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104
published/201401/How to install and configure Nagios on Linux.md
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@ -73,21 +73,21 @@ Nagios安装过程中可以设置邮件服务器，安装后也可以进行自
root@mrtg:/etc/nagios3/conf.d/# vim linux-server.cfg
-
define host{
name linux-server ; 名称，需修改
name linux-server ; 名称，需修改
notifications_enabled 1
event_handler_enabled 1
flap_detection_enabled 1
failure_prediction_enabled 1
process_perf_data 1
process_perf_data 1
retain_status_information 1
retain_nonstatus_information 1
check_command example-host-check ; 检查所用脚本，需修改
check_interval 3 ; 连续检查的间隔，需修改
max_check_attempts 3 ; 产生邮件告警前的自检次数，需修改
notification_interval 0
check_command example-host-check ; 检查所用脚本，需修改
check_interval 3 ; 连续检查的间隔，需修改
max_check_attempts 3 ; 产生邮件告警前的自检次数，需修改
notification_interval 0
notification_period 24x7
notification_options d,u,r
contact_groups admins ; 邮件将要发送至的组，需修改
contact_groups admins ; 邮件将要发送至的组，需修改
register0
}
@ -100,22 +100,22 @@ Nagios安装过程中可以设置邮件服务器，安装后也可以进行自
root@mrtg:/etc/nagios3/conf.d/# vim cisco-device.cfg
-
define host{
name cisco-device ；名称，需修改
name cisco-device ；名称，需修改
notifications_enabled 1
event_handler_enabled 1
flap_detection_enabled 1
failure_prediction_enabled 1
process_perf_data 1
process_perf_data 1
retain_status_information 1
retain_nonstatus_information 1
check_command example-host-check ; 检查时使用的脚本，需修改
check_interval 3 ; 连续检查间隔，需修改
max_check_attempts 3 ; 产生邮件告警前的自检次数，需修改
notification_interval 0
notification_period 24x7
check_command example-host-check ; 检查时使用的脚本，需修改
check_interval 3 ; 连续检查间隔，需修改
max_check_attempts 3 ; 产生邮件告警前的自检次数，需修改
notification_interval 0
notification_period 24x7
notification_options d,u,r
contact_groups admins ; 邮件将要发至的组，需修改
register 0
contact_groups admins ; 邮件将要发至的组，需修改
register 0
}
### 添加主机 ###
@ -148,13 +148,13 @@ Nagios安装过程中可以设置邮件服务器，安装后也可以进行自
root@mrtg:/etc/nagios3/conf.d/# vim hostgroups_nagios2.cfg
-
define hostgroup {
hostgroup_name linux-server ; 主机组名
hostgroup_name linux-server ; 主机组名
alias Linux Servers
members our-server ; 组员列表
}
define hostgroup {
hostgroup_name cisco-device ; 主机组名
hostgroup_name cisco-device ; 主机组名
alias Cisco Devices
members our-server ; comma separated list of members
}
@ -176,18 +176,18 @@ Nagios安装过程中可以设置邮件服务器，安装后也可以进行自
-
define service {
hostgroup_name linux-server
service_description Linux Servers
check_command example-host-check
use generic-service
notification_interval 0 ; 初始化设置为0
service_description Linux Servers
check_command example-host-check
use generic-service
notification_interval 0 ; 初始化设置为0
}
define service {
hostgroup_name cisco-device
service_description Cisco Devices
check_command example-host-check
use generic-service
notification_interval 0 ; 初始化设置为0
check_command example-host-check
use generic-service
notification_interval 0 ; 初始化设置为0
}
### 联系人定义 ###
@ -205,12 +205,12 @@ Nagios安装过程中可以设置邮件服务器，安装后也可以进行自
host_notification_options d,r
service_notification_commands notify-service-by-email
host_notification_commands notify-host-by-email
email root@localhost, sentinel@example.tst
email root@localhost, sentinel@example.tst
}
最后，试运行初始化检测是否有配置错误。如果没有错误，Nagios开始安全运行。
root@mrtg:~#nagios –v /etc/nagios3/nagios.cfg
root@mrtg:~# nagios -v /etc/nagios3/nagios.cfg
root@mrtg:~# service nagios3 restart
## CentOS/RHEL上的Nagios配置 ##
@ -229,33 +229,33 @@ Redhat系统中Nagios的配置文件地址如下所示。
[root@mrtg objects]# vim templates.cfg
-
define host{
name linux-server
use generic-host
name linux-server
use generic-host
check_period 24x7
check_interval 3
retry_interval 1
check_interval 3
retry_interval 1
max_check_attempts 3
check_command example-host-check
notification_period 24x7
check_command example-host-check
notification_period 24x7
notification_interval 0
notification_options d,u,r
contact_groups admins
register 0
notification_options d,u,r
contact_groups admins
register 0
}
define host{
name cisco-router
use generic-host
define host{
name cisco-router
use generic-host
check_period 24x7
check_interval 3
retry_interval 1
check_interval 3
retry_interval 1
max_check_attempts 3
check_command example-host-check
notification_period 24x7
check_command example-host-check
notification_period 24x7
notification_interval 0
notification_options d,u,r
contact_groups admins
register 0
notification_options d,u,r
contact_groups admins
register 0
}
### 添加主机和主机组 ###
@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ Redhat系统中Nagios的配置文件地址如下所示。
-
#Adding Linux server
define host{
use linux-server
use linux-server
host_name our-server
alias our-server
address 172.17.1.23
@ -275,7 +275,7 @@ Redhat系统中Nagios的配置文件地址如下所示。
#Adding Cisco Router
define host{
use cisco-router
use cisco-router
host_name our-router
alias our-router
address 172.17.1.1
@ -310,10 +310,10 @@ Redhat系统中Nagios的配置文件地址如下所示。
告警要发送的邮件地址添加至Nagios中。
[root@objects objects]# vim contacts.cfg
-
-
define contact{
contact_name nagiosadmin
use generic-contact
use generic-contact
alias Nagios Admin
email nagios@localhost, sentinel@example.tst
}
@ -326,7 +326,7 @@ Redhat系统中Nagios的配置文件地址如下所示。
### 配置后访问Nagios ###
现在一切就绪，可以开始Nagios之旅了。Ubuntu/Debian用户可以通过打开http://IP地址/nagios3网页访问Nagios，CentOS/RHEL用户可以打开http://IP地址/nagios，如http://172.17.1.23/nagios3来访问Nagios。“nagiosadmin”用户则需要认证来访问页面。
现在一切就绪，可以开始Nagios之旅了。Ubuntu/Debian用户可以通过打开 http://IP地址/nagios3 网页访问Nagios，CentOS/RHEL用户可以打开 http://IP地址/nagios ，如 http://172.17.1.23/nagios3 来访问Nagios。“nagiosadmin”用户则需要认证来访问页面。
[![](http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3834/11198394806_4f4a753778_z.jpg)][9]

28
translated/talk/20140818 Why Your Company Needs To Write More Open Source Software.md → published/20140818 Why Your Company Needs To Write More Open Source Software.md
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@ -1,18 +1,21 @@
为什么你的公司需要参与更多开源软件的编写
为什么公司需要参与更多开源软件的编写？
================================================================================
>闭关锁国是产生不了创新的。
> 闭门造车是产生不了创新的。
![](http://a5.files.readwrite.com/image/upload/c_fill,h_900,q_70,w_1600/MTE5NDg0MDYxMTkxMzQxNTgz.jpg)
**华尔街日报 [称][1]，有消息表明，Zulily正在开发** 更多的内部软件，但实际上根本不是。多年前[Eric Raymond写道][2]，全世界95%的软件写来用的，而不是售卖。原因很多，但是其中有一个比较突出：正如Zulily的CIO Luke Friang所说，几乎没有一个[非定制]软件解决方案能跟上我们的步伐。
[据华尔街日报称][1]，有消息表明，Zulily正在开发更多的内部软件，但实际上根本不是。多年前[Eric Raymond写道][2]，全世界95%的软件写来用的，而不是售卖。原因很多，但是其中有一个比较突出：正如Zulily的CIO Luke Friang所说，几乎没有一个[非定制]软件解决方案能跟上我们的步伐。
20年前是这样，现在也是这样。
但是有一点是不同的，这也正是华尔街日报完全忽略的地方。而这也正是历史上开发的内部软件始终保持着专有的原因了，因为她是一个公司的 核心竞争力。然而今天，越来越多的公司意识到另一面：开源内部软件将会比保持专有获益更多。
但是有一点是不同的，这也正是华尔街日报完全忽略的地方。而这也正是历史上开发的内部软件始终保持着专有的原因了，因为它是一个公司的核心竞争力。然而今天，越来越多的公司意识到另一面：开源内部软件将会比保持专有获益更多。
这也就是为什么你的公司需要为开源项目做出更多的贡献。记住是更多。
### 不寻常的那些年
我们刚刚经历了一个很不一样的20年，那时很多软件的开发都是为了内部的使用，大多数人的精力都放在由SAP和微软这样的厂商建立的应用广泛的企业级解决方案。
不管怎么说，这都是一个理论。
@ -27,32 +30,37 @@
然而，开源的道路上，一些公司也发现，有些销售商不能很好地描述他们所想要的，即便是很好理解的产品类别，如像内容管理系统，他们需要 知道的是产品亮点，而不希望是一个模子刻出来的。
所以顾客没了，他们中有一部分上转变变成了供应商。
所以顾客没了，他们中有一部分转变成了供应商。
这也是常有的事，[O'Grady指出了][4]这一点。2010年，O'Grady发现了一个有趣的现象：“软件提供商正面对着一个强有力的市场竞争者：他们 的顾客。”
### 自己动手，丰衣足食
这也是常有的事，[O'Grady指出了][4]这一点。2010年，O'Grady发现了一个有趣的现象：“软件提供商正面对着一个强有力的市场竞争者：他们的顾客。”
回想一下今天的高科技，大多数都是开源的，几乎所有的项目一开始都是某些公司的内部项目，或者仅仅是有些开发者的爱好，Linux，Git，Hadoop，Cassandra，MongDB，Android，等等。没有一个项目起初是为了售卖而产生的。
相反，这些项目通常是由一些公司维护，他们使用开源的资源来构建软件并[完善软件][5]，这主要是一些Web公司。不像以前银行，医院和一些组织开发的软件只供内部使用，他们开源源码。
虽然，[有些公司避免定制软件][6]，因为他们不想自己维护它，开源(稍微)减轻了这些发展中公司来维护一个项目的压力。从而为项目发起人均摊项目的开发成本，Yahoo，开始于Hadoop，但是现在最大的贡献者是Cloudera和Hortonworks。Facebook开始于Cassandra，但是现在主要是靠DataStax在维护。等等。
虽然，[有些公司避免定制软件][6]，因为他们不想自己维护它，开源(稍微)减轻了这些发展中公司来维护一个项目的压力。从而为项目发起人均摊项目的开发成本，Yahoo，建立了 Hadoop，但是现在最大的贡献者是Cloudera和Hortonworks。Facebook 建立了 Cassandra，但是现在主要是靠DataStax在维护。等等。
### 现在就走出来吧！
今天，真正的软件创新并不是闭门造车能造出来的，即便是可以，它也不会在那儿，开源项目颠覆了几十年的软件开发传统。
这不仅仅是一个人的一点点力量。
最好的开源项目都[发展得很快][7]，但是这并不意味着别人在乎你的开源代码。[开放你的源码有显著的优缺点][8]，其中一个很重要的优点是 很多伟大的开发者都希望为开源做出贡献：如果你也想找一个伟大的开发者跟你一起，你需要给他们一个开放的源代码来让他们工作。（[Netflix][9]说）
最好的开源项目都[发展得很快][7]，但是这并不意味着别人在乎你的开源代码。[开放你的源码有显著的优缺点][8]，其中一个很重要的优点是很多伟大的开发者都希望为开源做出贡献：如果你也想找一个伟大的开发者跟你一起，你需要给他们一个开放的源代码来让他们工作。（[Netflix][9]说）
但是，我们没有理由站在一边看，现在正是时候参与开源社区了，而不是一些不清楚的社区。是的，开源最大的参与者正是你们和你们的公司。 赶紧开始吧。
但是，我们没有理由站在一边看，现在正是时候参与开源社区了，而不是把“社区”妖魔化。是的，开源最大的参与者正是你们和你们的公司。 赶紧开始吧。
主要图片来自于Shutterstock. (注：Shutterstock是美国的一家摄影图片网站。)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://readwrite.com/2014/08/16/open-source-software-business-zulily-erp-wall-street-journal
作者：[Matt Asay][a]
译者：[barney-ro](https://github.com/barney-ro)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出

59
translated/tech/20141013 Manage Multiple Logical Volume Management Disks using Striping I O--Part V.md → published/20141013 Manage Multiple Logical Volume Management Disks using Striping I O--Part V.md
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@ -1,24 +1,26 @@
使用条块化I/O管理多个逻辑卷管理磁盘
使用条块化I/O管理多个LVM磁盘（第五部分）
================================================================================
在本文中，我们将了解逻辑卷是如何通过条块化I/O来写入数据到磁盘的。逻辑卷管理的酷炫特性之一，就是它能通过条块化I/O跨多个磁盘写入数据。
![Manage LVM Disks Using Striping I/O](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/LVM-Striping.jpeg)
使用条块化I/O管理LVM磁盘
### LVM条块化是什么？ ###
**LVM条块化**是LVM功能之一，该技术会跨多个磁盘写入数据，而不是对单一物理卷持续写入。
![Manage LVM Disks Using Striping I/O](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/LVM-Striping.jpeg)
*使用条块化I/O管理LVM磁盘*
#### 条块化特性 ####
- 它会改善磁盘性能。
- 挽救对单一磁盘的重复硬写入。
- 避免对单一磁盘的不断的大量写入。
- 使用对多个磁盘的条块化写入，可以减少磁盘填满的几率。
在逻辑卷管理中，如果我们需要创建一个逻辑卷，扩展的卷会完全映射到卷组和物理卷。在此种情形中，如果其中一个**PV**（物理卷）被填满，我们需要从其它物理卷中添加更多扩展。这样，添加更多扩展到PV中后，我们可以指定逻辑卷使用特定的物理卷写入I/O。
假设我们又**四个磁盘**驱动器，分别指向了四个物理卷，如果各个物理卷总计可以达到**100 I/O**，我们卷组就可以获得**400 I/O**。
假设我们有**四个磁盘**驱动器，分别指向了四个物理卷，如果各个物理卷总计可以达到**100 I/O**，我们卷组就可以获得**400 I/O**。
如果我们不使用**条块化方法**，文件系统将横跨基础物理卷写入。例如，写入一些数据到物理卷达到100 I/O，这些数据只会写入到第一个PV（**sdb1**）。如果我们在写入时使用条块化选项创建逻辑卷，它会分割100 I/O分别写入到四个驱动器中，这就是说每个驱动器中都会接收到25 I/O。
@ -41,27 +43,31 @@
# fdisk -l | grep sd
![List Hard Drives](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/List-Hard-Drives.png)
列出硬盘驱动器
现在，我们必须为这4个硬盘驱动器**sdb**，**sdc**，**sdd**和**sde**创建分区，我们将用‘**fdisk**’命令来完成该工作。要创建分区，请遵从本文**第一部分**中**步骤#4**的说明，并在创建分区时确保你已将类型修改为**LVM（8e）**。
*列出硬盘驱动器*
现在，我们必须为这4个硬盘驱动器**sdb**，**sdc**，**sdd**和**sde**创建分区，我们将用‘**fdisk**’命令来完成该工作。要创建分区，请遵从本文**[第一部分][1]**中**步骤#4**的说明，并在创建分区时确保你已将类型修改为**LVM（8e）**。
# pvcreate /dev/sd[b-e]1 -v
![Create Physical Volumes in LVM](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Create-Physical-Volumes-in-LVM.png)
在LVM中创建物理卷
*在LVM中创建物理卷*
PV创建完成后，你可以使用‘**pvs**’命令将它们列出来。
# pvs
![Verify Physical Volumes](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Verify-Physical-Volumes.png)
验证物理卷
*验证物理卷*
现在，我们需要使用这4个物理卷来定义卷组。这里，我定义了一个物理扩展大小（PE）为**16MB**，名为**vg_strip**的卷组。
# vgcreate -s 16M vg_strip /dev/sd[b-e]1 -v
上面命令中选项的说明。
上面命令中选项的说明：
- **[b-e]1** – 定义硬盘驱动器名称，如sdb1，sdc1，sdd1，sde1。
- **-s** – 定义物理扩展大小。
- **-v** – 详情。
@ -71,14 +77,16 @@ PV创建完成后，你可以使用‘**pvs**’命令将它们列出来。
# vgs vg_strip
![Verify Volume Group](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Verify-Volume-Group.png)
验证卷组
*验证卷组*
要获取VG更详细的信息，可以在**vgdisplay**命令中使用‘-v’选项，它将给出**vg_strip**卷组中所使用的全部物理卷的详细情况。
# vgdisplay vg_strip -v
![Volume Group Information](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Volume-Group-Information.png)
卷组信息
*卷组信息*
回到我们的话题，现在在创建逻辑卷时，我们需要定义条块化值，就是数据需要如何使用条块化方法来写入到我们的逻辑卷中。
@ -91,46 +99,54 @@ PV创建完成后，你可以使用‘**pvs**’命令将它们列出来。
- **-i** –条块化
![Create Logical Volumes](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Create-Logical-Volumes.png)
创建逻辑卷
*创建逻辑卷*
在上面的图片中，我们可以看到条块尺寸的默认大小为**64 KB**，如果我们需要自定义条块值，我们可以使用**-I**（大写I）。要确认逻辑卷已经是否已经创建，请使用以下命令。
# lvdisplay vg_strip/lv_tecmint_strp1
![Confirm Logical Volumes](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Confirm-Logical-Volumes.png)
确认逻辑卷
*确认逻辑卷*
现在，接下来的问题是，我们怎样才能知道条块被写入到了4个驱动器。这里，我们可以使用‘**lvdisplay**’和**-m**（显示逻辑卷映射）命令来验证。
# lvdisplay vg_strip/lv_tecmint_strp1 -m
![Check Logical Volumes](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Check-Logical-Volumes.png)
检查逻辑卷
*检查逻辑卷*
要创建自定义的条块尺寸，我们需要用我们自定义的条块大小**256KB**来创建一个**1GB**大小的逻辑卷。现在，我打算将条块分布到3个PV上。这里，我们可以定义我们想要哪些pv条块化。
# lvcreate -L 1G -i3 -I 256 -n lv_tecmint_strp2 vg_strip /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdc1 /dev/sdd1
![Define Stripe Size](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Define-Stripe-Size.png)
定义条块大小
*定义条块大小*
接下来，检查条块大小和条块化的卷。
# lvdisplay vg_strip/lv_tecmint_strp2 -m
![Check Stripe Size](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Check-Stripe-Size.png)
检查条块大小
*检查条块大小*
是时候使用设备映射了，我们使用‘**dmsetup**’命令来完成这项工作。它是一个低级别的逻辑卷管理工具，它用于管理使用了设备映射驱动的逻辑设备。
# dmsetup deps /dev/vg_strip/lv_tecmint_strp[1-2]
![Device Mapper](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Device-Mapper.png)
设备映射
*设备映射*
这里，我们可以看到strp1依赖于4个驱动器，strp2依赖于3个设备。
希望你已经明白，我们怎样能让逻辑卷条块化来写入数据。对于此项设置，必须掌握逻辑卷管理基础知识。在我的下一篇文章中，我将给大家展示怎样在逻辑卷管理中迁移数据。到那时，请静候更新。同时，别忘了对本文提出有价值的建议。
希望你已经明白，我们怎样能让逻辑卷条块化来写入数据。对于此项设置，必须掌握逻辑卷管理基础知识。
在我的下一篇文章中，我将给大家展示怎样在逻辑卷管理中迁移数据。到那时，请静候更新。同时，别忘了对本文提出有价值的建议。
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
@ -138,8 +154,9 @@ via: http://www.tecmint.com/manage-multiple-lvm-disks-using-striping-io/
作者：[Babin Lonston][a]
译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/babinlonston/
[1]:http://linux.cn/article-3965-1.html

53
translated/tech/20141013 Migrating LVM Partitions to New Logical Volume (Drive)--Part VI.md → published/20141013 Migrating LVM Partitions to New Logical Volume (Drive)--Part VI.md
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@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
迁移LVM分区到新的逻辑卷（驱动器）——第六部分
迁移LVM分区到新的逻辑卷/驱动器（第六部分）
================================================================================
这是我们正在开展的逻辑卷管理系列的第六部分。在本文中，我们将为大家展示怎样来在线将现存的逻辑卷迁移到其它新的驱动器。在开始之前，我想要先来介绍一下LVM迁移及其特性。
这是我们正在进行的LVM系列的第六部分。在本文中，我们将为大家展示怎样在线将现存的逻辑卷迁移到其它新的驱动器。在开始之前，我想要先来介绍一下LVM迁移及其特性。
![LVM Storage Migration](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/LVM-Migrations.png)
LVM存储迁移
*LVM存储迁移*
### 什么是LVM迁移？ ###
@ -17,7 +18,7 @@ LVM存储迁移
- 我们可以使用任何类型的磁盘，如SATA、SSD、SAS、SAN storage iSCSI或者FC。
- 在线迁移磁盘，而且数据不会丢失。
在LVM迁移中，我们将交换各个卷、文件系统以及位于现存存储中的数据。例如，如果我们有一个单一逻辑卷，它已经映射到了物理卷，而该物理卷是一个物理硬盘驱动器。
在LVM迁移中，我们将交换各个卷、文件系统以及位于已有的存储中的数据。例如，如果我们有一个单一逻辑卷，它已经映射到了物理卷，而该物理卷是一个物理硬盘驱动器。
现在，如果我们需要升级服务器存储为SSD硬盘驱动器，我们首先需要考虑什么？重新格式化磁盘？不！我们不必重新格式化服务器，LVM可以选择将这些旧的SATA驱动器上的数据迁移到新的SSD驱动器上。在线迁移将会支持任何类型的磁盘，不管是本地驱动器，还是SAN或者光纤通道都可以。
@ -35,7 +36,8 @@ LVM存储迁移
# lvs
![Check Logical Volume Disk](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Check-Logical-Volume-Disk.png)
检查逻辑卷磁盘
*检查逻辑卷磁盘*
### 步骤2： 检查新添加的驱动器 ###
@ -44,7 +46,8 @@ LVM存储迁移
# fdisk -l | grep dev
![Check New Added Drive](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Check-New-Added-Drive.png)
检查新添加的驱动器
*检查新添加的驱动器*
**注意**：你看到上面屏幕中的内容了吗？新的驱动器已经被成功添加了，其名称为“**/dev/sda**”。
@ -57,7 +60,8 @@ LVM存储迁移
# cat tecmint.txt
![Check Logical Volume Data](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Check-Logical-Volume-Data.png)
检查逻辑卷数据
*检查逻辑卷数据*
**注意**：出于演示的目的，我们已经在**/mnt/lvm**挂载点下创建了两个文件，我们将在线将这些数据迁移到新的驱动器中。
@ -67,7 +71,8 @@ LVM存储迁移
# vgs -o+devices | grep tecmint_vg
![Confirm Logical Volume Names](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Confirm-Logical-Volume-Names.png)
确认逻辑卷名称
*确认逻辑卷名称*
**注意**：看到上面屏幕中的内容了吗？“**vdb**”容纳了卷组**tecmint_vg**。
@ -79,7 +84,8 @@ LVM存储迁移
# pvs
![Create Physical Volume](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Create-Physical-Volume.png)
创建物理卷
*创建物理卷*
**6.**接下来，使用‘vgextend命令’来添加新创建的物理卷到现存卷组tecmint_vg。
@ -87,14 +93,16 @@ LVM存储迁移
# vgs
![Add Physical Volume](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Add-Physical-Volume.png)
添加物理卷
*添加物理卷*
**7.**要获得卷组的完整信息列表，请使用‘vgdisplay’命令。
# vgdisplay tecmint_vg -v
![List Volume Group Info](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/List-Volume-Group-Info.png)
列出卷组信息
*列出卷组信息*
**注意**：在上面屏幕中，我们可以看到在输出结果的结束处，我们的PV已经添加到了卷组中。
@ -108,7 +116,8 @@ LVM存储迁移
# ls -l /dev | grep vd
![List Device Information](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/List-Device-Information.png)
列出设备信息
*列出设备信息*
**注意**：在上面的命令中，我们可以看到主设备号是**252**，次设备号是**17**，它连接到了**vdb1**。希望你理解了上面命令的输出。
@ -122,7 +131,8 @@ LVM存储迁移
- **1** = 添加单个镜像
![Mirroring Method Migration](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Mirroring-Method-Migration.png)
镜像法迁移
*镜像法迁移*
**注意**：上面的迁移过程根据卷的大小会花费一段时间。
@ -131,14 +141,16 @@ LVM存储迁移
# lvs -o+devices
![Verify Converted Mirror](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Verify-Converted-Mirror.png)
验证转换的镜像
*验证转换的镜像*
**11.**当你确认转换的镜像没有任何问题后，你可以移除旧的虚拟磁盘**vdb1**。**-m**选项将移除镜像，先前我们使用**l**来添加镜像。
# lvconvert -m 0 /dev/tecmint_vg/tecmint_lv /dev/vdb1
![Remove Virtual Disk](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Remove-Virtual-Disk.png)
移除虚拟磁盘
*移除虚拟磁盘*
**12.**在旧虚拟磁盘移除后，你可以使用以下命令来再次检查逻辑卷设备。
@ -147,7 +159,8 @@ LVM存储迁移
# ls -l /dev | grep sd
![Check New Mirrored Device](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Check-New-Mirrored-Device.png)
检查新镜像的设备
*检查新镜像的设备*
在上面的图片中，你看到了吗？我们的逻辑卷现在依赖于**8,1**，名称为**sda1**。这说明我们的迁移过程已经完成了。
@ -157,7 +170,8 @@ LVM存储迁移
# cat tecmin.txt
![Check Mirrored Data](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Check-Mirrored-Data.png)
检查镜像的数据
*检查镜像的数据*
# vgreduce /dev/tecmint_vg /dev/vdb1
@ -170,7 +184,8 @@ LVM存储迁移
# lvs
![Delete Virtual Disk](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Delete-Virtual-Disk.png)
删除虚拟磁盘
*删除虚拟磁盘*
### 步骤6： LVM pvmove镜像法 ###
@ -190,7 +205,7 @@ via: http://www.tecmint.com/lvm-storage-migration/#comment-331336
作者：[Babin Lonston][a]
译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出

10
translated/tech/20141017 How to check hard disk health on Linux using smartmontools.md → published/20141017 How to check hard disk health on Linux using smartmontools.md
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@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
在Linux上使用smartmontools查看硬盘的健康状态
使用 smartmontools 查看硬盘的健康状态
================================================================================
要说Linux用户最不愿意看到的事情，莫过于在毫无警告的情况下发现硬盘崩溃了。诸如[RAID][2]的[备份][1]和存储技术可以在任何时候帮用户恢复数据，但为预防硬件突然崩溃造成数据丢失所花费的代价却是相当可观的，特别是在用户从来没有提前考虑过在这些情况下的应对措施时。
@ -28,7 +28,7 @@
![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3953/15352881249_96c09f7ccc_o.png)
其中sdx代表分配给机器上对应硬盘上的设备名。
其中sdX代表分配给机器上对应硬盘上的设备名。
如果想要显示出某个指定硬盘的信息（比如设备模式、S/N、固件版本、大小、ATA版本/修订号、SMART功能的可用性和状态）,在运行smartctl命令时添加"--info"选项，并按如下所示指定硬盘的设备名。
@ -67,8 +67,8 @@
- **THRESH**：在报告硬盘FAILED状态前，WORST可以允许的最小值。
- **TYPE**：属性的类型（Pre-fail或Old_age）。Pre-fail类型的属性可被看成一个关键属性，表示参与磁盘的整体SMART健康评估（PASSED/FAILED）。如果任何Pre-fail类型的属性故障，那么可视为磁盘将要发生故障。另一方面，Old_age类型的属性可被看成一个非关键的属性（如正常的磁盘磨损），表示不会使磁盘本身发生故障。
- **UPDATED**：表示属性的更新频率。Offline代表磁盘上执行离线测试的时间。
- **WHEN_FAILED**：如果VALUE小于等于THRESH，会被设置成“FAILING_NOW”；如果WORST小于等于THRESH会被设置成“In_the_past”；如果都不是，会被设置成“-”。在“FAILING_NOW”情况下，需要备份重要文件ASAP，特别是属性是Pre-fail类型时。“In_the_past”代表属性已经故障了，但在运行测试的时候没问题。“-”代表这个属性从没故障过。
- **RAW_VALUE**：制造商定义的原始值，从VALUE派生。
- **WHEN\_FAILED**：如果VALUE小于等于THRESH，会被设置成“FAILING\_NOW”；如果WORST小于等于THRESH会被设置成“In\_the\_past”；如果都不是，会被设置成“-”。在“FAILING\_NOW”情况下，需要尽快备份重要文件，特别是属性是Pre-fail类型时。“In\_the\_past”代表属性已经故障了，但在运行测试的时候没问题。“-”代表这个属性从没故障过。
- **RAW\_VALUE**：制造商定义的原始值，从VALUE派生。
这时候你可能会想，“是的，smartctl看起来是个不错的工具，但我更想知道如何避免手动运行的麻烦。”如果能够以指定的间隔运行，同时又能通知我测试结果，那不是更好吗？”
@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ via: http://xmodulo.com/check-hard-disk-health-linux-smartmontools.html
作者：[Gabriel Cánepa][a]
译者：[KayGuoWhu](https://github.com/KayGuoWhu)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出

2
translated/tech/20141021 Configuring layer-two peer-to-peer VPN using n2n.md → published/20141021 Configuring layer-two peer-to-peer VPN using n2n.md
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@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ via: http://www.ubuntugeek.com/configuring-layer-two-peer-to-peer-vpn-using-n2n.
作者：[ruchi][a]
译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出

14
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@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
Linux 系统中使用 logwatch 监控日志文件
================================================================================
Linux 操作系统和许多应用程序会创建特殊的文件来记录它们的运行事件，这些文件通常被称作“日志”。当要了解操作系统或第三方应用程序的行为或进行故障排队的话，这些系统日志或特写的应用程序日志文件是必不可少的的工具。但是，日志文件并没有您们所谓的“清晰”或“容易”这种程度的可读性。手工分析原始的日志文件简直是浪费时间，并且单调乏味。出于这个原因，对于系统管理员来说，发现任何一款能把原始的日志文件转换成更人性化的记录摘要的工具，将会受益无穷。
Linux 操作系统和许多应用程序会创建特殊的文件来记录它们的运行事件，这些文件通常被称作“日志”。当要了解操作系统或第三方应用程序的行为或进行故障排查时，这些系统日志或特定的应用程序日志文件是必不可少的的工具。但是，日志文件并没有您们所谓的“清晰”或“容易”这种程度的可读性。手工分析原始的日志文件简直是浪费时间，并且单调乏味。出于这个原因，对于系统管理员来说，发现任何一款能把原始的日志文件转换成更人性化的记录摘要的工具，将会受益无穷。
[logwatch][1] 是一款用 Perl 语言编写的开源日志解析分析器。它能对原始的日志文件进行解析并转换成结构化格式的文档，也能根据您的使用情况和需求来定制报告。logwatch 的主要目的是生成更易于使用的日志摘要，并不是用来对日志进行实时的处理和监控的。正因为如此，logwatch 通常被设定好时间和频率的自动定时任务来调度运行或者是有需要日志处理的时候从命令行里手动运行。一旦日志报告生成，logwatch 会通过电子邮件把这报告发送给您，您可以把它保存成文件或者在屏幕上直接显示。
[logwatch][1] 是一款用 Perl 语言编写的开源日志解析分析器。它能对原始的日志文件进行解析并转换成结构化格式的文档，也能根据您的使用情况和需求来定制报告。logwatch 的主要目的是生成更易于使用的日志摘要，并不是用来对日志进行实时的处理和监控的。正因为如此，logwatch 通常被设定好时间和频率的自动定时任务来调度运行或者是有需要日志处理的时候从命令行里手动运行。一旦日志报告生成，logwatch 可以通过电子邮件把这报告发送给您，您可以把它保存成文件或者直接显示在屏幕上。
Logwatch 报告的详细程度和报告覆盖范围是完全可定制化的。Logwatch 的日志处理引擎也是可扩展的，从某种意义上来说，如果您想在一个新的应用程序中使用 logwatch 功能的话，只需要为这个应用程序的日志文件编写一个日志处理脚本（使用 Perl 语言），然后挂接到 logwatch 上就行。
@ -20,13 +20,13 @@ logwatch 有一点不好的就是，在它生成的报告中没有详细的时
### 配置 Logwatch ###
安装时，主要的配置文件（logwatch.conf）被放到 **/etc/logwatch/conf** 目录中。此文件定义的设置选项会覆盖掉定义在 /usr/share/logwatch/default.conf/logwatch.conf 文件中的系统级设置。
安装时，主要的配置文件（logwatch.conf）被放到 **/etc/logwatch/conf** 目录中。此文件（默认是空的）定义的设置选项会覆盖掉定义在 /usr/share/logwatch/default.conf/logwatch.conf 文件中的系统级设置。
在命令行中，启动 logwatch, 如果不带参数的话，将会使用 /etc/logwatch/conf/logwatch.conf 文件中定义的自定义选项。但，只要一指定参数，它们就会覆盖 /etc/logwatch/conf/logwatch.conf 文件中的任意默认/自定义设置。
在命令行中，启动 logwatch, 如果不带参数的话，将会使用 /etc/logwatch/conf/logwatch.conf 文件中定义的选项。但，只要一指定参数，它们就会覆盖 /etc/logwatch/conf/logwatch.conf 文件中的任意默认/自定义设置。
这篇文章里，我们会编辑 /etc/logwatch/conf/logwatch.conf 文件来对一些默认的设置项做些个性化设置。
Detail = <Low, Med, High, or a number>
Detail = <Low, Med, High, 或数字>
“Detail” 配置指令控制着 logwatch 报告的详细程度。它可以是个正整数，也可以是分别代表着10、5和0数字的 High、Med、Low 几个选项。
@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ logwatch 有一点不好的就是，在它生成的报告中没有详细的时
Service = <service-name-2>
. . .
“Service” 选项指定想要监控的一个或多个服务。在 /usr/share/logwatch/scripts/services 目录下列出的服务都能被监控，它们已经涵盖了重要的系统服务（例如,pam,secure,iptables,syslogd 等），也涵盖了一些像 sudo、sshd、http、fail2ban、samba等主流的应用服务。如果您想添加新的服务到列表中，得编写一个相应的日志处理 Perl 脚本，并把它放在这个目录中。
“Service” 选项指定想要监控的一个或多个服务。在 /usr/share/logwatch/scripts/services 目录下列出的服务都能被监控，它们已经涵盖了重要的系统服务（例如：pam,secure,iptables,syslogd 等），也涵盖了一些像 sudo、sshd、http、fail2ban、samba等主流的应用服务。如果您想添加新的服务到列表中，得编写一个相应的日志处理 Perl 脚本，并把它放在这个目录中。
如果这个选项要用来选择特定的服务话，您需要把 /usr/share/logwatch/default.conf/logwatch.conf 文件中的 "Service = All " 这一行注释掉。
@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ via: http://xmodulo.com/monitor-log-file-linux-logwatch.html
作者：[Gabriel Cánepa][a]
译者：[runningwater](https://github.com/runningwater)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出

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你值得拥有 —— 25 个 Linux 性能监控工具
================================================================================
一段时间以来，我们在网上向读者介绍了如何为Linux以及类Linux操作系统配置多种不同的性能监控工具。在这篇文章中我们将罗列一系列使用最频繁的性能监控工具，并对介绍到的每一个工具提供了相应的简介链接，大致将其划分为两类，基于命令行的和提供图形化接口的。
### 基于命令行的性能监控工具 ###
#### 1. dstat - 多类型资源统计工具 ####
该命令整合了**vmstat**，**iostat**和**ifstat**三种命令。同时增加了新的特性和功能可以让你能及时看到各种的资源使用情况，从而能够使你对比和整合不同的资源使用情况。通过不同颜色和区块布局的界面帮助你能够更加清晰容易的获取信息。它也支持将信息数据导出到**cvs**格式文件中，从而用其他应用程序打开，或者导入到数据库中。你可以用该命令来[监控cpu，内存和网络状态随着时间的变化][1]。
![](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/dstat.png)
#### 2. atop - 相比top更好的ASCII码体验 ####
这个使用**ASCII**码显示方式的命令行工具是一个显示所有进程活动的性能监控工具。它可以展示每日的系统日志以进行长期的进程活动分析，并高亮显示过载的系统使用资源。它包含了CPU，内存，交换空间，磁盘和网络层的度量指标。所有这些功能只需在终端运行**atop**即可。
# atop
当然你也可以使用[交互界面来显示][2]数据并进行排序。
![](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/atop1.jpg)
#### 3. Nmon - 类Unix系统的性能监控 ####
Nmon是**Nigel's Monitor**缩写，它最早开发用来作为**AIX**的系统监控工具。如果使用**在线模式**，可以使用光标键在屏幕上操作实时显示在终端上的监控信息。使用**捕捉模式**能够将数据保存为**CSV**格式，方便进一步的处理和图形化展示。
![](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/nmon_interface.png)
更多的信息参考我们的[nmon性能监控文章][3]。
#### 4. slabtop - 显示内核slab缓存信息 ####
这个应用能够显示**缓存分配器**是如何管理Linux内核中缓存的不同类型的对象。这个命令类似于top命令，区别是它的重点是实时显示内核slab缓存信息。它能够显示按照不同排序条件来排序显示缓存列表。它同时也能够显示一个slab层信息的统计信息的题头。举例如下：
# slabtop --sort=a
# slabtop -s b
# slabtop -s c
# slabtop -s l
# slabtop -s v
# slabtop -s n
# slabtop -s o
**更多信息参阅**[内核slab缓存文章][4]。
#### 5. sar - 性能监控和瓶颈检查 ####
**sar** 命令可以将操作系统上所选的累积活动计数器内容信息输出到标准输出上。其基于计数值和时间间隔参数的**审计系统**，会按照指定的时间间隔输出指定次数的监控信息。如果时间间隔参数为设置为0，那么[sar命令将会显示系统从开机到当时时刻的平均统计信息][5]。有用的命令如下：
# sar -u 2 3
# sar -u -f /var/log/sa/sa05
# sar -P ALL 1 1
# sar -r 1 3
# sar -W 1 3
#### 6. Saidar - 简单的统计监控工具 ####
Saidar是一个**简单**且**轻量**的系统信息监控工具。虽然它无法提供大多性能报表，但是它能够通过一个简单明了的方式显示最有用的系统运行状况数据。你可以很容易地看到[运行时间、平均负载、CPU、内存、进程、磁盘和网络接口][6]统计信息。
Usage: saidar [-d delay] [-c] [-v] [-h]
-d 设置更新时间（秒）
-c 彩色显示
-v 显示版本号
-h 显示本帮助
![](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/saidar-e1413370985588.png)
#### 7. top - 经典的Linux任务管理工具 ####
作为一个广为人知的**Linux**工具，**top**是大多数的类Unix操作系统任务管理器。它可以显示当前正在运行的进程的列表，用户可以按照不同的条件对该列表进行排序。它主要显示了系统进程对**CPU**和内存的使用状况。top可以快速检查是哪个或哪几个进程挂起了你的系统。你可以在[这里][7]看到top使用的例子。 你可以在终端输入top来运行它并进入到交互模式：
交互模式的一些快捷操作:
全局命令: <回车/空格> ?, =, A, B, d, G, h, I, k, q, r, s, W, Z
统计区的命令: l, m, t, 1
任务区的命令：
外观: b, x, y, z 内容: c, f, H, o, S, u 大小: #, i, n 排序: <, >, F, O, R
色彩方案: <Ret>, a, B, b, H, M, q, S, T, w, z, 0 - 7
窗口命令: -, _, =, +, A, a, G, g, w
![](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/top.png)
#### 8. Sysdig - 系统进程的高级视图 ####
**Sysdig**是一个能够让系统管理员和开发人员以前所未有方式洞察其系统行为的监控工具。其开发团队希望改善系统级的监控方式，通过提供关于**存储，进程，网络和内存**子系统的**统一有序**以及**粒度可见**的方式来进行错误排查，并可以创建系统活动记录文件以便你可以在任何时间轻松分析。
简单例子:
# sysdig proc.name=vim
# sysdig -p"%proc.name %fd.name" "evt.type=accept and proc.name!=httpd"
# sysdig evt.type=chdir and user.name=root
# sysdig -l
# sysdig -L
# sysdig -c topprocs_net
# sysdig -c fdcount_by fd.sport "evt.type=accept"
# sysdig -p"%proc.name %fd.name" "evt.type=accept and proc.name!=httpd"
# sysdig -c topprocs_file
# sysdig -c fdcount_by proc.name "fd.type=file"
# sysdig -p "%12user.name %6proc.pid %12proc.name %3fd.num %fd.typechar %fd.name" evt.type=open
# sysdig -c topprocs_cpu
# sysdig -c topprocs_cpu evt.cpu=0
# sysdig -p"%evt.arg.path" "evt.type=chdir and user.name=root"
# sysdig evt.type=open and fd.name contains /etc
![](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/sysdig.jpg)
**更多信息** 可以在 [如何利用sysdig改善系统层次的监控和错误排查][8]
#### 9. netstat - 显示开放的端口和连接 ####
它是**Linux管理员**使用来显示各种网络信息的工具，如查看什么端口开放和什么网络连接已经建立以及何种进程运行在该连接之上。同时它也显示了不同程序间打开的**Unix套接字**的信息。作为大多数Linux发行版本的一部分，netstat的许多命令在 [netstat和它的不同输出][9]中有详细的描述。最为常用的如下：
$ netstat | head -20
$ netstat -r
$ netstat -rC
$ netstat -i
$ netstat -ie
$ netstat -s
$ netstat -g
$ netstat -tapn
### 10. tcpdump - 洞察网络封包 ###
**tcpdump**可以用来查看**网络连接**的**封包**内容。它显示了传输过程中封包内容的各种信息。为了使得输出信息更为有用，它允许使用者通过不同的过滤器获取自己想要的信息。可以参照的例子如下：
# tcpdump -i eth0 not port 22
# tcpdump -c 10 -i eth0
# tcpdump -ni eth0 -c 10 not port 22
# tcpdump -w aloft.cap -s 0
# tcpdump -r aloft.cap
# tcpdump -i eth0 dst port 80
你可以文章“[在topdump和捕捉包][10]”中找到详细描述。
#### 11. vmstat - 虚拟内存统计信息 ####
**vmstat**是虚拟内存(**virtual memory** statistics)的缩写，作为一个**内存监控**工具，它收集和显示关于**内存**，**进程**，**终端**和**分页**和**I/O阻塞**的概括信息。作为一个开源程序，它可以在大部分Linux发行版本中找到，包括Solaris和FreeBSD。它用来诊断大部分的内存性能问题和其他相关问题。
![](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/vmstat_delay_5.png)
**M更多信息** 参考 [vmstat命令文章][11]。
#### 12. free - 内存统计信息 ####
free是另一个能够在终端中显示内存和交换空间使用的命令行工具。由于它的简易，它经常用于快速查看内存使用或者是应用于不同的脚本和应用程序中。在这里你可以看到[这个小程序的许多应用][12]。几乎所有的系统管理员日常都会用这个工具。:-)
![](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/free_hs3.png)
#### 13. Htop - 更加友好的top ####
**Htop**基本上是一个top改善版本，它能够以更加多彩的方式显示更多的统计信息，同时允许你采用不同的方式进行排序，它提供了一个**用户友好**的接口。
![](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/htop.png)
你可以在文章“[关于htop和top的比较][13]”中找到**更多的信息** 。
#### 14. ss - 网络管理的现代替代品 ####
**ss**是**iproute2**包的一部分。iproute2是用来替代一整套标准的**Unix网络**工具组件，它曾经用来完成[网络接口配置，路由表和管理ARP表][14]任务。ss工具用来记录套接字统计信息，它可以显示类似netstat一样的信息，同时也能显示更多TCP和状态信息。一些例子如下：
# ss -tnap
# ss -tnap6
# ss -tnap
# ss -s
# ss -tn -o state established -p
#### 15. lsof - 列表显示打开的文件 ####
**lsof**命令，意为“**list open files**”, 用于在许多类Unix系统中显示所有打开的文件及打开它们的进程。在大部分Linux发行版和其他类Linux操作系统中系统管理员用它来检查不同的进程打开了哪些文件。
# lsof +p process_id
# lsof | less
# lsof –u username
# lsof /etc/passwd
# lsof –i TCP:ftp
# lsof –i TCP:80
你可以找到 **更多例子** 在[lsof 文章][15]
#### 16. iftop - 类似top的了网络连接工具 ####
**iftop**是另一个基于网络信息的类似top的程序。它能够显示当前时刻按照**带宽使用**量或者上传或者下载量排序的**网络连接**状况。它同时提供了下载文件的预估完成时间。
![](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/iftop.png)
**更多信息**可以参考[网络流量iftop文章][16]
#### 17. iperf - 网络性能工具 ####
**iperf**是一个**网络测试**工具，能够创建**TCP**和**UDP**数据连接并在网络上测量它们的**传输性能**。它支持调节关于时间，协议和缓冲等不同的参数。对于每一个测试，它会报告带宽，丢包和其他的一些参数。
![](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/iperf-e1413378331696.png)
如果你想用使用这个工具，可以参考这篇文章： [如何安装和使用iperf][17]
#### 18. Smem - 高级内存报表工具 ####
**Smem**是最先进的**Linux**命令行工具之一，它提供关于系统中已经使用的和共享的实际内存大小，试图提供一个更为可靠的当前**内存**使用数据。
$ smem -m
$ smem -m -p | grep firefox
$ smem -u -p
$ smem -w -p
参考我们的文章：[Smem更多的例子][18]
### 图形化或基于Web的性能工具 ###
#### 19. Icinga - Nagios的社区分支版本 ####
**Icinga**是一个**开源免费**的网络监控程序，作为Nagios的分支，它继承了前者现有的大部分功能，同时基于这些功能又增加了社区用户要求已久的功能和补丁。
![](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Icinga-e1413377995731.png)
**更多信息**请参考[安装和配置lcinga文章][19].
#### 20. Nagios - 最为流行的监控工具. ####
作为在Linux上使用最为广泛和最为流行的**监控方案**，它有一个守护程序用来收集不同进程和远程主机的信息，这些收集到的信息都通过功能强大**的web界面**进行呈现。
![](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/nagios-e1413305858732.png)
你可以在文章“[如何安装nagios][20]”里面**找到更多的信息**
#### 21. Linux process explorer - Linux下的procexp ####
**Linux process explorer**是一个Linux下的图形化进程浏览工具。它能够显示不同的进程信息，如进程数，TCP/IP连接和每一个进程的性能指标。作为**Windows**下**procexp**在Linux的替代品，是由**Sysinternals**开发的，其目标是比**top**和**ps**提供更好用户体验。
![](http://a.fsdn.com/con/app/proj/procexp/screenshots/tcpipview.png)
查看 [linux process explorer 文章][21]获取更多信息。
#### 22. Collectl - 性能监控工具 ####
你可以既可以通过交互的方式使用这个**性能监控**工具，也可以用它把**报表**写到磁盘上，并通过web服务器来访问。它以一种**易读易管理**的格式，显示了**CPU，磁盘，内存，网络，网络文件系统，进程，slabs**等统计信息。
![](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/collectl.png)
**更多** 关于[Collectl的文章][22]。
#### 23. MRTG - 经典网络流量监控图形工具 ####
这是一个采用**rrdtool**的生成图形的流量监控工具。作为**最早**的提供**图形化界面**的流量监控工具，它被广泛应用在类Unix的操作系统中。查看我们关于[如何使用MRTG][23]的文章获取更多关于安装和配置的信息。
![](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/mrtg.png)
#### 24. Monit - 简单易用的监控工具 ####
**Monit**是一个用来**监控进程**，**系统加载**，**文件系统**和**目录文件**等的开源的Linux工具。你能够让它自动化维护和修复，也能够在运行错误的情景下执行特定动作或者发邮件报告提醒系统管理员。如果你想要用这个工具，你可以查看[如何使用Monit的文章][24]。
![](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/monit.png)
#### 25. Munin - 为服务器提供监控和提醒服务 ####
作为一个网络资源监控工具，*Munin**能够帮助分析**资源趋势**和**查看薄弱环节**以及导致产生**性能问题**的原因。开发此软件的团队希望它能够易用和用户体验友好。该软件是用Perl开发的，并采用**rrdtool**来绘制图形，使用了**web界面**进行呈现。开发人员推广此应用时声称当前已有500多个监控插件可以“**即插即用**”。
![](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Ubuntu-2014-10-13-10-37-34-e1413185930801.png)
**更多信息**可以在[关于Munin的文章][25]。
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://linoxide.com/monitoring-2/linux-performance-monitoring-tools/
作者：[Adrian Dinu][a]
译者：[andyxue](https://github.com/andyxue)
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]:http://linoxide.com/author/adriand/
[1]:http://linux.cn/article-3215-1.html
[2]:http://linoxide.com/monitoring-2/guide-using-linux-atop/
[3]:http://linoxide.com/monitoring-2/install-nmon-monitor-linux-performance/
[4]:http://linux.cn/article-3702-1.html
[5]:http://linoxide.com/linux-command/linux-system-performance-monitoring-using-sar-command/
[6]:http://linoxide.com/monitoring-2/monitor-linux-saidar-tool/
[7]:http://linux.cn/article-2352-1.html
[8]:http://linux.cn/article-4341-1.html
[9]:http://linux.cn/article-2434-1.html
[10]:http://linoxide.com/linux-how-to/network-traffic-capture-tcp-dump-command/
[11]:http://linux.cn/article-2472-1.html
[12]:http://linux.cn/article-2443-1.html
[13]:http://linux.cn/article-3141-1.html
[14]:http://linux.cn/article-4372-1.html
[15]:http://linux.cn/article-4099-1.html
[16]:http://linux.cn/article-1843-1.html
[17]:http://linoxide.com/monitoring-2/install-iperf-test-network-speed-bandwidth/
[18]:http://linoxide.com/tools/memory-usage-reporting-smem/
[19]:http://linoxide.com/monitoring-2/install-configure-icinga-linux/
[20]:http://linux.cn/article-2436-1.html
[21]:http://sourceforge.net/projects/procexp/
[22]:http://linux.cn/article-3154-1.html
[23]:http://linoxide.com/tools/multi-router-traffic-grapher/
[24]:http://linoxide.com/monitoring-2/monit-linux/
[25]:http://linoxide.com/ubuntu-how-to/install-munin/

8
translated/tech/20141027 How to encrypt files and directories with eCryptFS on Linux.md → published/20141027 How to encrypt files and directories with eCryptFS on Linux.md
View File

@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
### eCryptFS基础 ###
eCrypFS是一个基于FUSE的用户空间加密文件系统，在Linux内核2.6.19及更高版本中可用（作为encryptfs模块）。eCryptFS加密的伪文件系统挂载到当前文件系统的顶部。它可以很好地工作在EXT文件系统家族和其它文件系统如JFS、XFS、ReiserFS、Btrfs，甚至是NFS/CIFS共享文件系统上。Ubuntu使用eCryptFS作为加密其家目录的默认方法，ChromeOS也是。在eCryptFS底层，默认使用的是AES算法，但是它也支持其它算法，如blowfish、des3、cast5、cast6。如果你是通过手工创建eCryptFS设置，你可以选择其中一种算法。
eCrypFS是一个基于FUSE的用户空间加密文件系统，在Linux内核2.6.19及更高版本中可用（作为encryptfs模块）。eCryptFS加密的伪文件系统是挂载到当前文件系统顶部的。它可以很好地工作在EXT文件系统家族和其它文件系统如JFS、XFS、ReiserFS、Btrfs，甚至是NFS/CIFS共享文件系统上。Ubuntu使用eCryptFS作为加密其家目录的默认方法，ChromeOS也是。在eCryptFS底层，默认使用的是AES算法，但是它也支持其它算法，如blowfish、des3、cast5、cast6。如果你是通过手工创建eCryptFS设置，你可以选择其中一种算法。
就像我所的，Ubuntu让我们在安装过程中选择是否加密/home目录。好吧，这是使用eCryptFS的最简单的一种方法。
@ -63,13 +63,13 @@ Arch Linux：
![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5608/15453440890_3b4be6d5a7_z.jpg)
它会要求你输入登录密码和挂载密码。登录密码和你常规登录的密码一样，而挂载密码用于派生一个文件加密主密钥。留空来生成一个，这样会更安全。登出然后重新登录。
它会要求你输入登录密码和挂载密码。登录密码和你常规登录的密码一样，而挂载密码用于派生一个文件加密主密钥。这里留空可以生成一个（复杂的），这样会更安全。登出然后重新登录。
你会注意到，eCryptFS默认在你的家目录中创建了两个目录：Private和.Private。~/.Private目录包含有加密的数据，而你可以在~/Private目录中访问到相应的解密后的数据。在你登录时，~/.Private目录会自动解密并映射到~/Private目录，因此你可以访问它。当你登出时，~/Private目录会自动卸载，而~/Private目录中的内容会加密回到~/.Private目录。
eCryptFS怎么会知道你拥有~/.Private目录，并自动将其解密到~/Private目录而不需要我们输入密码呢？这就是eCryptFS的PAM模块捣的鬼，它为我们提供了这项便利服务。
如果你不想要~/Private目录在登录时自动挂载，只需要在运行ecryptfs-setup-private工具时添加“--noautomount”选项。同样，如果你不想要~/Private目录在登出后自动卸载，也可以自动“--noautoumount”选项。但是，那样后，你需要自己手工挂载或卸载~/Private目录：
如果你不想让~/Private目录在登录时自动挂载，只需要在运行ecryptfs-setup-private工具时添加“--noautomount”选项。同样，如果你不想要~/Private目录在登出后自动卸载，也可以自动“--noautoumount”选项。但是，那样后，你需要自己手工挂载或卸载~/Private目录：
$ ecryptfs-mount-private ~/.Private ~/Private
$ ecryptfs-umount-private ~/Private
@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ via: http://xmodulo.com/encrypt-files-directories-ecryptfs-linux.html
作者：[Christopher Valerio][a]
译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出

6
translated/tech/20141029 Shell Scripting--Checking Conditions with if.md → published/20141029 Shell Scripting--Checking Conditions with if.md
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@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ Shell 脚本 - 使用 if 语句进行条件检测
echo "Number is smaller"
fi
### If..elif..else..fi 语句 (Short for else if) ###
### If..elif..else..fi 语句 (简写的 else if) ###
Bourne Shell 的 if 语句语法中，else 语句里的代码块会在 if 条件为假时执行。我们还可以将 if 语句嵌套到一起，来实现多重条件的检测。我们可以使用 elif 语句（else if 的缩写）来构建多重条件的检测。
@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ Bourne Shell 的 if 语句语法中，else 语句里的代码块会在 if 条件
If 和 else 语句可以在一个 bash 脚本里相互嵌套。关键词 “fi” 表示里层 if 语句的结束，所有 if 语句必须使用 关键词 “fi” 来结束。
基本 if 语句的 **嵌套语法**：
基本 if 语句的**嵌套语法**：
if [ 判断条件1 ]
then
@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ via: http://www.linuxtechi.com/shell-scripting-checking-conditions-with-if/
作者：[Pradeep Kumar][a]
译者：[ThomazL](https://github.com/ThomazL)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出

35
translated/tech/20141112 How to Remove Music Players from Ubuntu Sound Menu.md → published/20141112 How to Remove Music Players from Ubuntu Sound Menu.md
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@ -1,45 +1,36 @@
如何从Ubuntu的声音菜单中移除音乐播放器
================================================================================
![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/music-players.jpg)
**自从2010年首次出现，Ubuntu 的声音菜单已经被证明是Unity 桌面上的最流行的独有特性之一。**
**自从2010年的介绍一来，Ubuntu声音菜单已经被证明是最流行和个性的统一桌面之一.**
把音乐播放器与音量控制程序集成到一个标准的界面里是一种看起来很聪明的做法，这样就不用到处找声音相关的各种程序。人们不禁要问，为什么其它操作系统没有效仿这种做法！
随着音乐播放器与音量程序合成小体积的应用程序-即集成，其中一个希望找到与声音相关的蠢事-通过标准接口的灵感。人们不禁要问，为什么其它操作系统没有效仿这种做法！
#### 冗长的 ####
尽管它看起来很方便，但是这个小应用当前存在一个问题：相当多的东西集在一起看起来想一个MP3,是否真正的把想要的东西都放在里面了。虽然有用，但是一个无所不再的应用程序清单已经安装了，这让一些不经常适用的人看着很累赘和反感。
我将要打赌上面的截图看起来一定很熟悉，你们中的很多人一定阅读过吧！不要害怕，**dconf-editor **就在这里。
#### 臃肿 ####
尽管它看起来很方便，但是这个小应用当前存在一个问题：很多播放器都堆在一起，像一个组合音响一样。也许你用得着，但是你安装的所有的媒体播放器都挤在这里，这会让人看着很累赘和反感。
我将要打赌，当你读到这里时，一定发现上面的截图看起来很熟悉！不要担心，**dconf-editor**可以解决它。
### 从Ubuntu 声音菜单中移除播放器 ###
#### 第一部分: 基础知识 ####
最快速和最简单地从声音菜单中移除播放器的方法就是卸载相关的应用程序。但这是极端的方式，我的意思是指你也许想要保留应用程序，但是不需要它集成。
最快速和最简单地从声音菜单中移除播放器的方法就是卸载相关的应用程序。但这是极端的方式，我的意思是指你也许想要保留应用程序，但是不需要它集成到菜单里面。
只删除播放器但是保留我们需要的应用程序，我们用到一个看起来令人惊讶的工具叫“dconf-editor”.
只删除播放器但是保留我们需要的应用程序，我们用到一个看起来令人惊讶的工具叫“dconf-editor”。
你可能已经安装了，如果没有安装的话，那么你从Ubuntu软件中心找出。
- [在Ubuntu中点击安装Dconf-Editor][1]
一旦安装完毕，找到Unity Dash并打开。打开的时候不要惊慌；你不会再回到2002年了，它确实是这样子的。
一旦安装完毕，找到Unity Dash并打开。打开的时候不要惊慌；你没有到2002年，它确实是这种古老的样子。
使用右侧菜单栏，你需要从导航到 com > canonical > indicator > sound.下面的面板将会出现。
![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/dconf-editor.jpg)
双击靠近interested-media-players的比括号并删除你希望从声音菜单里移除掉的播放器，但需要保留在方括号中，且不要删除任何你想保留逗号或者撇号。
双击“interested-media-players”旁的闭括号，并删除你希望从声音菜单里移除掉的播放器，但需要保留方括号中，且不要删除任何需要保留的逗号或者单引号。
举个例子，我移除掉这些
@ -55,9 +46,9 @@
#### 第二部分：黑名单 ####
等等！还不能关闭dconf-editor。尽管上面的步骤看起来把事情处理得干净利落，但是一些播放器在打开时会立即重新加载到声音菜单。为了避免重复这个过程，将它们添加到**媒体播放器黑名单**中。
等等！还不能关闭dconf-editor。尽管上面的步骤看起来把事情处理得干净利落，但是一些播放器在打开时会立即重新加载到声音菜单。为了避免重复这个过程，将它们添加到**blacklisted-media-player**中。
记得每个在撇括号里的播放器都用逗号分隔多个条目。他们也必须在方括号内，所以在退出之前请务必仔细检查。
记得每个在括号里的播放器都用逗号分隔多个条目。他们也必须在方括号内，所以在退出之前请务必仔细检查。
最终结果如下：
@ -69,7 +60,7 @@ via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/11/remove-players-ubuntu-sound-menu
作者：[Joey-Elijah Sneddon][a]
译者：[disylee](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出

24
translated/tech/20141120 How to visualize memory usage on Linux.md → published/20141120 How to visualize memory usage on Linux.md
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@ -1,14 +1,16 @@
图形化显示Linux内存使用情况
使用 smem 可视化显示Linux内存使用情况
================================================================================
物理内存不足对Linux桌面系统和服务器系统的性能影响都很大。当你的电脑变慢时，要做的第一件事就是释放内存。尤其是在多用户环境以及执行关键任务的服务器环境下，内存消耗会变得更加关键，因为多个用户和应用线程会同时争用更多的内存空间。
物理内存不足对Linux桌面系统和服务器系统的性能影响都很大。当你的计算机变慢时，要做的第一件事就是释放内存。尤其是在多用户环境以及执行关键任务的服务器环境下，内存消耗会变得更加关键，因为多个用户和应用线程会同时竞争更多的内存空间。
如果要监测系统内各种资源的使用情况（比如说CPU或内存），图形化显示是一种高效的方法，通过图形界面可以快速分析各用户和进程的资源消耗情况。本教程将给大家介绍**在linux下图形化分析内存使用情况**的方法，使用到命令行工具是[smem][1].
### 物理内存使用情况: RSS vs. PSS vs. USS ###
### 物理内存使用情况: RSS 、 PSS 和 USS ###
由于Linux使用到了虚拟内存（virtual memory），因此要准确的计算一个进程实际使用的物理内存就不是那么简单。 只知道进程的虚拟内存大小也并没有太大的用处，因为还是无法获取到实际分配的物理内存大小。
**RSS（Resident set size）**，使用top命令可以查询到，是最常用的内存指标，表示进程占用的物理内存大小。但是，将各进程的RSS值相加，通常会超出整个系统的内存消耗，这是因为RSS中包含了各进程间共享的内存。**PSS（Proportional set size）**会更准确一些，它将共享内存的大小进行平均后，再分摊到各进程上去。**USS(Unique set size )**是PSS的自己，它只计算了进程独自占用的内存大小，不包含任何共享的部分。
- **RSS（Resident set size）**，使用top命令可以查询到，是最常用的内存指标，表示进程占用的物理内存大小。但是，将各进程的RSS值相加，通常会超出整个系统的内存消耗，这是因为RSS中包含了各进程间共享的内存。
- **PSS（Proportional set size）**会更准确一些，它将共享内存的大小进行平均后，再分摊到各进程上去。
- **USS(Unique set size )**是PSS中自己的部分，它只计算了进程独自占用的内存大小，不包含任何共享的部分。
### 安装Smem ###
@ -20,7 +22,7 @@ smem是一个能够生成多种内存耗用报告的命令行工具，它从/pro
#### 在Fedora 或 CentOS/RHEL上安装Smem ####
在CentOS/RHEL上，你首先得[使能][2]EPEL仓。
在CentOS/RHEL上，你首先得[启用][2]EPEL仓库。
$ sudo yum install smem python-matplotlib
@ -44,17 +46,17 @@ smem是一个能够生成多种内存耗用报告的命令行工具，它从/pro
![](https://farm9.staticflickr.com/8543/15798375491_510698d98f_z.jpg)
smem提供了以下选项来对输出结果进行筛选，支持按映射方式（mapping）,进程和用户三个维度的筛选：
smem提供了以下选项来对输出结果进行筛选，支持按映射方式（mapping）、进程和用户三个维度的筛选：
- -M <mapping-filtering-regular-expression>
- -P <process-filtering-regular-expression>
- -U <user-filtering-regular-expression>
- -M <正则表达式>
- -P <正则表达式>
- -U <正则表达式>
想了解smem更多的使用方式，可以查询用户手册（man page）。
### 使用smem图形化显示内存使用情况 ###
图形化的报告使用起来会更加方便快捷。smem支持支持两种格式的图形显示方式：直方图和饼图。
图形化的报告使用起来会更加方便快捷。smem支持两种格式的图形显示方式：直方图和饼图。
下面是一些图形化显示的实例。
@ -78,7 +80,7 @@ via: http://xmodulo.com/visualize-memory-usage-linux.html
作者：[Dan Nanni][a]
译者：[coloka](https://github.com/coloka)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出

163
published/20141127 Some Sentences about Java.md Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
一些关于Java的句子
================================================================================
本文并没有什么新鲜的。我只是收集了一些不太重要的语句，但这些语句可能对初级程序员来说很重要。也就是些无聊的旧东西。
如果以下的这些你都知道的话，那么你比Java的了解已经超过了对一个平常的家庭主妇的了解。我不知道清楚所有的这些是否是有意义的。即使不知道其中的一些特性，你照样也可以成为一个相当不错的Java程序员。然而，本文中许多的新信息可能表明你还有很大的发展空间。
### Java中有四种不同的访问类型(而不是三种) ###
这四种类型包括：`private`, package private (包访问权限，无修饰符，又叫default, 译者注)。如果你在类中定义一个元素时并不加任何访问类型修饰符，它将被默认设置为包访问权限(package private)，而不是`public`或者`protected`。
![Java中有四种级别的访问类型](http://a3ab771892fd198a96736e50.javacodegeeks.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/four-levels-of-protection.png)
*Java有四个级别的访问类型。*
从另一方面来说，如果在接口中，你不指定方法的访问修饰符，那么它将是`public`类型的。你也可以显式地指定它为`public`类型， 但这并不符合SONAR（一个开源代码质量管理平台，译者注）的代码质量管理思想。
![访问类型是传递的](http://a3ab771892fd198a96736e50.javacodegeeks.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/protection-is-transitive.png)
*访问类型是传递的*
> 我的“在Java中允许选择性的在接口的方法中写`public`”的观点是一个技术错误。
同样你也可在接口的字段前写`final`，甚至是`static`。这说明这些字段可以是非静态或非final吗？不是的，接口中的字段中总是final和static的。
### Protected和package private是不一样的 ###
Package private（或者default）访问类型可以使得相同包(package)下其他类能够访问这些字段或方法。保护类型(`protected`)的方法和字段可以被相同包下的类使用(这和package private是一样的)，同时它也可以被其他类使用，只要那个类继承了这个包含这些`protected`方法或字段的类。
### Protected是可传递的 ###
如果有三个包a、b、c，每个包都分别包含A、B、C类，而且B继承A，C继承B，那么C可以访问A中的protected字段和方法。
package a;
public class A {
protected void a() {
}
}
package b;
import a.A;
public class B extends A {
protected void b() {
a();
}
}
package c;
import b.B;
public class C extends B {
protected void c() {
a();
}
}
### 接口不能定义protected方法 ###
很多人认为可以在接口中定义`protected`方法。如果你这么做的话，编译器很快就会毫不留情地给你报错。顺便说下，这也就是我为什么认为允许`public`关键字在接口中是一个技术错误，它会让人觉得还可以写其他访问类型似的。
![Private is the new public](http://a3ab771892fd198a96736e50.javacodegeeks.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/private-is-the-new-public.png)
*private是一种新的public*
如果你还想在一个接口的方法中声明protected方法,你可能还不理解封装的含义。
### 此private非彼private ###
私有变量和方法在编译单元内是可见的。如果这听起来太神秘的话，换种说法：几乎就是在同一个Java文件中。这比“在它们被定义的类中”听起来好理解些。它们在同一编译单元的类和接口中也是可见的。嵌套类可以看到类中封装的私有字段和方法。然而，当前封闭类也可以看到该类下任何深度下类中的私有方法和字段。
package a;
class Private {
private class PrivateInPrivate {
private Object object;
}
Object m() {
return new PrivateInPrivate().object;
}
}
后者并不广为人知，事实上也很少有用到。
### Private是类的访问级别而不是对象 ###
如果你可以访问一个变量或方法，那么不管它属于哪个对象你都可以访问它。如果`this.a`可以访问到，那`another.a`也可以访问到，只要它们是同一个类的实例。同一个类的实例对象可以随意调用其他实例的变量或方法。不过这样的代码一般都没有意义。现实生活中异常是`equals()`(由Eclipse生成， 15 - 18行)：
package a;
public class PrivateIsClass {
private Object object;
@Override
public boolean equals(Object obj) {
if (this == obj)
return true;
if (obj == null)
return false;
if (getClass() != obj.getClass())
return false;
PrivateIsClass other = (PrivateIsClass) obj;
if (object == null) {
if (other.object != null)
return false;
} else if (!object.equals(other.object))
return false;
return true;
}
}
###静态(static)类可能有很多实例 ###
![Protection is not object level. It is class level.](http://a3ab771892fd198a96736e50.javacodegeeks.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/protection-is-class-feature.png)
*访问类型不是对象级别的而是类级别的。*
那些不支持有任何实例的类，通常被称为实用工具类。它们只包含静态字段和静态方法以及唯一的不被该类的任何静态方法调用的私有构造函数。在Java 8中也可以有这样的一个野兽(这个词翻译不通，译者注)在接口中实现，因为Java 8的接口可以有静态方法。我不觉得我们应该使用这个特性而不是实用工具类。我也不完全确信我们应该使用实用工具类。
静态类总是在另一个类或接口中。它们是嵌套类。他们是静态的,就像静态方法不能访问类的实例方法和字段一样，静态内部类也不能访问嵌入类的实例方法和字段。这是因为内部类没有嵌入类实例的引用（或者说是指针，如果你喜欢这么叫的话）。内部类（内部类,也即非静态嵌套类, 译者注)，而非静态嵌套类, 没有嵌入类的一个实例，它是无法被创建的。每个内部类的实例都具有嵌入类实例的一个引用，因此一个内部类可以访问嵌入类的实例方法和字段。
因为这个原因，要是没有外部类的一个实例，你就不能创建一个内部类。当然，如果是当前对象，也就是`this`的话，你就可以不需要指定它。在这种情况下你可以使用`new`, 在这种情况下,也就是`this.new`的简式。在一个静态的环境中,例如从一个静态方法，你必须指定内部类应该创建哪个封闭类的实例。见第10行:
package a;
class Nesting {
static class Nested {}
class Inner {}
void method(){
Inner inner = new Inner();
}
static void staticMethod(){
Inner inner = new Nesting().new Inner();
}
}
### 匿名类只能访问final变量 ###
![Variable has to be effective final](http://a3ab771892fd198a96736e50.javacodegeeks.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/effective-final.png)
*变量必须是有效的final*
当一个匿名类被定义在一个方法中，它可以访问局部变量如果该变量是`final`的。但这说的有点模糊。它们不得不声明成final,他们还必须是有效final。这也是Java 8中发布的一些特性。你不需要声明这些变量为`final`型，但它们仍然必须是有效的`final`。
![Java 8 does not require final, only effective final](http://a3ab771892fd198a96736e50.javacodegeeks.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/java_ee_-_javabeantester_src_main_java_com_javax0_jbt_blog_java_-_eclipse_-__users_verhasp_github_javax_blog.png)
*Java 8并不要求`final`，只要求有效final。*
为什么你需要对一些东西声明`final`,当它被检查必须是这样的。就像方法的参数。它们也必须是`final`的。你说这不是Java所必须的吗?嗯,你是对的。这只是一个良好的编程风格所必须的。
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://www.javacodegeeks.com/2014/11/some-sentences-about-java.html
作者：[Peter Verhas][a]
译者：[a598799539](https://github.com/a598799539)
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]:http://www.javacodegeeks.com/author/peter-verhas/

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@ -1,35 +1,23 @@
如何不使用DBCA在Oracle 11中删除数据库
================================================================================
本文简短的教程，将会向你展示如何不使用DBCA（数据库配置助手）在Oracle 11中删除数据
本文简短的教程，将会向你展示如何不使用DBCA（数据库配置助手）在Oracle 11中删除数据库。
#### 1- 导入数据库的SID，如果没有定义的话 ####
命令：
export ORACLE_SID=database
#### 2- 以操作系统认证连接数据库 ####
命令：
[oracle@Oracle11 ~]$ sqlplus / as sysdba
提示：
----------
SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.1.0 Production on Mon Dec 1 17:38:02 2014
----------
Copyright (c) 1982, 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved.
----------
Connected to an idle instance.
#### 3- 启动数据库实例 ####
命令：
SQL> startup
提示：
ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area 3340451840 bytes
Fixed Size 2217952 bytes
@ -41,22 +29,18 @@
#### 4- 关闭数据库 ####
命令：
SQL> shutdown immediate;
提示：
Database closed.
Database dismounted.
ORACLE instance shut down.
#### 5- 启动独占模式 ####
命令：
SQL> startup mount exclusive restrict
提示：
ORACLE instance started.
----------
Total System Global Area 3340451840 bytes
Fixed Size 2217952 bytes
Variable Size 1828718624 bytes
@ -66,19 +50,14 @@
#### 6- 删除数据库 ####
命令：
SQL> drop database;
提示：
----------
Database dropped.
----------
Disconnected from Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.1.0 - 64bit Production
With the Partitioning, OLAP, Data Mining and Real Application Testing options
SQL>
完成！
@ -88,7 +67,7 @@ via: http://www.unixmen.com/drop-database-oracle-11-without-using-dcba/
作者：[M.el Khamlichi][a]
译者：[VicYu/Vic020](http://vicyu.net/)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出

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Linux Journal杂志2014读者选择奖
================================================================================
又到了Linux Journal杂志刊发2014读者选择奖的时候了！鉴于去年的形式好评如潮，因此我们仍沿续旧年格式，让你的意见再次得到回响。虽然有些地方我们会稍加评论，不过基本上还是以报道结果为主。以下敬请欣赏本年度读者选择奖名单！
我们希望读者选择奖一年好似一年。如果你对新分类有任何建议，或者有任何评价与反馈，都可以通过以下方式联系我们：[http://www.linuxjournal.com/contact][1]
如欲了解完整获奖名单，请查阅本杂志2014年12月刊。
### 最佳Linux发行版 ###
![](http://www.linuxjournal.com/files/linuxjournal.com/ufiles/imagecache/slideshow-400/11781f1.jpg)
虽然本年度基于Debian/Ubuntu的发行版获得最多票数，但“最佳Linux发行版”分类有点类似于“最好吃的比萨”--就算得票垫底，但它仍算是比萨呀！选择Linux不会错的，而投票之五花八门，恰恰呈现出开源世界里的选择多样性。
- Ubuntu 16.5%
- Debian 16.4%
- Linux Mint 11%
- Arch Linux 8.5%
- Fedora 8.3%
- CentOS 6%
- openSUSE 5.3%
- Kubuntu 4.1%
- Gentoo 2.9%
- Slackware 2.7%
- Xubuntu 2.5%
- 其它 2.3%
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 1.6%
- NixOS 1.4%
- elementary OS 1.3%
- Lubuntu 1.2%
- CrunchBang 1%
- Mageia .7%
- LXLE .4%
- Tails .4%
- Android-x86 .3%
- Bodhi Linux .3%
- Chakra .3%
- Kali Linux .3%
- PCLinuxOS .3%
- SolydK .3%
- Mandriva .1%
- Oracle Linux .1%
### 最佳Linux移动系统 ###
安卓在移动领域是如此的举足轻重，所以我们决定让安卓的各种版本独立参与投票。因此，尽管以下系统本质上属于安卓，但我们仍沿用其名而不改称安卓，因为这样更加一目了然。
- Stock Android 37.1%
- Sailfish OS 27.6%
- CyanogenMod 20.2%
- 其它 3%
- Ubuntu Phone 3%
- Amazon Fire OS 1.5%
- Ubuntu for Android 1.4%
- Replicant .8%
- Tizen .8%
### 最佳Linux智能手机厂商 ###
![](http://www.linuxjournal.com/files/linuxjournal.com/ufiles/imagecache/slideshow-400/11781f3.jpg)
- Samsung 29%
- Jolla 26.7%
- Nexus 16.5%
- 其它 7.1%*
- HTC 7%
- LG 5.3%
- Sony 3.7%
- Nokia 1.8%
- Huawei 1.4%
- GeeksPhone 1%
- Amazon .6%
*在"其它"当中，摩托罗拉获得最多提名，其次是一加。
### 最佳Linux平板 ###
![](http://www.linuxjournal.com/files/linuxjournal.com/ufiles/imagecache/slideshow-400/11781f4.jpg)
- Google Nexus 7 35.3%
- Google Nexus 10 14.8%
- Samsung Galaxy Tab 14%
- Samsung Galaxy Note 9.8%
- ASUS Transformer Pad 8.4%
- 其它 6.4%
- Kindle Fire HD 4.7%
- ASUS MeMO Pad 2%
- Dell Venue 1.6%
- Acer Iconia One 1.4%
- Samsung Galaxy Note Edge .9%
- Ekoore Python S3 .7%
### 最佳基于Linux的其它配件（不含智能手机或平板）###
我们是一群树莓派粉，如假包换！不过说真的，这怎么能怪我们呢？树莓派又出了新款B+，让原本就美妙绝伦的树莓派愈发的标致可人。并非我有未卜先知之功，但我对明年的冠军早就心中有数了。
- Raspberry Pi 71.4%
- BeagleBone Black 8.1%
- 其它 4.3%*
- Lego Mindstorms Ev3 3.7%
- Moto 360 3.4%
- Cubieboard 1.7%
- Parrot A.R Drone 1.7%
- Samsung Gear S 1.4%
- Yamaha Motif XF8 1.1%
- Nvidia Jetson-K1 Development System .8%
- Cloudsto EVO Ubuntu Linux Mini PC .5%
- VoCore Open Hardware Computer .5%
- LG G Watch .4%
- RaZberry .4%
- VolksPC .4%
- IFC6410 Pico-ITX Board .2%
- JetBox 5300 .1%
*在“其它”当中，提名最多是Odroid与CuBox。
### 最佳笔记本厂商 ###
![](http://www.linuxjournal.com/files/linuxjournal.com/ufiles/imagecache/slideshow-400/lenovo.jpg)
本分类原本用于评价哪个厂商对Linux最花心思，不过谢天谢地，如今大多数笔记本运行起Linux来还是相当不错的。因此无需我们将重点放在“嗯，这台能运行Linux”这种问题上面，而可以切切实实地看到精华之作。把眼光放长远些。
- Lenovo 32%
- ASUS 19.3%
- Dell 18.5%
- System76 10.6%
- 其它 7.9%*
- Acer 4.5%
- ThinkPenguin 1.9%
- LinuxCertified 1.8%
- ZaReason 1.6%
- EmperorLinux 1.5%
- CyberPower .3%
- Eurocom .1%
*在“其它”当中，提名最多的（依次）是运行Linux的苹果、惠普、东芝以及三星。
### 最佳内容管理系统 ###
![](http://www.linuxjournal.com/files/linuxjournal.com/ufiles/imagecache/slideshow-400/11781f6.jpg)
- WordPress 34.7%
- Drupal 25.3%
- Joomla! 11.1%
- MediaWiki 10.5%
- 其它 10%*
- Alfresco 4.3%
- WebGUI 1.3%
- ikiwiki 1.1%
- eZ publish .7%
- Wolf CMS .4%
- Elgg .3%
- Blosxom .2%
*在“其它”当中，提名最多的（依次）是DokuWiki, Plone, Django 以及 Typo3。
### 最佳对Linux友好的虚拟主机公司 ###
![](http://www.linuxjournal.com/files/linuxjournal.com/ufiles/imagecache/slideshow-400/question.jpg)
提到虚拟主机，这年头要找到不对Linux友好的公司那是相当之难。事实上，要找到一家提供Windows的主机服务商才是一种挑战。这一类别的冠军（“其它”）就显而易见的说明了这一问题，或许设一个“最差虚拟主机”分类更加有用！
- 其它 22.8%*
- Amazon 22.5%
- Rackspace 13.1%
- Linode 10.4%
- GoDaddy.com 6.5%
- OVH 5.6%
- DreamHost 5.4%
- 1&1 4.8%
- LAMP Host 2.9%
- Hurricane Electric 2.6%
- Liquid Web .6%
- RimuHosting .6%
- Host Media .5%
- Savvis .5%
- Blacknight Solutions .4%
- Netfirms .4%
- Prgmr .4%
*在“其它”当中，提名最多的（依次）是Digital Ocean （压倒性优势）, Hetzner, BlueHost 以及 WebFaction。
### 最佳浏览器 ###
![](http://www.linuxjournal.com/files/linuxjournal.com/ufiles/imagecache/slideshow-400/11781f7.jpg)
Firefox显著优势拨得今年的头筹。即使以Chrome加Chromium计算，Firefox仍位居榜首。我们曾经担心，Firefox死忠会悄然流失，不过还好，Firefox依然宝马未老，仍是一款快速、可行以及兼容度极佳的浏览器。
- Firefox 53.8%
- Chrome 26.9%
- Chromium 8.1%
- Iceweasel 4%
- Opera 3%
- 其它 2%
- SeaMonkey .8%
- rekonq .5%
- dwb .4%
- QupZill .4%
- Dillo .2%
### 最佳电邮客户端###
![](http://www.linuxjournal.com/files/linuxjournal.com/ufiles/imagecache/slideshow-400/11781f8.jpg)
如果我没有亲身了解到身边有多少铁杆极客粉的话，我也许会指责Kyle Rankin投票有作弊嫌疑。他的最爱--Mutt电邮客户端并未登顶，但是对于一个没有图形界面的程序来说，获得第三名也算是个比较骄人的成绩了。
- Mozilla Thunderbird 44.4%
- Gmail 24.7%
- Mutt 6.8%
- Evolution 5.5%
- KMail 5.3%
- 其它 3.2%
- Claws Mail 2.2%
- Zimbra 2%
- Alpine 1.8%
- Geary 1.7%
- SeaMonkey 1%
- Opera Mail .9%
- Sylpheed .4%
### 最佳音频编辑工具###
![](http://www.linuxjournal.com/files/linuxjournal.com/ufiles/imagecache/slideshow-400/11781f9.jpg)
- Audacity 69.1%
- FFmpeg 10.8%
- VLC 9.7%
- Ardour 4.9%
- 其它 1.9%
- SoX 1.3%
- Mixxx 1.1%
- LMMS .7%
- Format Junkie .5%
### 最佳音频播放器 ###
![](http://www.linuxjournal.com/files/linuxjournal.com/ufiles/imagecache/slideshow-400/11781f10.jpg)
VLC登上视频播放器分类的榜首（见下文）应该是毫无悬念的，但让人大跌眼镜的是，它居然在音频播放器分类中也有不俗的成绩。或许它可以考虑成为一站式媒体播放器。不管怎样，我们都乐见其取得好成绩。
- VLC 25.2%
- Amarok 15.3%
- Rhythmbox 10.4%
- Clementine 8.6%
- MPlayer 6.1%
- Spotify 5.9%
- Audacious 5.5%
- Banshee 4.6%
- 其它 4%*
- XBMC 3.1%
- foobar2000 3%
- Xmms 2.4%
- DeaDBeeF 1.2%
- MOC .9%
- cmus .8%
- Ncmpcpp .8%
- Guayadeque .6%
- Mixxx .4%
- MPC-HC .4%
- Subsonic .4%
- Nightingale .3%
- Decibel Audio Player .2%
*在"其它"当中，Quod Libet获得最多提名。
### 最佳视频播放器 ###
![](http://www.linuxjournal.com/files/linuxjournal.com/ufiles/imagecache/slideshow-400/11781f10_0.jpg)
- VLC 64.7%
- MPlayer 14.5%
- XBMC 6.4%
- Totem 2.7%
- 其它 2.7%*
- Plex 2%
- Kaffeine 1.9%
- mpv 1.6%
- MythTV 1.6%
- Amarok 1.4%
- Xmms .3%
- Daum Potplayer .2%
- Clementine .1%
*在“其它”当中，提名最多是SMPlayer。
### 最佳视频编辑器 ###
![](http://www.linuxjournal.com/files/linuxjournal.com/ufiles/imagecache/slideshow-400/11781f10_1.jpg)
再次证明了我们的读者群深具极客色彩。我们未指定“非线性编辑器”，因此就转码技术而言，VLC在视频编辑类别中勉强获胜。干得好，VLC，干得好！
- VLC 17.5%
- Kdenlive 16.4%
- Blender 15.1%
- Avidemux 13.2%
- OpenShot 13.2%
- Cinelerra 7.5%
- PiTiVi 4.9%
- LightWorks 4.8%
- 其它 4.7%
- LiVES 1.4%
- Shotcut .6%
- Jahshaka .4%
- Flowblade .4%
### 最佳云存储 ###
[](http://www.linuxjournal.com/files/linuxjournal.com/ufiles/imagecache/slideshow-400/11781f11.jpg)
- Dropbox 30.5%
- ownCloud 23.6%
- Google Drive 16%
- rsync 8.3%
- 其它 7.5%*
- Amazon S3 6.6%
- SpiderOak 4.4%
- Box 1.8%
- Copy 1%
- AjaXplorer .3%
Dropbox在这一领域曾经独步天下，几无对手，虽然这次仍为头魁，但优势已经不那么明显了。Dropbox的方便与稳定无可否认，但是将你的宝贵数据托管在ownCloud上，可管可控，也让ownCloud登上第二名的宝座。
*在“其它”当中，提名最多是 Younited 与 MEGA。当然很多人可能会说“非万不得已时不会选择云存储/我的文件都是存在本地”。
### 最佳Linux游戏 ###
![](http://www.linuxjournal.com/files/linuxjournal.com/ufiles/imagecache/slideshow-400/CIVILIZATION-V-FRONT-OF-BOX.jpg)
我很少玩游戏，所以每年我都特期待这一类别排名，希望可以从中找到最受欢迎的游戏，以供闲暇之需。看到NetHack排名这么靠前，我倒觉得挺开心的，尤其是在联想到竞争对手后更是心满意足。徘徊在让我们这些老派的龙与地下城玩家痴迷的随机通道确实有点意思。
- Civilization 5 26.5%
- 其它 23.5%*
- Team Fortress 2 8.7%
- NetHack 8.4%
- X-Plane 10 7.1%
- Dota 6.1%
- Bastion 5.4%
- Scorched 3D 3.7%
- Destiny 3.6%
- Ultima IV 1.9%
- FreeCol 1.8%
- Kpat 1.4%
- FreeOrion 1.1%
- Ryzom .9%
*在“其它”当中，提名最多的（依次）是Minecraft, 0 A.D., Frozen Bubble, Battle for Wesnoth, Portal 以及 Counter Strike。
### 最佳虚拟方案 ###
我认为与Vagrant的关系大大带动了Oracle旗下VirtualBox的普及。当然，Vagrant也与其它虚拟平台合作，但自从其与VirtualBox无缝结合后，我认为对VirtualBox是极大提升。虚拟化实现系统是如此的高效与可靠，从裸机开始重构系统的方案几近历史。
![](http://www.linuxjournal.com/files/linuxjournal.com/ufiles/imagecache/slideshow-400/Virtualbox_logo_0.jpg)
- Oracle VM VirtualBox 33.4%
- VMware 22.3%
- KVM 21.1%
- XEN 5.7%
- QEMU 5.3%
- OpenStack 4.9%
- 其它 4.2%*
- OpenVZ 1.7%
- Linux-VServer 1.3%
- Symantec Workspace Virtualization .1%
*在“其它”当中，提名最多的依次是Docker, ProxMox 与 LXC。
### 最佳监控应用 ###
![](http://www.linuxjournal.com/files/linuxjournal.com/ufiles/imagecache/slideshow-400/Nagios-Core-4.0.8.png)
- Nagios 27.1%
- Wireshark 20.7%
- htop 12.3%
- Zabbix 10.5%
- 其它 8.6%*
- Zenoss 6.2%
- Munin 3.4%
- PC Monitor 2.8%
- New Relic 1.9%
- Opsview 1.2%
- SaltStack 1%
- NTM (Network Traffic Monitor) .7%
- xosview .7%
- Manage Engine .5%
- FlowViewer .3%
- Circonus .2%
- SysPeek .2%
*在“其它”当中，提名最多是Icinga 与 OpenNMS。
### 最佳开发运维配置管理工具###
![](http://www.linuxjournal.com/files/linuxjournal.com/ufiles/imagecache/slideshow-400/Git-Logo-2Color.jpg)
Git能拿到本类别第一名倒是蛮有趣的，虽然针对配置文件使用标准版本控制工具当然无可厚非，但我总觉得它应该配合Chef或Puppet一起使用。至少开发运维（DevOps）让我们这些执拗的老派系统管理员象对待代码一样处理配置文件。版本控制真令人难以置信，这一点似乎绝大多数读者均无异议。
- Git 39.4%
- Puppet 17.2%
- Ansible 8.9%
- cron jobs 8.8%
- Subversion 7.6%
- Chef 5%
- SaltStack 5.4%
- 其它 4.6%*
- CFEngine 3%
*在“其它”当中，提名最多是 NixOps。
### 最佳编程语言 ###
![](http://www.linuxjournal.com/files/linuxjournal.com/ufiles/imagecache/slideshow-400/11781f13.jpg)
- Python 30.2%
- C++ 17.8%
- C 16.7%
- Perl 7.1%
- Java 6.9%
- 其它 4.6%
- Ruby 4.3%
- Go 2.4%
- JavaScript 2.4%
- QML 2.2%
- Fortran 1.4%
- Haskell 1.4%
- Lisp 1.2%
- Erlang .6%
- Rust .6%
- D .4%
- Hack .1%
*在“其它”当中，提名最多的依次是Scala, PHP 以及 Clojure。
### 最佳脚本语言 ###
![](http://www.linuxjournal.com/files/linuxjournal.com/ufiles/imagecache/slideshow-400/11781f13_0.jpg)
Python强悍无比，无论在脚本及编程分类都有大量拥趸。对于象我这样懂Bash以及一点PHP皮毛的人来说，很明显在我一头扎进开发过程中，我需要重点突破。敢说空格无用？我--空格来也！
- Python 37.1%
- Bash/Shell scripts 27%
- Perl 11.8%
- PHP 8.4%
- JavaScript 6.7%
- Ruby 4.9%
- 其它 2.1%
- Lua 2%
### 最佳Linux/开源新产品/新项目 ###
![](http://www.linuxjournal.com/files/linuxjournal.com/ufiles/imagecache/slideshow-400/11781f14.jpg)
Docker无疑是大赢家，当之无愧--游戏规则改变者嘛。 Jolla/Sailfish也小受欢迎，真是令人欣慰。我们爱安卓，不过多个选择不正是我们作为开源鼓手所提倡的一个重要方面吗。
- Docker 28%
- Jolla and Sailfish OS 19%
- LibreOffice 7%
- ownCloud 5%
- Steam 5%
- Zenoss Control Center 5%
- Raspberry Pi 4%
- Git 4%
- Apache Cordova/OpenOffice/Spark/Tika 3%
- Ansible 2%
- Elementary OS 2%
- OpenStack 2%
- Zabbix 2%
- CoreOS 2%
- Firefox OS 2%
- KDE Connect 1%
- NixOS and NixOps 1%
- Open Media Vault 1%
###你用Linux做过的最酷的事情 ###
![](http://www.linuxjournal.com/files/linuxjournal.com/ufiles/imagecache/slideshow-400/tux_cruise.png)
这是读者选择奖里我最钟爱的新分类。想象一下你参加某次Linux会议，期间询问人们他们用Linux做过的最酷的事情。这里所做的与之大同小异！这里我们仅列出部分我们比较喜欢的，如欲了解完整列表，请访问：[http://www.linuxjournal.com/rc2014/coolest][2]。
注：最常见的答案是：“使用它”；“挽救数据/照片/导致Windows 机器罢工的任何东西”；“说服朋友/家人/业务转向使用Linux”；“学习”；“讲授”；“获得工作”；“家庭自动化”；“构建家庭媒体服务器”。下表是我们选出的并非最常见的答案，而是一些比较具体与有个性的答案。
- 在上世纪90年代中期建立procmail垃圾邮件预过滤规则。
- 450-节点计算集群。
- 7.1 通道前置放大器（集成Mopidy音乐播放器）。
- Linux机器人 （参加Eurobot年度比赛）。
- 无意间打印到错误的大陆。
- 视频同步时增加音频通道。
- 使用自已编写的代码分析NASA卫星数据。
- 远程逗着猫玩。
- 通过声音以及移动应用自动控制家里整个灯光设置。
- 窗台植物自动浇水系统。
- 浴室收音机。
- 配制啤酒。
- 创建了一个运行在国际空间站的应用。
- 为某大型收费高速公路系统建立一套实时收费系统。
- 自己装配智能手机。
- 使用树莓派建立基于网络的家庭报警系统。
- 树莓派集群破解加密的办公文档。
- 控制我的Parrot无人机。
- 控制186台风力涡轮机的通信。
- 在Linux下使用Stellarium控制我的米德望远镜。
- 用一台十几年的老笔记本转换卡带式家庭视频的格式。
- 在靠近北极地区创建网状网络。
- 使用无线数据发射器创建海洋环境下的传感器浮标。
- 发现新行星。
- 修复位于美国丹佛的jabber服务器， 而我当时却身在约丹安曼一家酒店大堂。
- 得到一张Linus亲笔签名的Red Hat 5.0 CD。
- 入侵我的咖啡机，在咖啡做好后给我一条消息。
- 给我女儿介绍乐高机器人EV3。
- 监控酒窖温度与湿度，过热或过温时开门。
- 用树莓派代替温泉浴缸上的控制器。
- 使用脚本连接四天每隔15秒开关一次同事的CD托盘。
- 使用LFS系统为一家全国性石油公司迁移ACH自动转帐系统。
- 身在其它城市冲我家里的马桶。
- 远程控制鸡舍门。
- 使用树莓派为16个站点部署基于网络的洒水器控制器（并控制水池与庭院灯光）。
- 链接SSH通道通过三级跳连接家与工作（因网络设置方面的限制）。
- 建立一套系统，监控可再生能源的安装部分：两套固定的太阳能电池阵，一套两轴太阳跟踪太阳能电池阵，以及一台风力涡轮机。生产以及天气数据实时显示在网络站点。
- 还是在“猫”时代，我用电脑每天早上叫醒我女朋友去上班。
- 使用一个Wii摇控器，通过蓝牙将我的笔记本作为红外摄像机，侦测我女儿的旋转木马的运动，以及控制视频游戏。
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://www.linuxjournal.com/rc2014
作者：[Shawn Powers][a]
译者：[yupmoon](https://github.com/yupmoon)
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]:http://www.linuxjournal.com/users/shawn-powers
[1]:http://www.linuxjournal.com/contact
[2]:http://www.linuxjournal.com/rc2014/coolest

23
translated/news/20141211 Linux Kernel 3.18 Released, This Is What' s New.md → published/20141211 Linux Kernel 3.18 Released, This Is What' s New.md
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@ -1,27 +1,26 @@
、Linux 3.18 内核发布了，下面的是更新的内容
Linux 3.18 新内核带来了什么新东西？
================================================================================
![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/Tux-psd3894.jpg)
新的一月意味着新的稳定版Linux内核的发布，今天Linus Torvalds[宣布Linux 3.18 很快就会发布了][1]。
新的一月意味着新的稳定版Linux内核的发布，前一段时间，Linus Torvalds[宣布Linux 3.18 很快就会发布了][1]。
Torvalds在Linux内核邮件列表中解释到，由于在3.17中还存在几个令一小部分用户烦心的问题，‘**绝不可以在一些人积极解决老问题时其他人无所事事。**’
Torvalds在Linux内核邮件列表中解释到，由于在3.17中还存在几个令一小部分用户烦心的问题，但是‘**绝不可以在一些人积极解决老问题时其他人无所事事。**’
### Linux 3.18中有什么新的？ ###
Linux 3.18内核主要致力于硬件支持、电源效率、bug修复和可靠性。
如往常一样，这些内容跨越很大，容易让人迷惑 。比如：加密层多重缓冲操作 - 到气冲感知， 就像对雷蛇游戏手柄的支持。
如往常一样，这些内容跨度很大，容易让人迷惑 。比如：加密层多重缓冲操作 - 到气冲感知， 就像对雷蛇游戏手柄的支持。
下面我们收集了这个版本的重要的改变。这远远不是所有的，只是选取了一些更相关的内容。
- Nouveau (免费 Nvidia GPU 驱动) 现在支持基础 DisplayPort 音频
- Nouveau (开源的 Nvidia GPU 驱动) 现在支持基础 DisplayPort 音频
- 对雷蛇游戏手柄的支持，用在Xbox 360上
- Xilinx USB2 外设
- 对Microchip AR1021 i2c、PenMount 6000 touch的触摸屏支持。
- 音频编码: Cirrus Logic CS35L32、 Everest ES8328and Freescale ES8328
- 音频支持: 通用飞思卡尔声卡, A模拟SSM4567音频放大器
- 不同的文件系统提升, 包括 Btrfs 和 F2FS
- 对Microchip AR1021 i2c、PenMount 6000 touch的触摸屏支持
- 音频编码: Cirrus Logic CS35L32、 Everest ES8328 和 Freescale ES8328
- 音频支持: 通用飞思卡尔声卡, Analog Devices SSM4567音频放大器
- 几个文件系统提升, 包括 Btrfs 和 F2FS
- 现在支持了DCTCP拥塞控制算法
- JIT 编译64位 eBPF程序
- “Tinification” 帮助开发人员编译更精简更小的内核
@ -34,7 +33,7 @@ Linux 3.18内核主要致力于硬件支持、电源效率、bug修复和可靠
- [下载Linux内核源码包][2]
有一个由Canonical维护的最新Linux内核归档。尽管你可能在其他地方看到过，但是，请注意，这不是针对终端用户的。没有任何保证与支持，你自己承担风险。
这里有一个由Canonical维护的最新Linux内核归档。尽管你可能在其他地方看到过，但是，请注意，这不是针对终端用户的。没有任何保证与支持，你自己承担风险。
- [访问Ubuntu内核主线归档][3]
@ -44,7 +43,7 @@ via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/12/linux-kernel-3-18-released-whats-new
作者：[Joey-Elijah Sneddon][a]
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出

46
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@ -1,68 +1,68 @@
The history of Android
安卓编年史（5）
================================================================================
![闹钟主屏幕，设置一个闹钟，计算器，以及计算器高级功能。](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/calclockonpresszx.png)
闹钟主屏幕，设置一个闹钟，计算器，以及计算器高级功能。
Ron Amadeo供图
安卓0.9第一次给我们展现了闹钟和计算器应用程序。闹钟应用的特征是有个扁平的模拟时钟，下方是一排设置的闹钟的滚动列表。不同于其它种类的开关，闹钟使用一个复选框来设置。闹钟可以设置为每周特定几天重复，以及它还有一整个列表的可选的，独特的闹钟铃声。
*闹钟主屏幕，设置一个闹钟，计算器，以及计算器高级功能* [Ron Amadeo供图]
安卓0.9第一次给我们展现了闹钟和计算器应用程序。闹钟应用的特征是有个扁平的模拟时钟，下方是一排设置的闹钟的滚动列表。不同于其它种类的开关，闹钟使用一个复选框来设置。闹钟可以设置为每周特定几天重复，以及它还有一整个列表的可选的、独特的闹钟铃声。
计算器是一个全黑色的应用，带有有光泽的圆形按钮。通过菜单，可以打开带有高级功能的附加面板。再次强调，一致性不是谷歌的强项所在。按键中的Pi键按下的高亮是红色的——在安卓0.9的其它地方，按键按下的高亮通常是橙色的。实际上，计算器中用到的所有东西是仅用于计算器的百分百定制设计。
![打开菜单的谷歌地图和新路线界面。](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/mps092.png)
打开菜单的谷歌地图和新路线界面。
Ron Amadeo供图
*打开菜单的谷歌地图和新路线界面* [Ron Amadeo供图]
谷歌地图在安卓0.9中真正能够运行——客户端能够连接到谷歌地图服务器并下载地图块。（给予我们地图图像——要记住谷歌地图是个基于云的应用。连最老旧的版本也会下载更为现代的地图块，所以忽略实际的地图块的样子吧。）地图的菜单获得了和浏览器菜单相同的全灰设计待遇，缩放控件也和浏览器的相同。最重要的“我的位置”按钮最终来到了安卓0.9，这意味着该版本的地图支持GPS定位。
路线界面得到了改进。奇怪的聊天气泡附加不对齐的按钮已经被去除，换为更具交互性的书签图标，切换地点按钮移动到了左边，“go”按钮的现在被标记为“获取路线(Route)”。
![谷歌地图图层选择，搜索历史，新加入的街景视图。](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/maps3.png)
谷歌地图图层选择，搜索历史，新加入的街景视图。
Ron Amadeo供图
*谷歌地图图层选择，搜索历史，新加入的街景视图* [Ron Amadeo供图]
“图层(Layers)”被重命名为“地图模式(Map Mode)”并且变成一个单选列表。一次只能选择一个地图类型——举个例子，你在卫星地图视图下不能查看交通状况。埋藏在菜单中的还有被匆忙放到一起的搜索记录界面。搜索历史看起来只是个概念验证，带着巨大的，模糊的搜索图标填充的搜索项被放置于半透明的背景之上。
街景曾经是个单独的应用（尽管它从没提供给公众），但在0.9中它被作为一个地图模式内置于谷歌地图之中。你可以拖拽小Pegman（街景小人）到地图上，它会显示一个弹出气泡来展示街景的快照。点击快照会启动那个位置的街景。这时，街景除了可滚动的360度影像之外不会显示任何东西——在显示界面上根本就没有用户界面（UI）。
![我们第一次见到谷歌地图搜索界面。这些截图展示了搜索栏，搜索结果列表，显示在地图上的搜索结果，以及一个商业页面。 ](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/manystarbucks.png)
我们第一次见到谷歌地图搜索界面。这些截图展示了搜索栏，搜索结果列表，显示在地图上的搜索结果，以及一个商业页面。
Ron Amadeo供图
*我们第一次见到谷歌地图搜索界面。这些截图展示了搜索栏，搜索结果列表，显示在地图上的搜索结果，以及一个商业页面* [Ron Amadeo供图]
安卓0.9同样第一次给我们展示了信息应用，称为“信息”(Messaging)。就像一些早期的安卓设计，信息并不确定它应该是一个暗色系应用还是亮色系应用。第一眼可以看到的屏幕是信息列表，一个极力避免空白的质朴黑色界面，看起来像是建立在设置界面的设计之上。但点击“新信息”或已存在的会话后，你会被带到一个白色以及蓝色的文本信息的滚动列表这里。这两个相连的界面真是没法再更不一样一点了。
![信息应用的会话窗口，附件窗口，会话列表，以及设置。](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/sms09.png)
信息应用的会话窗口，附件窗口，会话列表，以及设置。
Ron Amadeo供图
*信息应用的会话窗口，附件窗口，会话列表，以及设置* [Ron Amadeo供图]
信息支持一定范围的附件：你可以附上图片，声音，或者一个幻灯片到你的信息之中。图片和声音可以实时录制或是从手机存储中拉取。另一个奇怪的UI选择是对于附件菜单中的每一项，安卓基本都已经有现成的图标可用，但信息却全部使用了另外定制的设计。
信息是最先带有自己设置界面的应用之一。用户可以请求已读以及送达报告以及设置下载偏好。
![幻灯片制作器。右边图片显示了菜单选项。](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/slideshow.png)
幻灯片制作器。右边图片显示了菜单选项。
Ron Amadeo供图
附件选项中的“幻灯片”选项实际上是以一个全功能的幻灯片制作器的形式到来的。你可以添加图片，选择幻灯顺序，添加音乐，修改每张幻灯片的显示时间，以及添加文字。这已经复杂到足够给它一个自己的应用图标了，但令人惊奇的是它被隐藏在信息应用的菜单之中。在纵向模式下这是为数不多的完全无用的安卓应用之一——唯一的看图片方式以及控制是在横向显示之中。奇怪的是，纵向模式它仍然能够旋转，但显示输出变得一团糟。
*幻灯片制作器。右边图片显示了菜单选项* [Ron Amadeo供图]
附件选项中的“幻灯片”选项实际上是以一个全功能的幻灯片制作器的形式到来的。你可以添加图片，选择幻灯顺序，添加音乐，修改每张幻灯片的显示时间，以及添加文字。这已经复杂到足够给它一个自己的应用图标了，但令人惊奇的是它被隐藏在信息应用的菜单之中。在纵向模式下这是为数不多的完全无法使用的安卓应用之一——唯一的看图片方式以及控制是在横向显示之中。奇怪的是，纵向模式它仍然能够旋转，但显示输出变得一团糟。
![音乐播放器的主导航页面，歌曲列表，专辑列表，以及“正在播放”界面。](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/music09.png)
音乐播放器的主导航页面，歌曲列表，专辑列表，以及“正在播放”界面。
Ron Amadeo供图
*音乐播放器的主导航页面，歌曲列表，专辑列表，以及“正在播放”界面* [Ron Amadeo供图]
安卓0.9第一次将音乐应用带进了安卓。首屏基本上只是几个将你带到各个功能视图的巨大的，矮胖的导航按钮。在应用底部是一个“正在播放”栏，仅仅包含了音轨名，艺术家，以及一个播放/暂停按钮。歌曲列表仅仅有个最简的无修饰界面，仅仅显示了歌曲名，艺术家，专辑以及时长。艺术家专辑是这个应用中唯一有希望看到色彩的地方。它在专辑视图里显示为一个小快照，在正在播放界面显示为巨大的，四分之一屏的图片。
正如安卓在这个时期的系统绝大多数部分，音乐应用的界面可能没什么好多看几眼的，但功能已经基本齐全。正在播放界面有一个让你拖动歌曲的播放列表按钮，随机播放，重复播放，搜索，以及选择背景声音按钮。
正如安卓在这个时期的系统绝大多数部分，音乐应用的界面可能没什么值得看的，但功能已经基本齐全。正在播放界面有一个让你拖动歌曲的播放列表按钮，随机播放，重复播放，搜索，以及选择背景声音按钮。
![“相册”的所有相册视图，单个相册视图，以及单张图片视图。](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/pictures09.png)
“相册”的所有相册视图，单个相册视图，以及单张图片视图。
Ron Amadeo供图
*“相册”的所有相册视图，单个相册视图，以及单张图片视图* [Ron Amadeo供图]
相册被简单地称为“图片”。初始视图显示你的所有相册。两个默认的相册是“相机”和巨大的合集相册，叫做“全部图片”。每个相册的快照由2x2的图片组成，每张图片有个白色的粗边框。
单个相册视图的样子大概是你所希望的：一个可滚动的图片方阵。你不能在单个图片大小的范围内向左右滑动来移动图片，而是应该轻点图片来移动图片。相册同样没有双指捏合缩放，你只能使用按钮来缩放图片。
![图片编缉！这些截图显示了一个打开的菜单，“更多”菜单，截取，以及设置。](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/pics209.png)
图片编缉！这些截图显示了一个打开的菜单，“更多”菜单，截取，以及设置。
Ron Amadeo供图
*图片编缉！这些截图显示了一个打开的菜单，“更多”菜单，截取，以及设置* [Ron Amadeo供图]
“图片”看起来十分简单，直到你点击菜单按钮并突然看到无数的选项。图片可以截取，旋转，删除，或设置壁纸或联系人图标。就像浏览器一样，所有的这一切通过一个笨拙的二级菜单系统完成。但是，我们为何又将看起来完全不同的菜单练联系到一起？
@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ Ron Amadeo供图
via: http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/5/
译者：[alim0x](https://github.com/alim0x) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
译者：[alim0x](https://github.com/alim0x) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出

38
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Translating By instdio
"Fork Debian" Project Aims to Put Pressure on Debian Community and Systemd Adoption
================================================================================
> There is still a great deal of resistance in the Debian community towards the upcoming adoption of systemd
**The Debian project decided to adopt systemd a while ago and ditch the upstart counterpart. The decision was very controversial and it's still contested by some users. Now, a new proposition has been made, to fork Debian into something that doesn't have systemd.**
![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/Fork-Debian-Project-Started-to-Put-Pressure-on-Debian-Community-and-Systemd-Adoption-462598-2.jpg)
systemd is the replacement for the init system and it's the daemon that starts right after the Linux kernel. It's responsible for initiating all the other components in a system and it's also responsible for shutting them down in the correct order, so you might imagine why people think this is an important piece of software.
The discussions in the Debian community have been very heated, but systemd prevailed and it looked like the end of it. Linux distros based on it have already started to make the changes. For example, Ubuntu is already preparing to adopt systemd, although it's still pretty far off.
### Forking Debian, not really a solution ###
Developers have already forked systemd, but the projects resulted don't have a lot of support from the community. As you can imagine, systemd also has a big following and people are not giving up so easily. Now, someone has made a website called debianfork.org to advocate for a Debian without systemd, in an effort to put pressure on the developers.
"We are Veteran Unix Admins and we are concerned about what is happening to Debian GNU/Linux to the point of considering a fork of the project. Some of us are upstream developers, some professional sysadmins: we are all concerned peers interacting with Debian and derivatives on a daily basis. We don't want to be forced to use systemd in substitution to the traditional UNIX sysvinit init, because systemd betrays the UNIX philosophy."
"We contemplate adopting more recent alternatives to sysvinit, but not those undermining the basic design principles of 'do one thing and do it well' with a complex collection of dozens of tightly coupled binaries and opaque logs," reads the [website][1], among a lot of other things.
Basically, the new website is not actually about a Debian fork, but more like a form of pressure for the [upcoming vote][2] that will be taken for the "Re-Proposal - preserve freedom of choice of init systems." This is a general resolution made by Ian Jackson and he hopes to get enough support in order to turn back the decision made by the Technical Committee regarding systemd.
It's clear that the debate is still not over in the Debian community, but it remains to be seen if the decisions already made can be overturned.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Fork-Debian-Project-Started-to-Put-Pressure-on-Debian-Community-and-Systemd-Adoption-462598.shtml
作者：[Silviu Stahie][a]
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[a]:http://news.softpedia.com/editors/browse/silviu-stahie
[1]:http://debianfork.org/
[2]:https://lists.debian.org/debian-vote/2014/10/msg00001.html

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sources/news/20141021 Red Hat acquires FeedHenry to get mobile app chops.md
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Red Hat acquires FeedHenry to get mobile app chops
================================================================================
Red Hat wants a piece of the enterprise mobile app market, so it has acquired Irish company FeedHenry for approximately $82 million.
The growing popularity of mobile devices has put pressure on enterprise IT departments to make existing apps available from smartphones and tablets -- a trend that Red Hat is getting in on with the FeedHenry acquisition.
The mobile app segment is one of the fastest growing in the enterprise software market, and organizations are looking for better tools to build mobile applications that extend and enhance traditional enterprise applications, according to Red Hat.
"Mobile computing for the enterprise is different than Angry Birds. Enterprise mobile applications need a backend platform that enables the mobile user to access data, build backend logic, and access corporate APIs, all in a scalable, secure manner," Craig Muzilla, senior vice president for Red Hat's Application Platform Business, said in a [blog post][1].
FeedHenry provides a cloud-based platform that lets users develop and deploy applications for mobile devices that meet those demands. Developers can create native apps for Android, iOS, Windows Phone and BlackBerry as well as HTML5 apps, or a mixture of native and Web apps.
A key building block is Node.js, an increasingly popular platform based on Chrome's JavaScript runtime for building fast and scalable applications.
From Red Hat's point of view, FeedHenry is a natural fit with the company's strengths in enterprise middleware and PaaS (platform-as-a-service). It adds better mobile capabilities to the JBoss Middleware portfolio and OpenShift PaaS offerings, Red Hat said.
Red Hat plans to continue to sell and support FeedHenry's products, and will continue to honor client contracts. For the most part, it will be business as usual, according to Red Hat. The transaction is expected to close in the third quarter of its fiscal 2015.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://www.computerworld.com/article/2685286/red-hat-acquires-feedhenry-to-get-mobile-app-chops.html
作者：[Mikael Ricknäs][a]
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[a]:http://www.computerworld.com/author/Mikael-Rickn%C3%A4s/
[1]:http://www.redhat.com/en/about/blog/its-time-go-mobile

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sources/news/20141030 Suse enterprise Linux can take your system back in time.md
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Suse enterprise Linux can take your system back in time
================================================================================
> Suse Linux Enterprise Server 12 features a new system snapshot and rollback capability
The newest enterprise edition of the Suse Linux distribution allows administrators to go back in time, for instance, to immediately before they made that fatal system-crippling mistake.
Suse Linux Enterprise Server 12 (SLES 12) features a system snapshot and rollback capability that allows the user to boot the system to an earlier configuration, should the latest one unexpectedly fail.
Such a capability can be handy for undoing a system configuration change that did not turn out as expected. For instance, an administrator might have the SLES computer in a perfectly fine running state, but then install a botched software update, or make a change that destroys the kernel. Typically, Unix systems have been unforgiving about such mistakes, forcing the administrator to reinstall the system software from scratch, should they not know how to undo the unfortunate change.
"This stuff happens, for whatever reason," said Matthias Eckermann, Suse senior product manager. "So the admin has an emergency exit, so to speak."
Users of Microsoft Windows and Apple Macintosh systems have long enjoyed rollback functionality within their respective OSes, but this capability had been missing in Unix-based systems such as Linux, at least as a native function of the OS.
For this functionality, the Suse team used the [Btrfs][1] file system (B-tree file system, often pronounced as "Butter FS"), an open-source file system developed by Oracle engineer Chris Mason ([now at Facebook][2]). Mason created Btrfs to address emerging enterprise requirements such as the ability to make snapshots and to scale across multiple storage nodes.
Although Btrfs is supported in the mainline Linux kernel, SLES is the first major Linux distribution to use Btrfs as the default file system. "Over the last five years, we specifically focused on making Btrfs enterprise-ready," Eckermann said.
The rollback capability also relies on the open-source tool [Snapper][3], first developed by Suse, to manage the snapshots.
The Suse team integrated Snapper with SLES so that users now have the ability, when the OS is first being loaded, to boot into an earlier snapshot of the system. "Whoever installs SLES 12 gets this capability by default," Eckermann said.
SLES also integrated Btrfs with the [Samba Windows file server][4], which makes Linux files accessible to Windows machines. For Windows users, SLES can now make multiple snapshots of a file appear as different versions of a file, which are all accessible.
Initially, Enterprise Suse supports rollbacks for only system changes, though users can also deploy it to handle changes in a user's home directory, in which data is typically kept. "We already have it running, but it is not supported," Eckermann said. Users can continue to use ext3, ext4 or some other traditional Linux file system as their default.
SLES 12, released Monday, comes with a number of other features as well. Like other distributions, SLES has [caught the fever for Docker containers][5] and now comes with a built-in framework to run this virtualization technology. For the first time, the package also provides geo-clustering, which allows the user to build replicate clusters across different geographic regions.
An organization could use geo-clustering, for instance, to set up multiple copies of a single cluster in data centers around the world, so if one or more regions go offline, the others can continue operations unabated, Eckermann said.
Suse [is among the world's most widely used distributions][6] of Linux, along with Ubuntu/Debian, and Red Hat Enterprise Linux. A free version is available under OpenSuse and Suse Linux offers a commercial edition packaged for enterprise usage.
Suse Linux's parent company, Attachmate, is in the process of merging with Micro Focus. Eckermann expects no major changes in the operations of Suse Linux resulting from the new ownership.
SLES 12 is [offered at an annual subscription][7] of US$349 per server. A free 60-day trial is also available.
![](http://images.techhive.com/images/article/2014/10/sle_12_installed_system_08_snapper_gui-2-100527225-large.idge.png)
Through the combined powers of the Btrfs file system and the Snapper utility, SUSE Enterprise Linux can now take snapshots of the system, and roll back to an earlier configuration if necessary.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://www.computerworld.com/article/2838950/suse-enterprise-linux-can-take-your-system-back-in-time.html
作者：[Joab Jackson][a]
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[a]:http://www.computerworld.com/author/Joab-Jackson/
[1]:https://btrfs.wiki.kernel.org/index.php/Main_Page
[2]:http://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=MTUzNTE
[3]:http://snapper.io/
[4]:http://www.samba.org/
[5]:http://www.pcworld.com/article/2838452/canonical-celebrates-cloud-freedoms-with-new-ubuntu.html
[6]:http://distrowatch.com/table.php?distribution=suse
[7]:https://www.suse.com/products/server/how-to-buy/

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sources/news/20141105 Mozilla to Launch Brand New Developer Web Browser Next Week.md
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Mozilla to Launch Brand New Developer Web Browser Next Week
================================================================================
**When you woke up this morning you probably didn’t expect to come online and see the words ‘Mozilla’, ‘New’, and ‘Web Browser’ writ large across the web. **
But that my bed-headed compadre is precisely what you’re looking at.
注：youtube 地址，发布的时候不行做个链接吧
<iframe width="750" height="422" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Ehv5u-5rE8c?feature=oembed"></iframe>
### Mozilla – Pushing Boundaries ###
Mozilla has always been at the forefront of pushing open source, open standards and open access. They steer one of the most popular desktop browsers in the world. Their open-source Linux mobile OS [is sold on 12 smartphones from 13 operators in 24 countries][1]. They’re [even taking on the Google Chromecast][2]!
Their desire to democratise the web shows no sign of abating. In a teaser posted on the Mozilla Blog this morning the company has announced a new effort to push boundaries further — this time for developers rather than users.
Teased as something “unique but familiar”, the company intend to release a brand new browser based on Firefox but designed by developers, for developers. Mozilla say it integrates “powerful new tools like [WebIDE][3] and the [Firefox Tools Adapter][4]”.
> “When building for the Web, developers tend to use a myriad of different tools which often don’t work well together. This means you end up switching between different tools, platforms and browsers which can slow you down and make you less productive.”
### #Fx10 ###
The “Firefox Developer Browser” is being touted for an initial release date of November 10. It’s not yet known what platforms it will target but since this is a) Mozilla and b) aimed at developers it’d be a huge shock if Linux builds weren’t readily available on day dot.
Mozilla say those interested should sign up for their [Hacks newsletter][5] to receive notification when the browser is released.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/11/mozilla-launch-brand-new-developer-focused-web-browser
作者：[ Joey-Elijah Sneddon][a]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
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[a]:https://plus.google.com/117485690627814051450/?rel=author
[1]:https://twitter.com/firefox/status/522175938952716289
[2]:http://www.omgchrome.com/mozillas-chromecast-rival-leaks-online/
[3]:https://hacks.mozilla.org/2014/06/webide-lands-in-nightly/
[4]:https://hacks.mozilla.org/2014/09/firefox-tools-adapter/
[5]:https://hacks.mozilla.org/newsletter/

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sources/news/20141105 Ubuntu Touch RTM Gets Major Update--Video Tour.md
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Ubuntu Touch RTM Gets Major Update – Video Tour
================================================================================
**new Ubuntu Touch RTM version has been released and the developers have made a number of important fixes, not to mention all the improvements that have been made to the backend.**
The Ubuntu Touch RTM stable images don't arrive all that often. Only six have been launched so far and each new version is sensibly better than the previous one. The current release is no exception, although it seems to have a longer and more complex changelog than the previous one.
Long gone are the days when a Mir update would break Ubuntu, but now all sorts of smaller problems are cropping up. In fact, all landings have been suspended before this new update was released, in an effort to track down and correct all the major bugs. Some problems still remain, but none of them should be an inconvenience.
### This is just the RTM branch, not the final version ###
Ubuntu Touch is still a work in progress, but, from the looks of it, the developers are homing in the final version. It shouldn't take too long now and we might get it in a month or so. That would be a fair assessment, if Meizu's plans to launch an Ubuntu phone in December holds.
"Good news! As per earlier announcement we promoted a new image to the ubuntu-rtm/14.09 channel! Please enjoy image #6 (previously known as #140 for krillin, #118 for mako and #112 for x86). Because of those we plan on promoting another image as soon as possible if those issues get fixed. But no worries - no freezes required this time. The landing gates will remain opened until the next serious promotion! Once again big thanks to everyone involved!" [said][1] Canonical's Łukasz Zemczak.
There are still a few minor issues, they will be corrected very soon. For example, the user metrics that could be found on the lock screen are no longer changing with a double tap, the media hug might strain the CPU in certain situations, and the Unity 8 environment might crash from time to time.
On the upside, Ubuntu Touch should be much more stable now, the video playback now works properly in landscape mode, the Unity 8 desktop has been updated, and a lot of critical changes have been made.
Users can test Ubuntu Touch RTM on Nexus 4 and Nexus 7 devices, and the official website has comprehensive [wiki][2] that details the installation.
youtu.be链接地址：[http://youtu.be/_DtNvz_WVu8][3]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Ubuntu-Touch-RTM-Gets-Major-Update-Video-Tour-464075.shtml
作者：[Silviu Stahie][a]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
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[a]:http://news.softpedia.com/editors/browse/silviu-stahie
[1]:https://lists.launchpad.net/ubuntu-phone/msg10368.html
[2]:https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Touch/DualBootInstallation
[3]:http://youtu.be/_DtNvz_WVu8

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sources/news/20141106 Canonical Launches LXD Open Source Virtualization Container.md
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Canonical Launches LXD Open Source Virtualization Container
================================================================================
> Canonical is launching a new container-based virtualization hypervisor for its open source Ubuntu Linux operating system, called LXD. How will it get along with Docker?
As open source container-based virtualization explodes in popularity, perhaps it was only a matter of time before [Canonical][1] announced its own, homegrown virtualization container system to contend with [Docker][2]. That's what the company has now done with the launch of [LXD][3] for [Ubuntu Linux][4].
Canonical announced the hypervisor— which the company is pronouncing "lex-dee," the better, I suppose, to avoid confusion with the Schedule 1 drug of similar nomenclature—Nov. 4. The pitch for the tool, which is basically a server for the [LXC][5] virtualized container system built into the Linux kernel, goes like this:
> Imagine you could launch a new machine in under a second, and that you could launch hundreds of them on a single server. Hundreds! Now, imagine that you have hardware-guaranteed security to ensure that those machines can’t pry or spy on one another. Imagine you can connect them separately and securely to networks. And imagine that you can run that on a single node or a million, live migrate machines between those nodes, and talk to all of it through a clean, extensible REST API. That's what LXD sets out to deliver.
LXD will also feature tight integration with OpenStack—in fact, it's part of Canonical's [OpenStack][6] Juno for Ubuntu—as well as hardware-level security protections, according to the company, which said it is working with chip manufacturers (it hasn't indicated which ones) on the latter technology.
This is all pretty cool. If Canonical fully implements these features, LXD could go a long way toward making LXC a truly enterprise-ready containerized virtualization platform.
But to do that, Canonical needs to siphon off some of the momentum Docker is currently enjoying and reorient part of the open source container-based virtualization world toward LXD. So far, Canonical appears eager to position LXD as a technology that can complement and enhance Docker, not compete directly with it. That makes sense to a degree, since LXD and Docker are somewhat different sorts of beasts, at least for now. But Canonical has stated its ambition "to bring much of the awesome security and isolation of LXD to docker [sic] as well," an idea that may not sit well with the Docker community, especially if LXD remains closely intertwined with Ubuntu rather than being distribution-agnostic.
It doesn't help that what Canonical is doing with LXD is very similar to what it has already done with technologies including [Unity][7], the desktop interface it designed for Ubuntu. Like LXD, Unity was a way for Canonical to replace a major part of the Ubuntu software stack—specifically, the [GNOME][8] desktop environment—with a homegrown alternative, providing the company more control over Ubuntu, yet also making Ubuntu less readily compatible with many open source apps that were not designed for Ubuntu and Unity. The move engendered more than a little ill-will among the Ubuntu user base, although most of that sentiment has long since dissipated.
It's hard to imagine Canonical marginalizing Docker in the same way it has GNOME, and even harder to imagine many people feeling emotional about this in the way they did when Unity replaced GNOME. But time will tell.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://thevarguy.com/ubuntu/110514/canonical-launches-lxd-open-source-virtualization-container
作者：[Christopher Tozzi][a]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]:http://thevarguy.com/author/christopher-tozzi
[1]:http://canonical.com/
[2]:http://docker.com/
[3]:http://www.ubuntu.com/cloud/tools/lxd
[4]:http://ubuntu.com/
[5]:https://linuxcontainers.org/
[6]:http://openstack.org/
[7]:http://unity.ubuntu.com/
[8]:http://www.gnome.org/

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sources/news/20141106 Massive 20% Improvement to Land in Intel's Mesa Driver Thanks to Valve's Efforts.md
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Massive 20% Improvement to Land in Intel's Mesa Driver Thanks to Valve's Efforts
================================================================================
> A group of devs from LunarG found a bottleneck in the driver
**Intel users should see a major improvement with their hardware after a group of developers from LunarG found out that there was a bottleneck in the DRM driver.**
![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/Massive-20-Improvement-to-Land-in-Intel-s-Mesa-Driver-Thanks-to-Valve-s-Efforts-464233-2.jpg)
The drivers on the Linux platform are not stellar, and most of the time, pieces of hardware work better on other operating systems, like Windows, for example. It might be strange that the same game, on the same hardware, works better on one platform than it does on the other, but things have been like this forever and no one expects any kind of big breakthroughs.
To be fair, the drivers from AMD, NVIDIA, and Intel have been improving in the last couple of years, especially after Steam for Linux was released. Actually, LunarG works with Valve to improve the state of the Intel drivers and to find ways to boost the performance on Linux. They had a big breakthrough and a kernel update should arrive very soon.
### Users with Intel-powered machines should be very happy ###
Valve tasked LunarG with improving the Intel drivers, which are lagging a little bit behind the competition, at least in terms of graphics. Some of the latest Intel processors are pretty powerful and you would expect them to be able to perform much better, at least as well as on Windows, but there was a problem.
The guys from LunarG worked on a piece of software called GlassyMesa, which drastically improved Intel's shader compiler stack. They also made a number of improvements in the past few months, but none of these changes was reflected in the driver's performance. This led them to believe that there had to be a bottleneck somewhere along the line.
"We started to suspect there was a bigger bottleneck masking the improvements, and sure enough we were able to generate a test program that showed a huge performance issue with how the hardware samplers were working as compared to the OpenGL driver running under windows. Something was slowing down the samplers on Linux, and we were determined to find out what," wrote the devs on their blog.
They did all sorts of testing, but they don't have access to the way the hardware is set up. Therefore, they sent the test program to Intel and the engineers found the problem and corrected it. As you can imagine, the people at Intel didn't say anything about what they actually corrected.
### 20% increase in performance is no small matter ###
In any case, LunarG also published some of the improvements they saw, and one of them is a 20% increase in game framerate.
- Left4Dead2 with frames that have hordes of zombies we've seen an increase of 17-25%
- Counter-Strike GO: 16-20%
- Lightsmark increased on a GT2 by 60% (HD4600) 4770
A kernel patch is required to make all these improvements available to users. It's not clear whether it will be available in Linux kernel 3.18 or 3.19, but it's coming. It also means that the kernel patch will be backported to the SteamOS kernel as well.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Massive-20-Improvement-to-Land-in-Intel-s-Mesa-Driver-Thanks-to-Valve-s-Efforts-464233.shtml
作者：[Silviu Stahie][a]
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]:http://news.softpedia.com/editors/browse/silviu-stahie

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sources/news/20141106 Prizes Ahoy Ubuntu Scope Showdown Kicks Off.md
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Prizes Ahoy! Ubuntu Scope Showdown Kicks Off
================================================================================
![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/scope.jpg)
**SDK at the ready: Ubuntu has launched a new development competition for its mobile platform, with some swish prizes up for grabs for the winners.**
The ‘[Ubuntu Scope Showdown][1]‘ is the third such initiative to be held by the project and the second pitched squarely at mobile.
But this time around amateur and l33t developers alike are being tasked with a new brief: creating custom home screen experiences — ‘[Scopes][2]’ — for Ubuntu on phones.
### Er, What Is a Scope? ###
We often refer to Scopes as mini search engines, little portals that help you find content from a specific web site, service or topic — think ‘eBay’, ‘Cat gifs’, or ‘Restaurants Nearby’ — from the home screen, no need to open an app.
![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/scopes-customization.jpg)
Thanks to the rich variety of result layouts content can be surfaced and previewed in interesting, intuitive ways. And when you’re happy with what you’ve found you can (typically) click through to open it up in an app or a new tab in the Ubuntu web browser.
Scopes can be added, removed, re-ordered and ‘favourited’ for easy access. Some Scopes can search multiple sources, others just the one.
It’s because of this multifariousness that makes the lack of a traditional home screen as we know it from Android, iOS and other mobile platforms (pages and pages of scopes) less of a negative. There’s no desktop; no custom wallpaper you can cover with icons, folders, shortcuts and widgets, but there is, quite literally, a world of information at your fingertips.
### The Competition ###
The Ubuntu Scope Showdown runs for five weeks (October 30 – December 3) giving participants just about enough time to take a project from concept to completion using the Ubuntu SDK and submitted to the Ubuntu Store.
The overall winner (decided by a judging panel of which, disclaimer ahoy, I am part of), will bag a brand new Dell XPS 13 Laptop (Developer Edition) preloaded with Ubuntu.
Runners up nab a Logitech UE Boom Bluetooth speaker, a Nexus 7 (2013) running Ubuntu, or one of two bundles of Ubuntu merchandise.
Interested in taking part? You’ll find more details on the entry requirements plus links to all the documentation you can eat on the [developer.ubuntu.com mini-site][3].
Will you be taking part?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/11/ubuntu-scope-showdown-competition-launched
作者：[Joey-Elijah Sneddon][a]
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[1]:http://developer.ubuntu.com/2014/10/scope-development-competition/
[2]:http://developer.ubuntu.com/scopes/
[3]:http://developer.ubuntu.com/

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sources/news/20141106 Ubuntu's Click Packages Might End the Linux Packaging Nightmare.md
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Ubuntu's Click Packages Might End the Linux Packaging Nightmare
================================================================================
> It's time to have one type of package for all distros
**The new Click packages that are already used on the Ubunu Touch platform by Canonical are also coming to the desktop and they might be able to change the Linux packaging paradigm.**
![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/Ubuntu-s-Click-Packages-Might-End-the-Linux-Packaging-Nightmare-464271-3.jpg)
Ubuntu is the most used Linux operating system, so it's very likely that, if something really catches on with users of this distribution, it will probably shake things up in the Linux ecosystem as well. For now, the app packaging for Linux operating systems is a mess. It has improved over the years, but it still poses many problems.
There isn't any kind of unification and different distros use different packages. Debian-based distros use .deb and Fedora-based ones use .rpm, but you can also find packages with .sh or .run. The main problem is that they depend very much on the libraries that are already installed or available in the repos. Even if you have a .deb file for your Ubuntu system, it's not a guarantee that it will work. It might very well depend on a library that's not available for that particular version.
### One package to rule them all ###
For now, only the Ubuntu SDK can make Click packages, but they present some advantages over regular ones. For example, they are much safer than regular packages, mostly because there are no maintainer scripts that can run as root. In conjunction with the Ubuntu Software Center and Apparmor, the Click packages are pretty safe.
One of the best features of Click packages is that they have no external dependencies, which means that you can basically run them on any system, regardless of the available libraries installed or in the repositories. Martin Albisetti from Canonical explains this feature in more detail on his [blog][1].
"Clicks, by design, can't express any external dependencies other than a base system (called a 'framework'). That means that if your app depends on a fancy library that isn't shipped by default, you just bundle it into the Click package and you're set. You get to update it whenever it suits you as a developer, and have predictability over how it will run on a user's computer (or device!). That opens up the possibility of shipping newer versions of a library, or just sticking with one that works for you."
Another cool feature is that Click packages for different versions of the same app can be run on the same system. There are numerous applications out there that need to be alone on the system, otherwise they create problems for users, but the confinement provided by Click packages solves this issue.
These are just a few of the features that are already implemented. It will take a while until they reach the desktop, however. They will land along with Unity 8, but they are coming nonetheless. We can only hope that other distros will adopt this kind of format and not do their own similar thing, which would preserve the current packaging problems.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Ubuntu-s-Click-Packages-Might-End-the-Linux-Packaging-Nightmare-464271.shtml
作者：[Silviu Stahie][a]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]:http://news.softpedia.com/editors/browse/silviu-stahie
[1]:http://beuno.com.ar/archives/334

54
sources/news/20141112 Open-Source Vs Groupon--GNOME Battle To Protect Their Trademark.md
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Open-Source Vs Groupon: GNOME Battle To Protect Their Trademark
================================================================================
![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/gnome-blank.jpg)
**GNOME is a name synonymous with open-source software, but if the billion-dollar company Groupon has its way it could soon mean something different.**
[Groupon][1], famed for its ‘deal-of-the-day’ website, recently unveiled a “tablet-based platform“ called ‘GNOME’, and has filed requisite trademark filings — 10 so far — seeking ownership of the name.
Naturally, this has the GNOME Foundation ‘concerned’. GNOME is a [registered trademark][2] of the foundation, and has been since 2006. This mark was issued under a number of sections, including ‘operating system’ – which the Chicago-based Groupon is also claiming against.
Could it just be that they’ve never heard of GNOME before? Highly unlikely.
![Groupon’s POS system. Ahem.](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Gnome-Stand.jpg)
Groupon’s POS system. Ahem.
Even the most Saul Goodman-y of lawyers would first check existing trademarks and investigate the company(s) owning or contesting. Even assuming that lapse in professionalism, most would have at least given the name a quick Google. Damningly, the company has previously [claimed to be ‘fuelled by open-source’][3].
Groupon clearly knows of GNOME, knows what it does, what it stands for and how long it’s been around yet considers itself better placed to “own” the name for its brand of hokey in-store point-of-sale terminals.
*Hrm.*
### Campaign to Protect GNOME ###
Ask not what GNOME can do for you, but what you can do for GNOME. This morning the GNOME Foundation [launched a campaign][4] to raise (an estimated) US$80,000 to battle the first found of marks Groupon has applied to register.
“**We must not let a billion-dollar-company take the well-established name of one of the biggest Free Software communities,**” says Tobias Mueller, a GNOME Foundation director.
**“If you want to help GNOME defend its trademark and promote Free Software, visit the campaign’s page, share the link, and let Groupon know that they behaved terribly”.**
Lucas Nussbaum, **Debian Project Leader**, sums the whole situation up succinctly:
“**This legal defense is not just about protecting GNOME’s trademark; it is about asserting to the corporate world that FLOSS trademarks can and will be guarded. Not just by the project in question, but by the community as a whole. As a result, all FLOSS trademarks will be strengthened at once.**”
More details can be found on the GNOME Groupon Campaign page.
- [GNOME vs Groupon Campaign Page][5]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/11/gnome-groupon-trademark-battle
作者：[Joey-Elijah Sneddon][a]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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[a]:https://plus.google.com/117485690627814051450/?rel=author
[1]:http://groupon.com/
[2]:http://tsdr.uspto.gov/#caseNumber=76368848&caseType=SERIAL_NO&searchType=statusSearch
[3]:https://engineering.groupon.com/2014/open-source/sharing-is-caring-open-source-at-groupon/
[4]:https://mail.gnome.org/archives/foundation-list/2014-November/msg00020.html
[5]:http://www.gnome.org/groupon/

56
sources/news/20141114 Chakra Linux 2014.11 Brings a Custom and Cool KDE 4.14.2 Desktop--Gallery.md
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Chakra Linux 2014.11 Brings a Custom and Cool KDE 4.14.2 Desktop – Gallery
================================================================================
> A new version of Chakra Linux has been released
**Chakra Linux, a distribution specially built to take advantage of KDE Software Compilation and the Plasma desktop, has been upgraded to version 2014.11 and is now ready for download.**
The developers of this distribution usually choose names of famous scientists. The current iteration of the Chakra Linux, which is actually the second version in the branch, has been dubbed Euler, after Swiss mathematician and physicist Leonhard Euler, who refined calculus and graph theory. Because it follows the KDE releases, it means that we will probably get another version in a few months.
Surprisingly, if you already have Chakra Linux installed, it won't be enough just to keep your system up to date. Upgrading the OS with the provided ISO is quite easy, but if you're doing it manually, then you'll have to follow a rather intricate tutorial on how to do it properly. It's not unusual for developers to make such big changes that result in the usual updating process not working, but sometimes it's necessary.
### The latest Chakra Linux is using KDE 4.14.2 ###
The Chakra Linux developers are following the latest KDE branch very closely, but not the latest version. Case in point, KDE 4.14.3 was released yesterday, but Chakra features KDE 4.14.2. On the other hand, the developers go through great lengths to customize the KDE desktop so that it's unique to this particular distribution.
"The Chakra team is happy to announce the second release of the Chakra Euler series, which follows the KDE Applications and Platform 4.14 releases. The main reason for providing this new ISO, in addition to providing a new KDE release, is that Chakra has now implemented the /usr merge changes. If you already have Chakra installed on your system manual intervention is needed, so please follow the [instructions][1] on how to properly update. For new installations using this ISO, this is of course not needed."
"The extra repository, which is disabled by default, provides the must-have GTK-based applications and their dependencies. Kapudan, our desktop greeter which runs after the first boot, will allow you to enable it. Please have in mind that our installer, Tribe, does not currently officially support UEFI, RAID, LVM and GPT, although you might find some workarounds in our forums," [reads][2] the official website.
The developers also say that the Linux kernel has been updated to version 3.16.4, the systemd component has been updated to version 216, and all of the video drivers, free or proprietary, have been updated as well.
A complete list of new features and updates can be found in the official announcement.
Download Chakra Linux 2014.11:
- [Chakra GNU/Linux 2014.11 (ISO) 64-bitFile size: 1.7 GB][3]
- [MD5][4]
![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/Chakra-Linux-2014-11-Brings-a-Custom-and-Cool-KDE-4-14-2-Desktop-Gallery-464889-1.jpg)
![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/Chakra-Linux-2014-11-Brings-a-Custom-and-Cool-KDE-4-14-2-Desktop-Gallery-464889-2.jpg)
![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/Chakra-Linux-2014-11-Brings-a-Custom-and-Cool-KDE-4-14-2-Desktop-Gallery-464889-3.jpg)
![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/Chakra-Linux-2014-11-Brings-a-Custom-and-Cool-KDE-4-14-2-Desktop-Gallery-464889-4.jpg)
![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/Chakra-Linux-2014-11-Brings-a-Custom-and-Cool-KDE-4-14-2-Desktop-Gallery-464889-5.jpg)
![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/Chakra-Linux-2014-11-Brings-a-Custom-and-Cool-KDE-4-14-2-Desktop-Gallery-464889-6.jpg)
![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/Chakra-Linux-2014-11-Brings-a-Custom-and-Cool-KDE-4-14-2-Desktop-Gallery-464889-7.jpg)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Chakra-Linux-2014-11-Brings-a-Custom-and-Cool-KDE-4-14-2-Desktop-Gallery-464889.shtml
作者：[Silviu Stahie][a]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]:http://news.softpedia.com/editors/browse/silviu-stahie
[1]:http://chakraos.org/news/index.php?/archives/134-Warning-Manual-intervention-needed-on-your-next-major-update.html
[2]:http://chakraos.org/news/index.php?/archives/135-Chakra-2014.11-Euler-released.html
[3]:http://sourceforge.net/projects/chakra/files/2014.11/chakra-2014.11-euler-x86_64.iso
[4]:http://chakra-project.org/get/checksums.txt

50
sources/news/20141114 GNOME 3.14.2 Officially Released Finally Drops SSLv3.md
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GNOME 3.14.2 Officially Released, Finally Drops SSLv3
================================================================================
> Users will find the new version in the repositories
![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/GNOME-3-14-2-Officially-Released-Finally-Drops-SSLv3-464903-2.jpg)
**The GNOME development team has released the second update for the for GNOME 3.14.x branch and it brings a large number of fixes and improvements for a lot of the packages from the stack.**
GNOME 3.14 was initially released a few weeks ago and the developers are still ironing out a few issues. The new version has been received very well by the community and it's been adopted already by numerous Linux distributions. It's very likely that GNOME 3.14.2 will be integrated in most of the big repositories, as soon as possible.
The GNOME project managed to stay on track and the new release has arrived on time. Not all of the packages in the stack have been updated, but there are more than enough to get the users interested. It's a good idea to upgrade your desktop environment as soon as possible in order to get all of these enhancement.
### GNOME 3.14.2 gets a ton of improvements ###
Just like the previous iteration, the 3.14.2 release does have a few things that really stand out. For example, the NetworkManager dependency of GNOME Shell has been removed, the queued up notifications are now summarized, the handling of multi-day events has been improved, the GtkMenu use has been refined, various fixes for Mutter have been added, and the SSLv3 use has been disabled.
"Here comes our second update to GNOME 3.14, it has many fixes, various improvements, documentation and translation updates, we hope you'll enjoy it. Individual modules may get new stable 3.14 releases but our focus is now on the development branches, we released a first snapshot as 3.15.1 two weeks ago and will get another one by the end of the month.," [says][1] GNOME developer Frederic Peters.
GNOME 3.14.2 comes with updates for these core apps: Adwaita Icon Theme, Eye of GNOME, Epiphany, evolution-data-server, Glib, GNOME Calculator, GNOME Contacts, GNOME Desktop, GNOME Shell, GNOME Terminal, Mutter, Nautilus, Tracker, and more.
The apps that receive upgrades in the 3.14.2 branch include Aisleriot, Bijiben, Brasero, Cheese, Evolution, File Roller, Gedit, Four in a Row, GNOME Boxes, GNOME Maps, GNOME Music, Hitori, Orca, Rygel, Vinagre, and more.
We [detailed the GNOME 3.14.x release][2] when it was made available and you can find more details in the original report.
Download the GNOME 3.14.2 stack
- [GNOME 3.14.2 Stable Sources][3]
- [GNOME 3.14.2 Stable Modules][4]
- [GNOME 3.15.1 Unstable Sources][5]
- [GNOME 3.15.1 Unstable Modules][6]
But keep in mind that these are the source packages. If you want an easy upgrade or install, be sure to check the repositories.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/GNOME-3-14-2-Officially-Released-Finally-Drops-SSLv3-464903.shtml
作者：[Silviu Stahie][a]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]:http://news.softpedia.com/editors/browse/silviu-stahie
[1]:http://permalink.gmane.org/gmane.comp.gnome.devel.announce/397
[2]:http://news.softpedia.com/news/GNOME-3-14-Officially-Released-Screenshot-Tour-and-Video-459865.shtml
[3]:https://download.gnome.org/core/3.14/3.14.2/sources/
[4]:https://download.gnome.org/teams/releng/3.14.2/
[5]:https://download.gnome.org/core/3.15/3.15.1/sources/
[6]:https://download.gnome.org/teams/releng/3.15.1/

100
sources/news/20141118 Budgie Desktop v8 Released With Improved Menu, Panel.md
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Budgie Desktop v8 Released With Improved Menu, Panel
================================================================================
![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/budgie-desktop.jpg)
**A new version of [Evolve OS][1]‘s simple ‘[Budgie Desktop Environment][2]‘ has been released, and the improvements under its wing are impressive.**
Made up of 78 commits, the lightweight desktop lands with a host of new options and applets to play with. Its plumage has also benefitted from a bit of TLC, with key parts of the shell feeling fresher and looking more refined.
But will the changes ruffle the feathers of the Budgie flock or leave them squawking in awe? Let’s take a closer look.
### Budgie v8 ###
#### Menu Changes ####
The **Budgie Menu** now uses a narrower compact layout by default. This style lists the applications in categories (as previously) but sorted by usage rather than name.
Software that you open most often sit nearer the top of each category header. It’s an efficacious decision that should help save time for those who hunt n’ scroll for apps rather than use the handy search filter.
![The Menu uses ‘compact’ mode by default](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/budgie-desktop-8.jpg)
The Menu uses ‘compact’ mode by default
The old two-pane setup that featured in earlier builds remains available; you can toggle it back on in Budgie’s preferences (**right click on the menu applet > Preferences**).
The power option menu that previously
resided in the main menu has been moved over to the System Tray applet (i.e., ‘volume‘). Additionally, you can now access System Settings entries from the menu itself — no more scratching of heads!
#### Panel Changes ####
![Quicklist support in Budgie 0.8](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/quicklist-support-in-budgie.jpg)
Quicklist support in Budgie 0.8
The Budgie Panel and task list applet both benefit from a raft of improvements, including new auto-hide options, dynamic theming support and a new ‘GNOME 2′-style menu bar option.
- Auto-hide (optional)
- Quicklist support
- Dark theme support
- Application pinning
- App ‘attention’ hint
- GNOME Panel theming
- Old-school ‘Menu Bar’ applet (optional)
![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/classic-menu.jpg)
#### Elsewhere ####
Other changes include support for GNOME 3.10 and up; improved animations when changing wallpapers; and the run dialog has been hugely improved in design, sporting an almost Alfred/GNOME-Do-esque design. Mmmhm!
![Run, Run, Run](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/budgie-run-dialog.jpg)
Run, Run, Run
### Install Budgie Desktop on Ubuntu ###
Budgie 0.8 is, as with previous releases, available to install in Ubuntu 14.04 LTS and Ubuntu 14.10 by way of an official PPA. The desktop can be installed alongside Unity, GNOME Shell and Cinnamon without much (if any) issue.
To install, open a new Terminal window and enter the following commands. Enter your password where prompted.
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:evolve-os/ppa
sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install budgie-desktop
After the install has completed you will need to log out of Unity (or whichever desktop you’re currently using). At the Unity Greeter click the Ubuntu logo emblem, select the Budgie session from the session list, and then log in as normal. The Budgie desktop will load.
![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/select-budgie.jpg)
#### Notes for Ubuntu Users ####
![Expect Odd Theming Issues in Ubuntu](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/not-all-perfect.jpg)
Expect Odd Theming Issues in Ubuntu
While Budgie is now easy for Ubuntu users to install it is not designed for it specifically (the Evolve OS distribution is the best way to experience it).
Naturally, you might not fancy upheaving to another OS. That’s fine, but if you plan on keeping Budgie caged in Ubuntu you’ll need to note the following caveats (lest you end up bird-brained).
First up, **Budgie is under active development**. Several key features remain missing, including native network management support. An applet can be added to the panel that supports Ubuntu’s Indicator Applets, but it’s a little rough around the edges.
You should also expect some theming issues when using the shell with Ambiance/Radiance. The Adwaita theme (and other GNOME themes) work best. You should also disable Ubuntu’s Overlay Scrollbars.
Finally, logout (volume > power button) **does not work under Ubuntu**. To log out you should use the run dialog (Alt+F2) and the following command:
gnome-session-quit
If all of that sounds like fun rather than faff, there’s plenty to enjoy in Budgie – and not just its minimal system footprint! Let us know your own thoughts on it, what you’d like to see it add next, etc. in the comments below.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/11/budgie-desktop-0-8-released-big-changes
作者：[Joey-Elijah Sneddon][a]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]:https://plus.google.com/117485690627814051450/?rel=author
[1]:http://evolve-os.com/
[2]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/07/install-budgie-evolve-os-desktop-ubuntu-14-04

51
sources/news/20141118 Ubuntu 15.04 Gets Tentative Release Date of April 23, 2015.md
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Ubuntu 15.04 Gets Tentative Release Date of April 23, 2015
================================================================================
![](http://i.imgur.com/FfX14E9.jpg)
**Doing anything special on April 23 next year? You might well be — it’s the tentative release date being given for Ubuntu 15.04 ‘Vivid Vervet’.**
The date, along with those of various other development milestones, is listed as part of a [draft release schedule][1] on the Ubuntu Wiki page for the ‘V’ update. As of writing all dates are subject to approval from the Ubuntu release team and are therefore **not final**.
Ubuntu’s previous spring release, 14.04 LTS, went live on April 17, 2014.
### Veracity Potential is Void ###
![Dates not yet ready to be inked in](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/california-calendar.jpg)
Dates not yet ready to be inked in
Draft means just that, but having covered some 10 Ubuntu release over five years I do know that the proposed dates don’t tend to differ too wildly from those that go final (famous last words, I’m sure!).
Even so, take the proposals with a pinch of optimism for now. I’ll be keeping both this page and the fancy-schmancy graphic updated as, if or when anything changes.
### Key Ubuntu 15.04 Release Dates ###
As with all releases post-13.04, Ubuntu proper only makes fleeting appearances in select milestone releases, specifically the ‘final beta’ and the ‘release candidate’ stages.
Ubuntu’s family of flavours, which may include Ubuntu MATE this cycle, take full advantage of the testing opportunities at hand.
- **Alpha 1** – December 18th (for flavours)
- **Alpha 2** – January 22nd (for flavours)
- *Feature Freeze* — February 19th
- **Beta 1** – August 28th (for flavours)
- *UI Freeze* — March 12th
- **Final Beta** – March 26th
- *Kernel Freeze* — April 9th
- **Release Candidate** – April 16th
The final release of the Vivid Vervet in all its vivacious glory is pencilled in for release on:
- **Ubuntu 15.04 Final** – April 23rd
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/11/ubuntu-15-04-release-schedule-date-vivid-vervet
作者：[Joey-Elijah Sneddon][a]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
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[a]:https://plus.google.com/117485690627814051450/?rel=author
[1]:https://wiki.ubuntu.com/VividVervet/ReleaseSchedule

42
sources/news/20141120 Systemd fallout--Two Debian technical panel members resign.md
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Systemd fallout: Two Debian technical panel members resign
================================================================================
![](http://www.itwire.com/media/k2/items/cache/985881530be9dfdb268b3ae49be9a710_XL.jpg)
**Two well-known and experienced Debian developers, both members of the project's technical committee, have announced they will be leaving the committee.**
The resignations of [Colin Watson][1] and [Russ Allberry][2] from the panel come soon after senior developer Joey Hess [resigned][3] from the project altogether.
There has been much acrimony recently over the adoption of the systemd init system as the default for Jessie, the next release of Debian, which is expected to come out in the next few months.
The Debian Technical Committee [decided][4] back in February, via the casting vote of panel chief Bdale Garbee, to adopt systemd as the default. This decision came after months of discussion.
Recently, there has been [another push][5] for reconsideration led by another technical committee member, Ian Jackson, and [a general resolution][6] was put up for vote. It is open for voting until midnight on November 18, UTC (10am on Wednesday AEST). There are a few options proposed by others, including one from the Debian Project leader Lucas Nussbaum, besides the main resolution.
In the initial vote back in February, Allberry supported systemd as the default, while Watson, an employee of Canonical, the company that creates the Ubuntu GNU/Linux distribution, expressed a preference for upstart. Jackson also backed upstart.
In [a post][7] explaining his decision, Watson, one of the first batch to join Canonical, attributed it to a general move on his part to start spending his Debian time on things he found enjoyable. Late last month, [he asked][8] to be moved from the Ubuntu Foundations team to the Launchpad engineering team. Watson has given the Debian Technical Committee time to appoint someone in his place before he moves on.
In contrast, Allberry's [resignation post][9] said he wanted to leave immediately, though he later added that he would stay on for a while if needed.
His frustration was clear: "If any part of this doesn't make sense, or if any of it feels like an attack or a reaction to any single person or event, I'm happy to clarify. I would appreciate it if people would ask for clarification rather than making assumptions, as assumptions about other people's motives are one of the things that I find the most demoralising about the Debian project right now."
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://www.itwire.com/business-it-news/open-source/66153-systemd-fallout-two-debian-technical-panel-members-resign
作者：[Sam Varghese][a]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]:http://www.itwire.com/business-it-news/open-source/itemlist/user/902-samvarghese
[1]:https://lists.debian.org/debian-ctte/2014/11/msg00052.html
[2]:https://lists.debian.org/debian-ctte/2014/11/msg00071.html
[3]:http://www.itwire.com/business-it-news/open-source/66014-systemd-fallout-joey-hess-quits-debian-project
[4]:http://www.itwire.com/business-it-news/open-source/63121-garbees-casting-vote-means-systemd-is-debian-init
[5]:http://www.itwire.com/business-it-news/open-source/65781-pushback-against-systemd-in-debian-gathers-steam
[6]:https://www.debian.org/vote/2014/vote_003
[7]:https://lists.debian.org/debian-ctte/2014/11/msg00052.html
[8]:http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/ucgi/~cjwatson/blosxom/ubuntu/2014-10-26-moving-on-but-not-too-far.html
[9]:https://lists.debian.org/debian-ctte/2014/11/msg00071.html

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sources/news/20141204 After an 18 Month Gap, Opera for Linux Returns With New Stable Release.md
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After an 18 Month Gap, Opera for Linux Returns With New Stable Release
================================================================================
**The first stable release of Opera for Linux in more than 18 months is now available for download.**
![Hello again, Opera!](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/iopera.jpg)
Hello again, Opera!
Opera for Computers for Linux 26 (no really, that’s its name) features a complete top-to-bottom overhaul, new features, and better performance thanks to its Aura and Blink underpinnings (yes, it’s no longer based on the proprietary Presto web engine).
#### Features ####
The browser [wiggled its toes in tux-friendly waters back in June with the launch of a developer preview][1], but if you last tried Opera when it looked like this, you’ll want to grab some smelling salts: things have changed.
注：youtube 视频，发布时可换成链接地址
<iframe width="750" height="422" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/-kS10C2BUOs?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>
Alongside an impressive new look and blazing fast, standards-compliant rendering engine come many new and improved features.
- **Discover** — Shows articles from around the web in a range of categories
- **Speed Dial** — Supports interactive widgets, folders, and themes
- **Tab Peek** — Preview the content of an open tab without switching back to it
- **Opera Turbo** — Data-saving mode ideal for patchy connections
- **Rich bookmarking** — including new sharing functionality
- **Add-ons** — compatible with Chrome extensions, too
- **Support for HiDPI displays on Linux**
### Download Opera for Linux 26 ###
Opera say those running Opera 12.6 on a 64-bit version of Ubuntu still supported by Canonical will automatically receive this new update through the Ubuntu Software Center.
But in all honesty I’m not sure anyone is in that boat! So, helpfully, a Debian installer can be downloaded from the Opera website. This will also add the Opera repository to your Software Sources to enable you to receive future updates in a timely fashion.
- [Download Opera for Computers for Linux 26][2]
Feel free to kit your new browser out with our nifty Opera Add-On, too:
- [Install OMG! Ubuntu! Opera Extension][3]
#### Important Notice about Linux Support ####
**Opera for Linux is 64-bit only**. The company say this decision was made based on ‘what most Linux desktop users have installed’. While annoying it is part of a larger overall trend away from 32-bit software, with Opera for Mac also being 64-bit exclusive, too.
In another case of “spending limited resources wisely”, this release is only being officially supported on Ubuntu (and ‘buntu-based derivatives, including Linux Mint).
Users on other distributions, from Arch to openSUSE, can still install Opera for Linux but will need to [use a (fairly simple) workaround][4] or hunt down an unofficial repository.
**If you give it a spin let us know what you make of it in the comments below.**
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/12/new-opera-for-linux-goes-stable-download-now
作者：[Joey-Elijah Sneddon][a]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]:https://plus.google.com/117485690627814051450/?rel=author
[1]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/06/opera-linux-chromium-download-released
[2]:http://opera.com/computer/linux
[3]:https://addons.opera.com/en/extensions/details/omg-ubuntu-for-opera/?display=en
[4]:https://gist.github.com/ruario/99522c94838d0680633c#file-manual-install-of-opera-md

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Firefox 34 Arrives with Plugin-Free Video Calling and Powerful WebIDE
================================================================================
![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/firefox-banner.jpg)
**It’s been a busy few months for Mozilla, what with agreeing to a deal to switch its default search provider to Yahoo!, launching a custom version of its browser packed full of developer goodies, and launching Firefox OS handsets in new territories.**
Today, Mozilla has released Firefox 34 for Windows, Mac and Linux desktops, the first stable release since last month’s security n’ bug fix update.
### Headline Feature ###
Despite the rapid release cycle Mozilla once again manages to deliver some great new features.
Making its first appearance in a stable release is **Firefox Hello**, Mozilla’s WebRTC feature.
Though not enabled for all (you can manually turn it on via about:config), the feature bring plugin-free video and voice calls to the browser. No Skype, no add-ons, no hassle. You simple click the Firefox Hello icon, send your share link to the recipient to initiate a connection (assuming they’re also using a WebRTC-enabled browser, like Google Chrome or Opera).
![The ‘Hello Firefox’ Popup](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/hello-firefox.jpg)
The ‘Hello Firefox’ Popup
Signing in with a Firefox account will give you more features, including a contacts book with one-click calling (no need to share links).
#### Other Changes ####
Version 34 also makes it easier to **switch themes** (formerly known as ‘personas’), with live previews and a switcher menu now available on the **Customising canvas**:
![Ad-hoc theme switching](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/firefox-theme-switcher.jpg)
Ad-hoc theme switching
The first major search engine change arrives in this release, with Yandex shipping as default for Belarusian, Kazakh, and Russian locales. Yahoo! will be enabled for US users in the near future. But remember: [this does not affect the version of Firefox provided in Ubuntu][1].
US users get secure **HTTPS** Wikipedia searching from the search box:
![Secure Wikipedia Searches for English US Users](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/firefox-https-search-for-wikipedia.jpg)
Secure Wikipedia Searches for English US Users
In addition to improved HTML5 support (largely around WebCrypto features) a [**new WebIDE tool**][2] ships in this release, and is packed full of great tools for developers.
From Android connectivity and an in-app editor to support for deploying and testing apps in a Firefox OS simulator. If you haven’t tried Firefox OS in a while, v2.2 (unstable) has plenty to play with including edge swiping, new home screen arranging features, and some new APIs.
![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/firefox-webide.jpg)
### Download Firefox 34 ###
Canonical will roll out Firefox 34 to users of Ubuntu 12.04, 14.04 and 14.10 in the next 24 hours or so, so keep an eye out. If you’re super impatient the release can also be downloaded from Mozilla servers directly.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/12/firefox-34-changes-include-hello-html5-webide
作者：[Joey-Elijah Sneddon ][a]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]:https://plus.google.com/117485690627814051450/?rel=author
[1]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/11/firefox-set-yahoo-default-search-engine-ubuntu-not-affected
[2]:https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Tools/WebIDE

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From Mint to Trisquel: The Top Linux Distro Releases in November 2014
================================================================================
**November wasn’t heavy on new Linux distribution releases, but still had more than enough to keep distro-hoppers bouncing from download server to ISO mirror and back again.**
From the free software ethic of **Trisquel** to the nostalgic glow of **Ubuntu MATE**, let’s take a look at the major Linux distribution releases made in November 2014.
![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/linux-mint-17.jpg)
### Linux Mint 17.1 ###
Linux Mint 17.1 ‘Rebecca’ is the big hitter on this list, going stable just in time to make it.
Based on Ubuntu 14.04 and using Linux kernel 3.13, the update also comes loaded with the **latest [Cinnamon 2.4][1] desktop environment, a customisable version of the Nemo file manager**, and improvements to the Update Manager to make package upgrades safer, saner and swifter.
Other changes see the ‘**Background**’, ‘**Login**’ and ‘**Theme**’ settings panes redesigned, and **‘Privacy’ and ‘Notification’ sections** added. The default **system font has been switched to Noto Sans**, while fans of customisation will enjoy new colors added to the Mint-X theme package.
Linux Mint 17.1 delivers a set of solid, well thought out changes and performance improvements, important for an LTS release supported until 2019.
More information and those all important downloads can be found on the official project website.
- [Visit the Linux Mint Website][2]
### Ubuntu Mate 14.04 LTS ###
![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/ubuntu-mate-lts.jpg)
It may have [arrived after the release of Ubuntu MATE 14.10][3] (**timey-wimey**), but as the first Long Term Support release of the flavor Ubuntu MATE 14.04 was welcomed with warm arms, especially by those who love to bask in the green-hued glow of GNOME 2 nostalgia.
Packed with security updates, MATE 1.8.1, and new software included out of the box, Ubuntu MATE 14.04 LTS is a notable update with plenty to tempt those on the newer (but older) 14.10 release.
For full hardware requirements, support information and download links, head on over to the official project website.
- [Download Ubuntu MATE 14.04 LTS][4]
### Trisquel 7.0 ###
![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/trisquel-7-300x224.jpg)
The [latest stable release of Trisquel][5], an Ubuntu-based distribution endorsed by the Free Software Foundation (FSF), arrived in the middle of November — and was met by **a lot** of interest.
The free (as in freedom) distribution is built on Ubuntu 14.04 LTS but ships without any of the proprietary bits and pieces. It’s a “pure” Linux experience that may require some workarounds, but serves to flag up the areas where more attention is needed in FOSS hardware support and app alternatives.
The Libre Linux 3.13 Kernel, GNOME 3.12 ‘Flashback’ desktop and the Firefox-based Abrowser 33 are among the changes to be found in Trisquel 7.
- [Download Trisquel 7][6]
### Other Notable Releases ###
![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/opensuse-desktop-kde.jpg)
Outside of the Ubuntu-based bubble November 2014 saw releases of other popular Linux distributions, including beta milestones of Mageia 5 and Fedora 21, and a new stable release of Scientific Linux 6.6.
Joining them is openSUSE 13.2 (stable) — the first release to follow a change in the way openSUSE development takes place, the first to adopt the new openSUSE design guidelines and the first to ship with a streamlined (if still unwieldy) installer.
The release has been getting great reviews from the geek press, who gave particular praise for the GNOME 3.14 implementation.
Coming from Ubuntu, where “everything just works”, the cultural and technical gulf can be daunting at first. But if you have some free time, like the color green and relish a challenge, the official openSUSE 13.2 [release announcement][7] should be your starting point.
**Have you tried any of these releases above? Let us know what you made of them in the space down below .**
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/11/linux-distro-releases-round-november-2014
作者：[Joey-Elijah Sneddon][a]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]:https://plus.google.com/117485690627814051450/?rel=author
[1]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/11/install-cinnamon-2-4-ubuntu-14-04-lts
[2]:http://www.linuxmint.com/download.php
[3]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/11/ubuntu-mate-14-04-download-released
[4]:https://ubuntu-mate.org/longterm/
[5]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/11/download-trisquel-7-0-kernel-3-13
[6]:https://trisquel.info/en/download
[7]:https://news.opensuse.org/2014/11/04/opensuse-13-2-green-light-to-freedom/

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translating by yupmoon
Readers' Choice Awards 2014--Linux Journal
================================================================================
It's time for another Readers' Choice issue of Linux Journal! The format last year was well received, so we've followed suit making your voices heard loud again. I couldn't help but add some commentary in a few places, but for the most part, we just reported results. Please enjoy this year's Readers' Choice Awards!
We'd like to make Readers' Choice Awards even better next year. Please send ideas for new categories and any comments or feedback via [http://www.linuxjournal.com/contact][1].
Please see the December 2014 issue of Linux Journal for the complete list of winners.
### Best Linux Distribution ###
![](http://www.linuxjournal.com/files/linuxjournal.com/ufiles/imagecache/slideshow-400/11781f1.jpg)
Although this year the Debian/Ubuntu-based distros took the lion's share of the votes, the "Best Linux Distribution" category is a bit like "Best Kind of Pizza"—even the bottom of the list is still pizza. It's hard to go wrong with Linux, and the wide variety of votes only proves how many different choices exist in our wonderful Open Source world.
- Ubuntu 16.5%
- Debian 16.4%
- Linux Mint 11%
- Arch Linux 8.5%
- Fedora 8.3%
- CentOS 6%
- openSUSE 5.3%
- Kubuntu 4.1%
- Gentoo 2.9%
- Slackware 2.7%
- Xubuntu 2.5%
- Other 2.3%
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 1.6%
- NixOS 1.4%
- elementary OS 1.3%
- Lubuntu 1.2%
- CrunchBang 1%
- Mageia .7%
- LXLE .4%
- Tails .4%
- Android-x86 .3%
- Bodhi Linux .3%
- Chakra .3%
- Kali Linux .3%
- PCLinuxOS .3%
- SolydK .3%
- Mandriva .1%
- Oracle Linux .1%
### Best Mobile Linux OS ###
![](http://www.linuxjournal.com/files/linuxjournal.com/ufiles/imagecache/slideshow-400/11781f2.jpg)
Android is such a dominant force in the mobile world, we decided to allow Android variants to be counted separately. So although the underlying system on some of these are indeed Android, it seems far more informative this way.
- Stock Android 37.1%
- Sailfish OS 27.6%
- CyanogenMod 20.2%
- Other 3%
- Ubuntu Phone 3%
- Amazon Fire OS 1.5%
- Ubuntu for Android 1.4%
- Replicant .8%
- Tizen .8%
### Best Linux Smartphone Manufacturer ###
![](http://www.linuxjournal.com/files/linuxjournal.com/ufiles/imagecache/slideshow-400/11781f3.jpg)
- Samsung 29%
- Jolla 26.7%
- Nexus 16.5%
- Other 7.1%*
- HTC 7%
- LG 5.3%
- Sony 3.7%
- Nokia 1.8%
- Huawei 1.4%
- GeeksPhone 1%
- Amazon .6%
*Under "Other", Motorola got many write-ins, followed by OnePlus.
### Best Linux Tablet ###
![](http://www.linuxjournal.com/files/linuxjournal.com/ufiles/imagecache/slideshow-400/11781f4.jpg)
- Google Nexus 7 35.3%
- Google Nexus 10 14.8%
- Samsung Galaxy Tab 14%
- Samsung Galaxy Note 9.8%
- ASUS Transformer Pad 8.4%
- Other 6.4%
- Kindle Fire HD 4.7%
- ASUS MeMO Pad 2%
- Dell Venue 1.6%
- Acer Iconia One 1.4%
- Samsung Galaxy Note Edge .9%
- Ekoore Python S3 .7%
### Best Other Linux-Based Gadget (not including smartphones or tablets) ###
![](http://www.linuxjournal.com/files/linuxjournal.com/ufiles/imagecache/slideshow-400/11781f5.jpg)
We are a Raspberry Pi-loving bunch, that's for sure! But really, who can blame us? With the new B+ model, the already awesome RPi is getting sleeker and more useful. I'm no fortune teller, but I suspect I know next year's winner already.
- Raspberry Pi 71.4%
- BeagleBone Black 8.1%
- Other 4.3%*
- Lego Mindstorms Ev3 3.7%
- Moto 360 3.4%
- Cubieboard 1.7%
- Parrot A.R Drone 1.7%
- Samsung Gear S 1.4%
- Yamaha Motif XF8 1.1%
- Nvidia Jetson-K1 Development System .8%
- Cloudsto EVO Ubuntu Linux Mini PC .5%
- VoCore Open Hardware Computer .5%
- LG G Watch .4%
- RaZberry .4%
- VolksPC .4%
- IFC6410 Pico-ITX Board .2%
- JetBox 5300 .1%
*Under "Other", the most popular write-ins were Odroid and CuBox.
### Best Laptop Vendor ###
![](http://www.linuxjournal.com/files/linuxjournal.com/ufiles/imagecache/slideshow-400/lenovo.jpg)
This category used to be a rating of which vendors worked the best with Linux, but thankfully, now most laptops work fairly well. So, we truly get to see the cream rise to the top and focus on things other than "it works with Linux". It's awesome living in the future.
- Lenovo 32%
- ASUS 19.3%
- Dell 18.5%
- System76 10.6%
- Other 7.9%*
- Acer 4.5%
- ThinkPenguin 1.9%
- LinuxCertified 1.8%
- ZaReason 1.6%
- EmperorLinux 1.5%
- CyberPower .3%
- Eurocom .1%
*Under "Other", the most popular write-ins were (in this order) Apple running Linux, HP, Toshiba and Samsung.
### Best Content Management System ###
![](http://www.linuxjournal.com/files/linuxjournal.com/ufiles/imagecache/slideshow-400/11781f6.jpg)
- WordPress 34.7%
- Drupal 25.3%
- Joomla! 11.1%
- MediaWiki 10.5%
- Other 10%*
- Alfresco 4.3%
- WebGUI 1.3%
- ikiwiki 1.1%
- eZ publish .7%
- Wolf CMS .4%
- Elgg .3%
- Blosxom .2%
*Under "Other", the most popular write-ins were (in this order) DokuWiki, Plone, Django and Typo3.
### Best Linux-Friendly Web Hosting Company ###
![](http://www.linuxjournal.com/files/linuxjournal.com/ufiles/imagecache/slideshow-400/question.jpg)
When it comes to Web hosting, it's hard to find a company that isn't Linux-friendly these days. In fact, finding a hosting provider running Windows is more of a challenge. As is obvious by our winner ("Other"), the options are amazing. Perhaps a "Worst Web Hosting" category would be more useful!
- Other 22.8%*
- Amazon 22.5%
- Rackspace 13.1%
- Linode 10.4%
- GoDaddy.com 6.5%
- OVH 5.6%
- DreamHost 5.4%
- 1&1 4.8%
- LAMP Host 2.9%
- Hurricane Electric 2.6%
- Liquid Web .6%
- RimuHosting .6%
- Host Media .5%
- Savvis .5%
- Blacknight Solutions .4%
- Netfirms .4%
- Prgmr .4%
*Under "Other", the most write-ins went to (in this order) Digital Ocean (by a landslide), followed by Hetzner, BlueHost and WebFaction.
### Best Web Browser ###
![](http://www.linuxjournal.com/files/linuxjournal.com/ufiles/imagecache/slideshow-400/11781f7.jpg)
Firefox takes the gold this year by a significant margin. Even if you combine Chrome and Chromium, Firefox still takes the top spot. There was a time when we worried that the faithful Firefox would fade away, but thankfully, it's remained strong and continues to be a fast, viable, compatible browser.
- Firefox 53.8%
- Chrome 26.9%
- Chromium 8.1%
- Iceweasel 4%
- Opera 3%
- Other 2%
- SeaMonkey .8%
- rekonq .5%
- dwb .4%
- QupZill .4%
- Dillo .2%
### Best E-mail Client ###
![](http://www.linuxjournal.com/files/linuxjournal.com/ufiles/imagecache/slideshow-400/11781f8.jpg)
If I didn't know firsthand how many hard-core geeks live among us, I might accuse Kyle Rankin of voting fraud. His beloved Mutt e-mail client doesn't take top spot, but for a program without any graphical interface, third place is impressive!
- Mozilla Thunderbird 44.4%
- Gmail 24.7%
- Mutt 6.8%
- Evolution 5.5%
- KMail 5.3%
- Other 3.2%
- Claws Mail 2.2%
- Zimbra 2%
- Alpine 1.8%
- Geary 1.7%
- SeaMonkey 1%
- Opera Mail .9%
- Sylpheed .4%
### Best Audio Editing Tool ###
![](http://www.linuxjournal.com/files/linuxjournal.com/ufiles/imagecache/slideshow-400/11781f9.jpg)
- Audacity 69.1%
- FFmpeg 10.8%
- VLC 9.7%
- Ardour 4.9%
- Other 1.9%
- SoX 1.3%
- Mixxx 1.1%
- LMMS .7%
- Format Junkie .5%
### Best Audio Player ###
![](http://www.linuxjournal.com/files/linuxjournal.com/ufiles/imagecache/slideshow-400/11781f10.jpg)
We figured VLC would take top spot in the video player category (see below), but it was a bit of a surprise to see how many folks prefer it as an audio player as well. Perhaps it's become the one-stop shop for media playback. Either way, we're thrilled to see VLC on the top.
- VLC 25.2%
- Amarok 15.3%
- Rhythmbox 10.4%
- Clementine 8.6%
- MPlayer 6.1%
- Spotify 5.9%
- Audacious 5.5%
- Banshee 4.6%
- Other 4%*
- XBMC 3.1%
- foobar2000 3%
- Xmms 2.4%
- DeaDBeeF 1.2%
- MOC .9%
- cmus .8%
- Ncmpcpp .8%
- Guayadeque .6%
- Mixxx .4%
- MPC-HC .4%
- Subsonic .4%
- Nightingale .3%
- Decibel Audio Player .2%
*Under "Other", Quod Libet had the most write-ins.
### Best Video Player ###
![](http://www.linuxjournal.com/files/linuxjournal.com/ufiles/imagecache/slideshow-400/11781f10_0.jpg)
- VLC 64.7%
- MPlayer 14.5%
- XBMC 6.4%
- Totem 2.7%
- Other 2.7%*
- Plex 2%
- Kaffeine 1.9%
- mpv 1.6%
- MythTV 1.6%
- Amarok 1.4%
- Xmms .3%
- Daum Potplayer .2%
- Clementine .1%
*Under "Other", most write-ins were for SMPlayer.
### Best Video Editor ###
![](http://www.linuxjournal.com/files/linuxjournal.com/ufiles/imagecache/slideshow-400/11781f10_1.jpg)
This is another testament to the geek factor when it comes to our readers. We didn't specify "non-linear editor", so by a transcoding technicality, VLC eked out a win in the video editing category. Well played, VLC, well played.
- VLC 17.5%
- Kdenlive 16.4%
- Blender 15.1%
- Avidemux 13.2%
- OpenShot 13.2%
- Cinelerra 7.5%
- PiTiVi 4.9%
- LightWorks 4.8%
- Other 4.7%
- LiVES 1.4%
- Shotcut .6%
- Jahshaka .4%
- Flowblade .4%
### Best Cloud-Based File Storage ###
![](http://www.linuxjournal.com/files/linuxjournal.com/ufiles/imagecache/slideshow-400/11781f11.jpg)
In a category that used to have few options, Dropbox still takes top spot, but the margin is closing. It's hard to argue against Dropbox's convenience and stability, but hosting your own data on ownCloud gives it quite a boost into the second-place spot.
- Dropbox 30.5%
- ownCloud 23.6%
- Google Drive 16%
- rsync 8.3%
- Other 7.5%*
- Amazon S3 6.6%
- SpiderOak 4.4%
- Box 1.8%
- Copy 1%
- AjaXplorer .3%
*Under "Other", the most write-ins went to Younited and MEGA. Many also said things like "no cloud is the best choice/my files stay on my storage/local only".
### Best Linux Game ###
![](http://www.linuxjournal.com/files/linuxjournal.com/ufiles/imagecache/slideshow-400/CIVILIZATION-V-FRONT-OF-BOX.jpg)
I rarely play games, so every year I look forward to this category to find the most popular options for those few times I do. I'm personally tickled to see NetHack so high on the list, especially considering the opposition. There's just something about wandering around random tunnels that appeals to the old-school DnD player in all of us.
- Civilization 5 26.5%
- Other 23.5%*
- Team Fortress 2 8.7%
- NetHack 8.4%
- X-Plane 10 7.1%
- Dota 6.1%
- Bastion 5.4%
- Scorched 3D 3.7%
- Destiny 3.6%
- Ultima IV 1.9%
- FreeCol 1.8%
- Kpat 1.4%
- FreeOrion 1.1%
- Ryzom .9%
*Under "Other", the most write-ins were (in this order) Minecraft, 0 A.D., Frozen Bubble, Battle for Wesnoth, Portal and Counter Strike.
### Best Virtualization Solution ###
I think the relationship with Vagrant has helped Oracle's VirtualBox significantly in popularity. Yes, Vagrant works with other virtualization platforms, but since it so seamlessly integrates with VirtualBox, I think it gets quite a boost. Virtualization is such an efficient and reliable way to implement systems, bare-metal solutions are almost a thing of the past!
![](http://www.linuxjournal.com/files/linuxjournal.com/ufiles/imagecache/slideshow-400/Virtualbox_logo_0.jpg)
- Oracle VM VirtualBox 33.4%
- VMware 22.3%
- KVM 21.1%
- XEN 5.7%
- QEMU 5.3%
- OpenStack 4.9%
- Other 4.2%*
- OpenVZ 1.7%
- Linux-VServer 1.3%
- Symantec Workspace Virtualization .1%
*Under "Other", the most write-ins went to Docker, ProxMox and LXC, in that order.
### Best Monitoring Application ###
![](http://www.linuxjournal.com/files/linuxjournal.com/ufiles/imagecache/slideshow-400/Nagios-Core-4.0.8.png)
- Nagios 27.1%
- Wireshark 20.7%
- htop 12.3%
- Zabbix 10.5%
- Other 8.6%*
- Zenoss 6.2%
- Munin 3.4%
- PC Monitor 2.8%
- New Relic 1.9%
- Opsview 1.2%
- SaltStack 1%
- NTM (Network Traffic Monitor) .7%
- xosview .7%
- Manage Engine .5%
- FlowViewer .3%
- Circonus .2%
- SysPeek .2%
*Under "Other", most write-ins went to Icinga and OpenNMS.
### Best DevOps Configuration Management Tool ###
![](http://www.linuxjournal.com/files/linuxjournal.com/ufiles/imagecache/slideshow-400/Git-Logo-2Color.jpg)
It was interesting to see Git take top spot in this category, because although it certainly would work to use standard version control on configuration files, I always assumed it would be used alongside tools like Chef or Puppet. If nothing else, the DevOps movement has taught crusty old system administrators like myself to treat configuration files like code. Version control is incredible, and it seems as though most readers agree.
- Git 39.4%
- Puppet 17.2%
- Ansible 8.9%
- cron jobs 8.8%
- Subversion 7.6%
- Chef 5%
- SaltStack 5.4%
- Other 4.6%*
- CFEngine 3%
*Under "Other", most write-ins went to NixOps.
### Best Programming Language ###
![](http://www.linuxjournal.com/files/linuxjournal.com/ufiles/imagecache/slideshow-400/11781f13.jpg)
- Python 30.2%
- C++ 17.8%
- C 16.7%
- Perl 7.1%
- Java 6.9%
- Other 4.6%
- Ruby 4.3%
- Go 2.4%
- JavaScript 2.4%
- QML 2.2%
- Fortran 1.4%
- Haskell 1.4%
- Lisp 1.2%
- Erlang .6%
- Rust .6%
- D .4%
- Hack .1%
*Under "Other", most write-ins went to Scala, PHP and Clojure (in that order).
### Best Scripting Language ###
![](http://www.linuxjournal.com/files/linuxjournal.com/ufiles/imagecache/slideshow-400/11781f13_0.jpg)
Python is incredibly powerful, and it appears to be a favorite in both the scripting and programming categories. As someone who knows Bash and a little PHP, I think it's clear what I need to focus on as I delve into the world of development. Meaningful whitespace, here I come!
- Python 37.1%
- Bash/Shell scripts 27%
- Perl 11.8%
- PHP 8.4%
- JavaScript 6.7%
- Ruby 4.9%
- Other 2.1%
- Lua 2%
### Best New Linux/Open-Source Product/Project ###
![](http://www.linuxjournal.com/files/linuxjournal.com/ufiles/imagecache/slideshow-400/11781f14.jpg)
Docker is clearly our winner here, and rightly so—what a game-changing technology. It's nice to see Jolla/Sailfish get some love as well. We love Android, but having a choice is a vital part of who we are as Open Source advocates.
- Docker 28%
- Jolla and Sailfish OS 19%
- LibreOffice 7%
- ownCloud 5%
- Steam 5%
- Zenoss Control Center 5%
- Raspberry Pi 4%
- Git 4%
- Apache Cordova/OpenOffice/Spark/Tika 3%
- Ansible 2%
- Elementary OS 2%
- OpenStack 2%
- Zabbix 2%
- CoreOS 2%
- Firefox OS 2%
- KDE Connect 1%
- NixOS and NixOps 1%
- Open Media Vault 1%
### Coolest Thing You've Ever Done with Linux ###
![](http://www.linuxjournal.com/files/linuxjournal.com/ufiles/imagecache/slideshow-400/tux_cruise.png)
This is my favorite new category for the Readers' Choice Awards. Imagine attending a Linux conference and asking everyone the coolest thing they've done with Linux. That's basically what happened here! We've listed a handful of our favorites, but for the entire list, check out: [http://www.linuxjournal.com/rc2014/coolest][2].
Note: the most common answers were "use it"; "rescue data/photos/whatever off broken Windows machines"; "convert friends/family/businesses to Linux"; "learn"; "teach"; "get a job"; "home automation"; and "build a home media server". The following list is of our favorite more-specific and unique answers, not the most common ones.
- Building my procmail pre-spam spam filter back in the mid-late 1990s.
- 450-node compute cluster.
- 7.1 channel preamp with integrated mopidy music player.
- A robot running Linux (for the Eurobot annual competition).
- Accidentally printing on the wrong continent.
- Adding an audio channel to a video while also syncing it.
- Analyzed NASA satellite data with self-written code.
- Annoyed the cat remotely.
- Automated my entire lighting setup in my house to respond to voice and my mobile apps.
- Automatic window plant irrigation system.
- Bathroom radio.
- Brewing beer.
- Built an application that runs on the International Space Station.
- Built a system for real-time toll collection for a major toll highway system.
- Built our own smartphone.
- Built Web-based home alarm system on Raspberry Pi.
- Cluster of Raspberry Pis to crack encrypted office documents.
- Controlled my Parrot drone.
- Controlled the comms for 186 Wind turbines.
- Controlling my Meade Telescope with Stellarium under Linux.
- Converted my old VHS family videos, using a laptop more than ten years old.
- Created a mesh network in the subarctic.
- Created an ocean environmental sensor buoy with radio data transmitter.
- Discovered new planets.
- Fixed a jabber server in Denver, USA, while in a hotel lobby in Amman, Jordan.
- Got Linus' autograph on a Red Hat 5.0 CD.
- Hacked my coffee machine to send me a text message when the coffee is ready.
- Introduced my daughter to Lego Mindstorm EV3.
- Monitor the temp and humidity of my wine cellar and open the doors when too hot or humid.
- Replaced the controller in my hot tub with a Raspberry Pi.
- Scripted opening and closing of a co-worker's CD tray every 15 seconds for four days.
- Used an LFS system to move ACH transfers for a national gas company.
- Flushed my toilet from another city.
- Remote chicken door.
- Web-based sprinkler controller for 16 stations on a Raspberry PI (also control the pool and yard lights).
- Chaining SSH tunnels together to get from work to home via three hops due to restrictive network settings.
- Built a system that monitors a renewable energy installation with two fixed solar arrays, a two axis sun tracking solar array and a wind turbine. Production and weather data are displayed on a Web site in real time.
- Back in the days of modems, I had my computer call up my girlfriend every morning, so she would wake up and go to work.
- Used a Wii controller, through Bluetooth with my Linux computer as an Infrared Camera, to detect the movement of my daughter's Fisher Price Sit and Spin Pony, and to control a video game.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://www.linuxjournal.com/rc2014
作者：[Shawn Powers][a]
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[a]:http://www.linuxjournal.com/users/shawn-powers
[1]:http://www.linuxjournal.com/contact
[2]:http://www.linuxjournal.com/rc2014/coolest

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Linus Torvalds Thanks Microsoft for a Great Black Friday Monitor Deal
================================================================================
![Linus Torvalds](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/Linus-Torvalds-Thanks-Microsoft-for-a-Great-Black-Friday-Monitor-Deal-466599-2.jpg)
> The creator of the Linux kernel now has a UHD display
**Linus Torvalds is the creator of the Linux Kernel, he advocated for years against Microsoft's practices and he often talked about Windows. These are just some of the reasons why it's funny to see him thank Microsoft, even if it's probably done sarcastically.**
The rhetoric regarding the Linux vs. Windows subject has subsided a great deal in the last few years. There have been some issues with UEFI and other similar problems, but for the most part things have quieted down.
There is no one left at the Redmond campus to call Linux a cancer and no one is making fun of Windows for crashing all the time. In fact, there has been some sort of reconciliation between the two sides, which seems to benefit everyone.
It's not like Microsoft is ready to adopt the Linux kernel for their operating system, but the new management of the company talks about Linux as a friend, especially in the cloud.
They can no longer ignore it, even if they want to. The same happened with Linus Torvalds who hasn't said anything bad about Microsoft and Windows for a long time, and that is a good thing.
### Linus Torvalds saying "thanks" to Microsoft is not something you see every day ###
The creator of the Linux kernel talked about a great Black Friday deal he got from the Microsoft store, for a UHD monitor. He shared this piece of info on Google+ and some of the users also found it amusing to read that he's giving sincere thanks to Microsoft for their great deal.
"Whee. Just installed a new monitor. 3840x2160 resolution - it's the Dell 28" UHD panel - for $299 (€241) thanks to Microsoft's black Friday deal. Thanks MS! Ok, I have to admit that it's not actually a great panel: very clear color shifts off-center, 30Hz refresh etc. But still - I'm a nut for resolution, and at $299 (€241) I decided that this will carry me over until better panels start showing up at good prices," wrote Linus on [Google+][1].
In the meantime, he is also working on the latest kernel branch, 3.18, which will probably be released sometime at the end of this week. It's not clear how things will evolve after that, especially given the fact that the holidays are approaching fast, and devs might be a little sluggish when it comes to pushing patches and new features for the next 3.19 branch.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Linus-Torvalds-Thanks-Microsoft-for-a-Great-Black-Friday-Monitor-Deal-466599.shtml
作者：[Silviu Stahie][a]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
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[a]:http://news.softpedia.com/editors/browse/silviu-stahie
[1]:https://plus.google.com/+LinusTorvalds/posts/4MwQKZhGkEr

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sources/news/20141211 Apparently This Trojan Virus May Have Infected Linux Systems For Years.md
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Apparently This Trojan Virus May Have Infected Linux Systems For Years
================================================================================
![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/trojan-word-cloud.jpg)
One of the first few argument in [why should you switch to Linux][1] is that Linux is secure and virus free. It is widely perceived by most of the Linux users that Linux is immune to viruses, which is true to an extent but not entirely.
Like any other OS, Linux too is not immune to malware, trojan, rootkit, virus etc. There have been several [famous Linux viruses][2]. But if you compare those to that of Windows, the number is infinitesimal. So, why am I talking about Linux viruses today then? Because a new trojan has been detected in market which might be impacting Linux systems.
### Turla infects Linux systems as well ###
Few months back a sophisticated cyber espionage program, nicknamed [Turla][3], was detected. It was supposed to be originated in Russia, allegedly with Russian government backing. The spyware program was targeting government organizations in Europe and the United States for four years.
In a recent report, researchers at [Kaspersky][4] has found that Turla was not only affecting Windows system but also Linux operating system. Kaspersky researchers have termed it the ‘missing piece of Turla puzzle’. As per the report:
> “This newly found Turla component supports Linux for broader system support at victim sites. The attack tool takes us further into the set alongside the Snake rootkit and components first associated with this actor a couple years ago. We suspect that this component was running for years at a victim site, but do not have concrete data to support that statement just yet.”
### What is this Linux module of Turla and how dangerous it is? ###
Going by the Kaspersky report,
> The Linux Turla module is a C/C++ executable statically linked against multiple libraries, greatly increasing its file size. It was stripped of symbol information, more likely intended to increase analysis effort than to decrease file size. Its functionality includes hidden network communications, arbitrary remote command execution, and remote management. Much of its code is based on public sources.
Report also mentions that this trojan doesn’t require elevated privileges (read root) while running arbitrary remote commands and it cannot be discovered by commonly used administrative tools. Personally, I doubt their claims.
So, as a Linux desktop user, should you be scared? In my opinion, it is too early to go in to panic mode as we experienced with [ShellShock Linux bug][5]. Turla was originally intended for government organization, not common users. Let’s wait and watch for more concrete news. I’ll keep on updating this article. Till then enjoy Linux.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://itsfoss.com/apparently-trojan-virus-infected-linux-systems-years/
作者：[Abhishek][a]
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[a]:http://itsfoss.com/author/Abhishek/
[1]:http://itsfoss.com/reasons-switch-linux-windows-xp/
[2]:http://www.unixmen.com/meet-linux-viruses/
[3]:http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/03/07/us-russia-cyberespionage-insight-idUSBREA260YI20140307
[4]:https://securelist.com/blog/research/67962/the-penquin-turla-2/
[5]:http://itsfoss.com/linux-shellshock-check-fix/

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Git 2.2.1 Released To Fix Critical Security Issue
================================================================================
![](http://www.phoronix.com/assets/categories/freesoftware.jpg)
Git 2.2.1 was released this afternoon to fix a critical security vulnerability in Git clients. Fortunately, the vulnerability doesn't plague Unix/Linux users but rather OS X and Windows.
Today's Git vulnerability affects those using the Git client on case-insensitive file-systems. On case-insensitive platforms like Windows and OS X, committing to .Git/config could overwrite the user's .git/config and could lead to arbitrary code execution. Fortunately with most Phoronix readers out there running Linux, this isn't an issue thanks to case-sensitive file-systems.
Besides the attack vector from case insensitive file-systems, Windows and OS X's HFS+ would map some strings back to .git too if certain characters are present, which could lead to overwriting the Git config file. Git 2.2.1 addresses these issues.
More details via the [Git 2.2.1 release announcement][1] and [GitHub has additional details][2].
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=MTg2ODA
作者：[Michael Larabel][a]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]:http://www.michaellarabel.com/
[1]:http://article.gmane.org/gmane.linux.kernel/1853266
[2]:https://github.com/blog/1938-git-client-vulnerability-announced

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Google Cloud offers streamlined Ubuntu for Docker use
================================================================================
> Ubuntu Core provides a minimal Lightweight Linux environment for running containers
Google has adopted for use in its cloud a streamlined version of the Canonical Ubuntu Linux distribution tweaked to run Docker and other containers.
Ubuntu Core was designed to provide only the essential components for running Linux workloads in the cloud. An [early preview edition][1] of it, which Canonical calls "Snappy," was released last week. The new edition jettisoned many of the libraries and programs usually found in general use Linux distributions that were unnecessary for cloud use.
[ [Get started with Docker][2] using this step-by-step guide to the red-hot open source framework. | Get the latest insight on the tech news that matters from [InfoWorld's Tech Watch blog][3]. ]
The Google Compute Engine (GCE) [joins Microsoft Azure][4] in supporting the fresh distribution.
According to Canonical, Ubuntu Core should provide users with an easy way to deploy Docker, an [increasingly lightweight virtualization container][4] that allows users to quickly spin up workloads and easily move them around, even across different cloud providers.
Google has been an ardent supporter of Docker and container-based virtualization itself. In June, the company [released as open source its software for managing containers][5], called Kubernetes.
The design of Ubuntu Core is similar to another Linux distribution, CoreOS, [first released a year ago][7].
Developed in part by two ex-Rackspace engineers, [CoreOS][8] is a lightweight Linux distribution designed to work in clustered, highly scalable environments favored by companies that do much or all of their business on the Web.
CoreOS was quickly adopted by many cloud providers, including Microsoft Azure, Amazon Web Services, DigitalOcean and Google Compute Engine.
Like CoreOS, Ubuntu Core offers an expedited process for updating components, reducing the amount of time that an administrator would need to manually manage them.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://www.infoworld.com/article/2860401/cloud-computing/google-cloud-offers-streamlined-ubuntu-for-docker-use.html
作者：[Joab Jackson][a]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
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[a]:http://www.infoworld.com/author/Joab-Jackson/
[1]:http://www.ubuntu.com/cloud/tools/snappy
[2]:http://www.infoworld.com/article/2607941/linux/how-to--get-started-with-docker.html
[3]:http://www.infoworld.com/blog/infoworld-tech-watch/
[4]:http://www.ubuntu.com/cloud/tools/snappy
[5]:http://www.itworld.com/article/2695383/open-source-tools/docker-all-geared-up-for-the-enterprise.html
[6]:http://www.itworld.com/article/2695501/cloud-computing/google-unleashes-docker-management-tools.html
[7]:http://www.itworld.com/article/2696116/open-source-tools/coreos-linux-does-away-with-the-upgrade-cycle.html
[8]:https://coreos.com/using-coreos/

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New 64-bit Linux Kernel Vulnerabilities Disclosed This Week
================================================================================
![](http://www.phoronix.com/assets/categories/linuxkernel.jpg)
For those that didn't hear the news yet, multiple Linux x86_64 vulnerabilities were made public this week.
With CVE-2014-9322 that's now public, there's a local privilege escalation issue affecting all kernel versions prior to Linux 3.17.5. CVE-2014-9322 is described as "privilege escalation due to incorrect handling of a #SS fault caused
by an IRET instruction. In particular, if IRET executes on a writeable kernel stack (this was always the case before 3.16 and is sometimes the case on 3.16 and newer), the assembly function general_protection will execute with the user's gsbase and the kernel's gsbase swapped. This is likely to be easy to exploit for privilege escalation, except on systems with SMAP or UDEREF. On those systems, assuming that the mitigation works correctly, the impact of this bug may be limited to massive memory corruption and an eventual crash or reboot."
Fortunately, it's fixed [in Linux kernel Git since late November][1]. CVE-2014-9322 is linked to CVE-2014-9090, which is also corrected by the fixes in Git.
There's also two x86_64 kernel bugs related to espfix. "The next two bugs are related to espfix. The IRET instruction has IMO a blatant design flaw: IRET to a 16-bit user stack segment will leak bits 31:16 of the kernel stack pointer. This flaw exists on 32-bit and 64-bit systems. 32-bit Linux kernels have mitigated this leak for a long time, and 64-bit Linux kernels have mitigated this leak since 3.16. The mitigation is called espfix."
Fixes for CVE-2014-8133 and CVE-2014-8134 are in KVM and Linux kernel Git as of a few days ago. More details on these x86_64 vulnerabilities via [this oss-sec posting][2]. These issues were uncovered by Andy Lutomirski at AMA Capital Management.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=MTg2NzY
作者：[Michael Larabel][a]
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[1]:https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/arch/x86/kernel/entry_64.S?id=6f442be2fb22be02cafa606f1769fa1e6f894441
[2]:http://seclists.org/oss-sec/2014/q4/1052

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The 'grinch' isn't a Linux vulnerability, Red Hat says
================================================================================
![](http://images.techhive.com/images/article/2014/12/grinch-linux-100536132-primary.idge.png)
Credit: [Natalia Wilson via Creative Commons][1]
> The way Linux handles user permissions could still lead to potential misuse, security researchers say
The "grinch" Linux vulnerability that Alert Logic raised alarms about Tuesday is not a vulnerability at all, according to Red Hat.
"This report incorrectly classifies expected behavior as a security issue," said a [Red Hat bulletin issued Wednesday][2], responding to Alert Logic's claims.
Security firm Alert Logic Tuesday claimed that grinch could be as severe as the Heartbleed bug and that it's [a serious design flaw in how Linux systems handle user permissions][3], which could allow malicious attackers to gain root access to a machine.
Alert Logic claimed that an attacker could exploit grinch through the use of a third-party Linux software framework called Policy Kit (Polkit), which was designed to aid users in installing and running software packages. Red Hat maintains Polkit, an open-source program. By allowing users to install software programs, which usually requires root access, Polkit could provide an avenue to run malicious programs, inadvertently or otherwise, Alert Logic said.
But the system was designed to work that way -- in other words, grinch is not a bug but a feature, according to Red Hat.
"If you are trusting users to install any software on your system without a password by using software that leverages Policykit, you are inherently bypassing the authentication and access control built into Linux," wrote Jen Andre, cofounder of the Threat Stack security monitoring firm, [in a blog post on the topic][4].
Even though the grinch behavior is intended, it still can be abused or modified to compromise systems, Alert Logic senior security researcher Tyler Bourland wrote in an email to the IDG News Service.
"The issue here is that there is a way to open up the surface area to attacks," Bourland wrote. "If installing packages worked like every other operation, such as removing packages or adding repositories, and always asked for a password, then this wouldn't have the abuse potential we've identified."
Nonetheless, the use of Polkit has some severe limitations for the would-be attacker, Andre said in an interview.
The attacker would need to have physical access to the Linux computer and have to interact with the machine through an attached keyboard and mouse. If the attacker had this level of access, it would be just as easy to reboot the machine into a recovery mode and access the data and programs that way, Andre noted.
Also, Polkit is not installed by default on all Linux machines -- in fact, the primary use case is for workstations that have graphical desktop interfaces, which themselves constitute a small percentage of Linux machines running today, Andre said.
In other words, grinch doesn't have the wide attack surface of [Shellshock][5], which relied on the Bash shell found in nearly all Linux distributions.
Other security experts have also downplayed grinch.
"In some ways, this isn't so much a vulnerability, as more a common overly permissive configuration of many Linux systems," wrote Johannes Ullrich of the SANS Institute's Internet Storm Center security advisory site, [in a blog post][6].
Ullrich also noted that grinch is not entirely benign, however: "It could easily be leveraged to escalate privileges beyond the intent of the Polkit configuration."
Andre pointed out that administrators who are managing desktop Linux machines running Polkit should be aware of the potential danger and that they should check what programs Polkit is managing to ensure no malicious activity is going on.
Application developers and Linux distributors should also ensure that they are using the Polkit framework correctly, Andre said.
Even Tyler, the co-author of the original report, seems to admit that grinch is not so severe.
Grinch is a "surface opening stager and by itself nothing much," Bourland wrote, referring to how an attacker would need additional vulnerabilities to use in conjunction with grinch to stage an attack,[in an email on the Open Source Security mailing list][7].
(Lucian Constantin contributed to this report.)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via:http://www.computerworld.com/article/2861392/security0/the-grinch-isnt-a-linux-vulnerability-red-hat-says.html
作者：[Joab Jackson][a]
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[a]:http://www.computerworld.com/author/Joab-Jackson/
[1]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/moonrat/4571563485/
[2]:https://access.redhat.com/articles/1298913
[3]:http://www.pcworld.com/article/2860032/this-linux-grinch-could-put-a-hole-in-your-security-stocking.html
[4]:http://blog.threatstack.com/the-linux-grinch-vulnerability-separating-the-fact-from-the-fud
[5]:http://www.computerworld.com/article/2687983/shellshock-flaws-roils-linux-server-shops.html
[6]:https://isc.sans.edu/diary/Is+the+polkit+Grinch+Going+to+Steal+your+Christmas/19077
[7]:http://seclists.org/oss-sec/2014/q4/1078

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barney-ro translating
5 Awesome Open Source Backup Software For Linux and Unix-like Systems
================================================================================
A good backup plan is essential in order to have the ability to recover from

1
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mdjsjdqe translating...
11 Useful Utilities To Supercharge Your Ubuntu Experience
================================================================================
**Whether you’re a relative novice or a seasoned pro, we all want to get the most from our operating system. Ubuntu, like most modern OSes, has more to offer than what is presented at first blush.**

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[Translating by Stevearzh]
NetHack
================================================================================
## The best game of all time? ##
**It’s tremendously addictive. It takes a lifetime to master. And people play it for decades without completing it. Welcome to the strange world of NetHack…**
Believe it or not, it’s possible to be terrified by the sight of the letter D. Or ecstatic about the sight of a % character. (And the less said about ^, the better.) But before you assume we’ve gone totally loopy and close the tab, bear with us for a moment: those characters represent dragons, food rations and traps respectively. Welcome to NetHack, where your imagination needs to play a big role in the gameplay.
You see, NetHack is a text-mode game: it just uses the standard terminal character set to portray the player, enemies, items and surroundings. Graphical versions of the game exist, but NetHack purists tend to avoid them, and what’s the point of a game if you can’t play it when you’re SSHed into your revived Amiga 3000 running NetBSD? In some ways, NetHack is a lot like Vi – it has been ported to nigh-on every operating system in existence, and its requirements are absolutely minimal.
Now, given that it looks like utter pants when compared to modern games, what makes NetHack so appealing? Well, this dungeon exploring masterpiece is incredibly rich and detailed. There are so many items to discover, spells to cast, monsters to fight and tricks to learn – and the dungeons are generated randomly. There’s so much to explore, and no two games are ever the same. People play NetHack for years and decades without complete it, still discovering new secrets each time.
Here we’ll show you how NetHack came about, give you a guided tour of the dungeons, and show you some tricks. Note: by reading this feature, you agree to not sue us when you become addicted to NetHack and your real-life productivity is obliterated.
![The NetHack interface](http://www.linuxvoice.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/nh_annotated.png)
The NetHack interface
### Possibly the oldest still-developed game ###
Despite its name, NetHack isn’t an online game. It’s based on an earlier dungeon-exploring romp called Hack, which in turn was a descendant of an 1980 game called Rogue. NetHack’s first release arrived in 1987, and although no new features have been added since version 3.4.3 in 2003, various patches, add-ons and spin-offs are still doing the rounds on the web. This makes it arguably the oldest game that’s still being hacked on and played by a sizeable group of people. Go to [www.reddit.com/r/nethack][1] to see what we mean – long-time NetHack players are still discussing new strategies, discoveries and tricks. Occasionally you’ll see gleeful messages from old timers who have finally, after many years, completed the game.
But how do you complete it? Well, NetHack is set in a large and deep dungeon. You start at the top – level 1 – and your goal is to keep going down until you find a hugely valuable item called the Amulet of Yendor. This is typically in level 20 or lower, but it can vary. As you traverse through and down the dungeon, you’ll meet all manner of monsters, traps and human characters; some will try to kill you, some will stay out of your way, and some…. well, you don’t know until you get close to them.
> There’s so much to learn, and many items only work best when combined with others.
What makes NetHack so compelling is the vast range of items crammed into the game. Weapons, armour, spell books, rings, gems – there’s so much to learn, and many items only work best when combined with others. Monsters often drop useful items when you kill them, although some items can have very negative effects if you don’t use them correctly. You’ll find shops in the dungeon that are packed with potentially useful bits of kit, but don’t expect the shopkeeper to give you great descriptions. You’ve got to learn from experience. Some items aren’t much use at all, and the game is packed with humour – you can even throw a cream pie in your own face.
But before you even set foot in the dungeon, NetHack asks you what kind of player you want to be. You can take your journey as a knight, a monk, a wizard or even a humble tourist, amongst many other player types. They all have their own strengths and weaknesses, and NetHack addicts love to try completing the game with the weaker types. You know, to show off to other players.
> ## Spoilers don’t spoil the fun ##
> In NetHack parlance, “spoilers” provide information on monsters, items, weapons and armour. It’s technically possible to complete the game without using them, but very few players ever achieve this, as the game is monumentally complex. Consequently it’s not regarded as bad form to use spoilers – but it’s still more fun to try to work things out yourself first, and only consult the spoilers when you really need them.
> A great source is [www.statslab.cam.ac.uk/~eva/nethack/spoilerlist.html][2] which separates spoilers into categories. For things that happen randomly in the game, such as the effects from drinking from fountains, it gives you the odds of a certain thing happening.
### Your first dungeon crawl ###
NetHack is available for almost every major OS and Linux distribution in the world, so you should be able to grab it with “apt-get install nethack” or “yum install nethack” or whatever is appropriate for your distro. Then run it in a terminal window by just typing “nethack”. The game will ask if it should pick a player type for you – but as a newcomer, it’s best if you choose one of the tougher characters first. So hit “n” and then hit “v” to choose the Valkyrie type, and “d” to be a dwarf.
Then NetHack will give you some plot blurb, explaining that your god seeks the Amulet of Yendor, so your goal is to retrieve it and present it to him. Hit space when you’re done reading the text (and any other time you see “–More–” on the screen). And here we go – you’re in the dungeon!
As described earlier, your character is represented by a @ sign. You can see the walls of a room around you, and the dot characters depict empty space in the room. First of all, get used to the movement keys: h, j, k and l. (Yes, it’s just like Vim, as covered in issue 3 of Linux Voice!) These move you left, down, up and right respectively. You can also move diagonally with y, u, b and n. So walk around the room until you get used to the controls.
NetHack is turn-based, so if you’re not moving or performing an action, the game stays still. This lets youplan your moves in advance. You will see a “d” or “f” character moving around the room as well: this is your pet dog or cat, which (normally) won’t harm you and can assist you in killing monsters. Pets can be annoying though – they occasionally eat foot rations and tasty corpses before you get to them.
![Hit “i” to bring up an inventory of your currently carried items](http://www.linuxvoice.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/nh_inventory.png)
Hit “i” to bring up an inventory of your currently carried items
### What’s behind the door? ###
Now, let’s go out of the room. There will be gaps around the edge, and possibly “+” signs. That “+” is a closed door, so go up to it and hit “o” to open. You will be asked for a direction, so if the door is to the left of you, press “h”. (And if the door is stuck, try opening it a few times.) You’ll then end up in a corridor, marked by “#” symbols, so walk around it until you find another room.
On your travels you’ll see various items. Some, such as money (denoted by a “$” symbol) are picked up automatically; for other items, you have to press the comma key whilst standing on them. If there are multiple items, you’ll be given a menu, so press the appropriate keys shown in the menu and then Enter to choose what you want. At any time you can hit “i” to bring up your inventory list – see the screenshot.
What happens if you see a monster? At these early stages of the game, the monsters you’re likely to come across will be represented by “d”, “x” and “:” characters. To attack, simply walk into them. The game will tell you if your attacks are successful using the messages along the top – and also how the monster is responding. These early monsters are simple to kill, so you shouldn’t have any trouble defeating them, but keep an eye on your HP in the status line at the bottom.
> Early monsters are simple to kill, but keep an eye on your HP.
If a monster leaves behind a corpse (“%”), you can hit comma to take it and then press “e” to eat it. (Whenever you’re prompted to choose an item, you can press its corresponding key from the inventory list, or “?” to bring up a mini list.) Warning! Some corpses are poisonous, and these are things you’ll learn on your travels.
If you’re exploring a corridor and appear to come to a dead end, you can hit “s” to search until you find a door. This can take ages, however, so you can speed things up a bit: type “10” and then “s” and you will perform 10 searches in a row. This takes up 10 moves in game time, however, so if you’re hungry you could get close to starvation!
Common items you’ll find in the top levels of the dungeon are “{” (fountains) and “!” (potions). For the former, you can stand on it and hit q to “quaff” from it – the effects can vary from useful to deadly. For potions, pick them up and then use “q” to drink them. If you find a shop, you can pick up items and then hit “p” to pay before leaving. Use “d” to drop something.
![Souped-up versions of NetHack with fancy graphics are available, such as Falcon’s Eye](http://www.linuxvoice.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/falcon.jpg)
Souped-up versions of NetHack with fancy graphics are available, such as Falcon’s Eye
> ## Stupid ways to die ##
> A popular acronym amongst NetHack players is “YASD” – Yet Another Stupid Death. It describes a situation where the player buys the farm due to his/her own silliness or lack of concentration. We’ve had many of these, but our favourite goes as follows:
> We were browsing a shop, inspecting items, when a snake suddenly jumped out from behind a potion. After killing the snake, a message popped up saying that we were getting hungry, so we opted to eat the snake’s corpse. Bad idea! This made us blind, so we couldn’t see other characters or items in the shop. We tried to get to the exit, but instead bumped into the shopkeeper and accidentally attacked him. This made him furious; he started firing magic missiles at us. We just about managed to get into the corridor outside the shop, but died from the onslaught.
> If you come to any equally silly ends, let us know on our forums. And don’t worry – nobody will judge you. Dying like this is all part of growing up in the NetHack world.
### Equip yourself ###
On your travels, and especially after you kill monsters, you’ll find weapons and armour. Again, use comma to pick these up, and then “w” (lowercase) to wield a weapon or “W” (uppercase) to wear a piece of armour. You can use “T” to remove armour and “t” to throw weapons – often handy if you’re in a very sticky situation.
Sometimes it’s useful to examine things from a distance before getting close to them. Hit “;” (semicolon) and “Pick an object” will appear at the top of the screen. Use the movement keys until your view lands on the thing you want to inspect, and then hit “:” (colon). A description will appear at the top.
As your goal is to go further down the dungeon until you find the Amulet of Yendor, keep an eye out for “<” and “>” signs. These are stairs up and down respectively, and you can use the same keys to climb them. Note! Make sure your pet is standing in an adjacent square if you want it to follow you into the next level. If you need a break, use “S” (capital s) to save, and type #quit to exit. Next time you run NetHack, your game will be resumed.
We won’t spoil what’s ahead, as many of the dungeon levels have amazing designs, characters and secrets. So we’ll leave you with three tips: if you come across an item that completely baffles you, try searching for it on the NetHack wiki at [http://nethack.wikia.com][3]. You’ll also find an excellent (albeit very long) guidebook at [www.nethack.org/v343/Guidebook.html][4]. Happy exploring!
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://www.linuxvoice.com/nethack/
作者：[Mike Saunders][a]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]:http://www.linuxvoice.com/author/mike/
[1]:http://www.reddit.com/r/nethack
[2]:http://www.statslab.cam.ac.uk/~eva/nethack/spoilerlist.html
[3]:http://nethack.wikia.com/
[4]:http://www.nethack.org/v343/Guidebook.html

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[felixonmars translating...]
Upstream and Downstream: why packaging takes time
================================================================================
Here in the KDE office in Barcelona some people spend their time on purely upstream KDE projects and some of us are primarily interested in making distros work which mean our users can get all the stuff we make. I've been asked why we don't just automate the packaging and go and do more productive things. One view of making on a distro like Kubuntu is that its just a way to package up the hard work done by others to take all the credit. I don't deny that, but there's quite a lot to the packaging of all that hard work, for a start there's a lot of it these days.

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Why Is Huffington Post Running A Multi-Part Series To Promote The Lies Of A Guy Who Pretended To Invent Email?
================================================================================
**from the that's-just-wrong dept**
I thought this story had ended a few years ago. Back in 2012, we wrote about how The Washington Post and some other big name media outlets were claiming that a guy named V.A. Shiva Ayyadurai had "invented email" in 1978. The problem was that [it wasn't even close to true][1] and relied on a number of total misconceptions about email, software and copyright law. Ayyadurai and some of his friends have continued to play up the claim that he "invented" email, but it simply was never true, and it's reaching a level that seems truly bizarre. Ayyadurai may have done some interesting things, but his continued false insistence that he invented email is reaching really questionable levels. And, now it's gone absolutely nutty, with the Huffington Post running [a multi-part series][2] (up to five separate articles so far -- all done in the past 10 days) all playing up misleading claims saying that Ayyadurai invented email, even though even a basic understanding of the history shows he did not.
Let's take care of the basics first, and then we'll dig in on what's going on here, because it's really quite ridiculous. First off, no one denies that V.A. Shiva Ayyadurai -- an apparently very bright 14-year-old at the time -- wrote an email software program for the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey (UMDNJ) in 1978. By all accounts, it was a perfectly decent email system that allowed the UMDNJ staff to send electronic messages. Further, no one doubts that, in 1981, Ayyadurai registered the copyright on his program, which was called EMAIL. The problems are that (1) email was invented long before 1978, (2) the copyright is merely on the specific software code, not the idea of email, and (3) while Ayyadurai may have independently recreated the basics of email (and even added a nice feature), none of his work was even remotely related to what later became the standards of email. What's most sickening about this is that as part of this new PR campaign, Ayyadurai is ridiculously arguing that the reason no one believes him isn't because he's simply wrong, but because they can't stand to believe that "a dark-skinned immigrant kid, 14 years old," invented email, and that it was done in "one of the poorest cities in the US" rather than at a famous university.
Again, that might make for a nice story line if there were some factual basis behind it, but there isn't. The history of email [is well-documented][3] from [multiple sources][4] and it began way, way before 1978. And while early versions were somewhat crude, by 1978 they had basically everything that Ayyadurai claims to have invented (it is entirely believable that Ayyadurai, as a bright kid, independently came up with the same ideas, but he was hardly the first). There was a messaging system called MAILBOX at MIT in 1965. You can read [all the details of it here][5], including source code. Ray Tomlinson is frequently credited with inventing the modern concept of email for the internet by establishing the @ symbol (in 1972) as a way of determining both the user and which computer to send the email to. By 1975, there were things like email folders (invented by Larry Roberts) and some other basic email apps. As is noted, by 1976 -- two years before Ayyadurai wrote his app -- email was *75% of all ARPANET traffic*.
So, let's get to the Huffington Post trying to whitewash all of this factual history out of existence.
It started on August 20th, with an article by Larry Weber, CEO of Racepoint Global, kicking off a supposed "series" called "The History of Email." Except that the series has little to do with the history of email at all. It's just about Ayyadurai writing his particular email program in 1978. Great story. Smart kid done good. Has nothing to do with the invention of email. Weber, though, calls it [The Boy Who Invented Email][6]. At this point, it should be worth questioning why Weber suddenly decided this was such an interesting story. If you don't know, Weber is one of PR's [biggest names][7], having built one of the most successful PR companies in history. It seems odd that he "just happened" to come across Ayyadurai's fake story and decided to help create a 5-part series about it. I have reached out to both Weber and the Huffington Post to ask if Weber has any financial relationship with Ayyadurai. As I publish this, neither has responded. The post will be updated if I hear from either. None of the posts in the series disclose any such relationship. Nor does the Huffington Post indicate that this is a "sponsored" post as far as I can tell.
The [second][8] and [third][9] articles in the series are both written by Leslie Michelson, the Director of High Performance and Research Computing at Rutgers Medical School (which took over UMDNJ a while back). More importantly, in 1978 he was the Director of the Laboratory Computer Network at UMDNJ, and apparently "challenged" Ayyadurai to create an electronic interoffice mail system. The [fourth article][10] in the series is by Robert Field, a technologist at Rutgers Medical School and, in 1978, a colleague of Ayyadurai at UMDNJ. See a pattern? Huffington Post also [interviewed Ayyadurai][11] for HuffPost Live in which he mostly attacks anyone who challenges his story, comparing himself to Philo T. Farnsworth -- except in that case, Farnsworth actually invented TV before anyone else. Ayyadurai did not do that with email. Apparently there are two more in this series that are still to come.
When you look at the collection of articles, they all repeat the same basic things: Ayyadurai did create an email system and "it was recognized by the federal government." This is misleading in the extreme. It's amusing how they all use the exact same language. Larry Weber claims:
> On August 30, 1982, **the US government officially recognized V.A. Shiva Ayyadurai as the inventor of email** by awarding him the first US Copyright for "Email," "Computer Program for Electronic Mail System," for his 1978 invention. This was awarded at a time when Copyright was the only way to protect software inventions.
Leslie Michaelson says:
> On August 30,1982, V.A. Shiva Ayyadurai **received official recognition as the inventor of email from the U.S. government**, for the work he had done in 1978.
Every article in the series includes this image of his copyright registration:
[![](https://i.imgur.com/AscOfQh.png)][12]
Except, if you know anything about copyright, you know that what they're claiming is not at all true. The registration of copyrights is about as close to a rubber-stamping process as is possible. It has nothing to do with "inventions" at all, but is rather a copyright for the specific software program. Ayyadurai received a copyright on his email program and that's it. It has absolutely nothing to do with him being the inventor of email.
Microsoft holds a copyright on Windows, but no one claims it "invented" the glass things you look outside your building with. Hell, no one even claims that Microsoft invented windowing user interfaces, because it did not. The name of the program and the fact that you can copyright it does not make you the "inventor" of the concept behind it.
Weber, Ayyadurai and his friends try to counter the "it's a copyright, not a patent" claim with an incredibly misleading response. Here's Michelson:
> On August 30, 1982, Shiva was issued the first Copyright for "Email", "Computer Program for Electronic Mail System." At that time, Copyright was the equivalent of a patent, as there was no other way to protect software inventions. Only in 1980 was the Copyright Act of 1976 amended to protect software. Patent law had not even caught up to software in 1980
Copyright was not, and has never been "the equivalent of a patent." Copyright and patents are two very different things. Copyright protects specific expression. Patents protect inventions. That's why copyright protected only the specific code that Ayyadurai wrote, rather than the concept of email. While it's true that software wasn't considered patentable by many at the time, that doesn't, in any way, mean that a copyright on a particular piece of software was the equivalent in any way, to a patent at the time.
To further their argument, both Weber and Michelson include nearly identical, but slightly different, infographics on the history of email, which (of course) start in 1978 with Ayyadurai's work. According to those charts, email was barely even a thing outside of UMDNJ until 1985 when offline email readers come about. The infographic is the work of the impressive sounding International Center for Integrative Systems. What's left out is that the "[Founder and Chairman][13]" of the International Center for Integrative Systems happens to be... a guy named V.A. Shiva Ayyadurai. The same infographic tosses in a "milestone" in email in 1995, when "Echomail" launched. Doesn't sound familiar? Echomail was a company started by... V.A. Shiva Ayyadurai.
The rest of the articles seem to just focus on attacking those who actually were involved in the invention of email and who dared to speak out against Ayyadurai's claims. The story, which includes no actual support, is that the folks at BBN decided in the early 80s that email security was a big business opportunity and rewrote history. Whether or not BBN played up their role in the history of email is debatable, but none of that changes the fact that they (and many others) were using email, and had email software, long before Ayyadurai did anything. At no point do any of them address the long history of email systems long before Ayyadurai arrived on the scene. Instead, they just talk about this grand conspiracy theory, claiming (ridiculously) that if BBN were outed as not being the inventor of email (even though no one really claims the company was the inventor of email) it would harm its business. That makes no sense at all. First of all, BBN's history of work related to the internet is long and well-detailed (there's even a [fantastic book][14] about it). Even if it had nothing to do with email, it's other work is much more impressive. Second, the company is currently owned by defense contracting giant Raytheon. Does anyone honestly think Raytheon cares one way or the other who "invented email"?
All of their "debunking" claims rest entirely on a RAND report written by David Crocker in 1977, where they take two sentences totally out of context. Here's what Ayyadurai, Weber and their friends claim Crocker said:
> "At this time, no attempt is being made to emulate a full-scale, inter-organizational mail system. The fact that the system is intended for use in various organizational contexts and by users of differing expertise makes it almost impossible to build a system which responds to all users' needs."
It's telling that Ayyadurai and his friends never actually tell you the name of the report or link to it. Because actually reading what Crocker wrote would undermine their argument. The report is called "Framework and Functions of the 'MS' Personal Message System" and you can read it here. Not only do Ayyadurai and his friends take Crocker entirely out of context, the two sentences above are not even contiguous sentences. They're not even on the same page. The first sentence is on page 18 of the paper. And it just says that this particular implementation (the program called MS) is focused on certain facets, and for MS "no attempt is being made to emulate a full-scale inter-organization mail system" even though the entire point of the paper is how various email implementations are clearly replicating inter-organizational mail systems. The second sentence comes on page 21 (with lots in between) and just focuses on the fact that lots of users have very different requests and desires, and it's impossible to satisfy everyone -- and that it, alone, is beyond the scope of this project. He's not, as Ayyadurai implies, claiming that building an interoffice email system is impossible. He's claiming that creating a full system that satisfies absolutely everyone is impossible. However, he does make it clear that other components are being worked on, and when combined could create a more functional email system. Here's that part, back in context:
> To construct a fully-detailed and monolithic message processing environment requires a much larger effort than has been possible with MS. In addition, the fact that the system is intended for use in various organizational contexts and by users of differing expertise makes it almost impossible to build a system which responds to all users' needs. Consequently, important segments of a full message environment have received little or no attention and decisions have been made with the expectation that other Unix capabilities will be used to augment MS. For example, MS has fairly primitive data-base management filing and cataloging) facilities and message folders have been implemented in a way which allows them to be modified by programs, such as text editors, which access them directly, rather than through the message system.
From the actual source documents (which, again, Ayyadurai and his friends fail to link to and totally misrepresent), it's clear that all Crocker is saying is that no single system will satisfy everyone's current interests. He's not saying it's impossible to create an interoffice email system. He's just saying that lots of different people have lots of different needs for an interoffice email system, and for the team building MS, it would be too difficult to satisfy everyone's exact requests, so they're focusing on certain features, knowing others will add other components later. And, given that people are still working to improve upon email today, it seems that's still basically true.
Back to the rest of the paper, which actually does a tremendous job undermining basically all of Ayyadurai's claims (again, which suggests why no one names or links to the full paper) -- in the very first paragraph (again, this is prior to Ayyadurai doing anything) it talks about research for "computer software" for "electronic mail." Ooops. It goes on:
> This report describes the design of one such program--the "MS" message system. Early electronic mail systems have existed on the larger computers. MS incorporates and expands upon many of the functions and concepts of such systems within an integrated package...
In other words, the very paper that Ayyadurai and his friends insist prove that there was no email prior to 1978 talks in depth about a variety of email programs. Again, remember that this was written in 1977. This is not historical revisionism. It goes on:
> One of the earliest and most popular applications of the ARPANET computer communications network has been the transfer of text messages between people using different computers. This "electronic mail" capability was originally grafted onto existing informal facilities; however, they proved inadequate. A large network greatly expands the base of potential communicators; when coupled with the communication convenience of a message system, there results a considerable expansion to the list of features desired by users. Systems which have responded to these increased user needs have resided on medium- and large-scaled computers.
In other words, lots of folks are working on email systems. Ayyadurai tries to brush all those aside by saying that his actually included things like "folders." But again, Crocker's paper notes:
> Messages reside in file "folders" and may contain any number of fields, or "components."
It actually has a whole section on folders. It also shows some sample messages at the time, showing "to," "from," "cc," "subject," and "message" fields, showing that the very basics of interoffice mail (such as "cc" -- standing for carbon copy, which was a standard bit of interoffice mail) had already moved into email. Here's a screenshot (which you can click for a larger version):
[![](https://i.imgur.com/KJW7BnAm.png)][15]
Ayyadurai has built up his entire reputation around the (entirely false) claim that he "invented" email. His bio, his Twitter feed and his website all position himself as having invented email. He didn't. It looks like he wrote an implementation of an email system in 1978, long after others were working on similar things. He may have added some nice features, including the "blind carbon copy/bcc" concept (Update: Nope, bcc was in a [1977 RFC][16]). He also appears to have potentially been ahead of others in making a full address book be a part of the email system. He may, in fact, be the first person who shortened "electronic mail" to "email" which is cool enough, and he'd have an interesting claim if that's all he claimed. Unfortunately, he's claiming much, much more than that. He's set up [an entire website][17] in which he accuses lots of folks, including Techdirt, of unfairly "attacking" him. He apparently believes that some of the attacks on him are [because][18] he spoke out against corruption in India. Or because people think only rich white people can invent stuff. None of that is accurate. There's a simple fact, and it's that Ayyadurai did not invent email.
He does not even attempt to counter any of the actual facts. The documents that are presented are misleading or out of context. He misrepresents what a copyright registration means. And his main "smoking gun," in support of his claim that people are trying to unfairly write him out of history, is presented in a misleading way, out of context, with two entirely separate sentences pushed together to pretend they say something they didn't.
He's clearly quite proud of the email software he wrote in 1978, and that's great. He should be. It may have made some incremental improvements on what else was already out there, but it is not inventing email. It's also entirely possible that he was wholly unaware of everything else that was out there. And, again, that's great. We've talked many times in the past about multiple people coming up with the same ideas around the same time. Ayyadurai should be quite proud of what he's done. But he's simply not telling the truth when he claims to have invented email. His website is full of accolades from the past, including his Westinghouse award (which is a prestigious award for high schoolers), his copyrights and his later patents. There are local newspaper clippings. That's all great. It reminds me of the folder my mother has on all the nice things that happened to me as a kid. But none of it means he invented email.
It's unclear why Huffington Post is publishing this ludicrous and disproven narrative. It's unclear why one of the biggest names in PR is involved in all of this, though you can take some guesses. But there are facts, and they include that "electronic mail" existed long before V.A. Shiva Ayyadurai wrote his program as a precocious teenager. Huffington Post is either not disclosing a paid-for series of posts (which would be a massive ethical breach) or they've been taken for a ride. Neither option speaks well of HuffPo and its journalistic integrity.
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via: https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20140901/07280928386/huffpo-publishes-bizarre-misleading-factually-incorrect-multi-part-series-pretending-guy-invented-email-even-though-he-didnt.shtml
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[1]:https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20120222/11132917842/how-guy-who-didnt-invent-email-got-memorialized-press-smithsonian-as-inventor-email.shtml
[2]:http://www.huffingtonpost.com/news/the-history-of-email/
[3]:http://www.nethistory.info/History%20of%20the%20Internet/email.html
[4]:http://www.ir.bbn.com/~craig/email.pdf
[5]:http://www.multicians.org/thvv/mail-history.html
[6]:http://www.huffingtonpost.com/larry-weber/the-history-of-email-boy-who-invented-email_b_5690783.html
[7]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Weber
[8]:http://www.huffingtonpost.com/leslie-p-michelson/the-history-of-email-invention-of-email_b_5707913.html
[9]:http://www.huffingtonpost.com/leslie-p-michelson/history-of-email-introduction_b_5726018.html
[10]:http://www.huffingtonpost.com/robert-field/history-of-email-first-email-system_b_5722000.html
[11]:http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/08/28/email-shiva-ayyadurai_n_5731606.html
[12]:https://imgur.com/AscOfQh
[13]:http://integrativesystems.org/board.asp
[14]:http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0684832674/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=0684832674&linkCode=as2&tag=techdirtcom-20&linkId=OSP5B7BVSLAG5XNX
[15]:https://imgur.com/KJW7BnA
[16]:http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc733
[17]:http://www.inventorofemail.com/index.asp
[18]:http://gizmodo.com/5888702/corruption-lies-and-death-threats-the-crazy-story-of-the-man-who-pretended-to-invent-email

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sources/talk/20141204 CoreOS breaks with Docker.md
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CoreOS breaks with Docker
================================================================================
> Summary: CoreOS, a new enterprise Linux company and a Docker partner, is now proposing its own alternative to Docker's container technology.
[Docker][1] exploded out of nowhere in 2014 to make container technology white hot in cloud and datacenter technical circles. Even [Microsoft joined its open-source virtualization revolution][2]. Now, however, early Docker supporter [CoreOS][3], a new large-scale Linux distributor vendor, is turning its back on it and developing its own container technology: [Rocket][4].
![](http://cdn-static.zdnet.com/i/r/story/70/00/036331/coreos-200x77.jpg?hash=MTAvMJZ3MJ&upscale=1)
While [CoreOS][5] is relatively unknown outside of Linux circles and Silicon Valley, it's seen by those in the know as an up and coming Linux distribution for datacenters and clouds. It's not an insignificant company crying foul, because [Docker's take on virtualization has proven to be so popular][6]. Indeed, CoreOS currently requires Docker to work well, and Brandon Philips, CoreOS' co-founder and CTO, has been a top Docker contributor and was serving on the Docker governance board.
So, why is CoreOS breaking with Docker? First, because "We believe strongly in the Unix philosophy: Tools should be independently useful, but have clean integration points." However, it also said that "Docker now is building tools for launching cloud servers, systems for clustering, and a wide range of functions: Building images, running images, uploading, downloading, and eventually even overlay networking, all compiled into one monolithic binary running primarily as root on your server."
In short, instead of Docker being a Unix-style, simple reusable component, CoreOS sees Docker becoming a platform. And CoreOS has no interest in that.
Instead, with Rocket, they propose going back to the [original Docker proposal][7] for what a container should be.
CoreOS spells out that Rocket will be:
- **Composable**: All tools for downloading, installing, and running containers should be well integrated, but independent and composable.
- **Secure**: Isolation should be pluggable, and the crypto primitives for strong trust, image auditing, and application identity should exist from day one.
- **Image distribution**: Discovery of container images should be simple and facilitate a federated namespace and distributed retrieval. This opens the possibility of alternative protocols, such as BitTorrent, and deployments to private environments without the requirement of a registry.
- **Open**: The format and runtime should be well specified and developed by a community. We want independent implementations of tools to be able to run the same container consistently.
To do this, CoreOS is not forking Docker. Alex Polvi, CoreOS' CEO, wrote, "From a security and composability perspective, the Docker process model — where everything runs through a central daemon — is fundamentally flawed. To 'fix' Docker would essentially mean a rewrite of the project, while inheriting all the baggage of the existing implementation."
CoreOS already has an [alpha version of Rocket on GitHub][8], but it's still open to other ideas on how to build a Docker alternative. At the same time, however, CoreOS states that it won't be leaving Docker behind. "We will continue to make sure CoreOS is the best place to run Docker ... [and] expect Docker to continue to be fully integrated with CoreOS as it is today."
While I can understand CoreOS' concerns, I find it hard to imagine that its attempt to come up with a successful alternative to Docker will come to anything. Docker certainly isn't perfect, but in a matter of mere months, it gathered support from almost everyone in the enterprise operating system business. The only way I can see CoreOS' Rocket launching successfully will be if Docker falls flat on its face, and I just don't see that happening.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://www.zdnet.com/coreos-breaks-with-docker-7000036331/#ftag=RSS06bb67b
作者：[Steven J. Vaughan-Nichols][a]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]:http://www.zdnet.com/meet-the-team/us/steven-j-vaughan-nichols/
[1]:https://www.docker.com/
[2]:http://www.zdnet.com/docker-container-support-coming-to-microsofts-next-windows-server-release-7000034708
[3]:https://coreos.com/
[4]:https://coreos.com/blog/rocket
[5]:http://www.zdnet.com/coreos-linux-for-the-cloud-and-the-datacenter-7000031137/
[6]:http://www.zdnet.com/what-is-docker-and-why-is-it-so-darn-popular-7000032269/
[7]:https://github.com/docker/docker/commit/0db56e6c519b19ec16c6fbd12e3cee7dfa6018c5
[8]:https://github.com/coreos/rocket

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CoreOS Team Develops Rocket, Breaks with Docker
================================================================================
![](https://farm8.staticflickr.com/7297/12199695124_53d5323167_t.jpg)
[Docker][1] has easily emerged as one of the top open source stories of the year, and has helped many organizations [benefit from container technology][2]. As we’ve reported, even Google is [working closely][3] with it, and Microsoft is as well.
However, the folks behind CoreOS, a very popular Linux flavor for use in cloud deployments, are developing their own container technology, [dubbed Rocket][4], which will actually compete with Docker. Here are the details.
Rocket is a new container runtime, designed for composability, security, and speed, according to the CoreOS team. The group has released a [prototype version on GitHub][5] to begin getting community feedback.
“When Docker was first introduced to us in early 2013, the idea of a “standard container” was striking and immediately attractive: a simple component, a composable unit, that could be used in a variety of systems. The Docker repository [included a manifesto][6] of what a standard container should be. This was a rally cry to the industry, and we quickly followed. We thought Docker would become a simple unit that we can all agree on.”
“Unfortunately, a simple re-usable component is not how things are playing out. Docker now is building tools for launching cloud servers, systems for clustering, and a wide range of functions: building images, running images, uploading, downloading, and eventually even overlay networking, all compiled into one monolithic binary running primarily as root on your server. The standard container manifesto [was removed][7]. We should stop talking about Docker containers, and start talking about the Docker Platform.”
“We still believe in the original premise of containers that Docker introduced, so we are doing something about it. Rocket is a command line tool, rkt, for running App Containers. An ‘App Container’ is the specification of an image format, container runtime, and a discovery mechanism.”
There is a specification coming for App Container Images (ACI). Anyone can [Read about and contribute to the ACI draft][8].
The Register also [notes this interesting aspect][9] of Rocket:
“Significantly, all of CoreOS's tools for working with App Container will be integrated, yet independent from one another. Rocket can run as a standalone tool on any flavor of Linux, not just CoreOS.”
In a [blog post][10], Docker CEO Ben Golub voiced disagreement with CoreOS's move, and he writes:
“There are technical or philosophical differences, which appears to be the case with the recent announcement regarding Rocket. We hope to address some of the technical arguments posed by the Rocket project in a subsequent post.”
It sounds like a standards skirmish is going to come of all this, but, as is often the case with standards confrontations, users may benefit from the competition.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://ostatic.com/blog/coreos-team-develops-rocket-breaks-with-docker
作者：[Sam Dean][a]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]:http://ostatic.com/member/samdean
[1]:https://www.docker.com/
[2]:http://ostatic.com/blog/linux-containers-with-docker
[3]:http://ostatic.com/blog/google-sets-sights-squarely-on-docker-with-new-container-engine
[4]:https://coreos.com/blog/rocket/
[5]:https://github.com/coreos/rocket
[6]:https://github.com/docker/docker/commit/0db56e6c519b19ec16c6fbd12e3cee7dfa6018c5
[7]:https://github.com/docker/docker/commit/eed00a4afd1e8e8e35f8ca640c94d9c9e9babaf7
[8]:https://github.com/coreos/rocket/blob/master/app-container/SPEC.md#app-container-image
[9]:http://www.theregister.co.uk/2014/12/01/coreos_rocket_announcement/
[10]:http://blog.docker.com/2014/12/initial-thoughts-on-the-rocket-announcement/

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Interview: Apache Software Foundation Elevates Drill to Top-Level Project
================================================================================
![](http://i1311.photobucket.com/albums/s669/webworkerdaily/tomer_zps5e1225aa.png)
The Apache Software Foundation (ASF) has [announced][1] that [Apache Drill][2] has graduated from the Apache Incubator to become a Top-Level Project (TLP).
Apache Drill is billed as the world's first schema-free SQL query engine that delivers real-time insights by removing the constraint of building and maintaining schemas before data can be analyzed.
Drill enables rapid application development on Apache Hadoop and also allows enterprise BI analysts to access Hadoop in a self-service fashion. OStatic caught up with Tomer Shiran (shown here), a member of the Drill Project Management Committee, to get his thoughts. Here they are in an interview.
**Can you provide a brief overview of what Drill is and what kinds of users it can make a difference for?**
Drill is the world's first distributed, schema-free SQL engine. Analysts and developers can use Drill to interactively explore data in Hadoop and other NoSQL databases, such as HBase and MongoDB. There's no need to explicitly define and maintain schemas, as Drill can automatically leverage the structure that's embedded in the data.
This enables self-service data exploration, which is not possible with traditional data warehouses or SQL-on-Hadoop solutions like Hive and Impala, in which DBAs must manage schemas and transform the data before it can be analyzed.
**What level of community involvement with Drill already exists?**
Drill is an Apache project, so it's not owned by any vendor. Developers in the community can contribute to Drill. MapR currently employs the largest number of contributors, but we're seeing an increasing number of contributions from other companies, and that trend has been accelerating in recent months.
For example, the MongoDB storage plugin (enabling queries on MongoDB) was contributed by developers at Intuit.
**Hadoop has a lot of momentum on the Big Data front. How can Drill help organizations leveraging Hadoop?**
Drill is the ideal interactive SQL engine for Hadoop. One of the main reasons organizations choose Hadoop is due to its flexibility and agility. Unlike traditional databases, getting data into Hadoop is easy, and users can load data in any shape or size on their own. Early attempts at SQL on Hadoop (eg, Hive, Impala) force schemas to be created and maintained even for self-describing data like JSON, Parquet and HBase tables.
These systems also require data to be transformed before it can be queried. Drill is the only SQL engine for Hadoop that doesn't force schemas to be defined before data can be queried, and doesn't require any data transformations. In other words, Drill maintains the flexibility and agility paradigms that made Hadoop popular, thus making it the natural technology for data exploration and BI on Hadoop.
**What does Drill's status as a top-level project at Apache mean for its development and future?**
Drill's graduation to a top-level project is an indication that Drill has established a strong community of users and developers. Graduation is a decision made by the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) board, and it provides confidence to Drill's potential users and contributors that the project has a strong foundation. From a governance standpoint, a top-level project has its own board (also known as PMC). The PMC Chair (Jacques Nadeau) is a VP at Apache.
**How do you think Drill will evolve over the next several years?**
Drill has a large and growing community of contributors. Drill 1.0 will be out in Q1'15. We'll see many new features over the next several years. Here are a just a few examples of initiatives that are currently under way:
Drill currently supports HDFS, HBase and MongoDB. Additional data sources are being added, including Cassandra and RDBMS (all JDBC-enabled databases, including Oracle and MySQL). A single query can incorporate/join data from different sources. In the next year, Drill will become the standard SQL engine for modern datastores (which are all schema-free in nature): Hadoop, NoSQL databases - HBase/MongoDB/Cassandra, and search - Elasticsearch/Solr.
A single enterprise or cloud provider will be able to serve multiple groups/departments/organizations, each having its own workloads and SLA requirements. For example, in Drill 1.0 will support user impersonation, meaning that a query can only access the data that the user is authorized to access, and this will work with all supported data sources (Hadoop, HBase, MongoDB, etc.)
Drill will support not only SELECT and CREATE TABLE ... AS SELECT (CTAS) queries, but also INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE, enabling Drill to be used for operational applications (in addition to data exploration and analytics). Drill will also support the ultra-low latency and high concurrency required for such use cases.
Full TPC-DS support. Unlike other SQL-on-Hadoop technologies, Drill is designed to support the ANSI SQL standard as opposed to a SQL-like language. This provides better support for BI and other tools. Drill will be able to run TPC-DS, unmodified, in 2015.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://ostatic.com/blog/interview-apache-software-foundation-elevates-drill-to-top-level-project
作者：[Sam Dean][a]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]:http://ostatic.com/member/samdean
[1]:https://blogs.apache.org/foundation/entry/the_apache_software_foundation_announces66
[2]:http://drill.apache.org/

5
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////translating by yupmoon
Open source all over the world
================================================================================
![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/images/business/BUS_OpenSourceExperience_520x292_cm.png)
@ -145,4 +148,4 @@ via: https://opensource.com/business/14/12/jim-whitehurst-inspiration-open-sourc
[44]:http://jobs.redhat.com/life-at-red-hat/our-culture/
[45]:http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/4300
[46]:https://twitter.com/philshapiro
[47]:http://libreoffice.org/
[47]:http://libreoffice.org/

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Translating by ZTinoZ
Was 2014 "The Year of Linux Desktop"?
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> The Linux desktop is finally hitting all the right notes
@ -42,4 +43,4 @@ via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Was-2014-The-Year-of-Linux-Desktop-467036.sh
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]:http://news.softpedia.com/editors/browse/silviu-stahie
[a]:http://news.softpedia.com/editors/browse/silviu-stahie

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Docker and the Integrated Open Source Company
================================================================================
It’s been a long time since an open source project has gotten as much buzz and attention as Docker. The easiest way to explain the concept is, well, to look at the logo of the eponymous1 company that created and manages the project:
![](http://2yj23r14cytosbxol4cavq337g.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/docker.png)
The reference in the logo is to shipping containers, one of the most important inventions of the 20th century. Actually, the word “invention” is not quite right: the idea of putting bulk goods into consistently-sized boxes goes back at least a few hundred years.[2][1] What changed the world was the standardization of containers by a trucking magnate named Malcom McLean and Keith Tantlinger, his head engineer. Tantlinger developed much of the technology undergirding the intermodal container, especially its corner casting and Twistlock mechanism that allowed the containers to be stacked on ships, transported by trucks, and moved by crane. More importantly, Tantlinger convinced McLean to release the patented design for anyone to copy without license, knowing that the technology would only be valuable if it were deployed in every port and on every transport ship in the world. Tantlinger, to put it in software terms, open-sourced the design.
Shipping containers really are a perfect metaphor for what Docker is building: standardized containers for applications.
- Just as the idea of a container wasn’t invented by Tantlinger, Docker is building on a concept that has been around for quite a while. Companies like Oracle, HP, and IBM have used containers for many years, and Google especially has a very similar implementation to Docker that they use for internal projects. Docker, though, by being open source and [community-centric][2], offers the promise of standardization
- It doesn’t matter what is inside of a shipping container; the container itself will fit on any ship, truck, or crane in the world. Similarly, it doesn’t matter what app (and associated files, frameworks, dependencies, etc.) is inside of a docker container; the container will run on any Linux distribution and, more importantly, just about every cloud provider including AWS, Azure, Google Cloud Platform, Rackspace, etc.
- When you move abroad, you can literally have a container brought to your house, stick in your belongings, and then have the entire thing moved to a truck to a crane to a ship to your new country. Similarly, containers allow developers to build and test an application on their local machine and have confidence that the application will behave the exact same way when it is pushed out to a server. Because everything is self-contained, the developer does not need to worry about there being different frameworks, versions, and other dependencies in the various places the application might be run
The implications of this are far-reaching: not only do containers make it easier to manage the lifecycle of an application, they also (theoretically) commoditize cloud services through the age-old hope of “write once run anywhere.” More importantly, at least for now, docker containers offer the potential of being far more efficient than virtual machines. Relative to a container, using virtual machines is like using a car transport ship to move cargo: each unique entity on the ship is self-powered, which means a lot of wasted resources (those car engines aren’t very useful while crossing the ocean). Similarly, each virtual machine has to deal with the overhead of its own OS; containers, on the other hand, all share the same OS resulting in huge efficiency gains.[3][4]
In short, Docker is a really big deal from a technical perspective. What excites me, though, is that the company is also innovating when it comes to their business model.
----------
The problem with monetizing open source is self-evident: if the software is freely available, what exactly is worth paying for? And, unlike media, you can’t exactly stick an advertisement next to some code!
For many years the default answer has been to “be like Red Hat.” Red Hat is the creator and maintainer of the Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) distribution, which, like all Linux distributions, is freely available.[4][5] Red Hat, however, makes money by offering support, training, a certification program, etc. for enterprises looking to use their software. It is very much a traditional enterprise model – make money on support! – just minus the up-front license fees.
This sort of business is certainly still viable; Hortonworks is [set to IPO][3] with a similar model based on Hadoop, albeit at a much lower valuation than it received during its last VC round. That doesn’t surprise me: I don’t think this is a particularly great model from a business perspective.
To understand why it’s useful to think about there being three distinct parts of any company that is based on open source: the open source project itself, any value-added software built on top of that project, and the actual means of making money:
![](http://2yj23r14cytosbxol4cavq337g.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/opensourcepaper.jpg)
*There are three parts of an open source business: the project itself, the value-added software on top of that project, and the means of monetization*
The problem with the “Red Hat” model is the complete separation of all three of these parts: Red Hat doesn’t control the core project (Linux), and their value-added software (RHEL) is free, leaving their money-making support program to stand alone. To the company’s credit they have pulled this model off, but I think a big reason is because utilizing Linux was so much more of a challenge back in the 90s.[5][11] I highly doubt Red Hat could successfully build a similar business from scratch today.
![](http://2yj23r14cytosbxol4cavq337g.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/redhatpaper.jpg)
*The three parts of Red Hat’s business are separate and more difficult for the company to control and monetize*
GitHub, the repository hosting service, is exploring what is to my mind a more compelling model. GitHub’s value-added software is a hosting service based on Git, an open-source project designed by Linux creator Linus Torvalds. Crucially, GitHub is seeking to monetize that hosting service directly, both through a SaaS model and through an on-premise enterprise offering[6][6]. This means that, in comparison to Red Hat, there is one less place to disintermediate GitHub: you can’t get their value-added software (for private projects – public is free) unless you’re willing to pay.
![](http://2yj23r14cytosbxol4cavq337g.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/githubpaper.jpg)
*While GitHub does not control Git, their value-added software and means of monetization are unified, making the latter much easier and more sustainable*
Docker takes the GitHub model a step further: the company controls everything from the open source project itself to the value-added software (DockerHub) built on top of that, and, just last week, [announced a monetization model][7] that is very similar to GitHub’s enterprise offering. Presuming Docker continues its present momentum and finds success with this enterprise offering, they have the potential to be a fully integrated open source software company: project, value-added software, and monetization all rolled into one.
![](http://2yj23r14cytosbxol4cavq337g.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/dockerpaper.jpg)
*Docker controls all the parts of their business: they are a fully integrated open source company.*
This is exciting, and, to be honest, a little scary. What is exciting is that very few movements have had such a profound effect as open source software, and not just on the tech industry. Open source products are responsible for end user products like this blog; more importantly, open source technologies have enabled exponentially more startups to get off the ground with minimal investment, vastly accelerating the rate of innovation and iteration in tech.[7][8] The ongoing challenge for any open source project, though, is funding, and Docker’s business model is a potentially sustainable solution not just for Docker but for future open source technologies.
That said, if Docker is successful, over the long run commercial incentives will steer the Docker open source project in a way that benefits Docker the company, which may not be what is best for the community broadly. That is what is scary about this: might open source in the long run be subtly corrupted by this business model? The makers of CoreOS, a stripped-down Linux distribution that is a perfect complement for Docker, [argued that was the case][9] last week:
> We thought Docker would become a simple unit that we can all agree on. Unfortunately, a simple re-usable component is not how things are playing out. Docker now is building tools for launching cloud servers, systems for clustering, and a wide range of functions: building images, running images, uploading, downloading, and eventually even overlay networking, all compiled into one monolithic binary running primarily as root on your server. The standard container manifesto was removed. We should stop talking about Docker containers, and start talking about the Docker Platform. It is not becoming the simple composable building block we had envisioned.
This, I suppose, is the beauty of open source: if you disagree, fork, which is essentially what CoreOS did, launching their own “Rocket” container.[8][10] It also shows that Docker’s business model – and any business model that contains open source – will never be completely defensible: there will always be a disintermediation point. I suspect, though, that Rocket will fail and Docker’s momentum will continue: the logic of there being one true container is inexorable, and Docker has already built up quite a bit of infrastructure and – just maybe – a business model to make it sustainable.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://stratechery.com/2014/docker-integrated-open-source-company/
作者：[Ben Thompson][a]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]:http://stratechery.com/category/about/
[1]:http://stratechery.com/2014/docker-integrated-open-source-company/#fn:1:1300
[2]:https://github.com/docker/docker
[3]:http://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2014/12/01/ipo-bound-hortonworks-drops-out-of-billion-dollar-startup-club/
[4]:http://stratechery.com/2014/docker-integrated-open-source-company/#fn:2:1300
[5]:http://stratechery.com/2014/docker-integrated-open-source-company/#fn:3:1300
[6]:http://stratechery.com/2014/docker-integrated-open-source-company/#fn:5:1300
[7]:http://blog.docker.com/2014/12/docker-announces-docker-hub-enterprise/
[8]:http://stratechery.com/2014/docker-integrated-open-source-company/#fn:6:1300
[9]:https://coreos.com/blog/rocket/
[10]:http://stratechery.com/2014/docker-integrated-open-source-company/#fn:7:1300
[11]:http://stratechery.com/2014/docker-integrated-open-source-company/#fn:4:1300

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2015 will be the year Linux takes over the enterprise (and other predictions)
================================================================================
> Jack Wallen removes his rose-colored glasses and peers into the crystal ball to predict what 2015 has in store for Linux.
![](http://tr1.cbsistatic.com/hub/i/r/2014/12/15/f79d21fe-f1d1-416d-ba22-7e757dfcdb31/resize/620x485/52a10d26d34c3fc4201c5daa8ff277ff/linux2015hero.jpg)
The crystal ball has been vague and fuzzy for quite some time. Every pundit and voice has opined on what the upcoming year will mean to whatever topic it is they hold dear to their heart. In my case, we're talking Linux and open source.
In previous years, I'd don the rose-colored glasses and make predictions that would shine a fantastic light over the Linux landscape and proclaim 20** will be the year of Linux on the _____ (name your platform). Many times, those predictions were wrong, and Linux would wind up grinding on in the background.
This coming year, however, there are some fairly bold predictions to be made, some of which are sure things. Read on and see if you agree.
### Linux takes over big data ###
This should come as no surprise, considering the advancements Linux and open source has made over the previous few years. With the help of SuSE, Red Hat, and SAP Hana, Linux will hold powerful sway over big data in 2015. In-memory computing and live kernel patching will be the thing that catapults big data into realms of uptime and reliability never before known. SuSE will lead this charge like a warrior rushing into a battle it cannot possibly lose.
This rise of Linux in the world of big data will have serious trickle down over the rest of the business world. We already know how fond enterprise businesses are of Linux and big data. What we don't know is how this relationship will alter the course of Linux with regards to the rest of the business world.
My prediction is that the success of Linux with big data will skyrocket the popularity of Linux throughout the business landscape. More contracts for SuSE and Red Hat will equate to more deployments of Linux servers that handle more tasks within the business world. This will especially apply to the cloud, where OpenStack should easily become an overwhelming leader.
As the end of 2015 draws to a close, Linux will continue its take over of more backend services, which may include the likes of collaboration servers, security, and much more.
### Smart machines ###
Linux is already leading the trend for making homes and autos more intelligent. With improvements in the likes of Nest (which currently uses an embedded Linux), the open source platform is poised to take over your machines. Because 2015 should see a massive rise in smart machines, it goes without saying that Linux will be a huge part of that growth. I firmly believe more homes and businesses will take advantage of such smart controls, and that will lead to more innovations (all of which will be built on Linux).
One of the issues facing Nest, however, is that it was purchased by Google. What does this mean for the thermostat controller? Will Google continue using the Linux platform -- or will it opt to scrap that in favor of Android? Of course, a switch would set the Nest platform back a bit.
The upcoming year will see Linux lead the rise in popularity of home automation. Wink, Iris, Q Station, Staples Connect, and more (similar) systems will help to bridge Linux and home users together.
### The desktop ###
The big question, as always, is one that tends to hang over the heads of the Linux community like a dark cloud. That question is in relation to the desktop. Unfortunately, my predictions here aren't nearly as positive. I believe that the year 2015 will remain quite stagnant for Linux on the desktop. That complacency will center around Ubuntu.
As much as I love Ubuntu (and the Unity desktop), this particular distribution will continue to drag the Linux desktop down. Why?
Convergence... or the lack thereof.
Canonical has been so headstrong about converging the desktop and mobile experience that they are neglecting the current state of the desktop. The last two releases of Ubuntu (one being an LTS release) have been stagnant (at best). The past year saw two of the most unexciting releases of Ubuntu that I can recall. The reason? Because the developers of Ubuntu are desperately trying to make Unity 8/Mir and the ubiquitous Ubuntu Phone a reality. The vaporware that is the Ubuntu Phone will continue on through 2015, and Unity 8/Mir may or may not be released.
When the new iteration of the Ubuntu Unity desktop is finally released, it will suffer a serious setback, because there will be so little hardware available to truly show it off. [System76][1] will sell their outstanding [Sable Touch][2], which will probably become the flagship system for Unity 8/Mir. As for the Ubuntu Phone? How many reports have you read that proclaimed "Ubuntu Phone will ship this year"?
I'm now going on the record to predict that the Ubuntu Phone will not ship in 2015. Why? Canonical created partnerships with two OEMs over a year ago. Those partnerships have yet to produce a single shippable product. The closest thing to a shippable product is the Meizu MX4 phone. The "Pro" version of that phone was supposed to have a formal launch of Sept 25. Like everything associated with the Ubuntu Phone, it didn't happen.
Unless Canonical stops putting all of its eggs in one vaporware basket, desktop Linux will take a major hit in 2015. Ubuntu needs to release something major -- something to make heads turn -- otherwise, 2015 will be just another year where we all look back and think "we could have done something special."
Outside of Ubuntu, I do believe there are some outside chances that Linux could still make some noise on the desktop. I think two distributions, in particular, will bring something rather special to the table:
- [Evolve OS][3] -- a ChromeOS-like Linux distribution
- [Quantum OS][4] -- a Linux distribution that uses Android's Material Design specs
Both of these projects are quite exciting and offer unique, user-friendly takes on the Linux desktop. This is quickly become a necessity in a landscape being dragged down by out-of-date design standards (think the likes of Cinnamon, Mate, XFCE, LXCE -- all desperately clinging to the past).
This is not to say that Linux on the desktop doesn't have a chance in 2015. It does. In order to grasp the reins of that chance, it will have to move beyond the past and drop the anchors that prevent it from moving out to deeper, more viable waters.
Linux stands to make more waves in 2015 than it has in a very long time. From enterprise to home automation -- the world could be the oyster that Linux uses as a springboard to the desktop and beyond.
What are your predictions for Linux and open source in 2015? Share your thoughts in the discussion thread below.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://www.techrepublic.com/article/2015-will-be-the-year-linux-takes-over-the-enterprise-and-other-predictions/
作者：[Jack Wallen][a]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]:http://www.techrepublic.com/search/?a=jack+wallen
[1]:https://system76.com/
[2]:https://system76.com/desktops/sable
[3]:https://evolve-os.com/
[4]:http://quantum-os.github.io/

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The history of Android
================================================================================
注：youtube视频地址
<iframe width="640" height="360" frameborder="0" src="http://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/e52TSXwj774?start=0&amp;wmode=transparent" type="text/html" style="display:block"></iframe>
### Android 2.0, Éclair‎—blowing up the GPS industry ###
Forty-one days—that was how much time passed between Android 1.6 and 2.0. The first big version number bump for Android launched in October 2009 [on the Motorola Droid][1], the first "second generation" Android device. The Droid offered huge hardware upgrades over the G1, starting with the massive (at the time) 3.7 inch, 854×480 LCD. It brought a lot more power, too: a (still single-core) 600Mhz TI OMAP Cortex A8 with 256MB of RAM.
![The Motorola Droid stares into your soul.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/2181.jpg)
The Motorola Droid stares into your soul.
The most important part of the Droid, though, was the large advertising campaign around it. The Droid was the flagship device for Verizon Wireless in the US, and with that title came a ton of ad money from America's biggest carrier. Verizon licensed the word "droid" from Lucasfilm and started up the ["Droid Does" campaign][2]—a shouty, explosion-filled set of commercials that positioned the device (and by extension, Android) as the violent, ass-kicking alternative to the iPhone. The press frequently declared the T-Mobile G1 as trying to be an “iPhone Killer," but the Droid came out and owned it.
Like the G1, the Droid had a hardware keyboard that slid out from the side of the phone. The trackball was gone, but some kind of d-pad was still mandatory, so Motorola placed a five-way d-pad on the right side of the keyboard. On the front, the Droid switched from hardware buttons to capacitive touch buttons, which were just paint on the glass touchscreen. Android 2.0 also finally allowed devices to do away with the “Call" and “End" buttons. So together with the demotion of the d-pad to the keyboard tray, the front buttons could all fit in a nice, neat strip. The result of all this streamlining was the best-looking Android device yet. The T-Mobile G1 looked like a Fisher-Price toy, but the Motorola Droid looked like an industrial tool that you could cut someone with.
![The lock and home screens from 2.0 and 1.6.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/intro202.png)
The lock and home screens from 2.0 and 1.6.
Photo by Ron Amadeo
Some of Verizon's grungy ad campaign leaked over to the software, where the default wallpaper was changed from a calm, watery vista to a picture of dirty concrete. The boot animation used a pulsing, red, Hal 9000 eyeball and the default notification tone shouted "[DRRRRROOOOIIIIDDDD][3]" every time you received an e-mail. Éclair was Android’s angsty teenager phase.
One of the first things Android 2.0 presented to the user was a new lock screen. Slide-to-unlock was patented by Apple, so Google went with a rotary-phone-inspired arc unlock gesture. Putting your finger on the lock icon and sliding right would unlock the device, and sliding left from the volume icon would silence the phone. A thumb naturally moves in an arc, so this felt like an even more natural gesture than sliding in a straight line.
The default homescreen layout scrapped the redundant analog clock widget and introduced what is now an Android staple: a search bar at the top of the home screen. SMS Messaging and the Android Market were also given top billing in the new layout. The app drawer tab was given a sharp redesign, too.
![The app drawers and pictures of the “Add to Home" menus.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/icons.png)
The app drawers and pictures of the “Add to Home" menus.
Photo by Ron Amadeo
Android was developed at such a breakneck pace in the early days that the Android Team could never really plan for future devices when making interface art. The Motorola Droid—with its 854×480 LCD—was a huge bump up in resolution over the 320×480 G1-era devices. Nearly everything needed to be redrawn. Starting from scratch with interface art would pretty much be the main theme of Android 2.0.
Google took this opportunity to redesign almost every icon in Android, going from a cartoony look with an isometric perspective to straight-on icons done in a more serious style. The only set of icons that weren't redrawn were the status bar icons, which now look very out of place compared to the rest of the OS. These icons would hang around from Android 0.9 until 2.3.
There were a few changes to the app lineup as well. Camcorder was merged into the camera, the IM app was killed, and two new Google-made apps were added: Car Home, a launcher with big buttons designed for use while driving, and Corporate Calendar, which is identical to the regular calendar except it supports Exchange instead of Google Calendar. Weirdly, Google also included two third-party apps out of the box: Facebook and Verizon's Visual VM app. (Neither works today.) The second set of pictures displays the “Add to Home screen" menu, and it received all new art, too.
![A Places page, showing the “Navigate" option, the Navigation disclaimer, the actual Navigation screen, and the traffic info screen.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/nav2.png)
A Places page, showing the “Navigate" option, the Navigation disclaimer, the actual Navigation screen, and the traffic info screen.
Photo by Ron Amadeo
Beyond a redesign, the clear headline feature of Android 2.0 was Google Maps Navigation. Google updated Maps to allow for free turn-by-turn navigation, complete with a point of interest search and text to speech, which could read the names of streets aloud just like a standalone GPS unit. Turning GPS navigation from a separate product into a free smartphone feature pretty much [destroyed][4] the standalone GPS market overnight. TomTom’s stock dropped almost 40 percent during the week of Android 2.0’s launch.
But navigation was pretty hard to get to at first. You had to open the search box, type in a place or address, and tap on the search result. Next, after tapping on the "Navigate" button, Google showed a warning stating that Navigation was in beta and should not be trusted. After tapping on "accept," you could jump in a car, and a harsh-sounding robot voice would guide you to your destination. Hidden behind the menu button was an option to check out the traffic and accidents for the entire route. This design of Navigation hung around forever. Even when the main Google Maps interface was updated in Android 4.0, the Android 2.0 stylings in the Navigation section hung around until almost Android 4.3.
Maps would also show a route overview, which contained traffic data for your route. At first it was just licensed by the usual traffic data provider, but later, Google would use information from Android and iOS phones running Google Maps to [crowd source traffic data][5]. It was the first step in Google's dominance of the mobile map game. After all, real-time traffic monitoring is really just a matter of how many points of data you have. Today, with hundreds of millions of Google Maps users across iOS and Android, Google has become the best provider of traffic data in the world.
With Maps Navigation, Android finally found its killer app. Google was offering something no one else could. There was finally an answer to the "Why should I buy this over an iPhone?" question. Google Maps didn't require PC-based updating like many GPS units did, either. It was always up-to-date thanks to the cloud, and all of those updates were free. The only downside was that you needed an Internet connection to use Google Maps.
As was greatly publicized during the [Apple Maps fiasco][6], accurate maps have become one of the most important features of a smartphone, even if no one really appreciates them when they work. Mapping the world is really only solvable with tons of person power, and today, Google’s “Geo" division is the largest in the company with more than [7,000 employees][7]. For most of these people, their job is to literally drive down every road in the world with the company’s camera-filled Street View cars. After eight years of data collection, Google has more than [five million miles][8] of 360-degree Street View imagery, and Google Maps is one of the biggest, most untouchable pillars of the company.
![The Car Home screen, and, because we have room, a horizontal version of Navigation.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/carhome1.png)
The Car Home screen, and, because we have room, a horizontal version of Navigation.
Photo by Ron Amadeo
Along with Google Maps Navigation came "Car Home," a large-buttoned home screen designed to help you use your phone while driving. It wasn't customizable, and each button was just a shortcut to a standard app. The Motorola Droid and its official [car dock accessory][9] had special magnets that would automatically trigger Car Home. While docked, pressing the hardware home button on the Droid would open Car Home instead of the normal home screen, and an on-screen home button led to the normal home screen.
Car Home, while useful, didn’t last long—it was cut in Android 3.0 and never came back. GPS systems are almost entirely used in cars while driving, but encouraging users to do so with options like “search," which would bring up a keyboard, is something that Google’s lawyers probably weren’t very fond of. With [Apple’s CarPlay][10] and Google’s [Open Automotive Alliance][11], car computers are seeing a resurgence these days. This time, though, there is more of a focus on safety, and government organizations like the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration are on board to help out.
----------
![Ron Amadeo](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content//uploads/authors/ron-amadeo-sq.jpg)
[Ron Amadeo][a] / Ron is the Reviews Editor at Ars Technica, where he specializes in Android OS and Google products. He is always on the hunt for a new gadget and loves to rip things apart to see how they work.
[@RonAmadeo][t]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/10/
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[1]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2009/12/review-of-the-motorola-droid/
[2]:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e52TSXwj774
[3]:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UBL47tHrvMA
[4]:http://techcrunch.com/2009/10/28/googles-new-mobile-app-cuts-gps-nav-companies-at-the-knees/
[5]:http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2009/08/bright-side-of-sitting-in-traffic.html
[6]:http://arstechnica.com/apple/2012/09/apple-ceo-tim-cook-apologizes-for-ios-6-maps-promises-improvements/
[7]:http://www.businessinsider.com/apple-has-7000-fewer-people-working-on-maps-than-google-2012-9
[8]:https://developers.google.com/events/io/sessions/383278298
[9]:http://www.amazon.com/Motorola-Generation-Vehicle-Charger-Packaging/dp/B002Y3BYQA
[10]:http://arstechnica.com/apple/2014/03/ios-in-the-car-becomes-carplay-coming-to-select-dashboards-this-year/
[11]:http://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2014/01/open-automotive-alliance-aims-to-bring-android-inside-the-car/
[a]:http://arstechnica.com/author/ronamadeo
[t]:https://twitter.com/RonAmadeo

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惊现译者～CHINAANSHE 翻译!!
How to configure HTTP load balancer with HAProxy on Linux
================================================================================
Increased demand on web based applications and services are putting more and more weight on the shoulders of IT administrators. When faced with unexpected traffic spikes, organic traffic growth, or internal challenges such as hardware failures and urgent maintenance, your web application must remain available, no matter what. Even modern devops and continuous delivery practices can threaten the reliability and consistent performance of your web service.

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7 Things to Do After Installing Ubuntu 14.10 Utopic Unicorn
================================================================================
After you’ve installed or [upgraded to Ubuntu 14.10][1], known by its codename ‘Utopic Unicorn’, there are a few things you should do to get it up and running in tip-top shape.
Whether you’ve performed a fresh install or upgraded an existing version, here’s our biannual checklist of post-install tasks to get started with.
### 1. Get Acquainted ###
![The Ubuntu Browser](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Screen-Shot-2014-10-23-at-20.02.54.png)
The Ubuntu Browser
The majority of changes rocking up in Ubuntu 14.10 aren’t immediately visible (save for some new wallpapers). That said, there are a bunch of freshly updated apps to get familiar with.
Preinstalled are the latest versions of workhouse staples **Mozilla Firefox**, **Thunderbird**, and **LibreOffice**. Dig a little deeper and you’ll also find Evince 3.14, and a brand new version of the “Ubuntu Web Browser” app, used for handling web-apps.
While you’re getting familiar, be sure to fire up the Software Updater tool to **check for any impromptu issues Ubuntu has found and fixed** post-release. Yes, I know: you only just upgraded. But, even so — bugs don’t adhere to deadlines like developers do!
### 2. Personalise The Desktop ###
![New wallpapers in 14.10](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/wallpapers-new-in-14.10.jpg)
New wallpapers in 14.10
It’s your desktop PC, so don’t put off making it look, feel and behave how you like.
Your first port of call might be changing the desktop wallpaper to one of the [twelve stunning new backgrounds][2] included in 14.10, ranging from retro record player to illustrated unicorn.
Wallpapers and a host of other theme and layout options are accessible from the **Appearance Settings** pane of the System Settings app. From here you can:
- Switch to a different theme
- Adjust launcher size & behaviour
- Enable workspaces & desktop icons
- Put app menus back into app windows
For some nifty new themes be sure to check out our **‘themes & icons’ category** here on the site.
### 3. Install Graphics Card Drivers ###
![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/additional-drivers.jpg)
If you plan on playing the [latest Steam games][3], watching high-definition video or working with graphically intensive software you’ll want to enable the latest Linux graphics drivers available for your hardware.
Ubuntu makes this easy:
- Open up the Software & Updates tool from the Unity Dash
- Click the ‘Additional Drivers‘ tab
- Follow any on-screen prompts to check, install and apply changes
### 4. Enable Music & Video Codecs ###
![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/msuci.jpg)
Games sorted, now to make **music and video files work just as well**.
Most popular formats, .mp3, .m4a, .mov, etc., will work fine in Ubuntu — after a little cajoling. Patent-encumbered codecs cannot ship in Ubuntu for legal reasons, leaving you unable to play popular audio and video formats out of the (invisible) box.
Don’t panic. To play music or watch video you can install all of the codecs you need quickly, and through the Ubuntu Software Center.
- [Install Third-Party Codecs][4]
### 5. Pimp Your Privacy ###
![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/privacy-in-ubuntu-settingd.jpg)
The Unity Dash is a great one-stop hub for finding stuff, be it a PDF file lurking on your computer or the current weather forecast in Stockholm, Sweden.
But the diversity of data surfaced through the Dash in just a few keystrokes doesn’t suit everyone’s needs. So you may want to dial down the noise and restrict what shows up.
To stop certain files and folders from searched in the Dash and/or to disable all ‘online’ results returned for a query, head to the **Privacy & Security** section in System Settings.
Here you’ll find all the tools, options and configuration switches you need, including options to:
- Choose what apps & files can be searched from the Dash
- Whether to require a password on waking from suspend
- Disable sending error reports to Canonical
- Turn off all ‘online’ features of the Dash
### 6. Swap The Default Apps For Your Faves ###
![Make it yours](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/more-apps.jpg)
Make it yours
Ubuntu comes preloaded with a tonne of apps, including a web browser (Mozilla Firefox), e-mail client (Thunderbird), music player (Rhythmbox), office suite (LibreOffice) and instant messenger (Empathy Instant Messenger).
All well and good, they’re not everyone’s cup of tea. The Ubuntu Software Center is home to a slew of app alternatives, including:
- VLC – Versatile media player
- Steam – Games distribution platform
- [Geary — Easy-to-use desktop e-mail app][5]
- GIMP – Advanced image editor similar to Photoshop
- Clementine — Stylish, fully-featured music player
- Chromium open-source version of Google Chrome (without Flash)
The Ubuntu Software Center plays host to a huge range of other apps, many of which you might not have heard of before. Since most apps are free, don’t be scared to try things out!
### 7. Grab The Essentials ###
![Netflix in Chrome on Ubuntu](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/netflix-linux-working-in-chrome.jpg)
Netflix in Chrome on Ubuntu
Software Center apps aside, you may also wish to grab big-name apps like Skype, Spotify and Dropbox.
Google Chrome is also a must if you wish to watch Netflix natively on Ubuntu or benefit from the latest, safest version of Flash.
Most of these apps are available to download directly from their respective websites and can be installed on Ubuntu with a couple of clicks.
- [Download Skype for Linux][6]
- [Download Google Chrome for Linux][7]
- [Download Dropbox for Linux][8]
- [How to Install Spotify in Ubuntu][9]
Talking of Google Chrome — did you know you can (unofficially) [install and run Android apps through it?][9] Oh yes ;)
#### Finally… ####
The items above are not the only ones applicable post-upgrade. Read through and follow the ones that chime with you, and feel free to ignore those that don’t.
Secondly, this is a list for those who’ve upgraded to or installed Ubuntu 14.10. We’re not going walk you through carving it up into something that isn’t Ubuntu. If Unity isn’t your thing that’s fine, but be logical about it; save yourself some time and install one of the official flavours or offshoots instead.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/10/7-things-to-do-after-installing-ubuntu-14-10-utopic-unicorn
作者：[Joey-Elijah Sneddon][a]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]:https://plus.google.com/117485690627814051450/?rel=author
[1]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/10/ubuntu-14-10-release-download-now
[2]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/09/ubuntu-14-10-wallpaper-contest-winners
[3]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/category/gaming
[4]:https://apps.ubuntu.com/cat/applications/ubuntu-restricted-extras/
[5]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/09/new-shotwell-geary-stable-release-available-to-downed
[6]:http://www.skype.com/en/download-skype/skype-for-linux/
[7]:http://www.google.com/chrome
[8]:https://www.dropbox.com/install?os=lnx
[9]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2013/01/how-to-install-spotify-in-ubuntu-12-04-12-10
[10]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/09/install-android-apps-ubuntu-archon

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[felixonmars translating...]
“ntpq -p” output
================================================================================
The [Gentoo][1] (and others?) [incomplete man pages for “ntpq -p”][2] merely give the description: “*Print a list of the peers known to the server as well as a summary of their state.*”

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[felixonmars translating...]
How To Use Emoji Anywhere With Twitter's Open Source Library
================================================================================
> Embed them in webpages and other projects via GitHub.

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johnhoow translating...
Important 10 Linux ps command Practical Examples
================================================================================
As an Operating System which inspired from Unix, Linux has a built-in tool to capture current processes on the system. This tool is available in command line interface.
### What is PS Command ###
From its manual page, PS gives a snapshots of the current process. It will “capture” the system condition at a single time. If you want to have a repetitive updates in a real time, we can use top command.
PS support three (3) type of usage syntax style.
1. UNIX style, which may be grouped and **must** be preceded by a dash
2. BSD style, which may be grouped and **must not be** used with a dash
3. GNU long options, which are preceded by two dash
We can mix those style, but conflicts can appear. In this article, will use UNIX style. Here’s are some examples of PS command in a daily use.
### 1. Run ps without any options ###
This is a very basic **ps** usage. Just type ps on your console to see its result.
![ps with no options](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/ps_no_options.png)
By default, it will show us 4 columns of information.
- PID is a Process ID of the running command (CMD)
- TTY is a place where the running command runs
- TIME tell about how much time is used by CPU while running the command
- CMD is a command that run as current process
This information is displayed in unsorted result.
### 2. Show all current processes ###
To do this, we can use **-a** options. As we can guess, **-a is stand for “all”**. While x will show all process even the current process is not associated with any TTY (terminal)
$ ps -ax
This result might be long result. To make it more easier to read, combine it with less command.
$ ps -ax | less
![ps all information](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/ps_ax.png)
### 3. Filter processes by its user ###
For some situation we may want to filter processes by user. To do this, we can use **-u** option. Let say we want to see what processes which run by user pungki. So the command will be like below
$ ps -u pungki
![filter by user](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/ps__u.png)
### 4. Filter processes by CPU or memory usage ###
Another thing that you might want to see is filter the result by CPU or memory usage. With this, you can grab information about which processes that consume your resource. To do this, we can use **aux options**. Here’s an example of it :
$ ps -aux | less
![show all information](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/ps_aux.png)
Since the result can be in a long list, we can **pipe** less command into ps command.
By default, the result will be in unsorted form. If we want to sort by particular column, we can add **--sort** option into ps command.
Sort by the highest **CPU utilization** in ascending order
$ ps -aux --sort -pcpu | less
![sort by cpu usage](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/ps_aux_sort_cpu.png)
Sort by the highest **Memory utilization** in ascending order
$ ps -aux --sort -pmem | less
![sort by memory usage](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/ps_aux_sort_mem.png)
Or we can combine itu a single command and display only the top ten of the result :
$ ps -aux --sort -pcpu,+pmem | head -n 10
### 5. Filter processes by its name or process ID ###
To to this, we can use **-C option** followed by the keyword. Let say, we want to show processes named getty. We can type :
$ ps -C getty
![filter by its name or process ID](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/ps_C.png)
If we want to show more detail about the result, we can add -f option to show it on full format listing. The above command will looks like below :
$ ps -f -C getty
![filter by its name or process ID](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/ps_C_f.png)
### 6. Filter processes by thread of process ###
If we need to know the thread of a particular process, we can use **-L option** followed by its Process ID (PID). Here’s an example of **-L option** in action :
$ ps -L 1213
![show processes in threaded view](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/ps_L.png)
As we can see, the PID remain the same value, but the LWP which shows numbers of thread show different values.
### 7. Show processes in hierarchy ###
Sometime we want to see the processes in hierarchical form. To do this, we can use **-axjf** options.
$ps -axjf
![show in hierarchy](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/ps_axjf.png)
Or, another command which we can use is pstree.
$ pstree
![show information in hierarchy](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/pstree.png)
### 8. Show security information ###
If we want to see who is currently logged on into your server, we can see it using the ps command. There are some options that we can use to fulfill our needs. Here’s some examples :
$ ps -eo pid,user,args
**Option -e** will show you all processes while **-o option** will control the output. **Pid**, **User and Args** will show you the **Process ID**, **the User who run the application** and **the running application**.
![show security information](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/ps_security_1.png)
The keyword / user-defined format that can be used with **-e option** are **args, cmd, comm, command, fname, ucmd, ucomm, lstart, bsdstart and start**.
### 9. Show every process running as root (real & effecitve ID) in user format ###
System admin may want to see what processes are being run by root and other information related to it. Using ps command, we can do by this simple command :
$ ps -U root -u root u
The **-U parameter** will select by **real user ID (RUID)**. It selects the processes whose real user name or ID is in the userlist list. The real User ID identifies the user who created the process.
While the **-u paramater** will select by effective user ID (EUID)
The last **u** paramater, will display the output in user-oriented format which contains **User, PID, %CPU, %MEM, VSZ, RSS, TTY, STAT, START, TIME and COMMAND** columns.
Here’s the output of the above command.
![show real and effective User ID](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/ps_root_real_effective_ID.png)
### 10. Use PS in a realtime process viewer ###
ps will display a report of what happens in your system. The result will be a static report.
Let say, we want to filter processes by CPU and Memory usage as on the point 4 above. And we want the report is updated every 1 second. We can do it by **combining ps command with watch command** on Linux.
Here’s the command :
$ watch -n 1 ‘ps -aux --sort -pmem, -pcpu’
![combine ps with watch](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/ps_watch_1.png)
If you feel the report is too long, **we can limit it** by - let say - the top 20 processes. We can add **head** command to do it.
$ watch -n 1 ‘ps -aux --sort -pmem, -pcpu | head 20’
![combine ps with watch](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/ps_watch_2.png)
This live reporter **is not** like top or htop of course. **But the advantage of using ps** to make live report is that you can custom the field. You can choose which field you want to see.
For example, **if you need only the pungki user shown**, then you can change the command to become like this :
$ watch -n 1 ‘ps -aux -U pungki u --sort -pmem, -pcpu | head 20’
![combine ps with watch](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/ps_watch_3.png)
### Conclusion ###
You may use **ps** on your daily usage to monitor about what happens your Linux system. But actually, you can generate various types of report using **ps** command with the use of appropriate paramaters.
**Another ps advantage** is that **ps** are installed by default in any kind of Linux. So you can just start to use it.
Don't forget to see **ps documentation** by typing **man ps** on you Linux console to explore more options.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://linoxide.com/how-tos/linux-ps-command-examples/
作者：[Pungki Arianto][a]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]:http://linoxide.com/author/pungki/

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sources/tech/20141203 Undelete Files on Linux Systems.md
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forsil translating ...
Undelete Files on Linux Systems
================================================================================
Often times, a computer user will delete a needed file accidentally and not have an easy way to regain or recreate the file. Thankfully, files can be undeleted. When a user deletes a file, it is not gone, only hidden for some time. Here is how it all works. On a filesystem, the system has what is called a file allocation list. This list keeps track of what files are where on the storage unit (hard-drive, MicroSD card, flash-drive, etc.). When a file is deleted, the filesystem will perform one of two tasks on the allocation table. The file's entry on the file allocation table marked as "free space" or the file's entry on the list is erased and then the space is marked as free. Now, if a file needs to be placed on the storage unit, the operating system will put the file in the space marked as empty. After the new file is written to the "empty space", the deleted file is now gone forever. When a deleted file is to be recovered, the user must not manipulate any files because if the "empty space" is used, then the file can never be retrieved.

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文章重复
How to create a custom backup plan for Debian with backupninja
================================================================================
Backupninja is a powerful and highly-configurable backup tool for Debian based distributions. In the [previous tutorial][1], we explored how to install backupninja and how to set up two backup actions for the program to perform. However, we should note that those examples were only "the tip of the iceberg," so to speak. In this post we will discuss how to leverage custom handlers and helpers that allow this program to be customized in order to accomplish almost any backup need that you can think of.
And believe me - that is not an overstatement, so let's begin.
### A Quick Review of Backupninja ###
One of backupninja's distinguishing features is the fact that you can just drop plain text configuration or action files in /etc/backup.d, and the program will take care of the rest. In addition, we can write custom scripts (aka "handlers") and place them in /usr/share/backupninja to handle each type of backup action. Furthermore, we can have these scripts be executed via ninjahelper's ncurses-based interactive menus (aka "helpers") to guide us to create the configuration files we mentioned earlier, minimizing the chances of human error.
### Creating a Custom Handler and Helper ###
Our goal in this case is to create a script to handle the backup of chosen home directories into a tarball with either gzip or bzip2 compression, excluding music and video files. We will simply name this script home, and place it under /usr/backup/ninja.
Although you could achieve the same objective with the default tar handler (refer to /usr/share/backupninja/tar and /usr/share/backupninja/tar.helper), we will use this approach to show how to create a useful handler script and ncurses-based helper from scratch. You can then decide how to apply the same principles depending on your specific needs.
Note that since handlers are sourced from the main script, there is no need to start with #!/bin/bash at the top.
Our proposed handler (/usr/share/backupninja/home) is as follows. It is heavily commented for clarification. The getconf function is used to read the backup action's configuration file. If you specify a value for a variable here, it will override the corresponding value present in the configuration file:
# home handler script for backupninja
# Every backup file will identify the host by its FQDN
getconf backupname
# Directory to store backups
getconf backupdir
# Default compression
getconf compress
# Include /home directory
getconf includes
# Exclude files with *.mp3 and *.mp4 extensions
getconf excludes
# Default extension for the packaged backup file
getconf EXTENSION
# Absolute path to date binary
getconf TAR `which tar`
# Absolute path to date binary
getconf DATE `which date`
# Chosen date format
DATEFORMAT="%Y-%m-%d"
# If backupdir does not exist, exit with fatal error
if [ ! -d "$backupdir" ]
then
mkdir -p "$backupdir" || fatal "Can not make directory $backupdir"
fi
# If backupdir is not writeable, exit with fatal error as well
if [ ! -w "$backupdir" ]
then
fatal "Directory $backupdir is not writable"
fi
# Set the right tar option as per the chosen compression format
case $compress in
"gzip")
compress_option="-z"
EXTENSION="tar.gz"
;;
"bzip")
compress_option="-j"
EXTENSION="tar.bz2"
;;
"none")
compress_option=""
;;
*)
warning "Unknown compress filter ($tar_compress)"
compress_option=""
EXTENSION="tar.gz"
;;
esac
# Exclude the following file types / directories
exclude_options=""
for i in $excludes
do
exclude_options="$exclude_options --exclude $i"
done
# Debugging messages, performing backup
debug "Running backup: " $TAR -c -p -v $compress_option $exclude_options \
-f "$backupdir/$backupname-"`$DATE "+$DATEFORMAT"`".$EXTENSION" \
$includes
# Redirect standard output to a file with .list extension
# and standard error to a file with .err extension
$TAR -c -p -v $compress_option $exclude_options \
-f "$backupdir/$backupname-"`$DATE "+$DATEFORMAT"`".$EXTENSION" \
$includes \
> "$backupdir/$backupname-"`$DATE "+$DATEFORMAT"`.list \
2> "$backupdir/$backupname-"`$DATE "+$DATEFORMAT"`.err
[ $? -ne 0 ] && fatal "Tar backup failed"
Next, we will create our helper file (/usr/share/backupninja/home.helper) so that our handlers shows up as a menu in ninjahelper:
# Backup action's description. Separate words with underscores.
HELPERS="$HELPERS home:backup_of_home_directories"
home_wizard() {
home_title="Home action wizard"
backupname=`hostname --fqdn`
# Specify default value for the time when this backup actions is supposed to run
inputBox "$home_title" "When to run this action?" "everyday at 01"
[ $? = 1 ] && return
home_when_run="when = $REPLY"
# Specify default value for backup file name
inputBox "$home_title" "\"Name\" of backups" "$backupname"
[ $? = 1 ] && return
home_backupname="backupname = $REPLY"
backupname="$REPLY"
# Specify default directory to store the backups
inputBox "$home_title" "Directory where to store the backups" "/var/backups/home"
[ $? = 1 ] && return
home_backupdir="backupdir = $REPLY"
# Specify default values for the radiobox
radioBox "$home_title" "Compression" \
"none" "No compression" off \
"gzip" "Compress with gzip" on \
"bzip" "Compress with bzip" off
[ $? = 1 ] && return;
result="$REPLY"
home_compress="compress = $REPLY "
REPLY=
while [ -z "$REPLY" ]; do
formBegin "$home_title: Includes"
formItem "Include:" /home/gacanepa
formDisplay
[ $? = 0 ] || return 1
home_includes="includes = "
for i in $REPLY; do
[ -n "$i" ] && home_includes="$home_includes $i"
done
done
REPLY=
while [ -z "$REPLY" ]; do
formBegin "$home_title: Excludes"
formItem "Exclude:" *.mp3
formItem "Exclude:" *.mp4
# Add as many “Exclude” text boxes as needed to specify other exclude options
formItem "Exclude:"
formItem "Exclude:"
formDisplay
[ $? = 0 ] || return 1
home_excludes="excludes = "
for i in $REPLY; do
[ -n "$i" ] && home_excludes="$home_excludes $i"
done
done
# Save the config
get_next_filename $configdirectory/10.home
cat > $next_filename <<EOF
$home_when_run
$home_backupname
$home_backupdir
$home_compress
$home_includes
$home_excludes
# tar binary - have to be GNU tar
TAR `which tar`
DATE `which date`
DATEFORMAT "%Y-%m-%d"
EXTENSION tar
EOF
# Backupninja requires that configuration files be chmoded to 600
chmod 600 $next_filename
}
### Running Ninjahelper ###
Once we have created our handler script named home and the corresponding helper named home.helper, let's run ninjahelper command to create a new backup action:
# ninjahelper
And choose create a new backup action.
![](https://farm8.staticflickr.com/7467/15322605273_90edaa5bc1_z.jpg)
We will now be presented with the available action types. Let's select "backup of home directories":
![](https://farm9.staticflickr.com/8636/15754955450_f3ef82217b_z.jpg)
The next screens will display the default values as set in the helper (only 3 of them are shown here). Feel free to edit the values in the text box. Particularly, refer to the scheduling section of the documentation for the right syntax for the when variable.
![](https://farm8.staticflickr.com/7508/15941578982_24b680e1c3_z.jpg)
![](https://farm8.staticflickr.com/7562/15916429476_6e84b307aa_z.jpg)
![](https://farm8.staticflickr.com/7528/15319968994_41705b7283_z.jpg)
When you are done creating the backup action, it will show in ninjahelper's initial menu:
![](https://farm8.staticflickr.com/7534/15942239225_bb66dbdb63.jpg)
Then you can press ENTER to show the options available for this action. Feel free to experiment with them, as their description is quite straightforward.
Particularly, "run this action now" will execute the backup action in debug mode immediately regardless of the scheduled time:
![](https://farm8.staticflickr.com/7508/15754955470_9af6251096_z.jpg)
Should the backup action fail for some reason, the debug will display an informative message to help you locate the error and correct it. Consider, for example, the following error messages that were displayed after running a backup action with bugs that have not been corrected yet:
![](https://farm9.staticflickr.com/8662/15754955480_487d040fcd_z.jpg)
The image above tells you that the connection needed to complete the backup action could not be completed because the remote host seems to be down. In addition, the destination directory specified in the helper file does not exist. Once you correct the problems, re-run the backup action.
A few things to remember:
- If you create a custom script in /usr/share/backupninja (e.g., foobar) to handle a specific backup action, you also need to write a corresponding helper (e.g., foobar.helper) in order to create, through ninjahelper, a file named 10.foobar (11 and onward for further actions as well) in /etc/backup.d, which is the actual configuration file for the backup action.
- You can execute your backups at any given time via ninjahelper as explained earlier, or have them run as per the specified frequency in the when variable.
### Summary ###
In this post we have discussed how to create our own backup actions from scratch and how to add a related menu in ninjahelper to facilitate the creation of configuration files. With the previous [backupninja article][2] and the present one I hope I've given you enough good reasons to go ahead and at least try it.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://xmodulo.com/create-custom-backup-plan-debian.html
作者：[Gabriel Cánepa][a]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]:http://xmodulo.com/author/gabriel
[1]:http://xmodulo.com/backup-debian-system-backupninja.html
[2]:http://xmodulo.com/backup-debian-system-backupninja.html

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Centralized Secure Storage (iSCSI) – “Initiator Client” Setup on RHEL/CentOS/Fedora – Part III
================================================================================
**iSCSI** Initiator are the clients which use to authenticated with iSCSI target servers to access the LUNs shared from target server. We can deploy any kind of Operating systems in those locally mounted Disks, just a single package need to be install to get authenticate with target server.
![Client Initiator Setup](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Client-Initiator-Setup.jpg)
Client Initiator Setup
#### Features ####
- Can handle any kind of file systems in locally mounted Disk.
- No need of restating the system after partition using fdisk.
#### Requirements ####
- [Create Centralized Secure Storage using iSCSI Target – Part 1][1]
- [Create LUN’s using LVM in Target Server – Part 2][2]
#### My Client Setup for Initiator ####
- Operating System – CentOS release 6.5 (Final)
- iSCSI Target IP – 192.168.0.50
- Ports Used : TCP 3260
**Warning**: Never stop the service while LUNs Mounted in Client machines (Initiator).
### Initiator Client Setup ###
**1.** In Client side, we need to install the package ‘**iSCSI-initiator-utils**‘, search for the package using following command.
# yum search iscsi
**Sample Output**
============================= N/S Matched: iscsi ================================
iscsi-initiator-utils.x86_64 : iSCSI daemon and utility programs
iscsi-initiator-utils-devel.x86_64 : Development files for iscsi-initiator-utils
**2.** Once you locate the package, just install the initiator package using yum command as shown.
# yum install iscsi-initiator-utils.x86_64
**3.** After installing the package, we need to discover the share from **Target server**. The client side commands little hard to remember, so we can use man page to get the list of commands which required to run.
# man iscsiadm
![man iscsiadm](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/man-iscsiadm.jpg)
man iscsiadm
**4.** Press **SHIFT+G** to Navigate to the Bottom of the man page and scroll little up to get the login example commands. We need to replace our **Target servers IP** address in below command Discover the Target.
# iscsiadm --mode discoverydb --type sendtargets --portal 192.168.0.200 --discover
**5.** Here we got the iSCSI (iqn) qualified name from above command execution.
192.168.0.200:3260,1 iqn.2014-07.com.tecmint:tgt1
![Discover Target](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Discover-Target.jpg)
Discover Target
**6.** To log-in use the below command to attach the LUN to our local System, this will authenticate with target server and allow us to log-in into LUN.
# iscsiadm --mode node --targetname iqn.2014-07.com.tecmint:tgt1 --portal 192.168.0.200:3260 --login
![Login To Target Server](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Login-To-Target-Server.jpg)
Login To Target Server
**Note**: Use the login command and replace login with logout at end of command.
# iscsiadm --mode node --targetname iqn.2014-07.com.tecmint:tgt1 --portal 192.168.0.200:3260 --logout
![Logout from Target Server](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Logout-from-Target-Server.jpg)
Logout from Target Server
**7.** After login to the LUN, list the records of Node using.
# iscsiadm --mode node
![List Node](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/List-Node.jpg)
List Node
**8.** Display all data of a particular node.
# iscsiadm --mode node --targetname iqn.2014-07.com.tecmint:tgt1 --portal 192.168.0.200:3260
**Sample Output**
# BEGIN RECORD 6.2.0-873.10.el6
node.name = iqn.2014-07.com.tecmint:tgt1
node.tpgt = 1
node.startup = automatic
node.leading_login = No
iface.hwaddress = <empty>
iface.ipaddress = <empty>
iface.iscsi_ifacename = default
iface.net_ifacename = <empty>
iface.transport_name = tcp
iface.initiatorname = <empty>
iface.bootproto = <empty>
iface.subnet_mask = <empty>
iface.gateway = <empty>
iface.ipv6_autocfg = <empty>
iface.linklocal_autocfg = <empty>
....
**9.** Then list the drive using, fdisk will list every authenticated disks.
# fdisk -l /dev/sda
![List Disks](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/List-Disks.jpg)
List Disks
**10.** Run fdisk to create a new partition.
# fdisk -cu /dev/sda
![Create New Partition](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Create-New-Partition.jpg)
Create New Partition
**Note**: After Creating a Partition using fdisk, we don’t need to reboot, as we used to do in our local systems, Because this is a remote shared storage mounted locally.
**11.** Format the newly created partition.
# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda1
![Format New Partition](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Format-New-Partition.jpg)
Format New Partition
**12.** Create a Directory and mount the formatted partition.
# mkdir /mnt/iscsi_share
# mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/iscsi_share/
# ls -l /mnt/iscsi_share/
![Mount New Partition](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Mount-New-Partition.jpg)
Mount New Partition
**13.** List the Mount Points.
# df -Th
- **-T** – Prints files system types.
- **-h** – Prints in human readable format eg : Megabyte or Gigabyte.
![List New Partition](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/List-New-Partition.jpg)
List New Partition
**14.** If we need to permanently mount the Drive use fstab entry.
# vim /etc/fstab
**15.**Append the following Entry in fstab.
/dev/sda1 /mnt/iscsi_share/ ext4 defaults,_netdev 0 0
**Note:** Use _netdev in fstab, as this is a network device.
![Auto Mount Partition](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Auto-Mount-Partition.jpg)
Auto Mount Partition
**16.** Finally check whether our fstab entry have any error.
# mount -av
- **-a** – all mount point
- **-v** – Verbose
![Verify fstab Entries](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Verify-fstab-Entries.jpg)
Verify fstab Entries
We have Completed Our client side configuration Successfully. Start to use the drive as we use our local system disk.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://www.tecmint.com/iscsi-initiator-client-setup/
作者：[Babin Lonston][a]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/babinlonston/
[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/create-centralized-secure-storage-using-iscsi-targetin-linux/
[2]:http://www.tecmint.com/create-luns-using-lvm-in-iscsi-target/

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Create Centralized Secure Storage using iSCSI Target on RHEL/CentOS/Fedora Part -I
================================================================================
**iSCSI** is a block level Protocol for sharing **RAW Storage Devices** over TCP/IP Networks, Sharing and accessing Storage over iSCSI, can be used with existing IP and Ethernet networks such as NICs, Switched, Routers etc. iSCSI target is a remote hard disk presented from an remote iSCSI server (or) target.
![Install iSCSI Target in Linux](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Install-iSCSI-Target-in-Linux.jpg)
Install iSCSI Target in Linux
We don’t need a high resource for stable connectivity and performance in Client side’s. iSCSI Server called as Target, this share’s the storage from server. iSCSI Client’s called as Initiator, this will access the storage which shared from Target Server. There are iSCSI adapter’s available in market for Large Storage services such as SAN Storage’s.
**Why we need a iSCSI adapter for Large storage Area?**
Ethernet adapters (NIC) are designed to transfer packetized file level data among systems, servers and storage devices like NAS storage’s, they are not capable for transferring block level data over Internet.
### Features of iSCSI Target ###
- Possible to run several iSCSI targets on a single machine.
- A single machine making multiple iscsi target available on the iSCSI SAN
- The target is the Storage and makes it available for initiator (Client) over the network
- These Storage’s are Pooled together to make available to the network is iSCSI LUNs (Logical Unit Number).
- iSCSI supports multiple connections within the same session
- iSCSI initiator discover the targets in network then authenticating and login with LUNs, to get the remote storage locally.
- We can Install any Operating systems in those locally mounted LUNs as what we used to install in our Base systems.
### Why the need of iSCSI? ###
In Virtualization we need storage with high redundancy, stability, iSCSI provides those all in low cost. Creating a SAN Storage in low price while comparing to Fiber Channel SANs, We can use the standard equipment’s for building a SAN using existing hardware such as NIC, Ethernet Switched etc..
Let start to get install and configure the centralized Secure Storage using iSCSI Target. For this guide, I’ve used following setups.
- We need separate 1 systems to Setup the iSCSI Target Server and Initiator (Client).
- Multiple numbers of Hard disk can be added in large storage environment, But we here using only 1 additional drive except Base installation disk.
- Here we using only 2 drives, One for Base server installation, Other one for Storage (LUNs) which we going to create in PART-II of this series.
#### Master Server Setup ####
- Operating System – CentOS release 6.5 (Final)
- iSCSI Target IP – 192.168.0.200
- Ports Used : TCP 860, 3260
- Configuration file : /etc/tgt/targets.conf
## Installing iSCSI Target ##
Open terminal and use yum command to search for the package name which need to get install for iscsi target.
# yum search iscsi
#### Sample Output ####
========================== N/S matched: iscsi =======================
iscsi-initiator-utils.x86_64 : iSCSI daemon and utility programs
iscsi-initiator-utils-devel.x86_64 : Development files for iscsi-initiator-utils
lsscsi.x86_64 : List SCSI devices (or hosts) and associated information
scsi-target-utils.x86_64 : The SCSI target daemon and utility programs
We got the search result as above, choose the **Target** package and install to play around.
# yum install scsi-target-utils -y
![Install iSCSI Utils](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Install-iSCSI-in-Linux.jpg)
Install iSCSI Utils
List the installed package to know the default config, service, and man page location.
# rpm -ql scsi-target-utils.x86_64
![List All iSCSI Files](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/List-All-ISCSI-Files.jpg)
List All iSCSI Files
Let’s start the iSCSI Service, and check the status of Service up and running, iSCSI service named as **tgtd**.
# /etc/init.d/tgtd start
# /etc/init.d/tgtd status
![Start iSCSI Service](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Start-iSCSI-Service.jpg)
Start iSCSI Service
Now we need to configure it to start Automatically while system start-up.
# chkconfig tgtd on
Next, verify that the run level configured correctly for the tgtd service.
# chkconfig --list tgtd
![Enable iSCSI on Startup](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Enable-iSCSI-on-Startup.jpg)
Enable iSCSI on Startup
Let’s use **tgtadm** to list what targets and LUNS we currently got configured in our Server.
# tgtadm --mode target --op show
The **tgtd** installed up and running, but there is no **Output** from the above command because we have not yet defined the LUNs in Target Server. For manual page, Run ‘**man**‘ command.
# man tgtadm
![iSCSI Man Pages](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/iSCSI-Man-Pages.jpg)
iSCSI Man Pages
Finally we need to add iptables rules for iSCSI if there is iptables deployed in your target Server. First, find the Port number of iscsi target using following netstat command, The target always listens on TCP port 3260.
# netstat -tulnp | grep tgtd
![Find iSCSI Port](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Find-iSCSI-Port.jpg)
Find iSCSI Port
Next add the following rules to allow iptables to Broadcast the iSCSI target discovery.
# iptables -A INPUT -i eth0 -p tcp --dport 860 -m state --state NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
# iptables -A INPUT -i eth0 -p tcp --dport 3260 -m state --state NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
![Open iSCSI Ports](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Open-iSCSI-Ports.jpg)
Open iSCSI Ports
![Add iSCSI Ports to Iptables](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Add-iSCSI-Ports-to-Iptables.jpg)
Add iSCSI Ports to Iptables
**Note**: Rule may vary according to your **Default CHAIN Policy**. Then save the Iptables and restart the iptables.
# iptables-save
# /etc/init.d/iptables restart
![Restart iptables](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Restart-iptables.jpg)
Restart iptables
Here we have deployed a target server to share LUNs to any initiator which authenticating with target over TCP/IP, This suitable for small to large scale production environments too.
In my next upcoming articles, I will show you how to [Create LUN’s using LVM in Target Server][1] and how to share LUN’s on Client machines, till then stay tuned to TecMint for more such updates and don’t forget to give valuable comments.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://www.tecmint.com/create-centralized-secure-storage-using-iscsi-targetin-linux/
作者：[Babin Lonston][a]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/babinlonston/
[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/create-luns-using-lvm-in-iscsi-target/

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How to Create and Setup LUNs using LVM in “iSCSI Target Server” on RHEL/CentOS/Fedora – Part II
================================================================================
LUN is a Logical Unit Number, which shared from the iSCSI Storage Server. The Physical drive of iSCSI target server shares its drive to initiator over TCP/IP network. A Collection of drives called LUNs to form a large storage as SAN (Storage Area Network). In real environment LUNs are defined in LVM, if so it can be expandable as per space requirements.
![Create LUNS using LVM in Target Server](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Create-LUNS-inLVM.png)
Create LUNS using LVM in Target Server
### Why LUNS are Used? ###
LUNS used for storage purpose, SAN Storage’s are build with mostly Groups of LUNS to become a pool, LUNs are Chunks of a Physical disk from target server. We can use LUNS as our systems Physical Disk to install Operating systems, LUNS are used in Clusters, Virtual servers, SAN etc. The main purpose of Using LUNS in Virtual servers for OS storage purpose. LUNS performance and reliability will be according to which kind of disk we using while creating a Target storage server.
### Requirements ###
To know about creating a ISCSI Target Server follow the below link.
- [Create Centralized Secure Storage using iSCSI Target – Part I][1]
#### Master Server Setup ####
System information’s and Network setup are same as iSCSI Target Server as shown in Part – I, As we are defining LUNs in same server.
- Operating System – CentOS release 6.5 (Final)
- iSCSI Target IP – 192.168.0.200
- Ports Used : TCP 860, 3260
- Configuration file : /etc/tgt/targets.conf
## Creating LUNs using LVM in iSCSI Target Server ##
First, find out the list of drives using **fdisk -l** command, this will manipulate a long list of information of every partitions on the system.
# fdisk -l
The above command only gives the drive information’s of base system. To get the storage device information, use the below command to get the list of storage devices.
# fdisk -l /dev/vda && fdisk -l /dev/sda
![List Storage Drives](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/1.jpg)
List Storage Drives
**NOTE**: Here **vda** is virtual machines hard drive as I’m using virtual machine for demonstration, **/dev/sda** is added additionally for storage.
### Step 1: Creating LVM Drive for LUNs ###
We going to use **/dev/sda** drive for creating a LVM.
# fdisk -l /dev/sda
![List LVM Drive](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/2.jpg)
List LVM Drive
Now let’s Partition the drive using fdisk command as shown below.
# fdisk -cu /dev/sda
- The option ‘**-c**‘ switch off the DOS compatible mode.
- The option ‘**-u**‘ is used to listing partition tables, give sizes in sectors instead of cylinders.
Choose **n** to create a New Partition.
Command (m for help): n
Choose **p** to create a Primary partition.
Command action
e extended
p primary partition (1-4)
Give a Partition number which we need to create.
Partition number (1-4): 1
As here, we are going to setup a LVM drive. So, we need to use the default settings to use full size of Drive.
First sector (2048-37748735, default 2048):
Using default value 2048
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-37748735, default 37748735):
Using default value 37748735
Choose the type of partition, Here we need to setup a LVM so use **8e**. Use **l** option to see the list of type.
Command (m for help): t
Choose which partition want to change the type.
Selected partition 1
Hex code (type L to list codes): 8e
Changed system type of partition 1 to 8e (Linux LVM)
After changing the type, check the changes by print (**p**) option to list the partition table.
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sda: 19.3 GB, 19327352832 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2349 cylinders, total 37748736 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x9fae99c8
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 2048 37748735 18873344 8e Linux LVM
Write the changes using **w** to exit from fdisk utility, Restart the system to make changes.
For your reference, I’ve attached screen shot below that will give you a clear idea about creating LVM drive.
![Create LVM Partition](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/3.jpg)
Create LVM Partition
After system reboot, list the Partition table using the following fdisk command.
# fdisk -l /dev/sda
![Verify LVM Partition](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/4.jpg)
Verify LVM Partition
### Step 2: Creating Logical Volumes for LUNs ###
Now here, we going to create Physical volume using using ‘pvcreate’ command.
# pvcreate /dev/sda1
Create a Volume group with name of iSCSI to identify the group.
# vgcreate vg_iscsi /dev/sda1
Here I’m defining 4 Logical Volumes, if so there will be 4 LUNs in our iSCSI Target server.
# lvcreate -L 4G -n lv_iscsi vg_iscsi
# lvcreate -L 4G -n lv_iscsi-1 vg_iscsi
# lvcreate -L 4G -n lv_iscsi-2 vg_iscsi
# lvcreate -L 4G -n lv_iscsi-3 vg_iscsi
List the Physical volume, Volume group, logical volumes to confirm.
# pvs && vgs && lvs
# lvs
For better understanding of the above command, for your reference I’ve included a screen grab below.
![Creating LVM Logical Volumes](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/5.jpg)
Creating LVM Logical Volumes
![Verify LVM Logical Volumes](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/6.jpg)
Verify LVM Logical Volumes
### Step 3: Define LUNs in Target Server ###
We have created Logical Volumes and ready to use with LUN, here we to define the LUNs in target configuration, if so only it will be available for client machines (Initiators).
Open and edit Targer configuration file located at ‘/etc/tgt/targets.conf’ with your choice of editor.
# vim /etc/tgt/targets.conf
Append the following volume definition in target conf file. Save and close the file.
<target iqn.2014-07.com.tecmint:tgt1>
backing-store /dev/vg_iscsi/lv_iscsi
</target>
<target iqn.2014-07.com.tecmint:tgt1>
backing-store /dev/vg_iscsi/lv_iscsi-1
</target>
<target iqn.2014-07.com.tecmint:tgt1>
backing-store /dev/vg_iscsi/lv_iscsi-2
</target>
<target iqn.2014-07.com.tecmint:tgt1>
backing-store /dev/vg_iscsi/lv_iscsi-3
</target
![Configure LUNs in Target Server](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/7.jpg)
Configure LUNs in Target Server
- iSCSI qualified name (iqn.2014-07.com.tecmint:tgt1).
- Use what ever as your wish.
- Identify using target, 1st target in this Server.
- 4. LVM Shared for particular LUN.
Next, reload the configuration by starting **tgd** service as shown below.
# /etc/init.d/tgtd reload
![Reload Configuration](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/8.jpg)
Reload Configuration
Next verify the available LUNs using the following command.
# tgtadm --mode target --op show
![List Available LUNs](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/9.jpg)
List Available LUNs
![LUNs Information](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/10.jpg)
LUNs Information
The above command will give long list of available LUNs with following information.
- iSCSI Qualified Name
- iSCSI is Ready to Use
- By Default LUN 0 will be reserved for Controller
- LUN 1, What we have Defined in the Target server
- Here i have defined 4 GB for a single LUN
- Online : Yes, Its ready to Use the LUN
Here we have defined the LUNs for target server using LVM, this can be expandable and support for many features such as snapshots. Let us see how to authenticate with Target server in PART-III and mount the remote Storage locally.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://www.tecmint.com/create-luns-using-lvm-in-iscsi-target/
作者：[Babin Lonston][a]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/babinlonston/
[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/create-centralized-secure-storage-using-iscsi-targetin-linux/

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Attic – Deduplicating backup program
================================================================================
Attic is a deduplicating backup program written in Python. The main goal of Attic is to provide an efficient and secure way to backup data. The data deduplication technique used makes Attic suitable for daily backups since only the changes are stored.
### Attic Features ###
#### Space efficient storage ####
Variable block size deduplication is used to reduce the number of bytes stored by detecting redundant data. Each file is split into a number of variable length chunks and only chunks that have never been seen before are compressed and added to the repository.
#### Optional data encryption ####
All data can be protected using 256-bit AES encryption and data integrity and authenticity is verified using HMAC-SHA256.
#### Off-site backups ####
Attic can store data on any remote host accessible over SSH as long as Attic is installed.
#### Backups mountable as filesystems ####
Backup archives are mountable as userspace filesystems for easy backup verification and restores.
#### Install attic on ubuntu 14.10 ####
Open the terminal and run the following command
sudo apt-get install attic
### Using Attic ###
#### A step by step example ####
Before a backup can be made a repository has to be initialized:
$ attic init /somewhere/my-repository.attic
Backup the ~/src and ~/Documents directories into an archive called Monday:
$ attic create /somwhere/my-repository.attic::Monday ~/src ~/Documents
The next day create a new archive called Tuesday:
$ attic create --stats /somwhere/my-repository.attic::Tuesday ~/src ~/Documents
This backup will be a lot quicker and a lot smaller since only new never before seen data is stored. The --stats option causes Attic to output statistics about the newly created archive such as the amount of unique data (not shared with other archives):
Archive name: Tuesday
Archive fingerprint: 387a5e3f9b0e792e91ce87134b0f4bfe17677d9248cb5337f3fbf3a8e157942a
Start time: Tue Mar 25 12:00:10 2014
End time: Tue Mar 25 12:00:10 2014
Duration: 0.08 seconds
Number of files: 358
Original size Compressed size Deduplicated size
This archive: 57.16 MB 46.78 MB 151.67 kB
All archives: 114.02 MB 93.46 MB 44.81 MB
List all archives in the repository:
$ attic list /somewhere/my-repository.attic
Monday Mon Mar 24 11:59:35 2014
Tuesday Tue Mar 25 12:00:10 2014
List the contents of the Monday archive:
$ attic list /somewhere/my-repository.attic::Monday
drwxr-xr-x user group 0 Jan 06 15:22 home/user/Documents
-rw-r--r-- user group 7961 Nov 17 2012 home/user/Documents/Important.doc
Restore the Monday archive:
$ attic extract /somwhere/my-repository.attic::Monday
Recover disk space by manually deleting the Monday archive:
$ attic delete /somwhere/my-backup.attic::Monday
Check the [Attic Documentation][1] for more details
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://www.ubuntugeek.com/attic-deduplicating-backup-program.html
作者：[ruchi][a]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]:http://www.ubuntugeek.com/author/ubuntufix
[1]:https://attic-backup.org/index.html

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SPccman......
How to filter, split or merge pcap files on Linux
================================================================================
If you are a network admin who is involved in testing an [intrusion detection system][1] or network access control policy, you may often rely on offline analysis using collected packet dumps. When it comes to storing packet dumps, libpcap's packet dump format (pcap format) is the most widely used by many open-source packet sniffing and capture programs. If pcap files are used as part of penetration testing or any kind of offline analysis, there's often need for manipulating pcap files before [injecting][2] them into the network.
![](https://farm8.staticflickr.com/7570/15425147404_a69f416673_c.jpg)
In this tutorial, I am going to introduce useful pcap manipulation tools and show their use cases.
### Editcap and Mergecap ###
Wireshark, the most popular GUI-based packet sniffer, actually comes with a suite of very useful command-line tools. Among them are editcap and mergecap. The former is a versatile pcap editor which can filter or split a pcap file in various fashions. The latter allows you to merge multiple pcap files into one. This tutorial is based on these Wireshark CLI tools.
If you already have Wireshark installed, these tools are already available for you. If not, go ahead and install Wireshark command-line tools on Linux. Note that on Debian-based distributions, you can install Wireshark command-line tools without installing Wireshark GUI, while on Red Hat based distributions, you need to install the whole Wireshark package.
**Debian, Ubunu or Linux Mint**
$ sudo apt-get install wireshark-common
**Fedora, CentOS or RHEL**
$ sudo yum install wireshark
Once you install Wireshark CLI tools, you can start using editcap and mergecap tools.
### Filter a Pcap File ###
editcap allows you to filter an input pcap file in various fashions, and save the result in a new pcap file.
First of all, you can filter an input pcap file based on start time and/or end time. "-A <start-time> and "-B <end-time> options are used to capture only those packets whose arrival time falls within a specific time range (e.g., between 2:30pm and 2:35pm). The time format to use is 'YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS'.
$ editcap -A '2014-12-10 10:11:01' -B '2014-12-10 10:21:01' input.pcap output.pcap
If you want to extract specific N packets from an input pcap file, you can also do that. The command below extracts 100 packets (from 401 to 500) from input.pcap and save them as output.pcap:
$ editcap input.pcap output.pcap 401-500
If you want to filter out duplicate packets in a pcap file, use "-D <dup-window>" option. This will compare each packet against the previous (<dup-window> - 1) packets in terms of packet length and MD5 hash, and discard the packet if any match is found.
$ editcap -D 10 input.pcap output.pcap
> 37568 packets seen, 1 packets skipped with duplicate window of 10 packets.
Alternatively, you can define <dup-window> in terms of time interval. If you use "-w <dup-time-window> option, it will compare each packet against all the packets which arrived within <dup-time-window> seconds to determine its duplicity.
$ editcap -w 0.5 input.pcap output.pcap
> 50000 packets seen, 0 packets skipped with duplicate time window equal to or less than 0.500000000 seconds.
### Split a Pcap File ###
editcap can be also useful if you want to split a large pcap file into multiple smaller pcap files.
To split a pcap file into multiple pcap files of the same packet count:
$ editcap -c <packets-per-file> <input-pcap-file> <output-prefix>
Each output pcap file will have the same packet count, and be named as <output-prefix>-NNNN.
To split a pcap file into multiple pcap files with the same time interval:
$ editcap -i <seconds-per-file> <input-pcap-file> <output-prefix>
### Merge Pcap Files ###
If you want to combine multiple pcap files into one, mergecap is handy.
When combining pcap files, mergecap, by default, relies on per-packet timestamp information in pcap files to sort packets in chronological order.
$ mergecap -w output.pcap input.pcap input2.pcap [input3.pcap . . .]
If you want to ignore timestamp information, and simply merge multiple pcap files in their order in the command line, use '-a' option.
For example, the following command will write all packets from input.pcap to output.pcap, followed by all packets in input2.pcap.
$ mergecap -a -w output.pcap input.pcap input2.pcap
### Summary ###
In this tutorial, I presented several use cases of pcap file manipulation using editcap and mergecap. Besides these, there are other pcap related tools out there, for example, [reordercap][3] for reordering packets, [text2pcap][4] for text to pcap conversion), [pcap-diff][5] for diff pcap files, etc. Some of these pcap tools can be really handy along with [packet injection tools][6] for network penetration testing and various network troubleshooting purposes, so better to know they exist!
Do you use any pcap tool out there? If so, what is your use case?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://xmodulo.com/filter-split-merge-pcap-linux.html
作者：[Dan Nanni][a]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]:http://xmodulo.com/author/nanni
[1]:http://xmodulo.com/how-to-compile-and-install-snort-from-source-code-on-ubuntu.html
[2]:http://xmodulo.com/how-to-capture-and-replay-network-traffic-on-linux.html
[3]:https://www.wireshark.org/docs/man-pages/reordercap.html
[4]:https://www.wireshark.org/docs/man-pages/text2pcap.html
[5]:https://github.com/isginf/pcap-diff
[6]:http://xmodulo.com/how-to-capture-and-replay-network-traffic-on-linux.html

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What is good audio editing software on Linux
================================================================================
Whether you are an amateur musician or just a student recording his professor, you need to edit and work with audio recordings. If for a long time such task was exclusively attributed to Macintosh, this time is over, and Linux now has what it takes to do the job. In short, here is a non-exhaustive list of good audio editing software, fit for different tasks and needs.
### 1. Audacity ###
![](https://farm9.staticflickr.com/8572/15405018653_83ba3e718d_c.jpg)
Let's get started head on with my personal favorite. [Audacity][1] works on Windows, Mac, and Linux. It is open source. It is easy to use. You get it: Audacity is almost perfect. This program lets you manipulate the audio waveform from a clean interface. In short, you can overlay tracks, cut and edit them easily, apply effects, perform advanced sound analysis, and finally export to a plethora of format. The reason I like it so much is that it combines both basic features with more complicated ones, but maintain an easy leaning curve. However, it is not a fully optimized software for hardcore musicians, or people with professional knowledge.
### 2. Jokosher ###
![](https://farm8.staticflickr.com/7524/15998875136_82903a9b4a_c.jpg)
On a different level, [Jokosher][2] focuses more on the multi-track aspect for musical artists. Developed in Python and using the GTK+ interface with GStreamer for audio back-end, Jokosher really impressed me with its slick interface and its extensions. If the editing features are not the most advanced, the language is clear and directed to musicians. And I really like the association between tracks and instruments for example. In short, if you are starting as a musician, it might be a good place to get some experience before moving on to more complex suites.
### 3. Ardour ###
![](https://farm9.staticflickr.com/8577/16024644385_d8cd8073a3_c.jpg)
And talking about compex suites, [Ardour][3] is complete software for recording, editing, and mixing. Designed this time to appeal to all professionals, Ardour features in term of sound routing and plugins go way beyond my comprehension. So if you are looking for a beast and are not afraid to tame it, Ardour is probably a good pick. Again, the interface contributes to its charm, as well as its extensive documentation. I particularly appreciated the first-launch configuration tool.
### 4. Kwave ###
![](https://farm8.staticflickr.com/7557/15402389884_633a8b04c5_c.jpg)
For all KDE lovers, [KWave][4] corresponds to your idea of design and features. There are plenty of shortcuts and interesting options, like memory management. Even if the few effects are nice, we are more dealing with a simple tool to cut/paste audio together. It becomes shard not to compare it with Audacity unfortunately. And on top of that, the interface did not appeal to me that much.
### 5. Qtractor ###
![](https://farm8.staticflickr.com/7551/16022707501_68c39f37e5_c.jpg)
If Kwave is too simplistic for you but a Qt-based program really has some appeal, then [Qtractor][5] might be your option. It aims to be "simple enough for the average home user, and yet powerful enough for the professional user." Indeed the quantity of features and options is almost overwhelming. My favorite being of course customizable shortcuts. Apart from that, Qtractor is probably one of my favorite tools to deal with MIDI files.
### 6. LMMS ###
![](https://farm8.staticflickr.com/7509/15838603239_ef0ecbc8d2_c.jpg)
Standing for Linux MultiMedia Studio, LMMS is directly targeted for music production. If you do not have prior experience and do not want to spend too much time getting some, go elsewhere. LMMS is one of those complex but powerful software that only a few will truly master. The number of features and effects is simply too long to list, but if I had to pick one, I would say that the Freeboy plugin to emulate Game Boy sound system is just magical. Past that, go see their amazing documentation.
### 7. Traverso ###
![](https://farm8.staticflickr.com/7537/15838603279_70ee925057_c.jpg)
Finally, Traverso stood out to me for its unlimited track count and its direct integration with CD burning capacities. Aside from that, it appeared to me as a middle man between a simplistic software and a professional program. The interface is very KDE-like, and the keyboard configuration is always welcome. And cherry on the cake, Traverso monitors your resources and make sure that your CPU or hard drive does not go overboard.
To conclude, it is always a pleasure to see such a large diversity of applications on Linux. It makes finding the software that best fits your needs always possible. While my personal favorite stays Audacity, I was very surprised by the design of programs like LMMS or Jokosher.
Did we miss one? What do you use for audio editing on Linux? And why? Let us know in the comments.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://xmodulo.com/good-audio-editing-software-linux.html
作者：[Adrien Brochard][a]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]:http://xmodulo.com/author/adrien
[1]:http://audacity.sourceforge.net/
[2]:https://launchpad.net/jokosher/
[3]:http://ardour.org/
[4]:http://kwave.sourceforge.net/
[5]:http://qtractor.sourceforge.net/qtractor-index.html
[6]:
[7]:
[8]:
[9]:
[10]:
[11]:
[12]:
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2
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@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ Carla Schroder著有The Book of Audacity, Linux Cookbook, Linux Networking Cookb
via: http://www.smallbusinesscomputing.com/biztools/5-best-open-source-web-browser-security-apps.html
作者：[Carla Schroder][a]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/yupmoon)
译者：[yupmoon](https://github.com/yupmoon)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出

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NetHack
================================================================================
## 一直以来最好的游戏？ ##
**这款游戏非常容易让你上瘾。你可能需要花费一生的时间来掌握它。许多人玩了几十年也没有通关。欢迎来到 NetHack 的世界...**
不管你信不信，在 NetHack 里你见到字母 D 的时候你会被吓着。但是当你看见一个 % 的时候，你将会欣喜若狂。（忘了说 ^，你看见它将会更激动）在你寻思我们的脑子是不是烧坏了并准备关闭浏览器标签之前，请给我们一点时间解释：这些符号分别代表龙、食物以及陷阱。欢迎来到 NetHack 的世界，在这里你的想象力需要发挥巨大的作用。
如你所见，NetHack 是一款文字模式的游戏：它仅仅使用标准终端字符集来刻画玩家、敌人、物品还有环境。游戏的图形版是存在的，不过 NetHack 的骨灰级玩家们都倾向于不去使用它们，问题在于假如你使用图形界面，当你通过 SSH 登录到你的古董级的运行着 NetBSD 的 Amiga 3000 上时，你还能进行游戏吗？在某些方面，NetHack 和 Vi 非常相似 - 几乎被移植到了现存的所有的操作系统上，并且依赖都非常少。
那么问题来了，和现代游戏相比如此简陋的画面，是什么造就了 NetHack 如此巨大的吸引力的呢？
事实上，这款地牢探险类神作有着令人难以置信的丰富细节。有太多的东西等着你去发掘：法术释放、怪物战斗以及技巧学习 - 以及随机生成的地牢。有太多的东西等着你去探索，几乎没有哪两局游戏会是完全一样的。许多人玩了几十年也没有通关，每次游戏依然能发现一些以前不知道的秘密。
接下来，我们会向你讲述 NetHack 的历史，给你地牢探险的基本指导，再告诉你一些技巧。免责：
在你继续阅读本文之前，视为你已经自动同意了当你沉溺于 NetHack 以致影响到你的现实生活时，你不会起诉我们。
![NetHack 界面](http://www.linuxvoice.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/nh_annotated.png)
NetHack 界面
### 也许是最古老的仍在开发的游戏里 ###
名非其实，NetHack 并不是一款网络游戏。它只不过是基于一款出现较早的名为 Hack 的地牢探险类游戏开发出来的，而这款 Hack 游戏是 1980 年的游戏 Rogue 的后代。NetHack 在 1987 年发布了第一个版本，并于 2003 年发布了 3.4.3 版本，尽管在这期间一直没有加入新的功能，但各种补丁、插件，以及衍生作品还是在网络上疯狂流传。这使得它可以说是最古老的、拥有众多对游戏乐此不疲的粉丝的游戏。当你访问 [www.reddit.com/r/nethack][1] 之后，你就会了解我们的意思了 - 骨灰级的 NetHack 的玩家们仍然聚集在一起讨论新的策略、发现和技巧。偶尔你也可以发现 NetHack 的元老级玩家在历经千辛万苦终于通关之后发出的欢呼。
但怎样才能通关呢？首先，NetHack 被设定在既大又深的地牢中。游戏开始时你在最顶层 - 第 1 层 - 你的目标是不断往下深入直到你找到一个非常宝贵的物品，护身符 Yendor。通常来说 Yendor 在 第 20 层或者更深的地方，但它是可以变化的。随着你在地牢的不断深入，你会遇到各种各样的怪物、陷阱以及 NPC；有些会试图杀掉你，有些会挡在你前进的路上，还有些... 总而言之，在你靠近 TA 们之前你永远不知道 TA 们会怎样。
> 要学习的有太多太多，绝大多数物品只有在和其他物品同时使用的情况下才会发挥最好的效果。
是 NetHack 如此引人入胜的原因是游戏中所加入的大量物品。武器、盔甲、附魔书、戒指、宝石 - 要学习的有太多太多，绝大多数物品只有在和其他物品同时使用的情况下才会发挥最好的效果。怪物在死亡后经常会掉落一些有用的物品，以及某些物品如果你不正确使用的话会产生及其不良的作用。你可以在地牢找到商店，里面有许多看似平凡实则非常有用的物品，，不过别指望店主能给你详细的描述。你只能靠自己的经验来了解各个物品的用途。有些物品确实没有太大用处，NetHack 中有很多的恶搞元素 - 比如你可以把一块奶油砸到自己的脸上。
不过在你踏入地牢之前，NetHack 会询问你要选择哪种角色进行游戏。你可以为你接下来的地牢之行选择骑士、修道士、巫师，或者卑微的旅者，还有许多其他的角色类型。每种角色都有其独特的优势与弱点，NetHack 的重度玩家喜欢选择那些相对较弱的角色来挑战游戏。你懂的，这样可以向其他玩家炫耀自己的实力。
> ## 情报不会降低游戏的乐趣 ##
> 用 NetHack 的说法来讲，“情报员”给指其他玩家提供关于怪物、物品、武器和盔甲信息的玩家。理论上来说，完全可以不借助任何外来信息而通关，但几乎没有几个玩家能做到，游戏实在是太难了。因此使用情报并不会被视为一件糟糕的事情 - 但是一开始由你自己来探索游戏和解决难题，这样才会获得更多的乐趣，只有当你遇到瓶颈的时候再去使用那些情报。
> 在这里给出一个比较有名的情报站点 [www.statslab.cam.ac.uk/~eva/nethack/spoilerlist.html][2]，其中的情报被分为了不同的类别。游戏中随机发生的事，比如在喷泉旁饮水可能导致的不同结果，从这里你可以得知已确定的不同结果的发生概率。
>
> ### 你的首次地牢之行 ###
NetHack 几乎可以在所有的主流操作系统以及 Linux 发行版上运行，因此你可以通过 "apt-get install nethack" 或者 "yum install nethack" 等适合你用的发行版的命令来安装游戏。安装完毕后，在一个命令行窗口中键入 "nethack" 就可以开始游戏了。游戏开始时系统会询问是否为你随机挑选一位角色 - 但作为一个新手，你最好自己从里面挑选一位比较强的角色。所以，你应该点 "n"，然后点 "v" 以选取女武神（Valkyrie），最后点 "d" 选择成为侏儒（dwarf）。
接着 NetHack 上会显示出剧情，说你的神正在寻找护身符 Yendor，你的目标就是找到它并将它带给神。阅读完毕后点击空格键（其他任何时候当你见到屏幕上的 "-More-" 时都可以这样）。接着就让我们出发 - 开始地牢之行吧！
先前已经介绍过了，你的角色用 @ 来表示。你可以看见角色所出房间周围的墙壁，房间里显示点的那些地方是你可以移动的空间。首先，你得明白怎样移动角色：h、j、k 以及 l。（是的，和 Vim 中移动光标的操作相同）这些操作分别会使角色向向左、向下、向上以及向右移动。你也可以通过 y、u、b 和 n 来使角色斜向移动。在你熟悉如何控制角色移动前你最好在房间里来回移动你的角色。
NetHack 采用了回合制，因此即使你不进行任何动作，游戏仍然在进行。这是你可以提前计划你的行动。你可以看见一个 "d" 字符或者 "f" 字符在房间里来回移动：这是你的宠物狗/猫，（通常情况下）它们 不会伤害你而是帮助你击杀怪物。但是宠物也会被惹怒 - 它们偶尔也会抢在你接近食物或者怪物尸体之前吃掉它们。
![点击 “i” 列出你当前携带的物品清单](http://www.linuxvoice.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/nh_inventory.png)
点击 “i” 列出你当前携带的物品清单
### 门后有什么？ ###
接下来，让我们离开房间。房间四周的墙壁某处会有缝隙，可能是 "+" 号。"+" 号表示一扇关闭的门，这时你应该靠近它然后点击 "o" 来开门。接着系统会询问你开门的方向，假如门在你的左方，就点击 "h"。（如果门被卡住了，就多试几次）然后你就可以看见门后的走廊了，它们由 "#" 号表示，沿着走廊前进直到你找到另一个房间。
地牢之行中你会见到各种各样的物品。某些物品，比如金币（由 "$" 号表示）会被自动捡起来；至于另一些物品，你只能站在上面按下逗号键手动拾起。如果同一位置有多个物品，系统会给你显示一个列表，你只要通过合适的案件选择列表中你想要的物品最后按下 "Enter" 键即可。任何时间你都可以点击 "i" 键在屏幕上列出你当前携带的物品清单。
如果看见了怪物该怎么办？在游戏早期，你可能会遇到的怪物会用符号 "d"、"x" 和 ":" 表示。想要攻击的话，只要简单地朝怪物的方向移动即可。系统会在屏幕顶部通过信息显示来告诉你你的攻击是否成功 - 以及怪物做出了何种反应。早期的怪物很容易击杀，所以你可以毫不费力地打败他们，但请留意底部状态栏里显示的角色的 HP 值。
> 早期的怪物很容易击杀，但请留意角色的 HP 值。
如果怪物死后掉落了一具尸体（"%"），你可以点击逗号进行拾取，并点击 "e" 来食用。（在任何时候系统提示你选择一件物品，你都可以从物品列表中点击相应的按键，或者点击 "?" 来查询迷你菜单。）主意！有些尸体是有毒的，这些知识你将在日后的冒险中逐渐学会掌握。
如果你在走廊里行进时遇到了死胡同，你可以点击 "s" 进行搜寻直到找到一扇门。这会花费时间，但是你由此加速了游戏进程：输入 "10" 并点击 "s" 你将一下搜索 10 次。这将花费游戏中进行 10 次动作的时间，不过如果你正在饥饿状态，你将有可能会被饿死。
通常你可以在地牢顶部找到 "{"（喷泉）以及 "!"（药水）。当你找到喷泉的时候，你可以站在上面并点击 "q" 键开始 “畅饮（quaff）” - 引用后会得到积极的到致命的多种效果。当你找到药水的时候，将其拾起并点击 "q" 来引用。如果你找到一个商店，你可以拾取其中的物品并在离开前点击 "p" 键进行支付。当你负重过大时，你可以点击 "d" 键丢掉一些东西。
![现在已经有带音效的 3D 版 Nethack 了，如：Falcon’s Eye](http://www.linuxvoice.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/falcon.jpg)
现在已经有带音效的 3D 版 Nethack 了，如：Falcon’s Eye
> ## 愚蠢的死法 ##
> 在 NetHack 玩家中流行着一个缩写词 "YASD" - 又一种愚蠢的死法（Yet Another Stupid Death）。这个缩写词表示了玩家由于自身的的愚蠢或者粗心大意导致了角色的死亡。我们搜集了很多这类死法，但我们最喜欢的是下面描述的：
> 我们正在商店浏览商品，这时一条蛇突然从药剂后面跳了出来。在杀死蛇之后，系统弹出一条信息提醒我们角色饥饿值过低了，因此我们顺手食用了蛇的尸体。坏事了！这使得我们的角色失明，导致我们的角色再也不能看见商店里的其他角色及地上的商品了。我们试图离开商店，但在慌乱中却撞在了店主身上并攻击了他。这种做法激怒了店主：他立即向我们的角色使用了火球术。我们试图逃到商店外的走廊上，但却在逃亡的过程中被烧死。
> 如果你有类似的死法，一定要来我们的论坛告诉我们。不要担心 - 没有人会嘲笑你。经历这样的死法也是你在 NetHack 的世界里不断成长的一部分。
### 武装自己 ###
地牢里，尤其是在你击杀怪物后，你可能会发现武器或盔甲。在这里再说一次，点击逗号把它们拾起，接着点击 "w"（小写的）来使用武器或者点击 "W"（大写的）来穿上盔甲。你可以用 "T" 来脱掉盔甲或者 "t" 来取下武器 - 如果你陷入了困境，请确保你总是在使用最好的装备。
在靠近掉在地下的装备之前最好检查一下身上的东西。点击 ";"（分号）后，"Pick an object"（选择一样物品）选项将出现在屏幕顶部。选择该选项，使用移动键直到选中你想要检查的物品，然后点击 ":"（冒号）。接着屏幕顶部将出现这件物品的描述。
因为你的目标是不断深入地牢直到找到护身符 Yendor，所以请随时留意周围的 "<" 和 ">" 符号。这两个符号分别表示向上和向下的楼梯，你可以用与之对应的按键来上楼或下楼。注意！如果你想让宠物跟随你进入下/上一层地牢，下/上楼前请确保你的宠物在你邻近的方格内。若果你想退出，点击 "S"（大写的 s）来保存进度，输入 #quit 退出游戏。当你再次运行 NetHack 时，系统将会自动读取你上次退出时的游戏进度。
我们就不继续剧透了，地牢深处还有更多的神秘细节、陌生的 NPC 以及不为人知的秘密等着你去发掘。那么，我们再给你点建议：当你遇到了让你困惑不已的物品时，你可以尝试去 NetHack 维基 [http://nethack.wikia.com][3] 进行搜索。你也可以在 [www.nethack.org/v343/Guidebook.html][4] 找到一本非常不错（尽管很长）的指导手册。最后，祝游戏愉快！
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://www.linuxvoice.com/nethack/
作者：[Mike Saunders][a]
译者：[Stevearzh](https://github.com/Stevearzh)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]:http://www.linuxvoice.com/author/mike/
[1]:http://www.reddit.com/r/nethack
[2]:http://www.statslab.cam.ac.uk/~eva/nethack/spoilerlist.html
[3]:http://nethack.wikia.com/
[4]:http://www.nethack.org/v343/Guidebook.html

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安卓编年史
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注：youtube视频地址
<iframe width="640" height="360" frameborder="0" src="http://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/e52TSXwj774?start=0&amp;wmode=transparent" type="text/html" style="display:block"></iframe>
### Android 2.0, Éclair——带动GPS产业 ###
41天——这是从安卓1.6到安卓2.0所经历的时间。安卓的第一个大的版本号更迭发生在2009年10月的[摩托罗拉Droid][1]身上，它是第一部“第二代”安卓设备。相对于G1而言，Droid进行了大幅的硬件升级，拥有巨大的3.7英寸（在当时而言），分辨率854×480的LCD屏幕。它同样带来了更强劲的性能：一个600Mhz的德州仪器TI OMAP Cortex A8处理器（还是单核），以及256MB的RAM内存。
![摩托罗拉Droid凝视着你的灵魂。](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/2181.jpg)
摩托罗拉Droid凝视着你的灵魂。
但Droid最重要的部分是围绕它的大型广告活动。Droid是美国运营商威瑞森Verizon的旗舰设备，这个头衔给它从美国最大运营商那里带来了不少收入。威瑞森从卢卡斯影业那获得了单词“droid”的授权，并且开始了[“Droid Does”运动][2]——通过广告将设备定位成一个敢于发声，充满突破的（由此也延伸到安卓身上）强力iPhone替代品。媒体常常说T-Mobile G1想要成为一个“iPhone杀手”，但是Droid走了出来，并拥有了这个称号。
就和G1一样，Droid有个侧滑实体键盘。轨迹球已经不见了，但是还是强制性要求有类似十字方向键的东西，所以摩托罗拉把一个五键十字方向键放在了键盘右侧。Droid正面按键从实体按键变成了电容式触摸按键，它们只是被印在了玻璃触摸屏上。安卓2.0同样最终取消了必须有“呼叫”和“结束”按钮的强制要求。所以连同十字方向键移到键盘那里的变动，正面的按键可以排成漂亮又整洁的一行。所有这些精简结果带来的是有史以来最好看的安卓设备。T-Mobile G1看起来像是费雪牌的玩具，但摩托罗拉Droid看起来像个可以用来削人的工业工具。
![安卓2.0和1.6的锁屏和主屏幕。](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/intro202.png)
安卓2.0和1.6的锁屏和主屏幕。
Ron Amadeo供图
威瑞森的一些差劲的广告活动泄漏了这个软件，原本平静，水汪汪的远景默认壁纸变成了脏兮兮的混凝土。开机动画用了红色脉动的哈儿（HAL 9000）的眼球（译注：哈儿是英国小说家亚瑟·克拉克所著《太空漫游》小说中出现的一部拥有强人工智能的超级电脑），每当你收到邮件的时候，默认通知铃声还会高喊“[DRRRRROOOOIIIIDDDD][3]”。Éclair泡芙就像是安卓的忧郁少年阶段。
安卓2.0中最先呈现给用户的事情之一就是新的锁屏。滑动解锁是苹果的专利，因此谷歌就采用了来自旋转手机的灵感，使用了弧线解锁手势。把你的手指放在锁定图标上并且向右滑动可以解锁设备，从音量图标向左滑动可以让手机静音。手指自然移动是圆弧状的，所以这手势感觉比按直线滑动更加自然。
默认主屏幕布局取消了多余的模拟时钟小部件，引入了现如今安卓的一个主要部分：主屏幕顶端的一个搜索栏。短信和安卓市场同样花了大功夫在新布局上。应用抽屉页同样被经过了明显的重新设计。
![应用抽屉和“添加到主屏幕”菜单截图。](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/icons.png)
应用抽屉和“添加到主屏幕”菜单截图。
Ron Amadeo供图
安卓在早期的阶段以极快的步伐开发前进，而安卓团队在考虑界面设计时也从来没有对未来的设备有过真正的规划。摩托罗拉Droid——拥有854×480分辨率的LCD显示屏——相对于320×480分辨率的G1时代设备在分辨率上是个巨大的提升。几乎所有的东西都需要重绘。界面设计的“从头开始”就几乎成为了安卓2.0的主要课题。
谷歌借此机会几乎重新设计了安卓的所有图标，从带有等距轴线的卡通风格图标转变为风格更为正式直观的图标。唯一一套没有重绘的图标是状态栏图标，和经过修改的系统其它部分相比显得格格不入。这些图标会从安卓0.9一直使用到安卓2.3。
应用阵容上同样也有一些改变。摄像机被合并到相机中，IM应用被去除，并增加了两个新的谷歌应用：Car Home，一个被设计为在驾驶时使用的带有大按钮的启动器，还有企业日历，除了它支持Exchange而不是谷歌日历以外，它和常规的日历没什么不一样。奇怪的是，谷歌还预装了两个第三方应用程序：Facebook和Verizon的Visual VM应用 （现在都不能用了）。第二组图片显示的是“添加到主屏幕”菜单，它同样经过了全新的设计。
![一个地点页面，显示“导航”选项，导航免责声明，实际的导航画面，以及交通信息。](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/nav2.png)
一个地点页面，显示“导航”选项，导航免责声明，实际的导航画面，以及交通信息。
Ron Amadeo供图
除了新的设计以外，安卓2.0最突出的亮点是谷歌地图导航。谷歌更新了地图，以支持免费的逐向导航，配有兴趣点搜索和文本到语音引擎，这使得它可以像一个独立的GPS设备一样大声读出街道名称。把GPS导航从一个单独的产品变成免费的智能手机功能，这几乎一夜之间[摧毁][4]了独立GPS市场。TomTom的股票在安卓2.0推出的一周内下跌了近40％。
但一开始导航非常难以找到。你必须打开搜索框，键入一个地点或地址，并点击搜索结果。接下来，点击了“导航”按钮后，谷歌会显示一个警告，声明导航正处于beta测试阶段，不应该被信任。点击“接受”后，你可以跳上车，一个粗糙的合成语音会引导你到达目的地。菜单按钮背后隐藏着一个选项，可以查看整个路线上的交通状况和突发事件。导航的设计一直徘徊不前。甚至连谷歌地图主界面都在安卓4.0时更新了，安卓2.0风格的导航部分还是那么放着，这几乎持续到了安卓4.3才有所改观。
地图还会显示路线的概览，其中包含你的路线的交通数据。起初数据只是由常规的交通数据提供商授权，但后来，谷歌使用运行谷歌地图的安卓和iOS手机[收集原始交通数据][5]。这是在移动设备地图游戏中谷歌迈向霸主地位的第一步。毕竟，实时交通流量的监控确实仅仅取决于你有多少数据点来源。现在，伴随着数以亿计的iOS和安卓的谷歌地图的用户，谷歌已经成为世界上最好的交通数据提供商。
地图导航，安卓终于找到了自己的杀手级应用。谷歌公司那时提供了其他人提供不了的东西。“为什么我应该买这个而不是买个iPhone？”问题终于有了个答案。谷歌地图也不需要像许多GPS设备一样通过PC更新。有了云，地图能够始终保持最新状态，所有这些更新都是免费的。唯一的缺点是，你需要一个互联网连接来使用谷歌地图。
精确的地图在[苹果地图的惨败][6]中被大大宣传，它已经成为了智能手机的最重要的功能之一，即使没有人真正在它们工作的时候赞赏它们。绘制世界真的只借助无数人的力量，今天，谷歌的“地球”部门是公司最大的部门，拥有超过[7000名员工][7]。对于这里的大多数人来说，他们的工作是驾驶着公司充满相机的街景车驶过世界上的每一条道路。经过八年的数据收集，谷歌拥有超过[五百万英里][8]的360度街景视图，谷歌地图成为了公司不可撼动的支柱之一。
![Car Home主屏幕，并且因为有空间，加入了一个横版的导航。](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/carhome1.png)
Car Home主屏幕，并且因为有空间，加入了一个横版的导航。
Ron Amadeo供图
随着和谷歌地图导航一起到来的还有“Car Home”，一个大按钮设计的主屏幕，旨在帮助你在驾驶时使用手机。这不是定制的，每一个按钮只是一个独立应用的快捷方式。摩托罗拉Droid和其官方的[车载dock配件][9]有特殊的磁铁，二者接触将自动触发Car Home。在手机接入dock时，按压Droid的实体home键会打开Car Home主屏而不是正常的主屏幕，屏幕上的触摸Home键可以打开正常的主屏幕。
Car Home，虽然很有用，但并没有存在多久——它在安卓3.0中被去掉了，再也没有回来过。GPS系统几乎全部用在汽车驾驶时，但它鼓励用户使用如“搜索”这样的功能，它会弹出一个键盘，谷歌的律师可能并不是很喜欢这种功能。随着[苹果的CarPlay][10]和谷歌的[开放汽车联盟][11]的到来，车载电脑看到了复苏的希望。这一次，重点更多的是在安全上，政府机构（如美国国家公路交通安全管理局）也在协助着这一方面的发展。
----------
![Ron Amadeo](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content//uploads/authors/ron-amadeo-sq.jpg)
[Ron Amadeo][a] / Ron是Ars Technica的评论编缉，专注于安卓系统和谷歌产品。他总是在追寻新鲜事物，还喜欢拆解事物看看它们到底是怎么运作的。
[@RonAmadeo][t]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/10/
译者：[alim0x](https://github.com/alim0x) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[1]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2009/12/review-of-the-motorola-droid/
[2]:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e52TSXwj774
[3]:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UBL47tHrvMA
[4]:http://techcrunch.com/2009/10/28/googles-new-mobile-app-cuts-gps-nav-companies-at-the-knees/
[5]:http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2009/08/bright-side-of-sitting-in-traffic.html
[6]:http://arstechnica.com/apple/2012/09/apple-ceo-tim-cook-apologizes-for-ios-6-maps-promises-improvements/
[7]:http://www.businessinsider.com/apple-has-7000-fewer-people-working-on-maps-than-google-2012-9
[8]:https://developers.google.com/events/io/sessions/383278298
[9]:http://www.amazon.com/Motorola-Generation-Vehicle-Charger-Packaging/dp/B002Y3BYQA
[10]:http://arstechnica.com/apple/2014/03/ios-in-the-car-becomes-carplay-coming-to-select-dashboards-this-year/
[11]:http://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2014/01/open-automotive-alliance-aims-to-bring-android-inside-the-car/
[a]:http://arstechnica.com/author/ronamadeo
[t]:https://twitter.com/RonAmadeo

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25个linux性能监控工具
================================================================================
一段时间以来，我们在网上向读者介绍了如何为Linux以及类Linux操作系统配置多种不同的性能监控工具。在这篇文章中我们将罗列一系列使用最频繁的性能监控工具，并对介绍到的每一个工具提供了相应的简介链接，大致将其划分为两类，基于命令行的和提供图形化接口的。
### 基于命令行的性能监控工具 ###
#### 1. dstat - 多类型资源统计工具 ####
该命令整合了**vmstat**，**iostat**和**ifstat**三种命令。同时增加了新的特性和功能允许你能够看到及时的不同的资源使用情况，从而能够使你对比和整合不同的资源使用情况。通过不同颜色和代码块布局的界面帮助你能够更加清晰容易的获取信息。它同时支持将信息数据导出到**cvs**格式文件中，从而用其他应用程序打开，或者导入到数据库中。你可以用该命令来[监控cpu，内存和网络状态随着时间的变化][1]。
![](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/dstat.png)
#### 2. atop - 相比top更好的ASCII码体验 ####
使用**ASCII**码的命令行工具来显示一个性能监控工具能够记录显示所有进程活动。它不但能够展示每日的系统日志，也能够进行长期的进程活动分析，同时也能够高亮过载的系统使用资源。它包含了CPU，内存，交换空间，磁盘和网络层的度量指标。使用所用的功能只需在终端运行**atop**即可。当然你也可以使用[交互接口来显示][2]数据并进行排序。
# atop
![](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/atop1.jpg)
#### 3. Nmon - 类Unix系统的性能监控 ####
Nmon为**Nigel's Monitor**缩写，它最早开发用来作为**AIX**的系统监控工具。它的特征是**在线模式**，该模式在终端中实时更新监控信息，同时使用光标操作来提高屏幕事件处理效率。使用**捕捉模式**能够将数据保存为**CSV**格式，方便进一步的处理和图形化展示。
![](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/nmon_interface.png)
更多的信息参考我们的[nmon性能监控文章][3]。
#### 4. slabtop - 显示内核slab缓存信息 ####
个应用能够显示**缓存分配器**是如何管理Linux内核缓存不同类型的对象的。这个命令类似于top命令，区别是它重点实时显示内核slab缓存信息。它能够显示按照不同排序条件来显示最靠前的缓存列表。它同时也能够显示一个以slab层信息填充的统计题头。举例如下：
# slabtop --sort=a
# slabtop -s b
# slabtop -s c
# slabtop -s l
# slabtop -s v
# slabtop -s n
# slabtop -s o
**更多信息参阅**[内核slab缓存文章][4]。
#### 5. sar - 性能监控和瓶颈检查 ####
**sar** 命令是为了标准输出在操作系统上所选的累积活动计数器内容信息。该基于计数值和时间间隔参数的**审计系统**，会按照指定的时间间隔输出指定次数的监控信息。如果时间间隔参数为设置为0，那么[sar命令将会显示系统从开机到当时时刻的平均统计信息][5]。有用的命令如下：
# sar -u 2 3
# sar –u –f /var/log/sa/sa05
# sar -P ALL 1 1
# sar -r 1 3
# sar -W 1 3
#### 6. Saidar - 简单的统计监控工具 ####
Saidar是一个**简单**且**轻量**的系统信息监控工具。虽然它无法提供大多性能报表，但是它能够通过一个简短友好的方式显示最有用的系统运行状况数据。你可以很容易地看到[up-time, average load,CPU,内存，进程，磁盘和网络接口][6]统计信息。
Usage: saidar [-d delay] [-c] [-v] [-h]
-d Sets the update time in seconds
-c Enables coloured output
-v Prints version number
-h Displays this help information.
![](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/saidar-e1413370985588.png)
#### 7. top - 经典的Linux任务管理工具 ####
作为一个广为认知的**Linux**工具，**top**出现在大多数的类Unix操作系统任务管理中。它可以显示当前正在运行的进程的列表，同时用户可以按照不同的查询条件对该列表进行排序。它主要显示了系统进程对**CPU**和内存的使用状况。top可以快速检查是哪个或哪几个进程挂起了你的系统。你可以在[这里][7]看到top使用的例子。 你可以在终端输入top来运行它并进入到交互模式：
Quick cheat sheet for interactive mode:
GLOBAL_Commands: <Ret/Sp> ?, =, A, B, d, G, h, I, k, q, r, s, W, Z
SUMMARY_Area_Commands: l, m, t, 1
TASK_Area_Commands Appearance: b, x, y, z Content: c, f, H, o, S, u Size: #, i, n Sorting: <, >, F, O, R
COLOR_Mapping: <Ret>, a, B, b, H, M, q, S, T, w, z, 0 - 7
COMMANDS_for_Windows: -, _, =, +, A, a, G, g, w
![](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/top.png)
#### 8. Sysdig - 系统进程的高级视图 ####
**Sasdig**是一个能够让系统管理员和开发人员前所未有的洞察其系统行为的监控工具。其开发团队出于改善系统层次的监控方式以及通过提供关于**存储，进程，网络和内存**子系统的**统一有序**以及**粒度可见**的方式来进行错误排查，通过创建系统活动记录文件使得你可以在任何时间轻松分析。
简单例子:
# sysdig proc.name=vim
# sysdig -p"%proc.name %fd.name" "evt.type=accept and proc.name!=httpd"
# sysdig evt.type=chdir and user.name=root
# sysdig -l
# sysdig -L
# sysdig -c topprocs_net
# sysdig -c fdcount_by fd.sport "evt.type=accept"
# sysdig -p"%proc.name %fd.name" "evt.type=accept and proc.name!=httpd"
# sysdig -c topprocs_file
# sysdig -c fdcount_by proc.name "fd.type=file"
# sysdig -p "%12user.name %6proc.pid %12proc.name %3fd.num %fd.typechar %fd.name" evt.type=open
# sysdig -c topprocs_cpu
# sysdig -c topprocs_cpu evt.cpu=0
# sysdig -p"%evt.arg.path" "evt.type=chdir and user.name=root"
# sysdig evt.type=open and fd.name contains /etc
![](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/sysdig.jpg)
**更多信息** 可以在 [如何利用sysdig改善系统层次的监控和错误排查][8]
#### 9. netstat - 显示开放的端口和连接 ####
它是**Linux管理员**使用来显示不同网络信息的工具，如查看什么端口开放和什么网络连接已经建立以及何种进程运行在这种连接之上。同时它也显示了**Unix套接**字的信息，这些套接字在不同的程序中为打开状态。作为大多数Linux发行版本的一部分，netstat的许多命令在 [netstat和它的不同输出][9]中有详细的描述。最为常用的如下：
$ netstat | head -20
$ netstat -r
$ netstat -rC
$ netstat -i
$ netstat -ie
$ netstat -s
$ netstat -g
$ netstat -tapn
### 10. tcpdump - 洞察网络包 ###
**tcpdump**可以用来查看**网络连接**包的内容。它显示了传输过程中包内容的各种信息。为了使得输出信息更为有用，它允许使用者通过不同的过滤器获取自己想要的信息。可以参照的例子如下：
# tcpdump -i eth0 not port 22
# tcpdump -c 10 -i eth0
# tcpdump -ni eth0 -c 10 not port 22
# tcpdump -w aloft.cap -s 0
# tcpdump -r aloft.cap
# tcpdump -i eth0 dst port 80
你可以找到详细的[描述在topdump和捕捉包][10]文章中。
#### 11. vmstat - 虚拟内存统计信息 ####
**vmstat**是虚拟内存(**virtual memory** statistics)的缩写，作为一个**内存监控**工具，它收集和显示概括关于**内存**，**进程**，**终端**和**分页**和**I/O阻塞**的信息。作为一个开源程序，它可以再大部分Linux发行版本中找到，包括Solaris和FreeBSD。它用来诊断大部分的内存性能问题和其他相关问题
![](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/vmstat_delay_5.png)
**M更多信息** 参考 [vmstat命令文章][11]。
#### 12. free - 内存统计信息 ####
free是另一个能够在终端中标准输出内存和交换空间使用的命令行工具。由于它的简易，它经常用于快速查看内存使用或者是应用于不同的脚本和应用程序中。在这里你可以看到[这个小程序的许多应用][12]。几乎所有的系统管理员日常都会用这个工具。:-)
![](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/free_hs3.png)
#### 13. Htop - 更加友好的top ####
**Htop**基本上是一个top改善版本，它能够显示更多的统计信息和更加多彩的方式，同时允许你采用不同的方式进行排序，它提供了一个**用户友好**的接口。
![](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/htop.png)
你可以找到 **更多的信息** 在 [关于htop和top的比较][13]文章中。
#### 14. ss - 更现代感的网络管理替代工具 ####
**ss**是**iproute2**包的一部分。iproute2趋向于替代一整套标准的**Unix网络**工具组件，它曾经用来完成[网络接口配置，路由表和管理ARP表][14]任务。ss工具用来存储套接字统计信息，也能够类似netstat一样显示信息，同时也能显示更多TCP和状态信息。一些例子如下：
# ss -tnap
# ss -tnap6
# ss -tnap
# ss -s
# ss -tn -o state established -p
#### 15. lsof - 列表显示打开的文件 ####
**lsof**命令，意为“**list open files**”, 用于在许多类Unix系统中显示所有打开状态的文件和打开它们的进程。在大部分Linux发行版和其他类Linux操作系统中系统管理员用它来检查不同的进程打开了哪些文件。你可以在这里找到更多的例子。
# lsof +p process_id
# lsof | less
# lsof –u username
# lsof /etc/passwd
# lsof –i TCP:ftp
# lsof –i TCP:80
你可以找到 **更多例子** 在[lsof 文章][15]
#### 16. iftop - 类似top的了网络连接工具 ####
**iftop**是一个基于网络信息的类似top的程序。它能够显示当前时刻按照**带宽使用**量或者上传或者下载量排序的**网络连接**状况。它同事提供了下载文件的预估完成时间。
![](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/iftop.png)
**更多信息**可以参考[网络流量iftop文章][16]
#### 17. iperf - 网络性能工具 ####
**iperf**是一个**网络测试**工具，能够创建**TCP**和**UDP**数据连接和测量该网络能够传输它们的**性能**。它支持调节关于时间，协议和缓冲等不同的参数。对于每一个测试，它会报告带宽，丢包和其他的一些参数。
![](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/iperf-e1413378331696.png)
如果你想用使用这个工具，可以参考这篇文章： [如何安装和使用iperf][17]
#### 18. Smem - 高级内存报表工具 ####
**Smem**是一个比较高级的**Linux**命令行工具，它提供关于系统中已经使用的和共享的实际内存，试图提供一个更为可靠地当前**内存**使用数据。
$ smem -m
$ smem -m -p | grep firefox
$ smem -u -p
$ smem -w -p
参考我们的文章：[Smem更多的例子][18]
### 图形化或基于Web的性能工具 ###
#### 19. Icinga - Nagios的社区分支版本 ####
**Icinga**是一个**开源免费**的网络监控程序，作为Nagios的分支，它获取了前者现存的大部分功能，同时基于这些功能又增加了社区用户要求已久的功能和补丁。
![](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Icinga-e1413377995731.png)
**更多信息**参考[安装和配置lcinga文章][19].
#### 20. Nagios - 最为流行的监控工具. ####
作为在Linux上使用最为广泛和流行的**监控方案**，它有一个守护程序用来收集不同进程和远程主机的信息，这些收集到的信息都通过功能强大**的web界面**进行呈现。
![](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/nagios-e1413305858732.png)
你可以在 **找到更多的信息** 在[如何安装nagios][20]
#### 21. Linux process explorer - Linux下的procexp ####
**Linux process explorer**是一个Linux下的图形化进程浏览工具。它能够显示不同的进程信息，如进程数，TCP/IP连接和每一个进程的性能指标。作为**Windows**下**procexp**在Linux的替代品，是由**Sysinternals**开发的，其目标是相比**top**和**ps**用户体验更加的友好。
查看 [linux process explorer 文章][21]获取更多信息。
#### 22. Collectl - 性能监控工具 ####
你可以既可以通过交互的方式使用这个**性能监控**工具，也可以用它产生**报表**，并通过web服务器来访问它在磁盘上的数据。它以一种**易读易管理**的文件格式，记录了**CPU，磁盘，内存，网络，网络文件系统，进程，slabs**等统计信息于。
![](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/collectl.png)
**更多** 关于[Collectl的文章][22]。
#### 23. MRTG - 经典网络流量监控图形工具 ####
这是一个采用**rrdtool**的提供给用户图形化流量监控工具。作为**最早**的提供**图形化界面**的工具，它被广泛应用在类Unix的操作系统中。查看我们关于[如何使用MRTG][23]的文章获取更多关于安装和配置的信息。
![](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/mrtg.png)
#### 24. Monit - 简单易用的监控工具 ####
**Monit**是一个用来**监控进程**，**系统加载**，**文件系统**和**目录文件**等的开源的Linux工具。你能够让它自动化维护和修复，也能够在运行错误的情景下执行动作或者发邮件报告提醒系统管理员。如果你想要用这个工具，你可以查看[如何使用Monit的文章][24]。
![](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/monit.png)
#### 25. Munin - 为服务器提供监控和提醒服务 ####
作为一个网络资源监控工具，*Munin**能够帮助分析**资源趋势**和**查看弱节点**以及导致产生**性能问题**的原因。开发此软件的团队系统它能够易用和用户体验友好。该软件是用Perl开发的同时采用**rrdtool**来绘制图形，使用了**web接口**进行呈现。开发人员推广此应用时声称“**插件化和易用**”，目前已有500多个监控插件可结合使用。
**更多信息**可以在[关于Munin的文章][25]。
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://linoxide.com/monitoring-2/linux-performance-monitoring-tools/
作者：[Adrian Dinu][a]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/andyxue)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]:http://linoxide.com/author/adriand/
[1]:http://linoxide.com/monitoring-2/dstat-monitor-linux-performance/
[2]:http://linoxide.com/monitoring-2/guide-using-linux-atop/
[3]:http://linoxide.com/monitoring-2/install-nmon-monitor-linux-performance/
[4]:http://linoxide.com/linux-command/kernel-slab-cache-information/
[5]:http://linoxide.com/linux-command/linux-system-performance-monitoring-using-sar-command/
[6]:http://linoxide.com/monitoring-2/monitor-linux-saidar-tool/
[7]:http://linoxide.com/linux-command/linux-top-command-examples-screenshots/
[8]:http://linoxide.com/tools/sysdig-performance-linux-tool/
[9]:http://linoxide.com/linux-command/netstat-commad-with-all-variant-outputs/
[10]:http://linoxide.com/linux-how-to/network-traffic-capture-tcp-dump-command/
[11]:http://linoxide.com/linux-command/linux-vmstat-command-tool-report-virtual-memory-statistics/
[12]:http://linoxide.com/linux-command/linux-free-command/
[13]:http://linoxide.com/linux-command/linux-htop-command/
[14]:http://linoxide.com/linux-command/ss-sockets-network-connection/
[15]:http://linoxide.com/how-tos/lsof-command-list-process-id-information/
[16]:http://linoxide.com/monitoring-2/iftop-network-traffic/
[17]:http://linoxide.com/monitoring-2/install-iperf-test-network-speed-bandwidth/
[18]:http://linoxide.com/tools/memory-usage-reporting-smem/
[19]:http://linoxide.com/monitoring-2/install-configure-icinga-linux/
[20]:http://linoxide.com/how-tos/install-configure-nagios-centos-7/
[21]:http://sourceforge.net/projects/procexp/
[22]:http://linoxide.com/monitoring-2/collectl-tool-install-examples/
[23]:http://linoxide.com/tools/multi-router-traffic-grapher/
[24]:http://linoxide.com/monitoring-2/monit-linux/
[25]:http://linoxide.com/ubuntu-how-to/install-munin/

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10个重要的Linux ps命令实战
================================================================================
Linux作为Unix的衍生操作系统，Linux拥有内建用来查看当前进程的工具。这个工具能在命令行中使用。
### PS 命令是什么 ###
查看它的man手册可以看到，ps命令能够给出当前系统中进程的快照。它能捕获系统在某一事件的进程状态。如果你想实时更新这个状态，可以使用top命令。
ps命令支持三种使用的语法格式
1. UNIX 风格，一定要被分组并且必须有Dash引导使用(可以理解为必须在dash中使用，dash是一种shell)
2. BSD 风格，一点要被分组但不一定要在dash中使用
3. GNU 风格，能够在两种dash中使用
我们能够混用这几种风格，但是可能会发生冲突。本文使用UNIX风格的ps命令。这里有在日常生活中使用较多的ps命令的例子。
### 1. 不加参数执行ps命令 ###
这是一个基本的 **ps** 使用。只要在控制台中执行这个命令并查看结果。
![不加选项执行ps命令](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/ps_no_options.png)
结果默认会显示4列信息。
- PID: 运行命令(CMD)的进程编号
- TTY: 命令运行的位置
- TIME: 说明运行这个命令所用的CPU时间
- CMD: 作为当前进程运行的命令
这些信息在显示时未排序。
### 2. 显示所有当前进程 ###
使用 **-a** 参数。**-a 代表 all**。同时加上x参数会显示没有控制终端的进程。
$ ps -ax
这个命令的结果或许会很长。为获得简练的信息，可以结合less命令和管道来使用。
$ ps -ax | less
![ps all 信息](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/ps_ax.png)
### 3. 根据用户过滤进程 ###
在需要查看特点用户的进程是情况下，我们可以使用 **-u** 参数。比如我们要查看用户'pungki'的进程，可以通过下面的命令
$ ps -u pungki
![通过user过滤](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/ps__u.png)
### 4. 通过cpu和内存使用来过滤进程 ###
可以使用 **aux 参数**,来显示全面的信息:
$ ps -aux | less
![显示全面信息](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/ps_aux.png)
当结果很长时，我们可以使用管道和less命令来筛选。
默认的结果集是未排好序的。可以通过 **--sort**命令好排序。
根据 **CPU 使用**来升序排序
$ ps -aux --sort -pcpu | less
![根据cpu使用排序](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/ps_aux_sort_cpu.png)
根据 **内存使用** 来升序排序
$ ps -aux --sort -pmem | less
![根据内存使用来排序](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/ps_aux_sort_mem.png)
我们也可以通过管道显示前10个结果：
$ ps -aux --sort -pcpu,+pmem | head -n 10
### 5. 通过进程name和id过滤 ###
使用 **-C 参数**，后面跟你要找的进程的name。比如想显示一个名为getty的进程的信息，就可以使用下面的命令：
$ ps -C getty
![通过进程name和id过滤](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/ps_C.png)
如果想要看到更多的细节，我们可以使用-f参数来查看格式化的信息列表：
$ ps -f -C getty
![通过进程name和id过滤](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/ps_C_f.png)
### 6. 根据线程来过滤进程 ###
如果我们想知道特定进程的线程，可以使用**-L 参数**，后面加上特定的PID。
$ ps -L 1213
![根据线程来过滤进程](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/ps_L.png)
### 7. 分层显示进程 ###
使用 **-axjf** 参数。
$ps -axjf
![分层显示进程](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/ps_axjf.png)
或者可以使用另一个命令。
$ pstree
![分层显示进程](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/pstree.png)
### 8. 显示安全信息 ###
如果想要查看现在有谁登入了你的server。可以使用ps命令加上相关参数:
$ ps -eo pid,user,args
**参数 -e** 显示所有进程信息 **-o 参数**控制输出。**Pid**,**User 和 Args**参数显示**PID,运行应用的用户**和**运行的应用**。
![显示安全信息](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/ps_security_1.png)
能够与**-e 参数** 一起使用的关键字是**args, cmd, comm, command, fname, ucmd, ucomm, lstart, bsdstart and start**。
### 9. 格式化输出root用户创建的进程 ###
系统管理员想要查看由root用户运行的进程和这个进程的其他相关信息时，可以通过下面的命令:
$ ps -U root -u root u
**-U 参数**用来选择特定的用户ID(在userlist中存在的用户名或ID)。用户ID用来标识创建进程的用户。
While the **-u paramater** will select by effective user ID (EUID)
**-u** 参数用来筛选有效的用户ID。
最后的**u**参数用来确定结果的输出格式，由**User, PID, %CPU, %MEM, VSZ, RSS, TTY, STAT, START, TIME and COMMAND**这几列组成。
这里有上面的命令的输出结果
![show real and effective User ID](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/ps_root_real_effective_ID.png)
### 10. 使用PS实时监控进程状态 ###
ps 命令会显示你系统当前的进程状态，但是这个结果是静态的。
当有一种情况，我们需要想上面第四点中提到的通过CPU和内存的使用率来过滤进程。并且我们希望结果能够每秒更新一次。为此，我们可以**将ps命令和watch命令结合起来**。
$ watch -n 1 ‘ps -aux --sort -pmem, -pcpu’
![combine ps with watch](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/ps_watch_1.png)
并且可以通过**head**命令还进行限制。
$ watch -n 1 ‘ps -aux --sort -pmem, -pcpu | head 20’
![combine ps with watch](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/ps_watch_2.png)
这里的动态查看不想top或者htop命令。**但是使用ps的好处是**你能够定义显示的字段。你能够选择你想查看的字段。
举个例子，**如果你只先看名为'pungki'用户的信息**，你可以使用下面的命令：
$ watch -n 1 ‘ps -aux -U pungki u --sort -pmem, -pcpu | head 20’
![combine ps with watch](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/ps_watch_3.png)
### 结论 ###
你可能会使用ps命令来监控你的Linux系统。但是事实上，你可以通过ps命令的参数来生成各种你需要的报表。
ps命令的另一个优势是ps是系统默认安装的。因此你只要用就行了。
可以通过 man ps来查看更多的参数。
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://linoxide.com/how-tos/linux-ps-command-examples/
作者：[Pungki Arianto][a]
译者：[johnhoow](https://github.com/johnhoow)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]:http://linoxide.com/author/pungki/

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一些关于Java的句子
================================================================================
本文并没有什么新鲜的。我只是收集了一些不太重要的语句，
但这些语句可能对初级程序员来说很重要。也就是些无聊的旧东西。
如果以下的这些你都知道的话，那么你比Java的了解已经超过了对一个平常的家庭主妇的了解。我不知
道清楚所有的这些是否是有意义的。即使不知道其中的一些特性，你照样也可以成
为一个相当不错的Java程序员。然而，本文中许多的新信息可能表明你还有很大
的发展空间。
### Java中有四种不同的访问类型(而不是三种) ###
这四种类型包括：`private`, package private (包访问权限，无修饰符，又叫
default, 译者注)。如果你在类中定义一个元素时并不加任何访问类型修饰符，
它将被默认设置为包访问权限(package private)，而不是`public`或者`protected`。
![Java中有四种级别的访问类型](http://a3ab771892fd198a96736e50.javacodegeeks.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/four-levels-of-protection.png)
Java有四个级别的访问类型。
从另一方面来说，如果在接口中，你不指定方法的访问修饰符，那么它将是
`public`类型的。你也可以显式地指定它为`public`类型， 但这并不符合SONAR
（一个开源代码质量管理平台，译者注）的代码质量管理思想。
![访问类型是传递的](http://a3ab771892fd198a96736e50.javacodegeeks.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/protection-is-transitive.png)
访问类型是传递的
> 我的在Java中允许选择性的在接口的方法中写`public`的观点是一个技术错误。
同样你也可在接口的字段前写`final`，甚至是`static`。这说明这些字段可以
是非静态或非final吗？不是的，接口中的字段中总是final和static的。
### Protected和package private是不一样的 ###
Package private（或者default）访问类型可以使得相同包(package)下其他类
能够访问这些字段或方法。保护类型(`protected`)的方法和字段可以被相同包
下的类使用(这和package private是一样的)，同时它也可以被其他类使用，只
要那个类继承了这个包含这些`protected`方法或字段的类。
### Protected是可传递的 ###
如果有三个包a、b、c，每个包都分别包含A、B、C类，而且B继承A，C继承B，那
么C可以访问A中的protected字段和方法。
package a;
public class A {
protected void a() {
}
}
package b;
import a.A;
public class B extends A {
protected void b() {
a();
}
}
package c;
import b.B;
public class C extends B {
protected void c() {
a();
}
}
### 接口不能定义protected方法 ###
很多人认为可以在接口中定义`protected`方法。如果你这么做的话，编译器很
快就会毫不留情地给你报错。顺便说下，这也就是我为什么认为允许`public`关键字在接口
中是一个技术错误，它会让人觉得还可以写其他访问类型似的。
![Private is the new public](http://a3ab771892fd198a96736e50.javacodegeeks.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/private-is-the-new-public.png)
private是一种新的public
如果你还想在一个接口的方法中声明protected方法,你可能还不理解封装的含义。
### 此private非彼private ###
私有变量和方法在编译单元内是可见的。如果这听起来太神秘的话，换种说法：几
乎就是在同一个Java文件中。这比“在它们被定义的类中”听起来好理解些。它们在
同一编译单元的类和接口中也是可见的。嵌套类可以看到类中封装的私有字段和
方法。然而，当前封闭类也可以看到该类下任何深度下类中的私有方法和字段。
package a;
class Private {
private class PrivateInPrivate {
private Object object;
}
Object m() {
return new PrivateInPrivate().object;
}
}
后者并不广为人知,事实上也很少有用到。
### Private是类的访问级别而不是对象 ###
如果你可以访问一个变量或方法，那么不管它属于哪个对象你都可以访问它。如
果`this.a`可以访问到，那`another.a`也可以访问到，只要它们是同一个类的
实例。同一个类的实例对象可以随意调用其他实例的变量或方法。不过这样的代
码一般都没有意义。现实生活中异常是`equals()`(由Eclipse生成， 15 - 18行)：
package a;
public class PrivateIsClass {
private Object object;
@Override
public boolean equals(Object obj) {
if (this == obj)
return true;
if (obj == null)
return false;
if (getClass() != obj.getClass())
return false;
PrivateIsClass other = (PrivateIsClass) obj;
if (object == null) {
if (other.object != null)
return false;
} else if (!object.equals(other.object))
return false;
return true;
}
}
###静态(static)类可能有很多实例 ###
![Protection is not object level. It is class level.](http://a3ab771892fd198a96736e50.javacodegeeks.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/protection-is-class-feature.png)
访问类型不是对象级别的而是类级别的。
那些不支持有任何实例的类，通常被称为实用工具类。它们只包含静态字段和静
态方法以及唯一的不被该类的任何静态方法调用的私有构造函数。在Java 8中也
可以有这样的一个野兽(这个词翻译不通，译者注)在接口中实现，因为Java 8的
接口可以有静态方法。我不觉得我们应该使用这个特性而不是实用工具类。我也
不完全确信我们应该使用实用工具类。
静态类总是在另一个类或接口中。它们是嵌套类。他们是静态的,就像静态方法
不能访问类的实例方法和字段一样，静态内部类也不能访问嵌入类的实例方法和
字段。这是因为内部类没有嵌入类实例的引用（或者说是指针，如果你喜欢这么
叫的话）。内部类（内部类,也即非静态嵌套类, 译者注)，而非静态嵌套类, 没
有嵌入类的一个实例，它是无法被创建的。每个内部类的实例都具有嵌入类实例
的一个引用，因此一个内部类可以访问嵌入类的实例方法和字段。
因为这个原因，要是没有外部类的一个实例，你就不能创建一个内部类。当然，
如果是当前对象，也就是`this`的话，你就可以不需要指定它。在这种情况下你
可以使用`new`, 在这种情况下,也就是`this.new`的简式。在一个静态的环境中
,例如从一个静态方法，你必须指定内部类应该创建哪个封闭类的实例。见第10
行:
package a;
class Nesting {
static class Nested {}
class Inner {}
void method(){
Inner inner = new Inner();
}
static void staticMethod(){
Inner inner = new Nesting().new Inner();
}
}
### 匿名类只能访问final变量 ###
![Variable has to be effective final](http://a3ab771892fd198a96736e50.javacodegeeks.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/effective-final.png)
变量必须是有效的final
当一个匿名类被定义在一个方法中,它可以访问局部变量如果该变量是`final`的
。但这说的有点模糊。它们不得不声明成final,他们还必须是有效final。这也
是Java 8中发布的一些特性。你不需要声明这些变量为`final`型，但它们仍然
必须是有效的`final`。
![Java 8 does not require final, only effective final](http://a3ab771892fd198a96736e50.javacodegeeks.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/java_ee_-_javabeantester_src_main_java_com_javax0_jbt_blog_java_-_eclipse_-__users_verhasp_github_javax_blog.png)
Java 8并不要求`final`，只要求有效final.
为什么你需要对一些东西声明`final`,当它被检查必须是这样的。就像方法的参
数。它们也必须是`final`的。你说这不是Java所必须的吗?嗯,你是对的。这只
是一个良好的编程风格所必须的。
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://www.javacodegeeks.com/2014/11/some-sentences-about-java.html
作者：[Peter Verhas][a]
译者：[a598799539](https://github.com/a598799539)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]:http://www.javacodegeeks.com/author/peter-verhas/

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在Linux上使用Python和Flask创建你的第一个应用
================================================================================
![](http://techarena51.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/python-logo.png)
无论你在linux上娱乐还是工作，这对你而言都是一个很好的机会使用python来编程。回到大学我希望他们教我的是Python而不是Java，这学起来很有趣且在实际的应用如yum包管理器中很有用。
本篇教程中我会带你使用python和一个称为flask的微型框架来构建一个简单的应用来显示诸如[每个进程的内存使用][1]，CPU百分比之类有用的信息。
### 前提 ###
Python基础、列表、类、函数、模块。
HTML/CSS (基础)
学习这篇教程你不必是一个python高级开发者，但是首先我建议你阅读https://wiki.python.org/moin/BeginnersGuide/NonProgrammers。
### I在Linux上安装Python 3 ###
在大多数Linux发行版上Python是默认安装的。下面的你命令可以让你看到安装的版本。
[root@linux-vps ~]# python -V
Python 2.7.5
我们会使用3.x的版本来构建我们的app。根据[Python.org][2]所说，这版本上面所有的改进都不向后兼容Python 2。
**注意**: 在开始之前，我强烈建议你在虚拟机中尝试这个教程，因为Python许多Linux发行版的核心组建，任何意外都可能会损坏你的系统。
这步是基于红帽的版本如CentOS（6和7），基于Debian的版本如UbuntuMint和Resbian可以跳过这步，Pythonn 3应该默认已经安装了。如果没有安装，请用apt-get而不是yum来安装下面相应的包。
[leo@linux-vps] yum groupinstall 'Development Tools'
[leo@linux-vps] yum install -y zlib-dev openssl-devel sqlite-devel bzip2-devel
[leo@linux-vps] wget https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.4.2/Python-3.4.2.tgz
[leo@linux-vps] tar -xvzf Python-3.4.2.tgz
[leo@linux-vps] cd Python-3.4.2
[leo@linux-vps] ./configure
[leo@linux-vps] make
# make altinstall is recommended as make install can overwrite the current python binary,
[leo@linux-vps] make altinstall
成功安装后，你应该可以用下面的命令进入Python3.4的shell了。
[leo@linux-vps]# python3.4
Python 3.4.2 (default, Dec 12 2014, 08:01:15)
[GCC 4.8.2 20140120 (Red Hat 4.8.2-16)] on linux
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> exit ()
### 使用pip来安装包 ###
Python有它自己的包管理去，与yum和apt-get相似。你将需要它来下载、安装和卸载包。
[leo@linux-vps] pip3.4 install "packagename"
[leo@linux-vps] pip3.4 list
[leo@linux-vps] pip3.4 uninstall "packagename"
### Python虚拟环境 ###
在Python中虚拟环境是一个你项目依赖的目录。隔离项目的一个好主意是使用不同的依赖。这可以让你不用sudo命令就能安装包。
[leo@linux-vps] mkdir python3.4-flask
[leo@linux-vps] cd python3.4-flask
[leo@linux-vps python3.4-flask] pyvenv-3.4 venv
要创建虚拟环境你需要使用“pyvenv-3.4”命令。这会在venv文件夹的内部创建一个名为lib的目录，这里会安装项目所依赖的包。这里同样会创建一个bin文件夹容纳该环境下的pip和python可执行文件。
### 为我们的Linux系统信息项目激活虚拟环境 ###
[leo@linux-vps python3.4-flask] source venv/bin/activate
[leo@linux-vps python3.4-flask] which pip3.4
~/python3.4-flask/venv/bin/pip3.4
[leo@linux-vps python3.4-flask] which python3.4
~/python3.4-flask/venv/bin/python3.4
### 使用pip安装flask ###
让我们继续安装第一个模块flask框架，它可以处理路由和渲染我们app的模板。
[leo@linux-vps python3.4-flask]pip3.4 install flask
### 在flask中创建第一个应用 ###
第一步：创建你app的目录
[leo@linux-vps python3.4-flask] mkdir app
[leo@linux-vps python3.4-flask]mkdir app/static
[leo@linux-vps python3.4-flask]mkdir app/templates
在python3.4-flask文件家中创建一个一个名为app的文件夹，它包含了两个子文件夹“static”和“templates”。我们的Python脚本会在app文件夹，像css/js这类文件会在static文件夹，template文件夹会包含我们的html模板。
第二步：在app文件夹内部创建一个初始化文件。
[leo@linux-vps python3.4-flask] vim app/_init_.py
from flask import Flask
app = Flask(__name__)
from app import index
这个文件创建一个Flask的新的实例并加载我们存储在index.py文件中的python程序，这个文件我们之后会创建。
[leo@linux-vps python3.4-flask]vim app/index.py
from app import app
@app.route('/')
def index():
import subprocess
cmd = subprocess.Popen(['ps_mem'],stdout=subprocess.PIPE,stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
out,error = cmd.communicate()
memory = out.splitlines()
return
flask中的路由由路由装饰器处理。这用于给函数绑定URL。
@app.route('/')
@app.route('/index')
要在python中运行shell命令，你可以使用Subprocess模块中的Popen类。
subprocess.Popen(['ps_mem'],stdout=subprocess.PIPE,stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
这个类会使用一个列表作为参数，列表的第一项默认是可执行的程序，下一项会是参数，这里是个另外一个例子。
subprocess.Popen(['ls', ‘-l’],stdout=subprocess.PIPE,stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
stdout和stderr会相应地存储命令的输出和错误。你可以使用Popen的communicate方法来访问输出了。
out,error = cmd.communicate()
要更好地用html模板显示输出，我会使用splitlines()方法，
memory = out.splitlines()
关于subprocess模块更多的信息会在教程的最后给出。
第三步：创建一个html模板来显示我们命令的输出。
要做到这个我们使用flask中的Jinja2模板引擎来为我们渲染。
最后你的index.py文件应该看起来像这样：
from flask import render_template
from app import app
def index():
import subprocess
cmd = subprocess.Popen(['ps_mem'],stdout=subprocess.PIPE,stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
out,error = cmd.communicate()
memory = out.splitlines()
return render_template('index.html', memory=memory)
现在在你的模板目录下创建一个index.html模板，flask会自动搜索这个目录下的模板。
[leo@linux-vps python3.4-flask]vim app/templates/index.html
Memory usage per process
{% for line in memory %}
{{ line.decode('utf-8') }}
{% endfor %}
Jinja2模板引擎允许你使用“{{ … }}”分隔符来打印结果，{% … %}来做循环和赋值。我使用“decode()”方法来格式化。
第四步：运行app
[leo@linux-vps python3.4-flask]vim run.py
from app import app
app.debug = True
app.run(host='174.140.165.231', port=80)
上面的代码会在debug模式下运行app。如果你不写IP地址和端口，默认则是localhost:5000。
[leo@linux-vps python3.4-flask] chmod +x run.py
[leo@linux-vps python3.4-flask] python3.4 run.py
![](http://techarena51.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/install-python3-flask.png)
我已经加了更多的带来来显示CPU、I/O和平均负载。
![](http://techarena51.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/install-python3-flask-on-linux.png)
你可以在[这里][3]浏览代码。
这是一个对flask的简短教程，我建议你阅读下面的教程和文档来更深入地了解。
http://flask.pocoo.org/docs/0.10/quickstart/#
https://docs.python.org/3.4/library/subprocess.html#popen-constructor
http://blog.miguelgrinberg.com/post/the-flask-mega-tutorial-part-i-hello-world
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://techarena51.com/index.php/how-to-install-python-3-and-flask-on-linux/
作者：[Leo G][a]
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/gekpi)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]:http://techarena51.com/
[1]:http://techarena51.com/index.php/linux-memory-usage/
[2]:https://wiki.python.org/moin/Python2orPython3
[3]:https://github.com/Leo-g/python-flask-cmd

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如何在Linux有效地屏蔽不需要的IP
================================================================================
你可能需要在Linux的不同的环境下屏蔽IP地址。比如，作为一个终端用户，你可能想要免受间谍软件或者IP追踪的困扰。或者当你在运行P2P软件时。你可能想要过滤反P2P活动的网络链接。如果你是一名系统管理员，你可能想要禁止垃圾IP地址访问你们的生产邮件服务器。或者你因一些原因想要禁止某些国家访问web服务。在许多情况下，然而，你的IP地址屏蔽列表可能会很快地增长到几万的IP。该如何处理这个？
### Netfilter/IPtables 的问题 ###
在Linux中，可以很简单地用netfilter/iptables框架禁止IP地址：
$ sudo iptables -A INPUT -s 1.1.1.1 -p TCP -j DROP
如果你想要完全屏蔽一个IP地址，你可以用下面的命令很简单地做到：
$ sudo iptables -A INPUT -s 1.1.2.0/24 -p TCP -j DROP
然而，当你有1000个独立IP地址，且不带CIDR（无类别域间路由）前缀，你该怎么做？你要有1000条iptable规则！这显然无法扩展。
$ sudo iptables -A INPUT -s 1.1.1.1 -p TCP -j DROP
$ sudo iptables -A INPUT -s 2.2.2.2 -p TCP -j DROP
$ sudo iptables -A INPUT -s 3.3.3.3 -p TCP -j DROP
. . . .
### 什么是IP集? ###
这时候就是[IP集][1]登场了。IP集是一个内核特性，它允许多个（独立）IP地址、MAC地址或者甚至是端口号编码并有效地存储在位图/哈希内核数据结构中。一旦IP集创建之后，你可以创建一条iptable规则来匹配这个集合。
你应该马上看见IP集合的好处了，它可以让你用一条iptable规则匹配多个ip地址！你可以用多个IP地址和端口号的方式来构造IP集，并且可以动态地更新规则而没有请能影响。
### 在Linux中安装IPset工具 ###
为了创建和管理IP集，你需要使用成为ipset的用户空间工具。
要在Debian、Ubuntu或者Linux Mint上安装：
$ sudo apt-get install ipset
Fedora或者CentOS/RHEL 7上安装：
$ sudo yum install ipset
### 使用IPset命令禁止IP ###
让我通过简单的示例告诉你该如何使用ipset命令。
首先，让我们创建一条新的IP集，名为banthis（名字任意）：
$ sudo ipset create banthis hash:net
第二个参数(hash:net)是必须的，代表的是集合的类型。IP集有[多个类型][2]。hash:net类型的IP集使用哈希来存储多个CIDR块。如果你想要在一个集合中存储独立的IP地址，你可以使用hash:ip类型。
一旦创建了一个IP集之后，你可以用下面的命令来检查：
$ sudo ipset list
![](https://farm8.staticflickr.com/7483/15380353464_825dbc45c2_z.jpg)
这显示了一个可用的IP集合列表，并有包含了集合成员的详细信息。默认上，每个IP集合可以包含65536个元素（这里是CIDR块）。你可以通过追加"maxelem N"选项来增加限制。
$ sudo ipset create banthis hash:net maxelem 1000000
现在让我们来增加IP块到这个集合中：
$ sudo ipset add banthis 1.1.1.1/32
$ sudo ipset add banthis 1.1.2.0/24
$ sudo ipset add banthis 1.1.3.0/24
$ sudo ipset add banthis 1.1.4.10/24
你会看到集合成员已经改变了。
$ sudo ipset list
![](https://farm8.staticflickr.com/7518/15380353474_4d6b9dbf63_z.jpg)
现在是时候去创建一个使用IP集的iptable规则了。这里的关键是使用"-m set --match-set <name>"选项。
现在让我们创建一条让之前那些IP块不能通过80端口访问web服务的iptable规则。可以通过下面的命令：
$ sudo iptables -I INPUT -m set --match-set banthis src -p tcp --destination-port 80 -j DROP
如果你想，你可以保存特定的IP集到一个文件中，以后可以从文件中还原：
$ sudo ipset save banthis -f banthis.txt
$ sudo ipset destroy banthis
$ sudo ipset restore -f banthis.txt
上面的命令中，我使用了destory选项来删除一个已有的IP集来见证我可以还原它。
### 自动IP地址禁用 ###
现在你应该看到了IP集合的强大了。维护IP黑名单是一件繁琐和费时的工作。实际上，有很多免费或者收费的服务可以来帮你完成这个。一个额外的好处是，让我们看看如何自动将IP黑名单家到IP集中。
首先让我们从[iblocklist.com][3]抓取免费的黑名单，这个网站u有不同的免费和收费的名单。免费的版本是P2P格式。
接下来我要使用一个名为iblocklist2ipset的开源Python工具来将P2P格式的黑名单转化成IP集。
首先，你需要安装了pip（参考[这个指导][4]来安装pip）。
使用的下面命令安装iblocklist2ipset。
$ sudo pip install iblocklist2ipset
在一些发行版如Fedora，你可能需要运行：
$ sudo python-pip install iblocklist2ipset
现在到[iblocklist.com][5]，抓取任何一个P2P列表的URL（比如"level1"列表）。
![](https://farm8.staticflickr.com/7523/15976824856_80632f35e1_z.jpg)
粘帖URL到下面的命令中。
$ iblocklist2ipset generate \
--ipset banthis "http://list.iblocklist.com/?list=ydxerpxkpcfqjaybcssw&fileformat=p2p&archiveformat=gz" \
> banthis.txt
上面的命令运行之后，你会得到一个名为banthis.txt的文件。如果查看它的内容，你会看到像这些：
create banthis hash:net family inet hashsize 131072 maxelem 237302
add banthis 1.2.4.0/24
add banthis 1.2.8.0/24
add banthis 1.9.75.8/32
add banthis 1.9.96.105/32
add banthis 1.9.102.251/32
add banthis 1.9.189.65/32
add banthis 1.16.0.0/14
你可以用下面的ipset命令来加载这个文件：
$ sudo ipset restore -f banthis.txt
现在可以查看自动创建的IP集：
$ sudo ipset list banthis
在写这篇文章时候，“level1”类表包含了237,000个屏蔽的IP列表。你可以看到很多IP地址已经加入到IP集中了。
最后，创建一条iptable命令来屏蔽它们！
### 总结 ###
这篇文章中，我描述了你该如何用强大的ipset来·屏蔽不想要的IP地址。同时结合了第三方工具iblocklist2ipset，这样你就可以流畅地维护你的IP屏蔽列表了。对于那些对于ipset的速度提升好奇的人来说，下图显示了iptables在使用和不使用ipset的基准测试结果。
![](https://farm8.staticflickr.com/7575/15815220998_e1935c94c0_z.jpg)
告诉我你多么喜欢这个。:-)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://xmodulo.com/block-unwanted-ip-addresses-linux.html
作者：[Dan Nanni][a]
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]:http://xmodulo.com/author/nanni
[1]:http://ipset.netfilter.org/
[2]:http://ipset.netfilter.org/features.html
[3]:https://www.iblocklist.com/lists.php
[4]:http://ask.xmodulo.com/install-pip-linux.html
[5]:https://www.iblocklist.com/lists.php
[6]:http://daemonkeeper.net/781/mass-blocking-ip-addresses-with-ipset/

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如何在Linux终端下安排约会和待办事项
================================================================================
如果你是一个享受linux终端的系统管理员，但同样需要一中方法来安排每天最重要的任务、约会和会议，你会发现[calcurse][1]是一个很有用的工具。calcurse包含了日历、一个待办事项管理、一个调度程序和一个可配置的通知系统，这些都集成进了一个软件中，基于的都是ncurse的接口。同时，它不会限制你在终端中，你可以将你的日历和笔记导出成可以打印的格式。
本片文章我们会探索如何在Linux上安装calcurse，并且教你如何利用它的特性。
### 在Linux上安装Culcurse ###
calcurse在大多数Linux发行版的标准仓库都有。万一在你的发行版上没有（比如CentOS/RHEL），一旦你安装了gcc和ncurse开发文件后就可以很简单地从源码安装。
Debian、Ubuntu或者Linux Mint
# aptitude install calcurse
Fedora
# yum install calcurse
CentOS/RHEL
# yum install gcc ncurses-devel
# wget http://calcurse.org/files/calcurse-3.2.1.tar.gz
# tar xvfvz calcurse-3.2.1.tar.gz
# cd calcurse-3.2.1
# ./configure
# make
# make install
### 启动 Calcurse ###
安装完成后，你就可以用下面的命令启动calcurse了：
$ calcurse
你将会看到下面的空白界面。如果配色不吸引你，你可以以后改变它们。
![](https://farm8.staticflickr.com/7567/15410270544_0af50a4eb6_c.jpg)
我们现在可以按下回车-‘q’- 再次按下回车- ‘y’来退出主界面。这个序列会告诉地不的菜单退出、保存当前的笔记并确认退出。
When we run calcurse for the first time, the following directory structure is created in our home directory:
![](https://farm8.staticflickr.com/7482/15845194188_2ba15035e7_o.png)
这里是每一项的简要描述：
- **apts** 文件包含了用户所有的约会和事项，todo文件包含了所有的**todo** 列表。
- **conf**文件，如你所想的那样，包含当前用户的独立设置。
- **keys**文件包含了用户定义的按键绑定（比如：q或者Q推出，x或者X导出内容等等）。
- 在**notes**子目录你会看到包含了笔记描述的文件，你可以附到任何一个安排事项中。
### 改变配色 ###
要改变配色，按照下面的步骤：
![](https://farm9.staticflickr.com/8595/16006755476_5289384f81_z.jpg)
使用最后一幅图的按键绑定来选色前景色和背景色配置来更好地适应你的需求：
![](https://farm8.staticflickr.com/7499/15845274420_70bb95c221_b.jpg)
### A添加约会和待办任务 ###
在前面的选项卡中浏览命令菜单时，我们看到按下‘o’可以从一个菜单到下一个菜单。我们可以把第二个菜单作为**安排编辑菜单**。
![](https://farm9.staticflickr.com/8634/16031851732_b947951f76_c.jpg)
那么我们用Ctrl + A 和 Ctrl + T组合键为今天添加一个新的约会和一个新的待办任务。如果我们希望为约会指定一个具体的日期而不是今天，我们可以在添加约会和待办事项前使用Ctrl + L (+1 天)、Ctrl + H (-1 天)、Ctrl + J (+1 周)和Ctrl + K (-1 周)组合键。
![](https://farm8.staticflickr.com/7498/15410270594_dc282928ac_z.jpg)
添加待办任务的步骤是相似的，只是用Ctrl + T，之前已经解释了：
![](https://farm8.staticflickr.com/7520/15845386020_9799fe7378_o.png)
你还会被要求输入一个优先级，这样待办任务就会显示在主页上了：
![](https://farm8.staticflickr.com/7498/15413012243_e081b4e0b3_o.png)
你现在可以验证待办任务和约会已经相应地添加到了.culcurse文件夹下的todo和apts文件中了：
![](https://farm8.staticflickr.com/7569/16030583401_0a07d007aa_z.jpg)
注意你可以使用你最喜欢的编辑器或者菜单底部的calcurse屏幕来编辑这些文件。你可以按下TAB来在不同的面板间切换，并选择你想要编辑的项目：
![](https://farm9.staticflickr.com/8663/16032536475_2fd68e16bf_z.jpg)
### 为事项设置通知 ###
你可以在通知菜单下配置通知。按照相同的步骤来以防改变了配色，但是选择**Notify**而不是**Colour**：
![](https://farm8.staticflickr.com/7569/15412900863_eaf2767e19_z.jpg)
假设你想要设置email通知。按下数字5来编辑**notify-bar_command**的值：
![](https://farm8.staticflickr.com/7531/16030583451_6d116b5f63_z.jpg)
按照上面的设置之后，如果这个任务被标为重要，那么root@localhost会在300秒（或者5分钟）后收到邮件通知，这会发生在下一个安排的任务之前。如果你想要即使calcurse不在运行也启用这个功能，那么将notify-daemon_enable设成yes。在本例中，dev2是本机的主机名。
![](https://farm8.staticflickr.com/7552/16031851862_afbf1937d0_z.jpg)
请注意出于演示目的，我已经在这篇教程中改变了原始约会的开始和/或者结束时间。
### 总结 ###
本篇教程中我们展示了如何设置一个多样化的调度器和提醒器来帮助你组织每日的活动和提前安排重要的事项。你或许还要calcurse的[PDF 手册][2]，还请随意在下面的评论中提出你的疑问。欢迎你的评论，我也很高兴看到这些。
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via: http://xmodulo.com/schedule-appointments-todo-tasks-linux-terminal.html
作者：[Gabriel Cánepa][a]
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]:http://xmodulo.com/author/gabriel
[1]:http://calcurse.org/
[2]:http://calcurse.org/files/manual.pdf