以在正常的通知列表和新的快速设置之间切换。快速设置提供了对屏幕亮度，网络连接，电池以及数据用量更加快捷的访问，而不用打开完整的设置界面。安卓 4.1 中顶部的设置按钮移除掉了，快速设置中添加了一个按钮来替代它。
|
||||
|
||||
应用抽屉和 4.2 中的应用阵容有很多改变。得益于 Nexus 4 更宽的屏幕横纵比（5：3，Galaxy Nexus 是 16：9），应用抽屉可以显示一行五个应用图标的方阵。4.2 将自带的浏览器替换为了 Google Chrome，自带的日历换成了 Google Calendar，他们都带来了新的图标设计。时钟和相机应用在 4.2 中经过了重制，新的图标也是其中的一部分。“Google Settings”是个新应用，用于提供对系统范围内所有存在的谷歌账户设置的快捷方式，它有着和 Google Search 和 Google+ 图标一致的风格。谷歌地图拥有了新图标，谷歌纵横，以往是谷歌地图的一部分，作为对 Google+ location 的支持在这个版本退役。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
浏览器替换为 Chrome，带有全屏取景器的新相机界面。
|
||||
Ron Amadeo 供图
|
||||
|
||||
原自带浏览器在一段时间内对 Chrome 的模仿上下了不少功夫——它引入了许多 Chrome 的界面元素，许多 Chrome 的特性，甚至还使用了 Chrome 的 javascript 引擎——但安卓 4.2 来临的时候，谷歌认为安卓版的 Chrome 已经准备好替代这个模仿者了。表面上看起来没有多大不同；界面看起来不一样，而且早期版本的 Chrome 安卓版滚动起来没有原浏览器顺畅。不过深层次来说，一切都不一样。安卓的主浏览器开发现在由 Google Chrome 团队负责，而不是作为安卓团队的子项目存在。安卓的默认浏览器从绑定安卓版本发布停滞不前的应用变成了不断更新的 Play 商店应用。现在甚至还有一个每个月接收一些更新的 beta 通道。
|
||||
|
||||
相机界面经过了重新设计。它现在完全是个全屏应用，显示摄像头的实时图像并且在上面显示控制选项。布局审美和安卓 1.5 的[相机设计][2]有很多共同之处：带对焦的最小化的控制放置在取景器显示之上。中间的控制环在你长按屏幕或点击右下角圆形按钮的时候显示。你的手指保持在屏幕上时，你可以滑动来选择环上的选项，通常是展开进入一个子菜单。在高亮的选项上释放手指选中它。这灵感很明显来自于安卓 4.0 浏览器中的快速控制，但是将选项安排在一个环上意味着你的手指几乎总会挡住一部分界面。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
时钟应用，从一个只有两个界面的应用变成功能强大，实用的应用。
|
||||
Ron Amadeo 供图
|
||||
|
||||
时钟应用经过了完整的改造，从一个简单的两个界面的闹钟，到一个世界时钟，闹钟，定时器，以及秒表俱全。时钟应用的设计和谷歌之前引入的完全不同，有着极简审美和红色高亮。它看起来像是谷歌的一个试验。甚至是几个版本之后，这个设计语言似乎也仅限于这个应用。
|
||||
|
||||
时钟的时间选择器是经过特别精心设计的。它显示一个简单的数字盘，会智能地禁用会导致无效时间的数字。设置闹钟时间也不可能没有隐式选择选择的 AM 和 PM，永远地解决了不小心将 9am 的闹钟设置成 9pm 的问题。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
平板的新系统界面使用了延展版的手机界面。
|
||||
Ron Amadeo 供图
|
||||
|
||||
安卓 4.2 中最有争议的改变是平板界面，从单独一个统一的底部系统栏变成带有顶部状态栏和底部系统栏的双栏设计。新设计统一了手机和平板的界面，但批评人士说将手机界面延展到 10 英寸的横向平板上是浪费空间。因为导航按键现在拥有了整个底栏，所以他们像手机界面那样被居中。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
平板上的多用户，以及新的手势键盘。
|
||||
Ron Amadeo 供图
|
||||
|
||||
在平板上，安卓 4.2 带来了多用户支持。在设置里，新增了“用户”部分，你可以在这里管理一台设备上的用户。设置在每个用户账户内完成，安卓会给每个用户保存单独的设置，主屏幕，应用以及应用数据。
|
||||
|
||||
4.2 还添加了有滑动输入能力的键盘。用户可以将手指一直保持在屏幕上，按顺序在字母按键上滑动来输入，而不用像以前那样一个一个字母单独地输入。
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[Ron Amadeo][a] / Ron是Ars Technica的评论编缉，专注于安卓系统和谷歌产品。他总是在追寻新鲜事物，还喜欢拆解事物看看它们到底是怎么运作的。
|
||||
|
||||
[@RonAmadeo][t]
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/22/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[alim0x](https://github.com/alim0x) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/01/hands-on-with-samsungs-notepro-and-tabpro-new-screen-sizes-and-magazine-ui/
|
||||
[2]:http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/device-2013-12-26-11016071.png
|
||||
[a]:http://arstechnica.com/author/ronamadeo
|
||||
[t]:https://twitter.com/RonAmadeo
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
|
||||
如何在Linux上使用Gmail SMTP服务器发送邮件通知
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
假定你想配置一个Linux app从你的服务器或桌面客户端发送邮件信息。邮件信息可以是邮件简报、状态更新(比如[Cachet][1])、监控警报(比如[Monit][2])、磁盘时间(比如[RAID mdadm][3])等等的一部分。当你要建立自己的[邮件发送服务器][4]，作为一个免维护的选择，你可以依赖一个免费可用的公共SMTP服务器。
|
||||
|
||||
最可靠的**免费SMTP服务器**之一来自谷歌的Gmail服务。为了在你的app里发送邮件通知，你仅需在app中添加Gmail的SMTP服务器地址和你的凭证即可。
|
||||
|
||||
Gmail的SMTP服务器吸引人的地方之一是有各种各样恰当的限制，这些限制主要用于阻止那些经常滥用服务器的滥发垃圾邮件者和邮件营销者。举个例子，你一次只能给至多100个地址发送信息，并且一天不能超过500个接收者。当你达到任何一个限制，你的Gmail账户将暂时锁一天。简而言之，Gmail的SMTP服务器对于你个人的使用是非常棒的，但不适合商业的批量邮件。
|
||||
|
||||
话虽如此，让我们展示**如何在Linux环境下使用Gmail的SMTP服务器**。
|
||||
|
||||
### Google Gmail SMTP服务器设置 ###
|
||||
|
||||
如果你想要使用Gmail的SMTP服务器从你的app发送邮件，请牢记接下来的详细说明。
|
||||
|
||||
- **邮件发送服务器 (SMTP服务器)**: smtp.gmail.com
|
||||
- **使用认证**: 是
|
||||
- **使用安全连接**: 是
|
||||
- **用户名**: 你的Gmail账户ID (比如 "alice" 如果你的邮箱为alice@gmail.com)
|
||||
- **密码**: 你的Gmail密码
|
||||
- **端口**: 587
|
||||
|
||||
确切的配置语法可能要依据app而不同。在本教程的剩下部分，我将会向你展示各种在Linux上使用Gmail SMTP服务器的有用示例。
|
||||
|
||||
### 从命令行发送邮件 ###
|
||||
|
||||
作为第一个例子，让我们尝试最基本的邮件功能：使用Gmail SMTP服务器从命令行发送一封邮件。为此，我将使用一个称为mutt的命令行邮件客户端。
|
||||
|
||||
先安装mutt：
|
||||
|
||||
对于 Debian-based 系统：
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo apt-get install mutt
|
||||
|
||||
对于 Red Hat based 系统：
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo yum install mutt
|
||||
|
||||
创建一个mutt配置文件(~/.muttrc)，并和下面一样，在文件中指定Gmail SMTP服务器信息。将gmail-id替换成自己的Gmail ID。注意这配置只是为了发送邮件而已（而非接收邮件）。
|
||||
|
||||
$ vi ~/.muttrc
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
set from = "<gmail-id>@gmail.com"
|
||||
set realname = "Dan Nanni"
|
||||
set smtp_url = "smtp://<gmail-id>@smtp.gmail.com:587/"
|
||||
set smtp_pass = "<gmail-password>"
|
||||
|
||||
现在准备使用mutt发送一封邮件：
|
||||
|
||||
$ echo "This is an email body." | mutt -s "This is an email subject" alice@yahoo.com
|
||||
|
||||
为了在一封邮件中添加一个附件，使用"-a"选项
|
||||
|
||||
$ echo "This is an email body." | mutt -s "This is an email subject" alice@yahoo.com -a ~/test_attachment.jpg
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
使用Gmail SMTP服务器意味着邮件显示为从你的Gmail账户发出。换句话说，一个接收者将你的Gmail地址视为发送者地址。如果你想要使用自己的域名作为邮件发送者，你需要使用Gmail SMTP转发服务。
|
||||
|
||||
### 当服务器重启时发送邮件通知 ###
|
||||
|
||||
如果你为了一些重要的网站正在运行一台[虚拟专用服务器(VPS)][5]，一个建议是监视VPS的重启活动。作为一个更实用的例子，让我们研究如何在你的VPS上为每一次重启事件建立邮件通知。这里我假设你正在你的VPS上使用systemd，并向你展示如何为自动邮件通知创建一个自定义的systemd启动服务。
|
||||
|
||||
首先创建下面的脚本reboot_notify.sh，用于负责邮件通知。
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo vi /usr/local/bin/reboot_notify.sh
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
#!/bin/sh
|
||||
|
||||
echo "`hostname` was rebooted on `date`" | mutt -F /etc/muttrc -s "Notification on `hostname`" alice@yahoo.com
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo chmod +x /usr/local/bin/reboot_notify.sh
|
||||
|
||||
在这个脚本中，我使用"-F"选项，用于直到系统级的mutt配置文件位置。因此不要忘了创建/etc/muttrc文件并如前面描述填入Gmail SMTP信息。
|
||||
|
||||
现在让我们创建如下一个自定义的systemd服务。
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo mkdir -p /usr/local/lib/systemd/system
|
||||
$ sudo vi /usr/local/lib/systemd/system/reboot-task.service
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
[Unit]
|
||||
Description=Send a notification email when the server gets rebooted
|
||||
DefaultDependencies=no
|
||||
Before=reboot.target
|
||||
|
||||
[Service]
|
||||
Type=oneshot
|
||||
ExecStart=/usr/local/bin/reboot_notify.sh
|
||||
|
||||
[Install]
|
||||
WantedBy=reboot.target
|
||||
|
||||
一旦创建服务，便使能和启动该服务。
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo systemctl enable reboot-task
|
||||
$ sudo systemctl start reboot-task
|
||||
|
||||
从现在起，在每次VPS重启时你将会收到一封通知邮件。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 从服务器使用监控发送邮件通知 ###
|
||||
|
||||
作为最后一个例子，让我展示一个称为[Monit][6]的现实生活的应用程序，这是一个极其有用的服务器监控应用程序。它附有广泛的[VPS][7]监控能力（比如CPU、内存、进程、文件系统），包括邮件通知能力。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你想要接收VPS上任何事件导致的且由Monit产生的邮件通知，你可以在Monit配置文件中添加以下SMTP信息。
|
||||
|
||||
set mailserver smtp.gmail.com port 587
|
||||
username "<your-gmail-ID>" password "<gmail-password>"
|
||||
using tlsv12
|
||||
|
||||
set mail-format {
|
||||
from: <your-gmail-ID>@gmail.com
|
||||
subject: $SERVICE $EVENT at $DATE on $HOST
|
||||
message: Monit $ACTION $SERVICE $EVENT at $DATE on $HOST : $DESCRIPTION.
|
||||
|
||||
Yours sincerely,
|
||||
Monit
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
# the person who will receive notification emails
|
||||
set alert alice@yahoo.com
|
||||
|
||||
这是一个因为CPU负载超载而由Monit发送的邮件通知例子。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 总结 ###
|
||||
|
||||
正如你能想象的，像Gmail一样，有许多中不同的方式使用免费的SMTP服务器。但再次说明，请牢记免费的SMTP服务器不适用于商业用途，仅仅适用于个人项目。如果你正在任一app中使用Gmail SMTP服务器，请自由分享你的用例。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://xmodulo.com/send-email-notifications-gmail-smtp-server-linux.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Dan Nanni][a]
|
||||
译者：[cposture](https://github.com/cposture)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://xmodulo.com/author/nanni
|
||||
[1]:http://xmodulo.com/setup-system-status-page.html
|
||||
[2]:http://xmodulo.com/server-monitoring-system-monit.html
|
||||
[3]:http://xmodulo.com/create-software-raid1-array-mdadm-linux.html
|
||||
[4]:http://xmodulo.com/mail-server-ubuntu-debian.html
|
||||
[5]:http://xmodulo.com/go/digitalocean
|
||||
[6]:http://xmodulo.com/server-monitoring-system-monit.html
|
||||
[7]:http://xmodulo.com/go/digitalocean
|
||||
198
translated/tech/20151123 Data Structures in the Linux Kernel.md
Normal file
198
translated/tech/20151123 Data Structures in the Linux Kernel.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,198 @@
|
||||
Linux内核数据结构
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
基数树 Radix tree
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
正如你所知道的，Linux内核提供了许多不同的库和函数，它们实现了不同的数据结构和算法。在这部分，我们将研究其中一种数据结构——[基数树 Radix tree](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radix_tree)。在Linux内核中，有两个与基数树实现和API相关的文件：
|
||||
|
||||
* [include/linux/radix-tree.h](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/master/include/linux/radix-tree.h)
|
||||
* [lib/radix-tree.c](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/master/lib/radix-tree.c)
|
||||
|
||||
让我们讨论什么是`基数树`吧。基数树是一种`压缩的字典树`，而[字典树](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trie)是实现了关联数组接口并允许以`键值对`方式存储值的一种数据结构。该键通常是字符串，但能够使用任何数据类型。字典树因为它的节点而与`n叉树`不同。字典树的节点不存储键；相反，字典树的一个节点存储单个字符的标签。与一个给定节点关联的键可以通过从根遍历到该节点获得。举个例子：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
+-----------+
|
||||
| |
|
||||
| " " |
|
||||
| |
|
||||
+------+-----------+------+
|
||||
| |
|
||||
| |
|
||||
+----v------+ +-----v-----+
|
||||
| | | |
|
||||
| g | | c |
|
||||
| | | |
|
||||
+-----------+ +-----------+
|
||||
| |
|
||||
| |
|
||||
+----v------+ +-----v-----+
|
||||
| | | |
|
||||
| o | | a |
|
||||
| | | |
|
||||
+-----------+ +-----------+
|
||||
|
|
||||
|
|
||||
+-----v-----+
|
||||
| |
|
||||
| t |
|
||||
| |
|
||||
+-----------+
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
因此在这个例子中，我们可以看到一个有着两个键`go`和`cat`的`字典树`。压缩的字典树或者`基数树`和`字典树`不同于所有只有一个孩子的中间节点都被删除。
|
||||
|
||||
Linu内核中的基数树是映射值到整形键的一种数据结构。[include/linux/radix-tree.h](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/master/include/linux/radix-tree.h)文件中的以下结构体表示了基数树：
|
||||
|
||||
```C
|
||||
struct radix_tree_root {
|
||||
unsigned int height;
|
||||
gfp_t gfp_mask;
|
||||
struct radix_tree_node __rcu *rnode;
|
||||
};
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
这个结构体表示了一个基数树的根，并包含了3个域成员：
|
||||
|
||||
* `height` - 树的高度;
|
||||
* `gfp_mask` - 告诉如何执行动态内存分配;
|
||||
* `rnode` - 孩子节点指针.
|
||||
|
||||
我们第一个要讨论的域是`gfp_mask`：
|
||||
|
||||
底层内核内存动态分配函数以一组标志作为` gfp_mask `，用于描述如何执行动态内存分配。这些控制分配进程的`GFP_`标志拥有以下值：(`GF_NOIO`标志)意味着睡眠等待内存，(`__GFP_HIGHMEM`标志)意味着高端内存能够被使用，(`GFP_ATOMIC`标志)意味着分配进程拥有高优先级并不能睡眠等等。
|
||||
|
||||
* `GFP_NOIO` - 睡眠等待内存
|
||||
* `__GFP_HIGHMEM` - 高端内存能够被使用;
|
||||
* `GFP_ATOMIC` - 分配进程拥有高优先级并且不能睡眠;
|
||||
|
||||
等等。
|
||||
|
||||
下一个域是`rnode`：
|
||||
|
||||
```C
|
||||
struct radix_tree_node {
|
||||
unsigned int path;
|
||||
unsigned int count;
|
||||
union {
|
||||
struct {
|
||||
struct radix_tree_node *parent;
|
||||
void *private_data;
|
||||
};
|
||||
struct rcu_head rcu_head;
|
||||
};
|
||||
/* For tree user */
|
||||
struct list_head private_list;
|
||||
void __rcu *slots[RADIX_TREE_MAP_SIZE];
|
||||
unsigned long tags[RADIX_TREE_MAX_TAGS][RADIX_TREE_TAG_LONGS];
|
||||
};
|
||||
```
|
||||
这个结构体包含的信息有父节点中的偏移以及到底端(叶节点)的高度、孩子节点的个数以及用于访问和释放节点的域成员。这些域成员描述如下：
|
||||
|
||||
* `path` - 父节点中的偏移和到底端(叶节点)的高度
|
||||
* `count` - 孩子节点的个数;
|
||||
* `parent` - 父节点指针;
|
||||
* `private_data` - 由树的用户使用;
|
||||
* `rcu_head` - 用于释放节点;
|
||||
* `private_list` - 由树的用户使用;
|
||||
|
||||
`radix_tree_node`的最后两个成员——`tags`和`slots`非常重要且令人关注。Linux内核基数树的每个节点都包含一组存储指向数据指针的slots。Linux内核基数树实现的空slots存储`NULL`值。Linux内核中的基数树也支持与`radix_tree_node`结构体的`tags`域相关联的标签。标签允许在基数树存储的记录中设置各个位。
|
||||
|
||||
既然我们了解了基数树的结构，那么该是时候看一下它的API了。
|
||||
|
||||
Linux内核基数树API
|
||||
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
我们从结构体的初始化开始。有两种方法初始化一个新的基数树。第一种是使用`RADIX_TREE`宏：
|
||||
|
||||
```C
|
||||
RADIX_TREE(name, gfp_mask);
|
||||
````
|
||||
|
||||
正如你所看到的，我们传递`name`参数，所以使用`RADIX_TREE`宏，我们能够定义和初始化基数树为给定的名字。`RADIX_TREE`的实现是简单的：
|
||||
|
||||
```C
|
||||
#define RADIX_TREE(name, mask) \
|
||||
struct radix_tree_root name = RADIX_TREE_INIT(mask)
|
||||
|
||||
#define RADIX_TREE_INIT(mask) { \
|
||||
.height = 0, \
|
||||
.gfp_mask = (mask), \
|
||||
.rnode = NULL, \
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
在`RADIX_TREE`宏的开始，我们使用给定的名字定义`radix_tree_root`结构体实例，并使用给定的mask调用`RADIX_TREE_INIT`宏。`RADIX_TREE_INIT`宏只是初始化`radix_tree_root`结构体为默认值和给定的mask而已。
|
||||
|
||||
第二种方法是亲手定义`radix_tree_root`结构体，并且将它和mask传给`INIT_RADIX_TREE`宏：
|
||||
|
||||
```C
|
||||
struct radix_tree_root my_radix_tree;
|
||||
INIT_RADIX_TREE(my_tree, gfp_mask_for_my_radix_tree);
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
where:
|
||||
|
||||
```C
|
||||
#define INIT_RADIX_TREE(root, mask) \
|
||||
do { \
|
||||
(root)->height = 0; \
|
||||
(root)->gfp_mask = (mask); \
|
||||
(root)->rnode = NULL; \
|
||||
} while (0)
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
和`RADIX_TREE_INIT`宏所做的初始化一样，初始化为默认值。
|
||||
|
||||
接下来是用于从基数树插入和删除数据的两个函数：
|
||||
|
||||
* `radix_tree_insert`;
|
||||
* `radix_tree_delete`;
|
||||
|
||||
第一个函数`radix_tree_insert`需要3个参数：
|
||||
|
||||
* 基数树的根;
|
||||
* 索引键;
|
||||
* 插入的数据;
|
||||
|
||||
`radix_tree_delete`函数需要和`radix_tree_insert`一样的一组参数，但是没有data。
|
||||
|
||||
基数树的搜索以两种方法实现：
|
||||
|
||||
* `radix_tree_lookup`;
|
||||
* `radix_tree_gang_lookup`;
|
||||
* `radix_tree_lookup_slot`.
|
||||
|
||||
第一个函数`radix_tree_lookup`需要两个参数：
|
||||
|
||||
* 基数树的根;
|
||||
* 索引键;
|
||||
|
||||
这个函数尝试在树中查找给定的键，并返回和该键相关联的记录。第二个函数`radix_tree_gang_lookup`有以下的函数签名：
|
||||
|
||||
```C
|
||||
unsigned int radix_tree_gang_lookup(struct radix_tree_root *root,
|
||||
void **results,
|
||||
unsigned long first_index,
|
||||
unsigned int max_items);
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
和返回记录的个数，(results指向的数据)按键排序并从第一个索引开始。返回的记录个数将不会超过`max_items`。
|
||||
|
||||
最后一个函数`radix_tree_lookup_slot`将会返回包含数据的slot。
|
||||
|
||||
链接
|
||||
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
* [Radix tree](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radix_tree)
|
||||
* [Trie](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trie)
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://github.com/0xAX/linux-insides/edit/master/DataStructures/radix-tree.md
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[0xAX]
|
||||
译者：[cposture](https://github.com/cposture)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,43 +1,43 @@
|
||||
Linux Desktop Fun: Summon Swarms Of Penguins To Waddle About The Desktop
|
||||
Linux桌面趣闻：召唤一群企鹅在桌面上行走
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
XPenguins is a program for animating cute cartoons animals in your root window. By default it will be penguins they drop in from the top of the screen, walk along the tops of your windows, up the side of your windows, levitate, skateboard, and do other similarly exciting things. Now you can send an army of cute little penguins to invade the screen of someone else on your network.
|
||||
XPenguins是一个在窗口播放可爱动物动画的程序。默认情况下，将会从屏幕上方掉落企鹅，沿着你的窗口顶部行走，在窗口变漂浮，滑板，和做其他类似的令人兴奋的事情。现在，你可以把这些可爱的小企鹅大军入侵别人的桌面了。
|
||||
|
||||
### Install XPenguins ###
|
||||
### 安装XPenguins ###
|
||||
|
||||
Open a command-line terminal (select Applications > Accessories > Terminal), and then type the following commands to install XPenguins program. First, type the command apt-get update to tell apt to refresh its package information by querying the configured repositories and then install the required program:
|
||||
打开终端（选择程序->附件->终端），接着输入下面的命令来安装XPenguins。首先，输入apt-get update通过请求配置的仓库刷新包的信息，接着安装需要的程序：
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo apt-get update
|
||||
$ sudo apt-get install xpenguins
|
||||
|
||||
### How do I Start XPenguins Locally? ###
|
||||
### 我本地如何启动XPenguins？ ###
|
||||
|
||||
Type the following command:
|
||||
输入下面的命令：
|
||||
|
||||
$ xpenguins
|
||||
|
||||
Sample outputs:
|
||||
示例输出：
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
An army of cute little penguins invading the screen
|
||||
一支可爱企鹅军队正在入侵屏幕。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Linux: Cute little penguins walking along the tops of your windows
|
||||
Linux:可爱的小企鹅沿着窗口的顶部行走。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Xpenguins Screenshot
|
||||
Xpenguins截图
|
||||
|
||||
Be careful when you move windows as the little guys squash easily. If you send the program an interupt signal (Ctrl-C) they will burst.
|
||||
移动窗口时小心点，小家伙们很容易被压坏。如果你发送中断程序（Ctrl-C），它们会爆炸。
|
||||
|
||||
### Themes ###
|
||||
### 主题 ###
|
||||
|
||||
To list themes, enter:
|
||||
要列出主题，输入：
|
||||
|
||||
$ xpenguins -l
|
||||
|
||||
Sample outputs:
|
||||
示例输出：
|
||||
|
||||
Big Penguins
|
||||
Bill
|
||||
@ -45,11 +45,11 @@ Sample outputs:
|
||||
Penguins
|
||||
Turtles
|
||||
|
||||
You can use alternative themes as follows:
|
||||
你可以用下面的命令使用其他的主题：
|
||||
|
||||
$ xpenguins --theme "Big Penguins" --theme "Turtles"
|
||||
|
||||
You can install additional themes as follows:
|
||||
你可以用下面的命令安装额外的主题：
|
||||
|
||||
$ cd /tmp
|
||||
$ wget http://xpenguins.seul.org/xpenguins_themes-1.0.tar.gz
|
||||
@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ You can install additional themes as follows:
|
||||
$ mv -v themes ~/.xpenguins/
|
||||
$ xpenguins -l
|
||||
|
||||
Sample outputs:
|
||||
示例输出：
|
||||
|
||||
Lemmings
|
||||
Sonic the Hedgehog
|
||||
@ -71,26 +71,26 @@ Sample outputs:
|
||||
Penguins
|
||||
Turtles
|
||||
|
||||
To start with a random theme, enter:
|
||||
已一个随机主题开始，输入：
|
||||
|
||||
$ xpenguins --random-theme
|
||||
|
||||
To load all available themes and run them simultaneously, enter:
|
||||
要加载所有的主题并且同时运行，输入：
|
||||
|
||||
$ xpenguins --all
|
||||
|
||||
More links and information:
|
||||
更多链接何信息：
|
||||
|
||||
- [XPenguins][1] home page.
|
||||
- [XPenguins][1] 主页。
|
||||
- man penguins
|
||||
- More Linux / UNIX desktop fun with [Steam Locomotive][2] and [Terminal ASCII Aquarium][3].
|
||||
- 更多Linux/Unix桌面乐趣在[蒸汽火车][2]和[终端ASCII水族馆][3]。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/linux-cute-little-xpenguins-walk-along-tops-ofyour-windows.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：Vivek Gite
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
@ -98,3 +98,5 @@ via: http://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/linux-cute-little-xpenguins-walk-along-tops-o
|
||||
[1]:http://xpenguins.seul.org/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/displays-animations-when-accidentally-you-type-sl-instead-of-ls.html
|
||||
[3]:http://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/linux-unix-apple-osx-terminal-ascii-aquarium.html
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,297 +0,0 @@
|
||||
|
||||
怎样在ubuntu和debian中用命令行使用KVM
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
有很多不同的方式去管理运行在KVM管理程序上的虚拟机。例如，virt-manager就是一个流行的基于图形用户界面的前端虚拟机管理工具。然而，如果你想要在没有图形窗口的服务器环境下使用KVM，那么基于图形用户界面的解决方案显然是行不通的。事实上，你可以纯粹的使用包装了kvm命令行脚本的命令行来管理KVM虚拟机。作为替代方案，你可以使用virsh这个容易使用的命令行用户接口来管理客户虚拟机。在virsh中，它通过和libvirtd服务通信来达到控制虚拟机的目的，而libvirtd可以控制几个不同的虚拟机管理器，包括KVM，Xen，QEMU，LXC和OpenVZ。
|
||||
当你想要对虚拟机的前期准备和后期管理实现自动化操作时，像virsh这样的命令行管理工具是非常有用的。同样，virsh支持多个管理器的事实也意味着你可以通过相同的virsh接口去管理不同的虚拟机管理器。
|
||||
在这篇文章中，我会示范**怎样在ubuntu和debian上通过使用virsh命令行去运行KVM**。
|
||||
|
||||
### 第一步：确认你的硬件平台支持虚拟化 ###
|
||||
|
||||
作为第一步，首先要确认你的主机CPU配备了硬件虚拟化拓展（e.g.，Intel VT或者AMD-V)，这是KVM对硬件的要求。下面的命令可以检查硬件是否支持虚拟化。
|
||||
|
||||
$ egrep '(vmx|svm)' --color /proc/cpuinfo
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
如果在输出中不包含vmx或者svm标识，那么就意味着你的主机cpu不支持硬件虚拟化。因此你不能在你的机器上使用KVM。确认了主机cpu存在vmx或者svm之后，接下来开始安装KVM。
|
||||
对于KVM来说，它不要求运行在拥有64位内核系统的主机上，但是通常我们会推荐在64位系统的主机上面运行KVM。
|
||||
|
||||
### 第二步：安装KVM ###
|
||||
|
||||
使用apt-get安装KVM和相关的用户空间工具。
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo apt-get install qemu-kvm libvirt-bin
|
||||
|
||||
安装期间，libvirtd组（在debian上是libvirtd-qemu组）将会被创建，并且你的用户id将会被自动添加到该组中。这样做的目的是让你可以以一个普通用户而不是root用户的身份去管理虚拟机。你可以使用id命令来确认这一点，下面将会告诉你怎么去显示你的组id：
|
||||
|
||||
$ id <your-userID>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
如果因为某些原因，libvirt（在debian中是libvirt-qemu）没有在你的组id中被找到，你也可以手动将你自己添加到对应的组中，如下所示：
|
||||
在ubuntu上：
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo adduser [youruserID] libvirtd
|
||||
|
||||
在debian上：
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo adduser [youruserID] libvirt-qemu
|
||||
|
||||
按照如下形式重修载入更新后的组成员关系。如果要求输入密码，那么输入你的登陆密码即可。
|
||||
|
||||
$ exec su -l $USER
|
||||
|
||||
这时，你应该可以以普通用户的身份去执行virsh了。做一个如下所示的测试，这个命令将会以列表的形式列出可用的虚拟机（当前的列表是空的）。如果你没有遇到权限问题，那意味着迄今为止一切都是正常的。
|
||||
|
||||
$ virsh list
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
Id Name State
|
||||
----------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
### 第三步：配置桥接网络 ###
|
||||
|
||||
为了使KVM虚拟机能够访问外部网络，一种方法是通过在KVM宿主机上创建Linux桥来实现。创建之后的桥能够将虚拟机的虚拟网卡和宿主机的物理网卡连接起来，因此，虚拟机能够发送和接受由物理网卡发送过来的流量数据包。这种方式叫做网桥连接。
|
||||
下面将告诉你如何创建并且配置网桥，我们称它为br0.
|
||||
首先，安装一个必需的包，然后用命令行创建一个网桥。
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo apt-get install bridge-utils
|
||||
$ sudo brctl addbr br0
|
||||
|
||||
下一步就是配置已经创建好的网桥，即修改位于/etc/network/interfaces的配置文件。我们需要将该桥接网卡设置成开机启动。为了修改该配置文件，你需要关闭你的操作系统上的网络管理器（如果你在使用它的话）。跟随[操作指南][1]的说明去关闭网络管理器。
|
||||
关闭网络管理器之后，接下来就是通过修改配置文件来配置网桥了。
|
||||
|
||||
#auto eth0
|
||||
#iface eth0 inet dhcp
|
||||
|
||||
auto br0
|
||||
iface br0 inet dhcp
|
||||
bridge_ports eth0
|
||||
bridge_stp off
|
||||
bridge_fd 0
|
||||
bridge_maxwait 0
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
在上面的配置中，我假设eth0是主要网卡，它也是连接到外网的网卡，同样，我假设eth0将会通过DHCP得到它的ip地址。注意，之前在/etc/network/interfaces中还没有对eth0进行任何配置。桥接网卡br0引用了eth0的配置，而eth0也会受到br0的制约。
|
||||
重启网络服务，并确认网桥已经被成功的配置好。如果成功的话，br0的ip地址将会是eth0的被自动分配的ip地址，而且eth0不会被分配任何ip地址。
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo /etc/init.d/networking restart
|
||||
$ ifconfig
|
||||
|
||||
如果因为某些原因，eth0仍然保留了之前分配给了br0的ip地址，那么你可能必须明确的删除eth0的ip地址。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
###第四步：用命令行创建一个虚拟机 ###
|
||||
|
||||
对于虚拟机来说，它的配置信息被存储在它对应的xml文件中。因此，创建一个虚拟机的第一步就是准备一个与主机名对应的xml文件。
|
||||
下面是一个示例xml文件，你可以根据需要手动修改它。
|
||||
|
||||
<domain type='kvm'>
|
||||
<name>alice</name>
|
||||
<uuid>f5b8c05b-9c7a-3211-49b9-2bd635f7e2aa</uuid>
|
||||
<memory>1048576</memory>
|
||||
<currentMemory>1048576</currentMemory>
|
||||
<vcpu>1</vcpu>
|
||||
<os>
|
||||
<type>hvm</type>
|
||||
<boot dev='cdrom'/>
|
||||
</os>
|
||||
<features>
|
||||
<acpi/>
|
||||
</features>
|
||||
<clock offset='utc'/>
|
||||
<on_poweroff>destroy</on_poweroff>
|
||||
<on_reboot>restart</on_reboot>
|
||||
<on_crash>destroy</on_crash>
|
||||
<devices>
|
||||
<emulator>/usr/bin/kvm</emulator>
|
||||
<disk type="file" device="disk">
|
||||
<driver name="qemu" type="raw"/>
|
||||
<source file="/home/dev/images/alice.img"/>
|
||||
<target dev="vda" bus="virtio"/>
|
||||
<address type="pci" domain="0x0000" bus="0x00" slot="0x04" function="0x0"/>
|
||||
</disk>
|
||||
<disk type="file" device="cdrom">
|
||||
<driver name="qemu" type="raw"/>
|
||||
<source file="/home/dev/iso/CentOS-6.5-x86_64-minimal.iso"/>
|
||||
<target dev="hdc" bus="ide"/>
|
||||
<readonly/>
|
||||
<address type="drive" controller="0" bus="1" target="0" unit="0"/>
|
||||
</disk>
|
||||
<interface type='bridge'>
|
||||
<source bridge='br0'/>
|
||||
<mac address="00:00:A3:B0:56:10"/>
|
||||
</interface>
|
||||
<controller type="ide" index="0">
|
||||
<address type="pci" domain="0x0000" bus="0x00" slot="0x01" function="0x1"/>
|
||||
</controller>
|
||||
<input type='mouse' bus='ps2'/>
|
||||
<graphics type='vnc' port='-1' autoport="yes" listen='0.0.0.0'/>
|
||||
<console type='pty'>
|
||||
<target port='0'/>
|
||||
</console>
|
||||
</devices>
|
||||
</domain>
|
||||
|
||||
上面的主机xml配置文件定义了如下的虚拟机内容。
|
||||
|
||||
- 1GB内存，一个虚拟cpu和一个硬件驱动。
|
||||
- Disk image：/home/dev/images/alice.img。
|
||||
- Boot from CD-ROM（/home/dev/iso/CentOS-6.5-x86_64-minomal.iso）。
|
||||
- Networking:一个桥接到br0的虚拟网卡。
|
||||
- 通过VNC远程访问。
|
||||
<uuid></uuid>中的UUID字符串可以随机生成。为了得到一个随机的uuid字符串，你可能需要使用uuid命令行工具。
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo apt-get install uuid
|
||||
$ uuid
|
||||
|
||||
生成一个主机xml配置文件的方式就是通过一个已经存在的虚拟机来导出它的xml配置文件。如下所示。
|
||||
|
||||
$ virsh dumpxml alice > bob.xml
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
###第五步：使用命令行启动虚拟机###
|
||||
|
||||
在启动虚拟机之前，我们需要创建它的初始磁盘镜像。为此，你需要使用qemu-img命令来生成一个你已经安装的qemu-kvm镜像。下面的命令将会创建10GB大小的空磁盘，并且它是qcow2格式的。
|
||||
|
||||
$ qemu-img create -f qcow2 /home/dev/images/alice.img 10G
|
||||
|
||||
使用qcow2格式的磁盘镜像的好处就是它在创建之初并不会给它分配全部大小磁盘容量（这里是10GB），而是随着虚拟机中文件的增加而逐渐增大。因此，它对空间的使用更加有效。
|
||||
现在，你可以准备通过使用之前创建的xml配置文件启动你的虚拟机了。下面的命令将会创建一个虚拟机，然后自动启动它。
|
||||
|
||||
$ virsh create alice.xml
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
Domain alice created from alice.xml
|
||||
|
||||
**注意**:如果你对一个已经存在的虚拟机运行了上面的命令，那么这个操作将会在没有警告信息的情况下抹去那个已经存在的虚拟机的全部信息。如果你已经创建了一个虚拟机，你可能会使用下面的命令来启动虚拟机。
|
||||
|
||||
$ virsh start alice.xml
|
||||
|
||||
使用如下命令确认一个新的虚拟机已经被创建并成功的被启动。
|
||||
|
||||
$ virsh list
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
Id Name State
|
||||
----------------------------------------------------
|
||||
3 alice running
|
||||
|
||||
同样，使用如下命令确认你的虚拟机的虚拟网卡已经被成功的添加到了你先前创建的br0网桥中。
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo brctl show
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 远程连接虚拟机 ###
|
||||
|
||||
为了远程访问一个正在运行的虚拟机的控制台，你可以使用VNC客户端。
|
||||
首先，你需要使用如下命令找出用于虚拟机的VNC端口号。
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo netstat -nap | egrep '(kvm|qemu)'
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
在这个例子中，用于alice虚拟机的VNC端口号是5900
|
||||
然后启动一个VNC客户端，连接到一个端口号为5900的VNC服务器。在我们的例子中，虚拟机支持由CentOS光盘文件启动。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 使用virsh管理虚拟机 ###
|
||||
|
||||
下面列出了virsh命令的常规用法
|
||||
创建客户机并且启动虚拟机：
|
||||
|
||||
$ virsh create alice.xml
|
||||
|
||||
停止虚拟机并且删除客户机
|
||||
|
||||
$ virsh destroy alice
|
||||
|
||||
关闭虚拟机（不用删除它）
|
||||
|
||||
$ virsh shutdown alice
|
||||
|
||||
暂停虚拟机
|
||||
|
||||
$ virsh suspend alice
|
||||
|
||||
恢复虚拟机
|
||||
|
||||
$ virsh resume alice
|
||||
|
||||
访问正在运行的虚拟机的登陆控制台
|
||||
|
||||
$ virsh console alice
|
||||
|
||||
设置虚拟机开机启动:
|
||||
|
||||
$ virsh autostart alice
|
||||
|
||||
查看虚拟机的详细信息
|
||||
|
||||
$ virsh dominfo alice
|
||||
|
||||
编辑虚拟机的配置文件：
|
||||
|
||||
$ virsh edit alice
|
||||
|
||||
上面的这个命令将会使用一个默认的编辑器来调用主机配置文件。该配置文件中的任何改变都将自动被libvirt验证其正确性。
|
||||
你也可以在一个virsh会话中管理虚拟机。下面的命令会创建并进入到一个virsh会话中：
|
||||
|
||||
$ virsh
|
||||
在virsh提示中，你可以使用任何virsh命令。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 问题处理 ###
|
||||
|
||||
1. 我在创建虚拟机的时候遇到了一个错误：
|
||||
|
||||
error: internal error: no supported architecture for os type 'hvm'
|
||||
|
||||
如果你的硬件不支持虚拟化的话你可能就会遇到这个错误。（例如，Intel VT或者AMD-V），这是运行KVM所必需的。如果你遇到了这个错误，而你的cpu支持虚拟化，那么这里可以给你一些可用的解决方案：
|
||||
|
||||
首先，检查你的内核模块是否丢失。
|
||||
|
||||
$ lsmod | grep kvm
|
||||
|
||||
如果内核模块没有加载，你必须按照如下方式加载它。
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo modprobe kvm_intel (for Intel processor)
|
||||
$ sudo modprobe kvm_amd (for AMD processor)
|
||||
|
||||
第二个解决方案就是添加“--connect qemu:///system”参数到virsh命令中，如下所示。当你正在你的硬件平台上使用超过一个虚拟机管理器的时候就需要添加这个参数（例如，VirtualBox，VMware）。
|
||||
$ virsh --connect qemu:///system create alice.xml
|
||||
|
||||
2. 当我试着访问我的虚拟机的登陆控制台的时候遇到了错误：
|
||||
|
||||
$ virsh console alice
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
error: internal error: cannot find character device <null>
|
||||
|
||||
这个错误发生的原因是你没有在你的虚拟机配置文件中定义控制台设备。在xml文件中加上下面的内部设备部分即可。
|
||||
|
||||
<console type='pty'>
|
||||
<target port='0'/>
|
||||
</console>
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://xmodulo.com/use-kvm-command-line-debian-ubuntu.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Dan Nanni][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://xmodulo.com/author/nanni
|
||||
[1]:http://xmodulo.com/disable-network-manager-linux.html
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,173 @@
|
||||
如何在CentOS 7 中添加新磁盘而不用重启系统
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
对大多数系统管理员来说扩充 Linux 服务器的磁盘空间是日常的工作之一。因此这篇文章会在通过使用 Linux 命令，在 CentOS 7 系统上演示一些简单的操作步骤来扩充您的磁盘空间而不需要重启您的生产服务器。关于扩充和增加新的磁盘到 Linux 系统，我们会提及多种方法和多种可行性，所以可按您所需选择最适用的一种。
|
||||
|
||||
### 1. 为虚拟机客户端扩充磁盘空间: ###
|
||||
|
||||
在为 Linux 系统增加磁盘卷之前，您需要添加一块新的物理磁盘或是从正使用的 VMware vShere、工作站或着其它的基础虚拟环境软件中进行设置，从而扩充一块系统正使用的虚拟磁盘空间。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 2. 检查磁盘空间: ###
|
||||
|
||||
运行如下命令来检查当前磁盘空间大小。
|
||||
|
||||
# df -h
|
||||
# fdisk -l
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
可以看到，虽然我们已经在后端给其增加到 50 GB 的空间，但此时的总磁盘大小仍然为 10 GB。
|
||||
|
||||
### 3. 扩展空间而无需重启虚拟机 ###
|
||||
|
||||
现在运行如下命令就可以来扩展操作系统的物理卷磁盘空间，而且不需要重启虚拟机，系统会重新扫描 SCSI （注：Small Computer System Interface 小型计算机系统接口）总线并添加 SCSI 设备。
|
||||
|
||||
# ls /sys/class/scsi_host/
|
||||
# echo "- - -" > /sys/class/scsi_host/host0/scan
|
||||
# echo "- - -" > /sys/class/scsi_host/host1/scan
|
||||
# echo "- - -" > /sys/class/scsi_host/host2/scan
|
||||
|
||||
使用下面的命令来检查 SCSI 设备的名称，然后重新扫描 SCSI 总线。
|
||||
|
||||
# ls /sys/class/scsi_device/
|
||||
# echo 1 > /sys/class/scsi_device/0\:0\:0\:0/device/rescan
|
||||
# echo 1 > /sys/class/scsi_device/2\:0\:0\:0/device/rescan
|
||||
|
||||
如下图所示，会重新扫描 SCSI 总线，随后我们从虚拟机客户端设置的磁盘大小会正常显示。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 4. 创建新磁盘分区: ###
|
||||
|
||||
一旦在系统中可以看到扩展的磁盘空间，就可以运行如下命令来格式化您的磁盘以创建一个新的分区。请按如下操作步骤来扩充您的物理磁盘卷。
|
||||
|
||||
# fdisk /dev/sda
|
||||
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2) press the 'm' key for help
|
||||
Command (m for help): m
|
||||
Command action
|
||||
a toggle a bootable flag
|
||||
b edit bsd disklabel
|
||||
c toggle the dos compatibility flag
|
||||
d delete a partition
|
||||
g create a new empty GPT partition table
|
||||
G create an IRIX (SGI) partition table
|
||||
l list known partition types
|
||||
m print this menu
|
||||
n add a new partition
|
||||
o create a new empty DOS partition table
|
||||
p print the partition table
|
||||
q quit without saving changes
|
||||
s create a new empty Sun disklabel
|
||||
t change a partition's system id
|
||||
u change display/entry units
|
||||
v verify the partition table
|
||||
w write table to disk and exit
|
||||
x extra functionality (experts only)
|
||||
|
||||
Command (m for help):
|
||||
|
||||
键入 'p' 来查看当前的分区表信息，然后键入 'n' 键来创建一个新的主分区，选择所有可用的扇区。 使用 't' 命令改变磁盘类型为 'Linux LVM'，然后选择编码 '8e' 或者默认不选，它默认的类型编码为 '83'。
|
||||
|
||||
现在输入 'w' 来保存分区表信息并且退出命令环境，如下示：
|
||||
|
||||
Command (m for help): w
|
||||
The partition table has been altered!
|
||||
|
||||
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
|
||||
|
||||
WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy.
|
||||
The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at
|
||||
the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 5. 创建物理卷: ###
|
||||
|
||||
根据提示运行 'partprob' 或 'kpartx' 命令以使分区表被真正使用，然后使用如下的命令来创建新的物理卷。
|
||||
|
||||
# partprobe
|
||||
# pvresize /dev/sda3
|
||||
|
||||
要检查新创建的卷，运行如下的命令可以看出新的物理卷是否已经被创建，是否可用。接下来，我们就可以使用这个新的物理卷来扩展 'centos' 卷组了，如下示：
|
||||
|
||||
# pvdisplay
|
||||
# vgextend centos /dev/sda3
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 6. 扩展逻辑卷: ###
|
||||
|
||||
现在我们使用如下的命令扩展逻辑卷，以增加我们系统正使用的磁盘空间。
|
||||
|
||||
# lvextend -L +40G /dev/mapper/centos-root
|
||||
|
||||
一旦返回增加成功的消息，就可以运行如下命令来扩展您的逻辑卷大小。
|
||||
|
||||
# xfs_growfs /dev/mapper/centos-root
|
||||
|
||||
'/' 分区的大小已经成功的增加了，可以使用 'df' 命令来检查您磁盘驱动的大小。如图示。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 7. 通过增加新的磁盘来扩充根分区而不用重启系统: ###
|
||||
|
||||
这是第二种方法，它使用的命令非常简单， 用来增加 CentOS 7 系统上逻辑卷空间大小。
|
||||
|
||||
所以第一步是打开您的虚拟机客户端的设置页面，点击 ‘增加’ 按纽，然后继续下一步操作。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
选择新磁盘所需要的配置信息，如下图所示的，选择新磁盘的大小和它的类型。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
然后进入服务端重复如下的命令来扫描您的磁盘设备，以使新磁盘在系统中可见。
|
||||
|
||||
# echo "- - -" > /sys/class/scsi_host/host0/scan
|
||||
# echo "- - -" > /sys/class/scsi_host/host1/scan
|
||||
# echo "- - -" > /sys/class/scsi_host/host2/scan
|
||||
|
||||
列出您的 SCSI 设备的名称
|
||||
|
||||
# ls /sys/class/scsi_device/
|
||||
# echo 1 > /sys/class/scsi_device/1\:0\:0\:0/device/rescan
|
||||
# echo 1 > /sys/class/scsi_device/2\:0\:0\:0/device/rescan
|
||||
# echo 1 > /sys/class/scsi_device/3\:0\:0\:0/device/rescan
|
||||
# fdisk -l
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
一旦新增的磁盘可见就可以运行下面的命令来创建新的物理卷，然后增加到卷组，如下示。
|
||||
|
||||
# pvcreate /dev/sdb
|
||||
# vgextend centos /dev/sdb
|
||||
# vgdisplay
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
现在根据此磁盘的空间大小来扩展逻辑卷，然后添加到根分区。
|
||||
|
||||
# lvextend -L +20G /dev/mapper/centos-root
|
||||
# xfs_growfs /dev/mapper/centos-root
|
||||
# df -h
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 结论: ###
|
||||
|
||||
在 Linux CentOS 7 系统上，使用这篇文章所述的操作步骤来扩充您的任意逻辑卷的磁盘空间，此管理磁盘分区的操作过程是非常简单的。您不需要重启生产线上的服务器，只是简单的重扫描下 SCSI 设备，和扩展您想要的 LVM（逻辑卷管理）。我们希望这文章对您有用。可自由的发表有用的评论和建议。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://linoxide.com/linux-how-to/add-new-disk-centos-7-without-rebooting/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Kashif S][a]
|
||||
译者：[runningwater](https://github.com/runningwater
|
||||
)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://linoxide.com/author/kashifs/
|
||||
@ -1,24 +1,22 @@
|
||||
translation by strugglingyouth
|
||||
How to Install MariaDB 10 on CentOS 7 CPanel Server
|
||||
|
||||
在 CentOS 7 CPanel 服务器上安装 MariaDB 10
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
MariaDB is a enhanced open source and drop-in replacement for MySQL. It is developed by MariaDB community and available under the terms of the GPL v2 license. Software Security is the main focus for the MariaDB developers. They maintain its own set of security patches for each MariaDB releases. When any critical security issues are discovered, the developers introduces a new release of MariaDB to get the fix out as soon as possible.
|
||||
MariaDB 是一个增强版的，开源的并且可以直接替代 MySQL。它主要由 MariaDB 社区在维护，采用 GPL v2 授权许可。软件的安全性是 MariaDB 开发者的主要焦点。他们保持为 MariaDB 的每个版本发布安全补丁。当有任何安全问题被发现时，开发者会尽快修复并推出 MariaDB 的新版本。
|
||||
|
||||
MariaDB is always up-to-date with the latest MySQL releases. It is highly compatible and works exactly like the MySQL. Almost all commands, data, table definition files, Client APIs, protocols, interfaces, structures, filenames, binaries, ports, database storage locations etc are same as the MySQL. It isn't even needed to convert databases to switch to MariaDB.
|
||||
### MariaDB 的优势 ###
|
||||
|
||||
### Advantages of MariaDB ###
|
||||
- 完全开源
|
||||
- 快速且透明的安全版本
|
||||
- 与 MySQL 高度兼容
|
||||
- 性能更好
|
||||
- 比 MySQL 的存储引擎多
|
||||
|
||||
- Truly Open source
|
||||
- More quicker and transparent security releases
|
||||
- Highly Compatible with MySQL
|
||||
- Improved Performance
|
||||
- More storage engines compared to MySQL
|
||||
在这篇文章中，我将谈论关于如何升级 MySQL5.5 到最新的 MariaDB 在CentOS7 CPanel 服务器上。在安装前先完成以下步骤。
|
||||
|
||||
In this article, I provides guidelines on how to upgrade MySQL 5.5 to the latest MariaDB on a CentOS 7 CPanel server. Let's walk through the Pre-installation steps.
|
||||
### 先决条件: ###
|
||||
|
||||
### Pre-requisites: ###
|
||||
|
||||
#### 1. Stop current MySQL Service ####
|
||||
#### 1. 停止当前 MySQL 服务 ####
|
||||
|
||||
root@server1 [/var/# mysql
|
||||
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
|
||||
@ -47,9 +45,9 @@ In this article, I provides guidelines on how to upgrade MySQL 5.5 to the latest
|
||||
Jan 31 10:00:02 server1.centos7-test.com systemd[1]: Unit mysql.service entered failed state.
|
||||
Jan 31 10:00:02 server1.centos7-test.com systemd[1]: mysql.service failed.
|
||||
|
||||
#### 2. Move all configuration files and databases prior to the upgrade ####
|
||||
#### 2. 在升级之前将所有配置文件和数据库转移 ####
|
||||
|
||||
Move the DB storage path and MySQL configuration files
|
||||
转移数据库的存储路径和 MySQL 的配置文件
|
||||
|
||||
root@server1 [~]# cp -Rf /var/lib/mysql /var/lib/mysql-old
|
||||
|
||||
@ -62,18 +60,19 @@ Move the DB storage path and MySQL configuration files
|
||||
|
||||
root@server1 [~]#mv /etc/my.cnf /etc/my.cnf-old
|
||||
|
||||
#### 3. Remove and uninstall all MySQL rpms from the server ####
|
||||
#### 3. 从服务器上删除和卸载 MySQL 所有的 RPM 包 ####
|
||||
|
||||
Run the following commands to disable the MySQL RPM targets. By running this commands, cPanel will no longer handle MySQL updates, and mark these rpm.versions as uninstalled on the system.
|
||||
运行以下命令来禁用 MySQL 的 RPM 的目标。通过运行此命令，cPanel 将不再处理 MySQL 的更新，并在系统上将卸载的标记为 rpm.versions。
|
||||
|
||||
/scripts/update_local_rpm_versions --edit target_settings.MySQL50 uninstalled
|
||||
/scripts/update_local_rpm_versions --edit target_settings.MySQL51 uninstalled
|
||||
/scripts/update_local_rpm_versions --edit target_settings.MySQL55 uninstalled
|
||||
/scripts/update_local_rpm_versions --edit target_settings.MySQL56 uninstalled
|
||||
|
||||
Now run the this command:
|
||||
现在运行以下命令：
|
||||
|
||||
/scripts/check_cpanel_rpms --fix --targets=MySQL50,MySQL51,MySQL55,MySQL56 to remove all existing MySQL rpms on the server and leave a clean environment for MariaDB installation. Please see its output below:
|
||||
/scripts/check_cpanel_rpms --fix --targets=MySQL50,MySQL51,MySQL55,MySQL56
|
||||
移除服务器上所有已存在的 MySQL rpms 来为 MariaDB 的安装清理环境。请看下面的输出：
|
||||
|
||||
root@server1 [/var/lib/mysql]# /scripts/check_cpanel_rpms --fix --targets=MySQL50,MySQL51,MySQL55,MySQL56
|
||||
[2016-01-31 09:53:59 +0000]
|
||||
@ -98,13 +97,13 @@ Now run the this command:
|
||||
[2016-01-31 09:54:04 +0000] Removed symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/mysql.service.
|
||||
[2016-01-31 09:54:04 +0000] Restoring service monitoring.
|
||||
|
||||
With these steps, we've uninstalled existing MySQL RPMs, marked targets to prevent further MySQL updates and made the server ready and clean for the MariaDB installation.
|
||||
通过这些步骤，我们已经卸载了现有的 MySQL RPMs，并做了标记来防止 MySQL的更新，服务器的环境已经清理然后准备安装 MariaDB。
|
||||
|
||||
To startup with the installation, we need to create a yum repository for MariaDB depending on the MariaDB & CentOS versions. This is how I did it!
|
||||
开始安装吧，我们需要在 CentOS 为 MariaDB 创建一个 yum 软件库。下面是我的做法！
|
||||
|
||||
### Installation procedures: ###
|
||||
### 安装步骤： ###
|
||||
|
||||
#### Step 1: Creating a YUM repository. ####
|
||||
#### 第1步：创建 YUM 软件库。####
|
||||
|
||||
root@server1 [~]# vim /etc/yum.repos.d/MariaDB.repo
|
||||
[mariadb]
|
||||
@ -119,7 +118,7 @@ To startup with the installation, we need to create a yum repository for MariaDB
|
||||
gpgkey=https://yum.mariadb.org/RPM-GPG-KEY-MariaDB
|
||||
gpgcheck=1
|
||||
|
||||
#### Step 2: Open the /etc/yum.conf and modify the exclude line as below: ####
|
||||
#### 第2步：打开 /etc/yum.conf 并修改如下行： ####
|
||||
|
||||
**Remove this line** exclude=courier* dovecot* exim* filesystem httpd* mod_ssl* mydns* mysql* nsd* php* proftpd* pure-ftpd* spamassassin* squirrelmail*
|
||||
|
||||
@ -127,9 +126,9 @@ To startup with the installation, we need to create a yum repository for MariaDB
|
||||
|
||||
**\*\*\* IMPORTANT \*\*\***
|
||||
|
||||
We need to make sure, we've removed the MySQL and PHP from the exclude list.
|
||||
需要确保我们已经从 exclude 列表中移除了 MySQL 和 PHP。
|
||||
|
||||
#### Step 3: Run the following command to install MariaDB and related packages. ####
|
||||
#### 第3步：运行以下命令来安装 MariaDB 和相关的包。 ####
|
||||
|
||||
**yum install MariaDB-server MariaDB-client MariaDB-devel php-mysql**
|
||||
|
||||
@ -156,7 +155,7 @@ We need to make sure, we've removed the MySQL and PHP from the exclude list.
|
||||
===============================================================================================================================================
|
||||
Install 4 Packages (+5 Dependent package)
|
||||
|
||||
#### Step 4: Restart and make sure the MySQL service is up. ####
|
||||
#### 第4步：重新启动，并确保 MySQL 服务已启动。####
|
||||
|
||||
root@server1 [~]# systemctl start mysql
|
||||
root@server1 [~]#
|
||||
@ -173,9 +172,10 @@ We need to make sure, we've removed the MySQL and PHP from the exclude list.
|
||||
Jan 31 10:01:46 server1.centos7-test.com mysql[23717]: Starting MySQL SUCCESS!
|
||||
Jan 31 10:01:46 server1.centos7-test.com systemd[1]: Started LSB: start and stop MySQL.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Step 5: Run mysql_upgrade command ####
|
||||
#### 第5步：运行 mysql_upgrade 命令。 ####
|
||||
|
||||
它将检查所有数据库中的所有表与当前安装的版本是否兼容并在必要时会更新系统表采取新的特权或功能，可能会增加当前版本的性能。
|
||||
|
||||
It will examine all tables in all databases for incompatibilities with the current installed version and upgrades the system tables if necessary to take advantage of new privileges or capabilities that might have added with the current version.
|
||||
|
||||
root@server1 [~]# mysql_upgrade
|
||||
MySQL upgrade detected
|
||||
@ -254,7 +254,7 @@ It will examine all tables in all databases for incompatibilities with the curre
|
||||
Phase 6/6: Running 'FLUSH PRIVILEGES'
|
||||
OK
|
||||
|
||||
#### Step 6 : Restart the MySQL service once again to ensure everything works perfect. ####
|
||||
#### 第6步：再次重新启动MySQL的服务，以确保一切都运行完好。 ####
|
||||
|
||||
root@server1 [~]# systemctl restart mysql
|
||||
root@server1 [~]#
|
||||
@ -274,7 +274,7 @@ It will examine all tables in all databases for incompatibilities with the curre
|
||||
Jan 31 10:04:11 server1.centos7-test.com mysql[23854]: Starting MySQL. SUCCESS!
|
||||
Jan 31 10:04:11 server1.centos7-test.com systemd[1]: Started LSB: start and stop MySQL.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Step 7: Run EasyApache to rebuild Apache/PHP with MariaDB and ensure all PHP modules remains intact. ####
|
||||
#### 第7步：运行 EasyApache 用 MariaDB 重建 Apache/PHP，并确保所有 PHP 的模块保持不变。####
|
||||
|
||||
root@server1 [~]#/scripts/easyapache --build
|
||||
|
||||
@ -284,7 +284,7 @@ It will examine all tables in all databases for incompatibilities with the curre
|
||||
root@server1 [/etc/my.cnf.d]# php -v
|
||||
php: error while loading shared libraries: libmysqlclient.so.18: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory
|
||||
|
||||
#### Step 8: Now verify the installation and databases. ####
|
||||
#### 第8步：现在验证安装的数据库。 ####
|
||||
|
||||
root@server1 [/var/lib/mysql]# mysql
|
||||
Welcome to the MariaDB monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
|
||||
@ -312,14 +312,13 @@ It will examine all tables in all databases for incompatibilities with the curre
|
||||
+--------------------+---------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------+------+------------+
|
||||
10 rows in set (0.00 sec)
|
||||
|
||||
That's all :). Now we're all set to go with MariaDB with its improved and efficient features. Hope you enjoyed reading this documentation. I would recommend your valuable suggestions and feedback on this!
|
||||
|
||||
就这样 ：）。现在，我们该去欣赏 MariaDB 完善和高效的特点了。希望你喜欢阅读本文。希望留下您宝贵的建议和反馈！
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://linoxide.com/how-tos/install-mariadb-10-centos-7-cpanel/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Saheetha Shameer][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
译者：[strugglingyouth](https://github.com/strugglingyouth)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
|
||||
2016：如何选择 Linux 桌面环境
|
||||
=============================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Linux 创建了一个相对友好的环境，为我们提供了选择的可能。比方说，现代大多数的 Linux 发行版都提供不同桌面环境给我们来选择。在本文中，我将挑选一些你可能会在 Linux 中见到的相对较好的桌面环境来介绍。
|
||||
|
||||
## Plasma
|
||||
|
||||
我认为，[KDE’s Plasma desktop](https://www.kde.org/workspaces/plasmadesktop/) 是最高级的桌面环境 (LCTT 译注：译者认为，没有什么是最好的，只有最合适的，毕竟每个人的喜好都不可能完全相同)。它是我见过功能最完善和定制性最高的桌面环境；在用户完全自主控制方面，即使是 Mac OS X 和 Windows 也无法与之比拟。
|
||||
|
||||
我爱 Plasma，因为它自带了一个非常好的文件管理器——Dolphin。而相对应 Gnome 环境，我更喜欢 Plasma 的原因就在于文件管理器。使用 Gnome 最大的痛苦就是，它的文件管理器——Files——使我无法完成一些基本任务，比如说，批量文件重命名操作。而这个操作对我来说相当重要，因为我喜欢拍摄，但 Gnome 却让我无法批量重命名这些图像文件。而使用 Dolphin 的话，这个操作就像在公园散步一样简单。
|
||||
|
||||
而且，你可以通过插件来增强 Plasma 的功能。Plasma 有大量的基础软件，如 Krita、Kdenlive、Calligra 办公套件、digiKam、Kwrite 以及由 KDE 社区开发维护的大量应用。
|
||||
|
||||
Plasma 桌面环境唯一的缺陷就是它默认的邮件客户端——Kmail。它的设置比较困难，我希望 Kmail 设置可以配置地址簿和日历。
|
||||
|
||||
包括 openSUSE 在内的多数主流发行版多使用 Plasma 作为默认桌面。
|
||||
|
||||
## GNOME
|
||||
|
||||
[GNOME](https://www.gnome.org/) (GNU Network Object Model Environment，GNU 网络对象模型环境) 由 [Miguel de Icaza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_de_Icaza) 和 Federico Mena 在 1997 年的时候创立，这是因为 KDE 使用来 Qt 工具包，而这个工具包是使用专业许可证 (proprietary license) 发布的。和 KDE 不一样的是，GNOME 提供了大量的定制，它专注于让事情变得简单。因为 自身的简单性和易用性，GNOME 变得相当流行。而我认为 GNOME 之所以流行的原因在于，Ubuntu——使用 GNOME 作为默认桌面的主流 Linux 发行版之一——对其有着巨大的推动作用。
|
||||
|
||||
随着时代变化，GNOME 也需要作出相应的改变了。因此，开发者通过 GNOME 3 推出了 GNOME 3 Shell，从而引出它全新的设计规范。但这同时与 Canonical 的 Ubuntu 计划存在者一些冲突，所以 Canonical 为 GNOME 开发来叫做 Unity 的特有 Shell。最初，GNOME 3 Shell 因很多争议 (issues) 而困扰不已——最明显的是，升级之后会导致很多扩展无法正常工作。由于设计上的重大改版以及各种问题的出现，GNOME 便产生来很多分支，比如 Cinnamon 和 Mate 桌面。
|
||||
|
||||
也就是说，使得 GNOME 有趣的是，它针对触摸设备做了优化，所以，如果你有一台触屏笔记本电脑的话，GNOME 则是最合适你这台电脑的桌面环境。
|
||||
|
||||
在 3.18 版本中，GNOME 已经作出了一些令人印象深刻的改动。其中他们所做的最有趣的是集成了 Google Drive，用户可以把他们的 Google Drive 挂载为远程存储设备，这样就不必在使用浏览器来查看里边的文件来。我也很喜欢 GNOME 里边自带的那个优秀的邮件客户端，它带有日历和地址簿功能。尽管有这么多些优秀的特性，但它的文件管理器使我不再使用 GNOME ，因为我无法处理批量文件重命名。我会坚持使用 Plasma，一直到 GNOME 的开发者修复了这个小缺陷。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## Unity
|
||||
|
||||
从技术上来说，[Unity](https://unity.ubuntu.com/) 并不是一个桌面环境，它只是 Canonical 为 Ubuntu 开发的一个图形化 Shell。Unity 运行于 GNOME 桌面之上，并使用很多 GNOME 的应用和工具。Ubuntu 团队分支了一些 GNOME 组件，以便更好的满足 Unity 用户的需求。
|
||||
|
||||
Unity 在 Ubuntu 故事集和 Unity 8 中扮演者重要角色，Canonical 公司正在努力将电脑桌面和移动世界结合到一起。Canonical 同时还为 Unity 开发了许多的有趣技术，比如 HUD (Head-up Display，平视显示)。他们还有一种独特的技术来然用户在镜片上的某范围找到特定内容。
|
||||
|
||||
即将发行的 Ubuntu 16.04，将会搭载 Unity 8，那时候用户就可以完全体验开发者为该开源软件添加的所有特性了。其中最大的争议就是，Unity 不再集成 Amazon Ads 和其他服务。即将发行的版本，虽然 Canonical 从 Dash 移除了 Amazon ads，但却默认保证了系统的隐私性。
|
||||
|
||||
## Cinnamon
|
||||
|
||||
最初，[Cinnamon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnamon_(software)) 由 [Linux Mint](http://www.linuxmint.com/) 开发 —— DistroWatch.com 上统计出来最流行的发行版。就像 Unity，Cinnamon 是 GNOME Shell 的一个分支。但最后进化为一个独立的桌面环境，这是因为 Linux Mint 的开发者分支了 GNOME 桌面中很多的组件到 Cinnamon，包括 Files ——以满足自身用户的需求。
|
||||
|
||||
由于 Linux Mint 基于普通版本的 Ubuntu，开发者仍需要去完成 Ubuntu 尚未完成的目标。结果，尽管前途光明，但 Cinnamon 却充满了 Bugs 和问题。随着 17.x 本版的发布，Linux Mint 开始移动到 Ubuntu 的 LTS 版本上，从而他们可以专注于开发 Cinnamon 的核心组件，而不必再去担心代码库。移动到 LTS 的好处是，Cinnamon 变得非常稳定并且基本没有 Bugs 出现。现在，开发者已经开始向桌面环境中添加更多的新特性来。
|
||||
|
||||
对于那些更喜欢在 GNOME 基础上有一个很好的类 Windows 用户界面的用户来说，Cinnamon 是他们最好的桌面环境。
|
||||
|
||||
## MATE Desktop
|
||||
|
||||
[MATE desktop](http://mate-desktop.com/) 同样是 GNOME 的一个分支，然而，它并不像 Cinnamon 那样由 GNOME 3 分支，而是现在已经没有人维护的 GNOME 2 代码库的一个分支。MATE desktop 中的一些开发者并不喜欢 GNOME 3 并且想要“继续坚持” GNOME 2，所以他们使用这个代码库来创建来 MATE。为避免和 GNOME 3 的冲突，他们重命名了全部的包：Nautilus 改为 Caja、Gedit 改为 Pluma 以及 Evince 改为 Atril 等。
|
||||
|
||||
尽管 MATE 延续了 GNOME 2，但这并不意味着他们使用过时的技术；相反，他们使用了更新的技术来提供一个现代的 GNOME 2 体验。
|
||||
|
||||
拥有相当高的资源效率才是 MATE 最令人印象深刻之处。你可将它运行在老旧硬件或者很少更新的强大硬件上，如树梅派 (Raspberry Pi) 或者 Chromebook Flip。使得它更有趣的是，把它运行在一些强大的硬件上，可以节省大多数的资源给其他应用，而桌面环境本身只占用很少的资源。
|
||||
|
||||
## LXQt
|
||||
|
||||
[LXQt](http://lxqt.org/) 继承了 LXDE ——最轻量级的桌面环境之一。它融合了 LXDE 和 Razor-Qt 两个开源项目。LXQt 的首个可用本版 V 0.9 发布于 2015 年。最初，开发者使用了 Qt4 但向下兼容，之后为了加快开发速度，他们移动到 Qt5 和 KDE 框架上。我也在自己的 Arch 系统上尝试使用了 LXQt，它的确是一个非常好的轻量级桌面环境。但在完全继承 LXDE 之前，LXQt 仍有一段很长的路需要走。
|
||||
|
||||
## Xfce
|
||||
|
||||
[Xfce](http://www.xfce.org/) 早于 KDE 桌面环境，它是最古老和最轻量级的桌面环境。Xfce 的最新版本是 4.15，发布于 2015 年，使用了诸如 GTK + 3 的大量的现代科技。很多发行版都使用了 Xfce 环境以满足特定需求，比如 Ubuntu Studio ——与 MATE 类似——尽量节省系统资源给其他的应用。并且，许多的著名的 Linux 发行版——包括 Manjaro Linux、PC/OS、Salix 和 Mythbuntu ——都把它作为默认桌面环境。
|
||||
|
||||
## Budgie
|
||||
|
||||
[Budgie](https://solus-project.com/budgie/) 是一个新型的桌面环境，由 Solus Linux 团队开发和维护。Solus 是一个从零开始构建的新型发行版，而 Budgie 则是它的一个核心组件。Budgie 使用了大量的 GNOME 组件，从而提供一个华丽的用户界面 (UI)。由于没有该桌面环境的更多信息，我特地联系了 Solus 的核心开发者—— Ikey Doherty。他解释说：“我们搭载了自己的桌面环境—— Budgie。与其他桌面环境不同的是，Budgie 并不是其他桌面的一个分支，它的目标是侧底融入到 GNOME 协议栈之中。它完全从零开始编写，并特意的设计来迎合 Solus 提供的体验。我们会尽可能的和 GNOME 的上游团队协同工作，修复 Bugs，并提倡和支持他们的工作”。
|
||||
|
||||
## Pantheon
|
||||
|
||||
我想，[Pantheon](https://elementary.io/) 不需要特别介绍了吧，那个优美的 elementary OS 就使用它作为桌面。类似于 Budgie，很多人都认为 Pantheon 也不是 GNOME 的一个分支。elementary OS 团队大多拥有良好的设计背景，所以他们会近距离关注每一个细节，这使得 Pantheon 成为一个非常优美的桌面环境。在某个瞬间，它可能缺少像 Plasma 等桌面中的某些特性，但开发者实际上是尽其所能的去坚持设计原则。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## 结论
|
||||
|
||||
当我写完本文后，我突然意识到来开源和 Linux 的重大好处。总有一个发行版本适合你。就像 Jon “maddog” Hall 在最近的 SCaLE 14 上说的那样：“是的，现在有 300 多个 Linux 发行版。我可以一个一个去尝试，然后坚持使用我最喜欢的那一个”。
|
||||
|
||||
所以，尽情享受 Linux 的多样性吧，最后使用最合你意的那一个。
|
||||
|
||||
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.linux.com/news/software/applications/881107-best-linux-desktop-environments-for-2016
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Swapnil Bhartiya][a]
|
||||
译者：[GHLandy](https://github.com/GHLandy)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.linux.com/community/forums/person/61003
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
|
||||
Manjaro Linux 即将推出支持 ARM 处理器的 Manjaro-ARM
|
||||
===================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
最近，Manjaro 的开发者为 ARM 处理器发布了一个[ alpha 版本](https://manjaro.github.io/Manjaro-ARM-launched/)。这是这个基于 Arhclinux 的发行版的一大进步，在此之前，它只能在 32 位或者 64 位的个人电脑上运行。
|
||||
|
||||
根据公告， “[Manjaro Arm](http://manjaro-arm.org/) 项目致力于将简洁可定制的 Manjaro 移植到使用[ ARM 处理器](https://www.arm.com/)的设备上去。这些设备的数量正在上涨并且应用范围广泛。这些设备中最出名的是树莓派和 BeagleBoard“。目前 Alpha 版本仅支持树莓派2,但是毫无疑问，支持的设备数量会随时间增长。
|
||||
|
||||
现在这个项目的开发者有 dodgejcr, Torei, Strit, 和 Ringo32。他们正在寻求更多的人来帮助这个项目发展。除了开发者，[他们还在寻找维护者，论坛版主，管理员，以及设计师](http://manjaro-arm.org/forums/website/looking-for-contributors/?PHPSESSID=876d5c11400e9c25eb727e9965300a9a)。
|
||||
|
||||
Manjaro-ARM 将会有四个版本。媒体版本将可以运行Kodi并且允许你很少配置就能创建一个媒体中心。服务器版将会预先配置好 SSH，FTP，LAMP ，你能把你的 ARM 设备当作服务器使用。基本版是一个桌面版本，自带一个 XFCE 桌面。如果你想自己从头折腾系统的话你可以选择迷你版，它没有任何预先配置的包，仅仅包含一个 root 用户。
|
||||
|
||||
## 我的想法
|
||||
|
||||
作为一个 Manjaro 的粉丝（我在 4 个电脑上都安了 Manjaro），听说他们分支出一个 ARM 版我很高兴。 ARM 处理器被用到了越来越多的设备当中。如同评论员 Robert Cringely 所说， [设备制造商开始注意到昂贵的因特尔或者AMD处理器之外的便宜的多的ARM处理器](http://www.cringely.com/2016/01/21/prediction-8-intel-starts-to-become-irrelevent/)。甚至微软（憋打我）都开始考虑将自己的一些软件移植到 ARM 处理器上去。随着 ARM 处理器设备数量的增多，Manjaro 将会带给用户良好的体验。
|
||||
|
||||
对此，你怎样看待？你希望更多的发行版支持 ARM 吗？或者你认为 ARM 将是昙花一现？在评论区告诉我们。
|
||||
|
||||
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://itsfoss.com/manjaro-linux-arm/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[JOHN PAUL][a]
|
||||
译者：[name1e5s](https://github.com/name1e5s)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://itsfoss.com/author/john/
|
||||
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
|
||||
并行文件系统 BeeGFS 现已开源
|
||||
==================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
今天（2月23日） ThinkParQ 宣布完整的 [BeeGFS 并行文件系统][1] 的源码现已开源。由于 BeeGFS 是专为要求性能的环境开发的，所以它在开发时十分注重安装的简单以及高度的灵活性，包括融合了在存储服务器同时做计算任务时需要的设置。随着系统中的服务器以及存储设备的增加，文件系统的容量以及性能将是需求的拓展点，无论是小型集群还是多达上千个节点的企业级系统。
|
||||
|
||||
第一次官方声明开放 BeeGFS 的源码是在 2013 年的国际超级计算大会上发布的。这个声明是在欧洲的百亿亿次级超算项目 [DEEP-ER][2] 的背景下做出的，在这个项目里为了得到更好的 I/O 要求，一些微小的进步被设计并应用。对于运算量高达百亿亿次的系统，不同的软硬件必须有效的协同工作才能得到最佳的拓展性。因此，开源 BeeGFS 是让一个百亿亿次的集群的所有组成部分高效的发挥作用的一步。
|
||||
|
||||
“当我们的一些用户对于 BeeGFS 十分容易安装并且不用费心管理而感到高兴时，另外一些用户则想要知道它是如何运行的以便于更好的优化他们的应用，使得他们可以监控它或者把它移植到其他的平台上，比如 BSD，” Sven Breuner 说道，他是 ThinkParQ （BeeGFS 背后的公司）的 CEO，“而且，把 BeeGFS 移植到其他的非 X86 架构，比如 ARM 或者 Power，也是社区等着要做的一件事。”
|
||||
|
||||
对于未来的采购来说，ARM 技术的稳步发展确实使得它成为了一个越来越有趣的技术。因此， BeeGFS 的团队也参与了 [ExaNeSt][3]，一个来自欧洲的新的百亿亿次级超算计划，这个计划致力于使 ARM 的生态能为高性能的工作负载做好准备。“尽管现在 BeeGFS 在 ARM 处理器上可以算是开箱即用，这个项目也将给我们机会来证明我们在这个架构上也能完全发挥其性能。”， Bernd Lietzow ， BeeGFS 中 ExaNeSt 的领导者补充道。
|
||||
|
||||
作为一个有着 25 K 行 C++ 代码的元数据服务以及约 15 K 行存储服务的项目，BeeGFS 相对比较容易理解和拓展，不只是对于大神，对于对文件系统有兴趣的大学生也是这样。在 GitHub 上已经有很多的为 BeeGFS 写的项目，比如基于浏览器的监控或者 Docker 一体化。
|
||||
|
||||
有关新闻显示， [BeeGFS 用户大会][4]将于 5 月 18-19 日在德国凯泽斯劳滕举行。
|
||||
|
||||
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://insidehpc.com/2016/02/beegfs-parallel-file-system-now-open-source/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+InsideHPC+%28insideHPC.com%29
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[staff][a]
|
||||
译者：[name1e5s](https://github.com/name1e5s)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: http://insidehpc.com/author/staff/
|
||||
[1]: http://www.beegfs.com/
|
||||
[2]: http://www.deep-project.eu/deep-project/EN/Home/home_node.html
|
||||
[3]: http://www.exanest.eu/
|
||||
[4]: http://www.beegfs.com/content/user-meeting-2016/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
|
||||
Intel展示了带动大屏幕Linux的便宜Android手机
|
||||
==============================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
在世界移动会议**MWC16**上Intel展示了称之为“大屏体验”的一款的Android智能手机，它在插入一个外部显示后运行了一个完整的Linux桌面。
|
||||
|
||||
这个概念大体上与微软在Windows 10手机中的Continuum相似，但是Continuum面向的是高端设备，Intel的项目面向的是低端智能机何新兴市场。
|
||||
|
||||
显示上Barcelona是拥有Atom x3、2GB RAM和16GB存储以及支持外部显示的的SoFIA（Intel架构的只能或功能手机）智能机原型。插上键盘、鼠标何显示，它就变成了一台桌面Linux，可以选择在大屏幕中显示Android桌面。
|
||||
|
||||
Intel的拓荒小组经理Nir Metzer告诉Reg：“Android基于Linux内核，因此我们运行的是一个内核，我们有一个Android栈和一个Linux栈，并且我们共享一个上下文，因此文件系统是相同的。电话是全功能的。”
|
||||
|
||||
Metzer说：“我有一个多窗口环境。只要我插入后就可以做电子表格，我可以拖拽、播放音频。在一个低端平台实现这一切是一个挑战。”
|
||||
|
||||
现在当连上外部显示器时设备的屏幕显示的空白，但是Metzer说下个版本的Atom X3会支持双显示。
|
||||
|
||||
使用的Linux版本是由Intel维护的。Metzer说：“我们需要将Linux和Android保持一致。框架是预安装的，你不能下载任何app”
|
||||
|
||||
英特尔在移动世界大会上向手机制造商们推销这一想法，但却没有实际报告购买该设备的消费者。Metzer说：“芯片已经准备好了，已经为量产准备好了。这可以明天进入生产。这是一个商业决定。”
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.theregister.co.uk/2016/02/23/move_over_continuum_intel_shows_android_smartphone_powering_bigscreen_linux/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Tim Anderson][a]
|
||||
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.theregister.co.uk/Author/2878
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
41
选题模板.txt
Normal file
41
选题模板.txt
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
|
||||
选题标题格式:
|
||||
|
||||
原文日期 标题.md
|
||||
|
||||
正文内容:
|
||||
|
||||
标题
|
||||
=======
|
||||
|
||||
### 子一级标题
|
||||
|
||||
正文
|
||||
|
||||
#### 子二级标题
|
||||
|
||||
正文内容
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 子一级标题
|
||||
|
||||
正文内容 ： I have a [dream][1]。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: 原文地址
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[作者名][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: 作者介绍地址
|
||||
[1]: 引文链接地址
|
||||
|
||||
说明:
|
||||
1. 标题层级很多时从 “##” 开始
|
||||
2. 引文链接地址在下方集中写
|
||||
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user