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[translated] 20171020 Why and how you should switch to Linux

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Why and how you should switch to Linux
============================================================
It's time for a change.
![Ubuntu](https://www.popsci.com/g00/3_c-5eee.x78wx78akq.kwu_/c-5UWZMXPMCA09x24pbbx78ax3ax2fx2feee.x78wx78akq.kwux2faqbmax2fx78wx78akq.kwux2fnqtmax2fabgtmax2f433_9f_x2fx78cjtqkx2fquiomax2f0895x2f98x2f88-cjcvbc.rx78ox3fqbwsx3d9_NRJ2XUx26nkx3d38x2c38x26q98k.uizs.quiom.bgx78m_$/$/$/$/$/$/$/$/$/$/$)
Let Ubuntu, an easy-to-use version of Linux, run your computer.
Ubuntu
When you start comparing computers, you probably pit [Windows][1] against [macOS][2]—but Linux rarely gets a mention. Still, this lesser-known operating system has a strong and loyal following. That's because it offers a number of advantages over its competitors.
Whether you're completely new to Linux or have dabbled with it once or twice already, we want you to consider running it on your next laptop or desktop—or alongside your existing operating system. Read on to decide if it's time to make the switch.
### What is Linux?
If you're already familiar with Linux, you can skip this section. For everyone else, Linux is a free open-source operating system, which means the code is available for anyone to explore. Technically speaking, the term "Linux" refers to just the kernel, or the core, of the code. However, people often use the name to talk about the whole operating system, including the interface and bundled apps.
Because anyone can tinker with it, Linux is incredibly customizable, encouraging programmers to make their own distributions—better known as distros—of the system. Each one of these different flavors of the OS comes with its own programs and interfaces. Some of the most well-known distros, which work much like the familiar Windows or macOS operating systems, include [Ubuntu][3], [Linux Mint][4], and [Zorin OS][5]. When you're ready to choose a distro, check out those websites—and see if free trials are available—in order to determine which is right for you.
To code and maintain these Linux distros, a huge number of developers volunteer their time. In other cases, for-profit companies develop their own versions of Linux with specific features in order to sell the software to other businesses. For example, Android—although it doesn't count as a full Linux OS—is based on the Linux kernel, which is why it comes in [different variations][6]. Many computer servers and data centers also run on Linux, so there's a good chance the OS hosts the webpage you're reading.
### What are the benefits?
For a start, Linux is free and open source, which means you can add it to a computer or laptop you already own—or a machine you've built yourself—without paying anything. The system also comes with similarly-available software, including a web browser, media player, [image editor][7] and [office suite][8], so you won't need to fork out extra cash just to work on photos or documents. And of course, you get all future updates for free too.
Linux also offers stronger malware protection than its competitors, strong enough that you won't need to run an antivirus program. Developers built it, from the ground up, with security in mind: For example, the OS only works with trusted software. Plus, very few malware programs target the system—for hackers, it's just not worth the effort. Linux isn't invulnerable, but the average home user sticking to approved apps doesn't need to worry about security.
This operating system also requires fewer hardware resources than the more data-heavy Windows or macOS. Distros have fewer components than their more famous cousins, and developers have specifically written some, such [Puppy Linux][9] and [Linux Lite][10], to be as lightweight as possible. That makes Linux a particularly good choice for those who own older computers. If your ancient laptop is wheezing under the strain of a corporate operating system, try installing Linux on top, and the machine should speed up. You don't have to ditch your old OS if you don't want to though, as we'll explain in the next section.
Although you may take a little time to adjust to your new operating system, before long, you should find the Linux interface easy to use. So people of all ages and levels of technical know-how can come to grips with the software. And the online Linux community offers plenty of help and support. Speaking of the community, downloading Linux also supports the open-source software movement: developers who work together to make better programs, without chasing a profit, for users across the globe.
### How do I get started?
Linux has a reputation as software that only specialists might install. But getting the operating system up and running is much more simple than it was only a few years ago.
To get started, head to the website of the distro you prefer, and follow the installation instructions. You'll usually have to burn a DVD or set up a USB drive with the necessary code, then reboot your machine to run that code. In fact, one of the operating system's advantages is that you can store it on a portable USB stick—read more in our full [guide to putting a computer on a USB drive][11].
If you want to run Linux without completely ditching your old operating system, you can either run Linux from that DVD or USB drive or partition your computer's hard drive (split it into chunks to run two operating systems alongside each other). Several Linux distros will take care of the partitioning for you during the installation process. Or you can partition it yourself using [Disk Management][12] (for Windows) or [Disk Utility][13](for macOS).
These instructions may sound vague, but don't panic: Individual distros provide much more detailed instructions, although the procedure is pretty similar in most cases. For example, if you want to install Ubuntu—one of the most popular Linux distros for home users—[follow the guide here][14]. (Before you install it, you can also [give it a trial run][15].) You'll need to download the latest version to a computer, put it on a DVD or USB stick, then use that disc or drive to boot up your computer, following the instructions in the setup wizard. Where you need extra software to complete the steps, the Ubuntu tutorial will guide you to the right tools.
If you're installing Linux on a completely new machine, you don't have much to worry about. But if you're installing a new system alongside an existing one, we'd recommend that you first [back up all your stuff][16]. During the setup process, also take care to choose the dual-boot option to avoid wiping out your existing OS and files. The tutorials for your distro of choice will explain this in more detail: You can find full tutorials for Zorin OS [here][17], for Linux Mint [here][18], and for other distros on their own websites.
And that's it! So, are you ready to give Linux a try?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://www.popsci.com/switch-to-linux-operating-system
作者：[David Nield][a]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]:https://www.popsci.com/authors/david-nield
[1]:https://www.popsci.com/windows-tweaks-improve-performance
[2]:https://www.popsci.com/macos-tweaks-improve-performance
[3]:https://www.ubuntu.com/
[4]:https://linuxmint.com/
[5]:https://zorinos.com/
[6]:https://lineageos.org/
[7]:https://www.gimp.org/
[8]:https://www.libreoffice.org/
[9]:http://puppylinux.org/main/Overview%20and%20Getting%20Started.htm
[10]:https://www.linuxliteos.com/
[11]:https://www.popsci.com/portable-computer-usb-stick
[12]:https://www.disk-partition.com/windows-10/windows-10-disk-management-0528.html
[13]:https://support.apple.com/kb/PH22240?locale=en_US
[14]:https://tutorials.ubuntu.com/tutorial/tutorial-install-ubuntu-desktop?backURL=%2F#0
[15]:https://tutorials.ubuntu.com/tutorial/try-ubuntu-before-you-install?backURL=%2F#0
[16]:https://www.popsci.com/back-up-and-protect-your-data
[17]:https://zorinos.com/help/install-zorin-os/
[18]:https://linuxmint.com/documentation.php
[19]:https://www.popsci.com/authors/david-nield

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为什么以及如何切换到 Linux 系统
============================================================
是时候做出改变了。
![Ubuntu](https://www.popsci.com/g00/3_c-5eee.x78wx78akq.kwu_/c-5UWZMXPMCA09x24pbbx78ax3ax2fx2feee.x78wx78akq.kwux2faqbmax2fx78wx78akq.kwux2fnqtmax2fabgtmax2f433_9f_x2fx78cjtqkx2fquiomax2f0895x2f98x2f88-cjcvbc.rx78ox3fqbwsx3d9_NRJ2XUx26nkx3d38x2c38x26q98k.uizs.quiom.bgx78m_$/$/$/$/$/$/$/$/$/$/$)
让 Ubuntu，一个简单易用的 Linux 版本，来掌管你的电脑。
Ubuntu
当你在比较电脑的时候，你可能会在 [Windows][1] 和 [macOS][2] 之间犹豫，但是可能基本不会想到 Linux。尽管如此，这个名气没那么大的操作系统仍然拥有庞大而忠诚的粉丝。因为它相对于它的竞争者，有很大的优势。
不管你是完全不了解 Linux，或是已经尝试过一两次，我们希望你考虑在你的下一台笔记本或台式机上运行 Linux，或者可以和现存系统做个双启动。请继续阅读下去，看是不是时候切换了。
### 什么是 Linux?
如果你已经非常熟悉 Linux，可以跳过这个部分。对于不熟悉的其他人，Linux 是一个免费的开源操作系统，所有人都可以去探索它的代码。技术上来说，术语“Linux”说的只是内核，或者核心代码。不过，人们一般用这个名字统称整个操作系统，包括界面和集成的应用。
因为所有人都可以修改它，Linux 有非常自由的可定制性，这鼓舞了很多程序员制作并发布了自己的系统，更多被称为发行版。这些不同口味的系统，每一个都有自己特色的软件和界面。一些比较有名的发行版，模仿了熟悉的 Windows 或 macOS 操作系统，比如 [Ubuntu][3], [Linux Mint][4], 和 [Zorin OS][5]。当你准备选择一个发行版时，可以去它们官网看一下，是否有免费的试用版，试试看是不是适合自己。
为了制作和维护这些 Linux 发行版，很多很多开发者无偿地贡献了自己的时间。有时候，利润主导的公司为了拓展自己的软件销售领域，也会主导开发带有独特特性的 Linux 版本。比如 Android，虽然不能当作一个完整的 Linux 操作系统，就是以 Linux 内核作为支撑，这也是为什么它有很多[不同变种][6]的原因。另外，很多服务器和数据中心也运行了 Linux，所以很有可能这个操作系统支撑着你正在看的网页。
### 有什么好处？
首先，Linux 是免费而且开源的，意味着你可以将它安装到你现有的电脑或笔记本上，或者你自己组装的机器，而不用支付任何费用。系统会自带一些常用软件，包括网页浏览器，媒体播放器，[图像编辑器][7]和[办公软件][8]，所以你也不用为了查看图片或处理文档再支付其他额外费用。而且，以后还可以免费升级。
Linux 比其他系统能更好的防御恶意软件，强大到你都不需要运行杀毒软件。开发者们在最早构建时就考虑了安全性，比如说，操作系统只运行可信的软件。而且，很少有恶意软件针对这个系统，对于黑客来说，这样做没有价值。Linux 也并不是完全没有任何漏洞，只不过对于一般只运行已验证软件的家庭用户来说，并不用太担心安全性。
这个操作系统对硬件资源的要求比起数据臃肿的 Windows 或 macOS 来说也更少。一些发行版不像它们名气更大的表兄弟，默认集成了更少的组件，而且开发者特别开发了一些，比如 [Puppy Linux][9] 和 [Linux Lite][10]，让系统尽可能地轻量。这让 Linux 非常适合那些家里有很老的电脑的人。如果你的远古笔记本正在原装操作系统的重压下喘息，试试装一个 Linux，应该会快很多。如果不愿意的话，你也不用抛弃旧系统，我们会在后面的部分里解释怎么做。
尽管你可能会需要一点时间来适应新系统，不过不用太久，你就会发现 Linux 界面很容易使用。任何年龄和任何技术水平的人都可以掌握这个软件。而且在线的 Linux 社区提供了大量的帮助和支持。说到社区，下载 Linux 也是对开源软件运动的支持：这些开发者一起工作，并不收取任何费用，为全球用户开发更优秀的软件。
### 我该从哪儿开始？
Linux 据说只有专家才能安装。不过比起前几年，现在安装并运行操作系统已经非常简单了。
首先，打开你喜欢的发行版的网站，按照上面的安装指南操作。一般会需要烧录一张 DVD 或者制作一个带有必要程序的 U 盘，然后重启你的电脑，执行这段程序。实际上，这个操作系统的一个好处是，你可以将它直接安装在可插拔的 U 盘上，我们有一个完整版的[如何把电脑装在 U 盘里][11]。
如果你想在不影响原来旧系统的情况下运行 Linux，你可以选择从 DVD 或 U 盘或者电脑硬盘的某个分区（分成不同的区来独立运行不同的操作系统）单独启动。有些 Linux 发行版在安装过程中会帮你自动处理磁盘分区。或者你可以用[磁盘管理器][12] (Windows) 或者[磁盘工具][13] (macOS) 自己调整分区。
这些安装说明可能看上去很模糊，但是不要担心：每个发行版都会提供详细的安装指引，虽然大多数情况下过程都差不多。比如，如果你想安装 Ubuntu，最流行的家用 Linux 发行版中的一个，可以[参考这里的指引][14]。（在安装之前，你也可以[尝试运行一下][15]。）你需要下载最新的版本，烧录到 DVD 或是 U 盘里，然后再用光盘或 U 盘引导开机，然后跟随安装向导里的指引操作。安装完成时提示安装额外软件时，Ubuntu 会引导你打开合适的工具。
如果你要在一台全新的电脑上安装 Linux，那没什么需要特别留意的。不过如果你要保留旧系统的情况下安装新系统，我们建议你首先[备份自己的数据][16]。在安装过程中，也要注意选择双启动选项，避免擦除现有的系统和文件。你选好的发行版的介绍里会有更详细的说明：你可以在[这里][17]查看 Zorin OS 的完整介绍，[这里][18]有 Linux Mint的，其他发行版的介绍在他们各自的网站上也都会有。
就这些了！那么，你准备好试试 Linux 了吗？
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://www.popsci.com/switch-to-linux-operating-system
作者：[David Nield][a]
译者：[zpl1025](https://github.com/zpl1025)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]:https://www.popsci.com/authors/david-nield
[1]:https://www.popsci.com/windows-tweaks-improve-performance
[2]:https://www.popsci.com/macos-tweaks-improve-performance
[3]:https://www.ubuntu.com/
[4]:https://linuxmint.com/
[5]:https://zorinos.com/
[6]:https://lineageos.org/
[7]:https://www.gimp.org/
[8]:https://www.libreoffice.org/
[9]:http://puppylinux.org/main/Overview%20and%20Getting%20Started.htm
[10]:https://www.linuxliteos.com/
[11]:https://www.popsci.com/portable-computer-usb-stick
[12]:https://www.disk-partition.com/windows-10/windows-10-disk-management-0528.html
[13]:https://support.apple.com/kb/PH22240?locale=en_US
[14]:https://tutorials.ubuntu.com/tutorial/tutorial-install-ubuntu-desktop?backURL=%2F#0
[15]:https://tutorials.ubuntu.com/tutorial/try-ubuntu-before-you-install?backURL=%2F#0
[16]:https://www.popsci.com/back-up-and-protect-your-data
[17]:https://zorinos.com/help/install-zorin-os/
[18]:https://linuxmint.com/documentation.php
[19]:https://www.popsci.com/authors/david-nield