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TSL:20190816 Cockpit and the evolution of the Web User Interface
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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
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[#]: translator: (wxy)
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[#]: reviewer: ( )
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[#]: publisher: ( )
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[#]: url: ( )
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[#]: subject: (Cockpit and the evolution of the Web User Interface)
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[#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/cockpit-and-the-evolution-of-the-web-user-interface/)
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[#]: author: (Shaun Assam https://fedoramagazine.org/author/sassam/)
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Cockpit and the evolution of the Web User Interface
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======
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![][1]
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Over 3 years ago the Fedora Magazine published an article entitled [Cockpit: an overview][2]. Since then, the interface has see some eye-catching changes. Today’s Cockpit is cleaner and the larger fonts makes better use of screen real-estate.
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This article will go over some of the changes made to the UI. It will also explore some of the general tools available in the web interface to simplify those monotonous sysadmin tasks.
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### Cockpit installation
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Cockpit can be installed using the **dnf install cockpit** command. This provides a minimal setup providing the basic tools required to use the interface.
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Another option is to install the Headless Management group. This will install additional packages used to extend the usability of Cockpit. It includes extensions for NetworkManager, software packages, disk, and SELinux management.
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Run the following commands to enable the web service on boot and open the firewall port:
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```
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$ sudo systemctl enable --now cockpit.socket
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Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/sockets.target.wants/cockpit.socket -> /usr/lib/systemd/system/cockpit.socket
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$ sudo firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service cockpit
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success
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$ sudo firewall-cmd --reload
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success
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```
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### Logging into the web interface
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To access the web interface, open your favourite browser and enter the server’s domain name or IP in the address bar followed by the service port (9090). Because Cockpit uses HTTPS, the installation will create a self-signed certificate to encrypt passwords and other sensitive data. You can safely accept this certificate, or request a CA certificate from your sysadmin or a trusted source.
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Once the certificate is accepted, the new and improved login screen will appear. Long-time users will notice the username and password fields have been moved to the top. In addition, the white background behind the credential fields immediately grabs the user’s attention.
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![][3]
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A feature added to the login screen since the previous article is logging in with **sudo** privileges — if your account is a member of the wheel group. Check the box beside _Reuse my password for privileged tasks_ to elevate your rights.
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Another edition to the login screen is the option to connect to remote servers also running the Cockpit web service. Click _Other Options_ and enter the host name or IP address of the remote machine to manage it from your local browser.
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### Home view
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Right off the bat we get a basic overview of common system information. This includes the make and model of the machine, the operating system, if the system is up-to-date, and more.
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![][4]
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Clicking the make/model of the system displays hardware information such as the BIOS/Firmware. It also includes details about the components as seen with **lspci**.
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![][5]
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Clicking on any of the options to the right will display the details of that device. For example, the _% of CPU cores_ option reveals details on how much is used by the user and the kernel. In addition, the _Memory & Swap_ graph displays how much of the system’s memory is used, how much is cached, and how much of the swap partition active. The _Disk I/O_ and _Network Traffic_ graphs are linked to the Storage and Networking sections of Cockpit. These topics will be revisited in an upcoming article that explores the system tools in detail.
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#### Secure Shell Keys and authentication
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Because security is a key factor for sysadmins, Cockpit now has the option to view the machine’s MD5 and SHA256 key fingerprints. Clicking the **Show fingerprints** options reveals the server’s ECDSA, ED25519, and RSA fingerprint keys.
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![][6]
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You can also add your own keys by clicking on your username in the top-right corner and selecting **Authentication**. Click on **Add keys** to validate the machine on other systems. You can also revoke your privileges in the Cockpit web service by clicking on the **X** button to the right.
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![][7]
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#### Changing the host name and joining a domain
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Changing the host name is a one-click solution from the home page. Click the host name currently displayed, and enter the new name in the _Change Host Name_ box. One of the latest features is the option to provide a _Pretty name_.
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Another feature added to Cockpit is the ability to connect to a directory server. Click _Join a domain_ and a pop-up will appear requesting the domain address or name, organization unit (optional), and the domain admin’s credentials. The Domain Membership group provides all the packages required to join an LDAP server including FreeIPA, and the popular Active Directory.
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To opt-out, click on the domain name followed by _Leave Domain_. A warning will appear explaining the changes that will occur once the system is no longer on the domain. To confirm click the red _Leave Domain_ button.
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![][8]
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#### Configuring NTP and system date and time
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Using the command-line and editing config files definitely takes the cake when it comes to maximum tweaking. However, there are times when something more straightforward would suffice. With Cockpit, you have the option to set the system’s date and time manually or automatically using NTP. Once synchronized, the information icon on the right turns from red to blue. The icon will disappear if you manually set the date and time.
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To change the timezone, type the continent and a list of cities will populate beneath.
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![][9]
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#### Shutting down and restarting
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You can easily shutdown and restart the server right from home screen in Cockpit. You can also delay the shutdown/reboot and send a message to warn users.
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![][10]
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#### Configuring the performance profile
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If the _tuned_ and _tuned-utils_ packages are installed, performance profiles can be changed from the main screen. By default it is set to a recommended profile. However, if the purpose of the server requires more performance, we can change the profile from Cockpit to suit those needs.
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![][11]
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### Terminal web console
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A Linux sysadmin’s toolbox would be useless without access to a terminal. This allows admins to fine-tune the server beyond what’s available in Cockpit. With the addition of themes, admins can quickly adjust the text and background colours to suit their preference.
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Also, if you type **exit** by mistake, click the _Reset_ button in the top-right corner*.* This will provide a fresh screen with a flashing cursor.
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![][12]
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### Adding a remote server and the Dashboard overlay
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The Headless Management group includes the Dashboard module (**cockpit-dashboard**). This provides an overview the of the CPU, memory, network, and disk performance in a real-time graph. Remote servers can also be added and managed through the same interface.
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For example, to add a remote computer in Dashboard, click the **+** button. Enter the name or IP address of the server and select the colour of your choice. This helps to differentiate the stats of the servers in the graph. To switch between servers, click on the host name (as seen in the screen-cast below). To remove a server from the list, click the check-mark icon, then click the red trash icon. The example below demonstrates how Cockpit manages a remote machine named _server02.local.lan_.
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![][13]
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### Documentation and finding help
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As always, the _man_ pages are a great place to find documentation. A simple search in the command-line results with pages pertaining to different aspects of using and configuring the web service.
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```
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$ man -k cockpit
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cockpit (1) - Cockpit
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cockpit-bridge (1) - Cockpit Host Bridge
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cockpit-desktop (1) - Cockpit Desktop integration
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cockpit-ws (8) - Cockpit web service
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cockpit.conf (5) - Cockpit configuration file
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```
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The Fedora repository also has a package called **cockpit-doc**. The package’s description explains it best:
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> The Cockpit Deployment and Developer Guide shows sysadmins how to deploy Cockpit on their machines as well as helps developers who want to embed or extend Cockpit.
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For more documentation visit <https://cockpit-project.org/external/source/HACKING>
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### Conclusion
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This article only touches upon some of the main functions available in Cockpit. Managing storage devices, networking, user account, and software control will be covered in an upcoming article. In addition, optional extensions such as the 389 directory service, and the _cockpit-ostree_ module used to handle packages in Fedora Silverblue.
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The options continue to grow as more users adopt Cockpit. The interface is ideal for admins who want a light-weight interface to control their server(s).
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What do you think about Cockpit? Share your experience and ideas in the comments below.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://fedoramagazine.org/cockpit-and-the-evolution-of-the-web-user-interface/
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作者：[Shaun Assam][a]
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选题：[lujun9972][b]
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/author/sassam/
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[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
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[1]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/cockpit-816x345.jpg
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[2]: https://fedoramagazine.org/cockpit-overview/
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[3]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/cockpit-login-screen.png
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[4]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/cockpit-home-screen.png
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[5]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/cockpit-system-info.gif
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[6]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/cockpit-ssh-key-fingerprints.png
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[7]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/cockpit-authentication.png
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[8]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/cockpit-hostname-domain.gif
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[9]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/cockpit-date-time.png
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[10]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/cockpit-power-options.gif
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[11]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/cockpit-tuned.gif
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[12]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/cockpit-terminal.gif
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[13]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/cockpit-add-remote-servers.gif
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@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
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[#]: translator: (wxy)
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[#]: reviewer: ( )
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[#]: publisher: ( )
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[#]: url: ( )
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[#]: subject: (Cockpit and the evolution of the Web User Interface)
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[#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/cockpit-and-the-evolution-of-the-web-user-interface/)
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[#]: author: (Shaun Assam https://fedoramagazine.org/author/sassam/)
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Cockpit 及其网页用户界面的演变
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======
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![][1]
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3 年多以前，Fedora 杂志发表了一篇题为《[Cockpit 概览][2]》的文章。从那时起，Cockit 的界面有了一些引人注目的变化。今天的 Cockpit 更加简洁，更大的字体更好地利用了屏幕的空间。
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本文将介绍用户界面的一些变化。它还将探讨一些在网页界面中可用的通用工具，以简化那些单调的系统管理员任务。
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### Cockpit 驾驶舱安装
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Cockpit 可以使用 `dnf install cockpit` 命令安装。这提供了一个最小的设置，提供了使用界面所需的基本工具。
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另一个选择是安装 “Headless Management” 组，这将安装用于扩展 Cockpit 可用性的附加包。它包括 NetworkManager、软件包、磁盘和 SELinux 管理的扩展。
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运行以下命令，在启动时启用 Web 服务并打开防火墙端口：
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```
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$ sudo systemctl enable --now cockpit.socket
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Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/sockets.target.wants/cockpit.socket -> /usr/lib/systemd/system/cockpit.socket
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$ sudo firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service cockpit
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success
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$ sudo firewall-cmd --reload
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success
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```
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### 登录网页界面
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要访问网页界面，打开你最喜欢的浏览器，在地址栏中输入服务器的域名或 IP，然后输入服务端口（9090）。由于 Cockpit 使用 HTTPS，安装过程中会创建一个自签证书来加密密码和其他敏感数据。你可以安全地接受这个证书，或者向你的系统管理员或受信任的来源请求 CA 证书。
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一旦证书被接受，新改进的登录屏幕就会出现。长期使用的用户会注意到用户名和密码字段已被移到顶部。此外，凭证字段后面的白色背景会立即吸引用户的注意力。
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![][3]
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自上一篇文章后，登录界面增加了一个功能，就是用 `sudo` 权限登录 —— 如果你的账号是 `wheel` 组的成员。勾选 “对于特权任务，重用我的密码” 旁边的方框，就可以提升你的权限。
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登录界面的另一个版本是连接到同样运行 Cockpit Web 服务的远程服务器的选项。点击 “其他选项” 并输入远程机器的主机名或 IP 地址，从本地浏览器管理它。
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### 主屏幕视图
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一开始，我们就会得到常见系统信息的基本概述。这包括机器的品牌和型号、操作系统、系统是否是最新的，等等。
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![][4]
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点击系统的品牌/型号会显示硬件信息，如 BIOS/固件。它还包括与 `lspci` 有关的组件详情。
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![][5]
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点击右边的任何一个选项都会显示该设备的详细信息。例如，“CPU 核心百分比” 选项显示了用户和内核使用了多少 CPU 核心的详细信息。此外，“内存和交换” 图表显示了系统内存的使用量、缓存量和交换分区的活动量。“磁盘 I/O” 和 “网络流量” 图连到了 Cockpit 的 “存储和网络” 部分。这些主题将在接下来的一篇详细探讨系统工具的文章中重新探讨。
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#### SSH 密钥和认证
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由于安全是系统管理员的关键因素，Cockpit 现在有了查看机器 MD5 和 SHA256 密钥指纹的选项。点击 “显示指纹” 选项可以显示服务器的 ECDSA、ED25519 和 RSA 指纹密钥。
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![][6]
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你也可以通过点击右上角的用户名，选择“验证”，添加自己的密钥。点击 “添加密钥”，可以在其他系统上验证机器。你也可以通过点击右侧的 “X” 按钮，撤销你在 Cockpit Web 服务中的权限。
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![][7]
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#### 更改主机名和加入域
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更改主机名称是在主页上一键解决的。单击当前显示的主机名称，并在“更改主机名称”框中输入新名称。最新的功能之一是提供一个 “别名” 的选项。
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Cockpit 增加的另一个功能是可以连接到目录服务器。点击 “加入域”，会出现一个弹窗，要求提供域地址或名称、组织单位（可选）和域管理员的凭证。“Domain Membership” 组提供了加入 LDAP 服务器所需的所有包，包括 FreeIPA，以及流行的 Active Directory。
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要选择退出，请点击域名，然后点击 “离开域”。将会出现一个警告，解释一旦系统不再在域上将会发生的变化。要确认，点击红色的 “离开域” 按钮。
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![][8]
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#### 配置 NTP 和系统日期和时间
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使用命令行和编辑配置文件绝对可以完成最大限度的调整。然而，有些时候，一些更直接的方法就足够了。通过 Cockpit，你可以选择手动设置或使用 NTP 自动设置系统的日期和时间。一旦同步，右边的信息图标就会由红色变成蓝色。如果你手动设置日期和时间，该图标将消失。
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要更改时区，请输入洲，下面会弹出城市列表。
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![][9]
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#### 关机和重启
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你可以在 Cockpit 的主屏幕上轻松关闭和重启服务器。你也可以延迟关机/重启，并发送消息警告用户。
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![][10]
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#### 设置性能配置文件
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如果安装了 `tuned` 和 `tuned-utils` 包，可以在主屏幕上更改性能配置文件。默认情况下，它被设置为推荐的配置文件。然而，如果服务器的用途需要更多的性能，我们可以从 Cockpit 更改配置文件以满足这些需求。
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![][11]
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### 网页终端控制台
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一个 Linux 系统管理员的工具箱如果不能访问终端，将毫无用处。这使得管理员可以对服务器进行微调，而不仅仅是 Cockpit 中的内容。随着主题的加入，管理员可以根据自己的喜好快速调整文字和背景颜色。
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另外，如果你打错了 `exit`，点击右上角的 “重置” 按钮，会提供一个闪烁着光标的新屏幕。
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![][12]
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### 添加远程服务器和仪表板布局
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“Headless Management” 组包括仪表盘模块（`cockpit-dashboard`）。它以实时图表的形式提供了 CPU、内存、网络和磁盘性能的概览。远程服务器也可以通过同一界面进行添加和管理。
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例如，要在仪表盘中添加远程计算机，请单击 “+” 按钮。输入服务器的名称或 IP 地址，并选择你要的颜色。这有助于区分图中服务器的统计数据。要在服务器之间进行切换，请点击主机名称（如下面的屏幕动画所示）。要从列表中删除一个服务器，点击勾选标记图标，然后点击红色垃圾桶图标。下面的例子演示了 Cockpit 如何管理一台名为 `server02.local.lan` 的远程机器。
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![][13]
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### 文档和寻找帮助
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一如既往，手册页是查找文档的好地方。在命令行结果中进行简单搜索即可找到与使用和配置该 Web 服务的不同方面有关的页面。
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```
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$ man -k cockpit
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cockpit (1) - Cockpit
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cockpit-bridge (1) - Cockpit Host Bridge
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cockpit-desktop (1) - Cockpit Desktop integration
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cockpit-ws (8) - Cockpit web service
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cockpit.conf (5) - Cockpit configuration file
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```
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Fedora 仓库中也有一个名为 `cockpit-doc` 的软件包。这个软件包的描述是最好的解释。
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|
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> 《Cockpit 部署和开发者指南》向系统管理员展示了如何在他们的机器上部署 Cockpit，并帮助开发者嵌入或扩展 Cockpit。
|
||||
|
||||
更多文档请访问 <https://cockpit-project.org/external/source/HACKING>。
|
||||
|
||||
### 结论
|
||||
|
||||
本文只涉及 Cockpit 中的一些主要功能。管理存储设备、网络、用户账户和软件控制将在下一篇文章中介绍。此外，可选的扩展，如 389 目录服务，以及用于处理 Fedora Silverblue 中的包的`cockpit-ostree` 模块。
|
||||
|
||||
随着越来越多的用户采用 Cockpit，选项会继续增加。这个界面对于想要一个轻量级界面来控制服务器的管理员来说是非常理想的。
|
||||
|
||||
你对 Cockpit 有什么看法？在下面的评论中分享你的经验和想法。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://fedoramagazine.org/cockpit-and-the-evolution-of-the-web-user-interface/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Shaun Assam][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/author/sassam/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/cockpit-816x345.jpg
|
||||
[2]: https://fedoramagazine.org/cockpit-overview/
|
||||
[3]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/cockpit-login-screen.png
|
||||
[4]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/cockpit-home-screen.png
|
||||
[5]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/cockpit-system-info.gif
|
||||
[6]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/cockpit-ssh-key-fingerprints.png
|
||||
[7]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/cockpit-authentication.png
|
||||
[8]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/cockpit-hostname-domain.gif
|
||||
[9]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/cockpit-date-time.png
|
||||
[10]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/cockpit-power-options.gif
|
||||
[11]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/cockpit-tuned.gif
|
||||
[12]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/cockpit-terminal.gif
|
||||
[13]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/cockpit-add-remote-servers.gif
|
||||
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Reference in New Issue
Block a user