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translated/29 Practical Examples of Nmap Commands for Linux System,Network Administrators.md → published/29 Practical Examples of Nmap Commands for Linux System,Network Administrators.md
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对于Linux系统/网络管理员的nmap的29个实例
给Linux系统/网络管理员的nmap的29个实用例子
================================================================================
**Nmap**亦称为**Network Mapper**(网络映射)是一个开源并且通用的用于Linux系统/网络管理员的工具。**nmap**用于**探索网络、执行安全扫描、网络核查**并且**找出开放端口**在远程机器上。它扫描在线主机、操作系统、包过滤和运行在远程主机的开放端口。
**Nmap**亦称为**Network Mapper**(网络映射)是一个开源并且通用的用于Linux系统/网络管理员的工具。**nmap**用于**探查网络、执行安全扫描、网络核查**并且在远程机器上**找出开放端口**。它可以扫描在线的主机、操作系统、包过滤器和远程主机上的开放端口。
![Nmap 命令](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Nmap-Commands.png)
*Nmap 命令和示例*
我会在两个不同部分覆盖大部分**NMAP**的使用，这篇是nmap系列的第一部分(译注:原文为I’ll be covering most of NMAP usage in two different parts and this is the first part of nmap serious,这里serious可能为笔误，应该为series)。在这个步骤来，我有两个没有防火墙的服务器来测试nmap命令的工作。
我会分两个章节讲述**NMAP**的常见的使用方法，这篇是nmap系列的第一部分(译注:原文为I’ll be covering most of NMAP usage in two different parts and this is the first part of nmap serious,这里serious可能为笔误，应该为series)。在这个步骤里，我用两个没有防火墙的服务器来测试nmap命令的工作。
- 192.168.0.100 – server1.tecmint.com
- 192.168.0.101 – server2.tecmint.com
@ -16,13 +18,12 @@
### 如何在Linux上安装nmap ###
**Nmap** on distribution specific use the following command.
如今大部分Linux发行版像**Red Hat, CentOS, Fedoro, Debian** 和 **Ubuntu**已经包含了**nmap**在它们默认的包管理仓库中，名为[Yum][1] 和 [APT][2]。这两者用于安装和管理软件包和更新。为了在特定发行版上安装**nmap**，使用下面的命令。
如今大部分Linux发行版像**Red Hat, CentOS, Fedoro, Debian** 和 **Ubuntu**已经在它们默认的包管理仓库中包含了**nmap**，可以通过[Yum][1] 和 [APT][2]安装、管理和更新软件包。在这些发行版上安装**nmap**，可以使用下面的命令。
# yum install nmap [on Red Hat based systems]
$ sudo apt-get install nmap [on Debian based systems]
# yum install nmap [基于 Red Hat 的发行版]
$ sudo apt-get install nmap [基于 Debian 的发行版]
一旦你已经安装了最新的nmap程序，你可以跟着这篇文章中的示例指令来。
安装了最新的nmap程序之后，你就可以跟着这篇文章中的示例指令来学习了。
### 1. 带主机名和IP地址扫描系统 ###
@ -147,7 +148,7 @@
从上面的输出你可以看到nmap扫描了整个子网，并给出了**网络**中**在线**主机的信息。
### 5. 使用IP地址的最后八位扫描多台主机 ###
### 5. 使用IP地址的最后一段扫描多台主机 ###
你可以简单地通过指定IP地址的最后8位执行扫描多台主机。比如说，这里我在IP地址为192.168.0.101, 192.168.0.102 and 192.168.0.103的机器上执行了扫描。
@ -170,7 +171,7 @@
### 6. 从文件中扫描主机列表 ###
如果你有更多的自己要扫描，并且所有的主机细节写在一个文件中，你可以直接让namp读取它并执行扫描。让我们看看要怎么做。
如果你有更多的主机要扫描，并且所有的主机都写在一个文件中，你可以直接让namp读取它并执行扫描。让我们看看要怎么做。
创建一个名为“**nmaptest.txt**”的文本文件，并定义所有你想要扫描的IP地址或者服务器的主机名。
@ -180,7 +181,7 @@
server2.tecmint.com
192.168.0.101
接着，带“**iL**”运行nmap命令来扫描文件中所有列出的IP地址。
接着，带“**iL**”参数运行nmap命令来扫描文件中所有列出的IP地址。
[root@server1 ~]# nmap -iL nmaptest.txt
@ -218,9 +219,9 @@
Nmap finished: 3 IP addresses (3 hosts up) scanned in 2.047 seconds
### 7. 扫描一个IP段 ###
### 7. 扫描一个IP范围 ###
在使用nmap扫描时，你可以指定一个IP段。
在使用nmap扫描时，你可以指定一个IP范围。
[root@server1 ~]# nmap 192.168.0.101-110
@ -238,7 +239,7 @@
Nmap finished: 10 IP addresses (1 host up) scanned in 0.542 seconds
### 8. 排除远程主机扫描网络 ###
### 8. 扫描网络时排除部分主机 ###
你可以在执行全网扫描的时候排除一些主机，或者在使用通配符扫描时使用“**–exclude**”选项。
@ -259,9 +260,11 @@
Nmap finished: 255 IP addresses (1 host up) scanned in 5.313 seconds
You have new mail in /var/spool/mail/root
### 9. 扫描系统信息及路由跟踪 ###
### 9. 扫描系统信息 ###
使用nmap，你可以检测到运行在远程主机上的操作系统和版本。为了启用OS和版本检测，脚本扫描和跟踪路由，我们可以使用带 “**-A**” 选项使用nmap。
（译注：原文这里提到了traceroute，实在并无此内容，删除之）
使用nmap，你可以检测到运行在远程主机上的操作系统和版本。要启用OS及其版本检测，我们可以使用带 “**-A**” 选项使用nmap。
[root@server1 ~]# nmap -A 192.168.0.101
@ -298,7 +301,7 @@
### 10. 使用nmap启用系统检测 ###
使用选项“-O”和“-osscan-guess”同样帮助发现OS信息。
使用选项“-O”或“-osscan-guess”同样可以发现OS信息。
[root@server1 ~]# nmap -O server2.tecmint.com
@ -346,7 +349,7 @@
### 12. 扫描主机以检查其受到防火墙保护 ###
为了扫描一个主机是否受到任何包过滤器软件或者防火墙保护。
扫描检测一个主机是否受到任何包过滤器软件或者防火墙保护。
[root@server1 ~]# nmap -PN 192.168.0.101
@ -366,7 +369,7 @@
### 13. 找出网络中在线主机 ###
在“**-sP**”选项的bang帮助下，我们可以简单地检测网络中的主机是否在线,带这个选项后nmap会跳过端口检测和其他事情。
在“**-sP**”选项的bang帮助下，我们可以简单地检测网络中的主机是否在线,带这个选项后nmap会跳过端口检测和其他检测。
[root@server1 ~]# nmap -sP 192.168.0.*
@ -378,7 +381,7 @@
### 14. 执行快速扫描 ###
你可以带“**-F**”选项扫描所有列在nmap服务文件中的端口而留下其他端口。
你可以带“**-F**”选项仅扫描所有列在nmap-services文件中的端口。
[root@server1 ~]# nmap -F 192.168.0.101
@ -406,7 +409,7 @@
### 16. 连续扫描端口 ###
使用“**-r**”选项而不随机化。
使用“**-r**”选项而不随机排列端口的扫描顺序。
[root@server1 ~]# nmap -r 192.168.0.101
@ -424,9 +427,9 @@
Nmap finished: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 0.363 seconds
### 17. 打印主机接口及路由 ###
### 17. 显示主机接口及路由 ###
你可以使用nmap的“**–iflist**”选项来找出主机接口和路由信息。
你可以使用nmap的“**–iflist**”选项来列出本机的主机接口和路由信息。
[root@server1 ~]# nmap --iflist
@ -441,11 +444,11 @@
192.168.0.0/0 eth0
169.254.0.0/0 eth0
在上面的输出中，你可以看到清单列出了连接到你系统中的接口和它们相应的路由。
在上面的输出中，你可以看到上述清单列出了你系统中的已经启用的接口及它们相应的路由。（译注：这样你就知道可以通过这些接口扫描哪些网络了）
### 18. 扫描特定端口 ###
nmap使用不同的选项来发现远程机器上的端口。你可以用“**-p**”选项指定你想扫描的端口，默认上，nmap只会扫描**TCP**端口。
nmap使用不同的选项来发现远程机器上的端口。你可以用“**-p**”选项指定你想扫描的TCP端口。默认上，nmap只会扫描**TCP**端口。
[root@server1 ~]# nmap -p 80 server2.tecmint.com
@ -459,7 +462,7 @@ nmap使用不同的选项来发现远程机器上的端口。你可以用“**-p
### 19. 扫描TCP端口 ###
你同样可以指定nmap扫描的端口类型和号码。
当然，你可以指定nmap扫描的端口类型（TCP或UDP）和端口号。
[root@server1 ~]# nmap -p T:8888,80 server2.tecmint.com
@ -487,7 +490,7 @@ nmap使用不同的选项来发现远程机器上的端口。你可以用“**-p
### 21. 扫描多个端口 ###
You can also scan multiple ports using option “**-p**“.
你可以使用“**-p**”选项来指定多个要扫描的端口。
[root@server1 ~]# nmap -p 80,443 192.168.0.101
@ -502,14 +505,13 @@ You can also scan multiple ports using option “**-p**“.
### 22. 扫描网络的端口范围 ###
You can scan ports with ranges using expressions.
你可以使用表达式扫描端口范围
你也可以使用表达式指定扫描端口的范围。
[root@server1 ~]# nmap -p 80-160 192.168.0.101
### 23. 找出主机服务版本号 ###
我们可以使用“**-sV**”选项找出运行在远程主机的服务版本号。
我们可以使用“**-sV**”选项找出远程主机上运行的服务及其版本号。
[root@server1 ~]# nmap -sV 192.168.0.101
@ -639,7 +641,7 @@ You can scan ports with ranges using expressions.
via: http://www.tecmint.com/nmap-command-examples/
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出

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内置审计跟踪工具- Linux last命令
Linux内置的审计跟踪工具 - last命令
================================================================================
![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/linux-last-command.jpg)
如果你是一个服务器管理员，你或许理解你要保护你的服务器。不仅是从外部，还要从内部保护。linux有一个内置工具来看到最后登陆服务器的用户
如果你是一个服务器管理员，你或许知道你要保护你的服务器的话，不仅是从外部，还要从内部保护。linux有一个内置工具来看到最后登陆服务器的用户，可以帮助你保护服务器。
这个命令是**last**。命令**对于追踪非常有用**。让我们来看一下last可以为你做些什么。
这个命令是**last**。它**对于追踪非常有用**。让我们来看一下last可以为你做些什么。
### last命令的功能是什么 ###
**last**显示**/var/log/wtmp**文件创建起所有登录(和登出)的用户。这个文件是二进制文件,它不能被文本编辑器浏览比如vi,Joe或者其他软件。这个技巧非常聪明因为用户(或者root)不能向他们希望的那样修改文件文件。
**last**显示的是自**/var/log/wtmp**文件创建起所有登录(和登出)的用户。这个文件是二进制文件，它不能被文本编辑器浏览，比如vi、Joe或者其他软件。这是非常有用的，因为用户(或者root)不能像他们希望的那样修改这个文件。
last会给出所有已登录用户的用户名,tty,IP地址(如果用户是远程连接的话),日期-时间,用户已经登录的时间。
last会给出所有已登录用户的用户名、tty、IP地址(如果用户是远程连接的话)、日期-时间和用户已经登录的时间。
### 如何运行last ###
你只要在控制台中输入**last**.这是个例子:
你只要在控制台中输入**last**即可。这是个例子：
$ last
@ -22,18 +23,18 @@ last会给出所有已登录用户的用户名,tty,IP地址(如果用户是远
pungki tty1 Mon Dec 2 09:31 still logged in
reboot system boot 2.6.32-358.23.2 Mon Dec 2 09:20 - 13:25 (04:05)
这里是如何阅读last信息:
这里是如何阅读last信息：
- 第一列告诉谁是用户
- 第二列给出了用户如何连接的信息
> pts/0 (伪终端) 意味着从诸如SSH或telnet的远程连接的用户
>
> tty (teletypewriter) 意味着直接连接到计算机或者本地连接的用户
>
> 除了重启活动,所有状态会在启动时显示
- pts/0 (伪终端) 意味着从诸如SSH或telnet的远程连接的用户
- tty (teletypewriter) 意味着直接连接到计算机或者本地连接的用户
- 除了重启活动,所有状态会在启动时显示
- 第三列**显示用户来自哪里**。如果用户来自于远程计算机,你会看到一个主机名或者IP地址。如果你看见:0.0 或者什么都没有,这意味着用户通过本地终端连接.除了重启活动,内核版本会显示在状态中。
- 第三列**显示用户来自哪里**。如果用户来自于远程计算机，你会看到一个主机名或者IP地址。如果你看见:0.0 或者什么都没有，这意味着用户通过本地终端连接。除了重启活动，内核版本会显示在状态中。
- 剩下的列显示**日志活动发生在何时**。括号中的数字告诉我们连接持续了多少小时和分钟。
### 日常操作中last的一些示例 ###
@ -48,11 +49,11 @@ last会给出所有已登录用户的用户名,tty,IP地址(如果用户是远
pungki tty1 Mon Dec 2 09:31 still logged in
reboot system boot 2.6.32-358.23.2 Mon Dec 2 09:20 - 13:25 (04:05)
**-n parameter** 会使last显示从当前时间到以后的3条记录。
**-n** 参数会使last显示从当前时间到以后的3条记录。
#### 不显示主机名 ####
使用 **-R parameter** 来这么做。这里是例子 :
使用 **-R** 参数来这么做。这里是例子 :
$ last -R
@ -64,7 +65,7 @@ last会给出所有已登录用户的用户名,tty,IP地址(如果用户是远
#### 最后一列显示主机名 ####
要这么做,我们使用 **-a parameter**
要这么做,我们使用 **-a**参数
$ last -a
@ -76,7 +77,7 @@ last会给出所有已登录用户的用户名,tty,IP地址(如果用户是远
#### 显示完整登入登出时间日期 ####
对于此,你可以使用 **-F parameter**。这个是个示例:
对于此,你可以使用 **-F** 参数。这个是个示例:
$ last -F
@ -91,7 +92,7 @@ last会给出所有已登录用户的用户名,tty,IP地址(如果用户是远
leni tty1 Mon Dec 2 18-42 still logged in
leni pts/0 Mon Dec 2 12:32 - 13:25 (00:53) 10.0.76.162
或者你想要知道**reboot**何时完成,你也可以这样显示它
或者你想要知道**reboot**何时完成，你也可以这样显示它：
$ last reboot
@ -103,6 +104,7 @@ last会给出所有已登录用户的用户名,tty,IP地址(如果用户是远
#### 打印特定 / pts ####
last同样可以打印特定tty/pts的信息. 只要在last命令后面输入tty名字或者pty名字。
这里有一些例子:
$ last tty1
@ -121,13 +123,13 @@ last同样可以打印特定tty/pts的信息. 只要在last命令后面输入tty
#### 使用另一个文件而不是 /var/log/wtmp ####
默认上,last命令会从**/var/log/wtmp**中解析信息。如果你想要**last命令**从另外一个文件解析,你可以使用**-f参数**。比如,你可以在某些条件后倒换日志。让我们假设前面的文件名为**/var/log/wtmp.1**。那么last命令会像这样。
默认上，last命令会从**/var/log/wtmp**中解析信息。如果你想要**last命令**从另外一个文件解析，你可以使用**-f** 参数。比如，当日志切割后，让我们假设切割后，之前的文件名变为**/var/log/wtmp.1**。那么last命令会像这样。
$ last -f /var/log/wtmp.1
#### 显示运行级别改变 ####
这里有个**-x 参数**如果你想要改变运行级别。这里示例输出:
这里有个**-x**参数来显示运行级别。这里示例输出:
pungki tty1 Mon Dec 2 19:21 still logged in
runlevel (to lvl 3) 2.6.32-358.23.2 Mon Dec 2 19:20 – 19:29 (00:08)
@ -136,20 +138,20 @@ last同样可以打印特定tty/pts的信息. 只要在last命令后面输入tty
runlevel (to lvl 0) 2.6.32-358.23.2 Mon Dec 2 18:56 – 18:56 (00:00)
leni tty1 Mon Dec 2 18:42 – down (00:00)
你可以看到这里有两个运行级别。运行级别**to lvl 3**的条目意味着系统运行在完整的控制台模式.没有活跃的X window或者GUI.同时,当系统**关机**时,Linux在**运行级别0**。这就是为什么last会显示**to lvl 0**。
你可以看到这里有两个运行级别。运行级别**to lvl 3**的条目意味着系统运行在完整的控制台模式，而没在X window或者GUI中。同时,当系统**关机**时，实际上是切换为**运行级别0**，这就是为什么last会显示**to lvl 0**。
#### 查看失败登录 ####
当**last**命令记录成功登录,那么 **lastb** 命令**记录失败的登录尝试**。你**必须拥有root**权限来运行lastb命令。这里有一个lastb命令的示例输出。lastb会解析/var/log/btmp的信息。
**last**命令用了记录成功登录，而 **lastb** 命令**记录失败的登录尝试**。你**必须拥有root**权限才能运行lastb命令。这里有一个lastb命令的示例输出。lastb会解析/var/log/btmp的信息。
# lastb
leni tty1 Mon Dec 2 22:12 – 22:12 (00:00)
rahma tty1 Mon Dec 2 22:11 – 22:11 (00:00)
#### 倒换日志 ####
#### 切割日志 ####
既然*/var/log/wtmp**记录每次的登录活动,文件的大小可能会快速地增长。默认上,Linux会每月**倒换 /var/log/wtmp/**。倒换活动的细节放在/etc/logrotate.conf 文件中。这里是我**/etc/logrotate.conf**文件的内容。
因为*/var/log/wtmp**记录每次的登录活动，文件的大小可能会快速地增长。默认上，Linux会每月**切割 /var/log/wtmp/**。切割的策略放在/etc/logrotate.conf 文件中。这里是我**/etc/logrotate.conf**文件的内容。
/var/log/wtmp {
　　monthly
@ -168,6 +170,8 @@ last同样可以打印特定tty/pts的信息. 只要在last命令后面输入tty
　　rotate 1
}
你可以根据需要自己修改。
### 总结 ###
你可以结合这些参数来自定义last和lastb的输出。所有可以**运行于last命令**的参数都**可运行在**lastb命令上。更多细节,请通过在控制台输入**man last**来访问。
@ -176,6 +180,6 @@ last同样可以打印特定tty/pts的信息. 只要在last命令后面输入tty
via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/linux-last-command/
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
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14
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@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
Conky Harmattan是一款时尚的Linux桌面助手
Conky Harmattan ： 一款时尚的Linux桌面助手
================================================================================
![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/conky-harmatten.jpg)
@ -8,9 +8,9 @@ Conky Harmattan是一款时尚的Linux桌面助手
![Several themes and modes are included](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Screen-Shot-2014-01-21-at-20.42.42.png)
**Conky Harmattan**，一个来源于deviantArt用户Zagortenay333的新主题收集器，也不例外。虽然屏幕截图显示的是一个一定要打动大多数人的时尚桌面小工具，但看到了解到它的复杂配置后估计会吓跑许多人了。
**Conky Harmattan**，一个来源于deviantArt用户Zagortenay333的新的主题收集器，同样也不例外。虽然屏幕截图显示的是一个能打动大多数人的时尚桌面小工具，但看到了解到它的复杂配置后估计会吓跑许多人了。
为了帮助使用者，它的作者提供了**一步一步的安装指导**，安装过程未按正常状况进行，**有效“故障排除” 手册**列出如何修复一些最常见的问题。
为了帮助使用者，它的作者提供了**一步一步的安装指导**，如果安装过程未按正常状况进行，它也提供了一个**有用的“故障排除” 手册**告诉你如何修复一些最常见的问题。
Harmatten包括：
@ -19,9 +19,9 @@ Harmatten包括：
- **2种天气模式**
- **天气单位转换**
默认情况下Harmattan是“固定”；这意味着你不能使用你的鼠标移动它。相对的，你需要调整'x'和'y'的值就在conky-config文件的安装过程中 - 在“faff”一栏中打勾另一个！
不像大多数Conky主题，Harmattan不会将别人屏幕的样子复制到你的屏幕上。
不像大多数Conky主题Harmattan不要求你跳转至lua你看到的其余内容复制到你的屏幕上。
默认情况下Harmattan是“固定”；你需要按下ALT键并用鼠标点击和移动它。或者你也可以在设置中调整conky-config中的'x'和'y'值 - 这会浪费不少时间。此外，也别忘记修改Yahoo!天气预报小部件的地区代码，它在.conkyrc里面。
### 获取Harmattan Conky ###
@ -36,13 +36,13 @@ Harmatten包括：
之后提取Harmattan文件，按Ctrl + H在Nautilus文件浏览器查看“隐藏”的文件。
最后，根据’安装‘指导进行。
最后，根据‘Installation’指导进行。
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/01/conky-harmattan-for-linux
译者：[乌龙茶](https://github.com/yechunxiao19) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
译者：[乌龙茶](https://github.com/yechunxiao19) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
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0
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@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
如何将Google Calendar 集成到Linux桌面
如何在Linux桌面墙纸上显示Google Calendar
================================================================================
Google Calendar 是时下最流行的网页应用程序之一。用户可以通过网络接口或者本地的应用程序跨设备访问或同步 Google Calendar。在 Linux 上，有很多方法可以本地访问 Google Calendar，比如用电子邮件客户端插件（如 Evolution 或 Thunderbird ）或者用日历应用程序（如 Sunbird 或 Rainklendar）。这些方法通常都需要安装不必要的大型软件，这些软件你很可能根本不需要。
如果你只是想在本地的 Linux 上翻翻 Google Calendar 或者用它设置提醒，那么你可以考虑使用[Google Calendar 命令行接口（或者 gcalcli）][1]，这是一种更轻型化的方法。对于 Linux 桌面操作系统用户来说，好处不止这些，如果将 gcalcli 与[Conky][2]搭配使用你就可以把 Google Calendar 透明地融入桌面主题。
@ -8,7 +9,7 @@ Google Calendar 是时下最流行的网页应用程序之一。用户可以通
### 在 Linux 安装 gcalcli ###
在安装 gcalcli 之前，要确保你正在用的是 Phython 2 而不是 Phython 3 ，因为 Phython 3 与 gcalcli 不兼容。
在安装 gcalcli 之前，要确保你正在用的是 Python 2 而不是 Python 3 ，因为 Python 3 与 gcalcli 不兼容。
如果是在 Debian、Ubuntu 或 Linux Mint 上可以用下面的命令安装 gcalcli
@ -19,8 +20,7 @@ Google Calendar 是时下最流行的网页应用程序之一。用户可以通
$ cd gcalcli
$ sudo python setup.py install
**温馨提醒**：Ubuntu 或 Linux Mint 标准容器中虽然有 gcalcli，但是这些版本并不包含其最新的特性和针对 bug 的修复。所以这里推荐按以上所述的方法由源文件构建 gcalcli。
**温馨提醒**：Ubuntu 或 Linux Mint 的软件库中虽然有 gcalcli，但是这些版本并不包含其最新的特性和针对 bug 的修复。所以这里推荐按以上所述的方法由源文件构建 gcalcli。
对于Fedora 、CentOS 或 RHEL，可按如下方法安装。
@ -51,13 +51,13 @@ Google Calendar 是时下最流行的网页应用程序之一。用户可以通
### 支持 Google Calendar API ###
认证后，下一步就是支持 Google Calendar 的 API 访问。gcalcli 通过 Google Calendar API 访问Google Calendar 。但是，如果要使用 Google API 就必须明确你的 Google 帐号支持 Google API。
认证后，下一步就是支持 Google Calendar 的 API 访问。gcalcli 通过 Google Calendar API 访问Google Calendar 。但是，如果要使用 Google API 就必须明确设置你的 Google 帐号支持 Google API。
首先到：[https://cloud.google.com/console][5]。点击项目列表下的“API Project ”
转到“Apiary & auth ”下面的“APIs”你会看见一个 Google APIs 列表。点击“Calendar API”的开关按钮使其能支持 API。
转到“APIs & auth ”下面的“APIs”你会看见一个 Google APIs 列表。点击“Calendar API”的开关按钮使其能支持 API。
现在转到“Apiary & auth”下的“Registered apps”那里，去注册 gcalcli app。点击最顶端的“Registered app”按钮。
现在转到“APIs & auth”下的“Registered apps”那里，去注册 gcalcli app。点击最顶端的“Registered app”按钮。
[![](http://farm8.staticflickr.com/7293/11216363656_c203b6dfa2_z.jpg)][6]
@ -99,20 +99,20 @@ OAuth的认证结果将会保存在 ～/.gcalcli_oauth 文本文件中。
$ vi ~/bin/gcal.sh
> #!/bin/sh
>
> gcalcli --conky calw 2 |
> sed -e 's/^[(0\x71^[(B/?/g' \
> -e 's/^[(0\x78^[(B/?/g' \
> -e 's/^[(0\x6A^[(B/?/g' \
> -e 's/^[(0\x6B^[(B/?/g' \
> -e 's/^[(0\x6C^[(B/?/g' \
> -e 's/^[(0\x6D^[(B/?/g' \
> -e 's/^[(0\x6E^[(B/?/g' \
> -e 's/^[(0\x74^[(B/?/g' \
> -e 's/^[(0\x75^[(B/?/g' \
> -e 's/^[(0\x76^[(B/?/g' \
> -e 's/^[(0\x77^[(B/?/g'
#!/bin/sh
gcalcli --conky calw 2 |
sed -e 's/^[(0\x71^[(B/?/g' \
-e 's/^[(0\x78^[(B/?/g' \
-e 's/^[(0\x6A^[(B/?/g' \
-e 's/^[(0\x6B^[(B/?/g' \
-e 's/^[(0\x6C^[(B/?/g' \
-e 's/^[(0\x6D^[(B/?/g' \
-e 's/^[(0\x6E^[(B/?/g' \
-e 's/^[(0\x74^[(B/?/g' \
-e 's/^[(0\x75^[(B/?/g' \
-e 's/^[(0\x76^[(B/?/g' \
-e 's/^[(0\x77^[(B/?/g'
$ chmod +x ~/bin/gcal.sh
@ -120,51 +120,51 @@ OAuth的认证结果将会保存在 ～/.gcalcli_oauth 文本文件中。
**重要提醒**：上面脚本中的 ‘^[’ 必须是**真正的 ESCAPE 键**( 也就是说在 vi 中按 Ctrl-V 然后按 Esc )。
这个脚本程序将 VT100 转义序列转成Unicode组件图字符。这是[必须的一步][10]，因为 Conky 不支持 gcalcli 使用的 ASNII 字符画。
这个脚本程序将 VT100 转义序列转成Unicode组件图字符。这是[必须的一步][10]，因为 Conky 不支持 gcalcli 使用的 ANSI 字符画。
最后，在你的家目录中创建下面的 Conky 配置文件。
$ vi ~/.conkyrc
> alignment top_right
> maximum_width 630
> minimum_size 330 10
> gap_x 25
> gap_y 50
>
> own_window yes
> own_window_type conky
> own_window_hints undecorated,below,sticky,skip_taskbar,skip_pager
> own_window_transparent yes
> own_window_argb_visual yes
> own_window_argb_value 0
>
> update_interval 300
> background no
>
> border_width 1
> default_color cornflowerblue
> default_outline_color white
> default_shade_color white
> double_buffer no
> draw_borders no
> draw_graph_borders no
> draw_outline no
> draw_shades no
> max_port_monitor_connections 64
> max_specials 512
> max_user_text 16384
> text_buffer_size 8096
> no_buffers yes
> out_to_console no
> uppercase no
> use_xft yes
> xftfont Bitstream Vera Sans Mono:size=10
>
> TEXT
> *** Google Calendar Agenda ***
> ${execpi 300 gcalcli --conky agenda}
> ${execpi 300 ~/bin/gcal.sh}
alignment top_right
maximum_width 630
minimum_size 330 10
gap_x 25
gap_y 50
own_window yes
own_window_type conky
own_window_hints undecorated,below,sticky,skip_taskbar,skip_pager
own_window_transparent yes
own_window_argb_visual yes
own_window_argb_value 0
update_interval 300
background no
border_width 1
default_color cornflowerblue
default_outline_color white
default_shade_color white
double_buffer no
draw_borders no
draw_graph_borders no
draw_outline no
draw_shades no
max_port_monitor_connections 64
max_specials 512
max_user_text 16384
text_buffer_size 8096
no_buffers yes
out_to_console no
uppercase no
use_xft yes
xftfont Bitstream Vera Sans Mono:size=10
TEXT
*** Google Calendar Agenda ***
${execpi 300 gcalcli --conky agenda}
${execpi 300 ~/bin/gcal.sh}
这个 Conky 配置文件会直接在你的桌面主题上显示你的 Google Calendar 的一个日程表和一个两个星期的时间表。

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Linux 下使用iostat命令生成CPU和I/O的统计报告
================================================================================
CPU（中央处理单元）是一台电脑的大脑。所有的处理命令都运行在上面。I/O（输入/输出）同样扮演了一个重要角色。硬盘用于提供数据给处理器并保存CPU处理过的数据。一种衡量处理器和I/O利用率的方法是使用**iostat**命令。通过它们的利用率，我们可以决定是否该增加更多资源。
CPU是一台电脑的大脑。所有的处理命令都运行在上面。I/O（输入/输出）同样扮演了一个重要角色。硬盘用于提供数据给处理器并保存CPU处理过的数据。一种衡量处理器和I/O利用率的方法是使用**iostat**命令。通过它们的利用率，我们可以决定是否该增加更多资源。
### iostat 是什么 ###
## iostat 是什么 ##
iostat通过观察设备的活跃时间和他们平均传输率之间的关系来监视系统的输入/输出设备负载。iostat生成的报告可以用于修改系统配置从而更好在物理硬盘间平衡输入/输出的报告。
@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ iostat包含在**sysstat**包内。如果你没有，你首先需要安装它。
$ sudo apt-get install sysstat
#### 如何运行 iostat ####
### 如何运行 iostat ###
要运行它，只需在控制台下**输入iostat**。下面是一个例子。
@ -26,9 +26,9 @@ iostat包含在**sysstat**包内。如果你没有，你首先需要安装它。
![iostat 默认报告](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/iostat_default.png)
#### 下面是如何读取iostat默认报告 ####
## 下面是如何读取iostat默认报告 ##
#### 第一部分包含了CPU报告 ####
### 第一部分包含了CPU报告 ###
- **%user** : 显示了在执行用户(应用)层时的CPU利用率
- **%nice** : 显示了在以nice优先级运行用户层的CPU利用率
@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ iostat包含在**sysstat**包内。如果你没有，你首先需要安装它。
- **%steal** : 显示了当hypervisor正服务于另外一个虚拟处理器时无意识地等待虚拟CPU所占有的时间百分比。
- **%idle** : 显示了CPU在I/O没有挂起请求时空闲时间的百分比
#### 第二部分包含了设备利用率报告 ####
### 第二部分包含了设备利用率报告 ###
- **Device** : 列出的**/dev** 目录下的设备/分区名称
- **tps** : 显示每秒传输给设备的数量。更高的tps意味着处理器更忙。
@ -68,19 +68,19 @@ iostat包含在**sysstat**包内。如果你没有，你首先需要安装它。
和[vmstat][1]一样,作为一个统计工具，最好带延迟参数来使用它。通过延迟参数，我们可以看到趋势。这里有一些带延时运行iostat的示例。
#### 以KB为单位，2秒间隔，运行3次的方式运行iostat ####
### 以KB为单位，2秒间隔，运行3次的方式运行iostat ###
$ iostat -k 2 3
![iostat以KB来报告](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/iostat_k_2_3.png)
#### 只显示CPU报告，并以3秒为间隔，报告6次 ####
### 只显示CPU报告，并以3秒为间隔，报告6次 ###
$ iostat -c 3 6
![以3秒为间隔，只显示iostat](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/iostat_c_3_6.png)
#### 显示hda2和hda6的设备报告，以2秒为间隔，报告4次 ####
### 显示hda2和hda6的设备报告，以2秒为间隔，报告4次 ###
$ iostat -d hda2 hda6 2 4
@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ iostat使用这些文件来创建报告。
**/proc/diskstats** 包含磁盘统计 (对于2.5以后的内核)
**/sys** 包含块设备统计 (2.5以后内核)
### 总结 ###
## 总结 ##
vmstat用于监视内存使用，iostat用于监视CPU使用率和I/O系统，这样我们就有了完整的工具来监视你机器中三个重要的组件。这些工具的一个好处是你无需使用root权限运行它们。你可以浏览iostat的手册来深入了解。只需在控制台下输入**man iostat**就可进入iostat手册界面。

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@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
Maekdown文本编辑器CuteMarkEd 0.9.0 有了新的选择
Maekdown编辑器CuteMarkEd的新功能
================================================================================
![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/Markdown-Text-Editor-CuteMarkEd-0-9-0-Gets-News-Options-421082-2.png)
@ -20,13 +20,13 @@ CuteMarkEd是一个非常有用的Qt文本编辑器，可以提供数学表达
- [CuteMarkEd 0.9.0 tar.gz][2] [源码] [372 KB]
记住这是一个开发板，不应该在生产机器上安装。它只用于测试目的。
记住这是一个开发 版本，不应该在生产机器上安装。它只用于测试目的。
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
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Pear OS 系统已成为历史！
================================================================================
![](http://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/RIP_PearOS.jpeg)
2014年伊始就看到了又一个 Linux 发布版本的消亡。这一次是外形跟 Mac 系统很相似的 [Pear OS][1] 系统高调的说再见了。从现在开始，Pear OS 不在提供下载了。从一月三十一号起，Pear Cloud 服务也会离线。
跟[2013年终止的 Linux 发行版本][2]不一样，Pear OS 并不是因为缺乏资金或人为权利的原因而终止的，而是被不知名的大企业（我希望不是 Apple 公司 :P）所收购。他们将会把 Pear OS 作为自有产品，这就意味着社区不能对 Pear OS 创建分支（fork）及继续使用。
2014年1月20日，Pear OS 的所有者大卫·塔瓦雷斯（David Tavares）在 [Facebook][3] 上发布消息：
> 它的未来现在已经交到一个公司的手中，此刻这个公司仍然低调，想保密。他们很喜欢系统的设计理念，想把它作为自有的产品，然后继续完善和改进。我不能道出他们公司的名字，但它是一个很大的知名企业 ......
相同的消息在 Pear OS 的官网上也挂出来了，大卫在告别的消息中感谢用户和开发者对他们的支持。
也许这就可以解释了为什么 Pear OS 8 像一个失控的越野车一样。大卫已经很少专注在 Pear OS 的开发上了，他正忙着敲定这笔交易呢。{可以读读:[Pear OS 8 评论][4]}
在社区网站上我看到了很多愤怒的消息，因为它背叛了开源的“宗旨”。在一定程度上，虽然这种爆发的情绪是可以理解的，但这是大卫的权利，他有权利选择他认为的更好的未来。他表示他会转到另一个方向，也许又会开启一个新的企业。我希望他得未来式幸运的。
Pear OS 已经不在，他的用户可能会[安装 Elementary OS Luna][5]，另外一个基于 Ubuntu 但有 OS X 风格外观的发布版本。
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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[1]:http://pearlinux.fr/
[2]:http://itsfoss.com/year-2013-linux-2-linux-distributions-discontinued/
[3]:https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=453625568072975&id=340980619337471&stream_ref=10
[4]:http://itsfoss.com/pear-os-8-review/
[5]:http://itsfoss.com/guide-install-elementary-os-luna/

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2013年度10大linux游戏
================================================================================
**随着2013年的离去，我们评点了10款去年最受喜爱的linux游戏。**
得益于Value公司持续不断对平台的支持，2013年取得了巨大的成就。既有来自大工作室，例如战地系列开发者[DICE][1]的宣言，也有Creative Assembly公司关于下一年把“全面战争：罗马II”带入linux的承诺。
我们的名单既包括独立游戏，也包括迄今为止最具影响力的AAA级游戏。**这份名单并不试图包含一切，除了我们的观点**
所有的这些游戏都可以在Steam平台和/或者Ubuntu软件中心上找到，赶紧掏出钱包向你的屏幕砸钱吧！
### 盖瑞模组 ###
![prop or not?](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/garrysmod-prophunt.jpg)
*prop or not?*
“盖瑞模组”是一个沙盘游戏，但是不为玩家设立目标，神奇隐藏在从一系列的Source引擎游戏中装载的道具和社区不断创造的各种游戏模式中。
其中一个模式是[PropHunt][3] - 一个躲猫猫的游戏模式，有两组团队，一组隐藏为地图中的不同物体，另一组试图去寻找隐藏在楼道里摇摇欲坠的文件柜。
简单而有趣，大量的游戏模式 - prop hunting（躲猫猫）、spaceship building（建造飞船）、或者machinima recording（拍摄游戏引擎电影） - 使得“盖瑞模组”成为linux狂热游戏爱好者的收藏。
- [从Steam上获取“盖瑞模组”][4]
### 半条命 2 ###
![理论物理从未如此之酷](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/halflife.jpg)
*理论物理从未如此之酷*
说到Source引擎，“半条命2”也许是这份名单里最古老的游戏，但是也是迄今为止Value公司所有作品和今年移植到linux上所有游戏中最受欢迎的游戏之一。
“半条命2”继续了该系列上一个作品中主角理论物理学家Gordon Freeman的故事：想方设法穿过被人类和外星生物毁坏的世界。从物理谜题到令人恐惧而敏捷的猎头蟹总是会出现在你前进的道路上，这场旅行*仍然*是今天最迷人的游戏经历之一。
“半条命”系列的下一个作品仍然有很多东西需要去兑现，但是从该作品移植到linux平台上接受情况上判断，linux游戏爱好者已经做好准备把雪橇和重力枪抓在手上了。
- [从Steam上获取“半条命2”][5]
### 失忆症：猪猡的机器 ###
![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/amnesia-machine-for-pigs.jpg)
当我们[在九月份][6]评论“失忆症：猪猡的机器”时，我们发现这部作品的气氛和它的前作一样令人胆战心惊，并且值得我们跋涉过种种不算太难的谜题去探寻属于维多路亚时代的游戏场景以及蒸汽朋克式的机械装置。
最大的收获是linux首次支持该款大受欢迎游戏系列的作品，虽然Frictional Gmaes公司的开发者们一贯的对linux游戏爱好者友好。在2007和2008年，半影系列一发布他们就完成了移植的工作。
- [在Steam上获取“失忆症：猪猡的机器”][7]
- [在Ubuntu软件中心获取“失忆症：猪猡的机器”][8]
### 地铁：最后的曙光 ###
![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/metro-lastlight-750x294.png)
“地铁：最后的曙光”是最早进入linux的AAA级游戏之一，而且启动速度[相对较快][9]。背景设置在2034年被核毁灭的莫斯科，“地铁：最后的曙光”将世界末日后的故事集中在一个射手的第一视角里。
从鬼魅到变异蜘蛛以及巨大的变形虫都准备好让末日后莫斯科的普通一天不好过。
这款游戏并不像同类末日后题材的辐射系列那样轻松搞笑，相反它反映了人类在艰难时期所经历的残酷，一些时候让人触动。
- [从Steam上获取“地铁：最后的曙光”][10]
### 星际边界 ###
![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/starbound.jpg)
你可以把“星际边界”想象成具有实际故事情节且发生在太空的“泰拉瑞亚”或者2D版的“我的世界”。有什么理由不去喜爱它呢？
和“我的世界”十分类似，你可以狩猎、挖矿、或者建造。但是和流行的3D沙盘游戏不同，你还能旅行到其他的星球并且加入一个实际的故事主线。开始时你的飞船搁浅在轨道上，你的第一项挑战包括熟悉游戏的玩法机制和寻找燃料，这些燃料使得你的飞船能够探寻程序产生的各种星球。更多的是，程序会为每一个星球产生多样的怪兽，这样在你的旅途上你将会遭遇一些奇异的生物。
“星际边界”是一款**预览版游戏**，所以你可能会发现一些不完善的机制（最起码弓和箭有一点不太好使）或者经历一到两次崩溃。尽管它仍在测试当中，但仍旧是一款有趣而有特色的游戏。
- [在Steam上获取“星际边界”][11]
### 0 A.D. ###
![工人们正在建造建筑和采摘草莓](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/0ad_buildings.jpg)
*工人们正在建造建筑和采摘草莓*
尽管“0 A.D.”几年前已经就面向linux，但是因为它在2013年的所有成就，我们认为它应该在这份名单上占据一席之地。
它是名单上唯一一款免费且开源的产品，最近通过[募捐活动][12]筹得了$33,251 - 足够了，他们说，准备雇佣一名程序员全职工作一年。虽然并没有达到它最初的募捐目标，但仍然获得了$33，251去支撑这个开源项目。
比任何都重要的是，它很有趣。“帝国时代”风格的实时战略游戏的粉丝们将享受历经多年打造的“0 A.D.”。虽然持续改进细节，但这款作品仍然有很长的一段路要走，还有一名志愿程序员在坚持完善它。
- [从Ubuntu软件中心获取“0 A.D.”][13]
### 纸箱里的坦克战争 ###
![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/papertanks.jpg)
塔防类游戏就像黑白棋或者扫雷游戏那样普遍，但是“[纸箱里的战争][14]”添加了一剂令人上瘾的魅力。
它独特的纸工艺美学非常起效，使得24个关卡散发出永不疲倦的魅力，让你流连忘返。每一个沉溺于即时塔防游戏的玩家都能接受这款游戏$3.99的售价。简单有趣，但又魅力十足。
- [获取“纸箱里的坦克战争”][15]
### FEZ ###
![我喜欢fezes，fezes很酷。](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/fez-closeup-300x204.png)
*我喜欢fezes，fezes很酷。*
我们在[九月份][16]评论了“FEZ”，虽然是2D游戏，但是能够变换视角，一个带着毡帽和面团宝宝一样有趣的主人公让其名声大噪。
跳跃谜题、令人头疼的视角谜题以及游戏里的幽默，所有的这些都让这款作品保持新鲜，即便你已经在一张地图上摔死了很多次或者靠近了引爆的炸弹。
- [从Steam上获取“FEZ”][17]
### 欧陆风云 IV ###
![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/europa-universalis-banner.jpg)
想象一个不同的“文明”系列，更多的微观管理、更多的历史，以及一个巨大的不同：它支持linux！
和“文明”系列不一样的是，“欧陆风云”系列是历史决策游戏，虽然它并不详细的描述历史教科书。“欧陆风云IV”没有把战争延绵在几千年的历史上，它仅仅只包含了1444年-1821年。但是这并不意味着“欧陆风云”不如长跨度的“文明”系列那样有趣和迷人。
“欧陆风云IV”是实时游戏，而不是回合制的，所以你需要经常暂停以便更好地审视你不断增长的帝国或者你富裕国家的广阔的贸易路线。考虑到“大战略”游戏玩法的内容篇幅，“欧陆风云”系列可能会吓到初学者，但是如果你想在美洲殖民历史上大展手脚或者扭转拿破仑战争的局势，这些努力都是值得的。
- [从Steam上获取“欧陆风云IV”][18]
### 肯塔基0号路 ###
![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Kentucy-Route-Zero-1.jpg)
“[肯塔基0号路][19]”一直以来都是我最喜爱的游戏之一。它是名单里最富艺术气息的作品，同时它也是彰显游戏诗意的典范，当然这里不考虑2014年及以后我们所能找到所有AAA级作品。
“肯塔基0号路”给点击类冒险游戏带来了魔幻现实主义色彩，将经典的冒险游戏元素和超现实融合在一起。游戏开始时，你试图寻找一个不明就里的地址去投递古董，但是随后剧情将朝着无法预料，通常是奇特的方向发展。
这是一款探索类游戏，不是为了完成某个任务或者去营救一个总是在其他城堡里的公主。它不会被每一个人喜欢 - 也不会符合每一个人对“游戏”的定义 - 但是它却是最具意义和创造性，同时又让我享受其中的作品之一。
- [从Steam上获取“肯塔基0号路”][20]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2013/12/top-10-linux-games-2013
译者：[OnlySang](https://github.com/OnlySang) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[1]:http://www.polygon.com/2013/10/12/4826190/linux-only-needs-one-killer-game-to-explode-says-battlefield-director
[2]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2013/11/total-war-rome-ii-coming-linux-early-next-year
[3]:http://steamcommunity.com/sharedfiles/filedetails/?id=135509255
[4]:http://store.steampowered.com/app/4000
[5]:http://store.steampowered.com/app/220
[6]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2013/09/amnesia-a-machine-for-pigs-review
[7]:http://store.steampowered.com/app/239200
[8]:https://apps.ubuntu.com/cat/applications/amnesia-amfp/
[9]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2013/11/metro-last-light-steam-linux-download
[10]:http://store.steampowered.com/app/43160
[11]:http://store.steampowered.com/app/211820
[12]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2013/10/crowd-funding-success-historical-war-game-0-d
[13]:https://apps.ubuntu.com/cat/applications/0ad/
[14]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2013/03/war-in-a-box-paper-tanks-ubuntu-review
[15]:https://apps.ubuntu.com/cat/applications/war-in-a-box-paper-tanks/
[16]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2013/09/fez-indie-game-review-on-linux
[17]:http://store.steampowered.com/app/224760/
[18]:http://store.steampowered.com/app/236850
[19]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2013/02/adventures-in-magical-realism-kentucky-route-zero-act-i-review
[20]:http://store.steampowered.com/app/231200

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10 Lesser Known Ubuntu One Features
================================================================================
Even though Ubuntu One may appear to be just an Ubuntu-only file synchronization service, it’s much more as it can be used on Windows, Android, iOS, and from the web. Ubuntu One has 5GB of free storage space for all.
![](http://www.efytimes.com/admin/useradmin/photo/Kj3S10756PM1212014.jpg)
As cited on howtogeek.com, Ubuntu One comes with features for sharing files or folders online, streaming music to your smartphone, synchronizing installed applications to all your devices, and much more. Let’s take a look at ten such unknown features below -
1.**Sync Any Folder** – On a default basis, Ubuntu merely synchronizes files within the Ubuntu One folder in your home directory. But you can right-click any folder, point to the Ubuntu One menu and choose Synchronize This Folder to begin synchronizing it, too. You can manage your synchronized folders from the Ubuntu One application.
2.**Limit Bandwidth** - Ubuntu One utilises every available bandwidth for file uploads and downloads as a default. It allows you to restrict its upload and download speeds in case you have a slow connection. The bandwidth settings can be seen on the Settings pane in the Ubuntu One window.
3.**Using Ubuntu One on Windows** - Ubuntu One doesn’t only run on Linux but provides a Windows client with complete file synchronisation support. Ubuntu One is a cross-platform file synchronization service and you can use it if you’re a Windows user who has never used Ubuntu.
4.**Sharing Files** – By making use of the right-click menu in your file manager or the Ubuntu One website, you can share files and folders publically on the Internet or privately with other Ubuntu One users.
5.**Synchronisation of Installed Software** - Ubuntu One can synchronize the software installed by you from Ubuntu’s Software Center between your computers making it easy to keep track of which software that has been installed.
6. **Using Mobile Apps** - Ubuntu One provides apps for Android, iPhone, iPad and iPod Touch. Using the app, you can access your Ubuntu One files on the go using your mobile device.
7.**Automatically Uploading Photos Via Your Smartphone** - The mobile app can automatically upload photos using your smartphone to your personal Ubuntu One cloud. It permits easy access to your photos on all your devices.
8.**Mobile Music Streaming** - Ubuntu One provides a Ubuntu One Music app for Android and iOS. This app permits you to stream your music to your mobile device from anywhere. You can also cache files on your device for offline listening.
9.**Sync Contacts** - Ubuntu One is able to synchronise your contacts and store them online. At the moment, you can import contacts from Facebook on the Ubuntu One website or add them manually. Earlier versions of Ubuntu could support contacts sync with the Evolution email client, but contact sync with Thunderbird is now absent in Ubuntu 12.04.
10.**Managing Files in Your Browser** - With Ubuntu One installed on your computer, you can access and take care of your files from the Ubuntu One website. You can download files, upload files, or manage your existing files using your browser.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://www.efytimes.com/e1/fullnews.asp?edid=127466
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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10 Linux/Unix Bash and KSH Shell Job Control Examples
================================================================================
![](http://s0.cyberciti.org/uploads/cms/2014/02/unix-llnux-shell-job-control-series.jpg)
Linux and Unix are multitasking operating systems i.e. a system that can run multiple tasks (process) during the same period of time. In this new blog series, I am going to list the Linux and Unix job control commands that you can use for multitasking with the Bash or Korn or POSIX shell.
### What is a job control? ###
Job control is nothing but the ability to stop/suspend the execution of processes (commands) and continue/resume their execution as per your requirements. This is done using your operating system and shell such as bash/ksh or POSIX shell.
### Who provides a facility to control jobs? ###
The Bash / Korn shell, or POSIX shell provides a facility to control jobs.
### Say hello to job table ###
Your shell keeps a table of current jobs, called job table. When you type command the shell assigns a jobID (also known as JOB_SPEC). A jobID or JOB_SPEC is nothing but small integer numbers.
#### #1: Creating your first Linux/Unix job ####
I am going to run a command called xeyes that displays two googly eyes on screen, enter:
$ xeyes &
Sample outputs:
[![](http://s0.cyberciti.org/uploads/cms/2014/02/run-xeyes-command-in-background.jpg)][4]
*Fig.01: Running the xeyes command in the background*
I started a job in the background with an ampersand (&). The shell prints a line that looks like the following:
[1] 6891
In this example, two numbers are output as follows
- [1] : The xeyes job, which was started in the background, was job number 1.
- 6891 : A process ID of job number 1.
I am going to start a few more jobs:
## Start a text editor, system load average display for X, and sleep command ##
gedit /tmp/hello.c &
xload &
sleep 100000 &
#### #2: List the current jobs ####
To [see the status of active jobs in the current shell][1], type:
$ jobs
$ jobs -l
Sample outputs:
[1] 9379 Running xeyes &
[2] 9380 Running gedit /tmp/hello.c &
[3]- 9420 Running xload &
[4]+ 9421 Running sleep 100000 &
A brief description of each field is given below:
(注：表格部分，这样发表出来应该会方便看一点)
<table border="1"><tbody><tr><th>Field</th><th>Value</th><th>Description</th><th>Example(s)</th></tr><tr><td>1</td><td>[1]</td><td><strong>jobID</strong> or <strong>JOB_SPEC</strong> - Job number to use with the fg, bg, wait, kill and other shell commands. You must prefix the job number with a percent sign (<kbd><strong>%</strong></kbd>).<br>A plus sign (<kbd>+</kbd>) identifies the default or current job.<br>A minus sign (<kbd>-</kbd>) identifies the previous job.</td><td><kbd>%1</kbd><br><kbd>fg %1</kbd><br><kbd>kill %2</kbd></td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td>9379</td><td>P<strong>rocess ID</strong> - An identification unique number that is automatically assigned to each process when it is created on the system.</td><td>kill 9379</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td>Running</td><td><strong>state</strong> - The state of job:<br><kbd><strong>Running</strong></kbd> - The job is currently running and has not been suspended by a signal.<br><kbd><strong>Stopped</strong></kbd> - The job was suspended.<br></td><td>N/A</td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td>xeyes &amp;</td><td><strong>command</strong> - The command that was given to the shell.</td><td>script &amp;<br>firefox url&amp;</td></tr></tbody></table>
You can also use ps command to list the processes running on the system:
$ ps
#### #3: Stop or suspend running jobs ####
Hit the [Ctrl]-[Z] key or use [kill command][2] as follows:
kill -s stop PID
In this example, start [ping command][3] and use the Ctrl-Z key sequence to stop the ping command job:
[![](http://s0.cyberciti.org/uploads/cms/2014/02/suspend-unix-job-command.gif)][5]
*Animated gif 01: Suspending ping command job*
#### #4: Resume suspended/stopped job in the foreground ####
Let us [resume or bring stopped ping job to the foreground][6] and make it the current job with the help of [fg command][7]. The syntax is as follows:
## Job id number 5 for ping command ##
fg %5
I can also state any job whose command line begins with the string "ping":
## %String ##
fg %ping
Sample outputs:
64 bytes from www.cyberciti.biz (75.126.153.206): icmp_req=3 ttl=53 time=265 ms
64 bytes from www.cyberciti.biz (75.126.153.206): icmp_req=4 ttl=53 time=249 ms
64 bytes from www.cyberciti.biz (75.126.153.206): icmp_req=5 ttl=53 time=267 ms
^C
#### #5: Resume suspended/stopped job in the background ####
In this example, I am going to update all installed packages on Red Hat or CentOS Linux production server using [yum command][8] background job:
# yum -y update &>/root/patch.log &
However, due to some reason (say load issue) I decided to stop this job for 20 minutes:
# kill -s stop %yum
Sample outputs:
[7]+ Stopped yum -y update &>/root/patch.log &
#### Restart a stopped background yum process with bg ####
Now, I am going to [resume stopped the yum -y update &>/root/patch.log & job][9], type:
# bg %7
OR
# bg %yum
Sample outputs:
[7]+ yum -y update &>/root/patch.log &
#### #6: Kill a job / process ####
To stop/kill a [yum command][10] process, enter the following [kill command][11] whose jobID was 7:
# kill %7
OR
# kill pid
Sample outputs:
[7]+ Terminated yum -y update &>/root/patch.log &
On Linux/FreeBSD/OS X Unix you can [use killall command to kill process by name instead of PID][12] or jobID.
#### #7 Why does shell kill off all my background jobs when I logout? ####
In this example, I am going to start pdfwriter.py job to generate pdf files for [this site][13] in bulk:
~/scripts/www/pdfwriter.py --profile=faq --type=clean --header=logo\
--footer-left "nixCraft is GIT UL++++ W+++ C++++ M+ e+++ d-" \
--footer-right "Page [of] of [total]" &
As soon as I logout from shell, pdfwriter.py job will be killed by my shell. To overcome this problem use [disown shell builting command to tell the shell not to send a HUP signal][14], type:
$ ~/scripts/www/pdfwriter.py --profile=faq .... &
$ disown
$ exit
#### #8 Prevent job from being killed on logout using an external command called nohup ####
You can also use [nohup command to execute jobs after you exit from a shell prompt][15]:
$ nohup ~/scripts/www/pdfwriter.py --profile=faq .... &
$ exit
#### #9: Finding the PID of last job ####
To find the the process ID of the most recently executed background (asynchronous) command, use bash shell special parameter $!
$ gedit foo.txt &
$ echo "PID of most recently executed background job - $!"
Sample outputs:
PID of most recently executed background job - 9421
#### #10: Wait for job completion ####
The wait command waits for given process ID or jobID (job specification) , and reports its termination status. The syntax is as follows:
/path/to/large-job/command/foo &
wait $!
/path/to/next/job/that-is-dependents/on-foo-command/bar
Here is one of my working script:
#!/bin/bash
# A shell script wrapper to create pdf files for our blog/faq section
########################################################################
# init() - Must be run first
# Purpose - Create index file in $_tmp for all our wordpress databases
########################################################################
init(){
_php="/usr/bin/php"
_phpargs="-d apc.enabled=0"
_base="~/scripts"
_tmp="$_base/tmp"
_what="$1"
for i in $_what
do
[[ ! -d "$_tmp/$i" ]] && /bin/mkdir "$_tmp/$i"
$_php $_phpargs -f "$_base/php/rawsqlmaster${i}.php" > "$_tmp/$i/output.txt"
done
}
#####################################################
# Without index file, we can out generate pdf files
#####################################################
init blog
###########################################################
# Do not run the rest of the script until init() finished
###########################################################
wait $!
## Alright, create pdf files
~/scripts/www/pdfwriter.py --profile=blog --type=clean --header=logo\
--footer-left "nixCraft is GIT UL++++ W+++ C++++ M+ e+++ d-" \
--footer-right "Page [of] of [total]"
#### Linux and Unix job control command list summery ####
<table border="1"><tbody><tr><th>Command</th><th>Description</th><th>Example(s)</th></tr><tr><td><kbd><strong>&amp;</strong></kbd></td><td>Put the job in the background</td><td><kbd>command &amp;</kbd></td></tr><tr><td><kbd><strong>%n</strong></kbd></td><td>Set the job with the given n (number)</td><td><kbd>command %1</kbd></td></tr><tr><td><kbd><strong>%Word</strong></kbd></td><td>Refer the job whose command line begins with the Word</td><td><kbd>command %yum</kbd></td></tr><tr><td><kbd><strong>%?Word</strong></kbd></td><td>Refer any job whose command line contains the Word</td><td><kbd>command %?ping</kbd></td></tr><tr><td><kbd><strong>%%</strong></kbd><br><kbd><strong>%+</strong></kbd></td><td>Refer to the current job</td><td><kbd>kill %%<br>kill %+</kbd></td></tr><tr><td><kbd><strong>%-</strong></kbd></td><td>Refer to the previous job</td><td><kbd>bg %-</kbd></td></tr><tr><td><kbd><strong>CTRL-Z</strong><br><kbd><strong>kill -s stop jobID</strong></kbd></kbd></td><td>Suspend or stop the job</td><td><kbd>kill -s stop %ping</kbd></td></tr><tr><td><kbd><strong>jobs</strong><br><kbd><strong>jobs -l</strong></kbd></kbd></td><td>List the active jobs</td><td><kbd>jobs -l</kbd></td></tr><tr><td><kbd><strong>bg</strong></kbd></td><td>Put jobs to the background</td><td><kbd>bg %1<br>bg %ping</kbd></td></tr><tr><td><kbd><strong>fg</strong></kbd></td><td>Put job to the foreground</td><td><kbd>fg %2<br>fg %apt-get</kbd></td></tr></tbody></table>
#### A note about shell built-in and external commands ####
Run the following type command to find out whether given command is internal or external:
type -a fg bg jobs disown
Sample outputs:
fg is a shell builtin
fg is /usr/bin/fg
bg is a shell builtin
bg is /usr/bin/bg
jobs is a shell builtin
jobs is /usr/bin/jobs
disown is a shell builtin
In almost all cases, you need to use shell built-in commands. All external commands such as /usr/bin/fg or /usr/bin/jobs works in a different shell environment, and can not use parent shell's environment.
#### Conclusion ####
I hope you enjoyed this blog post series ([rss feed][16]) and I suggest that you read the following for more information:
- See our faq section for [disown command examples][17], [jobs command examples][18], [bg command examples][19], and [fg command examples][20] on Linux/Unix process management.
- Man pages [bash(1)][21], [ksh(1)][22], [ps(1)][23], [kill(1)][24]
- [Korn shell (ksh93) documentation][25].
- [NU bash shell documentation][26].
I am planning to add more in-depth tutorial in this series. Please let me know if you need to see specific topic in the comment section below.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://www.cyberciti.biz/howto/unix-linux-job-control-command-examples-for-bash-ksh-shell/
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[1]:http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/unix-linux-jobs-command-examples-usage-syntax/
[2]:http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/unix-kill-command-examples/
[3]:http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/unix-ping-command-examples/
[4]:http://www.cyberciti.biz/howto/unix-linux-job-control-command-list-for-bash-ksh-shell/attachment/run-xeyes-command-in-background/
[5]:http://www.cyberciti.biz/howto/unix-linux-job-control-command-list-for-bash-ksh-shell/attachment/suspend-unix-job-command/
[6]:http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/unix-linux-fg-command-examples-usage-syntax/
[7]:http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/unix-linux-fg-command-examples-usage-syntax/
[8]:http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/rhel-centos-fedora-linux-yum-command-howto/
[9]:http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/unix-linux-bg-command-examples-usage-syntax/
[10]:http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/rhel-centos-fedora-linux-yum-command-howto/
[11]:http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/unix-kill-command-examples/
[12]:http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/unix-linux-killall-command-examples-usage-syntax/
[13]:http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/
[14]:http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/unix-linux-disown-command-examples-usage-syntax/
[15]:http://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/nohup-execute-commands-after-you-exit-from-a-shell-prompt.html
[16]:http://www.cyberciti.biz/tutorials/practical-unixlinux-series/feed/
[17]:http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/unix-linux-disown-command-examples-usage-syntax/
[18]:http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/unix-linux-jobs-command-examples-usage-syntax/
[19]:http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/unix-linux-bg-command-examples-usage-syntax/
[20]:http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/unix-linux-fg-command-examples-usage-syntax/
[21]:http://www.manpager.com/linux/man1/bash.1.html
[22]:http://www.manpager.com/linux/man1/ksh.1.html
[23]:http://www.manpager.com/linux/man1/ps.1.html
[24]:http://www.manpager.com/linux/man1/kill.1.html
[25]:http://www2.research.att.com/sw/download/man/man1/ksh.html
[26]:https://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/bashref.html

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2014 Linux Jobs Report: Demand for Linux Expertise Drives Hiring Priorities
================================================================================
*Finding Linux talent moves up on priority list for hiring managers*
NEW YORK and SAN FRANCISCO, February 19, 2014 – Hiring managers are ramping up their plans to bring aboard talent with Linux skills, according to the 2014 Linux Jobs Report, which forecasts the Linux job market based on a survey of hiring managers and Linux professionals. This demand is driving salaries for Linux above industry norms and leading a majority of Linux professionals to conclude that Linux skills are helping them move their careers forward.
![](https://www.linuxfoundation.org/sites/main/files/infogfx_jobs_report_2014.png)
[The 2014 Linux Jobs Report][1] released today includes data from hiring managers (1,100) and Linux professionals (4,000), providing a comprehensive view of the Linux career landscape from business needs driving demand to personal incentives and job motivations that are most attractive to Linux professionals.
“Enterprises are increasingly describing Linux as a core part of the business,” said Shravan Goli, President of Dice. “In turn, hiring managers are turning up the dial on the incentives offered to technology talent with Linux skills. These professionals are working on projects tightly aligned with a future vision of what enterprises look like.”
This is the third annual Linux Jobs Report produced by Dice, the leading career site for technology and engineering professionals, and The Linux Foundation, the nonprofit organization dedicated to supporting the growth of Linux and collaborative development. The resulting report should help the industry understand what is contributing to Linux job trends and inform employers about the best ways to recruit and retain key Linux talent.
”While demand continues to grow for Linux talent, there remains a shortage of experienced Linux professionals on the market. This year’s Linux Jobs Report clearly illustrates this issue,” said Jim Zemlin, executive director at The Linux Foundation. “This year’s report also shows there is unlimited career advancement for developers and systems administrators who contribute to and seek out learning opportunities for Linux. The future is a bright one for professionals who know Linux.”
Key statistics from the report include:
- **Finding Linux talent is becoming more of a priority for hiring managers.** Seventy seven percent of hiring managers have “hiring Linux talent” on their list of priorities for 2014, up from 70 percent a year ago. With these strategic priorities set, more than nine in ten hiring managers plan to hire a Linux professional in the next six months.
- **Hiring managers are increasing the number of Linux professionals they are searching for.** Forty six percent of hiring managers are beefing up their plans for recruiting Linux talent over the next six months, representing a three-point increase from hiring managers’ plans in 2013.
- **Knowing Linux advances careers.** Eighty-six percent of Linux professionals report that knowing Linux has given them more career opportunities, and 64 percent say they chose to work with Linux because of its pervasiveness in modern-day technology infrastructure.
The 2014 Linux Jobs Report also includes data about why employers are seeking Linux talent now and what the top incentives are for Linux pros, among other important findings. Download the [complete report][2] today.
### The 2014 Linux Jobs Report Methodology ###
During November and December 2013, Dice and The Linux Foundation surveyed both hiring managers and Linux professionals about their Linux jobs needs and preferences. Hiring managers from corporations, small and medium businesses (SMBs), government organizations, and staffing agencies were surveyed. More than 1,100 responded with 58 percent indicating their company was headquartered in North America, 21 percent in Europe, seven percent in Asia, four percent in South America, two percent in each of the regions of Africa, Mexico and Central America and Japan, one percent in the Middle East, and less than one percent in Australia/New Zealand. Respondents needed to have hired at least one Linux professional in the last year, or have plans to hire Linux professionals in 2014 to participate in the survey, and they were allowed to check as many responses to questions as appropriate. In addition, more than 4,000 Linux professionals responded to a survey, with 34 percent indicating they’ve been working as a Linux professional for 10 years or more.
### About Dice ###
Technology powers companies. Professionals power technology. Dice quickly delivers the opportunities, insights and connections technology professionals and employers need to move forward. Learn how to effectively move forward at [www.dice.com][3].
### About The Linux Foundation ###
The Linux Foundation is a nonprofit consortium dedicated to fostering the growth of Linux and collaborative software development. Founded in 2000, the organization sponsors the work of Linux creator Linus Torvalds and promotes, protects and advances the Linux operating system and collaborative software development by marshaling the resources of its members and the open source community. The Linux Foundation provides a neutral forum for collaboration and education by hosting Collaborative Projects, Linux conferences including LinuxCon, and generating original research and content that advances the understanding of Linux and collaborative software development. More information can be found at [www.linuxfoundation.org][4].
###
Trademarks: The Linux Foundation, Linux Standard Base, MeeGo, OpenDaylight, Tizen and Yocto Project are trademarks of The Linux Foundation. OpenBEL is a trademark of OpenBEL Consortium. Linux is a trademark of Linus Torvalds
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://www.linuxfoundation.org/news-media/announcements/2014/02/2014-linux-jobs-report-demand-linux-expertise-drives-hiring
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[1]:https://www.linuxfoundation.org/publications/linux-foundation/linux-adoption-trends-end-user-report-2014
[2]:http://techhub.dice.com/2014-DHX_linuxJobReport_LP.html
[3]:http://www.dice.com/
[4]:http://www.linuxfoundation.org/

3
sources/5 Best Themes For Ubuntu 13.10.md
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(翻译中 by runningwater)
5 Best Themes For Ubuntu 13.10
================================================================================
![](http://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Best_Themes_Ubuntu.jpeg)
@ -68,7 +69,7 @@ And that ends the list of 5 best themes for Ubuntu 13.10. You may want to check
via: http://itsfoss.com/best-themes-ubuntu-1310/
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
译者：[runningwater](https://github.com/runningwater) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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43
sources/Because You Can--Windows 8 GTK Theme For Linux.md Normal file
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Because You Can: Windows 8 GTK Theme For Linux
================================================================================
The weather is pretty torrid here in my home town at present, but it will likely pale to the storm that this post will generate: yes, I’m writing about a Windows GTK theme.
![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/windows-8-gtk-theme.png)
Now, confession time: I, personally, do not sit at my desk and think: “**What my Ubuntu desktop really needs…is to look like another OS!**”. But while I may not find aping the appearance of other systems to my own tastes, there are plenty of users – maybe even including you – who do.
There’s nothing inherently wrong with this, either. It’s easy to have a fit of fanboy-ism and biased derision, but the flexibility afforded to tweakers, customisers and themers of Linux desktop environments is there to be taken advantage of, so I say ‘Why not?‘
### Windows 8 Modern UI ###
> ‘The aged Crayola-blue borders of Windows XP and the transparent excesses of Aero Glass are sorely dated.’
As Windows is the most widely used desktop OS in the world – booing and hissing goes here – it’s no surprise that a mountain of GTK and Metacity themes mimicking its appearance are on offer.
But the aged Crayola-blue borders of Windows XP and the transparent excesses of Aero Glass are dated. It’s now all about the colourful Modern UI.
The flat, solid and angular stylings of the theme introduced in Windows 8 has helped give Microsoft’s desktop OS a fresher feel, while the [consistent use of design cues from its other products][1], like Windows Phone 8 and Xbox One, affords a small dose of familiarity to users.
This particular Windows 8 GTK Theme comes closer than most to accurately matching the design language of its inspiration. Granted, I don’t use Windows 8 enough to know its theme inside-out. But superficiality matters most here, and on that score this theme succeeds.
Flat themes are not the preserve of Microsoft, though. Themes like [Iris Light, which we shared recently][2], are picking up in popularity on Linux, too.
### Download Windows 8 Theme for Linux ###
Grab the theme files from GNOME-Look, pop them in your ‘/usr/share/theme‘ folder and then apply using an app like Unity Tweak.
- [Windows 8 GTK Theme on GNOME-Look][3]
- [Windows 8 Metacity Theme on GNOME-Look][4]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/02/windows-8-metro-gtk-theme
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[1]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_(design_language)
[2]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/01/iris-flat-gtk-theme-for-linux
[3]:http://gnome-look.org/content/show.php?content=158721
[4]:http://gnome-look.org/content/show.php/Windows+8+modern+UI?content=157024

75
sources/Create Directory - subdirectory, other than that What mkdir command do in Linux.md
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翻译 ing Luoxcat
Create Directory - subdirectory, other than that What mkdir command do in Linux
================================================================================
After knowing about ls command for listing entries inside directory, we are now moving to creating directory in Linux system. On Linux, we can use **mkdir** command. Mkdir is short for “make directory”.
### What is mkdir ###
Mkdir is a command for creating directories in Linux system. This command is a built-in command.
### Run mkdir command ###
You can type **mkdir** directly from your console to use it.
$ mkdir
By default, running mkdir without any parameter will create directory under the current directory. Here’s a sample of it :
![mkdir command](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/mkdir.png)
From screenshot above, we created directory called **office**. When we run mkdir command, we are in **/home/pungki** directory. So then the new directory, which is office, is **created under /home/pungki** directory. **If we put an exact location** - for example : **/usr/local** - , then Linux will create a directory under **/usr/local** directory.
When Linux found that the directory which suppose to be created is already exist, then Linux will telling us that Linux can’t cretate it.
![mkdir directory exist](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/mkdir_error.png)
Another pre-requisite of creating directory that **you must have access to** the location where the directory want to be created. When you don’t have it then mkdir will report an error.
![mkdir permission denied](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/mkdir_permission_denied.png)
### Create multiple directories ###
We can also create multiple directories at the same time. Let say we want to create directories named **ubuntu, redhat and slackware**. Then the syntax will be like this :
$ mkdir ubuntu redhat slackware
![create multiple directories](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/mkdir_multiple.png)
### Add directory include its sub-directory ###
When you want to created a include its sub-directory, you will need to use -p parameter. This parameter will create parent directory first, if mkdir cannot find it. Let say we want to create directory named **letter** and directory named **important** under directory letter. Then the syntax will be like this :
$ mkdir -p letter/important
![mkdir sub-directory](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/mkdir_p.png)
### Set access privilege ###
Using **-m** parameter, we can also set the access privilege for the new directory on-the-fly. Here’s an example.
$ mkdir -m=r-- letter
The above command will create a directory named letter and give access privilege **read-only** for the **directory owner, directory group owner** and **anybody**.
![mkdir set privilege](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/mkdir_m.png)
### Print message a message for each created directory ###
If we want, we can use **-v** parameter to do this. Here’s an example.
$ mkdir -v ubuntu redhat slackware
![mkdir verbose](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/mkdir_v.png)
### Conclusion ###
Mkdir command is also one of the basic command that must known for everyone who want to learn Linux. As usual, you can always type **man mkdir** or **mkdir --help** to display mkdir manual page and explore it more detail.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/linux-mkdir-command/
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出

51
sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Intel Graphics Installer 1.0.3 Released – Supports Ubuntu 13.10.md
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Daily Ubuntu Tips – Intel Graphics Installer 1.0.3 Released – Supports Ubuntu 13.10
================================================================================
For those using desktops or laptops with Intel graphic cards running Ubuntu Linux 13.10, here’s something they might want to do – Install Intel Graphic Installer for Linux.
Intel Graphic Installer for Linux allows users to easily install the latest graphic and video drivers for Intel graphic hardware. Until just recently, there were no support Ubuntu Linux 13.10.
If you want to stay current with the latest drivers for Intel cards in your machine, you might need this installer. It enhances, optimizes and provides the best user experience with your Intel graphic hardware.
[https://01.org/linuxgraphics/downloads/2013/intelr-graphics-installer-1.0.3-linux][1]
### Installing Intel Graphic Installer in Ubuntu ###
If you surely know that your computer has an Intel graphic card and you’re running Ubuntu 13.10, continue below to learn how to install this package,
Some users have had issues with their systems after installing and configuring the driver package, so you should be cautious and backup your system before installing. When you’re done and ready, run the commands below to download the 32-bit version of the package.
### 32-bit Ubuntu Linux ###
cd /tmp && wget https://download.01.org/gfx/ubuntu/13.10/main/pool/main/i/intel-linux-graphics-installer/intel-linux-graphics-installer_1.0.3_i386.deb
For those running 64-bit Ubuntu, run the commands below to download the 64-bit version.
### 64-bit Ubuntu Linux ###
cd /tmp && wget https://download.01.org/gfx/ubuntu/13.10/main/pool/main/i/intel-linux-graphics-installer/intel-linux-graphics-installer_1.0.3_amd64.deb
After downloading the package, run the commands below to install.
sudo dpkg -i intel-linux-graphics-installer*.deb; sudo apt-get -f install
After installing the installer, go to Unity Dash and search for the installer. When it opens, continue. It will search and identify the correct driver for your device.
![](http://www.liberiangeek.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/intelgraphicsinstaller.png)
In order for your system to trust Intel Graphic Installer, you must add the following key to Ubuntu’s software repository. Run the commands below to add it.
wget --no-check-certificate https://download.01.org/gfx/RPM-GPG-KEY-ilg -O - | sudo apt-key add -
That’s it. If you did everything as described above, your machine should be running the correct Intel driver. If not, it maybe that your graphic card isn’t compatible or it’s not supported.
Enjoy!
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://www.liberiangeek.net/2014/01/daily-ubuntu-tips-intel-graphics-installer-1-0-3-released-supports-ubuntu-13-10/
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[1]:https://01.org/linuxgraphics/downloads/2013/intelr-graphics-installer-1.0.3-linux

3
sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Linux Kernel 3.12.7 Released – Here’s How To Upgrade In Ubuntu.md
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Vic020的坑
Daily Ubuntu Tips – Linux Kernel 3.12.7 Released – Here’s How To Upgrade In Ubuntu
================================================================================
Linux Kernel version 3.12.7 mainline has just been released and this brief tutorial is going to show you how to easily upgrade in Ubuntu. If you’re running Ubuntu 13.10 and below, chances are your system doesn’t have this latest kernel installed.
@ -57,4 +58,4 @@ via: http://www.liberiangeek.net/2014/01/daily-ubuntu-tips-linux-kernel-3-12-7-r
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[1]:https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v3.x/ChangeLog-3.12.7
[1]:https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v3.x/ChangeLog-3.12.7

68
sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Manually Install Any Version Of Firefox In Ubuntu.md
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Daily Ubuntu Tips – Manually Install Any Version Of Firefox In Ubuntu
================================================================================
Firefox is the primary web browser in Ubuntu. It comes pre-installed and added to Ubuntu default software repositories which get updated with the latest version of Firefox automatically.
Most people won’t worry about installing or messing with Firefox because there’s nothing to do. It’s already installed and ready to use. The version of Firefox in Ubuntu’s repositories is what you’ll always get unless Canonical updates its software repositories with the latest versions.
Now, if you want to try other versions or Firefox, you’ll have to manually download and install it in Ubuntu, and this brief tutorial is going to show you how to do it properly in Ubuntu.
Because Firefox is so integrated in Ubuntu, if you try to completely remove it, you’ll probably break other things. So the best way to install other versions is to create a separate in folder for each version and symbolically link it.
### Downloading and installing Firefox in Ubuntu ###
So, here’s it. If you want to manually download the latest version of Firefox in Ubuntu, go to its [download page][1]. From there you’ll be able to get the latest version and install it.
If you wish to install other versions of Firefox starting with the initial release, [visit this page][2]. There you’ll see every version ever released beginning with version 0.8.
After downloading the version you wish to install, change to the Downloads folder of your home directory because that’s where most files get downloaded in Ubuntu.
cd ~/Downloads
![](http://www.liberiangeek.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/firefoxmanualinstall.png)
### Configuring Firefox ###
Since most Firefox Linux downloads get wrapped inside a .tar and bz2 archives, you must extract the files from these archives. There are many ways to extract files from archives in Ubuntu.
The one I used here is the command below. It extracts the file from both .tar and .bz2 archives easily.
tar -xjf firefox*.tar.bz2
After the extractions, there’s will be a new Firefox folder in your Downloads folder. That’s the folder which contains all the Firefox files and executables.
Since we don’t want to remove the current Firefox installation, we must create a separate folder each version of Firefox. So, for Firefox version 30, create a folder in the /opt directory with the new content of Firefox using the commands below.
sudo mv firefox/ /opt/firefox30
Now, **/opt/firefox30/** directory contains all the files for version 30.
### Create a symbolic link to the new Firefox executable ###
By default, Firefox executable file lives in this location: **/user/bin/firefox**. What we want to do is temporary create a backup so we can use our custom installed executable.
To do that, run the commands below.
sudo mv /usr/bin/firefox /usr/bin/firefox-old
Now that we’ve move Firefox executable file from its default location, we must link the default location to our new custom installed file. To do that, run the commands below to create a symbolic link to our version 30 install.
sudo ln -s /opt/firefox30/firefox /usr/bin/firefox
We’re set. Now our custom installed Firefox is the default in Ubuntu. Every time you launch Firefox, it will pull from the new executable we linked earlier.
Enjoy!
![](http://www.liberiangeek.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/firefoxmanualinstall1.png)
This is also a great way to install 64-bit edition of Firefox.+
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://www.liberiangeek.net/2014/02/daily-ubuntu-tips-manually-install-any-version-of-firefox-in-ubuntu/
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[1]:http://www.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/all/
[2]:https://ftp.mozilla.org/pub/mozilla.org/firefox/releases/

47
sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Skype Minor Update Fixes PulseAudio, 64-bit Issues.md
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Daily Ubuntu Tips – Skype Minor Update Fixes PulseAudio, 64-bit Issues
================================================================================
A minor update for Skype was recently released for Linux systems, including Ubuntu that fixes issues with PulseAudio 3.x and 4.x audio noise, resolves crash on Ubuntu/Debian 64-bit systems due to missing libasound2-plugins:i386 and others.
If you currently using Skype in Ubuntu you may want to upgrade to take advantage of these fixes. There isn’t anything new except resolving these bugs.
Here’s the full list of items that were fixed according to its changelog.
- **Workaround** for PulseAudio 3.x and 4.x audio noise issues
- **Bug fix** for crash when opening a chat with non-existent emoticon
- **Bug fix** for errant crash on Ubuntu/Debian 64-bit owing to missing libasound2-plugins:i386 dependency
- **Bug fix** for some dialpad numbers not working properly
For Ubuntu users, here’s how to upgrade.
If you already have Skype installed, you will want to remove it before upgrading as it may create a conflict with the current installation.
To remove Skype from Ubuntu, run the commands from the terminal console.
sudo apt-get autoremove --purge skype
After uninstalling Skype, go to [Skype Download page][1] and get the latest version for Ubuntu. Save the download and open with Ubuntu Software Center.
![](http://www.liberiangeek.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/skypeubuntuupgrade.png)
Because Software Center must download additional Skype packages, installation might take some time so be patient.
![](http://www.liberiangeek.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/skypeubuntuupgrade1.png)
![](If you’re having issues installing Skype via Software Center, go to your Downloads folder and run the commands below to forcibly install Skype by running the commands below.)
sudo dpkg -i skype-ubuntu*.deb; sudo apt-get -f install
After installing Skype, go to Unity Dash and launch the latest version which is 4.2.0.13 as time of this writing.
![](http://www.liberiangeek.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/skypeubuntuupgrade2.png)
That’s it! Enjoy!
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://www.liberiangeek.net/2014/01/daily-ubuntu-tips-skype-minor-update-fixes-pulseaudio-64-bit-issues/
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[1]:http://www.skype.com/en/download-skype/skype-for-computer/

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sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Upgrade To Ubuntu 14.04 (Trusty Tahr) From 13.10.md
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Daily Ubuntu Tips – Upgrade To Ubuntu 14.04 (Trusty Tahr) From 13.10
================================================================================
Although Ubuntu 14.04 isn’t scheduled to be released anytime soon, those that like to try bleeding edge software and OS can now do an in-place upgrade to Ubuntu 14.04 from 13.10.
Ubuntu 14.04 is scheduled to be released tentatively on April 17th 2014 but you don’t have to wait that long to upgrade and try it. This brief tutorial is going to show you how to do an in-place upgrade to Ubuntu 14.04 from 13.10.
In place upgrade is when you run the update-manager command from an existing Ubuntu installation to upgrade to the next. It allows you to retain most of your documents, settings and some applications.
Most in-place upgrades rely on a reliable Internet connection. Without a good and stable internet connections, it might be impossible to upgrade Ubuntu using this method.
If you can’t upgrade using the internet, you can also perform an in-place upgrade from a CD/DVD disc. This method allows you to upgrade Ubuntu offline without internet connection.
### Upgrading to Ubuntu 14.04 ###
To upgrade to Ubuntu 14.04, you must first prepare your existing computer. To do that, run the commands below to update all existing packages and kernels.
sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get dist-upgrade && sudo apt-get autoremove
After updating your machine, you may want to restart so new packages and kernel can apply before upgrading.
Next, press the **Alt + F2** keys on your keyboard to open Ubuntu run command box. When the box opens, type the commands below and press **Enter**.
update-manager –d
Ubuntu should then open update-manager with an upgrade option. Press **Upgrade** to begin upgrading your machine.
![](http://www.liberiangeek.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/ubuntu1404upgrade.png)
That’s it!
Wait for Ubuntu to finish downloading and installing all the upgraded packages. When that’s done, you’ll be prompted to restart your computer.
Enjoy!
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://www.liberiangeek.net/2014/01/daily-ubuntu-tips-upgrade-to-ubuntu-14-04-trusty-tahr-from-13-10/
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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77
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How To Install Gnome 3.10 In Ubuntu 13.10
================================================================================
![](http://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Install_Gnome_310_Ubuntu_1310.jpeg)
Bored of Unity or simply dislike it? Why not **install Gnome 3.10 in Ubuntu 13.10**? Installing a new desktop environment is one of the first few [things to do after installing Ubuntu 13.10][1], if you like experimenting a bit. In this quick tutorial we shall see **how to install Gnome 3.10 in Ubuntu 13.10**.
### Install Gnome 3.10 in Ubuntu 13.10: ###
We shall be using several PPAs to install Gnome 3.10 and distribution upgrade will take some time to finish. I presume you have good internet speed, if not, you can use some of the [tips to improve system performance in Ubuntu 13.10][2].
#### Step 1: Install GDM [Optional] ####
First step is to install [GDM][3] along with the default [LightDM][4]. This is optional but recommended as some people mentioned issues with LightDM. Open a terminal (Ctrl+Alt+T) and use the following command:
sudo apt-get install gdm
#### Step 2: Add PPAs and upgrade the system ####
Now is the time to add some Gnome 3.10 PPAs. Addition of PPAs will be followed by a distribution upgrade which takes time and downloads over 200 MB of data.
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:gnome3-team/gnome3-next
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:gnome3-team/gnome3-staging
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get dist-upgrade
#### Step 3: Install Gnome shell ####
Once the upgrade has been done, use the following command to install Gnome 3.10 in Ubuntu.
sudo apt-get install gnome-shell
#### Step 4: Install Gnome specific apps [Optional] ####
This step too is optional. You may want to install some Gnome specific applications to get the full feel of Gnome 3.10 in Ubuntu. You may face issues with some of these apps.
sudo apt-get install gnome-weather gnome-music gnome-maps gnome-documents gnome-boxes gnome-shell-extensions gnome-tweak-tool gnome-clocks
That would be all you need to do. Restart your computer, at login, choose Gnome by clicking on the gear symbol. Here is what my Gnome 3.10 looks like on my laptop:
![](http://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Gnome_310_Ubuntu_1310.jpeg)
### Uninstall Gnome 3.10: ###
Did not like Gnome 3.10? No worries. Uninstall them by [deleting PPA][5]. To do that, you need to install PPA Purge (if not installed already). Use the following command:
sudo apt-get install ppa-purge
And afterwards, install the PPAs you installed:
sudo ppa-purge ppa:gnome3-team/gnome3-staging
sudo ppa-purge ppa:gnome3-team/gnome3-next
This will revert Gnome 3.10 to Gnome 3.8 which is available in Ubuntu 13.10 repository. To completely remove Gnome 3, use the following command:
sudo apt-get remove gnome-shell ubuntu-gnome-desktop
This will revert Gnome 3.10 to Gnome 3.8 which is available in Ubuntu 13.10 repository. To completely remove Gnome 3, use the following command:
sudo apt-get remove gnome-shell ubuntu-gnome-desktop
And of course you should remove any application that you installed specifically for Gnome 3.10
I hope this tutorial helped you to install Gnome 3.10 in Ubuntu 13.10. Did you try Gnome 3.10 already? Which you like more, Gnome or Unity?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://itsfoss.com/install-gnome-3-ubuntu-1310/
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[1]:http://itsfoss.com/things-to-do-after-installing-ubuntu-13-10/
[2]:http://itsfoss.com/speed-up-ubuntu-1310/
[3]:https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/GDM
[4]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LightDM
[5]:http://itsfoss.com/how-to-remove-or-delete-ppas-quick-tip/

56
sources/How To Install Google Keep In Ubuntu 13.10 [Quick Tip].md
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How To Install Google Keep In Ubuntu 13.10 [Quick Tip]
================================================================================
![](http://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Google-keep-logo.jpg)
Lately, Google Keep has been my favorite quick note taking app in Android. While working on Ubuntu, I often tend to take some quick note as well. Since Google Keep syncs between devices, it makes sense to **install Google Keep in Ubuntu** as well. In this quick tip, I am going to show you how to install Google Keep in Ubuntu 13.10 or other Linux distributions.
If you are a Google Chrome user, you might be aware of Google ‘desktop apps’. There are a bunch of apps in Chrome Web Store that can be found in “**For your desktop**” collection. Unlike regular Chrome apps that run inside the browser, these ‘desktop apps’ run standalone, like a desktop app. We’ll see how can we leverage this new feature to install chrome apps as native Ubuntu apps.
### Install Google Keep in Ubuntu 13.10: ###
Though I am taking an example of Google Keep here, you can use the same procedure to install other apps such as [Any.Do][1] or [Pocket][2] (from For your desktop collection). Quite obviously **you must have Google Chrome web browser installed in your system**. It may or may not work with Chromium browser.
### Step 1: ###
Open a new tab in Google Chrome. Go to Chrome Web Store and install Google Keep.
### Step 2: ###
Now from the new tab, **right click** on the Google Keep icon and select **Create shortcuts**.
![](http://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Install_Google_keep_Ubuntu.jpeg)
### Step 3: ###
Check both Desktop and Application menu.
![](http://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Install_Google_Keep_Ubuntu_2.png)
That actually is it. Quite easy in fact. You can now find Google Keep in Unity Dash and lock it to launcher. Even if you are not running Chrome, you can simply run Google Keep as a normal Ubuntu app.
![](http://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Install_Google_keep_Ubuntu_3.jpeg)
Cool, isn’t it? Google is planning to port Google App Launcher to Linux as well. And soon we will also have Google Now desktop app for Linux which is currently available only in dev channel.
Thinking about all these, I wonder why Google has not worked on a native Google Drive client for Linux. Of course there are third party apps such as [SyncDrive to sync Google Drive like Dropbox in Ubuntu][3] but an official Google Drive would be much appreciated.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://itsfoss.com/install-google-keep-ubuntu-1310/
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[1]:http://www.any.do/
[2]:http://getpocket.com/
[3]:http://itsfoss.com/sync-multiple-google-drive-dropbox-syncdrive-ubuntu/
[4]:
[5]:
[6]:
[7]:
[8]:
[9]:
[10]:
[11]:
[12]:

67
sources/How To Mount iPhone Or iPad With iOS 7 In Ubuntu 13.10.md Normal file
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How To Mount iPhone Or iPad With iOS 7 In Ubuntu 13.10
================================================================================
I got an iPhone 5 with iOS 7 couple of months back. I tried to connect iPhone or iPad with Linux (Ubuntu and Linux Mint), it was recognized and it asked me whether I “trust this computer”?
![](http://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/ios7-trust_this_computer1.jpeg)
And I said “I do” and tapped on Trust. After a flash of seconds it asked me again if I “trust this computer”? And I tapped Trust again. And then it asked the same question, I felt like it got trapped in a while(true) loop. While at Ubuntu, it showed me that my iPhone was locked and I could not access any files on it:
![](http://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/iPhone_issue_with_Ubuntu.png)
After some searching I came to know that this **infinite loop of trust this computer with iOS 7 in Linux** is a known [bug][1].
This actually is a [new security feature in iOS 7][2] which aims to tackle the issue of fake iPhone chargers. So, what is the solution here? Is there a way to **fix “trust this computer” with iOS 7 in Linux**? [libimobiledevice][3] library is is expected to fix this issue in version 1.1.6 but there is no expected availability date for the stable version.
Don’t be disheartened, you can still use the unstable version of libimobiledevice and connect your iPhone to Ubuntu easily. Let me show you how can you mount iPhone in Ubuntu 13.10 or Linux Mint 16 without getting in the pitfall of “trust this computer”.
### Fix trust this computer issue with iOS 7 in Ubuntu 12.04: ###
If you are using Ubuntu 12.04 LTS be it 32 bit or 64 bit or Linux Mint 13 Maya, you can add the following PPA by [Ingo Haschler][4]:
sudo apt-add-repository ppa:ingo/ios7support
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get upgrade
This will upgrade the libimobiledevice (already installed on the system) to unstable version 1.6. Reboot your computer and try to connect iPhone with Ubuntu again. It should work now.
#### Note: ####
If you get “lock down error”, try using the following commands:
sudo mkdir /var/lib/lockdown
sudo chmod 777 /va7Lib/lockdown
### Fix trust this computer issue with iOS 7 in Ubuntu 13.10: ###
For seasoned Linux users, you can get the source code from the [GitHub][5] and compile it. For **Ubuntu 13.10 64 bit** and **Linux Mint 16 64 bit** users, there is a Debian package compiled for you by [Iuri Diniz][6]. You can download and install this .deb package to easily mount iPhone on Ubuntu 13.10 64 bit.
- [libimobiledevice 1.6 for Ubuntu 13.10 & Linux Mint 16 64 bit][7]
Double click on the downloaded .deb file to install it. Note that Ubuntu and Linux Mint comes with libimobiledevice library pre-installed in it. This is why you would see an option of upgrading the libimobiledevice rather than installing it.
![](http://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/install_libimobiledevice_Ubuntu.jpeg)
Once installed, your iPhone or iPad should be mounted without any troubles. Here is a screenshot of my iPhone mounted in Ubuntu 13.10.
![](http://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/iPhone_Ubuntu_Linux.jpeg)
I could access the files, transfer the files from Ubuntu to iPhone. It was recognized by Rythembox for synchronizing also. It is not the first time I had issues with connecting my mobile device with Ubuntu. Last, I had written on [how to connect Kindle Fire HD with Ubuntu][8].
I hope this quick tutorial solves the infinite loop of ‘trust this computer’ problem with iPhone and Ubuntu for you as well. Let me know if it worked for you or if you are still facing issues to mount iPhone with Ubuntu Linux. Ciao ![](http://itsfoss.com/wp-includes/images/smilies/icon_smile.gif)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via:
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[1]:https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/linux/+bug/1207812
[2]:http://www.macobserver.com/tmo/article/apple-fixes-threat-from-fake-iphone-chargers-in-ios-7
[3]:http://www.libimobiledevice.org/
[4]:https://launchpad.net/~ingo
[5]:https://github.com/libimobiledevice/libimobiledevice
[6]:https://launchpad.net/~iuridiniz
[7]:https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/libimobiledevice/+bug/1207812/+attachment/3941542/+files/libimobiledevice4_1.1.6-git20140105_amd64.deb
[8]:http://itsfoss.com/how-to-connect-kindle-fire-hd-with-ubuntu-12-10/

60
sources/How to Play Blizzard's Hearthstone--Heroes of Warcraft on Linux.md
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How to Play Blizzard's Hearthstone: Heroes of Warcraft on Linux
================================================================================
![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/How-to-Play-Blizzard-s-Hearthstone-Heroes-of-Warcraft-on-Linux-424410-3.jpg)
**Hearthstone: Heroes of Warcraft is a collectible card game developed by Blizzard Entertainment that is free to play. You can get it to work on Linux, with the right amount of effort.**
Just like most games on the Windows platform, Hearthstone: Heroes of Warcraft can be made to work with the help of Wine (wine is not an emulator). Installing it is not enough, you also have to tweak it a bit in order for it to work.
Thanks to [Michael Washington][1] (moderator of the Gaming On Linux community on Google+) and [Michael Speth][2], the maintainer on winehq.org, who gathered all instructions in one place, playing Hearthstone is just a few commands away.
First of all, you're going to have to download the client from Blizzard's servers. This being a free to play game and in the open beta stages, the file is readily available for anyone who wants to grab it.
Then, you have to install the latest development version of Wine. If you are on Ubuntu (the tutorial works best on Ubuntu), you can do this from the official PPA. Just enter the following commands in a terminal:
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:ubuntu-wine/ppa
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install wine1.7
sudo apt-get install wine1.7-i386
The appdb.winehq.org has all the information necessary to make it work. You're going to have to edit some properties for a couple of libraries.
### dbghelp ###
Run winecfg
In the libraries tab, type dbghelp into the New override for library box.
Click Add, then Yes when it asks.
Click on dbghelp in the Existing_overrides list.
Click Edit.
Set to Disabled.
Click Ok. Then Ok.
### msvcp100 ###
Run winecfg
In the libraries tab, type msvcp100 into the New override for library box.
Click Add, then Yes when it asks.
Click on msvcp100 in the Existing_overrides list.
Click Edit.
Set to native,embedded.
Click Ok. Then Ok.
You also need to run the following command in a terminal and wait for it to complete:
winetricks wininet
All you have to do now is double click the .exe file you downloaded from Blizzard and you're good to go.
[Follow @thesilviu][3]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/How-to-Play-Blizzard-s-Hearthstone-Heroes-of-Warcraft-on-Linux-424410.shtml
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[1]:https://plus.google.com/u/0/106295000788676760101/posts/aYfwYEoThJw?cfem=1
[2]:http://appdb.winehq.org/objectManager.php?bShowAll=true&bIsQueue=false&bIsRejected=false&sClass=version&sTitle=&sReturnTo=&iId=29747
[3]:https://twitter.com/thesilviu

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How to convert an HTML web page to PNG image on Linux
================================================================================
One of the easiest way to screen capture a particular web page as a PNG image is by using [CutyCapt][1], which is a convenient command line Linux tool for converting any HTML webpage to a variety of vector and bitmat image formats (e.g., SVG, PDF, PS, PNG, JPEG, TIFF, GIF). Internally, CutyCapt uses WebKit rendering engine to export webpage rendering output to an image file. Built with Qt, CutyCapt is actually a cross-platform application available for other platforms such as Windows as well.
In this tutorial, I will describe how to **convert an HTML web page to PNG image format using CutyCapt**.
### Install CutyCapt on Linux ###
Here are distro-specific instructions to install CutyCapt on Linux.
**Install CutyCapt on Debian, Ubuntu or Linux Mint**
$ sudo apt-get install cutycapt
**Install CutyCapt on Fedora**
$ sudo yum install subversion qt-devel qtwebkit-devel gcc-c++ make
$ svn co svn://svn.code.sf.net/p/cutycapt/code/ cutycapt
$ cd cutycapt/CutyCapt
Before compilation on Fedora, you need to [patch][2] source code.
Open CutyCapt.hpp with a text editor, and add the following two lines at the beginning of the file.
#include <QNetworkReply>
#include <QSslError>
Finally, compile and install CutyCapt as follows.
$ qmake-qt4
$ make
$ sudo cp CutyCapt /usr/local/bin/cutycapt
### Install CutyCapt on CentOS or RHEL ###
First [enable EPEL repository][3] on your Linux. Then follow the same procedure as in Fedora to build and install CutyCapt.
### Convert HTML to PNG with CutyCapt ###
To take a screenshot of an HTML page as a PNG image, simply run CutyCapt in the following format.
$ cutycapt --url=http://www.cnn.com --out=cnn.png
To save an HTML page to a different format (e.g., PDF), simply specify the output file appropriately.
$ cutycapt --url=http://www.cnn.com --out=cnn.pdf
The following shows command-line options of cutycapt.
![](http://farm3.staticflickr.com/2811/12542271814_3c2563d405_z.jpg)
### Convert HTML to PNG with CutyCapt on a Headless Server ###
While CutyCapt is a CLI tool, it requires an X server running. If you attempt to run CutyCapt on a headless server, you will get the error:
cutycapt: cannot connect to X server :0
If you want to run CutyCapt on a headless server without X windows, you can set up Xvfb (lightweight "fake" X11 server) on the server, so that CutyCapt does not complain.
To install Xvfb on Debian, Ubuntu or Linux Mint:
$ sudo apt-get install xvfb
To install Xvfb on Fedora, CentOS or RHEL:
$ sudo yum install xvfb
After installing Xvfb, proceed to run CutyCapt as follows.
$ xvfb-run --server-args="-screen 0, 1280x1200x24" cutycapt --url=http://www.cnn.com --out=cnn.png
It will launch Xvfb server first, and then use CutyCapt to screen capture the webpage. So it may take longer. If you want to make multiple screenshots, you may want to start Xvfb server as a background daemon beforehand.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/02/convert-html-web-page-png-image-linux.html
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[1]:http://cutycapt.sourceforge.net/
[2]:https://github.com/hoehrmann/CutyCapt/issues/3
[3]:http://xmodulo.com/2013/03/how-to-set-up-epel-repository-on-centos.html

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How to set up RainLoop webmail in Ubuntu server
================================================================================
Webmail is undoubtedly an essential part of any mail server. While native email client software has typically more features compared to webmail services, accessing IMAP or SMTP server ports via an email client from outside of the trusted network can sometimes be tricky. Moreover, while you need a designated workstation, laptop, or mobile device to use an email client, you can use webmail services from anywhere as long as you have an Internet connection.
This tutorial will focus on setting up [RainLoop][1] webmail on an Ubuntu server running Apache. RainLoop is PHP-based webmail, and has the following features.
- Supports apache, nginx and other web servers.
- Standard interface supplemented with a gallery of themes to select from.
- Free to use for personal and non-profit projects.
As of this writing, there is no support for email filtering and out-of office auto replies yet.
### Install RainLoop on Ubuntu Server ###
First of all, necessary packages are set up in the server.
# apt-get install wget unzip apache2 php5 php5-mysql libmysqlclient15-dev mysql-server poppassd
Next, RainLoop is downloaded and installed.
# mkdir /var/www/webmail
# cd /var/www/webmail
# wget http://repository.Rainloop.net/v1/Rainloop-1.6.3.706-e3c14e17bc4370a1561bcc68d1d494fd.zip
# unzip Rainloop-1.6.3.706-e3c14e17bc4370a1561bcc68d1d494fd.zip
# rm Rainloop-*.zip
Then necessary permission is set.
# cd /var/www/webmail
# find . -type d -exec chmod 755 {} \;
# find . -type f -exec chmod 644 {} \;
# chown –R www-data:www-data /var/www/webmail
We are almost ready to use RainLoop. Final adjustments are made through the admin panel, which will be described next.
### First-Time Configuration via Admin Panel ###
Most configuration parameters can be adjusted with a user-friendly admin panel. The admin panel is accessible using the following credentials.
1. URL: http://IP/webmail/?admin
1. user: admin
1. Pass: 12345
Of course it is recommended to change the default password as soon as possible. We will use the admin panel to adjust the following settings.
### Add Domains ###
Domain settings is available at Admin Panel > Domains > Add Domain Page. The recommended server IP is localhost i.e., 127.0.0.1. Based on the server configuration, RainLoop can be configured to use IMAP/IMAPS or SMTP/SMTPS. Also, make sure that the 'Use short login form' checkbox is enabled.
![](http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/12603680854/)
Settings can be verified using the ‘Test Connection’ button.
### Enable Contacts ###
The contacts feature needs database support. We will be using MySQL for enabling contacts. The database required by RainLoop can be created manually as follows.
# mysql -u root -p
mysqlcreate database rainloop;
mysqlexit;
Now this feature can be enabled from Admin Panel > Contacts page.
![](http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/12603262215/)
Once again, settings can be checked using the ‘Test’ button.
### Enable Password Changing Plugin ###
Email accounts in most Linux-based mail servers are actual users of the operating system with their own UID and GID. Therefore, changing the password of these accounts has been tricky in the past. Fortunately, today there are tools available that can get the job done. One such tool is poppassd.
The first step is to install poppassd on the server, which can be done with apt-get.
# apt-get install poppassd
Next, to allow RainLoop to use poppassd, install RainLoop plugin for poppassd from Admin Panel > Packages page.
![](http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/12603357113/)
Finally, the poppassd plugin can be enabled from Admin Panel > Plugins page.
![](http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/12603681254/)
Now that all the parameters are set, a user can log in by providing their credentials as shown in the screenshot.
- URL: http://IP/webmail
- user: user@domain
- pass: password
![](http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/12603357333/)
Hope this helps.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/02/rainloop-webmail-ubuntu-server.html
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[1]:http://rainloop.net/

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How to spoof the MAC address of a network interface on Linux
================================================================================
A 48-bit MAC address (e.g., 08:4f:b5:05:56:a0) is a globally unique identifier associated with a physical network interface, which is assigned by a manufacturer of the corresponding network interface card. Higher 24 bits in a MAC address (also known as OUI or "Organizationally Unique Identifier") uniquely identify the organization which has issued the MAC address, so that there is no conflict among all existing MAC addresses.
While a MAC address is a manufacturer-assigned hardware address, it can actually be modified by a user. This practice is often called "MAC address spoofing." In this tutorial, I am going to show **how to spoof the MAC address of a network interface on Linux**.
### Why Spoof a MAC Address? ###
There could be several technical reasons you may want to change a MAC address. Some ISPs authenticate a subscriber's Internet connection via the MAC address of their home router. Suppose your router is just broken in such a scenario. While your ISP re-establishes your Internet access with a new router, you could temporarily restore the Internet access by changing the MAC address of your computer to that of the broken router.
Many DHCP servers lease IP addresses based on MAC addresses. Suppose for any reason you need to get a different IP address via DHCP than the current one you have. Then you could spoof your MAC address to get a new IP address via DHCP, instead of waiting for the current DHCP lease to expire who knows when.
Technical reasons aside, there are also legitimate privacy and security reasons why you wish to hide your real MAC address. Unlike your layer-3 IP address which can change depending on the networks you are connected to, your MAC address can uniquely identify you wherever you go. Call me a paranoid, but you know what this means to [your privacy][1]. There is also an exploit known as [piggybacking][2], where a hacker snoops on your MAC address on a public WiFi network, and attempts to impersonate you using your MAC address while you are away.
### How to Spoof a MAC Address Temporarily ###
On Linux, you can switch MAC addresses temporarily at run time. Note that you will lose your network connection momentarily during MAC address transition. In this case, the changed MAC address will revert to the original when you reboot. On Linux, there are several easy ways to change a MAC address at run time.
#### Method One: iproute2 ####
$ sudo ip link set dev eth0 down
$ sudo ip link set dev eth0 address 00:00:00:00:00:01
$ sudo ip link set dev eth0 up
#### Method Two: macchanger ####
A command-line utility called macchanger allows you to change MAC addresses from known vendor list.
To install macchanger on Debian, Ubuntu or Linux Mint:
$ sudo apt-get install macchanger
To install macchanger on Fedora:
$ sudo yum install macchanger
To install macchanger on CentOS or RHEL:
$ wget http://ftp.club.cc.cmu.edu/pub/gnu/macchanger/macchanger-1.6.0.tar.gz
$ tar xvfvz macchanger-1.6.0.tar.gz
$ cd macchanger-1.6.0
$ ./configure
$ make
$ sudo make install
The following examples are some of advanced usages of macchanger. With macchanger, you no longer have to deactivate/reactivate a network interface manually.
To spoof a MAC address to a different value:
$ sudo macchanger --mac=00:00:00:00:00:01 eth0
To spoof a MAC address to a random value while preserving the same OUI:
$ sudo macchanger -e eth0
To spoof a MAC address to a completely random value:
$ sudo macchanger -r eth0
To get all MAC address OUIs associated with a particular vendor (e.g., Juniper):
$ macchanger -l | grep -i juniper
![](http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/12602895995/)
To show the original permanent and spoofed MAC addresses:
$ macchanger -s eth0
> Current MAC: 56:95:ac:ee:6e:77 (unknown)
> Permanent MAC: 00:0c:29:97:68:02 (Vmware, Inc.)
### How to Spoof a MAC Address Permanently ###
If you want to spoof your MAC address permanently across reboots, you can specify the spoofed MAC address in interface configuration files. For example, if you want to change the MAC address of eth0, do the following.
#### On Fedora, CentOS or RHEL: ####
$ sudo vi /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0
> DEVICE=eth0
> MACADDR=00:00:00:00:00:01
Alternatively, you can create a custom startup script in /etc/NetworkManager/dispatcher.d as follows, especially if you are using Network Manager. I assume that you already installed macchanger.
$ sudo vi /etc/NetworkManager/dispatcher.d/000-changemac
> #!/bin/bash
>
> case "$2" in
> up)
> macchanger --mac=00:00:00:00:00:01 "$1"
> ;;
> esac
$ sudo chmod 755 /etc/NetworkManager/dispatcher.d/000-changemac
#### On Debian, Ubuntu or Linux Mint: ####
Create a custom startup script in /etc/network/if-up.d/ as follows.
$ sudo vi /etc/network/if-up.d/changemac
> #!/bin/sh
>
> if [ "$IFACE" = eth0 ]; then
> ip link set dev "$IFACE" address 00:00:00:00:00:01
> fi
$ sudo chmod 755 /etc/network/if-up.d/changemac
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/02/spoof-mac-address-network-interface-linux.html
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[1]:http://www.identityblog.com/?p=1131
[2]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piggybacking_(Internet_access)

21
sources/How to visually observe the partitions' usage with Ubuntu 13.10's Disk Usage Analyzer.md
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How to visually observe the partitions' usage with Ubuntu 13.10's Disk Usage Analyzer
================================================================================
Movies, books, audio tracks are among the content types often populating the user's harddisk, aspect that usually generates various issues, such as lack of space and not clearly understanding its main cause.
Ubuntu 13.10 ships by default Disk Usage Analyzer, handy utility permitting to the user to have a rapid-yet-effective look at the files and folders occupying the harddisk via graphical easily-graspable visuals.
Launching Disk Usage Analyzer, faces the user with all harddisk partitions labeled with name, size and available space, clicking on an entry, opens the entry into a dedicated interface where the partition is scanned and exposed with its items.
As a consequence, the user is to observe the items and their sizes via both sidebar (text based) and right-side, latter featuring a clear representation of the opened partitions; hovering the mouse pointer over the visual, reveals its size and contained items.
![](http://iloveubuntu.net/pictures_me/Disk%20Usage%20Analyzer%20ubuntu%2013.10.png)
Disk Usage Analyzer allows, therefore, to the user to spot potentially-faulty folders unnoticed until now, for example, the user can immediately discover a big-sized element (the bigger the element, the bigger the size) occupying a significant portion of the partition, yet, due to its name, has remain unnoticed.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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33
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Linux Top 3: Shuttleworth Leaves Upstart, Arch Assaults Security and Android x86 4.4
================================================================================
#### 1) Shuttleworth on Upstart ####
Finding the successor to init has been an interesting debate in recent years, but it is now clear who the winner is and it's not Upstart. Last week, Debian voted in favor of systemd and now Ubuntu has followed suit.
> "I know the many people who work on Upstart appreciated the high praise for its code quality, rigorous testing and clarity of purpose expressed even by members who voted against it; from my perspective, it has been a pleasure to support the efforts of people who want to create truly great free software, and do it properly," Mark Shuttleworth wrote in a [blog post][1]. " Upstart has served Ubuntu extremely well – it gave us a great competitive advantage at a time when things became very dynamic in the kernel, it’s been very stable (it is after all the init used in both Ubuntu and RHEL 6 ;) and has set a high standard for Canonical-lead software quality of which I am proud."
#### 2) Arch Assault ####
A new Arch based security distribution is now surfacing, for penetration testers.
> "The ArchAssault Project is an Arch Linux derivative for penetration testers, security professionals and all-around Linux enthusiasts," the main [project page states][2]."We aim to give you everything you love about Arch Linux but designed around the needs and wants of security professionals."
Arch Assault isn't just for x86 either, there is also support for ARMv6h and ARMv7h.
#### 3) Android x86 4.4 ####
While desktop type distros like Arch continue to make inroads into ARM, Android, which is essentially an ARM Linux distro is going the other way.
> "The 4.4-RC1 release is based on the Android 4.4.2 (KitKat-MR1 release)," the project page [states][3]. "We have fixed and added x86 specified code to let the system runs smoothly on x86 platforms, especially for netbooks or tablets. "
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://www.linuxplanet.com/news/linux-top-3-shuttleworth-leaves-upstart-arch-assaults-security-and-android-x86-4-4.html
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[1]:http://www.markshuttleworth.com/archives/1316
[2]:https://archassault.org/
[3]:http://www.android-x86.org/releases/releasenote-4-4-rc1

3
sources/Linux touch command - Why do we need to change Timestamp.md
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翻译ing Luoxcat
Linux touch command - Why do we need to change Timestamp?
================================================================================
We may use touch command in Linux to create an empty file. Of course we can use another command such as vi, nano or any editing tools to do it. But you may need more steps do it. But do know it that the main function of touch command is not create an empty file?
@ -161,4 +162,4 @@ via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/linux-touch-command/
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4
sources/Moving or Rename File ／ Directory in Linux - 10 Practical mv Command Examples.md
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##<<Linchenguang翻译中
Moving or Rename File / Directory in Linux - 10 Practical mv Command Examples
================================================================================
After knowing about [copy command][1], the next command which is related is mv command. When you want to move files from one place to another and you don’t want to duplicate it, then **mv command** is absolutely right for this task.
@ -134,4 +136,4 @@ via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/mv-command-linux/
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[1]:http://linoxide.com/linux-command/linux-cp-command/
[1]:http://linoxide.com/linux-command/linux-cp-command/

34
sources/Pear OS Is History!.md
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(翻译中by runningwater)
Pear OS Is History!
================================================================================
![](http://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/RIP_PearOS.jpeg)
Start of 2014 sees the demise of another Linux distribution. This time its Mac lookalike [Pear OS][1] that bids good bye. Starting from today, Pear OS is no longer available for download. Pear Cloud server will also go offline from 31 January.
Unlike [Linux distributions that were discontinued in 2013][2], Pear OS is not discontinued for the lack of fund or man power, rather it has been bought by some unknown big enterprise (I hope its not Apple :P) that will use Pear OS for its own product. That means Pear OS cannot be forked or continued by community.
Owner of Pear OS, David Tavares announced the news on [Facebook][3] on 20 January 2014.
> Its future is now in hands of a company who wants to remain anonymous for the moment. The concept has pleased them it and now wants to continue and improve the system for their own products. I can not give a name but it is a very large company well known …
The same message is displayed on the Pear OS website as well. David thanked the user and developers for their support in the farewell message.
Probably this explains why Pear OS 8 was excessively buggy. David was less focused on developing Pear OS as he was busy in finalizing the deal. {Read: [Pear OS 8 review][4]}
I saw couple of angry messages on social networking sites that it goes against the ‘norms’ of Open Source. While the outburst is justified to an extent, it is David’s right to choose what he thinks is better for his future. As he indicated that he is going in other direction, may be to start a new venture. I wish him good luck for his future.
With Pear OS gone, its users may [install Elementary OS Luna][5], another Ubuntu based distribution with OS X-inspired looks.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://itsfoss.com/pear-os-history/
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[1]:http://pearlinux.fr/
[2]:http://itsfoss.com/year-2013-linux-2-linux-distributions-discontinued/
[3]:https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=453625568072975&id=340980619337471&stream_ref=10
[4]:http://itsfoss.com/pear-os-8-review/
[5]:http://itsfoss.com/guide-install-elementary-os-luna/

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sources/Ubuntu 14.04's System Settings received show／hide username option.md Normal file
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Ubuntu 14.04's System Settings received show/hide username option
================================================================================
As you know, Ubuntu 14.04 is currently in development, process that is to generate the upcoming Ubuntu 14.04 LTS in the next months.
The latest changes arrived in Ubuntu 14.04 via the regular updates bring a minor-yet-handy feature, allowing you to easily show/hide the username on the Unity panel.
That means that if you navigate to `System Settings-->User Accounts`, you will see a new `Show my login name in the menu bar` entry, entry unchecked by default.
If you check it, your username will appear on the Unity panel, if you uncheck it, the top panel displays no username.
![](http://iloveubuntu.net/pictures_me/system%20settings%20show%20hide%20username.png)
The entry is handy, for example, if you want to take a screenshot of your desktop with your username visible, you are to 1 click-away check the option, shortly after you can unclutter the Unity panel by disabling the option without requiring non-default applications.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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43
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Ubuntu Wallpaper Contest Offers Artists Chance to Feature on Millions of Desktops
================================================================================
**Ubuntu is giving amateur and professional artists alike the chance to have their work seen by millions of people across the world.**
![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/ggg-350x200.png)
The Ubuntu 14.04 wallpaper contest [has opened for entries][1], and invites anyone with an interest in photography or digital design to imprint their passion into pixel form and take part.
A selection of the best submissions will be selected to ship as part of the stock Ubuntu 14.04 LTS desktop, due for release in April.
Ubuntu’s wallpaper competition has become a traditional fixture of the development cycle having run twice a year since 2009 and the release of Ubuntu 9.10 Karmic Koala.
### No Theme ###
Despite [earlier discussions][2] hinting at a thematic arc, the 14.04 contest **does not feature an over-arching theme** or brief to which submissions should adhere — which is good news for fans of diverse and varied backgrounds.
That’s not to say it’s a free for all. Those taking part should keep to the set of sensible guidelines listed on the Ubuntu Wallpaper Contest Wiki page.
Entries should be added to the [Ubuntu 14.04 Wallpaper pool on photo-sharing site Flickr][3] and are limited to one submission per person.
Submissions must be licensed under [Creative Commons ShareAlike 3.0][4], with all attribution declared if elements are remixing or riffing off of other work.
Other than that the usual straightforward guidelines apply:
- Keep it simple: avoid busy designs, too many shapes or clashing colours
- Use a single point of focus to draw the eye in
- Design around the Unity interface elements
- Ensure you’re designing at a minimum resolution of 2560 x 1600
Deadline for all submissions is **March 5, 2014 at 18:00 GMT**. Winning entries will be selected by a panel comprising of the previous releases’ chosen artists, with their final choices revealed on March 11, 2014, ahead of the Trusty Tahr UI freeze.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/02/ubuntu-14-04-lts-wallpaper-contest
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[1]:http://hungfu.wordpress.com/2014/02/10/ubuntu-14-04-needs-a-splash-of-colour-and-you-can-help/
[2]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/02/ubuntu-14-04-wallpaper-contest-changes
[3]:http://www.flickr.com/groups/2535978@N21
[4]:http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/

24
sources/Unity Control Center arrived in Ubuntu 14.04 by default.md
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Unity Control Center arrived in Ubuntu 14.04 by default
================================================================================
Weeks ago, the developers [announced][1] the start on Unity Control Center, forking System Settings (GNOME Control Center) into a system-settings application aimed at Ubuntu 14.04.
Essentially, Unity Control Center is to be used in the upcoming Ubuntu 14.04 LTS, forking process performed in order to avoid various issues with the GNOME flavor of Ubuntu,--Ubuntu GNOME--.
Unity Control Center 14.04 has landed in Ubuntu 14.04 via the regular updates, being now enabled by default for tweaking the Ubuntu desktop.
Unity Control Center, except its name, follows the same look, feel and features as the original System Settings, presenting itself as identical in terms of appearance and functionalities (yet, still in progress).
Meaning, launching Unity Control Center 14.04, the user is faced with the already-familiar System Settings window and its contained entries.
![](http://iloveubuntu.net/pictures_me/unity%20control%20center%20ubuntu%2014.04%20default.png)
According to the developers, the forking process is to keep the GNOME-based system-settings application in use for Ubuntu 14.04 LTS, while upcoming versions of Ubuntu are to probably use a Qt/QML-based system settings.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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[1]:http://iloveubuntu.net/ubuntu-developers-registered-unity-control-center-launchpad-fork-gnome-control-center-so-we-can

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Usability and Open Source
================================================================================
The Linux Journal posted [an excellent article][1] today by [Jim Hall][2] about usability and open source software. Usability is far too often glossed over, or ignored completely in open source projects. Other times, usability is confused with design, and the thought that making something look pretty will have the same desired affect as making it easy to use. It is understandable that usability is often overlooked in open source projects. After all, developers already know how to use their own software, and are generally familiar with their chosen environment. Open source may well be about “scratching your own itch”, but if you would like your project to appeal to a wider audience, even an informal usability test could go a long ways.
In the article from the Linux Journal, Hall explained how he did a small usability test with a handful of college students. The students were mostly Windows users, and claimed to have little experience with computers. They were given a laptop running “Fedora 17 Desktop Edition”, and asked to perform a series of tasks with Gedit, Firefox, and Nautilus while Hall observed and took notes. The results showed that users were able to use each application to perform basic tasks, but became confused when asked to do something outside of the obvious functionality of the application. Users were able to navigate Firefox without issue, but had trouble changing the default font in Gedit, and creating a bookmark to a file in Nautilus.
The type of testing that Hall did is often the most useful, especially for developers. Users will do things with your application that you never dreamed of, and become confused with things that you think are as clear as the nose on your face. When I was in grad school we did usability testing using a commercial application called Silverback. The application would both record the screen and use the built in webcam to record the users face while the user accomplished the requested tasks. One of us would sit with the user and take notes during the session, and we would then review the video after the fact and count the number of mouse clicks and determine how much time the user spent accomplishing each requested task, or if they were able to accomplish it at all. The recording of the users face was extremely useful, especially when coupled with the notes taken during the test. Facial expressions would match up with notes like “seems to be confused on step 6”, and help show if and when in the process the user was becoming frustrated.
If you have never contributed to the open source community, this is a great place to start. Usability issues are bugs, the same as any other type of deficiency in the application. Anything that inhibits the user from using the software in the way they choose to accomplish the task at hand is a problem. If you are a developer, do yourself a favor and sit with an in experienced user and show them your software. Don’t teach, don’t coach, and don’t tell them where to click, just let them get lost and watch where it goes. You might find that you have a deeper understanding of your own project than you ever did before. If you would know your application, show it to someone else.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://ostatic.com/blog/usability-and-open-source
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[1]:http://www.linuxjournal.com/content/its-about-user-applying-usability-open-source-software
[2]:http://opensource-usability.blogspot.com/

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sources/Why The Linux Desktop Doesn't Matter Anymore.md
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Why The Linux Desktop Doesn't Matter Anymore
================================================================================
![](http://readwrite.com/files/styles/630_0su/public/fields/shutterstock_134327498.jpg)
The Linux desktop crew is a hardy bunch. Despite it being abundantly evident that the Linux desktop has lost whatever slim chance it once had to be relevant, Linux advocates continue to wring their hands and [say][1], "We kinda already won!... Sort of."
While it's true to say—and [I've been saying it for years][2]—that Linux [qua][3] Android now reigns as the "desktop" champion, it's equally true that Linux has completely failed as a desktop operating system.
The reason is pretty simple: Linux has never been easy or useful enough for Valerie.
### The Best OS For Valerie ###
Valerie is the lady who cuts my hair, and has done so every six weeks or so for the past 25 years. She's not an early adopter. She's very much part of the mainstream, and [if Valerie is using a technology][4], it's pretty clear that everyone else is, too.
Valerie recently tried to switch from a Windows machine to a MacBook. Given her interests (photography, primarily), I would have thought a Mac would be a great choice. But she was struggling to figure out how to transfer photos from her Seagate external hard drive to her Mac for editing purposes, and the Mac wasn't recognizing her external drive ([apparently a common issue][5]). The Best Buy employee told her she just needed to format the Seagate drive to make it Mac OS X compatible, and if she did that, everything would go swimmingly.
Valerie panicked. She didn't like the idea of 32,000 photos being inaccessible, or worse—gone.
After my hair cut, I tried to help her get set up on her new MacBook. I noticed she had a Netflix app on her Windows laptop, but not on the Mac. On her Mac laptop, she just couldn't figure out how to transfer files, delete applications or do other things that had become natural to her on her Windows machine.
Now, I'm a hardcore Mac fan with a house full of MacBook Airs and Pros, yet watching her struggle, I ultimately told her to just buy an Asus laptop with a one terabyte hard drive that could allow her to forego using the external hard drive.
It wasn't a question of which OS was better. It was a question of which OS was better for Valerie.
### But My Grandmother Can Use Linux! ###
For most people, most of the time, the answer is Windows or, given the prevalence of iPhones and iPads that seamlessly sync with the Mac OS X experience, the answer is increasingly Mac OS X. The answer is rarely, if ever, Linux.
Dan Kusnetzky offers a [variety of reasons that Linux never took off in the enterprise][6], but for me, the real audience to analyze is the Valeries of the world.
Had Valerie been using an iPad or iPhone, she would've had a compelling reason to use a Mac. But she doesn't own any of those things; for cost reasons, Valerie owns an Android smartphone and an Android tablet, which, for her, is mostly used as a glorified movie player. Linux doesn't help Valerie with any of this. It's irrelevant for her needs.
This is why I find it so baffling when [people argue that Linux is good enough][7]:
> It was never necessary for Linux to "beat Windows" on the desktop to be successful. What Linux needed to do was provide a viable alternative to Windows and other operating systems on the desktop. And it has done that over and over again for years. Any Windows user who wants to dump Microsoft can do so today, and can move to Linux for his or her computing needs.
This is so patently untrue that it's breathtaking. Yes, people can get basic computer functions from Linux, and even advanced functionality. What they can't get is an experience that easily blends with other devices or computing experiences they already own.
### The Web Is The New Linux ###
Rather than Linux, I suspect the new "desktop" winner will be Google. Not Android, per se, but Google. As [Steven J. Vaughan-Nichols notes][8], Google's Chromebooks have been flying off the shelves as they offer a great, low-cost complement to Google services. I can see Valerie using a Chromebook, because it extends the the Google experience that she already loves into a new (but actually old) form factor. Thanks to Picasa, where she already keeps copies of her photos, she should be all set.
Linux is irrelevant to Valerie's needs. Not because it can't fill them, but because it forces her to conform to Linux, rather than having it conform to her needs. And guess what? There are billions of Valeries on this earth, people for whom the choice of desktop OS is not a matter of politics but rather of convenience. The Linux desktop is long on the former, and falls short of the latter.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://readwrite.com/2014/01/23/why-the-linux-desktop-never-mattered#feed=/hack&awesm=~ou6OVYfWhEnIe6
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[1]:http://www.itworld.com/open-source/398428/has-linux-lost-desktop-forever-windows
[2]:http://readwrite.com/2013/02/04/the-year-of-the-linux-desktop-2012#awesm=~otMxvaN3z0hqn1
[3]:https://www.google.com/search?q=qua&oq=qua&aqs=chrome..69i57j69i61l2j0l2j69i61.6997j0j7&sourceid=chrome&espv=210&es_sm=91&ie=UTF-8
[4]:http://news.cnet.com/8301-13505_3-10113244-16.html
[5]:https://discussions.apple.com/message/12225326#12225326
[6]:http://www.zdnet.com/why-didnt-linux-win-on-the-desktop-7000024760/
[7]:http://www.itworld.com/open-source/398428/has-linux-lost-desktop-forever-windows
[8]:http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9245119/Steven_J._Vaughan_Nichols_The_Windows_killer_Chromebook

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Ubuntu One的10个不怎么显眼的功能
================================================================================
尽管Ubuntu One看上去像是跟Ubuntu系统绑定在一起的，但实际上它可以在Windows，Android，iOS，和网页上使用。而且，Ubuntu One提供了5GB的免费存储空间。
![](http://www.efytimes.com/admin/useradmin/photo/Kj3S10756PM1212014.jpg)
根据howtogeek.com的介绍，用户通过Ubuntu One可以在线共享文件或目录，推送音乐到手机，在所有的设备上同步已安装的应用，等等。让我们来一起看一下，下面介绍的10个Ubuntu One你也许不知道的功能 －
1.**同步目录** - 在默认设置下，Ubuntu系统仅仅会同步用户主目录下的Ubuntu One目录。但是你可以用鼠标右键点击任意文件夹，然后选择Ubuntu One菜单，再选择同步这个目录，这样就可以将这个目录加入到Ubuntu One中了。在Ubuntu One中，你可以管理所有的已同步目录。
2.**限制带宽** - 在默认设置下，Ubuntu One会使用系统全部的网络带宽来上传或下载文件。但是，如果你接入网络速度比较慢，它也允许设定上传和下载速度。你可以在Ubuntu One主窗口的设置界面里找到带宽设置。
3.**在Windows上使用Ubuntu One** - Ubuntu One不仅仅只在Linux上运行，它也有一个Windows上的客户端，提供完整的文件同步支持。Ubuntu One是一个跨平台的文件同步服务，即使是完全没有接触过Ubuntu的Windows用户，你也可以使用Ubuntu One提供的服务。
4.**共享文件** - 在文件管理器的鼠标右键菜单或者Ubuntu One网站，你可以将文件或者目录开放共享到因特网上，也可以选择共享给指定的Ubuntu One用户。
5.**同步已安装应用** - Ubuntu One可以在你所有的计算机上同步你从Ubuntu的软件中心里安装的应用，这样你就可以轻易地管理安装了哪些应用。
6.**手机应用** - Ubuntu One为Android，iPhone，iPad和Ipod Touch提供了应用。通过这些应用，你可以在移动设备上轻松地访问Ubuntu One管理的文件。
7.**自动上传智能手机中的相片** - 移动应用还支持自动上传手机中的相片到Ubuntu One云服务器中，这样你可以轻松地在所有的设备上浏览你的相片。
8.**在线音乐播放** - Ubuntu One还提供了Ubuntu One音乐应用，支持Android和iOS。你可以通过智能手机在任意地方在线欣赏你的音乐，也可以选择缓存到本地离线播放。
9.**同步联系人** - Ubuntu One可以同步你的联系人并保存到服务器上。目前，你可以在Ubuntu One网页上导入Facebook联系人，或者手动添加。早期版本的Ubuntu还支持同步Evolution邮件客户端的联系人，但在新的12.04版本中不支持从Thunderbird邮件客户端同步联系人。
10.**在浏览器中管理你的文件** - 在电脑上安装了Ubuntu One后，可以在Ubuntu One网页上管理本地文件。你可以在浏览器中下载文件，上传文件，或者管理现有的文件。
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://www.efytimes.com/e1/fullnews.asp?edid=127466
译者：[zpl1025](https://github.com/zpl1025) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出

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10个 Linux/Unix下 Bash和KSH shell 的作业控制实例
================================================================================
![](http://s0.cyberciti.org/uploads/cms/2014/02/unix-llnux-shell-job-control-series.jpg)
Linux 和 Unix 属于多任务的操作系统，也就是说一个系统在同一时间段内能运行多重任务(进程)。在这个新的博客系列，我将会列出相关的 Linux和Unix作业控制的命令，你可以通过这些命令在 Bash 或 Korn 还有 POSIX shell 下实现执行多重任务。
### 什么是作业控制？###
作业控制不过是能够停止/挂起(stop/suspend)正在执行的进程(命令)也可以继续/唤醒(continue/resume)你需要的每一个进程来执行。这完全可以用你的操作系统和类似 bash/ksh 或 POSIX shell 完成。
### 谁提供给了作业控制的设施条件 ###
Bash / Korn shell,或者是 POSIX shell 提供给了作业控制的设施条件。
### 跟作业表打个招呼吧 ###
你的 shell 会留有一张当前作业的表单，称为作业表。当你键入命令时，shell 会给它分配一个 jobID(也称作 JOB_SPEC)。一个 jobID 或 JOB_SPEC只是很小的整数数值。
#### #1: 创建你的首个 Linux/Unix 作业(job) ####
我要运行一个名为 xeyes 的命令，它会在屏幕上显示两个椭圆的眼睛,输入：
$ xeyes &
输出样例：
[![](http://s0.cyberciti.org/uploads/cms/2014/02/run-xeyes-command-in-background.jpg)][4]
*Fig.01: 在后台运行 xeyes 命令*
我使用&符号让一个 job 在后台运行。shell 会打印一行信息类似如下:
[1] 6891
在这个例子中，有两个数字输出，分别表示：
- [1] : 在后台执行的 xeyes 任务的作业号为 1。
- 6891 : 作业1的进程ID。
我在多执行一些 job:
## 启动一个文本编辑器，X 的系统负载显示，和 sleep 命令 ##
gedit /tmp/hello.c &
xload &
sleep 100000 &
#### #2: 列出当前的jobs ####
To [see the status of active jobs in the current shell][1], type:
$ jobs
$ jobs -l
输出样例:
[1] 9379 Running xeyes &
[2] 9380 Running gedit /tmp/hello.c &
[3]- 9420 Running xload &
[4]+ 9421 Running sleep 100000 &
A brief description of each field is given below:
(注：表格部分，这样发表出来应该会方便看一点)
<table border="1"><tbody><tr><th>字段</th><th>值</th><th>描述</th><th>示例</th></tr><tr><td>1</td><td>[1]</td><td><strong>jobID</strong> 或 <strong>JOB_SPEC</strong> - 工作号要与fg, bg, wait, kill和其他shell命令一起使用。你必须在工作号前缀添加一个百分号。(<kbd><strong>%</strong></kbd>).<br>加号 (<kbd>+</kbd>) 标识着默认的或是现在的 job。<br>减号 (<kbd>-</kbd>) 标识着先前的 job。</td><td><kbd>%1</kbd><br><kbd>fg %1</kbd><br><kbd>kill %2</kbd></td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td>9379</td><td><strong>进程 ID</strong> - 系统自动为每个进程创建并分配地独有的身份标志号。</td><td>kill 9379</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td>Running</td><td><strong>状态</strong> - 关于 job 的状态:<br><kbd><strong>Running</strong></kbd> - 该 job 正在运行,还没有被外部信号挂起。<br><kbd><strong>Stopped</strong></kbd> - 该 job 已经被挂起。<br></td><td>N/A</td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td>xeyes &amp;</td><td><strong>command</strong> - 由shell给出的命令。</td><td>script &amp;<br>firefox url&amp;</td></tr></tbody></table>
你也可以用 ps 命名列出当前系统正在运行的进程:
$ ps
#### #3: 停止或挂起正在运行的jobs ####
按下[Ctrl]-[Z]键或使用[kill 命令][2],如下所示：
kill -s stop PID
举个例子，启动[ping 命令][3]，然后用 Ctrl-Z 键触发停止 ping 命令的job：
[![](http://s0.cyberciti.org/uploads/cms/2014/02/suspend-unix-job-command.gif)][5]
*Animated gif 01: 挂起 ping 命令的 job*
#### #4: 在前台恢复 挂起的/停止的 job ####
让我们[恢复处于停止状态下的 job 回到前台运行][6],要实现这个目标当前 job 必须借助[fg 命令][7]。具体语法如下：
## ping 命令的作业号的值为5 ##
fg %5
我也可以规定命令行开端符合字符串"ping"的 job[译注：不能出现不明确的字符串，例如如果后台有两个 vim 进程而你敲入 fg %vim 会报错。]:
## %String ##
fg %ping
输出样例：
64 bytes from www.cyberciti.biz (75.126.153.206): icmp_req=3 ttl=53 time=265 ms
64 bytes from www.cyberciti.biz (75.126.153.206): icmp_req=4 ttl=53 time=249 ms
64 bytes from www.cyberciti.biz (75.126.153.206): icmp_req=5 ttl=53 time=267 ms
^C
#### #5: 在后台恢复 挂起/停止状态的 job ####
在这个例子中，我将要使用[yum 命令][8]更新所有安装在 Redhat 或 CentOS Linux 生产服务器上的软件包并置于后台作业。
# yum -y update &>/root/patch.log &
然而，由于一些原因(例如,过载问题)我决定停止这个 job 20分钟：
# kill -s stop %yum
输出样例：
[7]+ Stopped yum -y update &>/root/patch.log &
#### 用 bg 重启停止在后台的 yum 进程 ####
现在，我将要[恢复停止的 yum -y update &>/root/patch.log & job][9],键入：
# bg %7
或者：
# bg %yum
输出样例：
[7]+ yum -y update &>/root/patch.log &
#### #6: 杀死作业/进程 ####
杀死[yum 命令][10]进程，输入如下[kill 命令][11]及其作业号 7：
# kill %7
或者
# kill pid
输出样例：
[7]+ Terminated yum -y update &>/root/patch.log &
在 Linux/FreeBSD/OS X Unix 下你可以[使用 killall 命令通过名字杀死进程或是 jobID 而不是通过 PID][12]
#### #7 为什么当我登出后 shell 会清除我的所有后台 jobs ####
在这个例子中,我将会启动 pdfwriter.py 来生成[这个站点][13]散装地 pdf 文件:
~/scripts/www/pdfwriter.py --profile=faq --type=clean --header=logo\
--footer-left "nixCraft is GIT UL++++ W+++ C++++ M+ e+++ d-" \
--footer-right "Page [of] of [total]" &
一旦当我登出shell时，pdfwriter.py 作业就会被我的 shell 杀死。为了克服这个问题需要使用[shell的内置命令 disown 来告诉 shell 不要发送 HUP 信号][14],键入：
$ ~/scripts/www/pdfwriter.py --profile=faq .... &
$ disown
$ exit
#### #8 使用一个名为 nohup 的外部命令阻止在登出时杀死 job ####
你也可以使用[nohup 命令在你退出 shell 后执行 jobs][15]:
$ nohup ~/scripts/www/pdfwriter.py --profile=faq .... &
$ exit
#### #9: 查找最后 job 的 PID ####
为了查找最近在后台执行的(异步)命令的进程ID，可使用 bash shell 的特殊参数 $!
$ gedit foo.txt &
$ echo "最近在后台执行的job 的PID - $!"
输出样例：
最近在后台执行的job 的PID - 9421
#### #10: 等候 job 完成 ####
wait 命令会等候给予的进程ID 或 作业ID，然后报告它的终止状态。语法如下：
/path/to/large-job/command/foo &
wait $!
/path/to/next/job/that-is-dependents/on-foo-command/bar
这是我的一个工作脚本：
#!/bin/bash
# A shell script wrapper to create pdf files for our blog/faq section
########################################################################
# init() - Must be run first
# Purpose - Create index file in $_tmp for all our wordpress databases
########################################################################
init(){
_php="/usr/bin/php"
_phpargs="-d apc.enabled=0"
_base="~/scripts"
_tmp="$_base/tmp"
_what="$1"
for i in $_what
do
[[ ! -d "$_tmp/$i" ]] && /bin/mkdir "$_tmp/$i"
$_php $_phpargs -f "$_base/php/rawsqlmaster${i}.php" > "$_tmp/$i/output.txt"
done
}
#####################################################
# Without index file, we can out generate pdf files
#####################################################
init blog
###########################################################
# Do not run the rest of the script until init() finished
###########################################################
wait $!
## Alright, create pdf files
~/scripts/www/pdfwriter.py --profile=blog --type=clean --header=logo\
--footer-left "nixCraft is GIT UL++++ W+++ C++++ M+ e+++ d-" \
--footer-right "Page [of] of [total]"
#### Linux 和 Unix 作业控制命令总结列表 ####
<table border="1"><tbody><tr><th>命令</th><th>描述</th><th>示例</th></tr><tr><td><kbd><strong>&amp;</strong></kbd></td><td>将 job 置入后台</td><td><kbd>命令 &amp;</kbd></td></tr><tr><td><kbd><strong>%n</strong></kbd></td><td>设置作业号为 n (数字)的 job</td><td><kbd>命令 %1</kbd></td></tr><tr><td><kbd><strong>%Word</strong></kbd></td><td>引用命令行开端包含 Word 的 job</td><td><kbd>命令 %yum</kbd></td></tr><tr><td><kbd><strong>%?Word</strong></kbd></td><td>引用命令行包含 Word 的 job</td><td><kbd>命令 %?ping</kbd></td></tr><tr><td><kbd><strong>%%</strong></kbd><br><kbd><strong>%+</strong></kbd></td><td>引用当前 job</td><td><kbd>kill %%<br>kill %+</kbd></td></tr><tr><td><kbd><strong>%-</strong></kbd></td><td>引用先前 job</td><td><kbd>bg %-</kbd></td></tr><tr><td><kbd><strong>CTRL-Z</strong><br><kbd><strong>kill -s stop jobID</strong></kbd></kbd></td><td>挂起或停止 job</td><td><kbd>kill -s stop %ping</kbd></td></tr><tr><td><kbd><strong>jobs</strong><br><kbd><strong>jobs -l</strong></kbd></kbd></td><td>列出活动的 jobs</td><td><kbd>jobs -l</kbd></td></tr><tr><td><kbd><strong>bg</strong></kbd></td><td>将 jobs 置入后台</td><td><kbd>bg %1<br>bg %ping</kbd></td></tr><tr><td><kbd><strong>fg</strong></kbd></td><td>将 job 置入前台</td><td><kbd>fg %2<br>fg %apt-get</kbd></td></tr></tbody></table>
#### 关于 shell 内置命令和外部命令的小注 ####
运行下面的 type 命令找出给予命令是否属于内部或外部的。
type -a fg bg jobs disown
输出样式：
fg is a shell builtin
fg is /usr/bin/fg
bg is a shell builtin
bg is /usr/bin/bg
jobs is a shell builtin
jobs is /usr/bin/jobs
disown is a shell builtin
在几乎所有情况下，你都需要使用 shell 的内置命令。所有外部命令例如 /usr/bin/fg 或 /usr/bin/jobs 工作在一个不同的 shell 环境下，而不能用在父 shell 的环境下。
#### 总结 ####
我希望你能喜欢这篇博文系列([rss 订阅][16]),我建议你阅读下面的更多信息：
- 在我们的 faq 章节查阅有关进程管理的文章[disoen 命令示例][17]，[jobs 命令示例][18]，[bg 命令示例][19]，和[fg 命令示例][20]。
- Man pages [bash(1)][21], [ksh(1)][22], [ps(1)][23], [kill(1)][24]
- [Korn shell (ksh93) 文档][25].
- [NU bash shell 文档][26].
我会计划在这个系列添加更多深入的教程。若果你需要看到具体的主题，请在下方评论让我知道。
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://www.cyberciti.biz/howto/unix-linux-job-control-command-examples-for-bash-ksh-shell/
译者：[Luoxcat](https://github.com/Luoxcat) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[1]:http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/unix-linux-jobs-command-examples-usage-syntax/
[2]:http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/unix-kill-command-examples/
[3]:http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/unix-ping-command-examples/
[4]:http://www.cyberciti.biz/howto/unix-linux-job-control-command-list-for-bash-ksh-shell/attachment/run-xeyes-command-in-background/
[5]:http://www.cyberciti.biz/howto/unix-linux-job-control-command-list-for-bash-ksh-shell/attachment/suspend-unix-job-command/
[6]:http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/unix-linux-fg-command-examples-usage-syntax/
[7]:http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/unix-linux-fg-command-examples-usage-syntax/
[8]:http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/rhel-centos-fedora-linux-yum-command-howto/
[9]:http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/unix-linux-bg-command-examples-usage-syntax/
[10]:http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/rhel-centos-fedora-linux-yum-command-howto/
[11]:http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/unix-kill-command-examples/
[12]:http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/unix-linux-killall-command-examples-usage-syntax/
[13]:http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/
[14]:http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/unix-linux-disown-command-examples-usage-syntax/
[15]:http://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/nohup-execute-commands-after-you-exit-from-a-shell-prompt.html
[16]:http://www.cyberciti.biz/tutorials/practical-unixlinux-series/feed/
[17]:http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/unix-linux-disown-command-examples-usage-syntax/
[18]:http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/unix-linux-jobs-command-examples-usage-syntax/
[19]:http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/unix-linux-bg-command-examples-usage-syntax/
[20]:http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/unix-linux-fg-command-examples-usage-syntax/
[21]:http://www.manpager.com/linux/man1/bash.1.html
[22]:http://www.manpager.com/linux/man1/ksh.1.html
[23]:http://www.manpager.com/linux/man1/ps.1.html
[24]:http://www.manpager.com/linux/man1/kill.1.html
[25]:http://www2.research.att.com/sw/download/man/man1/ksh.html
[26]:https://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/bashref.html

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在 Linux 下用 mkdir 命令来创建目录和子目录
==============================================================================
了解了用 ls 命令在目录中列出条目后，现在我们要学习在 Linux 系统下创建目录。在 Linux 下，我们可以使用 **mkdir** 命令。Mkdir 是“make directory” 缩写词。
### mkdir 是什么呢 ###
Mkdir 是一个用来在 Linux 系统下创建目录的命令。此命令属于内建命令。
### 运行 mkdir 命令###
你可以在你的控制台直接键入 **mkdir** 来使用它。
$ mkdir
默认情况下，不带任何参数运行 mkdir 命令会在当前目录下创建目录。下面是参考示例：
![mkdir command](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/mkdir.png)
从上图看出，我们创建了名为 **office** 的目录。当我们运行 mkdir 命令时，我们位于 **/home/pungki** 目录。所以这个新目录 office **创建在/home/pungki**目录下。**如果我们使用绝对路径** - 例如：**/usr/local** - , 则 Linux 会在 **/usr/local**目录下创建一个目录。
当 Linux 发现想要创建的目录已经存在, 那么 Linux 会提示我们 Linux 无法创建它。
![mkdir directory exist](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/mkdir_error.png)
另外创建目录的首要条件 **你必须要有进入创建目录的目标路径的权限**。当你无法取得权限时 mkdir 会报告这个错误。
![mkdir permission denied](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/mkdir_permission_denied.png)
### 创建多个目录 ###
我们也可以同时创建多个目录。比如我们要创建的目录有 **ubuntu, redhat 和 slackware**。那么语法会像这样子:
$ mkdir ubuntu redhat slackware
![create multiple directories](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/mkdir_multiple.png)
### 添加包含子目录的目录 [译注：递归的创建目录] ###
当你要创建的目录包含有它的子目录时，你需要使用 -p 参数。如果 mkdir 找不到父目录，那么这个参数会首先帮助创建父目录。比如说我们要创建名为 **letter** 的目录，在它的目录下包含有子目录 **important**。那么语法会像这样子：
$ mkdir -p letter/important
![mkdir sub-directory](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/mkdir_p.png)
### 设置权限 ###
使用 **-m** 参数，我们可以给即将生成的新目录设置权限。示例如下：
$ mkdir -m=r-- letter
上面的命令会创建一个名为 letter 的目录，同时给予**目录的所有者，用户组和其他用户权限**
![mkdir set privilege](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/mkdir_m.png)
### 打印创建目录的过程信息 ###
如果我们要查看信息，我们可以使用 **-v** 参数来实现。示例如下：
$ mkdir -v ubuntu redhat slackware
![mkdir verbose](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/mkdir_v.png)
### 总结 ###
Mkdir 命令也属于一个最基础的命令，对于想要学习 Linux 的朋友这个命令必须掌握。像往常一样，你可以键入**man mkdir**或**mkdir --help**来显示 mkdir 的手册页面和更加深入的探讨。
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/linux-mkdir-command/
译者：[Luoxcat](https://github.com/Luoxcat) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出

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每日 Ubuntu 小贴士 – 英特尔图形安装程序1.0.3发布 – 支持Ubuntu 13.10
================================================================================
对于那些台式机或笔记本电脑采用英特尔显卡运行Ubuntu 13.10的用户来说，这里的东西，他们可能想要做的 - 安装英特尔图形安装程序的Linux版本。
英特尔图形安装程序的Linux版本允许用户方便地安装最新的英特尔图形和视频驱动程序。直到最近，仍没有支持Ubuntu 13.10。
如果你想保持目前的英特尔卡在你的机器的最新驱动程序，你可能需要这个安装程序。它增强，优化并提供与您的英特尔图形硬件最好的用户体验。
[https://01.org/linuxgraphics/downloads/2013/intelr-graphics-installer-1.0.3-linux][1]
### 在Ubuntu中安装英特尔图形安装程序 ###
如果你确定知道你的计算机有英特尔图形卡以及你正在运行的是Ubuntu13.10的版本，继续下面的学习如何安装这个包，
有些用户安装和配置驱动程序包后曾造成系统问题，所以你应该在安装前持谨慎态度，并备份你的系统。当你完成后，执行下面的命令来下载32位版本的软件包。
### 32-bit Ubuntu Linux ###
cd /tmp && wget https://download.01.org/gfx/ubuntu/13.10/main/pool/main/i/intel-linux-graphics-installer/intel-linux-graphics-installer_1.0.3_i386.deb
对于那些运行64位的Ubuntu，运行下面的命令来下载64位版本。
### 64-bit Ubuntu Linux ###
cd /tmp && wget https://download.01.org/gfx/ubuntu/13.10/main/pool/main/i/intel-linux-graphics-installer/intel-linux-graphics-installer_1.0.3_amd64.deb
下载完成后，运行以下命令进行安装。
sudo dpkg -i intel-linux-graphics-installer*.deb; sudo apt-get -f install
安装安装程序后，进入Unity Dash搜索安装程序。打开它后，继续。它会为你的设备搜索并确定正确的驱动程序。
![](http://www.liberiangeek.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/intelgraphicsinstaller.png)
为了让你的系统信任英特尔图形安装程序，您必须添加以下key到Ubuntu的软件库中。运行下面的命令来添加它。
wget --no-check-certificate https://download.01.org/gfx/RPM-GPG-KEY-ilg -O - | sudo apt-key add -
就是这样。如果你按照以上步骤做了，你的机器应该能正确运行英特尔驱动程序。如果不是，可能是你的显卡不兼容，或者它不支持。
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://www.liberiangeek.net/2014/01/daily-ubuntu-tips-intel-graphics-installer-1-0-3-released-supports-ubuntu-13-10/
译者：[乌龙茶](https://github.com/yechunxiao19) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[1]:https://01.org/linuxgraphics/downloads/2013/intelr-graphics-installer-1.0.3-linux

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每日Ubuntu小贴士 - 在Ubuntu中手动安装任何版本的Firefox
================================================================================
Firefox是Ubuntu中的主要网络浏览器。它预装在系统中，并添加到默认的Ubuntu软件仓库中以获得Firefox最新版本的自动更新。
大多数人不用担心安装或使用Firefox的问题，因为没有什么问题了，它已经安装并可以使用了。Firefox在Ubuntu的软件仓库中的版本你总得到是最新版本。
现在，如果你想尝试其他的Firefox版本，你就必须手动下载并在Ubuntu中安装它，这个简短的教程将告诉你如何正确地在Ubuntu中做到这一点。
因为Firefox集成在Ubuntu中，如果你试图完全卸载它，可以会破坏其他的东西。因此要安装其他版本最好的办法就是为每个版本分别创建文件夹并进行符号连接。
### 在Ubuntu中下载并安装Firefox ###
如果你想手动下载最新的Ubuntu版本Firefox，进入它的[下载页面][1]。通过它你将可以获取到最新版本并安装它。
如果你想从初始版本安装其他版本的Firefox，[访问这个页面][2]。在这你将看到从0.8开始的每个版本。
下载完你想要的版本之后，切换到home目录下的下载文件夹，因为Ubuntu的大多数文件被下载到了这。
cd ~/Downloads
![](http://www.liberiangeek.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/firefoxmanualinstall.png)
### 配置Firefox ###
由于大多数Firefox下载文件以.tar和.bz2格式保存，必须从这些压缩包中提取文件。有很多方法可以在Ubuntu中解压缩文件。
比如我下面使用的命令。很容易从.tar和.bz2中提取文件。
tar -xjf firefox*.tar.bz2
解压后，将会有一个新的Firefox文件出现在下载文件夹中。这其中包含了所有的Firefox的文件和可执行文件。
由于我们不想删除当前安装的Firefox，我们必须给每个版本的Firefox创建一个单独的文件夹。因此，对于Firefox的版本30，使用下面的命令在/opt目录下创建一个包含新Firefox内容的文件夹。
sudo mv firefox/ /opt/firefox30
现在，**/opt/firefox30/**目录包含的所有文件都是版本30的。
### 创建新的Firefox可执行符号链接 ###
默认情况下，Firefox的可执行文件在这个路径下：**/user/bin/firefox**。我们想要做的是临时创建一个备份，这样我们就可以使用我们的自定义安装的可执行文件。
要做到这一点，运行下面的命令。
sudo mv /usr/bin/firefox /usr/bin/firefox-old
现在，我们已经从其默认位置移动了Firefox的可执行文件，我们必须将默认位置链接为我们的新的自定义安装的文件。要做到这一点，运行下面的命令来创建我们的30版本的一个符号链接。
sudo ln -s /opt/firefox30/firefox /usr/bin/firefox
现在，我们自定义安装的Firefox是Ubuntu默认的。每一次启动Firefox，它将通过之前的新链接加载新的可执行文件。
![](http://www.liberiangeek.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/firefoxmanualinstall1.png)
以上方法同样适用于64-bit版本的Firefox。
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://www.liberiangeek.net/2014/02/daily-ubuntu-tips-manually-install-any-version-of-firefox-in-ubuntu/
译者：[乌龙茶](https://github.com/yechunxiao19) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[1]:http://www.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/all/
[2]:https://ftp.mozilla.org/pub/mozilla.org/firefox/releases/

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Ubuntu 每日贴士- Skype 小更新修复PulseAudio,64位问题
================================================================================
Skype最近为Linux系统发布了一个小更新,包括在Ubuntu上修复PulseAudio 3.x 和 4.x 的音频噪声问题,解决由于缺失libasound2-plugins:i386和其他导致在Ubuntu/Debian 64位系统上的崩溃。
如果你正在Ubuntu上使用Skype,你也许想要升级来获取这些修复。这个版本除了解决这些问题没有其他新的。
这是根据changelog的完整修复列表。
- **临时解决** PulseAudio 3.x 和 4.x 音频噪声问题。
- **Bug 修复** 在打开不带表情符号的聊天时的崩溃。
- **Bug 修复** 由于缺失libasound2-plugins:i386依赖而导致的在Ubuntu/Debian 64位系统上不正常崩溃。
- **Bug 修复** 一些拨号面板数字不能正常工作。
对于Ubuntu用户,这里是如何更新。
如果你已经安装了Skype,你要在更新前先卸载它因为它会也许会创建与当前安装冲突的文件。
要从Ubuntu移除Skype,在终端上运行命令。
sudo apt-get autoremove --purge skype
在卸载完Skype,进入[Skype 下载界面][1]并获取最新的Ubuntu下的版本。保存下载并在Ubuntu软件中心打开它。
![](http://www.liberiangeek.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/skypeubuntuupgrade.png)
因为软件中心必须下载额外的Skype包,安装也许会花费一些时间,请耐心等待。
![](http://www.liberiangeek.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/skypeubuntuupgrade1.png)
![](如果你通过软件中心安装Skype时遇到了问题,进入下载文件夹并运行下面的命令来强制按照下面的命令安装Skype。)
sudo dpkg -i skype-ubuntu*.deb; sudo apt-get -f install
安装完Skype后,进入Unity 面板并运行此时最新的4.2.0.14版本。
![](http://www.liberiangeek.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/skypeubuntuupgrade2.png)
就是这样!享受吧!
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://www.liberiangeek.net/2014/01/daily-ubuntu-tips-skype-minor-update-fixes-pulseaudio-64-bit-issues/
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[1]:http://www.skype.com/en/download-skype/skype-for-computer/

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Ubuntu 每日贴士 - 从Ubuntu 13.10 升级到 14.04(Trusty Tahr) [值得信赖的塔尔羊]
================================================================================
虽然Ubuntu 14.04 近期不会计划发布, 那些想要尝试最新软件和系统的人现在可以就地从Ubuntu 13.10 升级到 14.04了。
Ubuntu 14.04 计划在2014.7.14 实验性地发布,但是你不必等那么长的时间来升级尝试.这个简要的教程给你展示了如何就地从Ububtu 13.10 升级到 14.04。
就地升级是你在已存在的Ubuntu上运行update-manager命令来升级到下一版。它允许你保留你大多数的文档,设定和一些程序。
大多数就地升级依赖于一个可靠的网络连接。没有良好稳定的连接,可能无法使用这个方法升级Ubuntu。
如果你无法使用网络升级,你还可以通过CD/DVD盘来就地升级.这个方法允许你不通过网络连接离线升级Ubuntu。
### 升级到 Ubuntu 14.04 ###
为了升级到Ubuntu 14.04, 你必须首先准备一台要升级的电脑。要这么做,运行下面的命令更新所有存在的包和内核。
sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get dist-upgrade && sudo apt-get autoremove
升级完成你的机器后,你可能需要重启来在升级前应用新的包和内核。
接着,按下键盘上的**Alt+F2**键来打开Ubuntu上的命令窗口。当窗口打开后,输入下面的命令并按下**Enter**。
update-manager –d
Ubuntu接着应该带着升级选项会打开update-manager。按下**Upgrade** 开始升级你的机器。
![](http://www.liberiangeek.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/ubuntu1404upgrade.png)
就是这样!
等待Ubuntu完成下载并安装所有的更新包。当一切完成时,你会被提示重启计算机。
享受吧!
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://www.liberiangeek.net/2014/01/daily-ubuntu-tips-upgrade-to-ubuntu-14-04-trusty-tahr-from-13-10/
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出

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如何在Ubuntu 13.10 中启用VLC桌面通知 [快速秘诀]
快速技巧——如何在 Ubuntu 13.10 下启用 VLC 桌面通知
================================================================================
我必须说VLC是目前最好的视频文件播放器。VLC播放器有许多你不知道的隐藏特性。其中一个是桌面通知。在本秘诀中,我们将会看到**如何在Ubuntu 13.10和其他版本下启用VLC的桌面通知**。
### 在Ubuntu下启用VLC桌面通知: ###
我必须说 VLC 是目前最好的视频文件播放器。VLC 播放器有许多隐藏特性你可能还不知道。其中一个就是桌面通知。在本教程中,我们将会看到**如何在 Ubuntu 13.10 和其它版本下启用 VLC 桌面通知**。
为了在Ubuntu下启用桌面通知,遵守下面的步骤:
### 在 Ubuntu 下启用 VLC 桌面通知: ###
要想在 Ubuntu 下启用桌面通知,依照下面步骤进行:
#### 步骤 1: ####
打开VLC播放器。在顶部菜单内,进入 **Tools**接着**Preferences**。
打开 VLC 播放器。在顶部菜单内,进入 **Tools**，接着进入 **Preferences**。
**VLC->Tools->Preferences**
@ -16,30 +17,30 @@
#### 步骤 2: ####
选择底部的**All**按钮:
选择底部的 **All** 按钮:
![](http://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/VLC_Notification_Ubuntu_1.jpeg)
#### 步骤 3: ####
现在从左边栏中选择**Control interfaces**。在这里,选择**LibNotify Notification Plugin** 并保存。这个会在带Unity的Ubuntu中启用桌面通知。
现在从左边栏中选择 **Control interfaces**。在这里,选择 **LibNotify Notification Plugin** 并保存。这个会在带 Unity 的 Ubuntu 中启用桌面通知。
![](http://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/VLC_Notification_Ubuntu_2.jpeg)
默认通知会显示4000ms也就是4秒。你可以通过控制接口下的通知选项来改变。
默认通知会显示4000ms也就是4秒。你可以通过控制接口下的通知选项来更改。
![](http://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/VLC_Notification_Ubuntu_3.jpeg)
就是这样.你可以在播放音频或者视频文件的时候看到通知。它完美地与Ubuntu环境整合在一起:
就这么简单！你可以在播放音频或者视频文件的时候看到通知。它与 Ubuntu 环境完美地整合在一起:
![](http://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/VLC_Notification_Ubuntu_4.jpeg)
我希望这个诀窍通过启用桌面通知帮助你更好地以Ubuntu方式使用VLC。你说什么?
我希望这个启用桌面通知的快速技巧能使你的 VLC 更加 Ubuntu化，更加时尚化。你觉得如何?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://itsfoss.com/enable-desktop-notification-vlc-ubuntu/
via: http://itsfoss.com/enable-desktop-notification-vlc-ubuntu/
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[Caroline](https://github.com/carolinewuyan)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出

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如何在Ubuntu 13.10中安装Gnome 3.10
================================================================================
![](http://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Install_Gnome_310_Ubuntu_1310.jpeg)
Unity无聊或者就是简单地讨厌它？为何不**在Ubuntu 13.10中安装Gnome 3.10**？安装一个新的桌面环境师为数不多的[安装Ubuntu 13.10后要做的事][1]之一，如果你喜欢尝试。在这篇快速教程中我们将会分享**如何在Ubuntu 13.10中安装Gnome 3.10**。
### 在Ubuntu 13.10中安装Gnome 3.10： ###
我们将使用几个PPAS来安装Gnome 3.10和分配升级，将需要一段时间才能完成。我相信你有很好的上网速度，如果没有，你可以使用一些[小技巧来提高Ubuntu13.10的系统性能][2]。
#### 第一步：安装GDM [可选] ####
第一步是安装[GDM][3]以及默认的[LightDM][4]。这是可选的，但是还是建议各位如很多人提醒的LightDM问题。打开终端（Ctrl+Alt+T），并使用下面的命令：
sudo apt-get install gdm
#### 第二步：添加PPAs并升级系统 ####
现在是时候添加Gnome 3.10 PPAs。使用以下命令添加PPAs将需要一些时间并下载200 MB的数据。
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:gnome3-team/gnome3-next
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:gnome3-team/gnome3-staging
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get dist-upgrade
#### 第三步：安装Gnome shell ####
一旦升级已经完成，可以使用下面的命令在Ubuntu中安装Gnome3.10。
sudo apt-get install gnome-shell
#### 第四步：安装Gnome特定的应用程序 [可选] ####
这一步是可选的。你可能想安装一些Gnome特定的应用程序以达到Gnome 3.10在Ubuntu中得完整体验。你也许会面对一些这些应用程序的问题。
sudo apt-get install gnome-weather gnome-music gnome-maps gnome-documents gnome-boxes gnome-shell-extensions gnome-tweak-tool gnome-clocks
这将是所有你需要做的。重新启动计算机，在登录时，通过点击齿轮标志选择Gnome。这里是我的Gnome 3.10在我的笔记本电脑上的效果：
![](http://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Gnome_310_Ubuntu_1310.jpeg)
### 卸载Gnome 3.10: ###
不再喜欢Gnome 3.10？不用担心，通过[deleting PPA][5]卸载他们。要做到这一点，你需要安装PPA Purge（如果尚未安装）。使用下面的命令：
sudo apt-get install ppa-purge
之后，安装你所安装的PPAs：
sudo ppa-purge ppa:gnome3-team/gnome3-staging
sudo ppa-purge ppa:gnome3-team/gnome3-next
在Ubuntu13.10版本库中是可以恢复Gnome 3.10到Gnome 3.8。要完全删除的Gnome3，使用以下命令：
sudo apt-get remove gnome-shell ubuntu-gnome-desktop
当然，你应该删除任何你专为Gnome 3.10安装的应用程序。
我希望本教程能帮助你在Ubuntu 13.10中安装Gnome 3.10。你有没有尝试Gnome 3.10了？您想了解更多，Gnome或Unity？
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://itsfoss.com/install-gnome-3-ubuntu-1310/
译者：[乌龙茶](https://github.com/yechunxiao19) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[1]:http://itsfoss.com/things-to-do-after-installing-ubuntu-13-10/
[2]:http://itsfoss.com/speed-up-ubuntu-1310/
[3]:https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/GDM
[4]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LightDM
[5]:http://itsfoss.com/how-to-remove-or-delete-ppas-quick-tip/

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快速技巧——如何在 Ubuntu 13.10 上安装 Google Keep
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![](http://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Google-keep-logo.jpg)
最近, Google Keep 已经成为我在 Android 最喜欢用的笔记应用。而在 Ubuntu 的工作中, 我同样想做一些快速笔记。既然 Google Keep 可以在设备间同步, 这样 **在 Ubuntu 上安装 Google Keep ** 也有意义了。在这个快速技巧中,我会向你展示如何在 Ubuntu 13.10 或者其它 Linux 发行版上安装 Google Keep。
如果你是一个 Google Chrome 用户,你可能知道 Google 的'桌面应用'。可以在 Chrome 在线商店的**桌面**集合中找到很多应用。不像运行在浏览器的常规 Chrome 应用,这些'桌面应用'独立运行,像桌面应用那样。我们会看见如何将这个新的特性以原生 Ubuntu 应用形式安装 chrome 应用。
### 在 Ubuntu 13.10 上安装 Google Keep: ###
尽管我在这里用 Google Keep 为例子, 你可以使用相同的流程来安装其它应用,像[Any.do][1]或者[Pocket][2](从你的桌面应用集合中)。非常明显**你必须在你的系统中安装了 Chrome 浏览器**。它或许无法工作在 Chromium 浏览器中。
### 步骤 1: ###
新建一个 Chrome 标签页步骤。进入 Chrome 在线商店并安装 Google Keep。
### 步骤 2: ###
在新的标签页中,**右击** Google Keep 图标并选择 **创建快捷方式**。
![](http://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Install_Google_keep_Ubuntu.jpeg)
### 步骤 3: ###
选择桌面和应用菜单。
![](http://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Install_Google_Keep_Ubuntu_2.png)
就是这样.实际上很简单.你现在可以在 Unity Dash 中找到 Google Keep 并锁定到 launcher。即使你没有运行 Chrome,你可以像其它的 Ubuntu 程序那样简单地运行 Google Keep。
![](http://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Install_Google_keep_Ubuntu_3.jpeg)
很酷,不是么? Google 也正在计划移植 Google App Launcher 到 Linux 中。很快我们就可以使用 Google Now 桌面应用了，目前只能运用于开发渠道。
想象一下这些,我在想为什么 Google 还没有为 Linux 开发远程 Google Drive 客户端。当然这里有一些第三方程序，像[ SyncDrive 用来同步 Google Drive，就像 Ubuntu 中的 Dropbox 那样][3],但是如果有一款官方程序就更好了。
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via: http://itsfoss.com/install-google-keep-ubuntu-1310/
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[Caroline](https://github.com/carolinewuyan)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[1]:http://www.any.do/
[2]:http://getpocket.com/
[3]:http://itsfoss.com/sync-multiple-google-drive-dropbox-syncdrive-ubuntu/
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在Linux系统下玩《炉石传说：魔兽英雄传》
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![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/How-to-Play-Blizzard-s-Hearthstone-Heroes-of-Warcraft-on-Linux-424410-3.jpg)
** 《炉石传说：魔兽英雄传》是暴雪娱乐开发的一款免费的集换式卡牌游戏。花点工夫，你也可以在Linux上玩这个游戏。 **
像Windows平台的大多数游戏一样，《炉石传说：魔兽英雄传》也可以在Wine的帮助下在Linux上运行（wine不是模拟器）。不过只是安装一下还不够，你得稍微调整一下才行。
非常感谢[迈克尔 华盛顿][1]（Google+上Gaming On Linux社区的版主）和[迈克尔 斯佩斯][2]（winehq.org的维护者），他们整理汇总了所有需要的指令，现在玩炉石传说只是输入几个命令就好了。
首先，你得先把客户端从暴雪的网站下载下来。它是一个免费游戏，目前还处在beta测试阶段，所有人都可以下载。
然后，你得安装wine的最新开发版本。如果你在用Ubuntu（这份指引最适合Ubuntu），你可以从官方PPA源安装。只需要在终端下输入下面的命令：
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:ubuntu-wine/ppa
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install wine1.7
sudo apt-get install wine1.7-i386
在网站appdb.winhq.org上可以找到让它运行的所有信息。之后你得编辑几个库的一些属性。
### dbghelp ###
运行winecfg
选择Libraries标签，在New override for library框中输入dbghelp
点击Add，然后在提示框里选择Yes
在Existing overrides列表中点击dbghelp
点击Edit
设置成Disabled
点击Ok，搞定
### msvcp100 ###
运行winecfg
选择Libraries标签, 在New override for library框中输入msvcp100
点击Add, 然后在提示框中选择Yes
在Existing overrides列表中点击msvcp100
点击Edit
设置成native,embedded
点击Ok，搞定
你还需要在终端里运行下面的命令，并等待运行结束。
winetricks wininet
之后你所需要做的就是双击从暴雪下载下来的exe文件，就可以开始玩了。
[Follow @thesilviu][3]
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via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/How-to-Play-Blizzard-s-Hearthstone-Heroes-of-Warcraft-on-Linux-424410.shtml
译者：[zpl1025](https://github.com/zpl1025) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[1]:https://plus.google.com/u/0/106295000788676760101/posts/aYfwYEoThJw?cfem=1
[2]:http://appdb.winehq.org/objectManager.php?bShowAll=true&bIsQueue=false&bIsRejected=false&sClass=version&sTitle=&sReturnTo=&iId=29747
[3]:https://twitter.com/thesilviu

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如何使用Ubuntu 13.10的磁盘分析器可视化观察分区使用率
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电影、书籍、音轨这些内容类型常充斥于用户硬盘中，这方面会常常带来不同问题，例如空间缺乏并不清楚它的主要原因。
Ubuntu 13.10 默认自带磁盘分析器，一个允许用户快速并有效地通过简单的图形视图来查看占据磁盘的文件和文件夹的工具。
运行磁盘分析器，给用户展示的是硬盘分区的标签名，大小和可用大小，单击一个条目，打开这个条目会进入专门的界面，这里是已扫描的分区和它的项目。
因此，用户可以通过侧边栏(基于文本)和右侧观察项目和它们的大小，后者担任了清晰展示已打开分区的作用；将鼠标停留在视图上会展示它的大小和含有的项目。
![](http://iloveubuntu.net/pictures_me/Disk%20Usage%20Analyzer%20ubuntu%2013.10.png)
因此，磁盘使用分析器允许用户找出目前为被忽视的有潜在错误的文件夹，例如，用户可以立即发现显著占据分区的一个大尺寸的元素（元素越大，尺寸越大），但是，由于它的名字，仍旧被忽视。
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via: http://iloveubuntu.net/how-visually-observe-partitions-usage-ubuntu-1310s-disk-usage-analyzer
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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Linux中的more命令－逐页显示长文本文件
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如果你已经习惯了在Linux系统上工作，那你一定会发现在Linux世界中存在着大量的文本文件。配置文件和日志文件通常都采用文本格式。这些文件通常都有很长的内容，不能在一屏内全部显示。所以在处理这种文件时，我们需要分页显示。这时我们可以用上**more**命令。
### more是干嘛的 ###
more是一个用来分页显示大文本文件的命令，它默认是内置在各个Linux发行版中的。
### 怎么用more ###
使用more命令，只需要键入:
$ more file_name
比如，我们想检查/var/log目录下的日志文件syslog，只需要键入：
$ more /var/log/syslog
![more命令](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/more.png)
然后我们可以看到**在屏幕左下角有个提示**，告诉我们当前的显示比例为0%。看上去这个文件相当大，所以第一页是全部页数的0%。使用空格键可以往下翻页，然后就可以看到提示的百分比会增加。
![Scroll page](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/more_2.png)
### 限制每页显示的行数 ###
在执行more命令的时候，它会占用你终端窗口的全部空间用于显示。但是你可以通过参数**-数字**来限制每页显示的行数。
例如，你希望每页**限制显示12行**，可以通过下面的命令：
$ more -12 /var/log/syslog
![限制每页显示12行](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/more_12.png)
现在，你会看到每页只显示12行，在按下空格键后，就会翻页显示后面的12行。
### Display user message ###
我们知道，more命令会在显示区域的左下角提示当前内容所占的百分比。对于第一次使用more命令的人来说，他或她可能会想知道怎么才能往下翻页。为了避免这种情况，我们可以在执行时增加**-d**参数，这样就会额外显示一行用户信息“[**按空格键继续，‘q‘推出.**]”
![More with -d option](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/more_d1.png)
如果用户按了**‘空格‘或’q‘**之外的按键，more会显示一行帮助信息**“ [按‘h’键查看提示。]”**
![More displaying help message](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/more_d2.png)
如果按下h键，会显示一个帮助信息：
![Display help](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/more_dh.png)
一个有意思的指令是**b**按钮，**b按钮允许你**退回到前面的页面。换句话说，b按钮可以允许**向前翻页**。
你可以通过左上角的**...前1页**信息来确认当前显示的是前面的页面。
![在more中往前翻页](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/more_back.png)
### 禁止滚动 ###
通过参数**-c**，more命令不会滚动页面，而是直接清除之前的内容，替换为下一页的内容。
With **-c** option, more will not scroll the page. It will clear the previous page and put the next page or lines there.
$ more -10 -c lynis.log
![Suppress scroll](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/more_c.png)
如果按下空格键，下一页会仍然有相同的大小。
![Suppress scroll](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/more_c2.png)
### 忽略多余的空白行 ###
使用参数**-s**来忽略多余的空白行，下面是个例子：
![多个空白行的文件](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/more_s.png)
当我们增加参数**-s**后：
$ more -s doc_30.txt
![忽略了多余空白行](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/more_s2.png)
### 查找字符串 ###
如果你的日志文件非常大，那么在其中查找你想要的字符串并不是那么容易。more命令的查找功能可以帮你，通过参数**+/string**可以用来搜索字符串，找到的关键字会显示在第一行。比如我们要在**/var/logs/syslog**文件中搜索“**dhclient**”，那more命令的格式：
$ more +/dhclient /var/log/syslog
![查找字符串](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/more_string.png)
然后，如果要在文件中继续搜索下一个，只需要按下**/按钮**，后面跟有关键字dhclient。
### 从指定行开始显示 ###
你也可以通过参数**+数字**来指定开始显示的行，例如，我们有一个15行的文件：
![多行文件](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/more_num1.png)
然后我们想从第5行开始显示这个文件的内容，命令看起来会是这个样子：
$ more +5 doc_30.txt
![从指定行开始显示](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/more_num2.png)
### 可以显示二进制文件吗? ###
**答案是不行**. more命令会提示这样的信息，例如：
![显示二进制文件](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/more_binary.png)
### 结论 ###
more是一个用来查看文本文件的基础工具，它不能用来显示二进制文件。通常，我们可以通过命令**man more**或者**more --help**来获取更多关于more怎么使用的信息。
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via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/linux-more-command/
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2013年度10大linux游戏
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**随着2013年的离去，我们带来了10款去年最受喜爱的linux游戏。**
得益于Value公司持续不断对平台的支持，2013年取得了巨大的成就。既有来自大工作室，例如战地系列开发者[DICE][1]的宣言，也有Creative Assembly公司关于下一年把全面战争：罗马II带入linux的承诺。
我们的名单既包括独立游戏，也包括迄今为止最具影响力的AAA级游戏。**这份名单并不试图包含一切，除了我们的观点**
所有的这些游戏都可以在Steam平台和/或者Ubuntu软件中心上找到，赶紧掏出钱包向你的屏幕砸钱吧！
### 盖瑞模组 ###
![承载么？](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/garrysmod-prophunt.jpg)
*承载么？*
盖瑞模组是一个沙盘游戏，但是不为玩家设立目标，神奇隐藏在从一系列的Source引擎游戏中装载的道具和社区不断创造的各种游戏模式中。
其中一个模式是[PropHunt][3] - 一个躲猫猫的游戏模式，有两组团队，一组隐藏为地图中的不同物体，另一组试图去寻找隐藏在楼道里摇摇欲坠的文件柜。
简单而有趣，大量的游戏模式 - prop hunting（躲猫猫）、spaceship building（建造飞船）、或者machinima recording（拍摄游戏引擎电影） - 使得盖瑞模组成为linux狂热游戏爱好者的收藏。
- [从Steam上获取盖瑞模组][4]
### 半条命 2 ###
![理论物理从未如此之酷](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/halflife.jpg)
*理论物理从未如此之酷*
说到Source引擎，半条命2也许是这份名单里最古老的游戏，但是也是迄今为止Value公司所有作品和今年移植到linux上所有游戏中最受欢迎的游戏之一。
半条命2继续了该系列上一个作品中主角理论物理学家Gordon Freeman的故事：想方设法穿过被人类和外星生物毁坏的世界。从物理谜题到令人恐惧而敏捷的猎头蟹总是会出现在你前进的道路上，这场旅行*仍然*是今天最迷人的游戏经历之一。
半条命系列的下一个作品仍然有很多东西需要去兑现，但是从该作品移植到linux平台上接受情况上判断，linux游戏爱好者已经做好准备把雪橇和重力枪抓在手上了。
- [从Steam上获取半条命2][5]
### 失忆症：猪猡的机器 ###
![](ttp://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/amnesia-machine-for-pigs.jpg)
当我们[在九月份][6]评论失忆症：猪猡的机器时，我们发现这部作品的气氛和它的前作一样令人胆战心惊，并且值得我们跋涉过种种不算太难的谜题去探寻属于维多路亚时代的游戏场景以及蒸汽朋克式的机械装置。
最大的收获是linux首次支持该款大受受欢迎游戏系列的作品，虽然Frictional Gmaes公司的开发者们一贯的对linux游戏爱好者友好。在2007和2008年，半影系列一发布他们就完成了移植的工作。
- [在Steam上获取失忆症：猪猡的机器][7]
- [在Ubuntu软件中心获取失忆症：猪猡的机器][8]
### 地铁：最后的曙光 ###
![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/metro-lastlight-750x294.png)
地铁：最后的曙光是最早进入linux的AAA级游戏之一，而且启动速度[相对很快][9]。背景设置在2034年被核毁灭的莫斯科，地铁：最后的曙光将世界末日后的故事集中在一个射手的第一视角里。
从鬼魅到变异蜘蛛以及巨大的变形虫都准备好让末日后莫斯科的普通一天不好过。
这款游戏并不像同类末日后题材的辐射系列那样轻松搞笑，相反它反映了人类在艰难时期所经历的残酷，一些时候让人触动。
- [从Steam上获取地铁：最后的曙光][10]
### 星际边界 ###
![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/starbound.jpg)
你可以把星际边界想象成具有实际故事情节且发生在太空的泰拉瑞亚或者2D的我的世界。有什么理由不去喜爱它呢？
和我的世界十分类似，你可以狩猎、挖矿、或者建造。但是和流行的3D沙盘游戏不同，你还能旅行到其他的星球并且加入一个实际的故事主线。开始时你的飞船搁浅在轨道上，你的第一项挑战包括熟悉游戏的玩法机制和寻找燃料，这些燃料使得你的飞船能够探寻程序产生的各种星球。更多的是，程序会为每一个星球产生多样的怪兽，这样在你的旅途上你将会遭遇一些奇异的生物。
星际边界是一款**预览版游戏**，所以你可能会发现一些不完善的机制（最起码弓和箭有一点不太好使）或者经历一到两次崩溃。尽管它仍在测试当中，但仍旧是一款有趣而有特色的游戏。
- [在Steam上获取星际边界][11]
### 0 A.D. ###
![工人们正在建造建筑和采摘草莓](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/0ad_buildings.jpg)
*工人们正在建造建筑和采摘草莓*
尽管0 A.D.几年前已经就面向linux，但是因为它在2013年的所有成就，我们认为它应该在这份名单上占据一席之地。
它是名单上唯一一款免费且开源的产品，最近通过[募捐活动][12]筹得了$33,251 - 足够了，他们说，准备雇佣一名程序员全职工作一年。虽然并没有达到它最初的募捐目标，但仍然获得了$33，251去支撑这个开源项目。
比任何都重要的是，它很有趣。帝国时代风格的实时战略游戏的粉丝们将享受历经多年打造的0 A.D.。虽然持续改进细节，但这款作品仍然有很长的一段路要走，还有一名志愿程序员在坚持完善它。
- [从Ubuntu软件中心获取0 A.D.][13]
### 纸箱里的坦克战争 ###
![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/papertanks.jpg)
塔防类游戏就像黑白棋或者扫雷游戏那样普遍，但是[纸箱里的战争][14]添加了一剂令人上瘾的魅力。
它独特的纸工艺美学非常起效，使得24个关卡散发出永不疲倦的魅力，让你流连忘返。每一个沉溺于即时塔防游戏的玩家都能接受这款游戏$3.99的售价。简单有趣，但又魅力十足。
- [获取纸箱里的坦克战争][15]
### FEZ ###
![我喜欢fezes。fezes很酷。](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/fez-closeup-300x204.png)
*我喜欢fezes。 fezes很酷。*
我们在[九月份][16]评论了FEZ，虽然是2D游戏，但是能够变换视角，一个带着毡帽和面团宝宝一样有趣的主人公让其名声大噪。
跳跃谜题、令人头疼的视角谜题以及游戏里的幽默，所有的这些都让这款作品保持新鲜，即便你已经在一张地图上摔死了很多次或者靠近了引爆的炸弹。
- [从Steam上获取FEZ][17]
### 欧陆风云 IV ###
![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/europa-universalis-banner.jpg)
想象一个不同的文明系列，更多的微观管理、更多的历史，以及一个巨大的不同：它支持linux！
和文明系列不一样的是，欧陆风云系列是历史决策游戏，虽然它并不详细的描述历史教科书。欧陆风云IV没有把战争延绵在几千年的历史上，它仅仅只包含了1444-1821。但是这并不意味着欧陆风云不如长跨度的文明系列那样有趣和迷人。
欧陆风云IV是实时游戏，而不是回合制的，所以你需要经常暂停以便更好地审视你不断增长的帝国或者你富裕国家的广阔的贸易路线。考虑到“大战略”游戏玩法的内容篇幅，欧陆风云系列可能会吓到初学者，但是如果你想在美洲殖民历史上大展手脚或者扭转拿破仑战争的局势，这些努力都是值得的。
- [从Steam上获取欧陆风云IV][18]
### 肯塔基0号路 ###
![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Kentucy-Route-Zero-1.jpg)
[肯塔基0号路][19]一直以来都是我最喜爱的游戏之一。它是名单里最富艺术气息的作品，同时它也是彰显游戏诗意的典范，当然这里不考虑2014年及以后我们所能找到所有AAA级作品。
肯塔基0号路给点击类冒险游戏带来了魔幻现实主义色彩，将经典的冒险游戏元素和超现实融合在一起。游戏开始时，你试图寻找一个不明就里的地址去投递古董，但是随后剧情将朝着无法预料，通常是奇特的方向发展。
这是一款探索类游戏，不是为了完成某个任务或者去营救一个总是在其他城堡里的公主。它不会被每一个人喜欢 - 也不会符合每一个人对“游戏”的定义 - 但是它却是最具意义和创造性，同时又让我享受其中的作品之一。
- [从Steam上获取肯塔基0号路][20]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2013/12/top-10-linux-games-2013
译者：[OnlySang](https://github.com/OnlySang) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[1]:http://www.polygon.com/2013/10/12/4826190/linux-only-needs-one-killer-game-to-explode-says-battlefield-director
[2]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2013/11/total-war-rome-ii-coming-linux-early-next-year
[3]:http://steamcommunity.com/sharedfiles/filedetails/?id=135509255
[4]:http://store.steampowered.com/app/4000
[5]:http://store.steampowered.com/app/220
[6]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2013/09/amnesia-a-machine-for-pigs-review
[7]:http://store.steampowered.com/app/239200
[8]:https://apps.ubuntu.com/cat/applications/amnesia-amfp/
[9]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2013/11/metro-last-light-steam-linux-download
[10]:http://store.steampowered.com/app/43160
[11]:http://store.steampowered.com/app/211820
[12]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2013/10/crowd-funding-success-historical-war-game-0-d
[13]:https://apps.ubuntu.com/cat/applications/0ad/
[14]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2013/03/war-in-a-box-paper-tanks-ubuntu-review
[15]:https://apps.ubuntu.com/cat/applications/war-in-a-box-paper-tanks/
[16]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2013/09/fez-indie-game-review-on-linux
[17]:http://store.steampowered.com/app/224760/
[18]:http://store.steampowered.com/app/236850
[19]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2013/02/adventures-in-magical-realism-kentucky-route-zero-act-i-review
[20]:http://store.steampowered.com/app/231200

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Linux 9大 Podcast
================================================================================
### 简介 ###
去年，我写了一篇叫“[Linux 的 Podcasts 和杂志][1]”，在其中，我列出了一些有关 Linux 的最好的 Podcasts 和杂志。回看那篇文章，我感觉它本来可以列出更多，因为现在有许许多多的 Podcasts 配得上那个称号。
下面的这个列表列出的是我最喜欢的基于 Linux 的 podcasts。排名不分次序，我认为它们都有各有特点。
现在你肯能会认为只有9个会有点奇怪，为什么不是10个呢？当然所有这些事情都是10个10个地出现。那么如果我加上第十个，那么这就不再是一个货真价实的列表了，因为我只有听过9个 Podcasts。但是，你们不要犹豫在评论栏里加上你们自己的 Podcast。
### 1. Linux Action Show ###
官网：[http://www.jupiterbroadcasting.com/tag/linux-action-show/][2]
The Linux action show 由 Chris Fisher 和 Matt Hartley 来主持。
你可以在线观看节目又或者下载或收听 MP3 格式的节目。
他们的节目都非常有趣，并且主持们都非常乐观和热情。
节目包括新闻、精选、回馈和一个特色主题。
同时节目还包括发掘 Linux 社区所发生的事情，并且你还会听到你以前从来都没有听过的软件。
节目的时间相对比较长，持续接近 2 个小时。这是一个非常适合你在工作时候收听的好节目。
### 2. Linux Unplugged ###
官网：[http://www.jupiterbroadcasting.com/show/linuxun/][3]
我没有骗你，这又是与他们两个有关。
只不过 Linux Unplugged 是 Linux Action Show 的不太正式版，同时 Chris 和 Matt 希望在 Linux 环境之外尝试新的东西。嘉宾和聊天室用户可用在节目中直接地互动。
看直播远比看重播要爽，同样，他们也会在每个星期传递相同的信息。
### 3. The Linux Link Tech Show ###
官网：[http://tllts.org/][4]
The Linux Link Tech Show 是一个不算很正式的节目，基本上，他是由一群讨论有关常见的 Linux 和生活的人组成的。
同样这个节目也大概持续 2 个小时，并且比听叽叽喳喳的 DJ 谈论他们上星期喝得多醉有趣得多。
根据网站，主持每个星期都会有稍微的不同，他们有 Linc，Dann，Allan，Pat，Rich，Dan 和 Davey。
我听了他们上一期的节目，他们讨论了有关 Linux，GNU/Linux 等等的内容。当然，他们在下一期的节目中也会是不断地讨论讨论讨论。
### 4. Everyday Linux ###
官网：[http://elementopie.com/everyday-linux-episodes][5]
Everyday Linux 是由 Seth Anderson，Chirs Neves 和 Mark Cockrell 主持，并且讨论与 Linux 有关和一些非 Linux 的话题。
同样，节目时常大约 2 小时，内容涵盖 Linux 新闻，发行版和软件。
在上一期节目中，他们谈论了有关 Plex 的文章，专利流氓和一个怀旧游戏网站。在其中一节，一个家伙谈论了 Linux 在这一年是否完成了它的一些目标。
许多的讨论都是关于 Linux 当经是否在市场上占主导位置，并且是否包含台式电脑。没有人能决定 ChromeOS 和 Android 是否只使用 Linux 作为基础和我们应该使用 Linux，GNU/Linux 等等哪一种术语的古老的题目。
我经常在一些文章末尾得到一些评论，指明发行版并不是操作系统，它是发行版又或者 Linux 不是一个操作系统，GNU/Linux 才是。这看来似乎是永不结束的讨论。
在很多个月之前，我很幸运我能够以[嘉宾的身份在 Everyday Linux podcast][6] 中登场。
### 5. Going Linux ###
官网：[http://goinglinux.com/][7]
Going Linux是由 Larry Bushey 和 Bill Smith 主持。
这节目显得更加的正式，并且主持们对于 Linux 都有很深厚的认识。
节目大部分的时间都是由大众来提问题，然后主持们尽可能简洁地回答他们的问题。
这个节目非常值得收听，因为通过它你至少能够学到一点东西。
它比之前的节目平均要短 40 分钟。
### 6. Ubuntu UK Podcast ###
官网：[http://podcast.ubuntu-uk.org/][8]
Ubuntu UK Podcast 是一个英国的 Podcast，由 Laura Cowen，Mark Johnson 和 Alan Pope 主持。
这个节目会快速地调侃一下有关 Linux 的事情，但是大多时间都是关于 Ubuntu。
节目开始是一些普通 Linux 新闻的摘要，然后接着就是有关 Ubuntu 的信息。
通常节目中都会有一个特色环节，并邀请嘉宾，辅导和命令行爱好者。完事之后会有一个反馈环节。
节目通常只有 30 分钟，你会觉得时间过得飞一般快。
### 7. Linux Outlaws ###
官网：[http://sixgun.org/linuxoutlaws][9]
由 Fabian Scherschal 和 Dan Lynch 主持的 Linux Outlaws，是最具娱乐气氛的 Podcast 之一。
你必须做好准备，因为你随时都会听到一连串的不雅用语，我说的是随时都会听到。
就像一些很好的搭档一样，那里有滑稽的配角和戏剧演员。Dan 扮演配角，而 Fab 则扮演戏剧天才。
节目时长从 1 小时到 2 个半小时不等。
节目通常会谈论过去一个星期有关 Linux 的新闻，其中覆盖了从发行到信息安全等各方面的内容。
据对值得收听，尤其如果你不是一个特别容易被冒犯的人。
### 8. Linux Luddites ###
官网：[http://linuxluddites.com/][10]
Linux Luddites 是另外一个英国的 Podcast，由 Joe 和 Paddy 主持。
我在上星期只听过一次他们的节目，但却印象深刻。
节目内容包括这个星期的新闻（如果你像我一样收听多个 Podcasts，那你完全可以总结出听过数遍相同的信息之后会怎么样），简单地讨论从 Distrowatch 获取的发行版，反馈，等等。
在节目中我听到了以一个新用户角度来看 Debian 且相当深入的内容。
他的观点是关于让人迷惑的 Debian 网站，安装包和其他 Debian 的特色。
### 9. Mintcast ###
官网：[http://mintcast.org/][11]
Mintcast 是由 Rob，Scott 和 James 主持的并且与 Ubuntu UK Podcast 非常相像的 Podcast，不过他主要面向的是 Mint 的用户。
节目内容包括新闻和常见的特色环节例如谈论 LXDE 或 XFCE 等等。
我必须承认的是我并没有常常收听这个 Podcast 因为我不是一个 Mint 的用户。
### 总结 ###
Podcasts 更多的是娱乐和推送新闻，并且相对于收听普通的收音机，我更宁愿选择收听 Podcasts。
感谢阅读！
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://www.everydaylinuxuser.com/2014/02/top-9-linux-podcasts.html
译者：[hyaocuk](https://github.com/hyaocuk) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[1]:http://www.everydaylinuxuser.com/2013/05/linux-podcasts-and-magazines.html
[2]:http://www.jupiterbroadcasting.com/tag/linux-action-show/
[3]:http://www.jupiterbroadcasting.com/show/linuxun/
[4]:http://tllts.org/
[5]:http://elementopie.com/everyday-linux-episodes
[6]:http://www.everydaylinuxuser.com/2013/08/everyday-linux-user-and-everyday-linux.html
[7]:http://goinglinux.com/
[8]:http://podcast.ubuntu-uk.org/
[9]:http://sixgun.org/linuxoutlaws
[10]:http://linuxluddites.com/
[11]:http://mintcast.org/

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Unity控制中心默认会在Ubuntu 14.04 出现
================================================================================
几周前，开发者[声称][1]会在Ubuntu 14.04从系统设置中(GNOME 控制中心)复刻一个Unity控制中心到系统设置程序中。
本质上来说，Unity控制中心会用在即将到来的Ubuntu 14.04 上，复刻过程是为了避免与Ubuntu风格的GNOME--Ubuntu GNOME--产生问题。
Unity控制中心 14.03已经通过常规升级登陆到了Ubuntu 14.04上，现在已经默认在Ubuntu桌面调整中启用。
Unity控制中心，除了它的名字外，与原来的系统设置一样保持了相同的外观、感受和特性，展示了它相同的外观和功能（还在开发中）。
意味深长的是，启动Unity 14.04控制中心，用户会面对已经熟悉的系统设置窗口和它含有的入口。
![](http://iloveubuntu.net/pictures_me/unity%20control%20center%20ubuntu%2014.04%20default.png)
根据开发者说法，复刻过程是为了保持基于GNOME的系统设置程序能够在Ubuntu 14.04 LTS上使用，而接下来的Ubuntu版本可能会使用基于Qt/QML的系统设置。
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://iloveubuntu.net/unity-control-center-arrived-ubuntu-1404-default
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[1]:http://iloveubuntu.net/ubuntu-developers-registered-unity-control-center-launchpad-fork-gnome-control-center-so-we-can

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Untangle Next Generation (NG) Firewall是一个纯Linux的解决方案
================================================================================
**Untangle Next Generation (NG) Firewall 10.1是一个基于Linux的网关，带有模块化的网络应用，比如垃圾邮件过滤，网页过滤，防病毒，防间谍软件，防入侵，VPN，SSL VPN，以及防火墙。它已经发布并可以下载了。 **
![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/Untangle-Next-Generation-NG-Firewall-Is-a-Complete-Linux-Solution-425968-2.jpg)
Untangle Next Generation (NG) Firewall曾经叫Ungangle网关，但是开发者们为了更好地展现它的功能，给它改了个名字。
NG防火墙现在是许多应用的集合，根据开发者的介绍，它们会并发地侦测网络数据，极大地减少了单独应用的系统资源消耗。
Untangle Next Generation (NG) Firewall的特性包括一个专用的过滤器，高级带宽管理功能，支持加密VPN连接，按组或者按用户来控制，以及许多的支持服务。
### Untangle Next Generation (NG) Firewall 10.1的亮点: ###
- 用户不可以下载应用程序，整个下载系统都被移除了，所有的应用都预装在平台中。
- 支持基本的VRRP设置，在有多个Untangle服务器的时候支持热/冷高可用性。
- 网络过滤器现在在阻止https链接的时候会显示一个阻挡页面，即使没有使用专用的https检查器。
- 改善了网络过滤器的https阻挡功能（不带https检查器），在Untanble最新的版本中，https流量会先通过SNI分类。默认情况下，这个分发会根据从https网站获取的证书以及根据证书的CN来建立会话来分类，这个过程更加精确。
- 支持根据列值或任意值过滤。
- 支持通过“搜索”做做全局过滤。
- 提高了广告过滤器的性能。
请查看官方的[声明][1]来获得完整的改动和改善列表。
### 下载Untangle Gateway Platform 10.1: ###
- [Untangle Gateway Platform 10.1 (ISO) 64-bit[iso]][2] [565 MB]
- [Untangle Gateway Platform 10.1 (ISO) 32-bit[iso]][3] [561 MB]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Untangle-Next-Generation-NG-Firewall-Is-a-Complete-Linux-Solution-425968.shtml
译者：[zpl1025](https://github.com/zpl1025) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[1]:http://wiki.untangle.com/index.php/10.1.0_Changelog
[2]:http://download.untangle.com/untangle_1010_x64.iso
[3]:http://download.untangle.com/untangle_1010_x32.iso

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为什么说Linux桌面已经不重要了
================================================================================
![](http://readwrite.com/files/styles/630_0su/public/fields/shutterstock_134327498.jpg)
Linux桌面系统是一个难用的集合。尽管已经有非常明显的证据显示，Linux桌面没有任何一丝机会让自己变成主流，那些为Linux辩护的人仍然扭着手[说][1]：“我们已经基本成功了！。。。或者有一点儿 。 ”
当然，确实可以说(而且[我也已经这么说好些年了][2])Linux[借助][3]Android的身份已经稳坐了“桌面系统”冠军，但这也相当于Linux在桌面操作系统中领域的彻底失败。
原因很简单：对于瓦莱丽来说，Linux系统从来没有足够简单和有用。
### 最适合瓦莱丽的操作系统 ###
瓦莱丽是一位女士，25年来她每六个星期替我剪一次头发。她不是什么技术的早期使用者，而是当前主流大众的一个，而且[如果瓦莱丽在用某项技术][4]，那么基本上表明所有其他人已经在用了。
瓦莱丽最近在试着从Windows电脑切换到MacBook。按照她地兴趣（主要是摄影），我曾经觉得一台Mac会是非常棒的选择。但是，她却在挣扎着想要搞明白怎么导入她保存在希捷移动硬盘上的相片用于编辑，因为Mac不能正常识别她的移动硬盘（[似乎是个普遍问题][5]）。百思买客服的建议是，她需要格式化她的希捷硬盘来让Mac OS X兼容。如果她那么做的话，那她所有的数据也就没了。
瓦莱丽被吓到了，她可不想32,000张图片不能用，甚至更悲剧－没了。
在我剪完头发后，我试着帮他设定她的新MacBook。我注意到她的Windows笔记本上装了Netflix应用，但是在Mac上却没有。原来，在Mac笔记本上，她不知道怎么处理转移文件、删除程序、或者其他什么事情，这些她已经能很自然地在Windows电脑上完成的事情。
现在，我作为一个绝对的Mac粉丝，拥有满屋子的MacBook Air和MacBook Pro。但是看到她在Mac上的痛苦，我最终还是建议她去买一个内置1TB硬盘的华硕笔记本，这样她就可以不再用那个移动硬盘了。
所以，问题不是哪个操作系统比较好，问题是哪个操作系统更适合瓦莱丽。
### 但是我奶奶会用Linux！ ###
对大多数人来说，大多数情况下，答案是Windows。或者，随着iPhone和iPad的流行，因为可以和Mac OS X完美地同步数据，选择Mac OS X的人也渐渐多起来。但是，很少会有人的答案是Linux。
丹.库斯尼茨基提供了非常多的[Linux永远不会在企业中流行的原因][6]，但是对于我来说，分析的真正对象是世界上的所有“瓦莱丽”。
假如瓦莱丽用的是iPad或者iPhone，那她就有非常足够的理由来使用Mac。但是她没有，因为价格因素，她拥有Android智能手机和Android平板。而且，这些设备大多数时候被她用作一个漂亮的电影播放器。对于瓦莱丽的这些需求，Linux没有任何帮助，也没有任何联系。
所以，当[人们争论说Linux已经足够好了][7]的时候，我会觉得莫名其妙：
> 对于Linux来说，它完全没有必要在桌面系统中去“击败Windows”来获得成功。它需要的是是提供一个切实可行的Windows或者其他桌面系统的替代品。而且它已经反复这么做很多年了。如今，任何想要抛弃微软的Windows用户，都可以切换到Linux来满足自己的计算需求。
这很明显不是真的，简直让人透不过气来。是的，人们可以从Linux那里得到基础的计算功能，甚至高级功能。但是，他们却不能从手上已有的设备或者体验中平滑地过渡。
### 网络是新的Linux ###
比起Linux，我更觉得新的“桌面系统”赢家会是Google。不是Android，而是Google本身。就像[史蒂文 J. 沃恩尼克尔斯][8]提到的，Google的Chromebook已经飞快地被买走，因为它提供了优秀廉价的Google服务。我看到瓦莱丽在用Chromebook，因为它将她喜爱的Google体验扩展到一个新（实际上不那么新）的形式上。感谢Picasa，她已经用来保存相片的副本，她不用再烦恼了。
Linux和瓦莱丽的需求完全无关，不是说实现不了，而是因为Linux要求瓦莱丽去适应它，而不是它去适应瓦莱丽的需求。所以你看，这个世界上有成千上万的“瓦莱丽”，他们选择桌面系统不是阵营问题，而更多的是方便性。而Linux桌面在前一个方面做得太多了，没有考虑后面。
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via: http://readwrite.com/2014/01/23/why-the-linux-desktop-never-mattered#feed=/hack&awesm=~ou6OVYfWhEnIe6
译者：[zpl1025](https://github.com/zpl1025) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[1]:http://www.itworld.com/open-source/398428/has-linux-lost-desktop-forever-windows
[2]:http://readwrite.com/2013/02/04/the-year-of-the-linux-desktop-2012#awesm=~otMxvaN3z0hqn1
[3]:https://www.google.com/search?q=qua&oq=qua&aqs=chrome..69i57j69i61l2j0l2j69i61.6997j0j7&sourceid=chrome&espv=210&es_sm=91&ie=UTF-8
[4]:http://news.cnet.com/8301-13505_3-10113244-16.html
[5]:https://discussions.apple.com/message/12225326#12225326
[6]:http://www.zdnet.com/why-didnt-linux-win-on-the-desktop-7000024760/
[7]:http://www.itworld.com/open-source/398428/has-linux-lost-desktop-forever-windows
[8]:http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9245119/Steven_J._Vaughan_Nichols_The_Windows_killer_Chromebook