diff --git a/sources/tech/20171130 How to find all files with a specific text using Linux shell .md b/sources/tech/20171130 How to find all files with a specific text using Linux shell .md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..f5909c27c9 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20171130 How to find all files with a specific text using Linux shell .md @@ -0,0 +1,294 @@ +translating by lujun9972 +How to find all files with a specific text using Linux shell +------ +### Objective + +The following article provides some useful tips on how to find all files within any specific directory or entire file-system containing any specific word or string. + +### Difficulty + +EASY + +### Conventions + +* # - requires given command to be executed with root privileges either directly as a root user or by use of sudo command + +* $ - given command to be executed as a regular non-privileged user + +### Examples + +### Find all files with a specific string non-recursively + +The first command example will search for a string + +`stretch` + +in all files within + +`/etc/` + +directory while excluding any sub-directories: + +``` +# grep -s stretch /etc/* +/etc/os-release:PRETTY_NAME="Debian GNU/Linux 9 (stretch)" +/etc/os-release:VERSION="9 (stretch)" +``` +`-s` + +grep option will suppress error messages about nonexistent or unreadable files. The output shows filenames as well as prints the actual line containing requested string. + +### Find all files with a specific string recursively + +The above command omitted all sub-directories. To search recursively means to also traverse all sub-directories. The following command will search for a string + +`stretch` + +in all files within + +`/etc/` + +directory including all sub-directories: + +``` +# grep -R stretch /etc/* +/etc/apt/sources.list:# deb cdrom:[Debian GNU/Linux testing _Stretch_ - Official Snapshot amd64 NETINST Binary-1 20170109-05:56]/ stretch main +/etc/apt/sources.list:#deb cdrom:[Debian GNU/Linux testing _Stretch_ - Official Snapshot amd64 NETINST Binary-1 20170109-05:56]/ stretch main +/etc/apt/sources.list:deb http://ftp.au.debian.org/debian/ stretch main +/etc/apt/sources.list:deb-src http://ftp.au.debian.org/debian/ stretch main +/etc/apt/sources.list:deb http://security.debian.org/debian-security stretch/updates main +/etc/apt/sources.list:deb-src http://security.debian.org/debian-security stretch/updates main +/etc/dictionaries-common/words:backstretch +/etc/dictionaries-common/words:backstretch's +/etc/dictionaries-common/words:backstretches +/etc/dictionaries-common/words:homestretch +/etc/dictionaries-common/words:homestretch's +/etc/dictionaries-common/words:homestretches +/etc/dictionaries-common/words:outstretch +/etc/dictionaries-common/words:outstretched +/etc/dictionaries-common/words:outstretches +/etc/dictionaries-common/words:outstretching +/etc/dictionaries-common/words:stretch +/etc/dictionaries-common/words:stretch's +/etc/dictionaries-common/words:stretched +/etc/dictionaries-common/words:stretcher +/etc/dictionaries-common/words:stretcher's +/etc/dictionaries-common/words:stretchers +/etc/dictionaries-common/words:stretches +/etc/dictionaries-common/words:stretchier +/etc/dictionaries-common/words:stretchiest +/etc/dictionaries-common/words:stretching +/etc/dictionaries-common/words:stretchy +/etc/grub.d/00_header:background_image -m stretch `make_system_path_relative_to_its_root "$GRUB_BACKGROUND"` +/etc/os-release:PRETTY_NAME="Debian GNU/Linux 9 (stretch)" +/etc/os-release:VERSION="9 (stretch)" +``` + +The above + +`grep` + +command example lists all files containing string + +`stretch` + +. Meaning the lines with + +`stretches` + +, + +`stretched` + +etc. are also shown. Use grep's + +`-w` + +option to show only a specific word: + +``` +# grep -Rw stretch /etc/* +/etc/apt/sources.list:# deb cdrom:[Debian GNU/Linux testing _Stretch_ - Official Snapshot amd64 NETINST Binary-1 20170109-05:56]/ stretch main +/etc/apt/sources.list:#deb cdrom:[Debian GNU/Linux testing _Stretch_ - Official Snapshot amd64 NETINST Binary-1 20170109-05:56]/ stretch main +/etc/apt/sources.list:deb http://ftp.au.debian.org/debian/ stretch main +/etc/apt/sources.list:deb-src http://ftp.au.debian.org/debian/ stretch main +/etc/apt/sources.list:deb http://security.debian.org/debian-security stretch/updates main +/etc/apt/sources.list:deb-src http://security.debian.org/debian-security stretch/updates main +/etc/dictionaries-common/words:stretch +/etc/dictionaries-common/words:stretch's +/etc/grub.d/00_header:background_image -m stretch `make_system_path_relative_to_its_root "$GRUB_BACKGROUND"` +/etc/os-release:PRETTY_NAME="Debian GNU/Linux 9 (stretch)" +/etc/os-release:VERSION="9 (stretch)" +``` + +The above commands may produce an unnecessary output. The next example will only show all file names containing string + +`stretch` + +within + +`/etc/` + +directory recursively: + +``` +# grep -Rl stretch /etc/* +/etc/apt/sources.list +/etc/dictionaries-common/words +/etc/grub.d/00_header +/etc/os-release +``` + +All searches are by default case sensitive which means that any search for a string + +`stretch` + +will only show files containing the exact uppercase and lowercase match. By using grep's + +`-i` + +option the command will also list any lines containing + +`Stretch` + +, + +`STRETCH` + +, + +`StReTcH` + +etc., hence, to perform case-insensitive search. + +``` +# grep -Ril stretch /etc/* +/etc/apt/sources.list +/etc/dictionaries-common/default.hash +/etc/dictionaries-common/words +/etc/grub.d/00_header +/etc/os-release +``` + +Using + +`grep` + +command it is also possible to include only specific files as part of the search. For example we only would like to search for a specific text/string within configuration files with extension + +`.conf` + +. The next example will find all files with extension + +`.conf` + +within + +`/etc` + +directory containing string + +`bash` + +: + +``` +# grep -Ril bash /etc/*.conf +OR +# grep -Ril --include=\*.conf bash /etc/* +/etc/adduser.conf +``` +`--exclude` + +option we can exclude any specific filenames: + +``` +# grep -Ril --exclude=\*.conf bash /etc/* +/etc/alternatives/view +/etc/alternatives/vim +/etc/alternatives/vi +/etc/alternatives/vimdiff +/etc/alternatives/rvim +/etc/alternatives/ex +/etc/alternatives/rview +/etc/bash.bashrc +/etc/bash_completion.d/grub +/etc/cron.daily/apt-compat +/etc/cron.daily/exim4-base +/etc/dictionaries-common/default.hash +/etc/dictionaries-common/words +/etc/inputrc +/etc/passwd +/etc/passwd- +/etc/profile +/etc/shells +/etc/skel/.profile +/etc/skel/.bashrc +/etc/skel/.bash_logout +``` + +Same as with files grep can also exclude specific directories from the search. Use + +`--exclude-dir` + +option to exclude directory from search. The following search example will find all files containing string + +`stretch` + +within + +`/etc` + +directory and exclude + +`/etc/grub.d` + +from search: + +``` +# grep --exclude-dir=/etc/grub.d -Rwl stretch /etc/* +/etc/apt/sources.list +/etc/dictionaries-common/words +/etc/os-release +``` + +By using + +`-n` + +option grep will also provide an information regarding a line number where the specific string was found: + +``` +# grep -Rni bash /etc/*.conf +/etc/adduser.conf:6:DSHELL=/bin/bash +``` + +The last example will use + +`-v` + +option to list all files NOT containing a specific keyword. For example the following search will list all files within + +`/etc/` + +directory which do not contain string + +`stretch` + +: + +``` +# grep -Rlv stretch /etc/* +``` + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://linuxconfig.org/how-to-find-all-files-with-a-specific-text-using-linux-shell + +作者：[Lubos Rendek][a] +译者：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:https://linuxconfig.org