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@ -7,13 +7,15 @@
|
||||
不管出于什么原因，如果你在Ubuntu中想要个底部面板，那么[tint][2]就是你的菜。
|
||||
|
||||
### 在Ubuntu 14.04中添加底部任务栏 ###
|
||||
|
||||
打开终端（Ctrl+Alt+T），然后输入下面的命令：
|
||||
|
||||
sudo apt-get install tint2
|
||||
|
||||
这样就把tint2安装好了。你可以在终端中输入tint2来运行它了，但这不是我们想要干的活，因为我们的目的根本不在于此。在此，我们需要让tint2来开机启动，这样每次启动Ubuntu的时候，它都会在桌面底部恭候你了。
|
||||
这样就把tint2安装好了。你可以在终端中输入tint2来运行它了，但这不是我们希望的方式，因为我们的并不想这么麻烦每次手工运行它。在此，我们需要让tint2来开机启动，这样每次启动Ubuntu的时候，它都会在桌面底部恭候你了。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 怎样让tint2开机启动？ ####
|
||||
|
||||
打开Unity Dash（按下Windows键吧），然后搜索启动程序。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -22,13 +24,13 @@
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
好了。赶快注销并重新登录进去看看吧，任务栏会乖乖地在下面等着你了。第一张图片看到了吗？就是那个样子的。像[Conky][3]一样，tint2也能进行大量配置，但要进行深度配置，你得修改配置文件了。就算你很懒惰，安好了啥都不做，那它也会干得很好了。你已经试过了？你感觉tint2怎么样呢？
|
||||
好了。赶快注销并重新登录进去看看吧，任务栏会乖乖地在下面等着你了。题图看到了吗？就是那个样子的。像[Conky][3]一样，tint2也能有大量的配置选项，但要进行深度配置，你得修改配置文件了。不过就算你很懒惰，安好了啥都不做，那它也会干得很好了。你已经试过了？你感觉tint2怎么样呢？
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://itsfoss.com/add-windows-like-bottom-taskbar-in-ubuntu-unity-14-04/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
|
||||
Linux基金会捐赠部分会员费给Code.org
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Linux基金会[宣布][1]鉴于年中个别成员的努力和推广。对于每一位在2014年6月1日到6月30日晚上11:59之间加入的新会员，Code.org将会得到25美元。
|
||||
|
||||
Code.org是通过让更多的学校提供机会，以提高女性和有色人种学生的参与，致力于扩展计算机科学教育的非营利性组织。其目标是提供给每所学校的学生学习计算机科学的机会。Code.org与Linux基金会的使命是增加人们学习编程的机会。
|
||||
|
||||
Linux基金会的CMO Amanda McPherson解释道，当今的许多Linux人才都是从学生时代开始摆弄电脑，并在大学期间编写了简单地程序。通过将提供这个月的个人会员捐款给Code.org，我们希望社会各界能够支持Linux和Linux创始人Linus Torvalds的工作，同时帮助增加获取计算机科学教育的下一代Linux开发人员和系统管理员。
|
||||
|
||||
学习和教育也是Linux基金会最优先考虑的。基金会最近宣布的第一个“Linux入门”大规模开放式网络课程（MOOC），它是免费提供给所有人的。已经有超过14万人登记预计8月开始的第一节课。它也提供并组织各种培训课程。
|
||||
|
||||
Linux基金会会员们支持着Linux和开源社区的发展。作为额外津贴，成员也会得到包括20%折扣的LinuxCon和CloudOpen大会门票的独家优惠；高达10%折扣的Linux基金会培训；一个Linux.com的电子邮件地址（例如john@linux.com）；购买戴尔，惠普和联想电脑的员工优惠价；高达35%折扣的O'Reilly书籍和电子书；以及其他各种折扣。
|
||||
|
||||
每年的会员费为99美元。对于学生是25美元，但包含相同的个人会员优惠。要注册，请访问：
|
||||
[https://www.linuxfoundation.org/about/join/individual][2]
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.muktware.com/2014/06/linux-foundation-donate-portion-membership-fees-code-org/27942
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[乌龙茶](https://github.com/yechunxiao19) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.linuxfoundation.org/news-media/announcements/2014/06/linux-foundations-biannual-membership-drive-kicks-portion-dues
|
||||
[2]:https://www.linuxfoundation.org/about/join/individual
|
||||
@ -1,58 +1,39 @@
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
在Ubuntu 14.04 LTS系统中设置Apache虚拟主机
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**虚拟主机**常用于单独一个IP地址安装多个域名或网站服务。如果有人想在单个VPS的单个IP地址运行多个网站，这是非常有用的。
|
||||
|
||||
**虚拟主机**常用于在一个单独的IP地址上提供多个域名的网站服务。如果有人想在单个VPS的单个IP地址运行多个网站，这是非常有用的。
|
||||
|
||||
在这个教程中，让我告诉你如何设置在Ubuntu 14.04 LTS的Apache网页服务器设置虚拟主机。请注意，这个教程只针对Ubuntu14.04的32位版本。
|
||||
我不能提出任何保证它也可以工作在其它更低的Ubuntu版本或者Ubuntu衍生物。
|
||||
|
||||
我不保证它也可以工作在其它更低的Ubuntu版本或者Ubuntu衍生版本（虽然可能过程是类似的）。
|
||||
|
||||
###方案###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
在这个教程中，我会使用Ubuntu 14.04 32位 LTS，并搭建2个测试网站分别命名为“**unixmen1.local**” 和 “**unixmen2.local**”.我的测试机分别为**192.168.1.250/24**和**server.unixmen.local**。你可以根据你的需要更改虚拟域名。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
###安装Apache网站服务器###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
安装apache服务器之前，我们来更新一下我们的Ubuntu服务器：
|
||||
|
||||
sudo apt-get update
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
现在，用下面命令来安装apache网络服务器：
|
||||
然后，用下面命令来安装apache网络服务器：
|
||||
|
||||
sudo apt-get install apache2
|
||||
|
||||
安装apache服务器之后，让我们通过这个URL **http://ip-address/**来测试网站服务器是否正常工作
|
||||
安装apache服务器之后，让我们通过这个URL **http://你的服务器的IP地址/** 来测试网站服务器是否正常工作
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
像你所看到以上的图片，apache服务器正在工作。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
如你所见，apache服务器已经工作了。
|
||||
|
||||
###设置虚拟主机###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### 1.创建虚拟目录 ##
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
现在，让我们继续安装虚拟主机。正如我先前所述，我要新建2台虚拟主机分别命名为“**unixmen1.local**”和“**unixmen2.local**”.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
创建一个公用的文件夹来存放这两台虚拟主机的数据。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
首先，让我们为unixmen1.local这个站点创建一个目录：
|
||||
|
||||
sudo mkdir -p /var/www/unixmen1.local/public_html
|
||||
@ -61,42 +42,30 @@
|
||||
|
||||
sudo mkdir -p /var/www/unixmen2.local/public_html
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 2. 设置所有者和权限 ####
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
上面目录现在只有root拥有权限。我们需要修改这2个目录的拥有权给普通用户，而不仅仅是root用户。
|
||||
|
||||
sudo chown -R $USER:$USER /var/www/unixmen1.local/public_html/
|
||||
sudo chown -R $USER:$USER /var/www/unixmen2.local/public_html/
|
||||
|
||||
“**$USER**”变量显示了当前的登录用户。
|
||||
“**$USER**”变量指向了当前的登录用户。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
设置读写权限给apache网页根（/var/www)目录,这样每个人都可以从目录中读取文件。
|
||||
设置读写权限给apache网页根目录（/var/www）及其子目录，这样每个人都可以从目录中读取文件。
|
||||
|
||||
sudo chmod -R 755 /var/www/
|
||||
|
||||
这样，我们就创建好了一些文件夹来保存网络相关数据并分配必要的权限和所属用户。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 4. 为虚拟主机创建示例页 ####
|
||||
|
||||
我们需要创建一些文件夹来保存网络相关数据并分配必要的权限和所属用户。
|
||||
现在，我们给网站增加示例页。第一步，让我们给虚拟主机**unixmen1.local**创建一个示例页。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### 4. 为虚拟主机创建例页 ####
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
现在，我们必须通过网站示例样页。第一步，让我们给虚拟主机窗机一个名为**unixmen1.local**的样页。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
给unixmen1.local虚拟主机创建一个目录，
|
||||
给unixmen1.local虚拟主机创建一个示例页，
|
||||
|
||||
sudo vi /var/www/unixmen1.local/public_html/index.html
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
添加一下内容：
|
||||
添加以下内容：
|
||||
|
||||
<html>
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
@ -110,12 +79,12 @@
|
||||
|
||||
保存并关闭文件。
|
||||
|
||||
同样的，添加样页到第二台虚拟主机。
|
||||
同样的，添加示例页到第二台虚拟主机。
|
||||
|
||||
sudo vi /var/www/unixmen2.local/public_html/index.html
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
添加一下内容：
|
||||
添加以下内容：
|
||||
|
||||
<html>
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
@ -128,23 +97,20 @@
|
||||
|
||||
保存并关闭文件。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 5. 创建虚拟主机文件####
|
||||
#### 5. 创建虚拟主机配置文件####
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
默认情况下，apache有一个默认的虚拟主机文件叫000-default.conf.我们将会复制**000-default.conf**文件内容到我们新的虚拟主机文件中。
|
||||
默认情况下，apache有一个默认的虚拟主机文件叫000-default.conf。我们将会复制**000-default.conf**文件内容到我们新的虚拟主机配置文件中。
|
||||
|
||||
sudo cp /etc/apache2/sites-available/000-default.conf /etc/apache2/sites-available/unixmen1.local.conf
|
||||
sudo cp /etc/apache2/sites-available/000-default.conf /etc/apache2/sites-available/unixmen2.local.conf
|
||||
|
||||
确保虚拟主机配置文件末尾包含.conf扩展名。
|
||||
|
||||
确保虚拟主机文件包含.conf扩展名在内容的最后。
|
||||
|
||||
现在，修改unximen1.local.conf文件以呈现新的值。
|
||||
现在，修改unximen1.local.conf文件以符合需求。
|
||||
|
||||
sudo vi /etc/apache2/sites-available/unixmen1.local.conf
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
使相关的变化直接呈现在unixmen1站点中。
|
||||
使相关的变化直接呈现在unixmen1站点中（译注：以“#”开头的注释行可以忽略。）。
|
||||
|
||||
<VirtualHost *:80>
|
||||
# The ServerName directive sets the request scheme, hostname and port that
|
||||
@ -183,7 +149,6 @@
|
||||
|
||||
sudo vi /etc/apache2/sites-available/unixmen2.local.conf
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
使相关的修改在unixmen2 站点呈现出来。
|
||||
|
||||
<VirtualHost *:80>
|
||||
@ -219,40 +184,32 @@
|
||||
</VirtualHost>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
修改虚拟主机文件后，使默认的虚拟主机（000.default.conf)不生效，然后使新的虚拟主机生效，如下所示。
|
||||
修改虚拟主机文件后，禁用默认的虚拟主机配置（000.default.conf)，然后启用新的虚拟主机配置，如下所示。
|
||||
|
||||
sudo a2dissite 000-default.conf
|
||||
sudo a2ensite unixmen1.local.conf
|
||||
sudo a2ensite unixmen2.local.conf
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
最后，重启apache服务器。
|
||||
|
||||
sudo service apache2 restart
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
就是这样。现在，我们成功地配置了apach虚拟主机在我们的Ubuntu服务器上
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
测试虚拟主机
|
||||
|
||||
###测试虚拟主机###
|
||||
|
||||
编辑**/etc/hosts**文件，
|
||||
|
||||
sudo vi /etc/hosts
|
||||
|
||||
如下所示挨个添加虚拟域名。
|
||||
在文件末尾添加如下所示的虚拟域名。
|
||||
|
||||
[...]
|
||||
192.168.1.250 unixmen1.local
|
||||
192.168.1.250 unixmen2.local
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
保存并关闭文件。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
打开你的浏览器并指向**http://unixmen1.local** 或 **http://unixmen2.local**链接。你将会看到我们之前创建的样页。
|
||||
|
||||
打开你的浏览器并访问**http://unixmen1.local** 或 **http://unixmen2.local**。你将会看到我们之前创建的示例页。
|
||||
|
||||
**Unixmen1.local 测试页:**
|
||||
|
||||
@ -263,7 +220,7 @@
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
如果你想从你的远程系统访问这些站点，你需要在你的DNS服务器添加实际域名记录。因此，我不需要人和实际域名和DNS服务器，我只想通过我的本地系统测试，那么它刚好如我所愿地工作。
|
||||
如果你想从你的远程系统访问这些站点，你需要在你的DNS服务器添加实际域名记录。不过，我没有真实的域名和DNS服务器，我只想通过我的本地系统测试，那么它刚好如我所愿地工作。
|
||||
|
||||
Cheers！
|
||||
|
||||
@ -271,6 +228,6 @@ Cheers！
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.unixmen.com/setup-virtual-hosts-apache-ubuntu-14-04-lts/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：disylee(https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
译者：[disylee](https://github.com/disylee) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
|
||||
新的OpenSSL分支未包含Heartbleed漏洞，但需要认真看待
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
> 摘要：当被最新的OpenSSL安全问题困扰时，你最好解决它，虽然它并不像Heartbleed那样糟糕。
|
||||
|
||||
这一周对于开源的Secure Socket Layer （SSL）来说真是糟糕的一周。
|
||||
|
||||
首先，[GnuTLS低调的宣称，存在一个不大][1]但确实存在的缺陷。然后，大范围流行的OpenSSL被发现包含一个[中间人漏洞][2]。在[Heartbleed漏洞][3]惨剧后，OpenSSL要醒醒了。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
这个漏洞，根据谷歌高级软件工程师Adam Langley描述，已经[至少存在了15年时间][4]。可惜Core Infrastructure Initiative(CII)[提供了让更多的程序员来拯救OpenSSL的资金][5]，却尚未来得及发挥作用。
|
||||
|
||||
也就是说这个漏洞依然是和Heartbleed漏洞一样糟糕。对于一些新手，攻击者需要在系统和浏览器或其它启用了SSL的客户端之间来利用这个安全漏洞。
|
||||
|
||||
尽管它只是可能被利用，你依然需要尽可能快的通过升级来解决这个漏洞。就像[NTT Com Security][6]的评估服务负责人Chris Camejo在邮件采访里说的，“这很糟糕，因为已经存在了这么长的时间，看起来传播范围相当广泛。”
|
||||
|
||||
他补充到：“如果利用它，攻击者可以解密流量。从SSL的设计目的看，这是一个很严重的问题。SSL被广泛地用来在网站和邮件中保护很多的密码，信用卡卡号和其他的敏感信息。”
|
||||
|
||||
在另外一个采访中，Red Hat的产品安全高级负责人Mark Cox详细深入地介绍了[细节][7]。Cox说，OpenSSL已修正了一些安全缺陷，但是我们需要想办法告诉人们不要因为Heartbleed而陷入恐慌。
|
||||
|
||||
Cox解释说，Heartbleed漏洞在公布之前得到了修补，但利用此漏洞的消息在修补程序之前传开，因此在这个问题上招致了许多抱怨。最新的情况，已有七个安全问题得到了修补，但其中只有两项需要管理员和用户的关注。
|
||||
|
||||
Cox继续说道，第一个，是数据报传输层安全 (DTLS)的bug。到目前为止，还没有已知的攻击，但是存在针对它攻击成功的潜在性。
|
||||
|
||||
因此，虽然DTLS使用不广泛，如果您确实在使用它，它应尽快修补。
|
||||
|
||||
Cox然后说，“这个问题的实际上是中间人攻击”。实际上，真的要有个“在中间的”人，来利用易受攻击的服务器和客户端之间的漏洞。
|
||||
|
||||
但如果有人真的这样做到了，他们就能“绕过SSL并拿到原始数据...这是一个相当严重的问题”。
|
||||
|
||||
但是，如同从理论上讲任何人都可以利用Heartbleed漏洞来攻击SSL服务器。攻击并利用此漏洞需要能接触到客户端和服务器之间的通信网络。例如，成功的攻击可能需要架设一个假的公开Wi-Fi接入点，才能攻击到使用这个WIFI的Android版本的Chrome网络浏览器与未安装修补程序的Web服务器之间的SSL通讯。幸运的是，谷歌[已经发布了更新的版本的浏览器][8]，35.0.1916.141，以消除此问题。
|
||||
|
||||
Cox继续说，最易受攻击的系统是未安装修补程序的Android设备使用一个假的Wi-Fi接入点。Morrell补充说因为Android用户并没有被他们的手机供应商和电信公司重视，安全漏洞更新前他们可能会受漏洞影响相当长的时间。
|
||||
|
||||
幸运的是，如果他们用连接的服务器已经更新，他们也不会受到攻击。
|
||||
|
||||
OpenSSL安全社区自5月初以来已经知道这个问题。社区与Red Hat、其他主要Linux和开源社团和硬件供应商，要解决这个问题，不只是简单修补bug，而且要测试修复，以便他们可以确认漏洞已经修复，大家都已经安全了，而没有引入任何新的安全问题，并可在大多数 OpenSSL服务器和客户端的组合上工作。
|
||||
|
||||
现在，这个补丁已经有了，OpenSSL试着通过补丁解决安全缺陷，向公众表明对这些问题不必有任何不必要的恐慌。Cox补充说，主要的Linux供应商，如Red Hat和Ubuntu，已经有可用的修补程序。
|
||||
|
||||
所有的管理员都需要给服务器下载并安装补丁，而不是放任安全漏洞。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.zdnet.com/new-openssl-breech-is-no-heartbleed-but-needs-to-be-taken-seriously-7000030273/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[lolipop](https://github.com/stduolc) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.zdnet.com/another-serious-gnutls-bug-exposes-linux-clients-to-server-attacks-7000030205
|
||||
[2]:http://www.zdnet.com/openssl-fixes-another-severe-vulnerability-7000030253/
|
||||
[3]:http://www.zdnet.com/heartbleed-serious-openssl-zero-day-vulnerability-revealed-7000028166
|
||||
[4]:https://www.imperialviolet.org/2014/06/05/earlyccs.html
|
||||
[5]:http://www.zdnet.com/corporations-put-their-cash-where-their-open-source-security-is-7000030023/
|
||||
[6]:http://www.nttcomsecurity.com/us/
|
||||
[7]:http://ec.libsyn.com/p/6/a/5/6a58036510bae37c/CloudEvangelistPodcast_Ep92_MarkCox.mp3?d13a76d516d9dec20c3d276ce028ed5089ab1ce3dae902ea1d06c88537d1ce596fdc&c_id=7251647)
|
||||
[8]:http://googlechromereleases.blogspot.com/2014/06/chrome-for-android-update.html
|
||||
21
published/20140607 Steam Hits The Big 500 For Linux Games.md
Normal file
21
published/20140607 Steam Hits The Big 500 For Linux Games.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
|
||||
Steam平台Linux游戏突破500大关
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
这是一个很棒的里程碑不是吗？Steam上现在已经有500个（截至6月7日已有509个）兼容Linux的游戏了，对任何人而言这都着实是个巨大的数目。人们将不再一直说着“可是Linux上没有游戏”，但令人悲伤的是他们会说Linux上几乎没有AAA级的游戏大作（这确实是事实），但这会是一个循序渐进建立起游戏生态的过程。
|
||||
|
||||
我一直在说这个（译注：指Linux游戏会增多的）， 但我仍从没想过我们会有一天像这样实现它。我毫不怀疑今年晚些时候我们能够有XCOM，Civilization（文明）以及更多即将到来游戏令人惊喜的发布消息。
|
||||
|
||||
一旦Steam Machines/SteamOS发布，如果它们获得了成功我们应该可以看到Linux平台游戏数目甚至上升得更快。
|
||||
|
||||
所以，Steam上的支持Linux平台的游戏数目达到1000还要多久？也许是今年末，谁知道呢！
|
||||
|
||||
我现在要去拿我的派对帽了...你也要庆祝这个里程碑吗？
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.gamingonlinux.com/articles/steam-hits-the-big-500-for-linux-games.3849
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[alim0x](https://github.com/alim0x) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
42
published/20140607 Ubuntu One Formally Shuts Down.md
Normal file
42
published/20140607 Ubuntu One Formally Shuts Down.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
|
||||
Ubuntu One服务正式关闭
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
**Ubuntu One服务现已正式关闭。在7月31日之前你还能够获取你存储的文件，否则它们将被永远删除。**
|
||||
|
||||
Canonical在今年早些时候宣布[将会关闭这项服务][1],理由是缺乏付费用户以及和Google，Dropbox以及其它云存储服务日益增加的竞争，这是他们作出这个决定的首要原因。
|
||||
|
||||
在尝试登录Ubuntu One控制面板的时候会显示下图所示的通知来提醒用户服务已经中止：
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
本月早些时候Ubuntu 12.04 LTS收到了一个推送更新，提醒用户Ubuntu One不久后将会被从桌面移除，至于Ubuntu 14.04 LTS，在四月发布时就已没有预装Ubuntu One。
|
||||
|
||||
### 获取你的数据 ###
|
||||
|
||||
要将你的数据以**.zip**文件的形式下载下来，你只需登录，然后点击在通知下方的橙色按钮。
|
||||
|
||||
Canonical也和云存储迁移服务商[mover.io][2]达成合作，允许用户直接从Ubuntu One向其它服务，比如Dropbox，Google Drive以及Copy导入文件。
|
||||
|
||||
Mover，一个云存储迁移服务商，它盛誉Ubuntu One为“...一个世界级的文件同步及分享产品”，现向Ubuntu One用户免费提供数据迁移服务，尽管它需要用户创建一个账户。该公司通常只允许免费用户迁移最多2GB的数据。
|
||||
|
||||
向了解通过mover.io将你的数据迁移到Google Drive的更多细节，请查阅下列知识库文章。
|
||||
|
||||
- [从Ubuntu One向Google Drive迁移][3]
|
||||
|
||||
### 关于退款 ###
|
||||
|
||||
对于那些已经为额外存储空间以及Ubuntu One音乐服务付费的用户，Canonical告知这些用户将会在接下来7到10天内收到退款。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你正在寻找Ubuntu One的替代服务，可以查看我们总结的[读者中使用的最流行的云服务][4]。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/06/ubuntu-one-discontinued-grab-files-now
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[alim0x](https://github.com/alim0x) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/04/canonical-axe-ubuntu-one-file-music-services-grab-data-now
|
||||
[2]:http://mover.io/
|
||||
[3]:http://support.mover.io/knowledgebase/articles/346927-how-to-transfer-from-ubuntu-one-to-google-drive
|
||||
[4]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/04/three-alternatives-ubuntu-one
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
|
||||
Linux 与 BSD 有什么不同?
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Linux 和 BSD 都是免费的，开源的，类Unix系统。他们甚至使用很多相同的软件。他们看上去简直就像是一个操作系统，那么，它们有什么不同吗？
|
||||
|
||||
其实，两者之间的不同，远远超出了我们下面提到的这些，尤其是在构建完整操作系统和许可授权的哲学思想上，更是相差甚远。通过这篇短文将可以简单的了解它们之间的不同。
|
||||
|
||||
### 基础 ###
|
||||
|
||||
[许多人所称的“Linux”实际上不是 Linux][1]。Linux 从技术上说只是 Linux 内核，典型的 Linux 发行版则包括了 Linux 内核和许多软件。这是[为什么 Linux 有时被称为 GNU/Linux][2]。事实上，许多在 Linux 上使用的软件同样也在 BSD 上使用。
|
||||
|
||||
Linux 和 BSD 都是类 UNIX 操作系统。我们可以通过阅读[类 UNIX 操作系统历史][3]发现 Linux 和 BSD 有不同的谱系。Linux 是由 Linus Torvalds 在芬兰上大学的时候开发的。BSD 则代表“Berkeley Software Distribution，伯克利软件套件”，其源于对加州大学伯克利分校所开发的贝尔实验室UNIX的一系列修改，它最终发展成一个完整的操作系统，现在有多个不同的BSD分支。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 内核 vs. 完整操作系统 ###
|
||||
|
||||
严格的说，Linux 是只是一个内核。制作 Linux 发行版所要做的工作就是，汇集那些创建一个完整 Linux 操作系统所需的所有软件，将它组合成一个像 Ubuntu、Mint、Debian、RedHat 或者是 Arch 这样的 [Linux 发行版][4]。有许多不同的 Linux 发行版。
|
||||
|
||||
与此相反的是，BSD 这个名字则代表其内核和操作系统。例如，FreeBSD 提供了 FreeBSD 内核和 FreeBSD 操作系统。它是作为一个单一的项目维护的。换句话说，如果你想要安装 FreeBSD，就只有一个 FreeBSD 可供你安装。如果你想要安装 Linux，你首先需要在许多 Linux 发行版之间选择。
|
||||
|
||||
BSD 包括一个名为 Ports 的系统，它提供了一种安装软件包的方式。Ports 系统包含了软件包的源代码，所以您的计算机如果想安装软件的话，则需要先编译他们。（如果您曾经使用过以前流行的 Gentoo，有点类似那样。）不过，软件包也可以是预安装的二进制形式，以便你不需要花时间和系统资源编译他们就能运行。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 许可证 ###
|
||||
|
||||
许可证是典型的差异，虽然它不会对大多数人产生影响。Linux 使用 GNU 通用公共许可证，即 GPL。如果你修改了 Linux 内核，并将其分发，你就必须放出您的修改的源代码。
|
||||
|
||||
BSD 使用 BSD 许可证。如果你修改了 BSD 内核或发行版，并且发布它，你根本不需要必须发布其源代码。你可以自由地对你的 BSD 代码做任何你想做的事情，你没有义务发布的你修改的源代码，当然你想发布也行。
|
||||
|
||||
两者都是[开放源码][5]的，但是以不同的方式。人们有时会陷入关于哪种许可证是“更自由”的辩论。GPL 可以帮助用户以确保他们可以拥有 GPL 软件的源代码，并限制开发人员迫使他们开放代码。BSD 许可证并不能确保用户可以拥有源代码，而是给开发人员选择是否公布代码的权利，即使他们想要把它变成一个闭源项目。
|
||||
|
||||
### BSD分支 ###
|
||||
|
||||
以下是通常认可的三个“主流” BSD 操作系统：
|
||||
|
||||
- [FreeBSD][6]: FreeBSD 是最受欢迎的 BSD，针对高性能和易用性。它支持英特尔和 AMD 的32位和64位处理器。
|
||||
- [NetBSD][7]: NetBSD 被设计运行在几乎任何架构上，支持更多的体系结构。在他们的主页上的格言是"理所当然，我们运行在 NetBSD 上"。
|
||||
- [OpenBSD][8]:OpenBSD 为最大化的安全性设计的 —— 这不仅仅它宣称的功能，在实践中也确实如此。它是为银行和其他重要机构的关键系统设计的。
|
||||
|
||||
还有两个其他的重要 BSD 操作系统：
|
||||
|
||||
- [DragonFly BSD][9]: DragonFly BSD 的设计目标是提供一个运行在多线程环境中的操作系统 —— 例如，计算机集群。
|
||||
- [Darwin / Mac OS X][10]: Mac OS X 实际上基于 Darwin 操作系统，而 Darwin 系统基于 BSD。它与其他的 BSD 有点不同，虽然底层内核和其他的软件是开源代码(BSD 代码)，但操作系统的大部分是闭源的 Mac OS 代码)。苹果在 BSD 基础上开发了 Mac OS X 和 iOS，这样他们就不必写操作系统底层，就像 [谷歌在 Linux 基础上开发 android 系统][11]一样。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 你为什么会选择 BSD 而不是 Linux？###
|
||||
|
||||
Linux 显然比 FreeBSD 更受欢迎。例如，Linux 往往会比 FreeBSD 更早提供新硬件的支持。BSD 有一个兼容包可用，使之能像大多数的其他软件一样原生的执行 Linux 二进制程序。
|
||||
|
||||
如果您使用过 Linux， FreeBSD 不会让你感觉到太大的不同。如果把 FreeBSD 作为桌面操作系统，你也可以使用相同的 GNOME，KDE 或 Xfce [桌面环境][12]，你也可以在BSD上使用 Linux 上的大多数的其他软件。有一点需要注意，FreeBSD 不会自动安装的图形化桌面，所以你要花相对于 Linux 更多的心思来照顾你的BSD。BSD 更守旧一些。
|
||||
|
||||
FreeBSD 的可靠性和稳定性也许更适合作为服务器的操作系统。而厂商也会选择 BSD 而不是 Linux 作为其操作系统，因为这样他们就不必放出他们修改的代码。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你是一个 PC 桌面用户，你真的不需要太过在意 BSD。你可能会喜欢 Linux，因为它具有更先进的硬件支持，更容易安装，具有现代操作系统的特点。如果你关注服务器或嵌入式的设备，你可能会更喜欢 FreeBSD。
|
||||
|
||||
我们可能会听到一些人说他们在桌面电脑上使用 FreeBSD，你当然也可能是其中之一！但像 Ubuntu 或 Mint 一样的开源操作系统对于多数用户来说更体验良好和更先进些。
|
||||
|
||||
图片来源: [atzerok on Flickr][13]
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.howtogeek.com/190773/htg-explains-whats-the-difference-between-linux-and-bsd/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[MikeCoder](https://github.com/MikeCoder) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.howtogeek.com/177213/linux-isnt-just-linux-8-pieces-of-software-that-make-up-linux-systems/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.howtogeek.com/139287/the-great-debate-is-it-linux-or-gnulinux/
|
||||
[3]:http://www.howtogeek.com/182649/htg-explains-what-is-unix/
|
||||
[4]:http://www.howtogeek.com/132624/htg-explains-whats-a-linux-distro-and-how-are-they-different/
|
||||
[5]:http://www.howtogeek.com/129967/htg-explains-what-is-open-source-software-and-why-you-should-care/
|
||||
[6]:http://www.freebsd.org/
|
||||
[7]:http://www.netbsd.org/
|
||||
[8]:http://www.openbsd.org/
|
||||
[9]:http://www.dragonflybsd.org/
|
||||
[10]:http://opensource.apple.com/
|
||||
[11]:http://www.howtogeek.com/189036/android-is-based-on-linux-but-what-does-that-mean/
|
||||
[12]:http://www.howtogeek.com/163154/linux-users-have-a-choice-8-linux-desktop-environments/
|
||||
[13]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/atzerok/5378691454
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
|
||||
在UEFI模式下安装Ubuntu 14.04与Windows 8/8.1双启动
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
之前我已经写过关于[如何安装Ubuntu Linux和Windows 7][1]以及8的双启动，但是那些教程不包含那些预装Windows 8的系统。那些较新的预装了Windows 8或Windows 8.1的系统使用了UEFI来替代BIOS。这使得安装双启动变得和之前的常规方法有点不同。在这个教程中，我们将看到**如何在UEFI模式下安装Ubuntu 14.04与Windows 8/8.1双启动**。
|
||||
|
||||
这个教程是在一台新买的戴尔灵越 7437（酷睿i7第四代处理器， 256GB SSD，8GB内存以及内置1GB(共享内存) Intel显卡）上演示的。为了使你能够成功安装UEFI下Linux和Windows 8的双启动，我会提到你需要做的所有步骤。如果你已经完成这些步骤中的部分步骤，直接跳到下一步。如果你有个全新的系统，那就更好了。
|
||||
|
||||
在这里提到的这些步骤也适用于其它基于Ubuntu的Linux发行版，如Linux Mint，Elementary OS等等。不多说，让我们来看看如何在启用了UEFI安全启动的Windows 8系统上双启动Linux。
|
||||
|
||||
### 让 Ubuntu 14.04 和 Windows 8 双启动： ###
|
||||
|
||||
要在一个UEFI系统上安装Ubuntu有多方面的前提条件。让我们来一个一个看：
|
||||
|
||||
#### 第一步：做个备份 [可选] ####
|
||||
|
||||
做个备份总是个不错的选择，防止你把系统弄糟了。网上有众多文章教你如何备份系统。你可以参照[这个教程][2]。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 第二步：创建一个Ubuntu的USB启动盘/光盘启动盘 ####
|
||||
|
||||
你需要做的下一件事是创建一个USB启动盘或光盘启动盘。我推荐在Windows下使用[Universal USB Installer][3]创建一个Linux OS的USB启动盘。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 第三步：为Ubuntu划分一块安装分区 ####
|
||||
|
||||
假设你有一个全新的系统，我们要做的第一件事是创建一个分区来安装Linux。我系统中的256GB磁盘出厂时就有若干个分区，但主要是用来备份及其它目的的。主分区是安装了Windows 8.1的C盘，约有220GB。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你也像这样只有一个分区，你需要从中分割出一些空间给Linux。如果你有若干空间大小足够的分区，可以使用它们中除C盘外的任意盘，因为安装时会抹掉其中的数据。
|
||||
|
||||
要在Windows 8中创建分区，需要使用磁盘管理工具。你可以通过在控制面板中搜索‘磁盘’找到磁盘管理工具。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
在磁盘管理工具中，右键点击你想划分并缩小的卷。在我的演示中，我选择C盘的卷进行缩小，划分出未分配空间：
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
缩小后出现的未分配空间就放在那里好了，不用对其分区和格式化。我们会在安装Ubuntu时用到它。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 第四步：在Windows中禁用快速启动 [可选] ####
|
||||
|
||||
为了实现快速启动，Windows 8引进了叫做“快速启动”的新特性。尽管不是强制要求，最好还是将其禁用。
|
||||
|
||||
打开**控制面板 > 硬件与声音 > 电源选项 > 选择电源按钮的功能 > 更改当前不可用的设置**，取消选中**启用快速启动（推荐）**。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 第五步：禁用Windows 8 and 8.1的安全启动（secure boot） ####
|
||||
|
||||
这是最重要的步骤。Windows 8新的安全启动（secure boot）原本是针对rootkit病毒的安全特性，但它也阻止了Windows和Linux的双启动。为了实现Windows和Linux的双启动，我们必须在UEFI中禁用安全启动（secure boot）。
|
||||
|
||||
可以参见：[如何在 Win8 上禁用 UEFI 安全引导以安装Linux][4]。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 第六步：安装Ubuntu，与Windows 8共存 ####
|
||||
|
||||
一旦你禁用了安全启动（secure boot），那就是时候安装Ubuntu了。我希望你像第二步中提到的一样创建了一个USB启动盘。插入U盘，然后从U盘启动系统。
|
||||
|
||||
要从USB启动，需要在Windows中选择从USB启动的选项。从电脑设置（像UEFI）中选择选项或在点击“重新启动”的时候按住Shift键。
|
||||
|
||||
当你用USB启动盘启动后，你会看到试用（try）或者安装（install）Ubuntu的选择，这里要点击“安装”。另外在屏幕上不多的设置选项里面，你可以选择你用的语言。接下来是关于硬盘空间，电源和网络连接等等的一些检查。只需点击**继续**。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
安装窗口中你需要注意的是**安装类型（Installation Type）**。选择这里的**其它选项（Something else）**：
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
还记得我们事先划分的未分配空间吗？我们将用它来创建根分区（ / ），交换空间（Swap）以及家目录（Home）。选择空闲（free space）然后点击加号（+）。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
它会给你提供创建Linux分区的选项。我们正在创建根分区 /。10到20GB空间就足够了。选择大小（Size），然后选择Ext 4作为文件系统以及 /（意思是根）作为挂载点（Mount point）。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
点击确定会回到分区界面。下一步我们创建交换空间（Swap）。像之前一样，再次点击加号（+）。这次我们选择作为交换空间（Swap area）。建议的交换空间大小是物理内存的两倍。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
以同样的方式创建家目录（Home）。给它分配最大的空间（实际上是给它分配剩余的所有空间），因为这是你会用来存储音乐，图片以及下载的文件的位置。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
分配好了根分区（ / ），交换空间（Swap）和家目录（Home）之后，点击**现在安装（Install Now）**：
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
好了，你现在基本上以及赢得了这场战役了~露出胜利的微笑吧~接下来你会被要求设置用户名密码等等。基本上你现在只需点击下一步。
|
||||
|
||||
一旦安装完成，重新启动电脑，你应该会看到紫色的grub欢迎界面。尽情享受Ubuntu和Windows 8的双启动模式吧。（译注：对于可能出现grub系统选择中没有Windows 8选项或是无法正常启动的情况，可搜索Boot Repair工具的使用）
|
||||
|
||||
我希望这份指南能够帮你实现Ubuntu和Windows 8的UEFI模式双启动。虽然这篇文章是为Ubuntu写的，它对其它的Linux OS应该也有所帮助。欢迎提出任何问题与建议。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://itsfoss.com/install-ubuntu-1404-dual-boot-mode-windows-8-81-uefi/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[alim0x](https://github.com/alim0x) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://itsfoss.com/install-ubuntu-dual-boot-mode-windows/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/6-safest-ways-to-backup-restore-your-files-in-windows-7-8/
|
||||
[3]:http://www.pendrivelinux.com/universal-usb-installer-easy-as-1-2-3/
|
||||
[4]:http://linux.cn/article-3061-1.html
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
|
||||
如何在同一台计算机上安装Windows 8.1和Ubuntu 14.04 LTS
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**一些Windows用户，希望试试Linux操作系统，而不用删除他正在使用的系统。令人高兴的是，想尝试下Linux是非常简单的，而且Linux操作系统也能和其他操作系统在同一台机器上和平共处。**
|
||||
|
||||
举个例子，如果你是Windows用户，想试试Ubuntu，这个过程实际上是相当简单的，用户只需要付出一点小小的努力即可，这个过程中稍微注意一点就行了。
|
||||
|
||||
在PC上正常安装一个操作系统并不复杂，甚至是Ubuntu和其它Linux也一样简单。在大多数情况下，用户单击对话框的“下一步”，按照流程进行即可。当你想保留PC上的原来的操作系统时（并不特指Windows），还需要多一点操作才行，但是很简单。
|
||||
|
||||
在Linux下刻录一个ISO镜像是很容易的，有好几个程序可以提供这样的功能。而在Windows下，你可以将Ubuntu刻录到DVD或制作成USB启动盘（这样更好一些）。要将Ubuntu正确复制到一个USB设备，你将需要下载名为[Win32 Disk Imager 0.9.5][1]一个小工具。它具有一个简单的界面，是完全自动的。
|
||||
|
||||
在重启机器以安装Ubuntu前，你要给Ubuntu一些可用的磁盘空间，而且给Ubuntu一个磁盘分区是不够的。你将需要两个，一个放Ubuntu本身（大约10GB，如果你不想安装太多的应用的话，就足够了），第二个是交换分区（类似于Windows的页面文件），它的大小一般是你的内存的两倍。你不需要格式化它们，只要他们是可用的就行。如果你在第二块空闲硬盘安装Ubuntu，那就更简单了。
|
||||
|
||||
插上USB启动盘并重新启动。你会得到一个提示，询问是“试用”还是“安装”。选择“安装”并选择安装方式：安装Ubuntu和Windows 8并存（或任何你拥有的其他版本），用Ubuntu替换Windows 8，或者别的选项。
|
||||
|
||||
你可以选择“和Windows 8并存安装”，但你也许不喜欢安装程序自动处理的方式。你也可以选择“其它（Something Else）”来手动控制安装过程。
|
||||
|
||||
找到你给Ubuntu保留的空闲分区（安装程序无法读取和显示Windows卷的名称，所以你要小心别选错了），双击它，选择ext4文件系统，和“/”作为默认的安装点。
|
||||
|
||||
现在选择另外的那个较小的分区，选择swap分区类型。就这些了。当你点击下一步，安装程序将启动，你将要输入用户名，密码和其他信息。
|
||||
|
||||
当你启动你之后，将得到一个简单的列表，可以选择你要启动的操作系统。
|
||||
|
||||
尽情享受！
|
||||
|
||||
------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/How-to-Install-Windows-8-1-and-Ubuntu-14-04-LTS-on-the-Same-Computer-440356.shtml
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[CHINAANSHE](https://github.com/CHINAANSHE) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.softpedia.com/get/CD-DVD-Tools/Data-CD-DVD-Burning/Win32-Disk-Imager.shtml
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
|
||||
Linux + 漫画迷 = 二次元世界？
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
你是否从来都没有错过xkcd上的漫画连载？及时地阅读到网络漫画。或者你是否想过从你喜欢的网站上备份所有漫画连载？如你所愿，开源社区将为你提供解决方案：使用命令行程序从终端上下载所有你喜欢的漫画连载。
|
||||
|
||||
在我们开始之前，请记住一点，你下载的漫画连载仅供个人使用，在没有授权的情况下是不可以散播出去的。如果你确实喜欢该作者的作品，请支持通过捐赠或购买正版商品获得。
|
||||
|
||||
### 在Linux中安装Dosage
|
||||
|
||||
有一个下载漫画连载的开源程序叫[dosage][1]。由于该程序是用python写的，所以安装漫画连载工具的方式有几种。今天我们就从一种简单的方法开始吧。
|
||||
|
||||
第一步，你需要[安装pip][2]（LCTT译注，这是一个用于安装和管理python包的工具），并确保你的python版本在2.7.0至3.3区间。接下来使用pip安装dosage。
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo pip install dosage
|
||||
|
||||
如果pip不能以某种方式来找到相关包（例如Ubuntu14.04系统），可以使用下列命令来找到。
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo pip install http://wummel.github.io/dosage/dist/dosage-2.13.tar.gz
|
||||
|
||||
dosage将会自动创建一个名为“Comics”新的文件夹。
|
||||
|
||||
### Dosage的基本用法
|
||||
|
||||
dosage的基本用法如下所述。使用dosage，你可以在数据库中找到你喜欢阅读的网络漫画，当最新一期的连载发布时，你可以及时获取最新一期。从某种意义来说，无论你在网络漫画中订阅多少连载，dosage都会确保一期不落地帮你把没有读过的漫画连载下载下来。
|
||||
|
||||
下载和阅读你的离线网络漫画，首先要用以下命令将它们列出：
|
||||
|
||||
$ dosage -l
|
||||
|
||||
现在，我们可以看到dosage将2000多套漫画从数据库列出。我个人建议用下面的这个命令来查找我们想要看的漫画：
|
||||
|
||||
$ dosage -l | grep [keyword]
|
||||
|
||||
这样就会返回所有包含关键字标题的漫画了。
|
||||
|
||||
一旦你确定列表中哪一本漫画是你想要阅读的，使用以下命令订阅这本漫画：
|
||||
|
||||
$ dosage [name of the webcomic]
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
订阅漫画时会自动在"Comics"目录下创建子目录，并把最新的连载漫画下载到在里边。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你不仅仅想下载最新连载的漫画而是完整的一部，那么你使用以下的命令就可以了：
|
||||
|
||||
$ dosage -a [name of the comic]
|
||||
|
||||
最后，订阅了几本网络漫画之后，你可以使用下面这条简单的命令，方便地下载到这几本漫画的所有更新：
|
||||
|
||||
$ dosage @
|
||||
|
||||
如果你不想错过每天的漫画更新，你可以每天执行这条命令确保不会错过。
|
||||
|
||||
### Dosage的高级用法
|
||||
|
||||
玩了一天dosage，你也许想知道它的更多使用方法。这需要你掌握更多的命令语法和快捷入门。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你想在xkcd上下载更多的漫画连载，你应该会看到一条dosage拒绝的提示（使用成人选项，确认你的年龄）：
|
||||
|
||||
use the --adult option to confirm your age
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
因为默认情况下，dosage会忽略任何标记为仅限18岁以上的成年人浏览的网络漫画（由于某些原因，xkcd也属于其中的一个）。如果你已经成人了，请输入：
|
||||
|
||||
$ dosage --adult xkcd
|
||||
|
||||
从之前的例子，你也许注意到'@'这个参数代表你所有已经下载的漫画书。而这个'@@'这个参数则是表示dosage数据库中的所有漫画书。
|
||||
|
||||
$ dosage @@
|
||||
|
||||
上面的命令会下载dosage所知道的每一本漫画的最新连载。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你想获取漫画从开始到特定的某一天的连载，你可以使用以下命令：
|
||||
|
||||
$ dosage -a [name of the comic]:[year-month-day]
|
||||
|
||||
举个例子，我们想看《Calvin and Hobbes》2014年之前的所有连载，运行这条命令：
|
||||
|
||||
$ dosage -a calvinandhobbes:2014-01-01
|
||||
|
||||
最后，对于所有想自己做些开发的人来说，dosage可以在下载时生成rss，json和html日志文件。
|
||||
|
||||
$ dosage -o [type] [name of the comic]
|
||||
|
||||
在以上命令中，，[type]可以是rss，json或者html，[name of comic]也可以只用'@'。例如，用'html'参数就会创建一个漂亮的HTML代码，以看到所有已经下载到的漫画连载。
|
||||
|
||||
下面的命令会下载所有关于Calvin and Hobbes的连载并生成一个网页，可以在你的浏览器中看到一个漂亮的网页，呈现出所有连载漫画。
|
||||
|
||||
$ dosage -o html -a calvinandhobbes
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
最后，我会建议你[阅读手册][3]获取更多相关信息。dosage的确是一个非常简洁的工具，它为广大网页漫画迷们服务。我很好奇地想知道像创建出一个json文件来下载连载漫画的这种创意是怎么诞生的？
|
||||
|
||||
你还有其它更好的取代dosage的工具么？或者说你是这些工具的粉丝并且用得非常过瘾，那就在评论里推荐给我们吧。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/04/download-webcomics-command-line-linux.html
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[disylee](https://github.com/disylee) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://wummel.github.io/dosage/
|
||||
[2]:http://ask.xmodulo.com/install-pip-linux.html
|
||||
[3]:http://wummel.github.io/dosage/dosage.1.html
|
||||
@ -1,13 +1,12 @@
|
||||
Translating by GOLinux ...
|
||||
|
||||
如何使用phpIPAM来管理IP地址和子网
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
通常，网络或系统管理员有责任来管理所管理的网络下的一个或多个子网。例如，当一个网段分配了/24子网，那么该子网就有254个IP地址可以用于不同目的。要跟踪某个IP被分配到了哪个主机，就需要某种文件编制。最简单的方法，就是使用一个电子表格来记录IP地址的分配信息。此方法对于只有一个管理员，并且网络很小的情况下比较奏效。然而，对于多个大型网络而言，依赖于电子表格并不方便，而且十分容易出错。更糟糕的是，如果有多个管理员参与管理，更新电子表格就十分麻烦了，因为每个管理员可能生成各种不同版本的文档记录。
|
||||
|
||||
一种系统地管理IP地址分配的方式是使用网络化的IP地址管理工具。不仅仅是因为网络化管理工具能在任何地方访问并管理，而且其后端数据库也能保证所有更新能正确同步并实时生效。尽管有许多可用的网络化应用工具，但我们将在此教程中关注如何来安装[phpIPAM][1]（IP地址管理工具）。phpIPAM是一个开源、高效的IP地址管理应用软件，有着以下一些特性。
|
||||
通常，网络或系统管理员有责任来管理其所管理的网络下的一个或多个子网。例如，当一个网段分配了/24子网，那么该子网就有254个IP地址可以用于不同用途。要跟踪某个IP被分配到了哪个主机，就需要通过某种方式记录下来。最简单的方法，就是使用一个电子表格，如Excel来记录IP地址的分配信息。此方法对于只有一个管理员，并且网络很小的情况下比较奏效。然而，对于多个大型网络而言，依赖于电子表格并不方便，而且十分容易出错。更糟糕的是，如果有多个管理员参与管理，更新电子表格就十分麻烦了，因为每个管理员可能生成各种不同版本的文档记录。
|
||||
|
||||
一种系统地管理IP地址分配的方式是使用网络化的IP地址管理工具。不仅仅是因为网络化管理工具能在任何地方访问并管理，而且其后端数据库也能保证所有更新能正确同步并实时生效。尽管有许多可用的网络化应用工具，但我们将在此教程中关注如何来安装[phpIPAM][1]（IP Address Manager IP地址管理工具）。phpIPAM是一个开源、高效的IP地址管理应用软件，有着以下一些特性。
|
||||
|
||||
- 同时支持IPv4和IPv6（和其它工具不同，它对IPv6支持得很好）
|
||||
- 内建IPv4和IPv6计算器
|
||||
- 内建的IPv4和IPv6计算器
|
||||
- 支持无类域间路由（CIDR）标记
|
||||
- 支持MySQL数据库
|
||||
- 子网嵌套
|
||||
@ -22,18 +21,23 @@ Translating by GOLinux ...
|
||||
可访问[http://demo.phpipam.net][2]查看phpIPAM演示网站。
|
||||
|
||||
在本教程中，我们将**在Ubuntu环境中使用Apache来配置phpIPAM**。
|
||||
|
||||
### 在Ubuntu上安装phpIPAM ###
|
||||
|
||||
首先，使用apt-get来安装需要的软件包。
|
||||
|
||||
# apt-get install apache2 mysql-server php5 php5-gmp php-pear php5-mysql php5-ldap wget
|
||||
|
||||
如果MySQL是首次安装，请使用以下命令来设置root密码。
|
||||
|
||||
# mysqladmin -u root password NEWPASSWORD
|
||||
|
||||
phpIPAM可以安装在任何Web服务器目录中，我们将会安装到Apache Web服务器的根目录下的/phpipam/子目录中。
|
||||
|
||||
下载phpIPAM软件包。
|
||||
|
||||
# wget http://kent.dl.sourceforge.net/project/phpipam/phpipam-1.0.tar
|
||||
|
||||
将软件包解压到Web服务器相应目录。
|
||||
|
||||
# cp phpipam-1.0.tar /var/www/
|
||||
@ -64,13 +68,15 @@ phpIPAM可以安装在任何Web服务器目录中，我们将会安装到Apache
|
||||
需要在提供的.htaccess文件中指定基准目录。
|
||||
|
||||
# vim /var/www/phpipam/.htaccess
|
||||
|
||||
> RewriteBase /phpipam/
|
||||
---
|
||||
RewriteBase /phpipam/
|
||||
|
||||
### 准备Apache Web服务器 ###
|
||||
phpIPAM需要为该操作重写模块，该模块可以在Ubuntu或Debian机器上使用以下命令来启用。
|
||||
|
||||
phpIPAM的运行需要Apache 的 Rewrite模块，该模块可以在Ubuntu或Debian机器上使用以下命令来启用。
|
||||
|
||||
# a2enmod rewrite
|
||||
|
||||
接下来，需要修改Apache的默认配置。请添加/修改你的配置，使它看起来像下面这样。
|
||||
|
||||
# vim /etc/apache2/sites-enabled/000-default
|
||||
@ -89,48 +95,57 @@ phpIPAM需要为该操作重写模块，该模块可以在Ubuntu或Debian机器
|
||||
# service apache2 restart
|
||||
|
||||
### 完成安装 ###
|
||||
|
||||
我们可以使用浏览器来完成phpIPAM的安装。将浏览器地址指向URL: http://<serverIP>/phpIPAM，将会显示以下phpIPAM安装页面。我们可以开始自动化数据库安装。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
现在，phpIPAM应该已经起来，并正在运行了，我们可以使用以下默认凭证来登录。
|
||||
现在，phpIPAM应该已经起来，并正在运行了，我们可以使用以下默认用户来登录。
|
||||
|
||||
- **URL**: http://<serverIP>/phpipam
|
||||
- **User**: Admin
|
||||
- **Pass**: ipamadmin
|
||||
|
||||
### 使用phpIPAM管理IP地址 ###
|
||||
|
||||
在本教程的剩下部分，我们将引领你进入phpIPAM的子网和IP地址管理。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 创建区域 ####
|
||||
|
||||
让我们从为我们的网络创建区域开始吧。点击“管理” > “区域”。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
点击“添加区域”。现在我们可以为我们的添加的区域取个你想要的名称了，填上区域的详细情况。
|
||||
点击“添加区域”。现在我们可以为我们的添加的区域取个你想要的名称了（如："Our Network"），填上区域的详细情况。
|
||||
|
||||
][3]
|
||||
|
||||
#### 创建子网 ####
|
||||
接下来，在“我们的网络”区域下添加一个新的子网172.16.1.0/24。点击“我们的网络” > “添加子网”
|
||||
|
||||
接下来，在上面场景的区域“Our Network”下添加一个新的子网172.16.1.0/24。点击“Our Network” > “添加子网”
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
现在，我们可以很容易地在子网中添加IP地址了。一种方法是逐个来添加它们，phpIPAM提供了一个可供选择的方法：扫描所有主机并自动添加，这一点都不麻烦。它可以扫描位于同一广播域下的本地子网，也可以通过路由扫描到远程子网。在选择一个子网后，像下面这样点击“扫描子网中的新主机”来扫描IP地址。
|
||||
现在，我们可以很容易地在子网中添加IP地址了。一种方法是逐个来添加它们，phpIPAM提供了一个可选的方法：扫描所有主机并自动添加，这一点都不麻烦。它可以扫描位于同一广播域下的本地子网，也可以通过路由扫描到远程子网。在选择一个子网后，像下面这样点击“扫描子网中的新主机”来扫描IP地址。
|
||||
|
||||
][4]
|
||||
|
||||
在扫描完成后，发现的IP地址可以通过点击底部“添加发现的主机”按钮来将IP地址添加到数据库。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 创建IPv6子网 ####
|
||||
|
||||
可以通过相似的步骤来创建IPv6子网，像下面截图中展示的那样来指定IPv6网络。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
所有用于IPv4的工具也可以用于IPv6.
|
||||
|
||||
#### 创建嵌套子网 ####
|
||||
|
||||
phpIPAM也提供了创建嵌套子网的选项，可以用于IPv4和IPv6。例如，我们将172.16.1.0/24 IP区块划分成4个更小的子网（/26），每个子网用于组织内特定的部门。在选择/24子网后，我们可以使用“添加新的嵌套子网”按钮来创建嵌套子网。截图中展示了添加嵌套子网的图标。
|
||||
|
||||
[5]
|
||||
@ -140,7 +155,8 @@ phpIPAM也提供了创建嵌套子网的选项，可以用于IPv4和IPv6。例
|
||||
[6]
|
||||
|
||||
#### 添加用户和组 ####
|
||||
首先，我们将为“我们的网络”创建一个具有读/写权限的组。这项工作可以通过选择“管理” > “组” > “创建组”来完成。
|
||||
|
||||
首先，我们将为区域“Our Network”创建一个具有读/写权限的组。这项工作可以通过选择“管理” > “组” > “创建组”来完成。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -159,11 +175,12 @@ phpIPAM也提供了创建嵌套子网的选项，可以用于IPv4和IPv6。例
|
||||
最后小结，phpIPAM是一个多样化的IP地址管理工具，可以用于IPv4和IPv6。本教程仅关注基本内容，以帮助你开始使用该工具。你一定要测试所有可用的特性，如使用IP地址计算器，添加设备，VLAN和VRF，以及使用.xls导入/导出。
|
||||
|
||||
希望本教程对你有所帮助。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/05/manage-ip-addresses-subnets-phpipam.html
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,17 +1,19 @@
|
||||
在Linux上配置基于web的轻量级系统监控
|
||||
Monitorix ：支持服务器和树莓派的轻量级系统监控系统
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
有时候，我们作为普通用户或者系统管理员，需要知道系统运行是否良好。与系统状态相关的许多问题，都可以通过检查活动服务生成的日志文件来获得答案。然而，即便对于历经数个春秋的系统管理员而言，要检查日志文件的每个细节都不是件容易的事。这也是为什么他们依赖于监控软件的原因，监控软件能够从不同的源收集信息，并以易于理解的格式给出分析报告，如图表、可视化图像、统计数据等。
|
||||
有时候，无论是普通用户还是系统管理员，都需要知道系统运行是否良好。与系统状态相关的许多问题，都可以通过检查运行的服务所生成的日志文件来获得答案。然而，即便对于干过几年的系统管理员而言，要检查日志文件的每个细节都不是件容易的事。这也是为什么他们依赖于监控软件的原因，监控软件能够从不同的源收集信息，并以易于理解的格式给出分析报告，如图表、可视化图像、统计数据等。
|
||||
|
||||
市面上流传着许多复杂的系统监控软件，诸如[Cacti][1], [Nagios][2], Zabbix, Munin此类。在本文中，我们向您介绍一个轻量级的监控工具——Monitorix，该工具设计用于在Linux/BSD上监控系统资源和许多熟知的第三方应用程序。由于专为资源有限的嵌入式系统而优化，Monitorix以使用简单，消耗内存资源少而著称。它内建了一个HTTP服务器用于提供web界面，并使用RRDtool数据库来存储时间序列统计数据，RRDtool可以很容易地和任何脚本语言整合，如Perl，Python，shell脚本，Ruby等。
|
||||
|
||||
市面上流传着许多复杂的系统监控软件，诸如[Cacti][1], [Nagios][2], Zabbix, Munin此类。在本文中，我们选取了一个轻量级的监控工具——Monitorix，该工具设计用于在Linux/BSD上监控系统资源和许多熟知的第三方应用程序。由于专为资源有限的嵌入式系统而优化，Monitorix以使用简单，消耗内存资源少而著称。它内建了一个HTTP服务器用于提供web界面，并使用PRDtool来存储时间序列统计数据，该PRDtoo可以很容易地和任何脚本语言整合，如Perl，Python，shell脚本，Ruby等。
|
||||
### 主要特性 ###
|
||||
|
||||
这里列出了Monitorix的主要特性。要查看完整列表，请参阅[官方网站][3]
|
||||
|
||||
- 系统负载和系统服务需求
|
||||
- 当前系统负载和系统服务
|
||||
- CPU/GPU温度传感器
|
||||
- 磁盘温度和健康
|
||||
- 磁盘温度和健康度
|
||||
- 网络/端口流量和网络状况统计
|
||||
- 邮件统计
|
||||
- Web服务器统计（Apache，Nginx，Light图片的）
|
||||
- Web服务器统计（Apache，Nginx，Lighttpd）
|
||||
- MySQL负载和统计
|
||||
- Squid代理统计
|
||||
- NFS服务器/客户端统计
|
||||
@ -28,8 +30,7 @@
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo yum install monitorix
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
要配置Monitorix，打开/etc/monitorix/monitorix.conf配置文件，并修改选项。关于Monitorix的配置文件细节，可以查阅[http://www.monitorix.org/documentation.html][6]。
|
||||
要配置Monitorix，打开`/etc/monitorix/monitorix.conf`配置文件，并修改选项。关于Monitorix的配置文件细节，可以查阅[http://www.monitorix.org/documentation.html][6]。
|
||||
|
||||
默认情况下，内建的HTTP服务器监听8080端口。因此，确保你的防火墙没有阻止TCP 8080端口。
|
||||
|
||||
@ -40,9 +41,10 @@
|
||||
启动你喜爱的Web浏览器，然后通过http://<host-ip-address>:8080/monitorix来访问Monitorix的Web界面。
|
||||
|
||||
### 在Archlinux上安装并配置Monitorix ###
|
||||
|
||||
在Archlinux上，可以从[AUR][7]上下载Monitorix包。
|
||||
|
||||
默认情况下，Archlinux上是禁用内建HTTP服务器的。要启用内建的HTTP服务器，请编辑/etc/monitorix.conf文件的如下区块。
|
||||
默认情况下，在Archlinux上是禁用了其内建HTTP服务器的。要启用内建的HTTP服务器，请编辑/etc/monitorix.conf文件的如下区块。
|
||||
|
||||
<httpd_builtin>
|
||||
enabled = y
|
||||
@ -65,10 +67,11 @@
|
||||
打开你喜欢的Web浏览器，然后通过http://<host-ip-address>:8080/monitorix来访问Monitorix的Web界面。
|
||||
|
||||
### 在Debian和Ubuntu上安装并配置Monitorix ###
|
||||
|
||||
对于Debian家族，Monitorix可以通过两种方式安装：手工安装或通过第三方软件仓库。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 手工安装(用于Debian) ####
|
||||
|
||||
Install all dependent packages first.
|
||||
首先安装所有依赖包。
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo apt-get install rrdtool perl libwww-perl libmailtools-perl libmime-lite-perl librrds-perl libdbi-perl libxml-simple-perl libhttp-server-simple-perl libconfig-general-perl libio-socket-ssl-perl
|
||||
@ -82,6 +85,7 @@ Install all dependent packages first.
|
||||
$ sudo service apache2 reload
|
||||
|
||||
#### 通过软件仓库安装 (用于Ubuntu) ####
|
||||
|
||||
在/etc/apt/source.list中添加以下行来启用Izzysoft仓库。
|
||||
|
||||
deb http://apt.izzysoft.de/ubuntu generic universe
|
||||
@ -100,14 +104,15 @@ Install all dependent packages first.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo service monitorix start
|
||||
|
||||
要配置Monitorix，请使用文本编辑器编辑/etc/monitorix/monitorix.conf，并重启Monitorix服务。
|
||||
要配置Monitorix，请使用文本编辑器编辑`/etc/monitorix/monitorix.conf`，并重启Monitorix服务。
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo service monitorix restart
|
||||
|
||||
用于Ubuntu的内建Web服务器默认将被启用。要从Web查看监控结果，在你喜爱的Web浏览器中访问http://<host-ip-address>8080/monitorix。
|
||||
用于Ubuntu的内建Web服务器默认启用。要从Web查看监控结果，在你喜爱的Web浏览器中访问http://<host-ip-address>8080/monitorix。
|
||||
|
||||
### 在Raspberry Pi上安装并配置Monitorix ###
|
||||
如果想要在Raspberry Pi（基于Debian）上安装Monitorix，你不能使用上面提到的Izzysoft仓库，因为它不提供Monitorix的ARM端口。取而代之的是，你可以参照如下基于Debian的手工安装。
|
||||
|
||||
如果想要在Raspberry Pi（基于Debian）上安装Monitorix，你不能使用上面提到的Izzysoft仓库，因为它不提供Monitorix的ARM移植。取而代之的是，你可以参照如下基于Debian的手工安装。
|
||||
|
||||
首先，安装需要的软件包。
|
||||
|
||||
@ -125,7 +130,7 @@ Install all dependent packages first.
|
||||
|
||||
安装完成后，我们需要像下面这样对Monitorix配置稍作修改。
|
||||
|
||||
用你喜爱的文本编辑器打开/etc/monitorix/monitorix.conf，向下滚动文本直到你找到<graphs enable>。搜索“raspberrypi = n”，并用“y”替换“n”，这将启用对Raspberry Pi时钟频率、温度和电压的监控。
|
||||
用你喜爱的文本编辑器打开`/etc/monitorix/monitorix.conf`，向下滚动文本直到你找到<graphs enable>。搜索“raspberrypi = n”，并用“y”替换“n”，这将启用对Raspberry Pi时钟频率、温度和电压的监控。
|
||||
|
||||
编辑完成后，重启Monitorix服务。
|
||||
|
||||
@ -159,7 +164,7 @@ Monitorix主屏幕:
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/05/web-based-lightweight-system-monitor-linux.html
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,20 +1,23 @@
|
||||
Ubuntu 14.04安装声云（SoundCloud）
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
[SoundCloud][1]是一个发现交流音乐或印地音乐的很棒的平台。如果你是声云（SoundCloud）的粉丝，你可以在Ubuntu 14.04，或者其早期版本以及Linux Mint、Elementary OS等其它Linux发行版中作为“桌面应用”来尝试。
|
||||
[SoundCloud][1]是一个发现alternate音乐和 indi音乐的很棒的平台。如果你是声云（SoundCloud）的粉丝，你可以在Ubuntu 14.04，或者其早期版本以及Linux Mint、Elementary OS等其它Linux发行版中作为“桌面应用”来尝试。
|
||||
|
||||
要**在Ubuntu 14.04中安装声云（SoundCloud）**，我们将使用与[在Ubuntu中安装Google Keep][2]相同的方法来安装。上次我们使用Google Chrome来安装Google Keep，而这次我们将使用Firefox来安装声云（SoundCloud）。
|
||||
|
||||
### 在Ubuntu 14.04和Linux Mint中安装声云（SoundCloud）： ###
|
||||
|
||||
由于Ubuntu（以及大多数其它Linux发行版）预装了Firefox，只需打开Firefox并转到该地址：[https://marketplace.firefox.com/][3]。
|
||||
|
||||
Firefox应用市场是Chrome商店的替代品，里面提供了一些用于Firefox智能手机OS的应用，和Firefox网页浏览器一样。在Firefox应用市场中搜索声云（SoundCloud），点击安装（install）来安装，并作为Web应用添加到Ubuntu中。
|
||||
Firefox应用市场是Chrome商店的替代品，类似于Firefox网页浏览器的应用市场，里面提供了一些用于Firefox智能手机OS的应用。在Firefox应用市场中搜索声云（SoundCloud），点击安装（install）来安装，并作为Web应用添加到Ubuntu中。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
一旦完成，你可以通过在Unity Dash中搜索声云（SoundCloud）应用来启动它。下图展示了Ubuntu 14.04 Unity中该应用的外观：
|
||||
完成后，你可以通过在Unity Dash中搜索声云（SoundCloud）应用来启动它。下图展示了Ubuntu 14.04 Unity中该应用的外观：
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 卸载从Firefox应用市场安装的声云（SoundCloud）应用 ###
|
||||
不要过于兴奋了。该桌面没有整合声音菜单，我也不能对桌面通知持相同看法，但是这的确比Web应用要好，至少我是这么认为的。但是如果你感到不满意，那么就卸载它吧，这在Ubuntu中也很容易。
|
||||
|
||||
不要过于兴奋了。该桌面没有整合声音菜单，桌面通知也一样没有，但是这的确比Web版应用要好，至少我是这么认为的。但是如果你感到不满意，那么就卸载它吧，这在Ubuntu中也很容易。
|
||||
|
||||
运行声云（SoundCloud），在Unity启动器上**右击**声云（SoundCloud）图标，然后点击**卸载应用（uninstall app）**。
|
||||
|
||||
@ -26,7 +29,7 @@ Firefox应用市场是Chrome商店的替代品，里面提供了一些用于Fire
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://itsfoss.com/install-soundcloud-ubuntu-1404/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
11
published/TechView--Linus Torvalds Inventor of Linux.md
Normal file
11
published/TechView--Linus Torvalds Inventor of Linux.md
Normal file
File diff suppressed because one or more lines are too long
@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
|
||||
心脏流血教给我们的:成为开源的贡献者而不仅是个用户
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
> 如果你的公司依赖像OpenSSL这样的开源软件，是时候主动点了。
|
||||
|
||||
心脏流血漏洞让开源社区如芒在背。
|
||||
|
||||
ComputerWorld的Richi Jennings [抨击说][1]“又一个非常可怕的开源失败。”（他是要做标题党么？）ZDNet的Steven J. Vaughan-Nichols不像是作秀反开源，却仍旧将心脏流血漏洞[渲染为][2]“开源软件的最遭时刻”。而最后，ZDNet的Chris Duckett则务实地[倡议][3]：“商业公司（应该）筹集资金来避免心脏流血再次发生。”
|
||||
|
||||
而实际上，企业资金并不是解决心脏流血事件的最终答案 。你才是！
|
||||
|
||||
想要避免开源失败的公司应该不仅仅是开源软件的用户，还要是贡献者。
|
||||
|
||||
### 贡献者乘坐头等舱 ###
|
||||
|
||||
贡献者能够引导特定的项目。他们占据主动，而不是被动接受。大多数企业缺乏资源参与他们所使用的所有开源项目，但每家公司都可以资助给那些真正关系到他们的项目。并且资助得越多，得到的好处越大。
|
||||
|
||||
开源就是一个不断给予的礼物，尤其是给予那些对开源反哺的人们。
|
||||
|
||||
我在MongoDB的同事[Adam Comerford让这点更有说服力][4]：如果你看看第一批得知Heartbleed漏洞的[时间线] [5]，那些第一批得知的（如谷歌）有一个相当大的优势。如Comford所说的，这些公司有一个显著的优势就是他们可以在bug还未大规模传开的时候率先采取措施保护他们的系统。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
鉴于早期了解像Heartbleed之类问题的优势，Comerford问：“我如何确保我在这类问题的早期通知列表里面？”
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
如果你依赖于专有软件，你有一个答案：向卖方支付大量的金钱，并希望他适时地响应。但是，如果你正在使用开源软件，有一个更多选择： “要么有大量的员工给[开源项目]做贡献 ，或者...有认识主要贡献者的员工（我们可以找找，他们大多也会贡献其他开源软件项目，像其他的极客和呆瓜一样。“
|
||||
|
||||
Comerford断言说，好处不止这样：
|
||||
|
||||
> 这有很多好处 - 除了让问题及早通知，让手头上的专家来应付这些棘手的更新，以评估你的风险，甚至可能在公众知道之前内部解决问题。在确定项目的方向上你还可以得到重视的回馈，可以影响到关键特性的优先级。最终，你会得到社区的善意，使产品变得更好，并有可能成为其它的聪明贡献者的工作目标。
|
||||
|
||||
换句话说，参与进来。成员有特权，主要的特权可能就是信息。
|
||||
|
||||
### 选择在哪贡献 ###
|
||||
|
||||
同样，没有一家公司有足够的资源来有效地促进所有它所使用的项目，这就是为什么Comerford建议对关键项目上这么做的原因：
|
||||
|
||||
> 如果你要人们列出在企业中所有开源关键技术，你可能会得到一张很长的名单。然后，告诉他们，他们将必须清点人工和预算来支持清单上的每一种技术的话（并验证它） - 它可能会迅速缩水。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你是一个AMD那样的芯片公司，给Linux内核贡献基本驱动程序和其他代码很可能是强制性的。给LibreOffice贡献可能不是。或者，如果你判断你的未来在Hadoop上进行深层数据分析，你应该贡献Hadoop，即使你依旧免费使用OpenSSL社区的成果。比如Dish Networks公司，它的[ CIO告诉上周在开放商业会上的人们][6]，他们正在将重要的数据从关系型数据库转到Apache的Kafka，那他最好研究Kafka的代码，即使他不贡献给Apache HTTP服务器项目。
|
||||
|
||||
每家公司都有其优先级，以及这些优先级应该以严肃的承诺而确立。
|
||||
|
||||
这是确保这些项目安全的一部分办法。而另一部分，它是一种形成影响力指引的方式。但同时，红帽公司CEO[Jim Whitehurst][7]早在2008年声明，它是显著减少IT花费的办法：
|
||||
|
||||
> 今天编写的绝大多数软件是企业编写的，不得转售。并且绝大多数是从来没有真正使用过。IT软件开发中的浪费是巨大的....最终，开源给全世界的客户提供价值，我们不仅需要让我们的客户作为开源产品的用户，而且真正加入开源和参与在开发社区。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Comerford坚持认为：“如果我在业务中使用开源软件，我应该雇开发人员来积极给软件做贡献，如果他们自己不是核心开发者，那就雇佣核心开发者。 ”这是充分利用开源软件的关键：给它做贡献，不只是使用它。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://readwrite.com/2014/05/14/heartbleed-open-source-contribution-users
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://blogs.computerworld.com/encryption/23767/heartbleed-openssl-open-source-fail
|
||||
[2]:http://www.zdnet.com/heartbleed-open-sources-worst-hour-7000028420/
|
||||
[3]:http://www.zdnet.com/openssl-needs-corporate-funding-to-avoid-heartbleed-repeat-7000028385/
|
||||
[4]:http://comerford.cc/wordpress/2014/04/15/my-conclusion-heartbleed-timeline/
|
||||
[5]:http://www.smh.com.au/it-pro/security-it/heartbleed-disclosure-timeline-who-knew-what-and-when-20140415-zqurk.html
|
||||
[6]:http://blogs.wsj.com/cio/2014/05/06/dish-looks-to-open-source-software-after-database-failure/
|
||||
[7]:http://www.cnet.com/news/red-hat-solve-enterprise-waste-through-open-source/
|
||||
@ -1,28 +0,0 @@
|
||||
乌龙茶 占坑
|
||||
Linux Foundation to donate portion of membership fees to Code.org
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The Linux Foundation [announced][1] its mid-year individual membership drive and promotion. For each new membership between 01 June to 11:59 p.m. PT on June 30, 2014, Code.org will receive $25.
|
||||
|
||||
Code.org is a non-profit organization dedicated to the expansion of computer science by making it available in more schools and increasing participation by women and underrepresented students of color. Its vision is to provide the opportunity of learning computer science to every school student. Code.org identifies with the Linux Foundation’s mission to increase opportunities for people to learn programming of all types.
|
||||
|
||||
Amanda McPherson, CMO at The Linux Foundation explains – “Many of today’s Linux professionals got started as students, tinkering with computers and writing simple programs during college. By helping extend individual membership contributions this month to Code.org, we hope the community can support Linux and the work of Linux creator Linus Torvalds while helping to increase access to computer science education for the next generation of Linux developers and SysAdmins”.
|
||||
|
||||
Learning and education are top priorities at The Linux Foundation too. It recently announced the first ‘Introduction to Linux’ Massive Open Online Course (MOOC), which is free for all. More than 140,000 people already enrolled for the first class that begins this August. It also offers and organizes various training programs.
|
||||
|
||||
The Linux Foundation memberships support the advancement of Linux and open source community. As additional perks, members also receive exclusive benefits that include 20 percent off LinuxCon and CloudOpen registration; up to 10 percent off Linux Foundation training; a Linux.com email address (e.g. john@linux.com); employee purchase pricing from Dell, HP and Lenovo; up to 35 percent off O’Reilly books and e-books; and a variety of other discounts.
|
||||
|
||||
The membership fee per year is $99. For students it is $25 and includes the same benefits as individual members. To sign up, visit:
|
||||
[https://www.linuxfoundation.org/about/join/individual][2]
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.muktware.com/2014/06/linux-foundation-donate-portion-membership-fees-code-org/27942
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.linuxfoundation.org/news-media/announcements/2014/06/linux-foundations-biannual-membership-drive-kicks-portion-dues
|
||||
[2]:https://www.linuxfoundation.org/about/join/individual
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
|
||||
Red Hat Enterprise Linux launched for SAP HANA
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Red Hat has expanded the company’s strategic alliance with SAP AG to make it easier for customers to adopt and run the SAP Data Management portfolio, including the SAP HANA platform, SAP Adaptive Server Enterprise (SAP ASE), SAP IQ software, and the SAP SQL Anywhere suite on Red Hat’s open source solutions.
|
||||
|
||||
The expanded collaboration is expected to enable real-time, in-memory innovation by providing an open, scalable, integrated and highly-available platform for solutions from SAP along with those that are custom-built in an effort to expand customer choice when it comes to fueling business performance and helping enterprises realize increased value from cloud computing and big data.
|
||||
|
||||
Steve Lucas, president, Platform Solutions, SAP AG added: “By joining forces with Red Hat to enable SAP HANA on Red Hat Enterprise Linux, we plan to give our customers an additional choice upon which to base deployments of SAP solutions; an open, flexible and scalable platform that is intended to support customers’ data management needs across on-premise and cloud environments.”
|
||||
|
||||
As the foundation of the enhanced partnership, Red Hat Enterprise Linux is now available and qualified for production use of SAP HANA and supported by partners’ SAP-certified hardware solutions. SAP HANA enables customers to capture business transactions to help make smarter, faster decisions through real-time analysis and reporting combined with dramatically accelerated business processes. Customers can now also enjoy expanded choice when it comes to their deployments of SAP HANA to experience the reliability, quality and stability offered by Red Hat Enterprise Linux. They can also standardize deployments of SAP solutions on Red Hat’s high-performing, secure and open platform, helping to ensure consistency of operations across the business.
|
||||
|
||||
> We are looking for aspiring bloggers and journalists for The Mukt. If you are interested, [apply now!][1]
|
||||
|
||||
Red Hat Enterprise Linux for SAP HANA is designed for easy deployment and simplified integration, and will be available via SAP-certified hardware appliances from partners. Delivered through the power of the partner ecosystems of Red Hat and SAP, it is planned for customers to now have access to a portfolio of cross-industry experience and expertise that harnesses the flexible, scalable and open nature of SAP software and Red Hat solutions that are designed to meet a variety of enterprise information requirements.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.muktware.com/2014/06/red-hat-enterprise-linux-launched-sap-hana/27946
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.themukt.com/write-mukt/
|
||||
[2]:
|
||||
[3]:
|
||||
[4]:
|
||||
[5]:
|
||||
[6]:
|
||||
[7]:
|
||||
[8]:
|
||||
[9]:
|
||||
[10]:
|
||||
[11]:
|
||||
[12]:
|
||||
[13]:
|
||||
[14]:
|
||||
[15]:
|
||||
[16]:
|
||||
[17]:
|
||||
[18]:
|
||||
[19]:
|
||||
[20]:
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
|
||||
Ubuntu 14.04: Hardware Compatibility Updates
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
As Ubuntu moves more and more spiritually away from being another “Linux” Distribution (check their site, the word Linux is not to be found, they have changed the language to refer to themselves as “the world’s most popular open source desktop operating system” instead), they continue to make efforts in certifying hardware from various vendors as “Ubuntu compatible”. Let’s take a quick look at some of the work that has gone into the Ubuntu 14.04 LTS hardware compatibility.
|
||||
|
||||
### What Does Certified Mean? ###
|
||||
|
||||
In the case of Ubuntu Certified Compatibility, it means that either the component or the entire desktop/laptop and all its various components are certified to have full driver support within the kernel for the version of Ubuntu it is certified for. Now, there appear to be two levels of this certification:
|
||||
|
||||
- Components Within Device Certification: This is where major components of a device are certified for a particular LTS version of Ubuntu (like the CPU, Video, Network and Storage Controllers) but not necessarily other components as they may vary (sound, wireless, specialized chipsets).
|
||||
- Full System Certification: This is where an entire device (laptop, desktop or more commonly, a server) and all its myriad of device options are all certified as driver available for a version of Ubuntu LTS
|
||||
|
||||
In the example below, the Dell Inspiron 1545 has had its major components and various other device options certified to run with Ubuntu 12.04 LTS:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### So Do My Components Work or Not? ###
|
||||
|
||||
Well, as in most things related to Linux, the answer is “it depends”. The older your system or component, strangely enough, the more likely that it will be supported in the LTS version you are using. A LOT of work has gone into certifying hardware in LTS in general and strides have been made between versions 12.04 and 14.04 LTS (some estimates have the system certifications increasing almost 30% whereas component additions are almost 40% up since the last major version).
|
||||
|
||||
The newest components are going to be hit and miss (particularly if you are looking for official binary drivers from your friendly neighborhood video chip makers – both NVidia and ATI have fallen behind lately when it comes to getting support for their latest chips in the repository channels for the latest kernel versions).
|
||||
|
||||
If you have any doubt whether your system or server is fully compatible, check [Ubuntu’s handy “Certified Hardware”][1] site and see if your component or system is listed.
|
||||
|
||||
### Final Thoughts ###
|
||||
|
||||
Ubuntu has come a long way (literally and figuratively) in terms of hardware support in regards to Linux. Whereas everyone really used to be pretty hit and miss and getting any component to work properly in Linux could mean hours of searching for drivers, patches, configuration strings and/or special settings for a particular chip and revision. Now, for most major system components made within 90 days of the LTS release, you will find you have a pretty decent shot at getting your system up and running in Ubuntu 14.04 LTS.
|
||||
|
||||
Have a different experience or a long standing component with a lack of compatibility? Drop me a note and let me know, I would love to hear about your experiences!
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://linuxacademy.com/blog/linux/ubuntu-14-04-hardware-compatibility-updates/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.ubuntu.com/certification/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
|
||||
Linus Torvalds Releases Linux Kernel 3.15 Stable
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**Linus Torvalds has just announced that the final version in the new Linux kernel 3.15 branch has been released and is now available for download.**
|
||||
|
||||
Linux kernel 3.15 arrived a little early than anticipated, but it looks like the final build is on track and that Linus Torvalds managed to launch it with all the bells and whistles
|
||||
|
||||
“So I ended up doing an rc8 because I was a bit worried about some last-minute dcache fixes, but it turns out that nobody seemed to even notice those. We did have other issues during the week, though, so it was just as well. The futex fixes and cleanups may stand out, but as usual there's various other random fixes since rc8 in there too: mainly drivers (drm, networking, sound, usb etc), networking, scheduling and perf tooling.”
|
||||
|
||||
“But it's all been fairly small and quiet, which *may* of course be due to the fact that last week was also the first week of the merge window for 3.16. That might have distracted some developers. I'm not entirely convinced I liked the overlap, but it seemed to work ok, and unless people scream really loudly (‘Please don't _ever_ do that again’) and give good reasons for doing so, I might end up doing that overlapping merge window in the future too if it ends up helping out with some particular timing issue,” said Linus Torvalds in the official announcement.
|
||||
|
||||
According to the changelog, Netgear AirCard 341U support has been added, additional Sierra Wireless QMI devices are now supported, support has been added for Novatel E371 PCIe card, page table updates have been implemented for Radeon, C0 tracking has been removed, beacon filtering has been disabled, inet_getid() and ipv6_select_ident() bugs have been fixed, corrupted path strings for long paths have been repaired, NovaTech OrionLXm product ID has been added, and mux settling delay has been added.
|
||||
|
||||
Also, list/memory corruption on the CPU hotplug has been fixed, the missing support of 10mbit in emac/rgmii has been added, runtime dependencies have been set, support for iPad 2 and iPad 3 has been added, EFI_MIXED should not prohibit loading above 4G, a kernel panic caused by a non-linear skb has been fixed, locking checks are now skipped in the panicking path, and correct available vectors are now received for CPU_disable.
|
||||
|
||||
A complete list of changes, improvements, and fixes can be found in the official [changelog][1].
|
||||
|
||||
### Download Linux kernel 3.15: ###
|
||||
|
||||
- [tar.xz (3.15)][2][sources] [76 MB]
|
||||
- [tar.xz (3.14.6)][3][sources] [74.80 MB]
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Linus-Torvalds-Releases-Linux-Kernel-3-15-Stable-445785.shtml
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.mail-archive.com/linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org/msg659672.html
|
||||
[2]:https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v3.x/linux-3.15.tar.xz
|
||||
[3]:https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v3.x/linux-3.14.6.tar.xz
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
|
||||
OpenELEC 4.0.4 Now Out, Is Based on XBMC 13.1 “Gotham”
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**OpenELEC 4.0.4, an embedded operating system built specifically to run XBMC, the open source entertainment media hub, is out and uses XBMC 13.1 as a base.**
|
||||
|
||||
The OpenELEC makers are following the XBMC development cycle very closely and they have released a new version of their distribution, 4.0.4. It comes packed with all the goodies from XBMC 13.1 “Gotham” and the devs have made some changes of their own.
|
||||
|
||||
“This release includes some bugfixes, security fixes and improvements since OpenELEC-4.0.3. Besides the usual bugfixes and package updates we updated XBMC with the last fixes to XBMC 13.1 (final) which contains a lot of fixes for issues found after the XBMC-13.0 release (some of them we already shipped with OpenELEC-4.0.0).”
|
||||
|
||||
“We found and fixed with the help of ‘popcornmix’ some RaspberryPi related issues in kernel, firmware and XBMC code. Many thanks to him for the help! OpenELEC-4.0.4 is now the next stable release, which is a bugfix and securityfix release of the OpenELEC-4.0 series,” said the developers on the official website.
|
||||
|
||||
OpenELEC 4.0.3 features some pretty interesting updates and fixes. For example, e2fsprogs has been updated to version 1.42.10, bluez has been updated to version 5.19, fontconfig is now at version 2.11.1, systemd 213 has been integrated by default, gnutls 3.2.12 has been added to fix some security problems, and a new Linux kernel, 3.14.5, has been implemented.
|
||||
|
||||
Also, the DVB-T2 support for GeniaTech T220 / August T210 devices has been fixed, support has been added to disable WOL for broken drivers, “e1000e” has been added as broken driver, and the RPi support patch has been updated.
|
||||
|
||||
If you already have an older version of OpenELEC, you might consider upgrading the system instead of installing it from scratch. This can be done safely if the OS is at least at version 3.2.
|
||||
|
||||
If you try to update from an older version of the operating system you might find that some of the plugins and add-ons are no longer working. It's also advisable to back up the system before attempting an upgrade.
|
||||
|
||||
XBMC 13.1 “Gotham,” the distribution used as a base, comes with Android hardware decoding, various Raspberry Pi and Android speed improvements, stereoscopic 3D Rendering, better touchscreen support, improved UPnP capabilities, lots of audio engine improvements, better subtitle searches, extended Python and JSON-RPC API for developers, FFmpeg 1.2, and much more.
|
||||
|
||||
Check out the official [announcement][1] for a complete list of changes and improvements.
|
||||
|
||||
### Download the latest OpenELEC 4.0.4: ###
|
||||
|
||||
- [OpenELEC 4.0.4 (tar.bz2) 64-bit][2][binary] [145 MB]
|
||||
- [OpenELEC 4.0.4 (tar.bz2) 32-bit][3][binary] [142 MB]
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/OpenELEC-4-0-4-Is-Out-and-Based-on-XBMC-13-1-quot-Gotham-quot-445802.shtml
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://openelec.tv/news/22-releases/129-openelec-4-0-4-released
|
||||
[2]:http://openelec.tv/get-openelec/download/viewdownload/8/339
|
||||
[3]:http://openelec.tv/get-openelec/download/viewdownload/8/338
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
|
||||
IPFire 2.13 Core 78 Linux Firewall OS Receives OpenSSL Fixes
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**Michael Tremer, a developer for the ipfire.org team, has announced that IPFire 2.13 Core 78, a new stable build of the popular Linux-based firewall distribution, has been released to implement the latest OpenSSL fixes.**
|
||||
|
||||
IPFire is a modular Linux distribution, which means that it can be deployed as a firewall, a proxy server, or a VPN gateway. One of the main concerns of the IPFire developers is security, and every step has been taken to ensure users’ complete security.
|
||||
|
||||
“There have been several vulnerabilities discovered in the openssl library which is responsible for implementing the SSL/TLS protocol and other cryptographic tasks. All details about these can be found in the original openssl security advisory,” said the devs on their blog.
|
||||
|
||||
They have also explained that all the changes that they planned and built for Core Update 78 have been postponed to Core Update 79. This means that users will have to wait a little longer for a more consistent update.
|
||||
|
||||
OpenSSL developers have found another round of OpenSSL problems, but they have been fixed quickly and now the Linux distributions are including it in the latest versions.
|
||||
|
||||
The developers recommend all users of IPFire to upgrade their distributions. More details can be found on the official [website][1].
|
||||
|
||||
Download IPFire 2.13 Core 78:
|
||||
|
||||
- [IPFire 2.15 Core 78 (ISO)][2][iso] [122 MB]
|
||||
- [IPFire 3.0 Alpha 1 (ISO)][3][iso] [76 MB]
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/IPFire-2-13-Core-78-Linux-Firewall-OS-Receives-OpenSSL-Fixes-445876.shtml
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.ipfire.org/news/ipfire-2-15-core-update-78-released
|
||||
[2]:http://downloads.ipfire.org/releases/ipfire-2.x/2.15-core78/ipfire-2.15.i586-full-core78.iso
|
||||
[3]:http://www.rowie.at/ipfire/iso/ipfire-3.0-alpha1.i686.iso
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
|
||||
Open Source SDN Project OpenDaylight Adds New Members
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
The [Linux Foundation][1]'s [OpenDaylight][2] project for promoting open source [software-defined networking][3] (SDN) continues to grow. [Extreme Networks][4] (EXTR), [Flextronics][5] and [Oracle][6] (ORCL) are now among the initiative's members.
|
||||
|
||||
The three companies, which officially joined OpenDaylight June 5, bring the total number of OpenDaylight project members to 39. The project also enjoys the support of 195 developers collaborating to help build an open source SDN platform.
|
||||
|
||||
The new members bring additional expertise in data center and cloud computing design and infrastructure to OpenDaylight's portfolio. Extreme Networks specializes in high-performance networking solutions for enterprises, while Flextronics provides systems design, manufacturing and logistics. Oracle's broad operations, meanwhile, focus on a variety of areas in the cloud and the data center.
|
||||
|
||||
OpenDaylight leaders are celebrating the project's membership growth as a further step toward creating an SDN ecosystem that is centered on open standards and free from domination by particular organizations. "More voices at the table means stronger debate and better code," said Jacques Neela, executive director, OpenDaylight. "We are thrilled to see such a diversity of new members joining who represent an even broader range of perspectives on SDN and NFV."
|
||||
|
||||
The first software release from OpenDaylight, which was itself formed in April 2013, [appeared in February][7] under the name Hydrogen.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://thevarguy.com/open-source-application-software-companies/open-source-sdn-project-opendaylight-adds-new-members
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://linuxfoundation.org/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.opendaylight.org/
|
||||
[3]:http://thevarguy.com/sdn
|
||||
[4]:http://www.extremenetworks.com/
|
||||
[5]:http://www.flextronics.com/
|
||||
[6]:http://oracle.com/
|
||||
[7]:http://thevarguy.com/open-source-application-software-companies/020514/embargo-until-feb-4-1130-am-est-opendaylight-releases-fir
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
|
||||
alim0x translating
|
||||
|
||||
Dpkg Vulnerabilities Closed in Ubuntu 14.04
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**Canonical has announced that a dpkg vulnerability in its Ubuntu 14.04 LTS, Ubuntu 13.10, Ubuntu 12.10, Ubuntu 12.04 LTS, and Ubuntu 10.04 LTS operating systems has been corrected.**
|
||||
|
||||
The company has just released a new update for the dpkg package, fixing a problem with this very important software that is used in all Ubuntu versions.
|
||||
|
||||
“It was discovered that dpkg incorrectly handled certain patches when unpacking source packages. If a user or an automated system were tricked into unpacking a specially crafted source package, a remote attacker could modify files outside the target unpack directory, leading to a denial of service or potentially gaining access to the system,” reads the security notice.
|
||||
|
||||
For a more detailed description of the problems, you can see Canonical's [security notification][1]. Users have been advised to upgrade their systems as soon as possible.
|
||||
|
||||
The flaws can be fixed if you upgrade your system(s) to the latest libdpkg-perl packages specific to each distribution. To apply the patch, run the Update Manager application.
|
||||
|
||||
In general, a standard system update will make all the necessary changes and users won't have to restart the PC or the laptop in order to apply the patch. This update can also be performed from the terminal, with the apt-get dist-upgrade command.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Dpkg-Vulnerabilities-Closed-in-Ubuntu-14-04-446282.shtml
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.ubuntu.com/usn/usn-2242-1/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
|
||||
Four Awesome Free Alternatives to Ubuntu One Cloud Storage
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Be honest: news that [Canonical is shuttering its Ubuntu One cloud storage service][1] came as a shock, right?
|
||||
|
||||
After four years of serving each and every Ubuntu user with a few gigabytes of free space in which to store their documents, music and photos, Canonical have decided to close it down. The service will cease operating as normal from June, and all files will be deleted permanently this July.
|
||||
|
||||
While the reasons behind its closure make sense for the company in lieu of it broader ambitions elsewhere, there’s no getting away from the fact that if you used it daily, you’re going to be left a little peeved.
|
||||
|
||||
> ‘…there is an army of alternatives able to pick up where Ubuntu One has left off’
|
||||
|
||||
Thankfully there is an army of alternatives able to pick up where Ubuntu One has left off. Most, if not all, offer more space, better features and are generally more reliable than Canonical’s aged offering. In fact, it seems like everyone and their pet cat now offers free cloud storage.
|
||||
|
||||
It’s partly because of the fierce competition between these services, what CEO Jane Silber refers to as the “free storage wars”, that the Ubuntu One offering wasn’t able to find its footing.
|
||||
|
||||
But the promise of some free space and a means of syncing to it through the desktop does not mean they’re all equal, or worthy of entrusting with your data. Which alternatives are worth pursuing? Let’s take a look.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Dropbox Indicator on Ubuntu – Comes In Handy
|
||||
|
||||
### Dropbox ###
|
||||
|
||||
#### Best all rounder ####
|
||||
|
||||
Who hasn’t heard of Dropbox? As the granddaddy of cloud storage, it was the first service to both popularise and implement desktop-to-server syncing in a way that felt productive and not cumbersome.
|
||||
|
||||
Its success was buoyed by a generous referral scheme offering you extra space for signing others up, and extensive cross-platform support. Dropbox makes it easy to hop between devices and OSes and retain access to your files. Other features include public folders that let you share items with other people, regardless of whether they use the service, and near-instantaneous syncing of files as and when they’re changed.
|
||||
|
||||
256-bit AES encryption and two-step verification mean your files are pretty safe and secure.
|
||||
|
||||
For Ubuntu users Dropbox provides a native application that integrates tightly with the default file manager Nautilus. It offers an indicator applet for monitoring, sharing and managing sync; file and folder emblems; and some handy right-click menu options for quick sharing.
|
||||
|
||||
- **2GB** Free Space
|
||||
- Referral Scheme
|
||||
- Paid plans start from $9.99/m for 100GB
|
||||
- **Multi-platform support** (Windows, Mac, iOS, Android, Blackberry & Linux)
|
||||
|
||||
> - [Learn More on the Dropbox Website][2]
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Insync Integrates Google Drive on Linux
|
||||
|
||||
### Google Drive ###
|
||||
|
||||
#### Best for space and features ####
|
||||
|
||||
If you use Gmail or Google Docs then you’ll have, at some point or another, interacted with Google Drive. The search giant’s cloud service offers 15GB of free space in which to store your files, folders, photos and the like. These can be accessed from virtually any device with internet access and a fairly recent web browser or through dedicated mobile and desktop apps.
|
||||
|
||||
One of the neat things about Drive is that certain files do not count towards your free space quota; e.g., Google Docs files. Neither do files others have shared with you. Better still, any photos you upload to Google+ that have a resolution less than 2048 x 2048 are also hosted and synced gratis.
|
||||
|
||||
But Drive offers more than just space for your stuff. You also gain tight integration with Google’s own services, like Gmail, Google Docs and Google+.
|
||||
|
||||
While it’s not the easiest alternative to use on Ubuntu owing to a lack of official native support, there are a number of third party tools that allow you to sync your files locally and have all changes made uploaded back. The most popular third part app is InSync. It’s not free (costing a one-off fee of $15 for the basic account) but it is by far the best way to use it.
|
||||
|
||||
- 15GB Free Space
|
||||
- Paid plans start from $2.99/m for 100GB
|
||||
- Official apps for Windows, Mac, iOS and Android
|
||||
- Integrated into Chrome OS
|
||||
- Unofficial applications for Linux
|
||||
|
||||
> - [Learn More on the Google Drive Website][3]
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Copy running on Ubuntu
|
||||
|
||||
### Copy ###
|
||||
|
||||
#### Best for Security Conscious ####
|
||||
|
||||
If popularity was based solely on the number of referral links that are posted in our comments section, then Copy would win the title hands down.
|
||||
|
||||
It may be less well known than other entrants on this list, but Copy, which is run by cloud enterprise giant Barracuda Networks, touts its robust security benefits the loudest.
|
||||
|
||||
Like Dropbox, Copy uses AES 256-bit encryption on all files but, unlike Dropbox, doesn’t not rely on third-party servers as all files are stored on the company’s own servers.
|
||||
|
||||
“With advanced features like secure sharing, source validation, and identity verification, you can breathe easy knowing your content can only be seen by the people you want,” they promise on their website.
|
||||
|
||||
Another of its unique advantages is that shared files and folders can be assigned to a single user so that they don’t count against the data storage limit for other users. Or, if preferred, the load can be shared between parties so that, for example, a 10GB file shared between 4 people would count as 2.5GB/each, rather than, as on Dropbox, 10GB each.
|
||||
|
||||
Google Drive offers something similar in that only the ‘sharer’ of a file has it count against their storage.
|
||||
|
||||
For desktop integration Copy spoil Linux users. The service supports native integration with **Nautilus, Thunar** and **Caja**, including sync folders and right-click options. An indicator applet/system tray item provides further control options, including a handy list of recently changed files.
|
||||
|
||||
- 15GB Free Space
|
||||
- Referral scheme
|
||||
- Paid plans start from $9.99/m for 250GB
|
||||
- Multi-platform support (Windows, Mac, iOS, Android & Linux)
|
||||
|
||||
> - [Learn More on the Copy Website][4]
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Manage File Sync Yourself
|
||||
|
||||
### ownCloud ###
|
||||
|
||||
#### Best for privacy ####
|
||||
|
||||
If you’d rather not trust your data in other people’s hands but still want the convenience of a “personal cloud”, ownCloud is a free and open source cloud storage platform you can host yourself.
|
||||
|
||||
Like with other cloud storage services, ownCloud lets you sync and share your files across Windows, OS X, Linux, Android, and iOS. It also comes with calendar integration, photo gallery sharing, built-in support for (mounting) additional storage devices/services – e.g., FTP servers, Dropbox and Amazon S3 – and a slew of “apps” that can be added for additional features in the web interface, including a PDF viewer, text editor, and version control.
|
||||
|
||||
Packages are available for a number of distributions, including Ubuntu from 12.04 to 13.10.
|
||||
|
||||
> - [Learn More on the ownCloud Website][5]
|
||||
|
||||
Chances are some of you reading this will have you own favourite, so don’t take the four picks above as set in stone. Other options worth exploring before committing include [SpiderOak][6], Microsoft [OneDrive][7] and [Box][8].
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/04/three-alternatives-ubuntu-one
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/04/canonical-axe-ubuntu-one-file-music-services-grab-data-now
|
||||
[2]:http://dropbox.com/
|
||||
[3]:http://drive.google.com/
|
||||
[4]:https://www.copy.com/home/
|
||||
[5]:http://owncloud.org/
|
||||
[6]:https://spideroak.com/
|
||||
[7]:https://onedrive.live.com/
|
||||
[8]:https://www.box.com/
|
||||
112
sources/talk/20140607 Got Linux--Add Proprietary Code.md
Normal file
112
sources/talk/20140607 Got Linux--Add Proprietary Code.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
|
||||
Got Linux? Add Proprietary Code
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
> For some industries, running proprietary software on an open source Linux distro is not the exception -- it's the rule of thumb. Take, for example, the Wall Street crowd. "Ninety-nine percent of the applications on Wall Street depend on proprietary products. We are much like Oracle in that our product runs on Linux but has a proprietary license," said FSMLabs' President Victor Yodaiken.
|
||||
|
||||
Migrating to the Linux platform is not an either/or proposition. Linux as a computing platform is so flexible that it offers users a have-it-your-way menu of software options.
|
||||
|
||||
One option is the Linux desktop. Individual users in home computing, SOHO and SMB operations can choose from a variety of enterprise-class Linux distributions. The Linux desktop OS offers a no-cost or low-cost alternative to the frustrations of Microsoft Windows or the limitations of Apple's Unix-based OS X platform for its relatively costly Mac hardware.
|
||||
|
||||
Another migration path is to forgo acclimating office staff to the Linux desktop. Instead, enterprises can opt to run their back-office and server operations on a Linux server. Linux servers have a rigorous giant footprint in the networking and cloud computing worlds. Linux servers are commonplace in many other enterprise settings.
|
||||
|
||||
A third migration choice is to run a full Linux shop. Standard office computing software is readily available in open source packages for office suites, Web browsing and graphic production tasks. Open source database applications connect famously with back-end software and servers. Plus, Linux does not need hardware-specific buy-in requirements.
|
||||
|
||||
Staff training to use the Linux desktop applications often is needed only in small amounts. Thanks to workers' familiarity with cross-platform software such as LibreOffice and OpenOffice productivity suites, as well as Google Chrome and Firefox Web browsers, front-office communications rarely miss a beat.
|
||||
|
||||
Linux is flexible. A new trend is to create third-party proprietary software to suit your own enterprise needs. Commercial software firms can recompile must-have Windows or any other platform's software. They also can create task-specific Linux applications that combine off-the-shelf open source components with their own proprietary code.
|
||||
|
||||
"I believe this is becoming a new trend. Enterprises are using third-party proprietary software developed to work on the Linux OS. One of the factors pushing enterprises into migrating to Linux with custom-made software is the financial burden of continuing to pay Microsoft licensing fees," Dayan Jeremiah, CEO of [Icewarp Pacific][1], told LinuxInsider.
|
||||
|
||||
### Linux Does Proprietary ###
|
||||
|
||||
One of the biggest hurdles a company faces in migrating to any operating system is overseeing application compatibility. In the case of moving into Linux, an enterprise has to make sure that whatever software it uses is compatible with the Linux OS, noted Jeremiah.
|
||||
|
||||
The Linux OS has an arsenal of software that runs across the numerous distributions and Linux desktop environments. Depending on the industry involved, the vast open source community may not have a specific replacement for every specialized computing task. In that case, it is often cost-effective to roll your own with the help of a third-party software developer.
|
||||
|
||||
"Using a third-party software vendor helps to ensure this compatibility. For example, we are able to mix and match the software components together so that the application works on Linux," said Jeremiah.
|
||||
|
||||
### An Old Model Made New ###
|
||||
|
||||
A growing number of proprietary software firms, such as Icewarp, build specialized software to meet an enterprise's specific computing needs. They use many open source components in the mix.
|
||||
|
||||
The savings, compared to staying with the Microsoft infrastructure, involve not only licensing costs, but also reduced coding costs.
|
||||
|
||||
"We can build an entire software solution using readily available components for Linux. This entire solution is generally much more cost-effective, efficient and stable across the board," Jeremiah noted.
|
||||
|
||||
Icewarp does not develop the specialized software as free open source projects. It does not provide free versions and charge a fee for support. You order it and pay for it.
|
||||
|
||||
### Porting Code Can Be Chaotic ###
|
||||
|
||||
One hurdle in making software ported from another computing platform compatible with the Linux OS is the vast majority of Linux flavors, according to Jacob Loveless, CEO of [Lucera][2]. The Linux OS has a common kernel, but it has a lot of flavors.
|
||||
|
||||
"The problem develops when software companies have to cross-compile for multiple Linux systems," Loveless told LinuxInsider. "With the exception of Microsoft Exchange Server, most databases run exceptionally well on Linux. MySQL and PostSQL are probably to two most prominent open source versions."
|
||||
|
||||
The majority of the hurdles in porting software to Linux require recompiling the code. Usually there are platform-specific things you have to do to make it work, he said.
|
||||
|
||||
For example, if you have proprietary code bases written in .Net or other languages for Windows, the open source compiler that runs on Linux is not always compatible. So you have a lot of application work you have to redo, Loveless explained.
|
||||
|
||||
Another example involves using databases. You often have to port to a different database and a different Web server.
|
||||
|
||||
"There is definitely work there," said Loveless.
|
||||
|
||||
### A Lot Is Not Enough ###
|
||||
|
||||
Another compatibility issue in migrating to Linux is the type of open source software a company needs.
|
||||
|
||||
"There are not enough open source solutions for all of the specialized enterprise needs," maintained IceWarp's Jeremiah, "but whatever is available for Linux in general, we feel is sufficient. What is not provided by the communities for specialized business applications can be built by third-party software firms."
|
||||
|
||||
For example, IceWarp recently built a specialized Linux-compatible application that required no additional hardware purchase and no additional licensing fees.
|
||||
|
||||
The specialized software included a clustered set of load balancers, a cluster of database servers and a cluster set of IP servers. All of it runs on a standard Red Hat Enterprise Linux or CentOS Linux distro.
|
||||
|
||||
### Follow the Money ###
|
||||
|
||||
In some cases, you can follow the money trail to the Linux OS. Sometimes it is the Linux server that has heavily populated an industry. Other times it is a particular Linux desktop application -- or it could be both.
|
||||
|
||||
Take, for example, the Wall Street crowd. In financial markets, time synchronization becomes critical. The financial networks rely on distributive networks where users have to work with time locks to complete transactions. Other applications require very precise timing before a transaction can be executed. These are functions that require precise time synchronization controls, explained Victor Yodaiken, president of [FSMLabs][3].
|
||||
|
||||
When FSMLabs started developing its TimeKeeper time synchronization software, Yodaiken expected there soon would be a need to develop a Windows version.
|
||||
|
||||
However, "it turned out that everybody who is doing automated trading or low-latency trading or even collecting data at high precision is running Linux in this market," he told LinuxInsider.
|
||||
|
||||
### Time Is Costly ###
|
||||
|
||||
FSMLabs uses proprietary code that runs on Linux. The Network Time Protocol built into Linux does not adequately synchronize time into nanoseconds for software that tracks stock and trade transactions. Windows falls short for another reason.
|
||||
|
||||
"I think Linux's popularity over Windows is that Windows does not have a standard API which lets you get time below a millisecond. So Windows does not really do you any good. You have to have specialized APIs. With Linux, you do not have to screw around with your application program," Yodaiken said.
|
||||
|
||||
The financial markets were one of the first to embrace Linux. Many of the early systems managers came up from [Bell Labs][4] in the 1980s, so it is a very established market, he added.
|
||||
|
||||
### Filling a Need ###
|
||||
|
||||
For some industries, running proprietary software on an open source Linux distro is not the exception -- it's the rule of thumb.
|
||||
|
||||
"Ninety-nine percent of the applications on Wall Street depend on proprietary products. We are much like Oracle in that our product runs on Linux but has a proprietary license," said FSMLabs' Yodaiken.
|
||||
|
||||
Some markets that run Linux need more specialized software than what's available as open source products. Existing open source software just does not meet their requirements. That is why software developers provide commercial offerings for enterprise Linux operations, he added.
|
||||
|
||||
"That is pretty common. Open source is really best suited for big markets. That is why it has wide, general requirements. Not too many people would have to have a one microsecond correct time all the time -- and alarms if they can't get it," he pointed out.
|
||||
|
||||
### Linux Purism Is Pointless ###
|
||||
|
||||
The concept of maintaining a totally free open source software infrastructure on the Linux OS may fall short when it comes to running specialized software. That reality holds true for any specialized business.
|
||||
|
||||
When a specialized computing need does not impact a wide user market, a third-party software developer can provide a proprietary, commercial or closed source software solution. Call it what you will. Open source purity might become a thing of the past as businesses continue to adopt the Linux OS.
|
||||
|
||||
"Having commercial software prominent on the Linux OS is fairly common," said Yodaiken. "People in business are not purists. They just want to solve problems."
|
||||
|
||||
Jack M. Germain has been writing about computer technology since the early days of the Apple II and the PC. He still has his original IBM PC-Jr and a few other legacy DOS and Windows boxes. He left shareware programs behind for the open source world of the Linux desktop. He runs several versions of Windows and Linux OSes and often cannot decide whether to grab his tablet, netbook or Android smartphone instead of using his desktop or laptop gear. You can connect with him on Google+.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.linuxinsider.com/story/80555.html
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.icewarp.com/
|
||||
[2]:https://lucerahq.com
|
||||
[3]:http://www.fsmlabs.com/
|
||||
[4]:http://www.bell-labs.com/
|
||||
178
sources/talk/20140607 Raspberry Pi In Schools.md
Normal file
178
sources/talk/20140607 Raspberry Pi In Schools.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,178 @@
|
||||
Raspberry Pi In Schools
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
> Teaching the world to code is a noble goal, but how is it going to work in practice?
|
||||
|
||||
Two years ago, when the Raspberry Pi launched, it was with the intention of improving IT education in the UK. Since then more powerful, better connected or cheaper boards have come onto the market, but the Pi retains its position as the white knight of ICT teaching.
|
||||
|
||||
Why? Because of the community of users that has grown up around it. To find out more we travelled west to Manchester, venue for the second annual Jamboree – a festival of educators, makers and messer-abouters focussed on highlighting how engaging the Pi can be. There, we met 75% of the Raspberry Pi Foundation’s education team – Ben Nuttall, Clive Beale and Carrie Anne Philbin – to discuss IT teaching in the UK.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**LV**: So, Raspberry Pi education team, we were saying earlier that the obvious place to start is with the UK government’s Year of Code initiative, but that seems far too negative to being with!
|
||||
|
||||
**Carrie Anne**: Yeah, but there’s so much to say about it!
|
||||
|
||||
**Clive**: I think it’s a fantastic initiative, which just represents everything we stand for, blah, blah, blah, blah, blah!
|
||||
|
||||
**LV**: Should we just leave that then?
|
||||
|
||||
**Clive**: I mean the main issue is how the media portray computing, which is a brilliant, creative, rigorous, hard, challenging, fun thing, to just reduced to ‘this code’. ‘We must learn to code.’ ‘You better learn code or you’re a rubbish teacher.’ Which of course is not the case at all, it’s so much more than that. And so the teachers are running around now thinking the sky’s falling because they think that by September 2014, if they can’t code, then they’ve failed and they’ll think their kids have failed, and it’s a really bad message. There hasn’t been a simple message to say this is not the case, get out into the playground with some chalk and make a maze and do some computing, to teach them how to use a computer. No politician has stepped in to say this is not the case and they haven’t asked teachers who would tell them this isn’t the case. And that’s the problem. Where are the teachers? Where are the people that are actually teaching?
|
||||
|
||||
**LV**: As you’ve just left teaching to join the Raspberry Pi Foundation, what are your thought Carrie Anne?
|
||||
|
||||
**Carrie Anne**: It feels like a lot longer than two months, it feels like an eternity!
|
||||
|
||||
**Clive**: Is that bad?
|
||||
|
||||
**Carrie Anne**: No no, not at all! Because teachings so fast paced in that you’re seeing the results of what you’re doing in class straight away, whereas being out of the classroom for the past two months and working the Foundation, I can’t actually see the impact I’m having, but obviously people are talking to me and saying I am having an impact. It’s just very different to what I was seeing before. Clive always said there’s a massive difference between teaching and being a teacher. There are a lot of people we talk to who run Raspberry Jams, workshops, CoderDoJos and that kind of thing, and they always say ‘Oh, it’s really easy, you just do this, this and this.’ And it’s like, great, but you’ve got kids coming to you that *want* to learn this stuff. Imagine a class where you’ve got a bunch of kids who aren’t interested or engaged by this subject and actually teaching is much harder…
|
||||
|
||||
**Clive**: Maybe 15 year olds on a Friday afternoon…
|
||||
|
||||
**Carrie Anne**: Yes, a six-period day, end of the week…
|
||||
|
||||
**Clive**: Ofsted saying, ‘Why haven’t your kids developed after 20 minutes in your lesson? Why haven’t they progressed?’. It’s very different.
|
||||
|
||||
**Carrie Anne**: It’s very different, yep.
|
||||
|
||||
**LV**: So you have some idea of how things should be done because of your recent experience?
|
||||
|
||||
**Carrie Anne**: Yes.
|
||||
|
||||
> The Raspberry Jams have done an excellent job of bringing people together from all walks of life
|
||||
|
||||
**LV**: Are we, in general as a society, doing the right things?
|
||||
|
||||
**Carrie Anne**: I think so. I think what’s been really nice about the Raspberry Pi community is that is gives back to the community. So there are experts, there are people who love what they do, who are reaching out to teachers and reaching out to children by running workshops and clubs and things. And it’s actually that collaboration that produces the best materials and produces the best way to move forward with the new curriculum. I mean, the work I did as a teacher producing the Sonic Pi was a team of work. That was because I worked with, yes an academic, but he was an expert. He wanted to develop a teaching environment that I could use with my students to teach tech-based programing in a fun and engaging way, that engaged both genders and engaged both low ability students and high ability students. It’s a tech-based programming language, which is important at Key Stage 3 where you need to not just be able to teach Scratch, you need to teach a tech-based language that’s nice bridge between Starch and something like Python, which we can teach later on. So, yeah, I think we are moving in the right direction. It would be nicer if the powers that be…
|
||||
|
||||
**Clive**: It would be nice to see that as a microcosm of how these things actually happen. So as an academic has a brilliant idea and they’re very good at what they do, and then they come to a teacher and say ‘How can we make this useful in the classroom?’, ‘How can we get assessment in there?’, which schools needs frankly, ‘How do we make it robust?’, ‘How can we test it?’. And isn’t that a weird idea, to actually ask the people that teach how we should do that? It hasn’t happened really. But, yes, as Carrie says, we’re going in the right direction, certainly. The community and third parties are doing more to push it along.
|
||||
|
||||
**LV**: From someone outside a little bit, it kind of looks like this community has sort of spontaneously developed around the Raspberry Pi. Has this always been there or has it just become more obvious now?
|
||||
|
||||
**Carrie Anne**: I think it’s always been there. I was a teacher so when Raspberry Pi first came out I got one. It got it and then I was like, this is brilliant! Someone’s developed something for education. A Linux box that we can use in the classroom. It’s cheap, it’s brilliant!
|
||||
|
||||
**Clive**: And mess about with.
|
||||
|
||||
**Carrie Anne**: Yeah, it’s going to be great! And then I was like, right, so where are the resources to go with it? Ah, there aren’t any. Then I was like, so where can I go and find some? The first obvious place was Raspberry Jam. There are people running events where they’re doing stuff. So I thought I’ll go along and speak to some people, and see what’s available. And it was through that that I met people to work with, and they’d formed that themselves, the enthusiasts from throughout the community around the Raspberry Pi.
|
||||
|
||||
**Clive**: It’s been a focus, hasn’t it? There’s been a lot of people sort of hanging around, saying ‘Look, I like tinkering, I like messing, I like coding, I like making’, and this thing appeared which was cheap and cheerful and fantastic to play around with, and I think it was a focus. It was waiting to happen really.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Carrie Ann Philbin, The Raspberry Pi Foundation’s Education Pioneer
|
||||
|
||||
**LV**: Was there anything equivalent to Raspberry Jams before the Raspberry Pi came along for people and teachers to come together?
|
||||
|
||||
**Carrie Anne**: Well teachers tend to generally get together through things like TeachMeets and through Twitter, and those kinds of chat tools. There are ways that you can get together, but that’s more talking about teaching practice. Like the different ways you can use a sentence. It’s very teachery, it wasn’t specific to teaching computing.
|
||||
|
||||
**Clive**: I think hardware-wise, Raspberry Pi was in the right place and the right time.
|
||||
|
||||
**Ben**: The Jams done a really good job of bringing people together. The people, like myself, who were attending user groups that are interested in tech and really passionate about it, have got a chance to share that interest with the wider community. There were families coming in, teachers coming in, and they were just sharing what they were doing. And the skills they already had, and I was already programming in Python and things like that just on the desktop, and the Pi came along and it opened up this way of plugging into the real world and all the other things the Pi brings with it. Just being about to use those skills and pass them on, I got myself involved in Education through that.
|
||||
|
||||
**LV**: So you weren’t a teacher before then?
|
||||
|
||||
**Ben**: No, I was a software developer.
|
||||
|
||||
**Carrie Anne**: This is what’s great about the education team at Raspberry Pi. It’s 50% ex-teachers and 50% software developers. We need people like Ben and Dave (Honess).
|
||||
|
||||
**Ben**: Yes, some people have ideas for things and think this could be an engaging exercise, but they may not know exactly how to deliver it, or how it’s going to work. They might not know how exactly a teacher is supposed to produce something to use that, but they have an end goal and working with someone else can help achieve that.
|
||||
|
||||
**Clive**: Yeah, you’re right, the real key is the mix. So you’re getting teachers and engineers and developers and families. Before, they might have been on a Linux user group, they might have been a teacher group, and you’re just bringing a bunch of different people together and that just (to use a horrible word!) synergizes stuff.
|
||||
(Everyone LOL)
|
||||
|
||||
**Clive**: Yes, I did it! I said synergizes! I’m buying a copy of the magazine now.
|
||||
|
||||
**Carrie Anne**: There’s something that comes about from getting all those different types of people together is that it breeds this wonderful learning environment that you cannot reproduce. Like, you were running a Picamera workshop this morning. So that was run by people who run Jams who are from industry. And what was really nice is that there were teachers and there were people who had come for the Jamboree from industry that were helping the teachers do stuff. And there was this environment that was like, it’s ok to not know something, it’s ok to ask a question, it’s ok to get it wrong and make mistakes. And that’s really powerful because sometimes teachers are afraid perhaps of saying they don’t know.
|
||||
|
||||
**Ben**: So at this workshop, we gave people an intro to building a real application around the camera. So it’s not just ‘Oh, there’s a camera and you can take pictures’. It was ‘Ok, let’s plug in a button, and attach that to the Pi and let’s make that be the button for the camera’. And just a simple intro like that opens up a world of possibilities. Sometimes a lot of these things like the Jam, just gives you a lot of inspiration. Or if you see something in a magazine or online, or on Twitter, and you think somebody’s done that with the Pi, I’d really like to do that project in my garden or I’d like to do that myself and twist it and use some of the libraries they’ve used or used some of the codebase they’ve used and take it in their own direction.
|
||||
|
||||
**Clive**: Like it’s not a button, it’s a sensor for when your parents walk into your bedroom, it then tweets it as they walk in.
|
||||
|
||||
**Ben**: And everyone’s got a different way of thinking. If you’re in classroom of 30 kids and you show them how to make a button do this, each of them is thinking ‘Oh I can make a such and such’. They’ll all have a different idea. And some of them will just go straight home and make one. And some of them would need a lot more guidance.
|
||||
|
||||
> Every teacher needs more time off their timetable to develop their skills
|
||||
|
||||
**LV**: Are there some kids that just don’t get it at all?
|
||||
|
||||
**Ben**: I think there’s something for everyone, but they might not find it straight away. If you delivered a term’s worth of content for a class, with a good scope of different projects, I’d be surprised if there was one kid that wasn’t interested in any of it or didn’t find any of it engaging.
|
||||
|
||||
**Clive**: It’s almost an antidote for kids not getting it. With teaching music, you’ll have people that are level 5 or 6 while others can’t read music. Because computing is creative and engaging, we don’t all have to become master coders. With Scratch, it’s a visual language and you’ll find that quite often you’ll get what are classed as low ability kids that just rip into that and do fantastic things because it’s the first time they’ve been allowed to get ideas out of their heads and make something with it. And before, if they’ve had problems with writing and numeracy, they haven’t been able to do that. There are case studies with young boys that aren’t very good at reading and writing but they start telling stories when you give them an environment where they can actually do these things. So it’s brilliant tool to actually fight the opposite. It’s not that they don’t get it. There’s something for everybody.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Linux Voice’s Andrew Gregory asks Clive Beale a tough question
|
||||
|
||||
**LV**: Pre-Raspberry Pi, in the dark ages of about 5 years ago, before the ICT revolution, what would those children be doing? Would they have responded to ICT at all?
|
||||
|
||||
**Carrie Anne**: In a classroom, you have a network of computers that are all on lockdown. You’ve got your network administrator and team of technicians, and they do a wonderful job and I certainly wouldn’t slate them – I was a technician once. But we were living in a time where you had to lock down the internet, which I disagree with, I think it should be open. And all the computers, you can’t execute any files on them, so you can’t actually teach any programming on them. So that was a problem for me.
|
||||
|
||||
**LV**: Is that changing?
|
||||
|
||||
**Carrie Anne**: I think it is changing, and will change with the new curriculum. For me as a teacher, what was great when the Raspberry Pi came along is that I don’t actually need those computers around the outside any more.
|
||||
|
||||
**LV**: So you don’t need permission.
|
||||
|
||||
**Carrie Anne**: Here’s my box full of Pis, let’s just get them out.
|
||||
|
||||
**Clive**: I’ll install what you want, do what I want.
|
||||
|
||||
**Carrie Anne**: Yeah, you can break it. And that’s ok, you just flash it and start again.
|
||||
|
||||
**Clive**: In 1997, they put the C back in ICT and suddenly it became this thing that you had to teach. The curriculum wasn’t really that bad. A lot of people moan about it, but if you actually sat down and read it, it was quite flexible and did let you do take control and make programming and coding interesting. But because resources are so important to schools, you just ended up doing the easy things.
|
||||
|
||||
**LV**: But when you said about kids using Scratch and becoming motivated to do other things, that would never have happened before the Raspberry Pi came along.
|
||||
|
||||
**Clive**: Yes, it was more just following what the teacher said, ‘And now we’re going to write a letter to the cinema’ or something. That’s like giving someone a Ferrari and saying you’ve just got to drive in this room for half an hour. So you’ve given them this fantastic tool for exploration and creativity, and you’re saying we’ve got to do this. Whereas with the computing thing, especially things like Scratch, just lets them think, ‘Ok, I can do a movie, I can do a little flip frame animation, or you know what, I can actually make a game’. And then suddenly they’re doing stuff that they haven’t had the opportunity to do.
|
||||
|
||||
**Carrie Anne**: Yeah, and I think that ICT curriculum was about 12 years out of date. It was created and it wasn’t updated.
|
||||
|
||||
> you can break it. And that’s ok, you just flash it and start again
|
||||
|
||||
**LV**: Obviously quite a lot has changed in computing education according to the media over the last couple of years in the UK. Broadly speaking, it is getting better?
|
||||
|
||||
**Carrie Anne**: Yes.
|
||||
|
||||
**LV**: What are the parts that pushed it to be better.
|
||||
|
||||
**Carrie Anne**: I think the teachers. They’re the ones in the classroom that have to teach the curriculum. When I became a teacher, I was already working in a school and I kept putting it off becoming a teacher because the curriculum bored me. But then I realised that, when I actually got into the classroom, I was able to put my own spin on it. I think it started with the teachers. Those people saying we want a new curriculum, we want to teach this and it’s engaging the kids and they’re learning something. I think it started there and then I think industry picked up on the fact that that was happening and they wanted more industry experts. And then the government got involved and it snowballed really.
|
||||
|
||||
**Clive**: Scratch was a big word-of-mouth thing wasn’t it. It was about mid-2000 when it came out, and suddenly you just found that any teacher worth their salt was using it for their ICT curriculum because it taught about control.
|
||||
|
||||
**Carrie Anne**: HTML as well. HTML has been on the curriculum for years. We’ve been teaching HTML in Notepad for years.
|
||||
|
||||
**LV**: What are going to be the big things pushing it forward over the next few years?
|
||||
|
||||
**Carrie Anne**: I think more of the same really. It’ll be teachers, it’s always the teachers. They’re the ones that come to the Jamboree and this kind of thing, and learn from people like Ben and that sort of collaboration. That’s where it starts. The teachers see what can be done, and they start doing it, and they’ll be more of that. And there are initiatives like code clubs and the Master Teachers are great.
|
||||
|
||||
**Clive**: Teachers are meeting up more when before may not have been getting together.
|
||||
|
||||
**Ben**: And as well as there being a more content, I think they’ll be convergence of a lot of this stuff. So, because the Raspberry Pi doesn’t have any official resources right now, some people are going off and writing their own. I think they’ll be a convergence of people pulling their ideas together and there’ll be a more centralised system for that. And we’ll be helping the community out with that.
|
||||
|
||||
**Clive**: ‘We’ll be at the forefront of that’, is that quote!
|
||||
|
||||
**LV**: You haven’t mentioned government policy, or anything like that at all. Is that a negative thing or just by-the-by?
|
||||
|
||||
**Clive**: I was at the Westminster forum yesterday and they had a chap from the DFE there, and I couldn’t resist it, so I got the mic and said you haven’t really taken it seriously have you? He turned round and said, we have *really* take it seriously. This idea that we can just bring in a new program of study and saying ‘Oh, aren’t we wonderful’, because Eric Schmidt’s speech and going over that, and suddenly we’re made it all better for you. But you haven’t, you just seemed to have done something that a lot of teachers are now scared of. So there’s a lot of work to do, and we’re really positive. But no, the government have not, in my personal opinion, given the money or the support or the thought behind this. If you go to Jersey, it’s such a great contrast. 6 million pounds, 100 thousand people on the island – the size of Cambridge. Compared to the 53 million in England and parts of the UK. This is in England initially, it’s not in Scotland and Wales. They’re got the infrasture, fibre to the door in every school, linking into businesses, £2 million CPD for teachers, well that’s practically what the government pay for the whole of England. So, have you taken it seriously, no. I think they’ve completing underestimated what’s involved. They thought the teachers would just pick it up and have the time and resources, which we don’t have the time for.
|
||||
|
||||
**Carrie Anne**: Maggie Philbin has been leading a UK digital skills taskforce, of which I’m part the team. We’re looking at where the skill shortages are and what are digital skills. Because there’s going to a whole group of kids who are now 14 to 16 who are going to leave the education system who haven’t had new programs like these. They were on the old program, so we’re looking at who will be deskilled and what we can do about that. So hopefully that report will inform government policy.
|
||||
|
||||
**Ben**: There must be a generation of people that don’t have their own website.
|
||||
|
||||
**LV**: If there’s one thing you could change about government policy, what would it be?
|
||||
|
||||
**Clive**: It really is to do with support for teachers. This idea that teachers would be able to, especially primary school teachers where you have to teach a range of subjects, suddenly go off, and even the guy yesterday said, well there’s loads of third party resources, but you’ve still got to go out and get them and try them out and learn and bring them all together.
|
||||
|
||||
**Carrie Anne**: Time. One of the biggest recommendations that I would say is time. Every teacher needs more time off their timetable to develop their skills, especially in an area like this that they perhaps think they’re weak. Because it takes a while to set things up and start your learning. As a teacher, you get like a 30 period timetable, you’re teaching for about 22 lessons of that with about 7 free periods, but some of those you’ll be covering for another lesson and some of those I need to plan my lesson and mark. They need time.
|
||||
|
||||
**Clive**: If you look at science, so if you’re a chemistry or biology teacher at secondary, there’s a scheme where you can re-skill to physics and they will give you free periods, huge bursary, and they’ll also take you off timetable one day a week to go off and go to other schools and retrain, and maybe pay for the cover. And this is the government doing this, and if you do this, this and this, you come out as an accredited physics teacher. So they took that seriously, but yet here’s a brand new subject and they’re expecting people just to pick up and run with it, and it’s completely inadequate.
|
||||
|
||||
**Carrie Anne**: But it’s not just time to learn something, it’s also time to go and meet industry people. Like go to a company and be in there and work and learn from them, and see what the world is like. Because some people, they went through education, went to university and became a teacher, so they’ve never left this school environment and they’ve got no idea of what the world of work is like.
|
||||
|
||||
**Ben**: I think there are some people in the current government that seem to think there should just be this package, and this is what you should deliver as your syllabus this year. Everyone is treated the same. Each teacher has their own class, and they’re all different, with different ways of engaging their interest. It needs to be tailored, so the teacher needs to take that material, and perhaps look on our site in the next year and say, well this one looks quite suitable for my class, or this one might be a good one to do.
|
||||
|
||||
**Clive**: It’s so long term. The government also do not understand that this is long term. So if you’re going to start teaching at 5 about algorithms and a bit of code and Scratch, what happens further down the line. The secondary school teacher will be saying, I can’t teach them Scratch anymore, which is what we do in Year 7 at the moment. So it’s actually quite a long term thing and things will continue to change over the next several years until that pipeline becomes full. And they’ve unbelievably said here’s £2 million, do some training for September 2014. What’s 2014 got to do with it? This is five, six, seven years down the line.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.linuxvoice.com/education-education-education/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
|
||||
Has Microsoft really changed its attitude toward open source?
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
> **In today's open source roundup: Microsoft may or may not have a new attitude toward open source. Plus: Android versus Windows, and Cinnamon versus Unity in Ubuntu 14.04**
|
||||
|
||||
Microsoft became infamous for its very negative early remarks about open source software. But restructuring at the company may be giving it a more positive attitude toward open source. CNet reports on changes in Microsoft's perceptions and behavior when it comes to open source software.
|
||||
|
||||
> According to [CNet][1]:
|
||||
>
|
||||
> But Microsoft's feud with open source has been sputtering for quite some time, and the senior managers who led the anti-open source charge are gone from the scene -- or at least no longer in positions of authority. Open source is now routinely used by corporations around the world, and the company's sniffy put-downs only fed into the perception of Microsoft as out of touch.
|
||||
>
|
||||
> Some of that new thinking reflects the change at the top of the corporate pyramid, with Satya Nadella replacing Ballmer as CEO in early February. Since taking over, Nadella has talked up his vision of a Microsoft whose future isn't shackled to its Windows past.
|
||||
>
|
||||
> [More at CNet][2]
|
||||
>
|
||||
> 
|
||||
>
|
||||
> Microsoft and Communist Open Source
|
||||
> Image credit: [Curako's Blog][3]
|
||||
|
||||
Okay, I hate to be a Negative Ned here, but I'm firmly in the "trust but verify" camp when it comes to Microsoft and open source. Yes, a new CEO and other changes may be helping Microsoft to adjust to living in an open source world. But change never comes easy or fast in such a large organization, so I think the jury is still out on whether or not Microsoft has really changed for the better when it comes to open source software.
|
||||
|
||||
Also, I've never forgotten the company's "embrace, extend, extinguish" strategy that they used in the past to destroy competitive software products. That alone is reason enough to keep a wary eye on Microsoft's involvement with any open source project. Perhaps the company really has changed, but maybe it hasn't. I think it bears watching for at least another few years to see if enduring change has really set in or not.
|
||||
|
||||
### Android versus Windows ###
|
||||
|
||||
ZDNet has an article that covers the top end-user Linux distributions. It notes that Windows still rules the desktop for now, but Android may eventually be the big kahuna among end-user operating systems by the end of this year.
|
||||
|
||||
> According to [ZDNet][4]:
|
||||
>
|
||||
> If smartphones and tablet sales continue to grow as expected, Android tablet vendors continue to erode Apple's market share, and PCs continue their decline, Android may end up being the top end-user operating system by the end of 2014—regardless of what happens with the proposed Android PCs.
|
||||
>
|
||||
> Taken as a whole, Android clearly rules the Linux end-user space. No, you may not think of it as a desktop yet —although AMD and Intel would both like you to change your mind about that — but Android is on its way to being the top end-user operating system of all.
|
||||
>
|
||||
> [More at ZDNet][4]
|
||||
>
|
||||
> 
|
||||
> Image credit: [ZDNet][4]
|
||||
|
||||
The numbers mentioned in the article aren't really a surprise, given the mobile revolution that's happened over the last ten years. The desktop just isn't as important as it used to be, and Microsoft just never really mattered in mobile devices. Even now, as they struggle desperately for traction in tablets and phones, Microsoft is still mostly irrelevant in the mobile devices market.
|
||||
|
||||
Google has wreaked absolute havoc on Microsoft's efforts in mobile and is now beginning to be a threat to Microsoft in the desktop market. Between Chrome OS and Android, Google has been battering Microsoft on a number of fronts. If you look at Amazon's list of [top selling desktops][5] and [top selling laptops][6], you see plenty of Chrome OS computers and even some Android PCs. So people are actually buying alternatives to Windows computers and aren't bothered in the least by it.
|
||||
|
||||
### Cinnamon versus Unity in Ubuntu 14.04 ###
|
||||
|
||||
Tech Republic takes a look at whether or not Cinnamon is a viable replacement for Unity in Ubuntu 14.04. The article includes instructions on how to install Cinnamon in Ubuntu 14.04.
|
||||
|
||||
> According to [Tech Republic][7]:
|
||||
>
|
||||
> If you want a performance-centric desktop that doesn't toss aside feature and customization, Cinnamon is for you. Cinnamon is a straight-forward desktop interface that pretty much anyone can use -- from your IT staff to your grandmother. It really is that easy to use. Cinnamon doesn't surprise you, it doesn't trick you, but it also (in my opinion) doesn't wow you. But that's not what Cinnamon is about. This take on the desktop is all about functionality -- on a standard level. It doesn't break rules, push envelopes, or have new tricks up its sleeve.
|
||||
>
|
||||
> Cinnamon is a fairly pedestrian desktop that takes the bits and pieces of what's worked well over the years and cobbles them together into one, well-designed piece. So, if you're okay with using a desktop that looks and feels a bit long in the tooth (but one that functions very, very well), Cinnamon is for you. If you lean towards the bleeding edge of design and prefer a more modern look and feel, Cinnamon will most likely disappoint.
|
||||
>
|
||||
> [More at Tech Republic][7]
|
||||
>
|
||||
> 
|
||||
>
|
||||
> Image credit: [Tech Republic][7]
|
||||
|
||||
I'll have to weigh in on the side of Cinnamon here. While Unity has its pluses, I have never really been able to warm up to it. Cinnamon is closer to a more traditional desktop interface and that seems to work the best for me.
|
||||
|
||||
But as always, beauty is in the eye of the beholder. The great thing about Linux is that it offers so many different choices. So you really can't go wrong with Unity or Cinnamon, just use whichever one you like best.
|
||||
|
||||
What's your take on all this? Tell me in the comments below.
|
||||
|
||||
The opinions expressed by the author do not necessarily reflect the views of ITworld.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.itworld.com/open-source/421894/has-microsoft-really-changed-its-attitude-toward-open-source
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.cnet.com/news/dead-and-buried-microsofts-holy-war-on-open-source-software/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.cnet.com/news/dead-and-buried-microsofts-holy-war-on-open-source-software/
|
||||
[3]:http://curako.wordpress.com/2010/12/06/the-uneasy-alliance-free-software-vs-open-source/
|
||||
[4]:http://www.zdnet.com/the-five-most-popular-end-user-linux-distributions-7000030058/http://www.zdnet.com/the-five-most-popular-end-user-linux-distributions-7000030058/
|
||||
[5]:http://www.amazon.com/Best-Sellers-Electronics-Desktop-Computers/zgbs/electronics/565098/?_encoding=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&linkCode=ur2&tag=fnh-20&linkId=REWXUPB7SQXPDSOL
|
||||
[6]:http://www.amazon.com/Best-Sellers-Computers-Accessories-Laptop/zgbs/pc/565108/?_encoding=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&linkCode=ur2&tag=fnh-20&linkId=POG3J2CFBHDWBAVL
|
||||
[7]:http://www.techrepublic.com/article/is-cinnamon-a-worthy-replacement-for-ubuntu-unity/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
|
||||
Out in the Open: The Little-Known Open Source OS That Rules the Internet of Things
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
Image: Adnk/[Wikipedia][1]
|
||||
|
||||
You can connect almost anything to a computer network. Light bulbs. Thermostats. Coffee makers. Even badgers. Yes, badgers.
|
||||
|
||||
Badgers spend a lot of time underground, which make it difficult for biologists and zoologists to track their whereabouts and activities. GPS, for example, doesn’t work well underground or in enclosed areas. But about five years ago, University of Oxford researchers Andrew Markham and Niki Trigoni [solved that problem][2] by inventing a wireless tracking system that can work underground. Their system is clever, but they didn’t do it alone. Like many other scientists, they turned to open source to avoid having to rebuild fundamental components from scratch. One building block they used is an open source operating system called [Contiki][3].
|
||||
|
||||
“Contiki was a real enabler as it allowed us to do rapid prototyping and easily shift between different hardware platforms,” says Markham, now an associate professor at the University of Oxford.
|
||||
|
||||
Contiki isn’t nearly so well-known as Windows or OS X or even Linux, but for more than a decade, it has been the go-to operating system for hackers, academics, and companies building network-connected devices like sensors, trackers, and web-based automation systems. Developers love it because it’s lightweight, it’s free, and it’s mature. It provides a foundation for developers and entrepreneurs eager to bring us all the internet-connected gadgets the internet of things promises, without having to develop the underlying operating system those gadgets will need.
|
||||
|
||||
Perhaps the biggest thing Contiki has going for it is that it’s small. Really small. While Linux requires one megabyte of RAM, Contiki needs just a few kilobytes to run. Its inventor, Adam Dunkels, has managed to fit an entire operating system, including a graphical user interface, networking software, and a web browser into less than 30 kilobytes of space. That makes it much easier to run on small, low powered chips–exactly the sort of things used for connected devices–but it’s also been ported to many older systems like the Apple IIe and the Commodore 64.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Adam Dunkels. Photo: Sara Arnald
|
||||
|
||||
Contiki will soon face competition from the likes of Microsoft, which recently [announced Windows for the Internet of Things][4]. But while Microsoft’s new operating system will be free for devices less than 9 inches in size, it won’t be open source. And Contiki has an 11-year head start.
|
||||
|
||||
Contiki started in 2003, but its roots stretch to Dunkels’ days as a computer science student at Mälardalen University in Sweden. In 2000, he was working on a project to use wireless sensors to track hockey players’ vital signs and display them on a screen the crowd could see. “We convinced them to have this thing up their nose so we could measure their breathing rates,” Dunkels recalls.
|
||||
|
||||
To make the sensors work correctly, Dunkels had to write software would enable them to interact with a computer network. He called the resulting code [LwIP][5], for “light weight internet protocol.” Although LwIP is still used in many microcontrollers and other products today, Dunkels decided it wasn’t quite lightweight enough. In 2003, he created microIP, which evolved into Contiki. The OS was an immediate hit with researchers and hobbyists, and has in recent years attracted commercial users including [Rad-DX][6] radiation detection devices and [Zolertia][7] noise monitoring system.
|
||||
|
||||
While Nest, the web connected thermostat company [Google acquired for $3.2 billion][8] in January, has come to define the Internet of Things, Dunkels notes that many companies have been using network-connected devices for years in applications including industrial and building automation. “With something like CES you see all the consumer stuff, but there are just so many different aspects of this,” Dunkel says.
|
||||
|
||||
But consumer technology companies are beginning to embrace Contiki as well. The [LiFX][9] “smart light bulb” is using the operating system, for example, as is the Nest competitor [Tado][10].
|
||||
|
||||
To help support the burgeoning commercial usage of Contiki, Dunkels left his job as a professor at the Swedish Institute of Computer Science and founded [Thingsquare][11], a startup focused on providing a cloud-based back-end for Contiki devices. The idea is to make it easy for developers to connect their hardware devices with smartphones and the web. Thingsquare manages the servers, and provides all the software necessary to manage a device over the web.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.wired.com/2014/06/contiki/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Contiki-ipv6-rpl-cooja-simulation.png
|
||||
[2]:http://www.cs.ox.ac.uk/projects/WILDSENSING/
|
||||
[3]:http://www.contiki-os.org/
|
||||
[4]:http://www.wired.com/2014/04/free-windows/
|
||||
[5]:https://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/lwip/
|
||||
[6]:http://www.dtectsystems.com/rad-DX_page.html
|
||||
[7]:http://zolertia.com/home
|
||||
[8]:http://www.wired.com/2014/01/googles-3-billion-nest-buy-finally-make-internet-things-real-us/
|
||||
[9]:http://lifx.co/
|
||||
[10]:http://www.tado.com/de-en/
|
||||
[11]:http://www.thingsquare.com/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
|
||||
GitHub redesigns its Windows app to put your work front and center, adds emoji and gif support
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
GitHub today [released][1] version 2.0 of its Windows app, which it markets as “the easiest way to use Git and GitHub on Windows.” The new version features a more streamlined design, new GitHub local features, and some general speed improvements. You can grab the new version now directly form [windows.github.com][2] (if you already have GitHub for Windows, it will update automatically).
|
||||
|
||||
GitHub released its Windows app back in [May 2012][3], and has made improvements in three minor releases since. Today’s major 2.0 release comes more than two years after the app’s debut, and aims to inject new life into the app.
|
||||
|
||||
GitHub executives told me they saw a major bump in terms of interest for the client with the 1.3 release that was more of an overall increase rather than just a spike associated with new versions. They are naturally hoping for a repeat of this jump with the 2.0 release.
|
||||
|
||||
GitHub 2.0 for Windows is supposed to be simpler and cleaner, and aims to put more focus and the developer and their work. For the sake of comparison, here’s how the previous 1.3 version looked like:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Here is the 2.0 release (the company emphasizes that your work is now ” front and center”):
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Previously, there were two different views available. The company has slimmed that down so developers no longer need to move back and forth between their projects.
|
||||
|
||||
This is largely accomplished by adding a sidebar that reduces the need to navigate through menus and options. In short, your local repositories are always available on the left, plus you can create, clone, and publish repositories without having to navigate to a new screen. Your repositories are also grouped by where they originated from, so work projects (think GitHub Enterprise) are easy to distinguish from personal ones, and you can easily switch between them.
|
||||
|
||||
The new design aside, GitHub for Windows now lets you pick an ignore file template for your project when you create a repository. It also supports including emoji and gifs in your commit messages.
|
||||
|
||||
It’s worth noting that the aforementioned performance improvements should be felt around the app in general. Unfortunately, GitHub wasn’t able to share any benchmarks regarding the speed bumps.
|
||||
|
||||
All in all, this is a big redesign aimed at improving the user experience. GitHub executives tell TNW the new design language aims is a “GitHub Metro style” that takes the “best parts of Metro as well as Android and iOS.” Whether or not that’s a good thing will likely come down to personal preference.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://thenextweb.com/dd/2014/06/09/github-redesigns-windows-app-put-work-front-center-adds-emoji-gif-support/?tnw_rfl=tw
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:https://github.com/blog/1844-say-hello-to-github-for-windows-2-0
|
||||
[2]:http://windows.github.com/
|
||||
[3]:http://thenextweb.com/apps/2012/05/21/github-releases-its-windows-app-at-last/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,195 @@
|
||||
How does the cloud affect the everyday linux user?
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
### Introduction ###
|
||||
|
||||
Cloud computing is one of those terms you hear about and see all the time whether it is in the national newspapers, online news websites, podcasts, technical blogs, technical news sites or on radio and television.
|
||||
|
||||
It is a fairly woolly term that encompasses so many things but what exactly is it?
|
||||
|
||||
> **Cloud computing** is a term used to refer to a model of network computing where a program or application runs on a connected server or servers rather than on a local computing device such as a PC, tablet or smartphone. Like the traditional client-server model or older mainframe computing,[1] a user connects with a server to perform a task. The difference with cloud computing is that the computing process may run on one or many connected computers at the same time, utilizing the concept of virtualization. With virtualization, one or more physical servers can be configured and partitioned into multiple independent “virtual” servers, all functioning independently and appearing to the user to be a single physical device. Such virtual servers are in essence disassociated from their physical server, and with this added flexibility, they can be moved around and scaled up or down on the fly without affecting the end user. The computing resources have become “granular”, which provides end user and operator benefits including on-demand self-service, broad access across multiple devices, resource pooling, rapid elasticity and service metering capability.[2]
|
||||
|
||||
The above quote was obviously taken from Wikipedia.
|
||||
|
||||
In the past we either used dumb terminals to connect to a mainframe or more recently desktop computers connected to applications on in-house servers which in turn connected to databases also kept on site.
|
||||
|
||||
The management of the desktops, applications and servers were all local and all had to be supported by the company who owned them.
|
||||
|
||||
Whilst this might be great for software houses it isn’t good business for other companies such as banks, insurance companies and oil companies. Information Technology is not a banking function in the same way catering isn’t a function of drilling oil out of the ground.
|
||||
|
||||
Large companies have long since outsourced many functions to dedicated companies. For example outside catering companies provide the staff canteen and we all know about the offshore call centres handling customer calls for the banks.
|
||||
|
||||
IT has also become an offshore function with a number of support and development functions shipped out to China, India, Malaysia and Eastern Europe.
|
||||
|
||||
Cloud computing is different to the typical model in that it is all about virtualisation. It is about putting applications on virtual servers which could all be in one location or could be thousands of miles apart but the point is it doesn’t matter because it is somebody else’s job to make sure they work.
|
||||
|
||||
> In common usage the term “the cloud” has become a shorthand way to refer to cloud computing infrastructure.[4] The term came from the cloud symbol that network engineers used on network diagrams to represent the unknown (to them) segments of a network.[5] Marketers have further popularized the phrase “in the cloud” to refer to software, platforms and infrastructure that are sold “as a service”, i.e. remotely through the Internet.
|
||||
|
||||
This article is therefore all about the cloud and what it means for the everyday linux user and what it can do for you and what, if any, pitfalls are there.
|
||||
|
||||
From an end user and home user point of view, cloud computing has basically come to mean any service that is hosted online.
|
||||
|
||||
So here goes, which cloud services are useful for an everyday linux user?
|
||||
|
||||
### Email ###
|
||||
|
||||
I would be very surprised if you are reading this and you don’t have an email account.
|
||||
|
||||
PC Advisor magazine analysed the top 6 emails services back in March, 2014 consisting of Outlook, GMail, Yahoo, iCloud, AOL and GMX.
|
||||
|
||||
### Office Suites ###
|
||||
|
||||
As well as an email client one of the most commonly used tools required by everyone is an office suite.
|
||||
|
||||
In the past people would toddle off down to PC World, buy a computer and come home with a great big machine and half a dozen CDs containing 5 programs you definitely won’t use and Microsoft Works which was a cheap and virtually useless cut down version of Microsoft Office.
|
||||
|
||||
Now you don’t even need an office suite on your computer even though there are some great free choices out there including LibreOffice and Kingsoft.
|
||||
|
||||
The obvious choices are of course Google Docs and Office 365. Does Office 365 work for Linux? Well this article from PC Pro in 2012 seems to suggest that it does.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
I don’t believe everything I read though so I signed up to Office 365 to see what would happen.
|
||||
|
||||
Signing up was free for a month and I was presented with a list of online applications that I could use which included Word, Excel and Outlook.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
All looked to be going well. I started Microsoft Word, chose a template to use and then of course it didn’t work at all.
|
||||
|
||||
Office 365 isn’t yet supported on Linux and to be honest you don’t need it. Move on.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Google Docs works and for home use it is perfect. There are hundreds of templates for the word processing and presentation tools and the spreadsheet application does most things although it doesn’t really replace Excel because you haven’t got hundreds of wannabe developers creating naff macros and VBA scripts everywhere.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Another alternative to Office 365 is Zoho.
|
||||
|
||||
Similar to Google Docs, Zoho includes a word processor, spreadsheet tool, presentation tool and mail.
|
||||
|
||||
There are finance and CRM tools as well.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The interface for the tools is actually very nice and clean.
|
||||
|
||||
Services such as Google Docs and Zoho also give you the power of collaboration.
|
||||
|
||||
Documents can be shared and worked on by different people in different locations.
|
||||
|
||||
This site provides a good list of alternative choices to Google Docs and Zoho.
|
||||
|
||||
### Online File Storage ###
|
||||
|
||||
Another good service provided by Google Docs and Zoho is the ability to store the documents and files you create online.
|
||||
|
||||
There are other services however such as Dropbox that are used to exclusively store your documents in the cloud.
|
||||
|
||||
The benefit of storing files with services like Dropbox is that if your house is burgled or catches fire then you have an offshore backup that remains intact. You can also access your files anywhere.
|
||||
|
||||
Dropbox is free for up to 2 gigabytes of use. If you have a lot more data, and most of us do nowadays, then there is a $ 9.99 monthly plan that is available allowing for 100 gigabytes. There is also a business version available from $ 15 a month.
|
||||
|
||||
There are of course alternatives to Dropbox and this site provides a list of the best online backup solutions.
|
||||
|
||||
### Photos ###
|
||||
|
||||
Since the introduction of digital cameras and more recently smart phones, more and more of us have memory cards full of photos.
|
||||
|
||||
I bet that at some point or other that you have lost photos because your phone died and the photos were on the phone and not the memory card or you lost your phone losing pictures of your child’s sports day or another important occasion.
|
||||
|
||||
Losing a phone is never a good thing. If you are clever you will have set up some sort of security because most people have their phones synchronised with their email accounts, Facebook, Twitter and even online banking.
|
||||
|
||||
All it takes to fix a lost phone is to change the passwords to all of the above accounts but lost photos are just not possible to recover and are a little bit more upsetting when lost.
|
||||
|
||||
One solution of course is to backup to your computer. This is of course a good first step but occasionally laptops break as well and you are back to square one.
|
||||
|
||||
Online photo storage sites are great resources because not only do they keep your photos safe you can also share them with whoever you choose to, eliminating the need to get 5 copies of the same photo developed to send to mum, nan, sister, aunty and mother-in-law.
|
||||
|
||||
The solution I like to use is Google’s Picasa but many of you will have heard of services like Flickr as well.
|
||||
|
||||
Lifehacker has a list of the five best photo sharing services.
|
||||
|
||||
Remember though that just because they are called photo sharing services doesn’t mean you have to share them. You can keep them just to yourself.
|
||||
|
||||
### Music ###
|
||||
|
||||
The first record that I was ever given was a 12 inch vinyl version of “Kings of the wild frontier” by “Adam and the Ants” back in the early 1980s.
|
||||
|
||||
As the 1980s progressed the long play records were replaced by cassettes and just as I had accumulated a decent number of cassettes the compact disc became the thing to have.
|
||||
|
||||
Hundreds of compact discs later and MP3 file sharing became the norm and it even became the legal way of doing things.
|
||||
|
||||
Nothing sits still with technology and the future is now with audio streaming services such as Spotify.
|
||||
|
||||
Spotify is free to use but is supported with the inclusion of adverts. In this regard it is like having your own personal radio station where you choose the playlist. Of course you can pay a monthly fee and have the adverts removed altogether.
|
||||
|
||||
There are dozens of similar services including Grooveshark and last.fm.
|
||||
|
||||
Techradar has a list of 7 alternatives to Spotify.
|
||||
|
||||
### Film ###
|
||||
|
||||
The first film I ever watched in the Cinema was Dumbo. The first video I ever watched was “Krull” which contained a young Dulph Lundgren. The format of the video was on Beta Max. (My next door neighbour had one).
|
||||
|
||||
My dad came home one day with a video recorder from Radio Rentals and my sister and I used to take it in turns to pick a video to hire from the video store. I remember my first choice being “The Black Hole”.
|
||||
|
||||
As with music time moves on. Just as you get large units full of movies, some genius comes along and develops DVDs and then they come out with Bluerays.
|
||||
|
||||
Now of course video streaming is the order of the day especially if you have a decent enough internet connection.
|
||||
|
||||
The most commonly known services are Netflix and Lovefilm.
|
||||
|
||||
This website has a list of good alternatives to Netflix. Not all of these services (including Netflix) work seamlessly on Linux.
|
||||
|
||||
### Gaming ###
|
||||
|
||||
Music, films and now gaming have moved to the online arena.
|
||||
|
||||
Gaming is of course more difficult. Music is relatively low cost in terms of bandwidth and although films require a little more, the stream just needs to remain steady to get a clear picture.
|
||||
|
||||
Games need to run at a consistently high frame rate to be playable and unless you have a decent connection it probably isn’t even worth trying.
|
||||
|
||||
Current services offering a cloud gaming service include OnLive and StreamMyGame.
|
||||
|
||||
This site contains a list of 6 online gaming services to rival OnLive.
|
||||
|
||||
### Pitfalls ###
|
||||
|
||||
Cloud computing isn’t free from issues.
|
||||
|
||||
There is the obvious problem of hacking. If someone gets access to your online banking or your email then you have a real problem.
|
||||
|
||||
What about online file storage? There is currently the high profile case of Megaupload.com.
|
||||
|
||||
Megaupload.com was essentially a file storage site for storing large files. The problem is that a lot of people used the service to share copyright material and the US authorities came down like a ton of bricks and the service was shut down.
|
||||
|
||||
Now a lot of people losing files would perhaps be expecting the inevitable but what about people who genuinely did nothing wrong. Their data has been lost. The US authorities refusing to give it back.
|
||||
|
||||
Finally there is the subject of service maintenance. If your email went down for a day could you cope? What about 3 days? What about a month? You are at the mercy of the service provider.
|
||||
|
||||
A lot has been made about large companies losing data and there has also been a lot of noise regarding heartbleed which is a vulnerability found in SSL left unpatched for years.
|
||||
|
||||
If you have services hosted for you online then you are relying on technical support staff to do their job properly and if they don’t you could be at the mercy of hackers, hardware failures and poor backup and recovery maintenance.
|
||||
|
||||
### Summary ###
|
||||
|
||||
Cloud computing has really become the buzz term for any online service. Your web browser is a client connecting to a server or clusters of servers hosted anywhere in the world. The point is that you don’t care. You don’t need to know.
|
||||
|
||||
Generally speaking I have barely touched the surface. We all use the cloud everyday and most of us don’t even think about it.
|
||||
|
||||
How does the cloud affect the everyday linux user? It turns out quite a bit.
|
||||
|
||||
Is the cloud a good or bad thing? Neither. Each service has to be judged on it’s own merits.
|
||||
|
||||
The term “The Cloud” is just something marketing people and the technical press get excited about. Anyone remember when they kept using the term “Web 2.0″?
|
||||
|
||||
Thankyou for reading.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.linuxnews.pro/how-does-the-cloud-affect-the-everyday-linux-user/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
|
||||
linuhap翻译中
|
||||
The Best Linux Distribution for New Users
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
This is a debate that most certainly brings out the beast in many a Linux user. The argument doesn't generally boil down to which distribution is truly best suited for new users, but which distribution is favored by those in the debate. If we set our personal preferences aside, a clearer picture can arise. But even that clarity can quickly get obscured by the needs and desires of the new users. Given that, I decided to take a different approach to finding the “best distro for new users." My criteria for best distribution must not only be easy to use, but also must appeal to a more modern design aesthetic brought about by the ever-growing thrust of the mobile interface metaphor.
|
||||
|
||||
For the purposes of this examination, to be included in the short list a distribution must:
|
||||
|
||||
- Be incredibly user-friendly
|
||||
- Include, out of the box, all common apps
|
||||
- Include some form of an app store
|
||||
- Offer a modern user interface.
|
||||
|
||||
Let me explain each criteria.
|
||||
|
||||
### User-friendliness ###
|
||||
|
||||
This is such a hotly debatable topic. But the truth of the matter is – a new user must be able to pick up a flavor of Linux and just start using it, with little to no explaining. If too much explanation must be given, then the distribution is not user friendly. I hate to be that guy, but nearly any user can sit in front of a Windows 7 or OS X desktop and start using it with almost zero coaching. That is what every Linux desktop should shoot for.
|
||||
|
||||
### Common apps ###
|
||||
|
||||
Users should not have to install the necessities out of the box. Period. And just what are the necessities? The list grows shorter every year. Currently, the list of must-have apps are:
|
||||
|
||||
- Web browser: Either Chrome or Firefox (sorry, all other browsers need not apply)
|
||||
- Email client: Thunderbird is the obvious choice
|
||||
- Office Suite: LibreOffice. End of story
|
||||
- Music player: Play local files and connect to streaming services (such as Spotify).
|
||||
|
||||
That's the short list of apps nearly every user depends upon.
|
||||
|
||||
### App store ###
|
||||
|
||||
Thanks to that ever-growing dependency on mobile devices, users have grown accustomed to app stores. Linux has had these for quite some time (Synaptic being one of the oldest). Without a well thought-out app store, users will struggle with adding software in the Linux environment. This is, without a doubt, crucial.
|
||||
|
||||
### Modern interface ###
|
||||
|
||||
I've mentioned the mobile landscape a number of times already. Thanks to iOS and Android, users have grown fond of the modern UI. The desktop needs to follow suit and draw the attention of users with a unique, modern, yet easy-to-use interface. The old metaphor is no longer as effective in a multi-touch-friendly, mobile world.
|
||||
Top three distros
|
||||
|
||||
With the criteria in place, which distributions meet (or exceed) our needs? First, let's examine the top three candidates. Each of the following meets (or exceeds) the criteria.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Ubuntu ####
|
||||
|
||||
[Ubuntu Linux][1] has long reigned the king of user-friendly Linux. Out of the box, it's a challenge to find a desktop (Unity) that is more engaging and easy to use... even for those unfamiliar to the platform. The desktop layout, although different, is logical and intuitive. With the addition of one of the single most powerful search tools of any desktop environment, Ubuntu Unity should be considered a crowning achievement among the Linux faithful.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Linux Mint ####
|
||||
|
||||
If there is a distribution set to usurp the crown from the king, it is [Linux Mint][2]. Linux Mint takes a more standard approach to the desktop, but layers just enough eye candy and variation to make it stand out from the long-in-the-tooth desktop metaphor. Linux Mint is based on Ubuntu, so it does benefit from the stability and reliability found in its big brother.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Linux Deepin ####
|
||||
|
||||
New to the user-friendly list is [Linux Deepin][3]. This relatively new distribution hails from China and should be making some serious waves. Why? Because it takes the Linux desktop and turns it into a thing of artistic beauty; while at the same time retaining a high level of user-friendliness. When the newest iteration of this distribution is released, I expect big things. Linux Deepin takes the GNOME 3 desktop and retools it into something completely different and completely marvelous.
|
||||
|
||||
### Scoring the Distros ###
|
||||
|
||||
With the top contenders listed, let's compare each to our criteria and rank each. Scoring for the distributions is as such: For each criteria, the distributions are ranked first to last (first getting 1 point, last getting 3 points). In the end, all scores are totaled to determine the winner -- lowest score wins.
|
||||
|
||||
#### User-friendliness ####
|
||||
|
||||
This is probably the tightest of categories and hardest to judge. Each distribution is tops in user-friendliness in different ways. In the end, I'd rank the top three:
|
||||
|
||||
1. Linux Mint
|
||||
|
||||
2. Ubuntu Linux
|
||||
|
||||
3. Linux Deepin
|
||||
|
||||
Why? Mint gains a slight edge simply because it still holds to the old metaphor of start menu, task bar, and desktop icons. The margin of victory is incredibly slim though, as both Ubuntu and Linux Deepin require next to zero learning curve – even for the yet-to-be-initiated.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Common apps ####
|
||||
|
||||
The only reason this category is hard to judge is because each distribution includes all of the necessary applications. Although Linux Deepin currently offers Kingsoft Office (one of the finest mobile office suite solutions), the plans are to default to LibreOffice in the 2014 release.
|
||||
|
||||
One of my issues with the common apps falls into that of audio players. Though I stream a lot of music (using the Spotify client), when I play music on my local drive, I always use Clementine. The default players are:
|
||||
|
||||
- Ubuntu: Rhythmbox
|
||||
- Linux Mint: Banshee
|
||||
- Linux Deepen: DMusic.
|
||||
|
||||
Of the three, Banshee (Figure 1) offers the most features, DMusic (Figure 2) offers the best interface, and (surprisingly enough) Rhythmbox (Figure 3) is, by far, the least reliable.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
banshee
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
dmusic
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
rhythmbox
|
||||
|
||||
So, how do they score? Like so:
|
||||
|
||||
1. Linux Mint
|
||||
|
||||
2. Ubuntu Linux
|
||||
|
||||
3. Linux Deepin
|
||||
|
||||
#### App store ####
|
||||
|
||||
This category cannot go without being addressed. Why? Because the app store can easily make or break a Linux distribution for a new user. There will always be apps needed and no new user wants to jump through the hoops of learning the command line. Each distribution has their own take on the app store.
|
||||
|
||||
- Ubuntu: Ubuntu Software Center
|
||||
- Mint: Software Manager
|
||||
- Linux Deepin: Deepin Software Center
|
||||
|
||||
It should be said, that each of these tools is based on the Ubuntu Software Center. What is odd about this is that it is the Ubuntu Software Center that lands squarely on the bottom. The primary reason for this is the Ubuntu Software Center is very slow – even on an incredibly powerful machine.
|
||||
|
||||
I would order the app stores as such:
|
||||
|
||||
1. Linux Deepin
|
||||
|
||||
2. Linux Mint
|
||||
|
||||
3. Ubuntu Linux
|
||||
|
||||
Each of the app stores functions in a very similar manner. The reason Linux Deepin gets the top bill is twofold: The interface is easier to navigate and the application opens far faster than either the Ubuntu Software Manager or the Mint Software Manager.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Modern interface ####
|
||||
|
||||
This is the category in which Linux Mint falls way, way behind. Even though it does offer a bit of eye candy and a more shallow learning curve, Linux Mint still suffers from what is, by comparison, a very outdated desktop. Even on powerful hardware (with solid graphics), Linux Mint still looks like it could very easily have been transported from the late 1990s. To that end, we must look to either Ubuntu Linux or Linux Deepin to bring us into the future. The winner is:
|
||||
|
||||
1. Linux Deepin
|
||||
|
||||
2. Ubuntu Linux
|
||||
|
||||
3. Linux Mint
|
||||
|
||||
What Linux Deepin does is use GNOME 3 to create an amalgam of GNOME and OSX that works so beautifully, you think you're dealing with a piece of interactive art.
|
||||
|
||||
### The overall winner ###
|
||||
|
||||
Although this is very rudimentary, the order of our best Linux distro for new users would be:
|
||||
|
||||
1. Linux Mint with a collective score of 7
|
||||
|
||||
2. Linux Deepin with a collective score of 8
|
||||
|
||||
3. Ubuntu Linux with a collective score of 9
|
||||
|
||||
If you're wondering about the 'writer opinion' of this piece, know this: I have used Ubuntu Linux for years (and still do). I have recently been quoted as saying “If there's a Linux distro that will sway me from Ubuntu, it's Linux Deepin.” Although I appreciate Linux Mint for what it is, I only use it for testing purposes. With that said, Linux Mint is the clear winner, when it comes to best Linux distribution for new users.
|
||||
|
||||
Here's the real truth of this matter – you can't go wrong with any of these Linux desktops. They each shine in their own right. If you're looking for a true beauty, go with Linux Deepin. If you want a combination of beauty and ease of use, go with Ubuntu Linux. If you just want simplicity and you don't care about eye candy, go with Linux Mint. No matter which way you go, it's a win-win-win scenario.
|
||||
|
||||
What do you think? How would you rank the three chosen desktops? Or, would you write in a completely different Linux distribution for best in show for the new users (and why)?
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.linux.com/news/software/applications/775873-the-best-linux-distribution-for-new-users/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.ubuntu.com/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.linuxmint.com/
|
||||
[3]:http://www.linuxdeepin.com/index.en.html
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
|
||||
[translating | sailing]
|
||||
HTG Explains: What is Unix and Why Does It Matter?
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Most operating systems can be grouped into two different families. Aside from Microsoft’s Windows NT-based operating systems, nearly everything else traces its heritage back to Unix.
|
||||
|
||||
Linux, Mac OS X, Android, iOS, Chrome OS, Orbis OS used on the PlayStation 4, whatever firmware is running on your router — all of these operating systems are often called “Unix-like” operating systems.
|
||||
|
||||
### Unix’s Design Lives On Today ###
|
||||
|
||||
Unix was developed in AT&T’s Bell Labs back in the mid-to-late 1960′s. The initial release of Unix had some important design attributes that live on today.
|
||||
|
||||
One is the “Unix philosophy” of creating small, modular utilities that do one thing and do them well. If you’re familiar with using a Linux terminal, this should be familiar to you — the system offers a number of utilities that can be combined in different ways through [pipes and other features][1] to perform more complex tasks. Even graphical programs are likely calling simpler utilities in the background to do the heavy lifting. This also makes it easy to [create shell scripts][2], stringing together simple tools to do complicated things.
|
||||
|
||||
Unix also had a single file system that programs use to communicate with each other. This is [why “everything is a file” on Linux][3] – including hardware devices and special files that provide system information or other data. It’s also why only Windows has drive letters, which it inherited from DOS — on other operating systems, every file on the system is part of a single directory hierarchy.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Tracing the Unix Descendants ###
|
||||
|
||||
Like any history going back over 40 years, the history of Unix and its descendants is messy. To simplify things, we can roughly group Unix’s descendants into two groups.
|
||||
|
||||
One group of Unix descendants were developed in academia. The first was BSD (Berkeley Software Distribution), an open-source, Unix-like operating system. BSD lives on today through FreeBSD, NetBSD, and OpenBSD. NeXTStep was also based on the original BSD, Apple’s Mac OS X was based on NeXTStep, and iOS was based on Mac OS X. Many other operating systems, including the Orbis OS used on the PlayStation 4, are derived from types of BSD operating systems.
|
||||
|
||||
Richard Stallman’s GNU project was also started as a reaction to AT&T’s increasingly restrictive Unix software licensing terms. MINIX was a Unix-like operating system created for educational purposes, and Linux was inspired by MINIX. [The Linux we know today is really GNU/Linux][4], as it’s made up of the Linux kernel and a lot of GNU utilities. GNU/Linux isn’t directly descended from BSD, but it is descended from Unix’s design and has its roots in academia. Many operating systems today, including Android, Chrome OS, Steam OS, and a huge amount of embedded operating systems for devices, are based on Linux.
|
||||
|
||||
On the other hand, there were the commercial Unix operating systems. AT&T UNIX, SCO UnixWare, Sun Microsystems Solaris, HP-UX, IBM AIX, SGI IRIX — many big corporations wanted to create and license their own versions of Unix. These aren’t quite as common today, but some of them are still out there.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Image Credit: [Wikimedia Commons][5]
|
||||
|
||||
### The Rise of DOS and Windows NT ###
|
||||
|
||||
Many people expected Unix to become the industry standard operating system, but DOS and “IBM PC compatible” computers eventually exploded in popularity. Microsoft’s DOS became the most successful DOS of them all. DOS was never based on Unix at all, which is [why Windows uses a backslash for file paths while everything else uses a forward slash][6]. This decision was made back in the early days of DOS, and later versions of Windows inherited it, just as BSD, Linux, Mac OS X, and other Unix-like operating systems inherited many aspects of Unix’s design.
|
||||
|
||||
Windows 3.1, Windows 95, Windows 98, and Windows ME were all based on DOS underneath. Microsoft was developing a more modern and stable operating system at the time, which they named Windows NT — for “Windows New Technology.” Windows NT eventually made its way to regular computer users as Windows XP, but it was available for corporations as Windows 2000 and Windows NT before that.
|
||||
|
||||
All of Microsoft’s operating systems are based on the Windows NT kernel today. Windows 7, Windows 8, Windows RT, Windows Phone 8, Windows Server, and the Xbox One’s operating system all use the Windows NT kernel. Unlike most other operating systems, Windows NT wasn’t developed as a Unix-like operating system.
|
||||
|
||||
Microsoft didn’t start with a completely clean slate, of course. To maintain compatibility with DOS and old Windows software, Windows NT inherited many DOS conventions like drive letters, backslashes for file paths, and forward slashes for command-line switches.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Why it Matters
|
||||
|
||||
Have you ever taken a look at the Mac OS X terminal or file system and noticed how similar it was to Linux’s, and how different they both were from Windows? Well, this is why — both Mac OSX and Linux are Unix-like operating systems.
|
||||
|
||||
Knowing this bit of history helps you understand what a “Unix-like” operating system is, and why so many operating systems seem so similar to each other while Windows seems so different. This explains why the terminal on Mac OS X will feel so familiar to a Linux geek, while [the Command Prompt and PowerShell on Windows][7] are so different from other command-line environments.
|
||||
|
||||
This was just a quick history that will help you understand how we got to where we are today without getting bogged down in the details. If you want more information, you can find entire books on the history of Unix.
|
||||
|
||||
Image Credit: [Peter Hamer on Flickr][8], [Takuya Oikawa on Flickr][9], [CJ Sorg on Flickr][10]
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.howtogeek.com/182649/htg-explains-what-is-unix/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.howtogeek.com/110150/become-a-linux-terminal-power-user-with-these-8-tricks/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.howtogeek.com/107217/how-to-manage-processes-from-the-linux-terminal-10-commands-you-need-to-know/
|
||||
[3]:http://www.howtogeek.com/117939/htg-explains-what-everything-is-a-file-means-on-linux/
|
||||
[4]:http://www.howtogeek.com/139287/the-great-debate-is-it-linux-or-gnulinux/
|
||||
[5]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Unix_history.svg
|
||||
[6]:http://www.howtogeek.com/181774/why-windows-uses-backslashes-and-everything-else-uses-forward-slashes/
|
||||
[7]:http://www.howtogeek.com/163127/how-powershell-differs-from-the-windows-command-prompt/
|
||||
[8]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/peter-hamer/2876612463/
|
||||
[9]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/takuyaoikawa/2060554607/
|
||||
[10]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/cjsorg/2726088549/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
|
||||
Little Known Apache Mesos Project Helps Mesosphere Raise $10M From Andreessen Horowitz
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[Mesosphere][1], the company trying to build a business around the little-known open source [Apache Mesos][2] project, just racked up a $10 million investment from Andreessen Horowitz. Here’s why it attracted that kind of cash.
|
||||
|
||||
Mesos, software for automatic scaling, was in fact built around five years ago and is already in use on more than 50,000 cores at Twitter, according to Florian Leibert, CEO and co-founder of Mesosphere. EBay, AirBnB, Netflix and HubSpot are also fans.
|
||||
|
||||
While those big Web companies have discovered Mesos, the technology isn’t widely known among enterprises. But it could fill a need for companies which are trying to adopt some of the techniques available to them in public clouds on their internal data centers.
|
||||
|
||||
Mesos manages clusters of machines, automatically scaling apps as needed. It requires a small bit of software on each machine – the software uses zero processing power and “negligible” memory, according to Liebert — which coordinates with a master scheduler. The software on each machine reports information about the capacity of the virtual machine or bare metal server to the scheduler, which allocates jobs to available machines.
|
||||
|
||||
“If a task goes down and it doesn’t report back, the master knows to reschedule it and knows where it has resources,” said Matt Trifiro, senior vice president at Mesosphere.
|
||||
|
||||
Mesos can automatically scale a variety of jobs including Hadoop databases, nodes running Ruby on Rails, and Cassandra.
|
||||
|
||||
Using Mesos, Hubspot slashed its Amazon Web Services bill in half, said Liebert. That’s because Mesos efficiently assigns workloads to available machines.
|
||||
|
||||
However, Mesos might be most appealing to businesses that are trying to essentially create an AWS-like environment internally, said Jay Lyman, an analyst at 451 Research. AWS offers some [tools for automatic scaling][3]. But many businesses are still shy about running everything on public cloud infrastructure. At the same time, they don’t want to block their developers from taking advantage of the capabilities available in public clouds like AWS. They’d like to make those capabilities available on their private clouds.
|
||||
|
||||
“You’re seeing the interface of AWS-style strategy meets the old guard and command and control and stability,” he said.
|
||||
|
||||
Mesos can run in both a private cloud and AWS, offering businesses the opportunity to most efficiently use their internal cloud and fallover to AWS when they need to scale.
|
||||
|
||||
Mesos has some shortcomings in that regard, however. It [doesn’t run][4] any Windows or legacy apps like SAP, for instance.
|
||||
|
||||
However, “if a team is contemplating cloud, they’re probably pretty deep into Linux already,” said Lyman.
|
||||
|
||||
In the future, it’s possible Mesosphere could support Windows. Initially, technologies like Puppet and Chef only supported Linux too, Lyman noted. “It speaks to the early nature of Mesosphere. It’s pretty immature right now,” he said.
|
||||
|
||||
Mesosphere is targeting the many enterprises that are building more and more apps running on Linux and modern programming languages as well as the first generation Web 2.0 companies like Twitter and Netflix that didn’t have technology like Mesos when they first launched. “Those are the two most common early adopter profiles,” Trifiro said.
|
||||
|
||||
Before the end of the year, Mesosphere hopes to release commercial products with documentation, earning revenue from support and licensing. It has built a large-scale orchestration tool called Marathon and supports Docker integration. It’s currently offering packaged Mesos distributions for free in hopes of seeding the market.
|
||||
|
||||
Mesosphere is also currently working with a handful of early customers. It helped HubSpot get going with its use of Mesos.
|
||||
|
||||
Mesosphere isn’t alone in going after this use case. Rightscale, Scalr and Enstratius, now owned by Dell, all offer some version of scaling or cloud management technology. Mesosphere argues that Mesos, and the company’s own technologies, go above and beyond what’s on the market to create server clusters that essentially operate as one machine. The new investment from Andreessen could help it gain momentum.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://thenewstack.io/little-known-apache-mesos-project-helps-mesosphere-raise-10m-from-andreessen/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://mesosphere.io/
|
||||
[2]:http://mesos.apache.org/
|
||||
[3]:http://aws.amazon.com/autoscaling/
|
||||
[4]:http://mesosphere.io/learn/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
|
||||
Red Hat's CEO Sees Open Source Cloud Domination
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Red Hat CEO Jim Whitehurst sees the business opportunity of a generation in what he calls a computing paradigm shift from client server to cloud architectures. “In those paradigm shifts, generally new winners emerge,” says Whitehurst and he intends to make sure Red Hat is one of those winners. His logic is sound and simple: disruptive technologies like the cloud that arise every couple decades level the playing field between large, established firms and smaller, innovative challengers since everyone, from corporate behemoth to a couple guys in a garage, starts from the same spot and must play by the same unfamiliar and changeable rules. With the cloud “there’s less of an installed based and an opportunity for new winners to be chosen,” Whitehurst adds. His mission is “to see that open source is the default choice for next generation architecture” and that Red Hat is the preferred choice, particularly for enterprise IT, of open source providers.
|
||||
|
||||
The case for open source dominating the cloud rests on the fact that it’s already the foundation for many popular cloud services and enterprise applications. Whitehurst aptly notes that outside of Microsoft Azure, the underlying infrastructure of all the major public cloud services is built upon open source software. Furthermore, software like Linux, Apache, MySQL, WordPress and many others are already widely used and trusted by most enterprises. “In many cases [open source] already is the default choice for next generation architectures, but it hasn’t fully driven itself through the traditional enterprise data center,” he says. Cloud software is the next and most important software category up for open source disruption.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Yet open source is still saddled with a reputation for widely variable software quality and support, something the recent OpenSSL Heartbleed bug only reinforced. However Whitehurst contends that strong enterprise adoption of Red Hat’s Linux distribution and it’s training and skills certification programs lends credibility to a similar plan for the cloud: [Red Hat’s Cloud Partner Program][1]. He believes such insurance policies alleviate enterprise IT’s fears of adopting open source software for both internal, private clouds and external public cloud services. Red Hat wants its imprimatur to be the Good Housekeeping seal of approval for open source in general and cloud software in specific, namely IT’s assurance that their applications will work and the service is trustworthy and reliable.
|
||||
|
||||
Red Hat’s strategy to make open source clouds safe for the enterprise is mirrors that used to break into the market for enterprise server software. There, “Job one for Red Hat is making sure our operating system and layers above that work well on anyone’s infrastructure underneath,” says Whitehurst. Red Hat is applying this same model of polishing, integrating and supporting open source software to cloud stacks. “One of the most important parts about cloud, public, private or hybrid, is a sense that you can confidently run your applications,” says Whitehurst and he believes Red Hat’s track record on Linux and other open source products will carry over to make Red Hat “the enterprise choice” for cloud architectures.
|
||||
|
||||
### Cloud isn’t just virtualization 2.0 ###
|
||||
|
||||
One of the conundrums for OpenStack advocates like Whitehurst is the entrenchment of Microsoft and VMware in the enterprise market. Although virtual servers are a prerequisite for clouds, they’re sufficient. Countering the notion that enterprise clouds are just a natural extension of virtualized servers and storage, Whitehurst argues that by setting new rules for infrastructure and application design, cloud infrastructure is more than just the natural evolution of server virtualization.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Whitehurst draws an important distinction between traditional client-server and cloud-optimized applications. “One of the big questions will be how much of this [cloud adoption] is moving traditional Windows workloads, which frankly were written as stateful apps in the first place. [Instead] are we talking about a new generation of applications that are actually built with elasticity and scalability in mind.” Whitehurst clearly believes cloud infrastructure is much more appropriate for the latter and that in such Greenfield scenarios, OpenStack and other open source software have established themselves as the preferred platform. Contrasting OpenStack, based on the Linux KVM hypervisor and VMware or Microsoft using their proprietary virtual machine platforms, Whitehurst says, “Longer term, nobody really cares what the hypervisor is, you just expect it to work and bluntly, as long as Red Hat supports you on it, why do you have to care,” adding “more and more, you’ll see the hypervisor mattering less and less.” Of course, VMware and Microsoft probably agree, both having moved their energies to building more sophisticated management platforms and making the hypervisor a baseline feature.
|
||||
|
||||
But in Whitehurst’s view of the world, traditional virtualization platforms like VMware or Microsoft Hyper-V are legacy infrastructure designed for yesterday’s client-server software, not the sort of distributed, rapidly relocatable, elastically scalable applications that define the era of big data, SaaS and social software. “I’m not sure what good you get out of putting Exchange on a cloud,” he quips. Instead, he says this new generation of cloud-optimized applications are the sweet spot for OpenStack. According to Whitehurst, “If you look at where most new applications are getting built, and therefore where so much of the innovation around languages, frameworks and management paradigms are happening, it’s around an open infrastructure.” But there’s obviously some selection bias in Whitehurst’s account, as he lives in an open source world where it’s easy to be unaware, overlook or ignore the innovation happening on proprietary cloud platforms like Azure, AWS and vCloud.
|
||||
|
||||
In sum, Whitehurst hopes and expects OpenStack to do to VMware what Linux did to Windows: to become the first choice of cloud-savvy startups and if not the default choice, at least an accepted and respectable alternative within the enterprise. In my next column I’ll explain that even for an open source champion like Whitehurst, OpenStack versus VMware vCloud or Microsoft Azure isn’t an either/or choice and how he sees the fundamental notion of cloud computing as based on virtual machines as an design model likely to change.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.forbes.com/sites/kurtmarko/2014/06/08/red-hat-ceo-open-source-clouds/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.redhat.com/partners/become/cloud/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
|
||||
Linux hiring frenzy: Why open source devs are being bombarded with offers to jump ship
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
> Summary: Figures from the Linux Foundation suggest skills shortages across disciplines and throughout Europe.
|
||||
|
||||
Nine out of ten (87 percent) of hiring managers in Europe have "hiring Linux talent" on their list of priorities and almost half (48 percent) say they are looking to hire people with Linux skills within the next six months.
|
||||
|
||||
But while they either need or want to hire more people with Linux skills, the data from the Linux Foundation suggests that this is easier said than done. Almost all — 93 percent — of the managers surveyed said they were having difficulty finding IT professionals with the Linux skills required and a quarter (25 percent) said they have "delayed projects as a result".
|
||||
|
||||
All of this makes it a good time to be a Linux expert.
|
||||
|
||||
Seven out of 10 Europe-based Linux professionals have received calls where they were pitched new positions in the past six months, and a third said they had received more calls than in the previous six months. One in three are looking to move anyway, and over half of them said it would be fairly or very easy. Salary is the biggest reason to move jobs, followed by work-life balance and the chance to gain additional skills.
|
||||
|
||||
Employers are trying harder to keep hold of staff too: In the past six months, 29 percent of Linux professionals say they have been offered a higher salary from their current employers, while a quarter said they’ve been offered a flexible work schedule and one in five have been extended additional training opportunities or certification.
|
||||
|
||||
The Linux Foundation, a non-profit organisation which supports the growth of Linux, and Dice Holdings, which provides career sites for technology professionals, produced the research which covers Europe and the US.
|
||||
|
||||
In terms of the specific skills organisations are looking for people with the developer (69 percent) and enterprise management (51 percent) skills. These are followed by 32 percent of respondents who are looking for people with a combination of development and operations skills (DevOps), and 19 percent who are in management/IT management.
|
||||
|
||||
The Linux Job Report has been produced for the last three years by the Linux Foundation and Dice but this is the first time that a specific report on European skills has been separated out of the worldwide report. Some 893 Linux professionals responded to the survey across Europe.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.zdnet.com/linux-hiring-frenzy-why-open-source-devs-are-being-bombarded-with-offers-to-jump-ship-7000030418/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
|
||||
The Companies That Support Linux: Rackspace
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
[][1]
|
||||
|
||||
[Rackspace][1] has lately been in the news for its stock market gains and a [potential acquisition][2]. But over the past 16 years the company has become well known, first as a web hosting provider built on Linux and open source, and later as a [pioneer of the open source cloud][3] and founder of the OpenStack cloud platform.
|
||||
|
||||
In May, Rackspace became a [Xen Project][4] member and was one of [three companies to join the Linux Foundation][5] as a corporate member, along with CoreOS and Cumulus Networks.
|
||||
|
||||
“Many of the applications and infrastructure that we need to run for internal use or for customers run best on Linux,” said Paul Voccio, Senior Director of Software Development at Rackspace, via email. “This includes all the popular language frameworks and open virtualization platforms such as Xen, LXC, KVM, Docker, etc.”
|
||||
|
||||
In this Q&A, Voccio discusses the role of Rackspace in the cloud, how the company uses Linux, why they joined the Linux Foundation, as well as current trends and future technologies in the data center.
|
||||
|
||||
### Linux.com: What is Rackspace? ###
|
||||
|
||||
Paul Voccio: Rackspace is the managed cloud specialist and founder of OpenStack, the open-source operating system for the cloud. Hundreds of thousands of customers look to Rackspace to deliver the best-fit hybrid cloud solutions for their IT needs, leveraging a product and services portfolio that allows workloads to run where they perform best – whether on the public cloud, private cloud, dedicated servers, or a combination of platforms.
|
||||
|
||||
As a managed cloud pioneer, we give our customers 24x7 access to cloud engineers for everything from planning and architecting to building and operating clouds through our award-winning Fanatical Support®. We help customers successfully architect, deploy and run their most critical applications. Or, more plainly put, we’re cloud specialists so you don’t have to be. We are headquartered in San Antonio, Texas, and operate a global support and engineering organization with data centers on four continents.
|
||||
|
||||
### How and why do you use Linux? ###
|
||||
|
||||
Rackspace uses Linux because it provides a stable and flexible platform for our customers' workloads. Our customers trust us to support their mission-critical applications and we need reliable infrastructure – including software and hardware – to meet their expectations. If you look under the hood in our dedicated environments or in our expansive cloud infrastructure, you'll find Linux running there.
|
||||
|
||||
Many of the applications and infrastructure that we need to run for internal use or for customers run best on Linux. This includes all the popular language frameworks and open virtualization platforms such as Xen, LXC, KVM, Docker, etc. Running combinations of these platforms give us the stability and performance we demand for the Rackspace Cloud. Our Cloud Servers product runs OpenStack services that manage tens of thousands of hypervisors – all running Linux.
|
||||
|
||||
Using Linux also allows us to tap into a community of experts to solve problems. When we have an issue, we're comfortable asking questions. When we have a solution, we enjoy sharing it with the community. At Rackspace, we understand how to work and contribute in an open community and Linux has many opportunities to build relationships with other groups that have similar goals.
|
||||
|
||||
### Why did you join the Linux Foundation? ###
|
||||
|
||||
Joining the Linux Foundation allows us to show our support and engage the Linux community in new ways. We've learned plenty from running Linux in highly demanding environments at a large scale and we're eager to share those experiences. Other members of the community have probably run into different challenges than we have and this gives us a greater opportunity to learn from them as well.
|
||||
|
||||
### What interesting or innovative trends are you witnessing in the data center and what role does Linux play in them? ###
|
||||
|
||||
Virtualization and automation have changed how companies deploy hardware and software. Linux gives us several virtualization options and these allow us to automate more of our infrastructure deployments and maintenance tasks. Automation and configuration management frameworks allow us to reduce our costs, improve our testing capabilities, and bring products to market faster. The majority of these open source automation frameworks run best on Linux servers.
|
||||
|
||||
### How is Rackspace participating in that innovation? ###
|
||||
|
||||
We leverage several open-source Linux-based tools and projects to deliver great customer outcomes. One of our largest efforts in this area is with OpenStack. It's the software that runs our public and private clouds and we're actively engaged with the community to improve it. We're using Linux to find new ways to scale our large virtualization platform and deliver infrastructure to customers quickly.
|
||||
|
||||
The open-source nature of Linux inspires us to share the majority of these discoveries with the community. Our customers can improve OpenStack and those improvements will eventually make it into our product offering. We make contributions to a countless number of open source projects either as a company or as individual Rackers (our employees are called "Rackers") and many of these projects are designed to run on Linux.
|
||||
|
||||
### What other future technologies or industries do you think Linux and open source will increasingly become important in and why? ###
|
||||
|
||||
The move to software-defined infrastructure is a big shift. Customers already have access to virtualization platforms like Xen that allow them to define their infrastructure with software. Software-defined networking is quickly becoming more mature and scalable. However, customers want the ability to have a software defined datacenter at their fingertips. This may involve physical servers, virtual servers, and virtual networks that need high performance with flexible configurations. Many of the current technologies are designed to run on Linux due to technology already available in the kernel or userland frameworks provided by the community.
|
||||
|
||||
### Are you hiring? ###
|
||||
|
||||
From hacking on kernels to supporting thousands of virtual machines – we are always looking for talented admins, developers and engineers. You can find more information at Rackertalent.com.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.linux.com/news/featured-blogs/200-libby-clark/775890-the-companies-that-support-linux-rackspace/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.rackspace.com/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-05-15/rackspace-hires-morgan-stanley-to-evaluate-options.html
|
||||
[3]:http://www.informationweek.com/cloud/infrastructure-as-a-service/9-more-cloud-computing-pioneers/d/d-id/1109120
|
||||
[4]:http://www.xenproject.org/
|
||||
[5]:http://www.linuxfoundation.org/news-media/announcements/2014/05/new-linux-foundation-members-advance-massively-scalable-secure
|
||||
81
sources/talk/20140612 What is a good text editor on Linux.md
Normal file
81
sources/talk/20140612 What is a good text editor on Linux.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
|
||||
What is a good text editor on Linux?
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Want to launch a heated debate among Linux aficionados? Ask them what is their favorite text editor. In the open source community, choosing a software to write text with, and potentially to write code with, is such an important decision that choosing a football team or a game console is less dangerous. But anyone new to Linux should not be apprehensive of the plethora of advice and the variety of trolls on the topic, and instead try to get familiar with a bunch of different text editors in the first place. So today I shall propose you a non-exhaustive thematic list of what you can find to write text with on Linux. This list will (try to) exclude the full-fledge IDEs, which are only made for programming, and the editors made specifically for LaTex. If you are interested in the latter, I can recommend you to [this post][1].
|
||||
|
||||
### 1. Vim & Emacs ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Let's go straight to the big guys. When someone asks about text editors on Linux in a room, one person will immediately respond [Vim][2] and another will say [Emacs][3]. And there are very good reasons for that. They are both very powerful editors, with a lot of features, a lot of plugins, and a very strong community ready to support anyone. If you are not familiar with them at all, it would be a bit hard to describe the extent of their capabilities. But put simply, they allow you to move very quickly within the text, make huge edits very simply, record macros, and do basically any crazy things you might want to do with text. The downside to both of them is that the learning process to control what you are doing is unavoidable and takes time. Past this point, I will not sink into the debate of declaring one better than another, but really recommend that everyone learn at least one of the two.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 2. Sublime Text & Lime & Atom ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Another text editor which has been on the rise for these past years is [Sublime Text][4]. Some may see it as a friendlier version of Vim or Emacs, clearly designed for programming. Indeed, it retains some similarities like the batch edition and the goto function which will remind some of Emacs or [an energized Vim][5]. However, it remains more visual and accessible. Also, the large number of plugins will seduce those inclined to customization.
|
||||
|
||||
The only gray point to Sublime Text is its license: if you only use open-source, go away. Hopefully, to deal with that, an ambitious clone called [Lime][6] appeared recently. It is still under heavy development, but the spirit is here: a similar experience to Sublime Text, with the after taste of open source. Nothing more to say except admiring the effort.
|
||||
|
||||
Even more recently, [Atom][7], the official competition to Sublime Text coming from GitHub was released also as open source. Wanting to provide a full-featured out of the box editor, Atom comes packaged with all you need to jump around files, use code snippets, etc. However, its strength remains in its easy customization process based on HTML and CSS, and its Node.js integration. This is as far as we will go in this list before actually reaching the definition of an IDE.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 3. Gedit & Kate & Mousepad & Leafpad ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
If we leave the realm of the super-powered editors, we can turn to what I see as the "desktop environment classics." These editors are more traditional in the sense that some can be enhanced with plugins, but that their focus is simply to write text. If you have an idea in mind and want to jolt down something before you forget about it (I blame video games for my short attentions span), you are not going to learn or even need the shortcuts in Vim or Sublime Text. You just want to some blank space. The good thing about these editors is that they are more or less well integrated with your desktop environment. In this category, [Gedit][8] and [Kate][9], for Gnome and KDE respectively, mirror their environment, and are customizable via plugins, which makes it easier to write LaTeX, for example. [Mousepad][10] and [Leafpad][11] are more appropriate for lightweight desktops like Xfce and LXDE. They are in a way close to Windows' notepad. So if you are looking for flexibility and accessibility, pick here.
|
||||
|
||||
[][12]
|
||||
|
||||
### 4. Nano & Qute ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Another popular "family" of text editors is the distraction-free editors. If you like to have Facebook or Twitter opened constantly in the background, or receive an email every five minutes, you know how difficult it can be to focus on that essay due tomorrow, or this code not compiling. In this case, you need an editor that will take the whole space on the screen, and block everything else.
|
||||
|
||||
Probably the least favorite of this kind is Nano. If you want to block any distraction, go without X server. It is simple and straightforward. In fact, George R. R. Martin, the author of Game of Thrones, recently [revealed in an interview][13] that he uses a similar DOS Word processor to write his novels.
|
||||
|
||||
If you prefer something a bit more keen on the eye, you could like my personal favorite: [Qute][14]. No fancy features, maybe a bit of LaTeX to look nice, but the weight is really on the interface. It proposes a beautiful navigation and edition experience. If you are uneasy because of the terminal, Qute is a good alternative.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 5. LibreOffice & Calligra & Abiword ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Finally, an office suite is also a text editor. I doubt you can code easily on that, but it will certainly be more appropriate for plain text and more quick to pick up than LaTeX. In this category, it would be impossible to avoid [LibreOffice][15] and [Calligra][16], the two behemoth in term of featues and fame. I like both of them, but a lot of people have a clear preference for the former over the latter. If you miss Microsoft Word, you will be in your realm. A bit of the underdog, [Abiword][17] is a lightweight alternative to those. If you goal is just to edit a word document, and you do not care about spreadsheets or databases, Abiword will do the trick while preserving the features.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
To conclude briefly, if I had one advice to give, it would be to pick the editor that people around you use. If for some crazy reason everyone you know uses LibreOffice to code in C, or Sublime Text to write a novel, and that you have to do something similar, you should follow the trend. The reason being that if you encounter a problem and need some help, it will be easier for them to bring it to you.
|
||||
|
||||
What is your favorite text editor? What do you use it for? Please let us know in the comments.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/06/good-text-editor-linux.html
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://xmodulo.com/2014/04/latex-editor-software-linux.html
|
||||
[2]:http://www.vim.org/
|
||||
[3]:https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/
|
||||
[4]:http://www.sublimetext.com/
|
||||
[5]:http://xmodulo.com/2014/06/turn-vim-full-fledged-ide.html
|
||||
[6]:http://limetext.org/
|
||||
[7]:https://atom.io/
|
||||
[8]:https://wiki.gnome.org/Apps/Gedit
|
||||
[9]:http://kate-editor.org/
|
||||
[10]:http://www.home.unix-ag.org/bmeurer/xfce/apps.html
|
||||
[11]:http://tarot.freeshell.org/leafpad/
|
||||
[12]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/14415259703/
|
||||
[13]:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X5REM-3nWHg
|
||||
[14]:http://www.inkcode.net/qute
|
||||
[15]:https://www.libreoffice.org/
|
||||
[16]:http://www.calligra-suite.org/
|
||||
[17]:http://www.abisource.com/
|
||||
@ -1,134 +0,0 @@
|
||||
Making Linux Feel at Home
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
**Hiring Tux is a smart move for both small and large businesses. Linux once was considered a hobbyist's operating system, but it has come a long way and now is considered enterprise class. It is considered very stable and secure. Linux can easily be customized, and there is a huge community eager to help out. Those are just some of the reasons to migrate to the Linux desktop.**
|
||||
|
||||
Migrating to a different operating system is never easy. Keeping the Windows opened or not chewing on a MacIntosh can be a frustrating and costly experience. Buying new upgraded hardware to keep up with costly new software releases is often an exercise in futility.
|
||||
|
||||
Running a Linux distribution at home or in a small office environment can be a productive endeavor that brings cost savings and increased efficiency. Adopting a Linux server system instead of playing catch-up with a Microsoft infrastructure is often a smart business move for enterprise environments.
|
||||
|
||||
However, the process of giving up a comfort zone around a familiar operating system often seems more of a challenge than it actually is. Individual users and SMBs can move into the Linux desktop in stages. The software is free, and users already have suitable hardware that can function with both platforms.
|
||||
|
||||
Many larger enterprises already run their own Linux server silos and integrate Linux desktop use where it fits more easily. The growing use of cloud-based software lets office workers use their workstations without realizing any major change occurred.
|
||||
|
||||
"Migrating to Linux is based on the use case. If you are home or are a developer, you are going to want to use all the power available in Linux. That is a no-brainer. There is no one easy way to migrate to another operating system. No one use case fits all. It is dependent on the user base," Mike Vitale, chief technology officer for [TalkPoint][1], told LinuxInsider.
|
||||
|
||||
Working with enterprise clients in SMB environments, Vitale sees a growing movement of individual users and corporate leaders taking advantage of new technologies that draw them toward Linux.
|
||||
|
||||
### Comfort Counts ###
|
||||
|
||||
One of those Linux technologies is the Chrome OS and the low-cost laptop computers now powered by the Linux-based Chrome browser OS.
|
||||
|
||||
For users already familiar with Google's Chrome browser or the open source Chromium browser project, using a Chromebook or cloud-based delivery system makes migrating to Linux an easy walk in the park.
|
||||
|
||||
"One of the issues, regardless of which OS is used, is the browser capabilities. We have found that 85 percent of the time the user is in a browser," Thomas Deng, cofounder and senior vice president of product management for [Splashtop][2], told LinuxInsider.
|
||||
|
||||
There's a growing interest in people adapting to newer technologies with quick learning curves, Deng observed. People use a variety of products. So migrating to an OS that resembles what they use on another device makes for a smoother transition.
|
||||
|
||||
### hrome Craze Caters ###
|
||||
|
||||
Mobile device users both at home and at work are becoming proficient with Linux without knowing it. They move back and forth among several operating systems. With that familiarity comes a comfort zone for open source. Using cross-platform software delivered from a cloud platform is an added migration measure.
|
||||
|
||||
"What Google is doing is really interesting with the office suite. Google is opening the door with its Chrome OS now," said Vitale.
|
||||
|
||||
A good example of opening doors while shutting Windows is how his company uses Chrome-driven tools in-house. For instance, TalkPoint uses the ChromeBox appliance.
|
||||
|
||||
"That is opening the door for multimedia teams and traditional AV users. We are seeing a lot of inroads with that technology," Vitale explained.
|
||||
|
||||
### Tablets Tackle Tradition ###
|
||||
|
||||
Another instance of Linux devices paving the way for desktop OS migration is the popularity of the Android OS. Add to this the Linux distros retooled for smartphones and tablets.
|
||||
|
||||
"As far as migrating people to Linux goes, people are getting more comfortable with the tablet interface, especially with their unhappiness over the Windows 8 interface. Everyone I know is trying to turn it back to Windows 7," said Vitale.
|
||||
|
||||
### Cloud Has Linux Clout ###
|
||||
|
||||
People expect to use their familiar productivity tools like MS Office for word processing. There is less familiarity with open source products on the Windows platform, so integrating open source before starting a move to fully implementing the Linux desktop helps, noted Deng.
|
||||
|
||||
That trend of Windows users not knowing about open source is changing with the popularity of Google Docs and the Google Chrome browser, he pointed out.
|
||||
|
||||
"What is also easing the transition to Linux is the shift to using cloud applications," Deng said. "Educating the user is the most effective way to move users into Linux. The Chromebook is becoming very widely adopted. It is an easy migration path into Linux."
|
||||
|
||||
### Tux the Mighty ###
|
||||
|
||||
Hiring Tux, the Penguin that is the Linux mascot, is a smart move for both small and large businesses. It is a mature, stable and flexible operating system that definitely can do the job, according to Shaun Seller, senior product manager at [Vision Solutions][3].
|
||||
|
||||
"For a small business, running Linux is a compelling alternative to other operating systems and may provide advantages, depending on your business needs," Seller told LinuxInsider.
|
||||
|
||||
It once was considered a hobbyist's operating system. Linux has come a long way and now is considered enterprise class. It is considered very stable and secure. Linux can easily be customized, and there is a huge community eager to help out, he said. Those are just some of the reasons to migrate to the Linux desktop.
|
||||
|
||||
### Good Business Cents ###
|
||||
|
||||
Leveraging more of the community support model can create cost savings, Seller said. Linux is available free with community support or through subscriptions that offer full technical support. Some Linux distributions also come with things like hardware and software certifications, which may be important for some work environments.
|
||||
|
||||
For example, small businesses and larger enterprises can run a distribution such as CentOS or OpenSuse completely or in combination with a subscription-based version from [Red Hat][4] or Suse. Even with a full subscription model, Linux offers a lower total cost of ownership and better return on investment than Windows or traditional Unix, explained Seller.
|
||||
|
||||
"I believe it makes sense for smaller businesses to take a close look at Linux," added Sellers. "Linux has a bright future, as open source software in general is helping drive innovation at a fast pace, with help and collaboration from the community, and companies like IBM and Red Hat."
|
||||
|
||||
### Cozy but Cautious ###
|
||||
|
||||
Operating systems can produce divided loyalties within families and workplaces. Take the case of Walker White, CTO of [BDNA][5]. He uses Linux as a desktop OS at home, but his family is not so enthusiastic about his computing passion.
|
||||
|
||||
"My family members use Mac gear. They blindly follow the marketing ploys and the feature hype without any consideration of performance and such. I am on a personal holy war at home to try slipping more allegiance towards Linux," White told LinuxInsider.
|
||||
|
||||
There are similar allegiance struggles in his company, he said, where the Linux desktop is not yet universally used -- but he is laying the foundation for a wider Linux deployment at work.
|
||||
|
||||
BDNA uses the Google applications internally quite a bit. The company is migrating more and more things to cloud-based offerings. However, that will take more support from ongoing preparations.
|
||||
|
||||
"When I switch over to applications like [OpenOffice][6], that operation has to be really seamless for it to start getting better adoption. From a pure marketing perspective, developers need to change the game a little bit. Apple is winning the hearts and minds of the young kids and the younger generations through their 30s. I see that attitude often at my company," he said.
|
||||
|
||||
### Tux Takes On Apple ###
|
||||
|
||||
Requests for new equipment are very specific to the high-end MacBook Pro, explained White. Even though the tools they mostly are using are based online, workers BDNA want the flashy, highly advertised hardware names.
|
||||
|
||||
To break that view, he has to separate function from OS and hardware. Part of that battle is to insulate the user from the operating system itself. That can happen only when the industry has productivity applications both online and offline, according to While.
|
||||
|
||||
"Even simple things like using file managers need to focus on not the OS but what that OS allows us to do within the apps that we use," he said.
|
||||
|
||||
### Making Comfy Complete ###
|
||||
|
||||
How much should an operating system control the computer user? That question is critical in migrating to Linux, said Whites.
|
||||
|
||||
Consider the growing success of the Chromebook and Android phones and tablets. Do consumers really need to know they are running Linux?
|
||||
|
||||
"I think the key to Linux migration and success of the Linux desktop in the home is tied to how much can we actually do online," White said. "Since I use Linux at home, I see the advantages."
|
||||
|
||||
Whether you start at the consumer level at home or move up to the business user in the home or in a small business setting, it's important that users be comfortable with all of the tools and features they use. That includes things like sharing and creating documents, and everything that goes along with that, he explained.
|
||||
|
||||
### Migrating Measures ###
|
||||
|
||||
As for marketing, software and hardware makers need to put less emphasis on the operating system. For example, Chromebook is gaining acceptance in much the same way as Apple sells the MacBook. Google is not so much hawking a Linux OS as it is selling an appliance, White reasoned.
|
||||
|
||||
"What developers really need to do is change the focus, so users get comfortable with Linux in their homes without dwelling on using a non-Windows or non-Mac operating system. Whatever you use has to be able to do the things you want it to do. Something like Chromebook does that with Linux under the covers," he pointed out.
|
||||
|
||||
Computer makers must first start to break that mold of "it is Windows" or "it is a Mac." Until that happens, migrating to Linux will be a steep climb, White concluded.
|
||||
|
||||
"It is not about branding the OS," he said. "It is about the capabilities of the devices the OS runs."
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.linuxinsider.com/story/80415.html
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.talkpointcommunications.com/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.splashtop.com/
|
||||
[3]:http://www.visionsolutions.com/
|
||||
[4]:http://www.redhat.com/
|
||||
[5]:http://www.bdna.com/
|
||||
[6]:http://www.openoffice.org/
|
||||
[7]:
|
||||
[8]:
|
||||
[9]:
|
||||
[10]:
|
||||
[11]:
|
||||
[12]:
|
||||
[13]:
|
||||
[14]:
|
||||
[15]:
|
||||
[16]:
|
||||
[17]:
|
||||
[18]:
|
||||
[19]:
|
||||
[20]:
|
||||
@ -1,54 +0,0 @@
|
||||
10 Database Tools For Linux Users To Use!
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
From content management systems to simple tables, databases are a part of every development project nowadays. That is why developers lay so much emphasis on using the right kind of database tools. Here are some that may be of help to you!
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### 1. [Autotabla][1] ####
|
||||
|
||||
Autotabla is a CGI web interface to your programs' SQL tables. Just provide an XML description of your schema, and you'll be able to create/modify/delete records. HTML output fully customisable through CSS. Database independence through Perl/DBI.
|
||||
|
||||
#### 2. [Cruddy!][2] ####
|
||||
|
||||
Cruddy! is an application of the CGI::CRUD framework that provides an instant web front-end CRUD interface to your database.
|
||||
|
||||
#### 3. [myPhile][3] ####
|
||||
|
||||
This is a customisable generic front-end for MySQL tables.
|
||||
|
||||
#### 4. [NG-Admin][4] ####
|
||||
|
||||
This is a content management tool for databases.
|
||||
|
||||
#### 5. [phpMoAdmin][5] ####
|
||||
|
||||
This is a MongoDB administration tool for PHP.
|
||||
|
||||
#### 6. [phpMSAdmin][6] ####
|
||||
|
||||
phpMSAdmin is a tool written in PHP that allows you to administer a Microsoft SQL Server through a web browser, without the need for Windows or the proprietary Enterprise Manager. It allows you to create/modify: databases, tables, views, triggers, etc.
|
||||
|
||||
#### 7. [RockMongo][7] ####
|
||||
|
||||
RockMongo, a MongoDB administration tool, written in PHP5, is Best in PHP world, more like PHPMyAdmin.
|
||||
|
||||
#### 8. [WizMySQLAdmin][8] ####
|
||||
|
||||
WizMySQLAdmin is a MySQL database manager like the most famous phpMyAdmin, but it's very simple to install and maintain. It's composed by only one file, and it support multiple databases and tables creation and manipulation.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.efytimes.com/e1/fullnews.asp?edid=138307
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://sourceforge.net/projects/autotabla/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.thesmbexchange.com/cruddy/
|
||||
[3]:http://efytimes.com/e1/companionway.net
|
||||
[4]:http://www.ng-marketing.com/wuerzburg/
|
||||
[5]:http://phpmoadmin.com/
|
||||
[6]:http://sourceforge.net/projects/phpmsadmin/
|
||||
[7]:http://rockmongo.com/
|
||||
[8]:http://sourceforge.net/projects/wizmysqadmin/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
|
||||
Cup 2014 Brazil: Watch FIFA World Cup 2014 Competition in Your Linux Desktop
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Football is the most played and most watched sports on Earth. The present form of football originated in Britain. Football players run an average of more than six miles during a single match. Over one billion fans watched last world cup football matches on Television. This figure is estimated to rise on an above note, this year.
|
||||
|
||||
Yeah! 2014 FIFA World Cup is going to start from 12th of June and will last on 13th of July. This will be the 20th FIFA World Cup, which is scheduled to be played in Brazil. A total of 32 countries are participating in this event.
|
||||
|
||||
For the fan-boys of football, here we are going to throw light on an application software called “icup 2014 Brazil”, which will update you with latest scores, keep tracks of the match score of your favourite team. Here in this article we will be discussing its features, usages, installation, etc.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
iCup 2014 Brazil
|
||||
|
||||
### What is icup 2014 Brazil? ###
|
||||
|
||||
icup 2014 Brazil is an application which is capable of keeping a track of match results of the FIFA world cup 2014 into your Linux desktop, starting shortly.
|
||||
|
||||
### Features of icup 2014 Brazil ###
|
||||
|
||||
- Adaptive User Interface, i.e., auto-resize of user interface.
|
||||
- Fast Access to Statistics.
|
||||
- Social Network Sharing Enabled, which extends to Facebook, Twitter and Google+.
|
||||
- Latest one is – Retina display Support.
|
||||
- Detailed data with time events and Statistics related to match and Team.
|
||||
- Audio Kit which comprise of the ‘National-Anthem’ of all the participating countries (32) in high quality effect along with the stadium background sound which makes the whole thing real.
|
||||
- An inbuilt calendar with the support of time zone for better understanding of events in local time zone, grouping of data and statistics for real time comparison groupable by day or stage, Graphical 2nd stage table, Result and Scores of Teams in real time.
|
||||
- Proxy support.
|
||||
|
||||
### Platforms and Architecture Supported ###
|
||||
|
||||
The application is designed to run on all major platforms including **Mac**, **Windows** and **Linux**. For the point of Linux, it is important to mention that the application is designed for **x86** processor only. However installing an **x86** application on **x86_64** architecture is possible. We have to tweak a little to make it work **x86_64** systems.
|
||||
|
||||
#### An insight of the Technical Specification on different Platforms ####
|
||||
|
||||
- Live Result, Calendar, Grouping of Data, 2nd stage Table, Social Network Linking and Multi-language support – Available for all supported platform.
|
||||
- Retina Display – No support in Windows and Linux, however supported in Mac OS.
|
||||
- Detailed Statistics – Supported in Linux. Donation-ware for Windows and Mac.
|
||||
- Audio Kit – Supported in Mac and Linux. Unknown for Windows.
|
||||
|
||||
**Important**: As visible in the above specification, some of the features like detailed specification are not available on platform other than Linux, for free. It is just to support Server and Bandwidth cost. For a Linux user, nothing needs to be cared about as far as detailed statistics are concerned, a proud moment.
|
||||
|
||||
### Installing iCup 2014 Brazil in Linux ###
|
||||
|
||||
First go to official [iCup 2014 Brazil download][1] page and download application according to your platform and architecture.
|
||||
|
||||
#### On 32-Bit System ####
|
||||
|
||||
# cd Downloads/
|
||||
# tar xvf iCup_2014_FREE-Brazil_1.1_linux.tar.bz2
|
||||
# cd iCup\ 2014\ FREE\ -\ Brazil\ 1.1/
|
||||
# chmod 755 iCup\ 2014\ FREE\ -\ Brazil
|
||||
|
||||
As I said above, this application is designed for x86 systems only. In order to Install a 32 bit application on 64 bit architecture, we need to prepare our system by installing some packages – **GTK+2** and **libstdc++.so.6**.
|
||||
|
||||
Well not for this Application only, but there are a whole lot of application in Linux which is not supported in 64-bit e.g., **Skype**. We need to build our System to install those applications.
|
||||
|
||||
#### On 64-Bit Systems ####
|
||||
|
||||
Install **GTK+2** and **libstdc++so.6**, using apt or yum command as shown below.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo apt-get install libgtk2.0-0 libstdc++6 [on Debian based systems]
|
||||
|
||||
If you get any dependency error, run the following command to resolve those dependencies
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo apt-get -f install
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
# yum install gtk2 libstdc++ [on RedHat based systems]
|
||||
|
||||
Once all the required packages are installed. Now the System is capable of running 32 bit applications on 64-bit systems, now go the directory where you’ve downloaded ‘**iCup 2014 Brazil**‘ package and run the following commands to install it.
|
||||
|
||||
# cd Downloads/
|
||||
# tar xvf iCup_2014_FREE-Brazil_1.1_linux.tar.bz2
|
||||
# cd iCup\ 2014\ FREE\ -\ Brazil\ 1.1/
|
||||
# chmod 755 iCup\ 2014\ FREE\ -\ Brazil
|
||||
|
||||
Next, move to the directory and double click the executable to start the application. In the below screen-shot you may not get the full information since the FIFA 2014 has not started till now. Although the glimpse of what we can get once the event starts.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
iCup Brazil 2014
|
||||
|
||||
No detailed Information : World cup hasn’t started Yet.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Match Detailed Information
|
||||
|
||||
Groups and Teams
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Groups and Teams
|
||||
|
||||
2nd stage Detailed Information
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2nd stage Detailed Information
|
||||
|
||||
Match Details. Seems incomplete now.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Match Summary
|
||||
|
||||
Language Change window and Social share button Integrated.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Language Change
|
||||
|
||||
Donation is optional for Linux. You can always contribute.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Donation
|
||||
|
||||
### Conclusion ###
|
||||
|
||||
The above Application seems promising and may prove to be a boon for those Football fan-wall who can now remain connected.
|
||||
|
||||
That’s all for now. I’ll be here again with another interesting article soon. In that mean keep connected to Tecmint.com. Don’t forget to provide us with your valuable feedback in the comment section below.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.tecmint.com/view-fifa-world-cup-matche-results/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.e-link.it/icup/brazil2014/icup-brazil-2014-desktop-app.php
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
|
||||
>> chenguang is translating
|
||||
|
||||
Linux: Bash Delete All Files In Directory Except Few
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
I'm a new Linux system user. I need to cleanup in a download directory i.e. delete all files from ~/Downloads/ folders except the following types:
|
||||
|
||||
*.iso - All iso images files.
|
||||
*.zip - All zip files.
|
||||
|
||||
How do I delete all file except some in bash shell on a Linux, OS X or Unix-like systems?
|
||||
|
||||
Bash shell supports rich file pattern matching such as follows:
|
||||
|
||||
- * - Match any files.
|
||||
- ? - Matches any single character in filenames.
|
||||
- [...] - Matches any one of the enclosed characters.
|
||||
|
||||
### Method #1: Say hello to extended pattern matching operators ###
|
||||
|
||||
You need to use the extglob shell option using the shopt builtin command to use extended pattern matching operators such as:
|
||||
|
||||
1. ?(pattern-list) - Matches zero or one occurrence of the given patterns.
|
||||
1. *(pattern-list) - Matches zero or more occurrences of the given patterns.
|
||||
1. +(pattern-list) - Matches one or more occurrences of the given patterns.
|
||||
1. @(pattern-list) - Matches one of the given patterns.
|
||||
1. !(pattern-list) - Matches anything except one of the given patterns.
|
||||
|
||||
A pattern-list is nothing but a list of one or more patterns (filename) separated by a |. First, turn on extglob option:
|
||||
|
||||
shopt -s extglob
|
||||
|
||||
#### Bash remove all files except *.zip and *.iso files ####
|
||||
|
||||
The rm command syntax is:
|
||||
|
||||
## Delete all file except file1 ##
|
||||
rm !(file1)
|
||||
|
||||
## Delete all file except file1 and file2 ##
|
||||
rm !(file1|file2)
|
||||
|
||||
## Delete all file except all zip files ##
|
||||
rm !(*.zip)
|
||||
|
||||
## Delete all file except all zip and iso files ##
|
||||
rm !(*.zip|*.iso)
|
||||
|
||||
## You set full path too ##
|
||||
rm /Users/vivek/!(*.zip|*.iso|*.mp3)
|
||||
|
||||
## Pass options ##
|
||||
rm [options] !(*.zip|*.iso)
|
||||
rm -v !(*.zip|*.iso)
|
||||
rm -f !(*.zip|*.iso)
|
||||
rm -v -i !(*.php)
|
||||
|
||||
Finally, turn off extglob option:
|
||||
|
||||
shopt -u extglob
|
||||
|
||||
### Method #2: Using bash GLOBIGNORE variable to remove all files except specific ones ###
|
||||
|
||||
From the [bash(1)][1] page:
|
||||
|
||||
> A colon-separated list of patterns defining the set of filenames to be ignored by pathname expansion. If a filename matched by a pathname expansion pattern also matches one of the patterns in GLOBIGNORE, it is removed from the list of matches.
|
||||
|
||||
To delete all files except zip and iso files, set GLOBIGNORE as follows:
|
||||
|
||||
## only works with BASH ##
|
||||
cd ~/Downloads/
|
||||
GLOBIGNORE=*.zip:*.iso
|
||||
rm -v *
|
||||
unset GLOBIGNORE
|
||||
|
||||
### Method #3: Find command to rm all files except zip and iso files ###
|
||||
|
||||
If you are using tcsh/csh/sh/ksh or any other shell, try the following find command syntax on a Unix-like system to delete files:
|
||||
|
||||
find /dir/ -type f -not -name 'PATTERN' -delete
|
||||
|
||||
OR
|
||||
|
||||
## deals with weird file names using xargs ##
|
||||
find /dir/ -type f -not -name 'PATTERN' -print0 | xargs -0 -I {} rm {}
|
||||
find /dir/ -type f -not -name 'PATTERN' -print0 | xargs -0 -I {} rm [options] {}
|
||||
|
||||
To delete all files except php files in ~/sources/ directory, type:
|
||||
|
||||
find ~/sources/ -type f -not -name '*.php' -delete
|
||||
|
||||
OR
|
||||
|
||||
find ~/sources/ -type f -not -name '*.php' -print0 | xargs -0 -I {} rm -v {}
|
||||
|
||||
The syntax to delete all files except *.zip and *.iso is as follows:
|
||||
|
||||
find . -type f -not \( -name '*zip' -or -name '*iso' \) -delete
|
||||
|
||||
For more information see [bash command man page][1] and [find command man page][2].
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/linux-bash-delete-all-files-in-directory-except-few/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.manpager.com/linux/man1/bash.1.html
|
||||
[2]:http://www.manpager.com/linux/man1/find.1.html
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
|
||||
Translating by yujianxuechuan,占坑
|
||||
How to set up Internet connection sharing with iptables on Linux
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
In this tutorial, I'll explain how to share a single Internet connection among multiple devices on Linux. While consumer-grade WiFi routers have become mainstream nowadays, making this problem a non-issue, suppose you don't have one at home. However, say you have a Linux box already assembled with a modem and a LAN card. The modem is connected to the Internet with a dynamic public IP address, and the LAN card connected to your switch/hub. Other devices (Linux/Windows PC, laptop) are connected to the switch without having any Internet connection. To share the Internet connection of the Linux box, you have to turn the box into a gateway, so that it can relay traffic to and from other devices.
|
||||
|
||||
### Glossary of Terms ###
|
||||
|
||||
- **Private IP address** (non-routeable address) is an IP address used for a Local Area Network (not visible through Internet).
|
||||
- **Public IP address** (routeable address) is an IP address that is visible through Internet.
|
||||
- **IP masquerading** is a function that allows set of machines to reach the Internet via a MASQ gateway. Those machines behind the MASQ gateway is never visible to the Internet. Any outgoing and incoming traffic from and to the machines behind the MASQ gateway must pass through the MASQ gateway.
|
||||
- **Network Address Translation** (NAT) is a function that can make a private IP address reaches the Internet with the help of IP masquerading.
|
||||
|
||||
### Hardware Requirements ###
|
||||
|
||||
- One Linux box with two interfaces (one public IP address and the other private IP address), which will be used as a gateway.
|
||||
- One or more Linux/Windows PC or laptop with private IP addresses.
|
||||
- Switch/HUB (optional).
|
||||
|
||||
### Step-by-Step Guide ###
|
||||
|
||||
The following procedure is required on the Linux box (the connection sharing gateway).
|
||||
|
||||
#### 1. Activate IP forwarding ####
|
||||
|
||||
In order to set up Internet connection sharing, you need to enable IP forwarding on the Linux box with a kernel parameter. Startup kernel parameters stored in /etc/sysctl.conf.
|
||||
|
||||
Open the file, and locate line with the following parameter "# net.ipv4.ip_forward = 0". Remove hash mark (i.e., uncomment it), and set the value to 1. It should look like the following:
|
||||
|
||||
net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1
|
||||
|
||||
You may also activate IP forwaring at run time by the following command:
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo sysctl -w net.ipv4.ip_forward=1
|
||||
$ sudo sysctl -p
|
||||
|
||||
#### 2. NAT configuration ####
|
||||
|
||||
Another important part of Internet connection sharing is NAT configuration which can be done using iptables command. iptables maintains four firewall tables:
|
||||
|
||||
- FILTER (the default table)
|
||||
- NAT
|
||||
- MANGLE
|
||||
- RAW
|
||||
|
||||
In this tutorial we will use only two tables: FILTER and NAT tables.
|
||||
|
||||
First, flush all active firewall rules.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo iptables -X
|
||||
$ sudo iptables -F
|
||||
$ sudo iptables -t nat -X
|
||||
$ sudo iptables -t nat -F
|
||||
|
||||
On the INPUT table, you have to set chain FORWARD to ACCEPT target, so all packets passed through the box will be processed correctly.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo iptables -I INPUT -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
|
||||
$ sudo iptables -I FORWARD -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
|
||||
|
||||
On the NAT table, you have to enable IP masquerading for your WAN interface. We assume that the WAN interface is ppp0. To enable IP masquerading on ppp0 interface, you can use the following command:
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo iptables -t nat -I POSTROUTING -o ppp0 -j MASQUERADE
|
||||
|
||||
#### 3. Configuring a private IP address ####
|
||||
|
||||
After all configuration is completed on the Linux box, you have to configure the DNS server and default gateway of other devices (Linux/Windows PC, laptop), so that they point to the Linux box. Note that you don't need to set up a DNS server on the Linux box. Every DNS request from other devices are automatically forwarded by the Linux box to your upstream ISP.
|
||||
|
||||
If you are using Linux on the other devices, you can use the following command to change their default gateway and DNS servers. I assume that you are using 192.168.1.0/24 private IP address segment, and that 192.168.1.1 is the IP address assigned to the Linux box.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo ip route del default
|
||||
$ sudo ip route add default via 192.168.1.1
|
||||
$ sudo sh -c "echo 'nameserver 192.168.1.1' > /etc/resolv.conf"
|
||||
|
||||
If you have other Linux devices, you can repeat the command above on other devices.
|
||||
|
||||
If you have a Windows device, you can change the default gateway and the DNS server via network connection properties on the control panel.
|
||||
|
||||
#### 4. The complete script ####
|
||||
|
||||
Here is the complete script which sets up Internet connection sharing on the Linux box. The WAN interface (ppp0) needs to be replaced according to your environment.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo vi /usr/local/bin/ishare
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
#!/bin/bash
|
||||
|
||||
## Internet connection shating script
|
||||
|
||||
sysctl -w net.ipv4.ip_forward=1
|
||||
sysctl -p
|
||||
iptables -X
|
||||
iptables -F
|
||||
iptables -t nat -X
|
||||
iptables -t nat -F
|
||||
iptables -I INPUT -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
|
||||
iptables -I FORWARD -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
|
||||
iptables -t nat -I POSTROUTING -o ppp0 -j MASQUERADE
|
||||
|
||||
Save the above script to /usr/local/bin/ishare, and then change the executable bit by the following command.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo chmox +x /usr/local/bin/ishare
|
||||
|
||||
If you want the script executed every startup, you can register the script to /etc/rc.local. Open /etc/rc.local, before statement "exit 0", add the following line:
|
||||
|
||||
/usr/local/bin/ishare
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/06/internet-connection-sharing-iptables-linux.html
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
|
||||
How to Prevent Other Users From Accessing Your Home Directory in Ubuntu 14.04
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
If you share your Ubuntu machine with other people, you probably have multiple users set up, thinking that the other users log into their own accounts and only have access to their own home directories. However, by default, any user can access any home directory.
|
||||
|
||||
When you add a new user in Ubuntu, the adduser utility creates a new home directory for the new account. By default, the new home directory is placed in the /home/ directory on the root followed by the username. For example, /home/lori. User home directories in Ubuntu are created with world read/execute permissions, giving all other users on the system rights to read the contents of other users’ home directories. See our article for more information about [how file permissions work in Linux][1].
|
||||
|
||||
**NOTE**: When we say to type something in this article and there are quotes around the text, DO NOT type the quotes, unless we specify otherwise.
|
||||
|
||||
You can easily change the permissions for your home directory to protect your private files. To check the permissions on your home directory, press Ctrl + Alt + T to open a Terminal window. Type the following line at the prompt and press Enter. Replace “<username>” with your own username.
|
||||
|
||||
ls –ld /home/lori
|
||||
|
||||
**NOTE**: The command contains only lowercase L’s not the number 1.
|
||||
|
||||
At the beginning of the line, the permissions for the file are listed. As said in our [article][1] about Linux permissions:
|
||||
|
||||
> “The r stands for “read,” the w stands for “write,” and the x stands for “execute.” Directories will start with a “d” instead of a “-“. You’ll also notice that there are 10 spaces which hold value. You can ignore the first, and then there are 3 sets of 3. The first set is for the owner, the second set is for the group, and the last set is for the world.”
|
||||
|
||||
So, the home directory listed below has read, write, and execute permissions for the owner and read and execute permission for the group and world.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
To change these permissions, type the following line at the prompt and press Enter.
|
||||
|
||||
sudo chmod 0750 /home/lori
|
||||
|
||||
Type your password when prompted and press Enter.
|
||||
|
||||
**NOTE**: The chmod command uses octal numbers as one way to indicate permissions. Our [article][1] about Linux file permissions uses a different method that requires more steps but may be easier to understand. Using the octal numbers to specify permissions is a quicker method. Use whichever method with which you are more comfortable. To learn about using octal numbers to set permissions, see this [article][2].
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Press the up arrow twice to use the “ls –ld /home/<username>” command again to check the permissions. Notice that the permissions for world are all dashes (-). That means that the world cannot read, write, or execute anything in your home directory.
|
||||
|
||||
However, users in the same group as you can read and execute files and folders in your home directory. If you don’t want anyone else but yourself to have access to your home directory, enter “0700” as the numbers in the chmod command.
|
||||
|
||||
**NOTE**: For more information about managing users and groups in Linux, see our [article][3].
|
||||
|
||||
To close the terminal window, type “exit” at the prompt and press Enter.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Now, when other users on the system try to access your home directory, the following dialog box displays.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
You can also set up Ubuntu to use specific permissions when setting up the home directory for a new user you are creating. To do this, you need to edit the adduser configuration file. To do this, type the following command at the prompt and press Enter.
|
||||
|
||||
gksudo gedit /etc/adduser.conf
|
||||
|
||||
We are using gedit to edit the file. You can use a different text editor if you want.
|
||||
|
||||
NOTE: The gksudo command is like the sudo command but is used to run graphical programs as root. The sudo command is used to run command line programs as root.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Enter your password in the Password edit box on the dialog box that displays and press Enter or click OK.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Scroll down to the DIR_MODE command in the adduser.conf file. The number set is “0755” by default. Change it to reflect the different types of permissions (r, w, x) you want to grant to the different types of users (owner, group, world), such as “0750” or “0700” as discussed earlier. Click Save.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Close gedit by selecting Quit from the File menu. You can also click the X button in the upper-left corner of the window to close gedit.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Close the Terminal window by clicking the X in the upper-left corner of the window.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Now, the files in your home directory will remain private. Just remember that, if there are other users in the same group as you, you might want to take away the permissions for both group and world for your home directory.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.howtogeek.com/190084/how-to-prevent-other-users-from-accessing-your-home-directory-in-ubuntu-14.04/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.howtogeek.com/67987/htg-explains-how-do-linux-file-permissions-work/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.linux.org/threads/file-permissions-chmod.4094/
|
||||
[3]:http://www.howtogeek.com/howto/36845/the-beginners-guide-to-managing-users-and-groups-in-linux/
|
||||
63
sources/tech/20140612 Command Line Tuesdays--Part One.md
Normal file
63
sources/tech/20140612 Command Line Tuesdays--Part One.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
|
||||
别占我的，该系列GOLinux独占了。
|
||||
Command Line Tuesdays – Part One
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Here we are geekos, back in action! Sorry it’s been a while, but let me just assure you we’re back on track, raging to meet the deadlines and to, well, have some fun :)
|
||||
|
||||
Now, the whole idea was pretty much completely summed up in the introductory text posted a fortnight ago, so we may get down to business. As the book by Mr. Shotts instructs, we need to know what a shell is, as we’ll be operating withing it, and what a terminal emulator is.
|
||||
|
||||
A shell, Mr Shotts states, is actually what we’re talking about when we’re talking about command-line. The shell is basically a program that passes the strokes of your keyboard to your computer, a translator of some sort, so your computer knows what you’re saying. There are many shells in existence, but the most widespread shell used in GNU/Linux distributions is called **bash**, or Bourne Again Shell. It’s a clever wordplay, as Mr Bourne created the bash’s predecessor, **sh**, and Brian Fox wrote it as a free alternative for sh. Ahhh, GNU people and their humor, very clever :)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Next thing we need so we can interact with the shell is a terminal emulator. Every Linux distribution comes with one, depending on the desktop environment you use, so it should be **Konsole** from KDE, **Gnome terminal** in Gnome etc. Mr. Shotts says you probably develop a preference for one, but I use what the desktop environment provides me, most of the time.
|
||||
|
||||
Now, fire up your terminal. You get a line, stating your user name and the machine’s host name. This is called the shell prompt. It means it’s ready for you to enter a command. Let’s try something random. Type in anything, and press enter.
|
||||
|
||||
Hehe, remember the introductory saying we need to learn the commands as a poem? There we go, random doesn’t work.
|
||||
|
||||
Now, press the up arrow, and you’ll see the command reappear. What’s this sorcery? The up arrow key on your keyboard is for accessing the command history. The terminal saves up to 500 commands you entered, so to not type them over and over, you can look for them with the up/down arrow. The left and right arrows are for moving the cursor within a specific line, so you can edit the text in between. Now there’s another thing – **ctrl+v** for pasting text doesn’t work. You can set it up as a shortcut somewhere, but it’s usually something else. Check your terminal emulator’s shortcuts! (in Konsole, it’s Settings > Configure shortcuts)
|
||||
|
||||
Now, for us not to get the ‘command not found’ slap to the face, let’s try something simple. Type **date**. (Yes, I didn’t know there’s a command for this, so it’s exciting for me also) :)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
There you go. Why bother looking at your built in calendar in the clock, when you can fire up your terminal and type date, and see what day it is :) Just kidding, as Mr Shotts states, it’s a simple command, the more useful/difficult ones are coming next time. The related command to date is cal – it will display the current month’s calendar.
|
||||
|
||||
You may also try **df**, and it will list free space on your drives.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Or **free**, to display the amount of free memory:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
If you’re already in the type-only mood, you can enter the command **exit** to get out of the terminal emulator instead of pressing the x button.
|
||||
|
||||
…and we’ll stop to a halt for this week so it won’t be too much to ingest on your already tight schedule. Too sum it up (you can write this conclusion down, for repetition), in part one, we learned:
|
||||
|
||||
- what is a shell
|
||||
- what do we need to communicate with the shell (terminal emulator)
|
||||
- navigating the terminal commands with cursor buttons and exiting the terminal
|
||||
|
||||
Four simple commands:
|
||||
|
||||
- **date** – displays the current date
|
||||
- **cal** – displays the current month’s calendar
|
||||
- **df** – shows the amount of free space on your hard drives
|
||||
- **free** – amount of free memory
|
||||
|
||||
### What will we do next Tuesday? ###
|
||||
|
||||
We learn navigation through the file system (what are all those bin etc etc. folders, what are they used for, how to navigate through them via the terminal). Until then…
|
||||
|
||||
### …have a lot of fun! ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://news.opensuse.org/2014/06/10/command-line-tuesdays-part-one/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
@ -1,99 +0,0 @@
|
||||
Guide To Install Ubuntu 14.04 In Dual Boot Mode With Windows 8 Or 8.1 UEFI
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Previously I had written about [dual booting Ubuntu Linux with Windows 7][1] and 8 previously, But those tutorials did not cover systems that come with Windows 8 pre-installed. The newer systems that come with Windows 8 or Windows 8.1, have UEFI instead of BIOS. This makes thing a little different from the conventional way of dual booting. In this tutorial, we shall see **how to install Ubuntu Linux in dual boot mode with Windows 8 or Windows 8.1**.
|
||||
|
||||
This tutorial is performed on a newly bought Dell Inspiron 7437 that has Core i7 fourth generation processor, 256 GB SSD, 8 GB RAM and built in 1 GB Intel graphics. I’ll cover all the steps you need to do in order to successfully dual boot Linux with Windows 8 UEFI. If you have already done some of these steps, just skip to the next one. If you have a fresh system, even better.
|
||||
|
||||
The steps mentioned here are applicable to other Ubuntu based Linux distributions such as Linux Mint, Elementary OS etc. Cutting the chit-chat, let’s see how to dual boot Linux on a UEFI secure boot enabled Windows 8 system.
|
||||
|
||||
### Dual boot Ubuntu 14.04 with Windows 8: ###
|
||||
|
||||
There are various prerequisites to install Ubuntu on a UEFI system. Let’s see them one by one:
|
||||
|
||||
#### Step 1: Make a backup [optional] ####
|
||||
|
||||
It is always nice to make a back up, just in case if you mess up with the system. There are numerous articles on the web to show you how to backup your system. You can follow this tutorial [here][2].
|
||||
|
||||
#### Step 2: Create a live USB/disk of Ubuntu ####
|
||||
|
||||
The next thing you need to do is to create a live USB or disk. I recommend [Universal USB Installer][3] to create a live USB of Linux OS in Windows.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Step 3: Make a partition where Ubuntu will be installed ####
|
||||
|
||||
Assuming tat you have a fresh system, the first thing we need to do is to make partition to install Linux. The 256 GB in my system was already had several partitions from manufacturer but mainly for backup and other purposes. Main partition was C drive, of around 220 GB, where Windows 8.1 was installed.
|
||||
|
||||
If you have just one partition like this, you need to make some free space out of it for Linux. If you have several partitions of considerable size, use any of them except C drive because it may erase the data.
|
||||
|
||||
To make a partition in Windows 8, go to Disk Management tool. You can find disk management tool by searching for ‘disk’ in Control Panel.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
In the Disk Management tool, right click on the drive which you want to partition and select shrink volume. In my case, I shrank the C drive to make some free space:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
You can leave the free space as it is. We shall use it while installing Ubuntu.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Step 4: Disable fast startup in Windows [optional] ####
|
||||
|
||||
Windows 8 introduced a new feature called “fast startup” for quick boot. While it is not mandatory, it would be better to have it disabled.
|
||||
|
||||
Go to **Control Panel > Hardware and Sound > Power Options > System Settings > Choose what the power buttons do** and uncheck the **Turn on fast startup box**.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Step 5: Disable secureboot in Windows 8 and 8.1 ####
|
||||
|
||||
This is the most important step. The new secure boot feature of Windows 8, originally intended for security feature for rootkit viruses, prevents dual booting of Windows with Linux. To dual boot Windows 8 with Linux, we must disable secure boot in UEFI.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Step 6: Installing Ubuntu alongside Windows 8 ####
|
||||
|
||||
Once you have disabled secure boot, it’s time to install Ubuntu. I hope you already created the live USB as mentioned in step 2. Plug in the USB and boot the system from it.
|
||||
|
||||
To boot from USB, will have to choose boot from USB option from within Windows itself. Either with PC Setting (like for UEFI) or pressing shift key while clicking on Restart.
|
||||
|
||||
Once you have booted in the live USB, you will be presented with option to try or install Ubuntu. Click on install. You will be presented with few screen options to choose the language. It will then do some checks on available space, power and internet connection etc. Just click on **Continue**.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The main screen which you should pay attention to is **Installation Type**. Choose **Something else** here:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Remember we had created some free space beforehand? We shall use the free space to create Root, Swap and Home. Select the free space and click on the + sign.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
It will provide you with option to create Linux partition. We are creating the Root partition. Any thing between 10-20 GB is more than sufficient for it. Choose the size, select Ext 4 as file type and / (means root) as the mount point.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Clicking on OK in previous step will bring you to the partition screen. Next we will create swap. Like previously, click on the + sign again. This time use the file type as Swap area. Suggestible swap size is double of RAM.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
In similar fashion, create a Home partition. Allocate it maximum space (in fact allocate it rest of the free space) because this is where you’ll save music, pictures and downloaded files.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Once you are ready with Root, Swap and Home, click on **Install Now**:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Well, you have almost won the battle. You can smell victory now. Next you will be asked to set username password etc. Basically, you just need to click next now.
|
||||
|
||||
Once the installation is completed, restart the computer, you should be welcomed by a purple grub screen. Enjoy Ubuntu along with Windows 8 in dual boot mode.
|
||||
|
||||
I hope this guide helped you to dual boot Ubuntu with Windows 8 UEFI. Though this article is written for Ubuntu, it should be heloful for other Linux OS as well. Any questions or suggestions are always welcomed.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://itsfoss.com/install-ubuntu-1404-dual-boot-mode-windows-8-81-uefi/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://itsfoss.com/install-ubuntu-dual-boot-mode-windows/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/6-safest-ways-to-backup-restore-your-files-in-windows-7-8/
|
||||
[3]:http://www.pendrivelinux.com/universal-usb-installer-easy-as-1-2-3/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
|
||||
CNprober 翻译完成.travelwithheart@yeah.net, 619913541
|
||||
|
||||
如何将Vim打造成一个成熟的IDE
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
如果你稍微写一点代码，就能知道“集成开发环境”（IDE）是多么的便利。不管是Java、C还是Python，当IDE会帮你检查语法、后台编译，或者自动导入你需要的库时，写代码就变得容易许多。另外，如果你工作在Linux上，你也会知道Vim在进行文本编辑的时候是多么的方便。所以，你可能会想从Vim中也获取这些IDE特性。
|
||||
|
||||
事实上，很少有方法可以帮你做到。有些人可能会想到试着把Vim打造成C语言IDE的 [c.vim][1]， 或者把Vim集成到Eclipse里的 [Eclim][2] 。但是我想要告诉你的是一个更加通用的，只用插件实现的方案。你肯定不想因为安装了太多的面板和特性而让你的编辑器变得臃肿不堪。只用插件实现的方案可以让你只选择那些你想要集成到Vim的特性。这样做的额外的一个好处是，这个IDE不是专门针对某一种语言的，可以让你写任何类型的代码。下面就来看一下我的 **把IDE特性带进Vim的前10款插件** 吧。
|
||||
|
||||
### 先来个福利： Pathogen ###
|
||||
|
||||
首先，可能不是所有人都熟悉Vim的插件，也不知道怎么安装这些插件。所以，我推荐的第一个插件就是[Pathogen][3]，因为这个插件会让你更容易安装其他插件。如果你要安装另外的没有在这里列出来的插件，用Pathogen会变得非常简单。[官方页面][3]文档写的非常好，去下载安装一个吧。接下来插件的安装也会变得容易很多。
|
||||
|
||||
### 1. SuperTab ###
|
||||
|
||||
[][4]
|
||||
|
||||
我们习惯于IDE的第一件事就是它的自动补全功能。所以，我习惯这个非常方便的，给了Tab键“超能力”的 [SuperTab][5] 插件。
|
||||
|
||||
### 2. Syntastic ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
如果你需要使用超过一种语言进行编码，有时候是非常容易混淆不同语言之间的语法的。幸运的是，[syntastic][6] 会帮你检查，然后告诉你是否应该加上圆括号或者方括号，或者告诉你在某个地方，你忘了一个分号。
|
||||
|
||||
### 3. Auto Pairs ###
|
||||
|
||||
另外一件让程序员们抓狂的事是：我是不是少加了最后一个括号？！每个人都讨厌用手指去数那些隔的非常远的括号。为了处理这个问题，我用 [Auto Pairs][7] 插件，这个插件会自动插入和格式化方括号和圆括号。
|
||||
|
||||
### 4. NERD Commenter ###
|
||||
|
||||
如果你在找一个可以支持多种程序语言的注释代码的快捷键，你可以试试 [NERD Commenter][8]。即使你不是程序员，我也非常非常推荐这款插件，因为它会让你在注释bash 脚本或者其他任何东西的时候都会变得非常高效。
|
||||
|
||||
### 5. Snipmate ###
|
||||
|
||||
任何一个程序员都知道，好的coder写代码，杰出的coder重用代码。[snipmate][9] 可以容易的插入代码片段到你的文件里面，大大的减少了你敲键盘的次数。它默认的有很多各种语言的代码片段，你也可以非常容易的添加你自己。
|
||||
|
||||
### 6. NERDTree ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
管理一个大的项目时，把代码分散到不同的文件里面是非常好的主意。也是一个基本的编码原则。[NERDTree][10] 是一个不错的可以直接在Vim里使用的文件浏览器，它可以让你随时想到所有的文件。
|
||||
|
||||
### 7. MiniBufferExplorer ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
为了打造一个文件浏览器，支持同时打开多个文件，没有什么比一个好的缓冲区管理器更重要了。[MiniBufferExplorer][11] 就可以非常漂亮和高效地完成这个工作。它甚至为你的缓冲区设置了不同的颜色和切换快捷键。
|
||||
### 8. Tag List ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
当你同时有多个文件打开时，很容易忘了你都在这些文件里添加了什么。为了防止你忘记，[Tag List][12] 这个代码查看器将会用一种漂亮简洁的格式展示不同的变量和函数。
|
||||
### 9. undotree ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
对于我们之中那些喜欢undo，redo然后又undo某些更改，然后依据这些来查看整个编辑完成过程的人来说， [undotree][13] 是一个不错插件，可以以一棵树的形式看到你的undo和redo历史。这个功能跟代码完全没有关系，所以这是我非常喜欢的一个插件。
|
||||
### 10. gdbmgr ###
|
||||
|
||||
最后，但并非不重要的是，每个人都在某时刻需要一个调试器。如果你喜欢gdb，那么[gbdmgr][14]就是为你准备的，因为它集成了那个著名的调试器到Vim中。
|
||||
|
||||
总结一下，不管你是不是一个疯狂的coder，能有一些额外的Vim功能在手总是非常方便的。像我在简介里说到的，如果你不需要，你不用安装这里所有的这些插件。或者你想要安装另外的也行，这些其实只是一个基础入门级的插件。
|
||||
|
||||
你在用Vim的什么插件？或者你想完善这个前10列表么？请在评论里告诉我们吧。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/06/turn-vim-full-fledged-ide.html
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[love_daisy_love](https://github.com/CNprober) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.vim.org/scripts/script.php?script_id=213
|
||||
[2]:http://eclim.org/
|
||||
[3]:https://github.com/tpope/vim-pathogen
|
||||
[4]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/14332189422/
|
||||
[5]:https://github.com/ervandew/supertab
|
||||
[6]:https://github.com/scrooloose/syntastic
|
||||
[7]:https://github.com/jiangmiao/auto-pairs
|
||||
[8]:https://github.com/scrooloose/nerdcommenter
|
||||
[9]:https://github.com/garbas/vim-snipmate
|
||||
[10]:https://github.com/scrooloose/nerdtree
|
||||
[11]:http://www.vim.org/scripts/script.php?script_id=159
|
||||
[12]:http://www.vim.org/scripts/script.php?script_id=273
|
||||
[13]:https://github.com/mbbill/undotree
|
||||
[14]:http://vim.sourceforge.net/scripts/script.php?script_id=4104
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
|
||||
Linux 平台七大桌面环境
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
通常的 Linux 发行版上都使用 KDE 或者 GNOME 作为默认的桌面环境。它们都给用户提供了一个易用的并且有吸引力的桌面，并且内置了各式各样的多媒体软件、系统程序、游戏、实用程序、网页开发工具、编程工具等等。这两个桌面致力于提供给用户一个拥有类似于 Windows 操作系统体验的尖端的计算环境，而忽略了最小化它们所占用的系统资源。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你正在使用 Ubuntu (或者其他Linux发行版) 并且疲于始终使用 Unity 桌面，那么你应该看看这些可以替代 Unity 的选择。我收集了 7 种桌面环境。它们都很棒。在你读完这篇文章之后，请试着使用它们吧。
|
||||
|
||||
### [Mate][1] ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
MATE 是 GNOME2 的一个分支。它提供了一个自然且吸引人的桌面环境。它是 Linux 和其他 Unix-like 工作环境中的传统工作框架的代表。MATE 正在改善以使用新的技术来保留传统的桌面体验。
|
||||
|
||||
在 Ubuntu 14.04 中，可以直接从 Ubuntu 软件中心获取 MATE 桌面。
|
||||
|
||||
### [KDE][2] ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
KDE 是一个类似于 GNOME 一样的重量级桌面环境。它在本文章所提及的7种桌面环境中被认为是最华丽最重量级的一个。它同样是一个类似于 Windows 的桌面，在这一点上没有什么特殊的变化。不过 KDE 非常有特点，但是随之而来的是大量的设置来提升你的桌面体验。同样的，有很多关于 KDE 的话题。所以真的可以从 KDE 的特点中获益，并且保持你所想的外观。
|
||||
|
||||
### [Cinnamon][3] ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Cinnamon 是一个基于 Gtk+ 的环境。它最初作为 GNOME Shell 的一个用户界面分支，由 Linux Mint 创造。 Cinnamon 本质上是为了推行使用终端和定点装置。无论是使用鼠标，还是使用触摸屏都可以获得同样便捷的操作。不像 KDE Plasma 工作空间， 只有一种 GUI。 当前版本—— Cinnamon 2.0 展示于2013年10月10日。
|
||||
|
||||
### [Unity][4] ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Unity 是 GNOME 桌面环境的一个界面，由 Canonical 公司创建，使用于 Ubuntu 系统中。Unity 最初现身于 Ubuntu 10.10 的上网本版本中。它起初打算充分利用上网本的屏幕空间，例如一个被称为启动器的垂直应用切换器（a vertical app switcher called launcher）和一个节省垂直空间的多功能顶部菜单栏。Unity 不像 GNOME , KDE, Xfce 或者 LXDE 是许多软件的合集，它是作为使用实用程序而开发的（it is developed to use available utilities）。
|
||||
|
||||
### [GNOME Shell][5] ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
GNOME 提供了桌面核心接口例如交换窗口，启动应用程序以及显示提示。它利用先进图形硬件来实现吸引人的，创新的界面思想，提供了愉悦简单的用户体验。GNOME Shell 定义了 GNOME 3 的客户体验。
|
||||
|
||||
作为 GNOME 的一个重要组成部分， GNOME Shell 的稳定版本首次发布于 2011年3月3日。
|
||||
|
||||
### [Xfce][6] ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Xfce 是一个轻量级的桌面环境，围绕 GTK 框架实现。他看起来很像 Gnome 2 或者 MATE，然而 Xfce 是它们的轻量级替代品。相较于 KDE 和 GNOME 3 而言，Xfce 非常轻量级，所以它是运行小工具或者那些希望实现最大执行效率的框架的理想环境。它还不是可以获得的最轻量级的选择 - 请继续往下看 - 然而，Xfce 的确完成了执行效率和功能的平衡。
|
||||
|
||||
### [LXDE][7] ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
LXDE 显然是桌面环境中最轻量级的选择，至少在消费级的桌面标准中是这样。这个基于 GTK 的桌面环境使用了很多轻量级的选择替代了默认的应用（例如 Abiword, Gnumeric, 而不是 LibreOffice）。它提供了无闪烁的视觉冲击 - 总体感觉也没有很不错，没有复杂的设置。但是，LXDE 仍然提供了漂亮的桌面和完整的功能。当你需要快速简洁时，它就是你需要的选择。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://pulpybucket.com/top-7-desktop-environment-linux/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[wwhio](https://github.com/wwhio) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://mate-desktop.org/
|
||||
[2]:http://kde.org/
|
||||
[3]:http://cinnamon.linuxmint.com/
|
||||
[4]:https://unity.ubuntu.com/
|
||||
[5]:http://www.gnome.org/
|
||||
[6]:http://xfce.org/
|
||||
[7]:http://lxde.org/
|
||||
@ -1,92 +0,0 @@
|
||||
技术视点：李纳斯·托沃兹，Linux的缔造者
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
> 我们的第一个谈话对象是[李纳斯·托沃兹][1]，Linux的传奇缔造者以及开源改革先驱。托沃兹生于芬兰的赫尔辛基，是诗人奥尔·托沃兹的孙子。尽管他更喜欢告诉人们，他的名字来自于《花生漫画》中的角色，但事实是他是以李纳斯·鲍林——一位两次诺贝尔奖获得者的名字来命名的。他的计算机经历是从一台Commodore计算机上开始的，后来换成了Sinclair和IBM的386上。刚开始，他使用的是Minix操作系统，后来换成了他自己的Linux操作系统。托沃兹和他的妻子托芙——一位六次芬兰全国空手道冠军结婚了，婚后他们定居在加利佛尼亚的圣何塞，育有三个女儿。
|
||||
|
||||
**技术视点（TV）**：在当今的技术中，有什么令你感兴趣？
|
||||
|
||||
**托沃兹**：我差不多是个“鼠目寸光”的家伙，所以相对于那些更空洞的“大潮流”，我对技术中实在的新东西更感兴趣。
|
||||
|
||||
我喜欢关注硬件公司生产的新产品，关注他们最新的芯片，而其中可能最能吸引我的（因为毕竟我是个做软件的）是那些提出新的算法并开发出新的软件来利用这些新功能的人。
|
||||
|
||||
**TV**：那在当今科技中，什么真正让你感到恼火？它是怎么以及为什么让你生气？
|
||||
|
||||
**托沃兹**：我不会用生气这个词，但是如果真要说技术市场中有什么让人反感的，那就是对那些最令人瞩目的“领袖”们的赞美。
|
||||
|
||||
这里，当然也包括我。我认为，整个的“个人崇拜”相当令人不安。而且，我很痛恨把我以及我所说的话看得太重。对于乔布斯，埃里森，盖茨等所谓的领袖，都是如此。我希望更多的人能自己思考，并且意识到技术实际上来自遍布全球的那些默默无闻的伟大工程师中的任意一员。
|
||||
|
||||
我理解人们想要并且需要一个焦点，而这种事也不仅仅发生在技术世界中（嘿，毫无疑问，我希望这事在技术世界中要发生得比娱乐行业来得少 ;) ），但是，这事仍然有点令人沮丧。
|
||||
|
||||
**TV**：你是怎么错过“毕生机遇”，而其它像Red Hat，SuSE等等却抓住了它？这是因为如果Linux不开源，它起初就不会成为Linux了吗？你能谈谈更多情况吗？你是否曾在此事上感到过后悔？
|
||||
|
||||
**托沃兹**：我当然不会因为任何事情后悔。我现在身在一个令人羡慕的位置上，我能干我喜欢的事情。而且，人们因此而尊重我。况且，我自由的能做我想做（也做了）的事情。
|
||||
|
||||
我想，很少有人会喜欢自己变得与众不同，那么让我来告诉你吧，这种感觉真不错。对于商业方面，我从来都不感兴趣。而且，对我来说，那些可以采用Linux并把它商用的人和公司只是做了我从没有动力做的事情。而这项工作需要人做，也很有益。因此，事实上我很感谢那些商业实体：它们让我能集中精力干我想干的那部分事情。
|
||||
|
||||
**TV**：在当今的科技界，哪位是你尊敬的人？为什么？
|
||||
|
||||
**托沃兹**：嗨！看看我对于整个“个人崇拜”的控诉吧。我只是对“让我们找个人并把他置于令人尊敬的地位上”这种事一点兴趣都没有。
|
||||
|
||||
所以，比起列出一些著名的人，我更乐意给出一些像是EFF这样的组织，这些组织（以及有时候只是观念和想法）不是要试着去穷其一生提升他们自己，而是试着去做一些实质性的事情来给予帮助，让技术工作在一个更大的蓝图中变得更好。
|
||||
|
||||
在个人层面上，我更喜欢那些不把他们自己太当一回事，同时又在他们的本职工作上干得很好的人。如果一定要我说一些知名人士，我想我更愿意成为斯蒂芬·沃兹尼克那样的人，我想这也是我尊敬他的原因。
|
||||
|
||||
**TV**：在谷歌和微软的言行上，你更敬佩哪个？成功者为什么成功？
|
||||
|
||||
**托沃兹**：我不认为成功的结果会和成功的过程一样有趣。
|
||||
|
||||
在整个谷歌和微软的竞争中，我真的不认为公司本身相比技术环境中那些吸引人们视线的变革更为有趣。这个竞争，已经从对单个计算机的控制，升级为对成千上万独立计算机的整合。
|
||||
|
||||
**TV**：你认为像科技灾难、互联网泡沫崩溃以及电信业崩盘这样的事为什么会发生？我们在今后怎样来防止它们再发生？
|
||||
|
||||
**托沃兹**：实际上，我对此类事情持相反的看法，并且没有理由去“阻止它们反复”。
|
||||
|
||||
我坚信万物能够超越极限，但是我不太相信事物能够达到完全稳定、并且百分百“正常”的状态。
|
||||
|
||||
大量真正的进展在井喷似的发生，而后来成了被称为“夸大宣传”以及其它不讨好的事情的一部分。但在这件事上，太过努力去尝试变得稳定、无聊、不做蠢事，实在是与创造性的初衷相悖了。
|
||||
|
||||
我个人认为，稳定开发模型不是持续的增量改进的方案之一，而是一连串的超载和崩溃。
|
||||
|
||||
渐进增量改进常常可能看起来是更好的策略，但是如果你没有偶然地经历过超载和崩溃，你又怎么知道你确实是在超越极限呢？
|
||||
|
||||
**TV**：技术在将来会怎样改变我们的生活？你会和其它领域的领军者们一起创建新技术吗，比如生物信息学？
|
||||
|
||||
**托沃兹**：我个人的理论是，技术对我们的生活的改变，远没有我们构建技术来适应我们的生活来得多。
|
||||
|
||||
这就是为什么你看不到飞行汽车等科幻小说中受欢迎的东西——但是相反，你却看到了利用技术来降低交易成本等，这类此前就存在、但不能大规模应用或者量身定制的事情（除了有时候为那些富得冒油的人做）。
|
||||
|
||||
因此，技术很少直接改变我们的生活本身——虽然它往往意味着更多的人能获得那些以前罕见的或只限于土豪们的东西。
|
||||
|
||||
真正的改变发生在当某些事物变得如此廉价并且遍地都是让你的行为变得大不相同的时候。而在不同方面，这些行为上的改变要比技术本身来得更有趣。
|
||||
|
||||
例如，互联网真正做成的一件事，是让你寻找并与志趣相投的人交流的成本降得更低。而且，我认为许多真正的改变正是来自于人们无需付出太多努力就能找到其他对同一事物有相同兴趣的人，他们的习惯因此而在改变中得以体现。
|
||||
|
||||
因此，你发现了所有的这些专业兴趣小组，许多人都在花大量时间讨论那些最神秘的问题，他们刚刚发现这些问题很有趣——这些事，你在之前不一定能实际去做，因为那时真的很难找到和你在某些不同寻常的专业上志趣相投人并进行讨论。
|
||||
|
||||
而我认为那是生活真正改变的方式——不是因为任何新技术的出色特性，而完全是因为技术降低增量成本后的无意副作用。
|
||||
|
||||
**TV**：据你估计，当今科技界谁是举足轻重的人物？
|
||||
|
||||
**托沃兹**：我想大量的技术由消费市场推动，而不再是由军方或商业需求推动这一点很说明问题。我也常常认为公司正在做的许多貌似愚蠢的事情（特别是DRM）似乎正因为忽略了一个事实：任何技术上最重要的人，最终总是“用户”。
|
||||
|
||||
因此，就我而言，我认为你的问题的答案是“用户”，或者叫“消费者”，而那个确实是最重要的部分，因为那个正是需求和实际商业成功的根源。
|
||||
|
||||
**TV**：请谈一些你个人的观点吧，比如宗教？政治？
|
||||
|
||||
**托沃兹**：我完全是一个虔诚的——无神论者。我发现人们似乎认为宗教带给人道德和感激自然的情感。事实上我认为，它反而把这两方面都削弱了。它给人们理由来说“哦，自然刚被创立”，以及创世行为是神奇的事情。我欣赏着“哇，真让人难以置信，竟然首先发生了这样的事情”。在许多欧洲国家，国家和宗教之间实际上具有法律约束力，是的，这正是一种讽刺。
|
||||
|
||||
我成了一位美国公民，并且我注册取得了在美国的投票权。我不支持任何政党，因为相当坦率地说，我的前进道路上有太多个人引以为豪的东西，不想和他们中的任何人有什么关联。
|
||||
|
||||
**TV**：谢谢，李纳斯！
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/billrobinson/techview-linus-torvalds-i_b_5338844.html
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[reinoir](https://github.com/reinoir)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_Torvalds
|
||||
@ -1,66 +0,0 @@
|
||||
心脏流血教给我们的:成为开源的贡献者而不仅是个用户
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
> 如果你的公司依赖像OpenSSL这样的开源软件,是时候主动点了。
|
||||
|
||||
开源社区已经官方披上了它心脏流血衬衫。
|
||||
|
||||
ComputerWorld的Richi Jennings [抨击说][1]“又一个非常可怕的开源失败。”（骗取更多的页面浏览量？）ZDNet的Steven J. Vaughan-Nichols没有公开反对开源软件，仍旧[设法称][2]心脏流血是开源软件的最遭时刻。" 最终ZDNet的Chris Duckett务实地[恳求][3]:"公司筹集资金来避免心脏流血再次发生。"
|
||||
|
||||
而一个好的开始，企业资金并不是心脏流血的最终答案 。你才是。
|
||||
|
||||
想要避免开源失败的公司应该不仅仅是开源软件的用户，还要是贡献者。
|
||||
|
||||
### 贡献者乘坐头等舱 ###
|
||||
|
||||
贡献者帮助引导特定的项目。他们开始行动，而不只是执行。大多数企业缺乏资源参与他们所使用的所有开源项目，但每家公司都可以投资给那些真正关系到他们的项目。并且投资得越多，得到的好处越大。
|
||||
|
||||
开源就是坚持给那些会给予反馈项目补助的礼物。
|
||||
|
||||
我MongoDB的同事[Adam Comerford让这点更有说服力][4]：如果你看看第一批得知Heartbleed的[时间线] [5]，那些第一批得知的（如谷歌）有一个相当大的优势。如Comford所说的，这些公司有一个显著的优势就是他们可以在bug还大规模未知的时候率先采取措施保护他们的系统。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
既然知道早期了解像Heartbleed问题的优势，Comerford问：“我如何确保我在这类问题的早期通知列表里面？”
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
如果你依赖于专有软件，你有一个答案：向卖方支付大量的金钱，并希望他适时地响应。但是，如果你正在使用开源软件，有一个扩展选项： “要么有大量的员工给[开源项目]做贡献 ，或者...有知道主要贡献者的员工（让我们面对他，他们大多会贡献其他开源软件项目，极客和书呆子八卦像其他人一样。“
|
||||
|
||||
Comerford断言说：”好处不止这样“
|
||||
|
||||
> 这有很多好处 - 除了让问题及早通知，你让手头上的专家来应付这些棘手的更新，以评估你的风险，甚至可能在公众知道之前内部解决问题。在设置项目的方向上你还可以得到尊重的声音，可以有权划分关键特性的优先级。最终，你会了解社区好的意愿，有助于使大家的产品变得更好，并成为让聪明的贡献者一起工作的目标。
|
||||
|
||||
换句话说，参与进来。成员有特权，主要的特权可能就是信息。
|
||||
|
||||
### 选择在哪贡献 ###
|
||||
|
||||
同样，没有一家公司有足够的资源来有效地促进所有它所使用的项目，这就是为什么Comerford建议对关键项目上这么做的原因：
|
||||
|
||||
> 如果你要人们列出在商业中所有开源关键技术，你可能会得到一张很长的名单。现在，告诉他们，他们将不得不清点数量和预算来支持清单上的每一种技术的（并证明它） - 它可能会迅速缩水。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你是一个AMD那样的芯片公司，给Linux内核贡献基本驱动程序和其他代码很可能是强制性的。给LibreOffice贡献可能不是。或者，如果你赌你的未来在Hadoop上进行深层数据分析，你应该贡献Hadoop，即使你选择在OpenSSL社区免费乘车。如果你是Dish Networks，它的[ CIO告诉上周在开放商业会以上的人们][6]，他们正在将重要的的工作载荷，关系型数据库转到Apache的Kafka，那他最好研究Kafaka的代码，即使他不贡献给Apache HTTP服务器项目。
|
||||
|
||||
每家公司都有其优先级，以及这些优先级必须以严肃地给开源项目提交来证明。
|
||||
|
||||
这是确保这些项目安全的一部分办法。而另一部分，它是一种影响方向的方式。但同时，红帽公司CEO[Jim Whitehurst][7]早在2008年声明，它是显著减少IT花费的办法：
|
||||
|
||||
> 今天编写的绝大多数软件是企业编写的，不得转售。并且绝大多数是从来没有真正使用过。IT软件开发中的浪费是巨大的....最终，开源给全世界的客户提供价值，我们不仅需要让我们的客户作为开源产品的用户，而且真正加入开源和参与在开发社区。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Comerford坚持认为：“如果我在业务中使用开源软件，如果他们自己不是核心开发者，我应该雇核心开发人员来积极给软件做贡献。 ”这是充分利用开源软件的关键：给它做贡献，不只是使用它。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://readwrite.com/2014/05/14/heartbleed-open-source-contribution-users
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://blogs.computerworld.com/encryption/23767/heartbleed-openssl-open-source-fail
|
||||
[2]:http://www.zdnet.com/heartbleed-open-sources-worst-hour-7000028420/
|
||||
[3]:http://www.zdnet.com/openssl-needs-corporate-funding-to-avoid-heartbleed-repeat-7000028385/
|
||||
[4]:http://comerford.cc/wordpress/2014/04/15/my-conclusion-heartbleed-timeline/
|
||||
[5]:http://www.smh.com.au/it-pro/security-it/heartbleed-disclosure-timeline-who-knew-what-and-when-20140415-zqurk.html
|
||||
[6]:http://blogs.wsj.com/cio/2014/05/06/dish-looks-to-open-source-software-after-database-failure/
|
||||
[7]:http://www.cnet.com/news/red-hat-solve-enterprise-waste-through-open-source/
|
||||
54
translated/tech/10 Database Tools For Linux Users To Use!.md
Normal file
54
translated/tech/10 Database Tools For Linux Users To Use!.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
|
||||
10款适合Linux用户使用的数据库！
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
从内容管理系统到简单的表格，数据库是每一个开发项目的一部分。这就是为什么开发者们如此强调使用正确类型的数据库工具。下面这些可能对您有所帮助！
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### 1. [Autotabla][1] ####
|
||||
|
||||
Autotabla是一个对你的程序以CGI Web为界面的SQL表。只需要提供你架构的XML描述，你就可以创建/修改/删除记录。 HTML输出通过CSS完全自定义。通过Perl/DBI保证数据库的独立性。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 2. [Cruddy!][2] ####
|
||||
|
||||
Cruddy！是一个以CGI::CRUD为框架的应用程序，它为你的数据库提供了一个即时的Web前端的CRUD接口。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 3. [myPhile][3] ####
|
||||
|
||||
这是一个可定制通用前端的MySQL表。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 4. [NG-Admin][4] ####
|
||||
|
||||
这是一个内容管理工具的数据库。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 5. [phpMoAdmin][5] ####
|
||||
|
||||
这是一个PHP语言的MongoDB管理工具。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 6. [phpMSAdmin][6] ####
|
||||
|
||||
phpMSAdmin是用PHP编写的工具，它允许您通过Web浏览器管理一个微软的SQL Server ，而不需要Windows或专有的企业管理器。它允许你创建/修改：数据库，表，视图，触发器等
|
||||
|
||||
#### 7. [RockMongo][7] ####
|
||||
|
||||
RockMongo，一个MongoDB的管理工具，在PHP5中实现，最好是在PHP中使用，更多的，像phpMyAdmin。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 8. [WizMySQLAdmin][8] ####
|
||||
|
||||
WizMySQLAdmin就像是最有名的phpMyAdmin的MySQL数据库管理器，但它非常易于安装和维护。它只由一个文件组成，并支持多种数据库和表的创建和处理。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.efytimes.com/e1/fullnews.asp?edid=138307
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[乌龙茶](https://github.com/yechuxiao19) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://sourceforge.net/projects/autotabla/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.thesmbexchange.com/cruddy/
|
||||
[3]:http://efytimes.com/e1/companionway.net
|
||||
[4]:http://www.ng-marketing.com/wuerzburg/
|
||||
[5]:http://phpmoadmin.com/
|
||||
[6]:http://sourceforge.net/projects/phpmsadmin/
|
||||
[7]:http://rockmongo.com/
|
||||
[8]:http://sourceforge.net/projects/wizmysqadmin/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
|
||||
如何使用ffmpeg从视频中提取图片（有些专业词汇不太懂可能翻译错了，各位校译幸苦了）
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
嗨，unixmen的读者们，
|
||||
|
||||
你曾想过从一个视频文件中提取图片吗？在Linux中做这件事是有可能的，教程中我将使用ffmpeg来从视频中获取图片。
|
||||
|
||||
### 什么是ffmpeg？What is ffmpeg? ###
|
||||
|
||||
ffmpeg是一个非常有用的命令行程序，它可以用来转码媒体文件。它是FFmpeg领先的多媒体框架的一部分，其有很多功能，比如解码、编码、转码、混流、分离、转化为流、过滤以及播放几乎所有的的由人和机器创建的媒体文件。
|
||||
|
||||
框架中包含有很多不同的工具，其中每一个都有特定的功能。例如，ffserver能够将多媒体文件转化为用于实时广播的流，ffprobe用于分析多媒体流，ffplay可以当作一个简易的媒体播放器，**ffmpeg**能够转换多媒体文件格式。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你感兴趣，以下是包括在FFmpeg框架中的开发者库：
|
||||
|
||||
- libavutil是一个包含简化编程功能的库，其中包括随机数生成器，数据结构，数学代码，核心多媒体工具等更多东西。
|
||||
- libavcodec是一个包含音频/视频解码器和编码器的库。
|
||||
- libavformat是一个包含了多媒体格式的解析器和产生器的库。
|
||||
- libavdevice是一个包含输入输出设备的库，用于捕捉和渲染很多公共多媒体输入/输出软件框架，包括Video4Linux，Video4Linux2，VfW和ALSA。
|
||||
- libavfilter是一个包含媒体过滤器的库。
|
||||
- libswscale是一个用于执行高度优化的图像缩放和颜色空间/像素格式转换操作的库。
|
||||
- libswresample是一个用于执行高度优化的音频重采样，重新矩阵和样本格式转换操作的库。
|
||||
|
||||
**注意**：ffmpeg和FFmpeg并不一样。FFmpeg是一个框架而ffmpeg是一个FFmpeg中的一个功能。
|
||||
|
||||
### 开始行动 ###
|
||||
|
||||
如果你想跟着教程做，你需要在你的linux机中安装ffmpeg命令行功能。Ubuntu用户可以在终端运行以下命令轻松安装ffmpeg功能。
|
||||
|
||||
sudo apt-get install ffmpeg
|
||||
|
||||
Fedora用户可以从源中直接安装ffmpeg。
|
||||
|
||||
yum install ffmpeg
|
||||
|
||||
或者你可以编译源代码。在你使用源代码编译并安装它之前，你需要从官网上下载源代码，使用以下命令。
|
||||
|
||||
wget http://www.ffmpeg.org/releases/ffmpeg-2.2.3.tar.bz2
|
||||
|
||||
用下面命令解压文档。
|
||||
|
||||
tar -xvjf ffmpeg-2.2.3.tar.bz2
|
||||
|
||||
文档解压完成后进入解压后的目录运行以下命令。
|
||||
|
||||
./configure
|
||||
make
|
||||
|
||||
编译完成后运行下面的命令安装ffmpeg。
|
||||
|
||||
su -c 'make install'
|
||||
|
||||
全部的事情并没有完成，而你将要做的所有事就是在终端键入一些命令而且将能够从任何视频文件中抓取图片。
|
||||
|
||||
在做之后的步骤前，确保你在想要提取图片的视频文件的目录下。使用cd命令切换到正确的目录。教程中我使用的视频在我的桌面上，我用以下命令将目录切换到我的桌面。
|
||||
|
||||
cd /home/oltjano/Desktop
|
||||
|
||||
之后我使用以下命令从视频中提取图片。
|
||||
|
||||
ffmpeg -i "Тимати - Рентген ( Альбом '13')-C9Plztvv8ac.mp4" -r 1 -q:v 2 -f image2 image-3%d.jpeg
|
||||
|
||||
**-i**选项用来获取输入文件，在这里是视频文件名**Тимати – Рентген ( Альбом ’13′)-C9Plztvv8ac.mp4**，-r选项设置每秒提取图片的帧数。我想要每秒提取一帧。
|
||||
|
||||
之后有一个重要的选项是-q:v，应该留意这个选项并且我很喜欢用它，它用来设置提取到的图片质量。我总是设置值为2来从视频中获取高质量图片。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.unixmen.com/extract-images-videos-using-ffmpeg/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[linuhap](https://github.com/linuhap) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
|
||||
用iCup在linux追世界杯
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
嗨，Linux 极客们，
|
||||
|
||||
在本文简短的叙述中，我将教你如何在Linux中安装一个非常棒的2014FIFA世界杯APP。这个应用叫iCup，支持Windows，Mac以及伟大的Linux。
|
||||
|
||||
我看足球比赛已经有很长的时间了，所以我得我的电脑上安装这样的应用来保持更新2014世界杯的最新情况。我不想在我朋友们面前看起来一无所知。iCup应用正好提供了每一场赛程、比分、球队教练组等信息。更有提供实时比赛更新，给你正在进行的比赛的最新数据。
|
||||
|
||||
### 支持一下功能： ###
|
||||
|
||||
- 30种语言支持，完全本地化（使用语言菜单选择）
|
||||
- 可以随意调整窗口大小的独家灵活的界面
|
||||
- 可按天、阶段检索的比赛日历
|
||||
- 可视化分组
|
||||
- 支持自动转变比赛时间来适应本地时间和格式
|
||||
- 一键化社交网络发表比赛评论（支持Facebook，Google+和Twitter）
|
||||
- 支持代理（支持基本认证和摘要认证方法）
|
||||
|
||||
我已经在Ubuntu12.04LTS上测试并且运很好！目前为止，我没有经历过任何错误或崩溃。你可以十分轻松地安装这个很棒的应用，通过[官方网站][1]你可以得到压缩包，然后你可以解压到任何你喜欢的地方。解压完成后，双击iCup 2014 FREE- Brazil运行。
|
||||
|
||||
iCup 对我非常有用，我希你也能享受到。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.unixmen.com/install-icup-2014-linux/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[Vic020](http://www.vicyu.net) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.e-link.it/icup/brazil2014/icup-brazil-2014-desktop-app.php
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
|
||||
Linux下的在线云音乐播放器 —— Nuvola Player 2.4.0发布
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
**Nuvola Player**是一个开源的播放器，在它自身的web界面中运行像Amazon云播放器，Bandcamp，Deezer，8tracks，Google Play音乐，Grooveshark，Hyper Machine以及Pandora等等云音乐服务，同时它也能整合到Linux桌面中。
|
||||
|
||||
该应用程序以插件的形式提供了大量的功能特性，像桌面通知、系统托盘、多媒体键、媒体播放器小程序、停靠栏菜单、歌词、last.fm等等。
|
||||
|
||||
**2014年5月31日**，**Nuvola Player 2.4.0**的一个新版本发布了 —— 它带来了一些新的特性，包括两个新的服务罗技媒体服务器和这是我的果酱，以及众多的bug修复。
|
||||
|
||||
### 这个发布中有什么新东西 ###
|
||||
|
||||
- 删除了破损的隐藏Google+按钮选项，因为Google修改代码过于频繁。
|
||||
- 加快了服务设置的启用速度，不需要再重新加载。
|
||||
- 修复了暂停和播放/暂停动作开关。
|
||||
- 为Chrome添加了兼容问题警告桌面通知。
|
||||
- 提供了页面内导航按钮（现在用户可以在Google Play标识旁边的顶部栏中找到它）。
|
||||
- 添加了罗技媒体服务器和这是我的果酱服务。
|
||||
- 包含了对鼠标后退/前进按钮的支持。
|
||||
- 修复了对GNOME锁屏通知的支持。
|
||||
|
||||
要查看完整的特性列表，请访问官方发行[声明页面][1]
|
||||
|
||||
### 在Debian, Ubuntu和Linux Mint中安装Nuvola Player ###
|
||||
官方的Nuvola Player仓库中包含了**Ubuntu 14.04, 13.10, 12.10, 12.04**以及**Linux Mint 17, 16, 15, 14.**可用的二进制包，你可以通过添加Nuvola Player仓库到你的系统中来安装二进制包‘nuvolaplayer’。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 在Ubuntu和Linux Mint上 ####
|
||||
打开终端并运行以下一系列命令：
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:nuvola-player-builders/stable
|
||||
$ sudo apt-get update
|
||||
$ sudo apt-get upgrade
|
||||
$ sudo apt-get install nuvolaplayer
|
||||
|
||||
**注**：请不要忽略系统更新命令‘sudo apt-get upgrade’，否则你的apt-get安装Flash插件可能会失败。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你不需要Nuvola Player支持Flash插件，你可以忽略系统升级命令，并使用以下命令来安装不带Flash支持得nuvolaplayer。
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo apt-get --no-install-recommends install nuvolaplayer
|
||||
|
||||
#### 在Debian上 ####
|
||||
对于**Debian Wheezy**和**Debian Sid**，可以从官方仓库中获取稳定的Nuvola Player二进制包。你可以使用下面这一堆命令来安装最新的稳定版。
|
||||
|
||||
首先，打开终端并导入公钥，然后添加仓库到‘**sources.list**‘文件，接着像下面这样进行一次系统更新来安装nuvolaplayer。
|
||||
|
||||
#### Debian Wheezy ####
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo apt-key adv --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com --recv-keys 706C220A
|
||||
$ sudo sh -c 'echo "deb http://ppa.fenryxo.cz/nuvola-player/ wheezy main" >> /etc/apt/sources.list'
|
||||
$ sudo sh -c 'echo "deb-src http://ppa.fenryxo.cz/nuvola-player/ wheezy main" >> /etc/apt/sources.list'
|
||||
$ sudo apt-get update
|
||||
$ sudo apt-get install nuvolaplayer
|
||||
|
||||
#### Debian Sid ####
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo apt-key adv --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com --recv-keys 706C220A
|
||||
$ sudo sh -c 'echo "deb http://ppa.fenryxo.cz/nuvola-player/ sid main" >> /etc/apt/sources.list'
|
||||
$ sudo sh -c 'echo "deb-src http://ppa.fenryxo.cz/nuvola-player/ sid main" >> /etc/apt/sources.list'
|
||||
$ sudo apt-get update
|
||||
$ sudo apt-get install nuvolaplayer
|
||||
|
||||
**注**：Nuvola Player依赖于打包的Flash插件，而该插件会因为存在库文件冲突（**GTK+ 2和**GTK+ 3**）而默认不会安装。
|
||||
|
||||
要解决该问题，我们需要启用flash**PPA**组件来安装‘**nuvolaplayer-flashplugin**‘包，命令如下。
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo sh -c 'echo "deb http://ppa.fenryxo.cz/nuvola-player/ sid main beta flash" >> /etc/apt/sources.list'
|
||||
$ sudo sh -c 'echo "deb-src http://ppa.fenryxo.cz/nuvola-player/ sid main beta flash" >> /etc/apt/sources.list'
|
||||
$ apt-get update
|
||||
$ apt-get install nuvolaplayer-flashplugin
|
||||
|
||||
一旦完成安装，你可以在**菜单**中找到该应用并启动它。记住，想要听音乐，你必须连接到互联网。
|
||||
|
||||
### Nuvola Player美图欣赏 ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
选择音乐服务
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Grooveshark音乐服务
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Grooveshark播放音乐
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Nuvola Player首选项
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Google Play音乐
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Rdio音乐服务
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
关于Nuvola Player
|
||||
|
||||
对于其它Linux发行版，你可以从 Nuvola Player[启动板下载][2]页下载源码tarball。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.tecmint.com/install-nuvola-player-in-linux/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://nuvolaplayer.fenryxo.cz/releases/2.4.html
|
||||
[2]:https://launchpad.net/nuvola-player/+download
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
|
||||
实用的Linux SHELL面试问题及答案
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
随着之前有关面试的系列文章，读者的反应比较强烈，所以我决定出一篇有关Linux Shell相关的面试文章，如果对本文有什么意见或意见的话，欢迎反馈到我的邮箱里。
|
||||
|
||||
如果想要阅读已发表在Tecmint.com的文章，可以点击链接，链接到[访谈系列] [1]，在这里我们已经介绍很多题目即文章。，FTP，MySQL和Apache的，脚本，Linux命令等。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
> 实用的shell脚本面试问题
|
||||
|
||||
这边提到的5个面试问题，延续之前的有关Linux面试问题和答案。如果你是Tecmint.com的读者，你的支持我非常感谢。
|
||||
|
||||
### 1. 写一个shell脚本来得到当前的日期，时间，用户名和当前工作目录。 ###
|
||||
|
||||
> **Answer** : 将输出用户名，当前日期和时间，以及当前工作目录的命令就是logname，date，who i am和pwd。
|
||||
|
||||
现在，创建一个名为**`userstats.sh`**文件，将下面的代码添加到它。
|
||||
|
||||
#!/bin/bash
|
||||
echo "Hello, $LOGNAME"
|
||||
echo "Current date is `date`"
|
||||
echo "User is `who i am`"
|
||||
echo "Current directory `pwd`"
|
||||
|
||||
给他添加执行权限，并且执行他。
|
||||
|
||||
# chmod 755 userstats.sh
|
||||
# ./userstats.sh
|
||||
|
||||
#### 样例输出 ####
|
||||
|
||||
Hello, avi
|
||||
Current date is Sat Jun 7 13:05:29 IST 2014
|
||||
User is avi pts/0 2014-06-07 11:59 (:0)
|
||||
Current directory /home/avi/Desktop
|
||||
|
||||
### 2.写一个shell脚本，进行两个数字的相加，如果没有输入参数就输出错误信息和使用说明的###
|
||||
|
||||
> **Answer** :
|
||||
下面是简单的shell脚本以及描述，如果没有命令行参数，它会抛出错误与如何使用脚本的说明。
|
||||
|
||||
再创建一个名为**`twonumbers.sh`**文件和下面的内容添加到文件里。
|
||||
|
||||
#!/bin/bash
|
||||
# The Shebang
|
||||
|
||||
if [ $# -ne 2 ]
|
||||
# If two Inputs are not received from Standard Input
|
||||
|
||||
then
|
||||
# then execute the below statements
|
||||
|
||||
echo "Usage - $0 x y"
|
||||
# print on standard output, how-to use the script (Usage - ./1.sh x y )
|
||||
|
||||
echo " Where x and y are two nos for which I will print sum"
|
||||
# print on standard output, “Where x and y are two nos for which I will print sum ”
|
||||
|
||||
exit 1
|
||||
# Leave shell in Error Stage and before the task was successfully carried out.
|
||||
|
||||
fi
|
||||
# End of the if Statement.
|
||||
|
||||
echo "Sum of $1 and $2 is `expr $1 + $2`"
|
||||
# If the above condition was false and user Entered two numbers as a command Line Argument,
|
||||
it will show the sum of the entered numbers.
|
||||
|
||||
给他添加可执行权限，并且执行。
|
||||
|
||||
# chmod 755 two-numbers.sh
|
||||
|
||||
**Condition 1**: 未输入两个数字作为命令行参数运行脚本，你将得到下面的输出。
|
||||
|
||||
#### Sample Output ####
|
||||
|
||||
# ./two-numbers.sh
|
||||
|
||||
Usage - ./two-numbers.sh x y
|
||||
Where x and y are two nos for which I will print sum
|
||||
|
||||
**Condition 2**: 当数字存在时，你会得到如图所示的结果。
|
||||
|
||||
$ ./two-numbers.sh 4 5
|
||||
|
||||
Sum of 4 and 5 is 9
|
||||
|
||||
因此，上述shell脚本满足条件作为问题提出了建议。
|
||||
|
||||
### 3.你需要打印一个给定的数字的反序，如输入10572，输出27501，如果没有输入数据，应该抛出错误和使用脚本说明。在此之前，告诉我，你需要在这里使用的算法。 ###
|
||||
|
||||
#### 算法 ####
|
||||
|
||||
1. 输入的数字为n
|
||||
2. 赋值 rev=0, sd=0 (反向和单个数字设置为0)
|
||||
3. n % 10, 将得到最左边的数字
|
||||
4. 反向数字可以用这个方法生成 rev * 10 + sd
|
||||
5. 对输入数字进行-1操作
|
||||
6. 如果n > 0, 进入第三步，否则进行第七步
|
||||
7. 输出rev
|
||||
|
||||
现在，创建一个名为**`numbers.sh**`文件，并添加以下代码。
|
||||
|
||||
#!/bin/bash
|
||||
if [ $# -ne 1 ]
|
||||
then
|
||||
echo "Usage: $0 number"
|
||||
echo " I will find reverse of given number"
|
||||
echo " For eg. $0 0123, I will print 3210"
|
||||
exit 1
|
||||
fi
|
||||
|
||||
n=$1
|
||||
rev=0
|
||||
sd=0
|
||||
|
||||
while [ $n -gt 0 ]
|
||||
do
|
||||
sd=`expr $n % 10`
|
||||
rev=`expr $rev \* 10 + $sd`
|
||||
n=`expr $n / 10`
|
||||
done
|
||||
echo "Reverse number is $rev"
|
||||
|
||||
授予对文件的执行权限，并运行如下所示的脚本。
|
||||
|
||||
# chmod 755 numbers.h
|
||||
|
||||
**Condition 1**: 当输入不包含命令行参数，你将得到下面的输出。
|
||||
|
||||
#### Sample Output ####
|
||||
|
||||
./numbers.sh
|
||||
|
||||
Usage: ./numbers.sh number
|
||||
I will find reverse of given number
|
||||
For eg. ./2.sh 123, I will print 321
|
||||
|
||||
**Condition 2**: 正常输入
|
||||
|
||||
$ ./numbers.sh 10572
|
||||
|
||||
Reverse number is 27501
|
||||
|
||||
上面的脚本非常完美，输出正是我们需要的。
|
||||
|
||||
### 4. 你应该直接用终端，而不是依靠任何shell脚本来进行实数计算。你会怎么做（比如实数7.56+2.453）？ ###
|
||||
|
||||
> **Answer** :
|
||||
|
||||
我们需要用如下所述的特殊方式使用bc命令。将7.56+2.453作为输入通过管道进入bc中。
|
||||
|
||||
$ echo 7.56 + 2.453 | bc
|
||||
|
||||
10.013
|
||||
|
||||
### 5. 你需要给出圆周率的值，精度为小数点后100位，什么是最简单的方法。 ###
|
||||
|
||||
> **Answer** : 找圆周率的值最简单的方法，我们只是需要发出以下命令。
|
||||
|
||||
# pi 100
|
||||
|
||||
3.141592653589793238462643383279502884197169399375105820974944592307816406286208998628034825342117067
|
||||
|
||||
很明显！安装我们必须有包**`pi`**。只是一个**apt**或**yum**命令，就能获得所需的软件包，同时用最简单方法来实现这个需求。
|
||||
|
||||
就是这样。我会很快在Tecmint.com发表另一个有趣的文章。至此敬请关注。别忘了向我们提供您在的评论和反馈。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.tecmint.com/practical-interview-questions-on-linux-shell-scripting/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[MikeCoder](https://github.com/MikeCoder) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/category/interview-questions/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
|
||||
如何在Linux中知道你的系统是否有USB 3.0 端口[快速技巧]
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Most of the new computers come with USB 3.0 ports these days. But **how can you know if your computer has USB 3.0 port** or not? In this quick tip, we shall see how to find if your system has USB 3 or USB 2 in Linux.
|
||||
|
||||
### 在Linux终端中检测是否有USB 3.0 端口 ###
|
||||
|
||||
打开一个终端,并使用下面的命令:
|
||||
|
||||
lsusb
|
||||
|
||||
这个命令会显示你系统下USB的总线信息。检查一下结果，如果你看到像“3.0 root hub”字样，这意味着你系统有USB 3.0。比如，在我的电脑上，它这样显示：
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
这个技巧在所有的Linux系统上，像Ubuntu，Linux Mint，Fedora等等都有效。现在当你知道你有USB 3.0 端口之后，**如何辨别哪个口是USB 3.0,哪个是USB 2.0。
|
||||
|
||||
### 辨别哪个口是USB 3.0 ###
|
||||
|
||||
通常USB 3.0 口被标记为SS（“Super Speed”的缩写）。如果你的系统制造商没有标记SS或者USB 3,那么你可以检查端口的内部通常是颜色的。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
我希望这个快捷提示能够帮助你知道你系统是否有USB 3.0 并可以分辨出USB 3.0 口
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://itsfoss.com/find-usb-3-port-linux/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
33
translated/tech/20140609 Open Source LDAP Solutions.md
Normal file
33
translated/tech/20140609 Open Source LDAP Solutions.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
|
||||
开源LDAP解决方案
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
LDAP（轻量级目录访问协议）是一个用于访问目录服务的应用协议，它运行在TCP/IP堆栈的上一层，采用简单的编码方法，并提供了便捷的方式来连接到互联网目录，特别是基于X.500的目录服务，并对它们进行搜索和修改。LDAP是一个开放的、中立的，并且具有工业标准的应用协议，它采用客户端-服务器模式。
|
||||
|
||||
该协议主要针对管理应用程序和提供对目录读/写操作的浏览器应用程序。
|
||||
|
||||
使用LDAP服务器的主要好处在于，整个组织的信息可以合并到一个中央仓库统一管理。LDAP支持安全套接协议层（SSL）和传输层安全协议（TLS），因而敏感信息可以受到保护。LDAP服务器用于多种任务，包括但不限于这些服务：用户认证、机器认证、用户/系统分组、资源追踪、组织演示以及应用配置存储。
|
||||
|
||||
为了提供对可用开源软件质量的深刻了解，我们列出了5个高品质的LDAP解决方案。
|
||||
|
||||
现在，让我们浏览手头上的5个LDAP解决方案吧。每个标题，我们都提供了连接页面，里面有对其功能特性的深度分析，同时提供了相关资源和评论的链接。
|
||||
|
||||
### LDAP解决方案 ###
|
||||
|
||||
- [389目录服务器][1] - 企业级开源LDAP服务器
|
||||
- [OpenDJ][2] - API经济的云目录服务
|
||||
- [OpenLDAP][3] - 应用程序和开发工具的LDAP套件
|
||||
- [freeIPA][4] - 身份/策略管理
|
||||
- [ApacheDS][5] - 编写的LDAP和Kerberos服务器
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.linuxlinks.com/article/20140607022012848/LDAPSolutions.html
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://port389.org/
|
||||
[2]:http://opendj.forgerock.org/
|
||||
[3]:http://www.openldap.org/
|
||||
[4]:http://www.freeipa.org/
|
||||
[5]:http://directory.apache.org/apacheds/
|
||||
@ -1,36 +0,0 @@
|
||||
如何在同一台计算机上安装Windows 8.1和Ubuntu 14.04 LTS
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**许多Windows用户，正在去尝试使用Linux操作系统，并且不用删除其它正在使用的系统。他们知道Linux操作系统，很容易更好的对待共享的同一台计算机上的其他操作系统，会很高兴的。**
|
||||
|
||||
如果你是Wi如果你是Windows用户，你想去安装Ubuntu。例如，程序实际上是相当简单的，需要一点小小的努力来自用户，他们只需要关注一下本程序。
|
||||
|
||||
一种新的基于PC操作系统正常的安装并不复杂，Ubuntu和Linux同样也是。在大多数情况下，用户单击“下一步”对话框中，所有的都是按照这个脚本。当你想保存，也存在于相同的PC操作系统（不一定是Windows专门），更多的工作是必需的，但可以很容易。
|
||||
|
||||
从Ubuntu Linux编写一个图像是容易的，这是可以做到的一些应用程序。在Windows你将需要Ubuntu任何一个dvd上或USB（最好是）。为了让Ubuntu正确复制到一个USB设备，你将需要下载一个小巧的工具称为Win32 Disk Imager 0.9.5。它具有一个简单的界面，它是完全自动的。
|
||||
|
||||
现在，把Ubuntu安装重启之前，你可能要设置一些自由的空间，将用于Ubuntu，但一个分区是不够的。您将需要两个，一个Ubuntu本身的（大约10GB，如果你不想安装太多的应用的话，就足够了）和第二分区（Windows,pagefile等），这是増加你的内存。你不需要的他们，但他们都是免费的。如果你在第二HDD安装Ubuntu，那就更好了。
|
||||
|
||||
插上USB和重新启动。你会得到一个提示试用或安装。选择安装并给你选择：安装Ubuntu和Windows 8（或任何你拥有版本），替换Windows 8与Ubuntu，或者别的什么。
|
||||
|
||||
你可以选择安装在Windows 8，但你也许不喜欢，安装程序将为你选择。这是更好地打击其他手动安装。
|
||||
|
||||
发现，你放置Ubuntu空闲分区（安装程序无法读取Windows卷名称），双击它，选择ext4文件系统，和“/”作为默认的安装点。
|
||||
|
||||
现在选择较小的分区和选择交换文件。就这些了。当你点击下一步，安装程序将启动，你将要选择的名称，密码，和其他细节。
|
||||
|
||||
下次当你启动你时将得到一个简单的操作系统，将让你选择你喜欢的操作系统列表。
|
||||
|
||||
尽情享受！
|
||||
|
||||
------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/How-to-Install-Windows-8-1-and-Ubuntu-14-04-LTS-on-the-Same-Computer-440356.shtml
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[CHINAANSHE](https://github.com/CHINAANSHE) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.softpedia.com/get/CD-DVD-Tools/Data-CD-DVD-Burning/Win32-Disk-Imager.shtml
|
||||
@ -1,106 +0,0 @@
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
在Linux系统中，如何通过命令行变出二次元世界？
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
你是否从来都没有错过xkcd上的漫画连载？及时地阅读到网络漫画。或者你是否考虑过从你喜欢的网站上备份所有漫画连载？如你所愿，开源社区将为你提供解决方案：使用命令行程序从终端上下载所有你喜欢的漫画连载。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
在我们开始之前，请记住一点，你下载的漫画连载仅供个人使用，在没有授权的情况下是不可以散播出去的。如果你确实喜欢该作者的作品，请支持通过捐赠或购买正版商品获得。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
在Linux中安装Dosage
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
有一个下载漫画连载的开源程序叫dosage。由于该程序是用python写的，所以安装漫画连载工具的方式有几种。今天我们就从一种简单的方法开始吧。
|
||||
|
||||
第一步，你需要安装pip（用于安装和管理python包的工具），并确保你的python版本在2.7.0至3.3区间。接下来使用pip安装dosage。
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo pip install dosage
|
||||
|
||||
如果pip不能以某种方式来找到相关包（例如Ubuntu14.04系统），可以使用下列命令来找到。
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo pip install http://wummel.github.io/dosage/dist/dosage-2.13.tar.gz
|
||||
|
||||
dosage将会自动创建一个名为“Comics”新的文件夹。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Dosage的基本用法
|
||||
|
||||
dosage的基本用法可以被描述如下。使用dosage，你可以在数据库中找到你喜欢阅读的网络漫画，当最新一期的连载发布时，你可以几时获取最新一期。从某种意义来说，无论你在网络漫画中订阅多少连载，dosage都会确保一期不落地帮你把没有读过的漫画连载下载下来。
|
||||
|
||||
下载和阅读你的离线网络漫画，首先要用以下命令将它们列出：
|
||||
|
||||
$ dosage -l
|
||||
|
||||
马上，我们可以看到dosage将2000多套漫画从数据库列出。我个人建议用下面的这个命令来查找我们想要看的漫画：
|
||||
|
||||
$ dosage -l | grep [keyword]
|
||||
|
||||
这样就会返回所有包含关键字标题的漫画了。
|
||||
一旦你确定列表中哪一本漫画是你想要阅读的，使用一下命令订阅这本漫画：
|
||||
$ dosage [name of the webcomic]
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
订阅漫画时会自动生成一个名为"Comics"的目录，并把最新的连载漫画下载到在里边。
|
||||
如果你不仅仅像下载最新连载的漫画而是整一部，那么你使用一下的命令就可以了：
|
||||
|
||||
$ dosage -a [name of the comic]
|
||||
|
||||
最后，如果你订阅了几本网络漫画，你可以使用下面这条简单的命令，方便地下载到这几本漫画的所有更新：
|
||||
|
||||
$ dosage @
|
||||
|
||||
如果你不想错过每天的漫画更新，你可以每天执行这条命令确保不会错过。
|
||||
|
||||
Dosage的高级用法
|
||||
|
||||
玩了一天dosage，你也许想知道它的更多使用方法。这需要你掌握更多的命令语法和快捷入门。
|
||||
如果你想在xkcd上下载更多的漫画连载，你应该会看到一条dosage拒绝的提示（使用成人选项，确认你的年龄）：
|
||||
|
||||
use the --adult option to confirm your age
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
因为默认情况下，dosage会为18岁以上的成年人忽略所有网络漫画中产生的冲突（xkcd只是其中的一个）。跳过这一步，请输入：
|
||||
|
||||
$ dosage --adult xkcd
|
||||
|
||||
从之前的例子，你也许注意到'@'这个参数几乎用于所有关于漫画书的下载。接下来这个'@@'这个参数是关于dosage数据库的所有漫画书。
|
||||
|
||||
$ dosage @@
|
||||
|
||||
上面的命令会下载dosage所知道的每一本漫画的最新连载。
|
||||
如果你想获取漫画开始到特定某一天的连载，你可以使用以下命令：
|
||||
$ dosage -a [name of the comic]:[year-month-day]
|
||||
|
||||
举个例子，我们想看《Calvin and Hobbes》2014年之前的所有连载，运行这条命令：
|
||||
|
||||
$ dosage -a calvinandhobbes:2014-01-01
|
||||
|
||||
最终对所有想把连载作为个人用途的开发者，dosage会在下载连载时生成rss，json和html日志文件。
|
||||
|
||||
$ dosage -o [type] [name of the comic]
|
||||
|
||||
在以上命令中，，[type]可以是rss，json或者html，[name of comic]也可以只用'@'。例如，用'html'参数就回创建一个漂亮的HTML代码可以看到所有已经下载到的漫画连载。
|
||||
|
||||
下面的命令会下载所有关于Calvin and Hobbes的连载并生成一个网页代码，在你的浏览器中看到一个漂亮的网页格式呈现出所有连载漫画。
|
||||
$ dosage -o html -a calvinandhobbes
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
最后，我会建议你阅读手册3获取更多相关信息。dosage的确是一个非常简洁的工具，它为广大网页漫画迷们服务。我很好奇地想知道像创建出一个json文件来下载连载漫画的这种创意是怎么诞生的？
|
||||
|
||||
你还有其它更好的工具来取代dosage？或者说你是这种可以取代dosage工具的粉丝并且用得非常过瘾，那就在评论里推荐给我们吧。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/04/download-webcomics-command-line-linux.html
|
||||
|
||||
译者：disylee(https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://wummel.github.io/dosage/
|
||||
[2]:http://ask.xmodulo.com/install-pip-linux.html
|
||||
[3]:http://wummel.github.io/dosage/dosage.1.html
|
||||
124
translated/tech/Making Linux Feel at Home.md
Normal file
124
translated/tech/Making Linux Feel at Home.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
|
||||
让Linux宾至如归
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
**采用小企鹅不管是对于小企业还是大企业而言，都是一个明智的选择。Linux曾经被认为是业余爱好者的操作系统，但是经历了很长一段历程后，现在它成了企业级系统。它很稳定，而且很安全。Linux易于定制，而且有庞大的社区提供帮助。这只是迁移到Linux桌面的部分理由。**
|
||||
|
||||
迁移到一个不同的系统，从来都不是件容易的事。开着窗户（Windows），或不品味苹果（MacIntosh）可能是个令人沮丧且代价高昂的体验。花钱升级新的硬件来赶上高贵的新软件时髦，这往往是毫无价值的做法。
|
||||
|
||||
在家里或一个小型的办公环境中运行一个Linux发行版，这是个卓有成效的努力，它可以带来开支的节约和效率的提升。对于企业环境而言，采用Linux服务器系统来取代追赶微软基础架构常常是个明智的商业选择。
|
||||
|
||||
然而，放弃熟悉操作系统下的舒适环境的过程看起来比实际更具挑战性。个人用户和中小型企业可以分阶段迁移到Linux桌面。软件是免费的，而用户也已经有了合适的可以支撑两个平台的硬件。
|
||||
|
||||
许多更大型的企业已经跑起了它们自己的Linux服务器仓库和完整的Linux桌面应用，这里它更容易适应。基于云的软件的使用使得办公室人员在使用他们的工作站工作时意识不到有很大的改变。
|
||||
|
||||
“是否迁移到Linux取决于使用情况。如果在家里使用，或者从事开发，那么你会想使用Linux中所有可用的功能。那是没脑子的想法。迁移到另外一个操作系统从来没有一帆风顺的。没有哪种使用情况可以适合所有场合，它取决于用户基础。“麦克 瓦伊塔尔，[Talkpoint][1]首席技术官，告诉Linux圈内人。
|
||||
|
||||
在中小型企业中和企业客户一起工作，瓦伊塔尔发现，利用新技术的个人用户和公司领导者的数量在增长，这些新技术将他们吸引到Linux中来。
|
||||
|
||||
### 舒适度期望值 ###
|
||||
这些Linux技术之一就是Chrome OS,还有现在由基于Linux的Chrome浏览器操作系统驱动的廉价笔记本。
|
||||
|
||||
由于用户已经熟悉Google的Chrome浏览器，或这开源的Chronium浏览器项目，使用Chromebook或者基于云的运载系统使得迁移到Linux变得小菜一碟。
|
||||
|
||||
“忽略使用的操作系统，其中一个问题是浏览器的能力。我们已经发现，用户85%的时间花在浏览器中“托马斯 邓，[Splashtop][2的共同创立者及产品管理高级副总裁，告诉Linux圈内人。
|
||||
|
||||
邓发现，那些有着快速学习曲线、能适应较新技术的人对此越来越有兴趣。人们使用多种多样的产品。因此迁移到一个与他们在其它设备上使用过的系统类似的系统，会使得迁移更平稳。
|
||||
|
||||
### Chrome迎合潮流 ###
|
||||
移动设备用户，不管是在家中还是工作中，越来越精通Linux，而他们根本不知道这是个什么系统。他们在几个操作系统间切换。伴随着熟练程度的提高，开源环境也越发让人感觉舒适。通过云平台来分发跨平台软件，这是一个附加的迁移措施。
|
||||
|
||||
“Google正在做的是与办公套件相关的真正有趣的事情。Google现在正在它的Chrome OS上敞开大门。“瓦伊塔尔说。
|
||||
|
||||
对于关闭窗户（Windows），敞开大门（Chrome OS），一个很好的例子是它的公司内部使用Chrome驱动的工具。例如，Talkpoint使用ChromeBox设备。
|
||||
|
||||
“那就为多媒体团队和传统的AV用户敞开了大门。我们看到该技术上的很多进展。“瓦伊塔尔解释说。
|
||||
|
||||
### 平板打破传统 ###
|
||||
另外一个Linux设备为迁移到桌面OS铺平道路的例子是安卓系统的流行。加上这个为智能手机和平板电脑改良的Linux发行版。
|
||||
|
||||
“对于迁移到Linux的人而言，人们对平板界面感到很舒服，尤其是在对Windows 8界面感到不满之后。我认识的每个人都试着回到Windows 7.“瓦伊塔尔说。
|
||||
|
||||
### 云计算具有Linux影响力 ###
|
||||
人们希望使用像MS Offcie这样熟悉的生产工具来进行文字处理。而在Windows平台上，开源产品不怎么被人熟知。因此，在开始迁移到完整的Linux桌面之前，先整合开源工具到原有平台会很有帮助。邓解释道。
|
||||
|
||||
随着Google Docs和Google Chrome浏览器的流行，Windows用户不知道开源的趋势正在发生改变。他指出。
|
||||
|
||||
““让迁移到Linux变得方便的另外一条路是迁移到云端，使用云端应用。”邓说。“对用户进行教育，是将用户迁移到Linux的最有效的方式。Chromebook正大量被采用，这是一条迁移到Linux便捷的道路。”
|
||||
|
||||
### 小企鹅威猛 ###
|
||||
聘请Tux，Linux的吉祥物小企鹅，对于小企业和大企业来说都是明智的选择。它是一个成熟、稳定而又灵活的操作系统，绝对可以帮你干活。据肖恩 塞乐，[视觉解决方案][3]高级产品经理说。
|
||||
|
||||
“对于小型商业公司，运行Linux来替代其它操作系统是令人信服的选择，而且也带来优势，当然这取决于你的公司的需求。“塞乐告诉Linux圈内人。
|
||||
|
||||
它曾经被认为是是业余爱好者的操作系统，但是经历了很长一段历程后，现在它成了企业级系统。它很稳定，而且很安全。Linux易于定制，而且有庞大的社区提供帮助。这只是迁移到Linux桌面的部分理由。
|
||||
|
||||
### 商业加分 ###
|
||||
利用更多的社区支持模型可以节约成本，塞乐说。Linux可以获得免费的社区支持，也可以付费订阅完整的技术支持。一些Linux版本也有硬件和软件认证这些东西，这些对于某些工作环境是很重要的。
|
||||
|
||||
例如，小型商业公司和大型企业可以可以完整地运行像CentOS或者OpenSuse这样的发行版，或者也可以从[Red Hat][4]或者Suse来整合付费的版本。即便是一个完整的订阅模型，Linux也比Windows或者传统的Unix提供了更低的总拥有成本，以及更好的投资回报，塞乐解释道。
|
||||
|
||||
“我相信，让小型企业来切身体验一下Linux很有意义。”塞乐补充道。“由于在社区以及像IBM和Red Hat这样的公司的帮助下，开源软件总体上正以快速的步伐帮助推动革新，Linux有一个光明的前途。“
|
||||
|
||||
### 小心爽一把 ###
|
||||
操作系统会家庭和工作地内部有不同的忠实用户。就拿BDNA的CTO沃克 怀特来说吧。他在家里使用Linux作为桌面操作系统，但是他的家人却对他热衷的东西并不买账。
|
||||
|
||||
“我的家人用Mac gear。他们盲目追随市场营销和功能炒作，而根本不考虑性能之类的东西。我在家里进行一个人的圣战，试着策反更多的人来加入Linux阵营。”怀特告诉Linux圈内人。
|
||||
|
||||
在他的公司里有类似的死忠派在奋斗，他说道，他公司里Linux桌面使用并不普遍 —— 但他们为Linux在工作中更广泛地部署打下了基础。
|
||||
|
||||
BDNA在内部使用Google应用很多。公司也在把越来越多的东西迁移到基于云计算的产品中。无论如何，这会给筹备中的工作更多的支持。
|
||||
|
||||
“当我切换到想OpenOffice这样的应用时，该操作必须真正实现无缝操作以捕获更多人的心。从纯市场角度看，开发者需要稍稍改变一下游戏规则。苹果赢得了年轻孩子和30岁年轻一代的心。我经常在我公司听到这样的想法。”他说。
|
||||
|
||||
### 小企鹅对战苹果 ###
|
||||
请求新设备是高端的MacBook Pro的特点，怀特解释道。尽管他们主要使用的工具是在线工具，BDNA的工人还是想要华而不实的，高度宣传的硬件。
|
||||
|
||||
为了打破这种观念，他不得不将操作系统和硬件的功能分离。战役的一部分是将用户与操作系统本身隔离。而这只有在企业同时有在线和离线的生产力应用程序才会发生，据怀特说。
|
||||
|
||||
“即使是使用文件管理器这样简单的事情也需要将注意力放在操作系统允许我们在我们使用的应用里头做什么，而不是操作系统本身。”他说。
|
||||
|
||||
### 爽到极点 ###
|
||||
操作系统多大程度上控制计算机用户？这个问题对于迁移到Linux而言很关键，怀特说。
|
||||
|
||||
想想Chromebook以及安卓手机和平板的不断成功，消费者真的需要知道他们正在运行Linux么？
|
||||
|
||||
“我认为迁移到Linux以及Linux在家里成功的关键在于，我们可以在线做多少事情。”怀特说，“因为我在家里使用Linux，所以我看到了其中的优势。”
|
||||
|
||||
你是否启用家庭消费者层面的设置，或是转向家庭或小企业用户设置，重点在于用户可以兼容他们使用的工具和功能。这里头包括像共享和创建文档，以及与之相关的事情，他说明道。
|
||||
|
||||
### 迁移措施 ###
|
||||
对于市场而言，软件和硬件生产商需要减少对操作系统的关注。例如，Chromebook正以苹果销售MacBook类似的方式获得大众认可。Google与其说是在贩卖Linux操作系统，倒不如说它是在销售应用，怀特回答道。
|
||||
|
||||
“开发者真正需要做的是改变工作重点，让用户和Linux相处融洽，而不是停留在使用非Windows，或者非Mac操作系统的踌躇上。不管你用什么，必须可以让它做你想让它做的事。像Chromebook这样的事物正是秉承了这样的观点，将Linux操作系统本身掩盖了起来。”他指出。
|
||||
|
||||
计算机生产商必须首先开始打破“它是Windows”或者“它是Mac”这样的模式。到那个时候，迁移到Linux的数量才会大幅攀升，怀特总结道。
|
||||
|
||||
“这无关操作系统品牌，”他说，“而在于运行该操作系统的设备所能做的事。”
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.linuxinsider.com/story/80415.html
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.talkpointcommunications.com/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.splashtop.com/
|
||||
[3]:http://www.visionsolutions.com/
|
||||
[4]:http://www.redhat.com/
|
||||
[5]:http://www.bdna.com/
|
||||
[6]:http://www.openoffice.org/
|
||||
[7]:
|
||||
[8]:
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
[20]:
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user