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[Translated] Unbelievable ! 30 Linux TOP Command Examples With Screensho...
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Unbelievable ! 30 Linux TOP Command Examples With Screenshots
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================================================================================
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The top command in Linux displays the running processes on the system. One of the most important tools for a system administrator. It is used extensively for monitoring the load on a server. In this article, we explore the top command in detail. The top command is an interactive command. Many commands are available when top is running. We will explore these commands as well.
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### 1. Top Command output: ###
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First of all, let us understand what the output says. Top command displays a lot of information about the running system. But we need to under stand the meaning of different sections of this output:
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Running by default, the top command displays output like this:
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First few lines are horizontal showing summary about different system parameters, and following these are the processes and their attributes in columns.
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#### 1.1 Uptime and Load Averages: ####
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At the top of top command is displayed the output similar to uptime command.
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The fields display:
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- current time
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- the time your system is been up
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- number of users logged in
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- load average of 5, 10 and 15 minutes respectively.
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This uptime display can be toggled with ‘l’ command.
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#### 1.2 Tasks: ####
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The second line shows summary of tasks or processes. The processes can be in different states. It shows total number of the processes. Out of these, the processes can be running, sleeping, stopped or in zombie (zombie is the state of a process state, These process summary can be toggled with ‘t’ command.
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#### 1.3 CPU States: ####
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Next is shown the CPU state. Here, %age of CPU time in different modes is shown. The meaning of different CPU times are:
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- us, user: CPU time in running (un-niced) user processes
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- sy, system: CPU time in running kernel processes
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- ni, niced: CPU time in running niced user processes
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- wa, IO wait: CPU time waiting for IO completion
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- hi: CPU time serving hardware interrupts
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- si: CPU time serving software interrupts
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- st: CPU time stolen for this vm by the hipervisor.
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This can be toggled with ‘t’ command.
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#### 1.4 Memory Usage: ####
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Next two lines show memory usage, somewhat like ‘free’ command. 1st of these lines is for physical memory and the second for virtual memory (swap space).
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The physical memory is displayed as: total available memory, used memory, free memory, and memory used for buffers
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Similarly, swap reflects: total, used, free and cached swap space.
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The memory can be toggled with ‘m’ command.
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#### 1.5 Fields/Columns: ####
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After these horizontal system properties and states, the processes are shown in columns. The different columns represent different properties discussed below.
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By default, top shows these attributes associated with processes:
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**PID**
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The Process ID, to uniquely identify a processes.
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**USER**
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The effective user name of the owner of the processes.
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**PR**
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The scheduling priority of the process. Some values in this field are ‘rt’. It means that the process is running under real-time.
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**NI**
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The nice value of the process. Lower values mean higher priority.
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**VIRT**
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The amount of virtual memory used by the process.
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**RES**
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The resident memory size. Resident memory is the amount of non-swapped physical memory a task is using.
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**SHR**
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SHR is the shared memory used by the process.
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**S**
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This is the process status. It can have one of the following values:
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- D – uninterruptible sleep
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- R – running
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- S – sleeping
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- T – traced or stopped
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- Z – zombie
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**%CPU**
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It is the percentage of CPU time the task has used since last update.
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**%MEM**
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Percentage of available physical memory used by the process.
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**TIME+**
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The total CPU time the task has used since it started, with precision upto hundredth of a second.
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**COMMAND**
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The command which was used to start the process.
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There are many other outputs which are not displayed by default which can display information about page faults, effective group and group ID of the process, and many more.
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### 2. Interactive Commands: ###
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We discussed earlier that the top command is interactive commands. Some of the commands we encountered in the last section. Here we explore these commands further.
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#### 2.1 ‘h’: Help ####
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First of all, you can press ‘h’ or ‘?’ to display the help menu for interactive commands.
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#### 2.2 ‘<ENTER>’ or ‘<SPACE>’: Refresh Display ####
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The top command by default refreshes after a certain interval (3 seconds). To refresh manually, user can press enter or space key.
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#### 2.3 A: Toggle Alternate Display Mode ####
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This command switches between full-screen Mode and alternate-display mode. In alternate display mode, 4 windows are available:
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1. Def
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2. Job
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3. Mem
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4. Usr
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Each of the 4 field groups has a unique separately configurable summary area and its own configurable task area. Only one of these 4 windows will be the current window. The current window is displayed on the top left corner.
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You can switch between 4 windows with ‘a’ and ‘w’ keys. ‘a’ moves to next and ‘w’ to previous window. With ‘g’ command, you can enter a number to select the current window.
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#### 2.4 B: Toggle Bold Display ####
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Some important information is shown in bold characters. This command toggles use of bold.
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#### 2.5 ‘d’ or ‘s’: Set Display Time interval ####
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When ‘d’ or ‘s’ is pressed, you will be prompted to enter a value ( in seconds ) which will be set as display interval. If you enter 1 here, top will refresh every second.
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#### 2.6 ‘l’, ‘t’, ‘m’: Toggle Load, Task, Memory Info ####
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These will toggle load average, task/cpu status and mem info respectively as discussed.
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#### 2.7 ‘f’: Field Management ####
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This is used to chose what field you want to display on the output screen. The fields marked as * are selected.
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‘<’ and ‘>’
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The ‘<’ command moves the sorted field to the left and ‘>’ to the right
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#### 2.8 ‘R’: Reverse Sort ####
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Toggle Reverse/Normal sort order
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#### 2.9 ‘c’: Toggle Command ####
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Toggle full path of command that started the process and program name.
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#### 2.10 ‘i’: Idle Tasks ####
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Toggle idle tasks.
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#### 2.11 ‘V’: Forest View ####
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Toggle forest view mode.
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#### 2.12 ‘Z’: Change color map ####
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Pressing the ‘Z’ key takes the user to a screen where the display color can be changed for top command. There are 8 task areas to chose from and 8 colors.
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The below screen shows full colored top view with all 4 screens on.
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#### 2.13 ‘z’: Toggle Color ####
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Toggle color, i.e. turn on or off the colored display.
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#### 2.14 ‘x’ or ‘y’ ####
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Toggle highlights: ‘x’ sort field; ‘y’ running tasks. Depending upon your display settings, You might have to make the output colored in order to notice these highlights.
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#### 2.15 ‘u’: Processes of a User ####
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Show processes for a particular user. You are prompted to enter the username. Blank will show for all users.
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#### 2.16 ‘n’ or ‘#’: Number of tasks ####
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Set maximum number of tasks displayed.
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#### 2.17 ‘k’: Kill tasks ####
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One of the most important commands of top. Used to send signals to tasks (Usually kill tasks).
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#### 2.18 ‘r’: Renice ####
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Renice a task to change the scheduling priority.
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### 3. Command line options: ###
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Most of these command line options are similar to the commands discussed above. Top output can be manipulated interactively with commands. But you can start top with some parameters set to your convenience with these options.
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#### 3.1 -b: Batch mode ####
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The -b option starts top command in batch mode. It can be useful when you want to save the output in a file.
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#### 3.2 -c: Command/Program-name toggle: ####
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As discussed in the above commands, this option will toggle from the last remembered state of command/program name display.
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#### 3.3 -d: Set delay interval ####
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Set the delay interval for top (in seconds). For example:
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$ top -d 1
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will start the top command with 1 sec delay interval.
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#### 3.4 -i: idle process toggle ####
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This option sets the top command with last remembered ‘i’ state reversed.
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#### 3.5 -n: Set number of iterations ####
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With -n option, you can set the number of iterations after which top willl end.
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$ top -n 3
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will exit top automatically after 3 outputs.
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#### 3.6 -p: monitor specific PIDs ####
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You can specify what PIDs you want to monitor with -p option. PID value 0 will be treated as process ID of top command itself.
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#### 3.7 -u or -U: username or UID ####
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The process of a particular user can be viewed with these options. Username or UID can be specified to the option. The -p, -u and -U options are mutually exclusive. Only one of the options can be used at a time. You get error when you try to use any combination of these options:
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$ top -p 28453 -u raghu
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top: conflicting process selections (U/p/u)
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/linux-top-command-examples-screenshots/
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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@ -0,0 +1,290 @@
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难以置信！ 30个top命令示例以及截图
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================================================================================
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Linux中的top命令显示系统上正在运行的进程。它是系统管理员最重要的工具之一。被广泛用于监视服务器的负载。在本篇中，我们会探索top命令的细节。top命令是一个交互命令。在运行top的时候还可以运行很多命令。我们也会探索这些命令。
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### 1. Top 命令输出: ###
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首先，让我们理解一下输出。top命令会显示系统的很多信息。我们需要理解不同部分输出的意义：默认运行，top命令会显示如下输出：
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First few lines are horizontal showing summary about different system 前几行水平显示了不同系统参数的概括，接下来是进程和它们在列中的属性。
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#### 1.1 系统运行时间和平均负载： ####
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top命令的顶部显示与uptime命令相似的输出。
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这些字段显示：
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- 当前时间
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- 系统运行的时间
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- 登陆用户的数量
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- 相应最近5、10和15分钟内的平均负载。
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无法使用'l'命令触发uptime的显示。
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#### 1.2 任务: ####
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第二行显示的是任务或者进程的总结。进程可以在不同的状态。他显示了全部进程的数量。除此之外，还有正在运行、睡眠、停止、僵尸进程的数量(僵尸是一种进程的状态，这些进程概括可以用't'触发)。
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#### 1.3 CPU 状态: ####
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下一行显示的是CPU状态。 这里显示了不同模式下的CPU时间 %age。这些不同的CPU时间表示:
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- us, user： 运行(未调整优先级的) 用户进程的CPU时间
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- sy，system: 运行内核进程的CPU时间
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- ni，niced：运行已调整优先级的用户进程的CPU时间
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- wa，IO wait: 用于等会IO完成的CPU时间
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- hi：处理硬件中断的CPU时间
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- si: 处理软件中断的CPU时间
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- st：被hypervisor偷去用于vm的CPU时间。
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这个无法使用't'命令触发。
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#### 1.4 内存使用: ####
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接下来两行显示内存使用率，有点像'free'命令。第一行是物理内存使用，第二行是虚拟内存使用(交换空间)。
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物理内存显示如下:全部可用内存、已使用内存、空闲内存、缓冲内存。相似地：交换反映的是：全部、已使用、空闲和缓冲交换空间。内存显示可以用'm'命令触发。
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#### 1.5 字段/列: ####
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在水平的系统属性和状态后，下面是以列显示的进程。不同的列代表下面要讨论的不同的属性。
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默认上，top显示这些关于进程的属性。
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**PID**
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进程ID，进程的唯一标识符
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**USER**
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进程所有者的实际用户名。
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**PR**
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进程的调度优先级。这个字段的一些值是'rt'。这意味这这些进程运行在实时态。
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**NI**
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进程的nice值。低的值意味这更高的优先级。
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**VIRT**
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进程使用的虚拟内存。
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**RES**
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驻留内存大小。驻留内存是任务使用的非交换物理内存大小。
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**SHR**
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SHR是进程使用的共享内存。
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**S**
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这个是进程的状态。它有以下不同的值:
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- D - 不可中断的睡眠态。
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- R – 运行态
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- S – 睡眠态
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- T – 被追踪或已停止
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- Z – 僵尸态
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**%CPU**
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自从上一次更新时到现在任务所使用的CPU时间百分比。
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**%MEM**
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进程使用的可用物理内存百分比。
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**TIME+**
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任务启动后到现在所使用的全部CPU时间，精确到百分之一秒。
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**COMMAND**
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运行进程所使用的命令。
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还有许多在默认情况下不会显示的输出，它们可以显示进程的页错误、有效组和组ID和其他更多的信息。
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### 2. 交互命令: ###
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我们之前讨论过top是一个交互命令。上一章我们已经遇到了一些命令。这里我们会探索更多的命令。
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#### 2.1 ‘h’: 帮助 ####
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首先，我们可以用'h'或者'?'显示交互命令的帮助菜单。
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#### 2.2 ‘<ENTER>’ 或者 ‘<SPACE>’: 刷新显示 ####
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top命令默认在一个特定间隔(3秒)后刷新显示。要手动刷新，用户可以输入回车或者空格。
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#### 2.3 A: 触发交替显示模式 ####
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这个命令在全屏和交替模式间切换。在交替模式下会显示4个窗口:
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1. Def
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2. Job
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3. Mem
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4. Usr
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四个字段都有唯一独立的可配置的概括区域和它自i就的任务驱动。4个窗口中只有一个窗口会成为当前窗口。当前窗口显示在左上方。
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我们可以用'a'和'w'在4个 窗口间切换。'a'移到后一个窗口，'w'移到前一个窗口。用'g'命令你可以输入一个数字来选择当前窗口。
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#### 2.4 B: 触发粗体显示 ####
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Some important information is shown in bold characters. This command toggles use of bold.
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一些重要信息会以加粗字体显示。这个命令触发使用粗体。
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#### 2.5 ‘d’ or ‘s’: 设置显示的时间间隔 ####
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当按下'd'或's'时，你将被提示输入一个值（以秒为单位），它会以设置的值作为显示间隔。如果你这里输入了1, top将会每秒刷新。
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#### 2.6 ‘l’、‘t’、‘m’: 触发负载、任务、内存信息 ####
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这会相应地触发平均负载、任务/CPU状态和内存信息。
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#### 2.7 ‘f’: 字段管理 ####
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用于选择你想要显示的字段。用'*'标记的是已选择的。
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‘<’ and ‘>’
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'<'移动已排序的字段到左边，'>'则移动到右边。
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|
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#### 2.8 ‘R’: 反向排序 ####
|
||||
|
||||
触发反向/常规排序。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 2.9 ‘c’: 触发命令 ####
|
||||
|
||||
触发显示进程启动时的完整路径和程序名。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### 2.10 ‘i’: Idle Tasks ####
|
||||
|
||||
触发空闲任务。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### 2.11 ‘V’: 树试图 ####
|
||||
|
||||
触发树视图。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### 2.12 ‘Z’: 改变颜色映射 ####
|
||||
|
||||
按下'Z'向用户显示一个top命令的输出颜色可以改变的屏幕。这里有8个任务区域和8种颜色。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
下面显示的是4中颜色显示的top视图。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### 2.13 ‘z’: 触发彩色 ####
|
||||
|
||||
触发彩色，即打开或关闭彩色显示。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 2.14 ‘x’ 或者 ‘y’ ####
|
||||
|
||||
触发高亮：'x'排序字段;'y'运行进程。依赖于你的显示设置，你可能需要让输出彩色画来通知这些高亮。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### 2.15 ‘u’: 用户的进程 ####
|
||||
|
||||
显示特定用户的进程。你会被提示输入用户名。空白将会显示全部用户。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### 2.16 ‘n’ or ‘#’: 任务的数量 ####
|
||||
|
||||
设置最大显示的任务数量
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### 2.17 ‘k’: 结束任务 ####
|
||||
|
||||
top命令中最重要的一个命令。用于发送信号给任务(通常是结束任务)。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### 2.18 ‘r’: 重新调整优先级 ####
|
||||
|
||||
重新调整一个任务的调度优先级。
|
||||
|
||||
### 3. 命令行选项: ###
|
||||
|
||||
大多数这些命令行选项与上面讨论的命令相同。top的输出可以用命令交互操作。但是你可以带参数运行top来设置你想要的。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 3.1 -b: 批处理模式 ####
|
||||
|
||||
-b选项以批处理模式启动top命令。当你想要在文件中保存输出时是很有用的。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 3.2 -c: 命令/程序名 触发: ####
|
||||
|
||||
如上面所讨论到的命令，这个选项会以上次记住的程序/命令显示的状态显示。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 3.3 -d: 设置延迟间隔 ####
|
||||
|
||||
设置top的显示间隔(以秒计)。比如。
|
||||
|
||||
$ top -d 1
|
||||
|
||||
将会以1s的时间间隔启动top
|
||||
|
||||
#### 3.4 -i: 空闲进程触发 ####
|
||||
|
||||
这个选项设置top命令的上一次记住的相反的'i'状态。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 3.5 -n: 设置迭代数量 ####
|
||||
|
||||
用-n选项，你可以设置top退出前迭代的次数。
|
||||
|
||||
$ top -n 3
|
||||
|
||||
将会在3次输出后退出。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 3.6 -p: 监控特定的PID ####
|
||||
|
||||
你可以用-p选项监控指定的PID。PID的值为0将被作为top命令自身的PID。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 3.7 -u or -U: 用户名 或者 UID ####
|
||||
|
||||
可以用这些选项浏览特定用户的进程。用户名或者UID可以在选项中指定。-p、-u和-U选项是互斥的。同时只可以使用这其中一个选项。当你试图组合使用这些选项时，你会得到一个错误:
|
||||
|
||||
$ top -p 28453 -u raghu
|
||||
top: conflicting process selections (U/p/u)
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/linux-top-command-examples-screenshots/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
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Reference in New Issue
Block a user