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@ -1,20 +1,22 @@
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||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: (lxbwolf)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: publisher: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11678-1.html)
|
||||
[#]: subject: (How to Find High CPU Consumption Processes in Linux)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://www.2daygeek.com/how-to-find-high-cpu-consumption-processes-in-linux/)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Magesh Maruthamuthu https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/)
|
||||
|
||||
Linux 中怎么找出 CPU 占用高的进程
|
||||
如何在 Linux 中找出 CPU 占用高的进程
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
在之前的文章中我们已经讨论过 [Linux 中怎么找出消耗内存高的进程][1] 。你可能也会遇到在 Linux 系统中找出 CPU 占用高的进程的情形。如果是这样，那么你需要列出系统中 CPU 占用高的进程的列表来确定。我认为只有两种方法能实现：使用 [top 命令][2] 和 [ps 命令][3]。出于一些理由，我更倾向于用 top 命令而不是 ps 命令。但是两个工具都能达到你要的目的，所以你可以根据需求决定使用哪个。这两个工具都被 Linux 系统管理员广泛使用。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
在之前的文章中我们已经讨论过 [如何在 Linux 中找出内存消耗最大的进程][1]。你可能也会遇到在 Linux 系统中找出 CPU 占用高的进程的情形。如果是这样，那么你需要列出系统中 CPU 占用高的进程列表来确定。我认为只有两种方法能实现：使用 [top 命令][2] 和 [ps 命令][3]。出于一些理由，我更倾向于用 `top` 命令而不是 `ps` 命令。但是两个工具都能达到你要的目的，所以你可以根据需求决定使用哪个。这两个工具都被 Linux 系统管理员广泛使用。
|
||||
|
||||
### 1) 怎样使用 top 命令找出 Linux 中 CPU 占用高的进程
|
||||
|
||||
在所有监控 Linux 系统性能的工具中，Linux 的 top 命令是最好的也是最知名的。top 命令提供了 Linux 系统运行中的进程的动态实时视图。它能显示系统的概览信息，和 Linux 内核当前管理的进程列表。它显示了大量的系统信息，如 CPU 使用，内存使用，交换内存，运行的进程数，目前系统开机时间，系统负载，缓冲区大小，缓存大小，进程 PID等等。默认情况下，top 命令的输出结果按 CPU 占用进行排序，每 5 秒中更新一次结果。如果你想要一个更清晰的视图来更深入的分析结果，[以批次档模式运行 top 命令][4] 是最好的方法。同时，你需要 [理解 top 命令输出结果的含义][5] ，这样才能解决系统的性能问题。
|
||||
在所有监控 Linux 系统性能的工具中，Linux 的 `top` 命令是最好的也是最知名的一个。`top` 命令提供了 Linux 系统运行中的进程的动态实时视图。它能显示系统的概览信息和 Linux 内核当前管理的进程列表。它显示了大量的系统信息，如 CPU 使用、内存使用、交换内存、运行的进程数、目前系统开机时间、系统负载、缓冲区大小、缓存大小、进程 PID 等等。默认情况下，`top` 命令的输出结果按 CPU 占用进行排序，每 5 秒中更新一次结果。如果你想要一个更清晰的视图来更深入的分析结果，[以批处理模式运行 top 命令][4] 是最好的方法。同时，你需要 [理解 top 命令输出结果的含义][5] ，这样才能解决系统的性能问题。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
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# top -b | head -50
|
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@ -47,25 +49,23 @@ PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND
|
||||
|
||||
上面的命令的各部分解释：
|
||||
|
||||
* **top :** 命令
|
||||
* **-b :** 批次档模式
|
||||
* **head -50:** 显示输出结果的前 50 个
|
||||
* **PID :** 进程的 ID
|
||||
* **USER :** 进程的归属者
|
||||
* **PR :** 进程的等级
|
||||
* **NI :** 进程的 NICE 值
|
||||
* **VIRT :** 进程使用的虚拟内存
|
||||
* **RES :** 进程使用的物理内存
|
||||
* **SHR :** 进程使用的共享内存
|
||||
* **S :** 这个值表示进程的状态: S=睡眠 R=运行 Z=僵尸进程
|
||||
* **%CPU :** 进程占用的 CPU 比例
|
||||
* **%MEM :** 进程使用的 RAM 比例
|
||||
* **TIME+ :** 进程运行了多长时间
|
||||
* **COMMAND :** 进程名字
|
||||
* `top`：命令
|
||||
* `-b`：批次档模式
|
||||
* `head -50`：显示输出结果的前 50 个
|
||||
* `PID`：进程的 ID
|
||||
* `USER`：进程的归属者
|
||||
* `PR`：进程的等级
|
||||
* `NI`：进程的 NICE 值
|
||||
* `VIRT`：进程使用的虚拟内存
|
||||
* `RES`：进程使用的物理内存
|
||||
* `SHR`：进程使用的共享内存
|
||||
* `S`：这个值表示进程的状态: `S` = 睡眠，`R` = 运行，`Z` = 僵尸进程
|
||||
* `%CPU`：进程占用的 CPU 比例
|
||||
* `%MEM`：进程使用的 RAM 比例
|
||||
* `TIME+`：进程运行了多长时间
|
||||
* `COMMAND`：进程名字
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
如果你想看命令的完整路径而不是命令名字，以运行下面的格式 top 命令：
|
||||
如果你想看命令的完整路径而不是命令名字，以运行下面的格式 `top` 命令：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# top -c -b | head -50
|
||||
@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND
|
||||
|
||||
### 2) 怎样使用 ps 命令找出 Linux 中 CPU 占用高的进程
|
||||
|
||||
ps 是 `process status`（进程状态）的缩写，它能显示系统中活跃的/运行中的进程的信息。它提供了当前进程及其详细信息，诸如用户名、用户 ID、CPU 使用率、内存使用、进程启动日期时间、命令名等等的快照。
|
||||
`ps` 是<ruby>进程状态<rt>process status</rt></ruby>的缩写，它能显示系统中活跃的/运行中的进程的信息。它提供了当前进程及其详细信息，诸如用户名、用户 ID、CPU 使用率、内存使用、进程启动日期时间、命令名等等的快照。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# ps -eo pid,ppid,%mem,%cpu,cmd --sort=-%cpu | head
|
||||
@ -118,20 +118,18 @@ ps 是 `process status`（进程状态）的缩写，它能显示系统中活跃
|
||||
|
||||
上面的命令的各部分解释：
|
||||
|
||||
* **ps :** 命令名字
|
||||
* **-e :** 选择所有进程
|
||||
* **-o :** 自定义输出格式
|
||||
* **–sort=-%cpu :** 基于 CPU 使用率对输出结果排序
|
||||
* **head :** 显示结果的前 10 行
|
||||
* **PID :** 进程的 ID
|
||||
* **PPID :** 父进程的 ID
|
||||
* **%MEM :** 进程使用的 RAM 比例
|
||||
* **%CPU :** 进程占用的 CPU 比例
|
||||
* **Command :** 进程名字
|
||||
* `ps`：命令名字
|
||||
* `-e`：选择所有进程
|
||||
* `-o`：自定义输出格式
|
||||
* `–sort=-%cpu`：基于 CPU 使用率对输出结果排序
|
||||
* `head`：显示结果的前 10 行
|
||||
* `PID`：进程的 ID
|
||||
* `PPID`：父进程的 ID
|
||||
* `%MEM`：进程使用的 RAM 比例
|
||||
* `%CPU`：进程占用的 CPU 比例
|
||||
* `Command`：进程名字
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
如果你只想看命令名字而不是命令的绝对路径，以运行下面的格式 ps 命令：
|
||||
如果你只想看命令名字而不是命令的绝对路径，以运行下面的格式 `ps` 命令：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# ps -eo pid,ppid,%mem,%cpu,comm --sort=-%cpu | head
|
||||
@ -155,13 +153,13 @@ via: https://www.2daygeek.com/how-to-find-high-cpu-consumption-processes-in-linu
|
||||
作者：[Magesh Maruthamuthu][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[lxbwolf](https://github.com/lxbwolf)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://www.2daygeek.com/linux-find-top-memory-consuming-processes/
|
||||
[1]: https://linux.cn/article-11542-1.html
|
||||
[2]: https://www.2daygeek.com/linux-top-command-linux-system-performance-monitoring-tool/
|
||||
[3]: https://www.2daygeek.com/linux-ps-command-find-running-process-monitoring/
|
||||
[4]: https://www.2daygeek.com/linux-run-execute-top-command-in-batch-mode/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: ( )
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
[#]: subject: (Annual release cycle for Python, new Python Software Foundation fellows from Africa, and more updates)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/12/python-news-december)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Christian Heimes https://opensource.com/users/christian-heimes)
|
||||
|
||||
Annual release cycle for Python, new Python Software Foundation fellows from Africa, and more updates
|
||||
======
|
||||
Find out what's going on in the Python community in December.
|
||||
![Python in a coffee cup.][1]
|
||||
|
||||
The Python Software Foundation (PSF) is a nonprofit organization behind the Python programming language. I am fortunate to be a PSF Fellow (honorable member for life,) a Python core developer, and the liaison between my company, Red Hat, and the PSF. Part of that liaison work is providing updates on what’s happening in the Python community. Here’s a look at what we have going on in December.
|
||||
|
||||
### Upcoming events
|
||||
|
||||
A significant part of the Python community is its in-person events. These events are where users and contributors intermingle and learn together. Here are the big announcements of upcoming opportunities to connect.
|
||||
|
||||
#### PyCon US 2020
|
||||
|
||||
[PyCon US][2] is by far the largest annual Python event. The next PyCon is April 15-23, 2020, in Pittsburgh. The call for proposals is open to all until December 20, 2019. I’m planning to attend PyCon for the conference and its [famous post-con sprints][3].
|
||||
|
||||
#### EuroPython
|
||||
|
||||
EuroPython is the largest Python conference in Europe with about 1,000 attendees in the last years. [EP20][4] will be held in Dublin, Ireland, July 20-26, 2020. As a liaison for Red Hat, I’m proud to say that Red Hat sponsored EP18 in Edinburgh and donated the sponsoring tickets to Women Who Code Scotland.
|
||||
|
||||
#### PyData
|
||||
|
||||
[PyData][5] is a separate nonprofit related to the Python community through a focus on data science. They host many international events throughout the year, with upcoming events in [Austin, Texas][6], and [Warsaw, Poland][7] before the end of the year.
|
||||
|
||||
### New PSF fellows from Africa
|
||||
|
||||
The PSF promotes a few members to fellow every quarter. Yesterday, twelve new PSF fellows were [announced][8].
|
||||
|
||||
I’d like to highlight the four new fellows from Ghana, who are also the organizers of the first pan-African [PyCon Africa][9], which took place in August 2019 in Accra, Ghana. The Python community in Africa is growing at an amazing speed. PyCon Africa 2020 will be in Accra again, and I’m planning to spend my summer vacation there.
|
||||
|
||||
### Annual release cycle for Python
|
||||
|
||||
Python used to release a new major version about every 18 months. This timeline will change with the Python 3.9 release. With [PEP 602,][10] a new major version of Python will be released annually in October. The new cadence means fewer changes between releases and more predictable release dates. October was chosen to align with Linux distribution releases such as Fedora. Miro Hrončok from the Python maintenance team joined the discussion and has helped to find a convenient release date for us; for more details, please see <https://discuss.python.org/t/pep-602-annual-release-cycle-for-python/2296/79?u=ambv>.
|
||||
|
||||
### Steering council election
|
||||
|
||||
The Python Steering Council governs the development of Python. It was established after [Guido van Rossum stepped down][11] as benevolent dictator for life. Python core developers elect a new steering council for every major Python release. For the upcoming term, nine candidates were nominated for five seats on the council (with Guido being nominated, but [withdrawing][12]). See <https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-8101/> for all the details. Election results are expected to be announced mid-December.
|
||||
|
||||
That covers what’s new in the Python community for December. Stay tuned for more updates in the future and mark your calendars for the conferences mentioned above.
|
||||
|
||||
So you have a great business idea for a wonderful IT product or service, and you want to build your...
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/article/19/12/python-news-december
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Christian Heimes][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/christian-heimes
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/coffee_python.jpg?itok=G04cSvp_ (Python in a coffee cup.)
|
||||
[2]: https://us.pycon.org/2020/
|
||||
[3]: https://opensource.com/article/19/5/pycon-developer-sprints
|
||||
[4]: https://www.europython-society.org/post/188741002380/europython-2020-venue-and-location-selected
|
||||
[5]: https://pydata.org/
|
||||
[6]: https://pydata.org/austin2019/
|
||||
[7]: https://pydata.org/warsaw2019/
|
||||
[8]: https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2019/11/python-software-foundation-fellow.html
|
||||
[9]: https://africa.pycon.org/
|
||||
[10]: https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0602/
|
||||
[11]: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/command-line-heroes-python
|
||||
[12]: https://discuss.python.org/t/steering-council-nomination-guido-van-rossum-2020-term/2657/11
|
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@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
|
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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: ( )
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
[#]: subject: (Passive optical LAN: Its day is dawning)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3489477/passive-optical-lan-its-day-is-dawning.html)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Zeus Kerravala https://www.networkworld.com/author/Zeus-Kerravala/)
|
||||
|
||||
Passive optical LAN: Its day is dawning
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
Getty Images
|
||||
|
||||
The concept of using passive optical LANs in enterprise campuses has been around for years, but hasn’t taken off because most businesses consider all-fiber networks to be overkill for their needs. I’ve followed this market for the better part of two decades, and now I believe we’re on the cusp of seeing POL go mainstream, starting in certain verticals.
|
||||
|
||||
The primary driver of change from copper to optical is that the demands on the network have evolved. Every company now considers its network to be business critical where just a few years ago, it was considered best effort in nature. Downtime or a congested network meant inconvenienced users, but today they mean the business is likely losing big money.
|
||||
|
||||
[[Get regularly scheduled insights by signing up for Network World newsletters.]][1]
|
||||
|
||||
There are also a number of new trends driving the evolution of the campus network. These include:
|
||||
|
||||
[][2]
|
||||
|
||||
BrandPost Sponsored by HPE
|
||||
|
||||
[Take the Intelligent Route with Consumption-Based Storage][2]
|
||||
|
||||
Combine the agility and economics of HPE storage with HPE GreenLake and run your IT department with efficiency.
|
||||
|
||||
* Cloud services. The cloud is certainly the way of the future but it’s playing havoc with enterprise networks. As data centers evolved to modernized systems, East-West traffic was superseded by North-South. Today, businesses are connecting direct to cloud for [hybrid-cloud][3] deployments driving more North-South traffic. Traditional networks can be a bottleneck.
|
||||
* [Internet of Things][4] (IoT). [Wi-Fi 6 and 5G][5] will enable more devices to be connected in more places leading to more bandwidth on the network. For the first time in history, wireless speeds will match wired speeds straining the campus network.
|
||||
* Video of all kinds is on the rise. Surveillance, collaboration, room systems, streaming and other kinds of video usage are on the rise. Video requires high-quality, low-latency connectivity.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Copper is running out of life
|
||||
|
||||
The increased speeds pose quite a predicament for companies. If the organization has Cat5 cabling, the speed is capped at 1Gbps. If Cat6 is deployed, speeds of 10Gbps can be reached but only 55 meter’s distance. If the company wants to reach the full 100M length of copper, Cat6A or higher must be used. Optical cable has no distance limitations because POL is completely passive and requires no electronics to boost the signal. Optical cabling can carry petabytes of bandwidth over long distances. Also, with optical, there’s no concern over what type of cable is being used and having the quality degrade over time. Lastly, upgrading speeds is easier. The cabling can stay in place and just the optics get changed out at the ends of the cable making the process simple.
|
||||
|
||||
### POL is a cheaper, longer lasting than copper upgrades
|
||||
|
||||
If businesses are faced with having to upgrade their networks from Cat5 to another type of cabling, it might make sense to look at POL as it can be the foundation for the campus network for years.
|
||||
|
||||
The early adopters of POL are companies that are highly distributed with large campuses and need to get more network services in more places. This includes manufacturing organizations, universities, hospitality, cities and airports. Although I’ve highlighted a few verticals, the fact is that any business can take advantage of POL.
|
||||
|
||||
### POL in a mixed-use development
|
||||
|
||||
At a Huawei conference earlier this year the company showcased the Dubai Creek Harbor project being built by Emaar Properties – a six-square-mile development including residences, offices, retail and cultural facilities. The complex is designed to be fully digital and the network has to support IoT, cloud computing, AI-based analytics and more.
|
||||
|
||||
The project features an optical network built on Huawei’s Campus OptiX solution that simplifies the network as the architecture moves from a three-tier hierarchical design to a two-tier one. That design uses less equipment and reduces power and cooling requirements. Also, the flat, 10Gbps network obviates the need for parallel overlay networks, making it easier to manage and giving it a degree of future-proofing as the network can easily be upgraded. The all-optical network resulted in a 60% improvement in operational efficiency and a deployment time that was cut in half compared a similar network using Ethernet.
|
||||
|
||||
### Cost effective **
|
||||
|
||||
**
|
||||
|
||||
Although there are many benefits to POL, adoption has been light. The biggest impediment to its adoption is a general lack of awareness and a misunderstanding of cost. The actual cost of fiber cabling is higher than copper, but I’ve talked to many companies that have looked at fully loaded costs and often optical is cheaper. Optical isn’t subject to electromagnetic interference like copper is so there’s no need to lay a pipeline down first. Also, copper cabling requires distribution cabinets to boost the signal and that adds the cost of UPSes, cooling and power that fiber does not.
|
||||
|
||||
North American buyers may not have the same awareness of POL as those in China, where:
|
||||
|
||||
* The engineering standard of POL was released in June, outlining the system, design, cabling, testing and acceptance rules.
|
||||
* An alliance was established Oct. 22 bringing together a number of companies including Nokia, Huawei, and Yangtze Optical Fiber and Cable.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Both of these will help drive innovation and standardization.
|
||||
|
||||
Copper has been the preferred campus backbone, but businesses are changing and so is the network. It’s not enough to just change the infrastructure but the cabling that connects everything should be looked at and POL used as a next-generation backbone.
|
||||
|
||||
Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][6] and [LinkedIn][7] to comment on topics that are top of mind.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3489477/passive-optical-lan-its-day-is-dawning.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Zeus Kerravala][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Zeus-Kerravala/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://www.networkworld.com/newsletters/signup.html
|
||||
[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3440100/take-the-intelligent-route-with-consumption-based-storage.html?utm_source=IDG&utm_medium=promotions&utm_campaign=HPE20773&utm_content=sidebar ( Take the Intelligent Route with Consumption-Based Storage)
|
||||
[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3268448/what-is-hybrid-cloud-really-and-whats-the-best-strategy.html
|
||||
[4]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3207535/what-is-iot-how-the-internet-of-things-works.html
|
||||
[5]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3402316/when-to-use-5g-when-to-use-wi-fi-6.html
|
||||
[6]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/
|
||||
[7]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: ( )
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
[#]: subject: (Liquid cooling and edge computing are featured at Gartner show)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3489467/liquid-cooling-and-edge-computing-are-featured-at-gartner-show.html)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Andy Patrizio https://www.networkworld.com/author/Andy-Patrizio/)
|
||||
|
||||
Liquid cooling and edge computing are featured at Gartner show
|
||||
======
|
||||
Non-traditional hardware makes the news at Gartner’s show focused on data-center operations.
|
||||
ExaScaler
|
||||
|
||||
Research firm Gartner is holding its IT Infrastructure, Operations, and Cloud Strategies Conference (IOCS) in Las Vegas this week, and a few news announcements from the show give an indication as to where [data-center][1] technology is headed.
|
||||
|
||||
First up, Schneider Electric and Iceotope formally introduced their integrated rack with chassis-based immersive liquid-cooling designs. The deal was [announced][2] in October but now the details are out. In addition to Schneider and Iceotope, the alliance also includes Avnet, an electronic-component distributor.
|
||||
|
||||
[[Get regularly scheduled insights by signing up for Network World newsletters.]][3]
|
||||
|
||||
The server is optimized for compute-intensive applications such as analytics and artificial intelligence. It combines a high-powered GPU server with Iceotope’s liquid-cooling technology, while Avnet integrates the server with Schneider’s NetShelter liquid-cooled enclosure system for simple deployment into data centers or edge-computing environments.
|
||||
|
||||
[][4]
|
||||
|
||||
BrandPost Sponsored by HPE
|
||||
|
||||
[Take the Intelligent Route with Consumption-Based Storage][4]
|
||||
|
||||
Combine the agility and economics of HPE storage with HPE GreenLake and run your IT department with efficiency.
|
||||
|
||||
This is a big advance because most immersion solutions have been using a bathtub design where the motherboard sat vertically in the immersion fluid and the ports stuck out at the top. It was something of a clumsy design that just begged for spillage. Here, the chassis looks like any other rack-mounted server, but it is enclosed and sealed.
|
||||
|
||||
The system is certified EcoStruxure Ready, meaning it works with Schneider’s enclosures, and comes with next-generation data center management software EcoStruxure IT Expert and digital service EcoStruxure Asset Advisor.
|
||||
|
||||
“This latest development marks a significant step toward industrializing chassis-based immersion solutions which offer the efficiency and effectiveness of tank-based solutions while providing the compatibility and serviceability of more traditional, ‘direct-to-chip’ liquid-cooling designs. Given the growth of compute-intensive applications, we believe this approach is very promising,” said Kevin Brown, CTO and senior vice president of innovation, secure power at Schneider Electric in a statement.
|
||||
|
||||
### Scale Computing: Tiny edge device
|
||||
|
||||
Scale Computing introduced the HE150 at the show, the latest addition to its HC3 Edge product line intended for space-constrained and edge customers.
|
||||
|
||||
The HE150 is a very small device based on the [Intel NUC][5] design, and Scale notes it is about the size of three smartphones, with a width and depth of just over 11 centimeters and a height of just over three centimeters.
|
||||
|
||||
The HE150 appliance is a small, all-flash, [NVMe][6] storage-based compute appliance that supports disaster recovery, high availability clustering, rolling upgrades and integrated data protection. As it is, Scale sells them in three-node clusters.
|
||||
|
||||
Scale also announced it plans to make its HC3 Edge software for Intel NUC-based systems from other hardware suppliers. HC3 Edge software will be available soon for Lenovo’s new Smart Edge portfolio of fan-less, small-form-factor PCs.
|
||||
|
||||
Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][7] and [LinkedIn][8] to comment on topics that are top of mind.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3489467/liquid-cooling-and-edge-computing-are-featured-at-gartner-show.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Andy Patrizio][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Andy-Patrizio/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3223692/what-is-a-data-centerhow-its-changed-and-what-you-need-to-know.html
|
||||
[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3444624/schneider-electric-launches-wall-mounted-server-rack.html
|
||||
[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/newsletters/signup.html
|
||||
[4]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3440100/take-the-intelligent-route-with-consumption-based-storage.html?utm_source=IDG&utm_medium=promotions&utm_campaign=HPE20773&utm_content=sidebar ( Take the Intelligent Route with Consumption-Based Storage)
|
||||
[5]: https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/products/boards-kits/nuc.html
|
||||
[6]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3280991/what-is-nvme-and-how-is-it-changing-enterprise-storage.html
|
||||
[7]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/
|
||||
[8]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: ( )
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
[#]: subject: (Secure SD-WAN: The security vendors and their SD-WAN offerings)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3489480/secure-sd-wan-the-security-vendors-and-their-sd-wan-offerings.html)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Matt Conran https://www.networkworld.com/author/Matt-Conran/)
|
||||
|
||||
Secure SD-WAN: The security vendors and their SD-WAN offerings
|
||||
======
|
||||
A networking vendor simply can’t jump into this space. Some SD-WANs add stateful packet filters and call this security.
|
||||
[Gerd Altmann][1] [(CC0)][2]
|
||||
|
||||
During its inception, we had the early adopters and pure SD-WAN players. Soon it became obvious that something was missing, and that missing component was “security.” However, security vendors have highlighted the importance of security from the very beginning.
|
||||
|
||||
Today, the market seems to be moving in the direction where the security vendors are focusing on delivering SD-WAN features around pervasive security. The Magic Quadrant for WAN Edge Infrastructure has made a substantial prediction. It states, “By 2024, 50% of new firewall purchases in distributed enterprises will utilize SD-WAN features with the growing adoption of cloud-based services, up from less than 20% today.”
|
||||
|
||||
Nowadays we have security vendors like Forcepoint, SonicWall and Barracuda that follow the pattern of Fortinet. The vendors offer a built-in security stack to the WAN edge architecture for distributed enterprise use cases.
|
||||
|
||||
[][3]
|
||||
|
||||
BrandPost Sponsored by HPE
|
||||
|
||||
[Take the Intelligent Route with Consumption-Based Storage][3]
|
||||
|
||||
Combine the agility and economics of HPE storage with HPE GreenLake and run your IT department with efficiency.
|
||||
|
||||
### Introducing secure SD-WAN
|
||||
|
||||
Pronouncedly, secure SD-WAN includes the best-of-breed next-generation firewall security, SD-WAN, advanced routing, and WAN optimization to deliver a security-driven WAN edge. It combines the SD-WAN feature and security features together.
|
||||
|
||||
The secure SD-WAN solution can be placed fully in the branch and the cloud or a hybrid approach can be adopted. For those who don’t want to put everything in the cloud, a hybrid approach could be more viable.
|
||||
|
||||
To me, it is quite interesting seeing how the queries are coming into the analysts and how customers are giving attention to this field. Markedly, Gartner estimates that Fortinet has more than 21,000 WAN edge customers. That’s a considerable user base and makes a compelling case, especially when strong and built-in security capabilities are the key requirements.
|
||||
|
||||
### Adding security to networking
|
||||
|
||||
It is definitely easier for a security company to add new networking features than for an SD-WAN company to add 20 years of advanced security features. We can safely assume that no SD-WAN vendor is going to become a security vendor.
|
||||
|
||||
**[ Now read [20 hot jobs ambitious IT pros should shoot for][4]. ]**
|
||||
|
||||
As the market developed, in due course, some features had to be renamed: when we talk about application identification, encryption, path monitoring, routing protocols and WAN link load balancing. Fundamentally, all of these advanced routing features are not new and specific to SD-WAN. These are not overnight successes and have been in the market even before the market existed.
|
||||
|
||||
However, in some scenarios, maybe you have to implement a proprietary routing protocol across the WAN. In this case, yes, of course, you require a new device. But for most of the part, a comprehensive firewall at the edge will suffice.
|
||||
|
||||
### The firewall at the WAN edge
|
||||
|
||||
Firewalls are evolving into network security platforms, thereby offering SD-WAN capabilities. The Magic Quadrant for Network Firewalls states “The SMB multifunction firewall market grew 10.1% in 2018, with SD-WAN adoption being a strong driver.”
|
||||
|
||||
When you think about it, you will realize that the firewall has been acting as a router for a long time. Essentially, the firewall can provide all the routing protocols to facilitate private WAN, internet and internal routing. This functionality is usually provided by a basic device that just does the routing. However, now we are witnessing the replacement of these by an edge appliance with firewalls.
|
||||
|
||||
Firewalls have resided in the networks for decades. Their role has not just been confined to doing the firewalling but also participating in the routed networks. Time and again, they have been providing a routed WAN edge device.
|
||||
|
||||
### Issues with legacy security design
|
||||
|
||||
How do you integrate security with SD-WAN? Primarily, the common design involves the integration of multiple security point solutions. Now, let’s learn about the aftermath of these point solutions.
|
||||
|
||||
### Complexity
|
||||
|
||||
The point solution only addresses one issue and requires a considerable amount of integration with others. Because of this, they are often service-chained together. Each part must be carefully integrated with the other.
|
||||
|
||||
You must continuously add solutions to the stack, which is likely to result in management overhead and increased complexity. Not to mention the challenges with NOC and SOC team integration. Contrarily, the original selling point for SD-WAN was to reduce complexity and not intensify it.
|
||||
|
||||
If we examine security in the world of SD-WAN; the way it has been geared up at the moment is provided in parts that actually increase complexity. It’s like building a house with individual pieces when you actually just want to buy a house.
|
||||
|
||||
If you analyze, you will find that many SD-WANs are merely bringing in security technologies from other vendors, joined together to sell them to the customers.
|
||||
|
||||
### Associated costs
|
||||
|
||||
Having multiple point solutions often from different vendors dispersed around the network is expensive. There’s never a fixed price. Some security vendors may charge on usage models which you may not have the quantity for yet. So, how do you effectively plan for this when you have multiples?
|
||||
|
||||
As the costs keep adding up, the security professionals may decide to trade-off certain point solutions due to the associated costs. We know now this is not an effective risk management strategy. Ideally, in terms of security, you don't do something when it is needed; you do it before it is needed. This means threat intelligence is the key, which is often overlooked by many SD-WAN vendors.
|
||||
|
||||
It’s far more critical from both technical and cost perspective to bring each of the security point solution functionalities together under one hood. And to do this, someone that specializes in security from day one would fit the bill. This is why there has been a move to provide SD-WAN features along with advanced security into one comprehensive integrated platform.
|
||||
|
||||
Secure SD-WAN is what combines both network and security into one integrated platform. This leads to no more complex management, licensing issues, high costs or unnecessary service chaining.
|
||||
|
||||
### SD-WAN is not about features
|
||||
|
||||
There is a lot of noise in the SD-WAN market about the features. Let’s face it ‘features really don’t draw much value to create market separation’. Practically, the value proposition for SD-WAN is not about the feature. Everyone is doing a good job in classifying applications and sending them across the best path. Let’s understand the true value proposition for SD-WAN.
|
||||
|
||||
### Performance and scalability
|
||||
|
||||
When it comes to SD-WAN, the bell to ring is often application steering, but if you don’t have, for example, the deep TLS1.3 inspection with solid performance, how can you get accurate identification and make sure your branch is secure? Not enough people are talking about this.
|
||||
|
||||
For this, we need custom SD-WAN-specific application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs). This offers an incredible advantage for the high resource intensive encryption/decryption and overlay scalability.
|
||||
|
||||
With IPSec, there are intensive encrypting operations that consume a lot of CPU and RAM. Therefore, a purpose-built SD-WAN ASIC is built just to do that so it consumes less CPU and RAM per tunnel.
|
||||
|
||||
In general, the scalability stops at 1,000 or 1,500. With the proper ASIC, this number can be scaled to over 100,000, which may be useful for some hub site designs. By using the ASIC, you can run the networking stack and security stack in the same appliance, making a very efficient and cost-effective solution.
|
||||
|
||||
### The importance of threat intelligence
|
||||
|
||||
The next-generation firewall is in the datasheets for many SD-WAN vendors. However, what about the threat detection and threat prevention? A big piece missing from the many SD-WAN vendors is threat intelligence in alliance with threat research. The threat landscape is evolving, so too should the security solution to keep in line with today’s and tomorrow's threats.
|
||||
|
||||
Threat prevention has core features from layer 4 to layer 7 such as IPS, content filtering, deep SSL inspection, and anti-malware. Furthermore, we also have a threat detection piece. Nowadays, you can no longer rely on detecting known threats, you have to detect unknown threats too. So having a stack of both prevention and detection features is very important. With the two features glued together, we can have experienced security research and analyst teams. It is significant to observe whether the SD-WAN vendor has its own threat intelligence.
|
||||
|
||||
For this, we really do need the security company pedigree. The core value for any security vendor comes with their level of intelligence research. This is what creates market separation, not SD-WAN features.
|
||||
|
||||
However, there is another step, which is to confirm if the proposed features have been validated by 3rd parties such as NSS labs. NSS Labs has evaluated some of these security vendors for their SD-WAN leading products on areas such as the quality of experience (QoE) of VoIP and video, performance (WAN impairments and HA), the total cost of ownership (TCO) along with security effectiveness.
|
||||
|
||||
Also, we must question how often does the ‘SD-WAN device providing firewalling’ gets updated with the latest threat information. Is this process carried a few times per day or per week? Some SD-WAN solutions market them as a secure SD-WAN vendor, but if we go back to the point of building effective security, we need a solid threat intelligence team. Do startups have enough manpower to do that? A networking vendor simply can’t jump into this space. Some SD-WANs add stateful packet filters and call this security.
|
||||
|
||||
Let’s be honest, a next-generation firewall can be used by anyone. However, the importance of the breadth of the features, the intelligence they provide and the recognition in the market play a huge role. This is what builds trust in the next-generation firewall in the branch and ensures that the best security posture remains the best.
|
||||
|
||||
When you’re looking for secure SD-WAN vendors, highlight these questions and examine how old their security stack is. Also, assess if they have an experienced threat intelligence team.
|
||||
|
||||
The market is moving towards a secure SD-WAN solution. The industry analysis and the rise of the customer base have a great impact in today’s time. It is not the case that people are recognizing security vendors as strong SD-WAN players.
|
||||
|
||||
However, recognizing the market demands secure SD-WAN in one integrated comprehensive platform.
|
||||
|
||||
**This article is published as part of the IDG Contributor Network. [Want to Join?][5]**
|
||||
|
||||
Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][6] and [LinkedIn][7] to comment on topics that are top of mind.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3489480/secure-sd-wan-the-security-vendors-and-their-sd-wan-offerings.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Matt Conran][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Matt-Conran/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://pixabay.com/illustrations/network-control-block-chain-hexagon-4478145/
|
||||
[2]: https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
|
||||
[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3440100/take-the-intelligent-route-with-consumption-based-storage.html?utm_source=IDG&utm_medium=promotions&utm_campaign=HPE20773&utm_content=sidebar ( Take the Intelligent Route with Consumption-Based Storage)
|
||||
[4]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3276025/careers/20-hot-jobs-ambitious-it-pros-should-shoot-for.html
|
||||
[5]: https://www.networkworld.com/contributor-network/signup.html
|
||||
[6]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/
|
||||
[7]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world
|
||||
83
sources/talk/20191213 Space-data-as-a-service gets going.md
Normal file
83
sources/talk/20191213 Space-data-as-a-service gets going.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: ( )
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
[#]: subject: (Space-data-as-a-service gets going)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3489484/space-data-as-a-service-gets-going.html)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Patrick Nelson https://www.networkworld.com/author/Patrick-Nelson/)
|
||||
|
||||
Space-data-as-a-service gets going
|
||||
======
|
||||
Development of IoT services in space will require ruggedized edge computing. OrbitsEdge, a vendor has announced a deal with HPE for development.
|
||||
[REUTERS/Joe Skipper/File Photo][1]
|
||||
|
||||
Upcoming space commercialization will require hardened edge-computing environments in a small footprint with robust links back to Earth, says vendor [OrbitsEdge][2], which recently announced that it had started collaborating with Hewlett Packard Enterprise on computing-in-orbit solutions.
|
||||
|
||||
OrbitsEdge says it’s the first to provide a commercial [data-center][3] environment for installing in orbit, and will be using HPE’s Edgeline Converged Edge System in a hardened, satellite [micro-data-center][4] platform that it’s selling called SatFrame.
|
||||
|
||||
[[Get regularly scheduled insights by signing up for Network World newsletters.]][5]
|
||||
|
||||
The idea is “to run analytics such as artificial intelligence (AI) on the vast amounts of data that will be created as space is commercialized,” says Barbara Stinnett, CEO of OrbitsEdge, in a [press release][6].
|
||||
|
||||
[][7]
|
||||
|
||||
BrandPost Sponsored by HPE
|
||||
|
||||
[Take the Intelligent Route with Consumption-Based Storage][7]
|
||||
|
||||
Combine the agility and economics of HPE storage with HPE GreenLake and run your IT department with efficiency.
|
||||
|
||||
### Why data in space?
|
||||
|
||||
[IoT][8] data collection along with analysis and experimental testing are two examples of space industrialization that the company gives as use cases for its micro-data center product. However, commercial use of space also includes imagery, communications, weather forecasting and navigation. Space tourism and commercial recovery of space resources, such as mined raw materials from asteroids are likely to be future space-uses, too.
|
||||
|
||||
Also, manufacturing – taking advantage of vacuums and zero-gravity environments – is among the economic activities that could take advantage of number crunching in orbit.
|
||||
|
||||
Additionally, [Cloud Constellation Corp., a company I wrote about in 2017, unrelated to OrbitsEdge or HPE, reckons highly sensitive data should be stored isolated][9] [in][9] [space][9]. That would be the “ultimate air-gap security,” it describes its [SpaceBelt][10] product.
|
||||
|
||||
### Why edge in space?
|
||||
|
||||
OrbitsEdge believes that data must be processed where it is collected, in space, in order to reduce transmission bottlenecks as streams are piped back to Earth stations. “Due to the new wave of low-cost commercial space activity, the bottleneck will get worse,” the company explains on its website.
|
||||
|
||||
What it means is that getting satellites into space is now cheap and is getting cheaper (due primarily to reusable rocket technology), but that there’s a problem getting the information back to traditional cloud environments on the surface of the Earth; there’s not enough backhaul data capacity, and that increases processing costs. Therefore, the cloud needs to move to the data-collection point: It’s “IoT above the cloud,” ObitsEdge cleverly taglines.
|
||||
|
||||
### How it works
|
||||
|
||||
Satellite-mounted solar arrays collect power from the sun. They fill batteries to be used when the satellite is in the shadow of Earth.
|
||||
|
||||
Cooling- and radiation-shielding protect a standard 5U, 19-inch server rack. There’s a separate rack for the avionics. Then integrated, traditional space-to-space, and space-to-ground radio communications handle the comms. Future-proofing is also considered: laser data pipes, too, could be supported, the company says.
|
||||
|
||||
#### On Earth option
|
||||
|
||||
Interestingly, the company is also pitching its no-maintenance, low Earth orbit (LEO)-geared product as being suitable for terrestrial extreme environments, too. OrbitsEdge claims that SatFrame is robust enough for extreme chemical and temperature environments on Earth. Upselling, it also says that one could combine two micro-data centers: a LEO SatFrame running HPE’s Edgeline, communicating with another one in an extreme on-Earth location—one at the Poles, maybe.
|
||||
|
||||
“To keep up with the rate of change and the number of satellites being launched into low Earth orbit, new services have to be made available,” OrbitsEdge says. “Shipping data back to terrestrial clouds is impractical, however today it is the only choice,” it says.
|
||||
|
||||
Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][11] and [LinkedIn][12] to comment on topics that are top of mind.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3489484/space-data-as-a-service-gets-going.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Patrick Nelson][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Patrick-Nelson/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3489484/Reuters
|
||||
[2]: https://orbitsedge.com/
|
||||
[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3223692/what-is-a-data-centerhow-its-changed-and-what-you-need-to-know.html
|
||||
[4]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3445382/10-hot-micro-data-center-startups-to-watch.html
|
||||
[5]: https://www.networkworld.com/newsletters/signup.html
|
||||
[6]: https://orbitsedge.com/press-releases/f/orbitsedge-oem-agreement-with-hewlett-packard-enterprise
|
||||
[7]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3440100/take-the-intelligent-route-with-consumption-based-storage.html?utm_source=IDG&utm_medium=promotions&utm_campaign=HPE20773&utm_content=sidebar ( Take the Intelligent Route with Consumption-Based Storage)
|
||||
[8]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3207535/what-is-iot-the-internet-of-things-explained.html
|
||||
[9]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3200242/data-should-be-stored-data-in-space-firm-says.html
|
||||
[10]: http://spacebelt.com/
|
||||
[11]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/
|
||||
[12]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: ( )
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
[#]: subject: (What’s hot at the edge for 2020? Everything)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3489938/what-s-hot-at-the-edge-for-2020-everything.html)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Michael Cooney https://www.networkworld.com/author/Michael-Cooney/)
|
||||
|
||||
What’s hot at the edge for 2020? Everything
|
||||
======
|
||||
From SD-WAN and cloud interconnection to security, the edge will be one active place in 2020
|
||||
Thinkstock
|
||||
|
||||
Few areas of the enterprise face as much churn as the edge of the network. Experts say a variety of challenges drive this change – from increased [SD-WAN][1] access demand to cloud interconnected resources and [IoT][2], the traditional perimeter of the enterprise is shifting radically and will continue to do so throughout 2020.
|
||||
|
||||
One indicator: Gartner research that says by 2023, more than 50% of enterprise-generated data will be created and processed outside the [data center][3] or cloud, up from less than 10% in 2019.
|
||||
|
||||
[[Get regularly scheduled insights by signing up for Network World newsletters.]][4]
|
||||
|
||||
Hand-in-hand with that change is a shift in what technologies are supported at the edge of the network – and that means information processing, content collection and delivery are placed closer to the sources, repositories and consumers of this information. Edge networking tries to keep the traffic and processing local to reduce latency, exploit the capabilities of the edge and enable greater autonomy at the edge, [Gartner says][5].
|
||||
|
||||
[][6]
|
||||
|
||||
BrandPost Sponsored by HPE
|
||||
|
||||
[Take the Intelligent Route with Consumption-Based Storage][6]
|
||||
|
||||
Combine the agility and economics of HPE storage with HPE GreenLake and run your IT department with efficiency.
|
||||
|
||||
The scope of enterprise WAN networks is broadening. No longer is it only from a branch edge to a data-center edge. Now the boundaries have shifted across the LAN from individual clients and devices on the one end and across the WAN to individual containers in data centers or clouds on the other, said Sanjay Uppal, vice president and general manager of VMware’s VeloCloud Business Unit. “This broadening of the WAN scope is a direct consequence of the democratization of data generation and the need to secure that data. So, we end up with edges at clients, servers, devices, branches, private data centers, public data centers, telco POP, RAN and the list goes on. Additionally, with IoT and mobility taking hold at the enterprise, the edge is moving out from the traditional ‘branch’ to the individual clients and devices.”
|
||||
|
||||
“The evolution of business applications from monolithic constructs to flexible containerized workloads necessitates the evolution of the edge itself to move closer to the application data,” Uppal said. “This, in turn, requires the enterprise network to adjust and meet and exceed the requirements of the modern enterprise.”
|
||||
|
||||
Such changes will ultimately make defining what constitutes the edge of the network more difficult.
|
||||
|
||||
“With increased adoption of cloud-delivered services, unmanaged mobile and IoT devices, and integration of networks outside the enterprise (particularly partners), the edge is more difficult to define. Each of these paradigms extend the boundaries of today's organizations,” said Martin Kuppinger, principal analyst with [KuppingerCole Analysts A][7]G. “On the other hand, there is a common perception that there is no such perimeter anymore with statements such as “the device is the perimeter” or “identity is the new perimeter”. To some extent, all of this is true – and wrong. There still might be perimeters in defined micro-segments. But there is not that one, large perimeter anymore.”
|
||||
|
||||
The enterprise is not the only arena that will see continued change in 2020, there are big changes afoot on the WAN was well.
|
||||
|
||||
Analysts from [IDC wrote][8] earlier this year that traditional enterprise WANs are increasingly not meeting the needs of digital businesses, especially as it relates to supporting SaaS apps and multi- and [hybrid-cloud][9] usage. Enterprises are interested in easier management of multiple connection types across their WAN to improve application performance and end-user experience – hence the growth of SD-WAN technologies.
|
||||
|
||||
“The market for branch-office WAN-edge functionality continues to shift from dedicated routing, security and WAN optimization appliances to feature-rich software-defined WAN and, to a lesser extent, [universal customer-premises equipment] platforms,” [Gartner wrote][10]. “SD-WAN is replacing routing and adding application-aware path selection among multiple links, centralized orchestration and native security, as well as other functions. Consequently, it includes incumbent and emerging vendors from multiple markets (namely routing, security, WAN optimization and SD-WAN), each bringing its own differentiators and limitations.”
|
||||
|
||||
One of the biggest changes for 2020 could come around the SD-WAN. One of the drivers stems from the relationships that networking vendors such as Cisco, VMware, Juniper, Arista and others have with the likes of Amazon Web Services, Microsoft Azure, Google Anthos and IBM RedHat.
|
||||
|
||||
An indicator of those changes came this month when AWS announced a slew of services for its cloud offering that included new integration technologies such as [AWS Transit Gateway][11], which lets customers connect their Amazon Virtual Private Clouds (VPCs) and their on-premises networks to a single gateway. Aruba, Aviatrix Cisco, Citrix Systems, Silver Peak and Versa already announced support for the technology which promises to simplify and enhance the performance of SD-WAN integration with AWS cloud resources.
|
||||
|
||||
The ecosystem around this type of cloud interconnection is likely one of the hottest areas of growth for 2020, experts say.
|
||||
|
||||
SD-WAN is critical for businesses adopting cloud services, acting as a connective tissue between the campus, branch, IoT, data center and cloud, said Sachin Gupta, senior vice president, product management, with Cisco Enterprise Networking in a recent [Network World][12] article. “It brings all the network domains together and delivers the outcomes business requires."
|
||||
|
||||
"It must align user and device policies, and provide assurance to meet application service-level agreements. It must deliver robust security to every device and every cloud that the enterprise’s data touches.” The AWS Transit Gateway will let IT teams implement consistent network and data security rules, he said.
|
||||
|
||||
All of these edge transformations will most certainly bring with it security challenges. Kuppinger noted a few including:
|
||||
|
||||
* Has "shadow IT" subscribed to SaaS, which now contains important business data? How is it managed?
|
||||
* Does the IT department use IaaS for dev/test or pre-production? Is it loaded with copies of production data? How is that controlled?
|
||||
* Does IT use IaaS and PaaS for line-of-business applications? Is it managed centrally like legacy applications?
|
||||
* Does the enterprise allow BYOD? Are unified endpoint-management or mobile anti-malware solutions mandated for such devices?
|
||||
* Are IoT devices on the networks? Are they outside of your networks, but delivering critical services for customers?
|
||||
* Are third-party risks enumerated and controlled?
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
“Each of these situations is beyond the traditional edge and can increase your enterprise attack surface and risk,” Kuppinger said. “Once identified, enterprises must figure out how to secure the edges and get more complete visibility to all risks and mitigations. New tools may be needed. Some organizations may choose to engage more managed security services,” he said.
|
||||
|
||||
The perimeter needs to be everywhere and hence the advent of the zero-trust architecture, VMware’s Uppal said. “This requires an end-to-end view where posture is checked at the edge, and based on that assessment network traffic is segmented both to reduce the attack surface and also the blast radius. i.e., first reduce the likelihood that something is going to go wrong, but if it does then minimize the impact,” Uppal said.
|
||||
|
||||
“As traffic traverses the network, security services, both letting through the good while blocking the bad are inserted based on policy. Here again the network of cloud services that dynamically sequences security based on business policy is critical,” Uppal said.
|
||||
|
||||
Going forward enterprise organizations might need to focus less on the network itself. “Protect the services, protect the communication between devices and services, protect the devices and the identities of the users accessing these devices. This is very much what the “[zero trust][13]” paradigm has in mind – notably, this is not primarily “zero-trust networks”, but zero trust at all levels,” Kuppinger said.
|
||||
|
||||
“The most important learning is: Protecting just the network at its edge is not sufficient anymore. If there is a defined network – either physical such as in OT or virtual such as in many data centers – this adds to protection,” Kuppinger said.
|
||||
|
||||
The mixture of cloud and security services at the edge will lead to another trend in 2020, one that Gartner calls secure access service edge (SASE) which is basically the melding of network and security-as-a-service capabilities into a cloud-delivered package. By 2024, at least 40% of enterprises will have explicit strategies to adopt [SASE][14], up from less than 1% at year-end 2018, Gartner says.
|
||||
|
||||
“SASE is in the early stages of development,” Gartner says. “Its evolution and demand are being driven by the needs of digital business transformation due to the adoption of SaaS and other cloud-based services accessed by increasingly distributed and mobile workforces, and to the adoption of edge computing.”
|
||||
|
||||
Early manifestations of SASE are in the form of SD-WAN vendors adding network security capabilities and cloud-based security vendors offering secure web gateways, zero-trust network access and cloud-access security broker services, Gartner says.
|
||||
|
||||
Regardless of what it’s called, it is clear the melding of cloud applications, security and new edge WAN services will be increasing in 2020.
|
||||
|
||||
“We are seeing the rise of microservices in application development, allowing applications to be built based upon a collection of discrete technology elements. Beyond new application architectures, there are demands for new applications to support IoT initiatives and to push compute closer to the user for lower latency and better application performance,” VMware’s Uppal said. “With the maturation of Kubernetes, what is needed is the next set of application-development and -deployment tools that work cooperatively with the underlying infrastructure, compute, network and storage to serve the needs of that distributed application.”
|
||||
|
||||
[See more predictions about what's big in IT tech for the coming year.][15]
|
||||
|
||||
Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][16] and [LinkedIn][17] to comment on topics that are top of mind.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3489938/what-s-hot-at-the-edge-for-2020-everything.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Michael Cooney][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Michael-Cooney/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3031279/sd-wan-what-it-is-and-why-you-ll-use-it-one-day.html
|
||||
[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3207535/what-is-iot-the-internet-of-things-explained.html
|
||||
[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3223692/what-is-a-data-centerhow-its-changed-and-what-you-need-to-know.html
|
||||
[4]: https://www.networkworld.com/newsletters/signup.html
|
||||
[5]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3447397/gartner-10-infrastructure-trends-you-need-to-know.html
|
||||
[6]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3440100/take-the-intelligent-route-with-consumption-based-storage.html?utm_source=IDG&utm_medium=promotions&utm_campaign=HPE20773&utm_content=sidebar ( Take the Intelligent Route with Consumption-Based Storage)
|
||||
[7]: https://twitter.com/kuppingercole
|
||||
[8]: https://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=prUS45380319
|
||||
[9]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3268448/what-is-hybrid-cloud-really-and-whats-the-best-strategy.html
|
||||
[10]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3489480/secure-sd-wan-the-security-vendors-and-their-sd-wan-offerings.html
|
||||
[11]: https://aws.amazon.com/transit-gateway/
|
||||
[12]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3487831/what-s-hot-for-cisco-in-2020.html
|
||||
[13]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3487720/the-vpn-is-dying-long-live-zero-trust.html
|
||||
[14]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3481519/sase-redefining-the-network-and-security-architecture.html
|
||||
[15]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3488562/whats-big-in-it-tech-for-the-coming-year.html
|
||||
[16]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/
|
||||
[17]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world
|
||||
@ -1,83 +0,0 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: ( luming)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
[#]: subject: (Easy means easy to debug)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://arp242.net/weblog/easy.html)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Martin Tournoij https://arp242.net/)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
What does it mean for a framework, library, or tool to be “easy”? There are many possible definitions one could use, but my definition is usually that it’s easy to debug. I often see people advertise a particular program, framework, library, file format, or something else as easy because “look with how little effort I can do task X, this is so easy!” That’s great, but an incomplete picture.
|
||||
|
||||
You only write software once, but will almost always go through several debugging cycles. With debugging cycle I don’t mean “there is a bug in the code you need to fix”, but rather “I need to look at this code to fix the bug”. To debug code, you need to understand it, so “easy to debug” by extension means “easy to understand”.
|
||||
|
||||
Abstractions which make something easier to write often come at the cost of make things harder to understand. Sometimes this is a good trade-off, but often it’s not. In general I will happily spend a little but more effort writing something now if that makes things easier to understand and debug later on, as it’s often a net time-saver.
|
||||
|
||||
Simplicity isn’t the only thing that makes programs easier to debug, but it is probably the most important. Good documentation helps too, but unfortunately good documentation is uncommon (note that quality is not measured by word count!)
|
||||
|
||||
This is not exactly a novel insight; from the 1974 The Elements of Programming Style by Brian W. Kernighan and P. J. Plauger:
|
||||
|
||||
> Everyone knows that debugging is twice as hard as writing a program in the first place. So if you’re as clever as you can be when you write it, how will you ever debug it?
|
||||
|
||||
A lot of stuff I see seems to be written “as clever as can be” and is consequently hard to debug. I’ll list a few examples of this pattern below. It’s not my intention to argue that any of these things are bad per se, I just want to highlight the trade-offs in “easy to use” vs. “easy to debug”.
|
||||
|
||||
* When I tried running [Let’s Encrypt][1] a few years ago it required running a daemon as root(!) to automatically rewrite nginx files. I looked at the source a bit to understand how it worked and it was all pretty complex, so I was “let’s not” and opted to just pay €10 to the CA mafia, as not much can go wrong with putting a file in /etc/nginx/, whereas a lot can go wrong with complex Python daemons running as root.
|
||||
|
||||
(I don’t know the current state/options for Let’s Encrypt; at a quick glance there may be better/alternative ACME clients that suck less now.)
|
||||
|
||||
* Some people claim that systemd is easier than SysV init.d scripts because it’s easier to write systemd unit files than it is to write shell scripts. In particular, this is the argument Lennart Poettering used in his [systemd myths][2] post (point 5).
|
||||
|
||||
I think is completely missing the point. I agree with Poettering that shell scripts are hard – [I wrote an entire post about that][3] – but by making the interface easier doesn’t mean the entire system becomes easier. Look at [this issue][4] I encountered and [the fix][5] for it. Does that look easy to you?
|
||||
|
||||
* Many JavaScript frameworks I’ve used can be hard to fully understand. Clever state keeping logic is great and all, until that state won’t work as you expect, and then you better hope there’s a Stack Overflow post or GitHub issue to help you out.
|
||||
|
||||
* Docker is great, right up to the point you get:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
ERROR: for elasticsearch Cannot start service elasticsearch:
|
||||
oci runtime error: container_linux.go:247: starting container process caused "process_linux.go:258:
|
||||
applying cgroup configuration for process caused \"failed to write 898 to cgroup.procs: write
|
||||
/sys/fs/cgroup/cpu,cpuacct/docker/b13312efc203e518e3864fc3f9d00b4561168ebd4d9aad590cc56da610b8dd0e/cgroup.procs:
|
||||
invalid argument\""
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
or
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
ERROR: for elasticsearch Cannot start service elasticsearch: EOF
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
And … now what?
|
||||
|
||||
* Many testing libraries can make things harder to debug. Ruby’s rspec is a good example where I’ve occasionally used the library wrong by accident and had to spend quite a long time figuring out what exactly went wrong (as the errors it gave me were very confusing!)
|
||||
|
||||
I wrote a bit more about that in my [Testing isn’t everything][6] post.
|
||||
|
||||
* ORM libraries can make database queries a lot easier, at the cost of making things a lot harder to understand once you want to solve a problem.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://arp242.net/weblog/easy.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Martin Tournoij][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://arp242.net/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%27s_Encrypt
|
||||
[2]: http://0pointer.de/blog/projects/the-biggest-myths.html
|
||||
[3]: https://arp242.net/weblog/shell-scripting-trap.html
|
||||
[4]: https://unix.stackexchange.com/q/185495/33645
|
||||
[5]: https://cgit.freedesktop.org/systemd/systemd/commit/?id=6e392c9c45643d106673c6643ac8bf4e65da13c1
|
||||
[6]: /weblog/testing.html
|
||||
[7]: mailto:martin@arp242.net
|
||||
[8]: https://github.com/Carpetsmoker/arp242.net/issues/new
|
||||
32
sources/tech/20191212 7 ways to remember Linux commands.md
Normal file
32
sources/tech/20191212 7 ways to remember Linux commands.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: ( )
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
[#]: subject: (7 ways to remember Linux commands)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://www.linux.com/tutorials/7-ways-to-remember-linux-commands/)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Swapnil Bhartiya https://www.linux.com/author/swapnil/)
|
||||
|
||||
7 ways to remember Linux commands
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
Some Linux commands are very easy to remember. The names may have only a couple letters and they often relate directly to what you want to do – like cd for changing directories or pwd for displaying the present working directory. Others can be very difficult to remember, especially if what you want to do relies on using a series of options.
|
||||
|
||||
So, let’s look at some commands and tricks that can help you remember commands that do just what you need them to do and that make issuing those commands so much easier.
|
||||
|
||||
[Source: [Network World][1]]
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://www.linux.com/tutorials/7-ways-to-remember-linux-commands/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Swapnil Bhartiya][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://www.linux.com/author/swapnil/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3489537/7-ways-to-remember-linux-commands.html
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: ( )
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
[#]: subject: (Get started with Lumina for your Linux desktop)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/12/linux-lumina-desktop)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth)
|
||||
|
||||
Get started with Lumina for your Linux desktop
|
||||
======
|
||||
This article is part of a special series of 24 days of Linux desktops.
|
||||
The Lumina desktop is a shortcut to a quick and sensible Fluxbox-based
|
||||
desktop with all the things you can't live without.
|
||||
![Lightbulb][1]
|
||||
|
||||
For a good number of years, there was a desktop operating system (OS) based on FreeBSD called PC-BSD. It was intended as an OS for general use, which was noteworthy because BSD development mostly focuses on servers. For most of its life, PC-BSD shipped with the KDE desktop by default, but the more KDE came to depend on Linux-specific technology, the more PC-BSD migrated away from it. PC-BSD became [Trident][2], and its default desktop is [Lumina][3], a collection of widgets written to use the same Qt toolkit that KDE is based upon, running on the Fluxbox window manager.
|
||||
|
||||
You may find the Lumina desktop in your Linux distribution's software repository or in BSD's ports tree. If you install Lumina and you're already running another desktop, you may find yourself with redundant applications (two PDF readers, two file managers, and so on) because Lumina includes a few integrated applications. If you just want to try the Lumina desktop, you can install a Lumina-based BSD distribution in a virtual machine, such as [GNOME Boxes][4].
|
||||
|
||||
If you install Lumina on your current OS, you must log out of your current desktop session so you can log into your new one. By default, your session manager (SDDM, GDM, LightDM, or XDM, depending on your setup) will continue to log you into your previous desktop, so you must override that before logging in.
|
||||
|
||||
With GDM:
|
||||
|
||||
![Selecting your desktop in GDM][5]
|
||||
|
||||
With SDDM:
|
||||
|
||||
![Selecting your desktop in KDM][6]
|
||||
|
||||
### Lumina desktop
|
||||
|
||||
Lumina delivers a simple and lightweight desktop environment. There's a panel at the bottom of the screen containing an application menu on the left, a taskbar in the middle, and a system tray on the right. There are icons on the desktop providing quick access to common applications and locations.
|
||||
|
||||
In addition to this basic desktop structure, Lumina features a custom file manager, PDF viewer, screenshot tool, media player, text editor, and archive tool. There's also a configuration utility to help you customize your Lumina desktop, and you can find further configuration options by right-clicking on the desktop.
|
||||
|
||||
![Lumina desktop running on Project Trident][7]
|
||||
|
||||
Lumina is very similar to several Linux lightweight desktops, especially LXQT, except without any reliance upon Linux-based desktop frameworks like ConsoleKit, PolicyKit, D-Bus, or systemd. Whether or not that holds any advantage for you depends on the OS you're running. After all, if you're already running Linux with access to those features, using a desktop that doesn't utilize them may not make much sense and cost you features. If you're running BSD, then running Fluxbox with Lumina widgets could mean not having to install the Linux-compatible libraries from ports.
|
||||
|
||||
### Why you should use Lumina
|
||||
|
||||
Lumina is simple enough in design that it doesn't have many features you can't implement on your own by installing Fluxbox along with your favorite components ([PCManFM][8] for file management, a variety of [LXQt apps][9], [Tint2][10] for a panel, and so on). But this is open source, and users of open source love to find ways to avoid reinventing the wheel (almost as much as we love reinventing the wheel).
|
||||
|
||||
The Lumina desktop is a shortcut to a quick and sensible Fluxbox-based desktop with all the things you can't live without and very few of the finer details you'll want to configure yourself. Give the Lumina desktop a try to see if it's the desktop for you.
|
||||
|
||||
KDE originally stood for Kool Desktop Environment, but is now known by many as the K Desktop...
|
||||
|
||||
A brief overview of PC-BSD and thoughts about the distribution.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/article/19/12/linux-lumina-desktop
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Seth Kenlon][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/seth
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/lightbulb-idea-think-yearbook-lead.png?itok=5ZpCm0Jh (Lightbulb)
|
||||
[2]: https://project-trident.org/
|
||||
[3]: https://lumina-desktop.org/
|
||||
[4]: https://opensource.com/article/19/5/getting-started-gnome-boxes-virtualization
|
||||
[5]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/advent-gdm_400x400_1.jpg (Selecting your desktop in GDM)
|
||||
[6]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/advent-kdm_400x400_1.jpg (Selecting your desktop in KDM)
|
||||
[7]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/advent-lumina.jpg (Lumina desktop running on Project Trident)
|
||||
[8]: https://wiki.lxde.org/en/PCManFM
|
||||
[9]: http://lxqt.org
|
||||
[10]: https://opensource.com/article/19/1/productivity-tool-tint2
|
||||
74
translated/tech/20190322 Easy means easy to debug.md
Normal file
74
translated/tech/20190322 Easy means easy to debug.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: ( luming)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
[#]: subject: (Easy means easy to debug)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://arp242.net/weblog/easy.html)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Martin Tournoij https://arp242.net/)
|
||||
|
||||
简单就是易于调试
|
||||
======
|
||||
对于框架、库或者工具来说，怎样做才算是“简单”？也许有很多的定义，但我的理解通常是易于调试。我经常见到人们宣传某个特定的程序、框架、库、文件格式是简单的，因为它们会说“看，我只需要这么一点工作量就能够完成某项工作，这太简单了”。非常好，但并不完善。
|
||||
|
||||
你可能只编写一次软件，但几乎总要经历好几个调试周期。注意我说的调试周期并不意味着“代码里面有 bug 你需要修复”，而是说“我需要再看一下这份代码来修复 bug”。为了调试代码，你需要理解它，因此“易于调试”延伸来讲就是“易于理解”。
|
||||
|
||||
抽象使得程序易于编写，但往往是以难以理解为代价。有时候这是一个很好的折中，但通常不是。大体上，如果能使程序在日后易于理解和调试，我很乐意花更多的时间来写一些东西，因为这样可以省时间。
|
||||
|
||||
简洁并不是让程序易于调试的唯一方法，但它也许是最重要的。良好的文档也是，但不幸的是它太少了。（注意，质量并不取决于字数！）
|
||||
|
||||
这种影响是真是存在的。难以调试的程序会有更多的 bug，即使最初的 bug 数量与易于调试的程序完全相同，这简简单单是因为修复 bug 更加困难、更花时间。
|
||||
|
||||
在公司的环境中，把时间花在难以修复的 bug 上通常被认为是不划算的投资。而在开源的环境下，人们花的时间会更少。（大多数项目都有一个或多个定期的维护者，但成百上千的贡献者提交的仅只是几个补丁）
|
||||
|
||||
这并不全是 1974 年由 Brian W. Kernighan 和 P. J. Plauger 合著的小说《编程风格的元素》中的观点：
|
||||
|
||||
> 每个人都知道调试比起编写程序困难两倍。当你写程序的时候耍小聪明，那么将来应该怎么去调试？
|
||||
|
||||
我见过许多写起来精妙，但却导致难以调试的代码。我会在下面列出几种样例。争论这些东西本身有多坏并不是我的本意，我仅想强调对于“易于使用”和“易于调试”之间的折中。
|
||||
* <ruby>ORM<rt>对象关系映射</rt></ruby> 库可以让数据库查询变得简单，代价是一旦你想解决某个问题，事情就变得难以理解。
|
||||
|
||||
* 许多测试框架让调试变得困难。Ruby 的 rspec 就是一个很好的例子。有一次我不小心使用错了，结果花了很长时间搞清楚哪里出了问题（因为它给出错误提示非常含糊）。
|
||||
|
||||
我在《[测试并非万能][1]》这篇文章中写了更多关于以上的例子。
|
||||
|
||||
* 我用过的许多 JavaScript 框架都很难完全理解。Clever（LCTT 译注：一种 JS 框架）的声明语句一向很有逻辑，直到某条语句和你的预期不符，这时你就只能指望 Stack Overflow 上的某篇文章或 GitHub 上的某个回帖来帮助你了。
|
||||
|
||||
这些函数库确实让任务变得非常简单，使用它们也没有什么错。但通常人们都过于关注“易于使用”而忽视了“易于调试”这一点。
|
||||
|
||||
* Docker 非常棒，并且让许多事情变得非常简单，直到你看到了这条提示：
|
||||
```
|
||||
ERROR: for elasticsearch Cannot start service elasticsearch:
|
||||
oci runtime error: container_linux.go:247: starting container process caused "process_linux.go:258:
|
||||
applying cgroup configuration for process caused \"failed to write 898 to cgroup.procs: write
|
||||
/sys/fs/cgroup/cpu,cpuacct/docker/b13312efc203e518e3864fc3f9d00b4561168ebd4d9aad590cc56da610b8dd0e/cgroup.procs:
|
||||
invalid argument\""
|
||||
```
|
||||
或者这条：
|
||||
```
|
||||
ERROR: for elasticsearch Cannot start service elasticsearch: EOF
|
||||
```
|
||||
那么...现在看起来呢？
|
||||
* `Systemd` 比起 `SysV`、`init.d` 脚本更加简单，因为编写 `systemd` 单元文件比起编写 `shell` 脚本更加方便。这也是 Lennart Poetterin 在他的 [systemd 神话][2] 中解释 `systemd` 为何简单时使用的论点。
|
||||
|
||||
我非常赞同 Poettering 的观点——也可以看 [shell 脚本陷阱][3] 这篇文章。但是这种角度并不全面。单元文件简单的背后意味着 `systemd` 作为一个整体要复杂的多，并且用户确实会受到它的影响。看看我遇到的这个[问题][4]和为它所做的[修复][5]。看起来很简单吗？
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://arp242.net/weblog/easy.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Martin Tournoij][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[LuuMing](https://github.com/LuuMing)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://arp242.net/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://www.arp242.net/testing.html
|
||||
[2]: http://0pointer.de/blog/projects/the-biggest-myths.html
|
||||
[3]:https://www.arp242.net/shell-scripting-trap.html
|
||||
[4]:https://unix.stackexchange.com/q/185495/33645
|
||||
[5]:https://cgit.freedesktop.org/systemd/systemd/commit/?id=6e392c9c45643d106673c6643ac8bf4e65da13c1
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user