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[#]: subject: "WiFi 6 Promises Much More than Faster Speeds"
[#]: via: "https://www.opensourceforu.com/2022/06/wifi-6-promises-much-more-than-faster-speeds/"
[#]: author: "Sharon Katta https://www.opensourceforu.com/author/sharon-katta/"
[#]: collector: "lkxed"
[#]: translator: "cool-summer-021"
[#]: reviewer: "wxy"
[#]: publisher: "wxy"
[#]: url: "https://linux.cn/article-15369-1.html"
WiFi 6 带来的不仅是高速
======
> WiFi 6 提高了网络连通性，它在不久的将来有望为数万亿台设备组网，并且能够不间断而高效地工作。它虽然在 2019 年就取得了官方认证，但由于疫情原因，它的测试工作面临不少挑战。本文旨在对这项技术进行概述。
![WiFi-6][1]
WiFi 技术的下一代标准，称为 “WiFi 6”，也可以称为 “AX WiFi” 或 “802.11ax”。它是为满足指数级增长的设备组网需求而产生的，因此也可以用于 VR 和智能家居。它是现有的 802.11ac WiFi 标准的升级版，可以应对现有技术在容量、效率、覆盖范围和性能方面遇到的挑战。
![Figure 1: WiFi 6][2]
这项技术是在 2014 年进行研发，完成于 2018 年，由 IEEE 高性能无线网络研究组（HEW SG）发布。产品认证于 2019 年后期进行，此时三星 Galaxy Note 10 和 Ruckus R750 使用了这种技术。WiFi 6 运行于 1GHz 和 6GHz 波段，主要的频率为 2.4GHz-5GHz。
如今，每个家庭平均有九台设备需要连接 WiFi。WiFi 6 主要致力于改善网络质量，而不是提升某些设备的速度。
### WiFi 6的特点
- **多用户、多输入、多输出（MU-MIMO）：** 路由器和多台设备可以同时通信。在 2.4GHz 和 5GHz 频率上，它支持四个同步的数据流，当这些数据流添加到一个用户时，可以从智能路由器接收到相当大的输入数据的带宽。
- **1024-QAM:** 这令 WiFi 6 的每个数据包能编码的字节数更多，吞吐量增加了 25%。它不仅提高了大业务量情况下的通信效率，也最大限度增加了传输速率。这在现代企业应用系统领域有很大的优势。
- **正交频分复用（OFDM）：** 支持四倍的副载波，速度也提高了 11%。扩展的信号支持用户同时进行更多数据包传输。所以数据包之间的等待时间和延迟就减少了。
- **增加的信道宽度：** 80MHz 的波段加入了 160MHz 的信道通信，信道宽度增加了一倍。因此，路由器可以容纳更多用户，为每个用户提供更大的数据流。
- **目标唤醒时间（TWT）：** 这是 WiFi 6 特有的。它支持每台设备独立协商发送和接收的唤醒时间。它可以增加总体睡眠时间，令电池寿命最大化。它还支持许多额外的网络选项，特别是对 IoT 设备的支持。
- **提升安全性：** 一切支持 WiFi 6 的设备都需要包含 WPA3 协议。它可以对未经验证的通信进行加密，针对暴力字典攻击提供了强大的密码保护，以及对敏感信息进行 192 位的加密，提升数据的可靠性。
- **波束赋形：** 借助八根天线，波束赋形能提高传输速率，通信范围也因直接定向到某个客户端而扩大。它对快速移动的、可能面临多用户、多输入、多输出的设备起到了支撑作用。波束赋形也有利于控制那些蓄意发出干扰信号的天线的传输。然后信号会被重新定向到新的目标。
### 支持 WiFi 6 的设备
到目前为止，路由器、中继器、网状网络和多数 WiFi 使用者还是以 WiFi 5 为标准。WiFi 6 是 2019 年推出的。一些支持 WiFi 5 的早期设备存在一些兼容性问题 —— 它们可以使用 WiFi 6 的网络，但得不到相应的支持服务。
WiFi 6 的路由器是向后兼容的。应该确保网络已经为此做好了准备。
WiFi 6 实现了较低的电量消耗，在任何场景（包括 IoT）下，都是个不错的选择。它减少了不必要的数据流动，还会通知设备何时将数据激活或令其睡眠。所以不必要的数据流动减少了，性能和电池寿命也提高了。
三星 Galaxy Note 10 和 Ruckus R750 是全球第一款经认证支持 WiFi 6 的智能手机和接入设备，苹果的最新款 iPhone 也紧随其后。WiFi 联盟已经确立了认证方案，正如人们预期的那样，等待入市的那些新款无线产品也开始申请认证了。下列设备已支持 WiFi 6:
* iPhone 11 和之后的型号
* 三星 Galaxy S10、S20、Note 10 和 Note 20
* 配置 M1 处理器的苹果电脑
* 智能电视
> 为了全面享受到 802.11ax 标准带来的改进，硬件和软件的功能都需要基于这种 WiFi 技术进行升级。
### 硬件测试
为了充分挖掘最新款设备的潜力，需要一台 WiFi 6 路由器来运行网络。几年前，这么做的成本很高，但现在我们有多种选择，甚至可以使用网格系统、游戏路由器、范围扩展器等等。只有在进行实际测试时，才可以购买最划算的设备。如今，在速度方面，TP-Link Archer AX6000 是最快的，它击败了所有的竞争者。这款路由器可以以 1523 Mbps 的速率无线传输数据，有效传输距离为 1.5米（5 英尺）。
很重要的一点，请务必记住，这些路由器提速，并不是在变魔术。理论上的最大速率 9.6 Gbps是实现不了的。这种理论上的最大速率，实际上也会被多台设备分摊掉。
WiFi 6 侧重于在连接设备密集的地方提供高质量的连接。它不会令单台设备的速率指数级增长，但会使相关的设备运行处于理想水平。
只有各大互联网服务提供商（ISP）的加速计划与 WiFi 6 路由器结合起来，才能体现它的真正潜力。真正的挑战是那些 ISP 承受的，因为它们需要铺设新型的光纤来利用这种下一代技术。存在一个重要的问题：当ISP 的通信速率变得更快，现有的硬件会变得多余吗？
### WiFi 6 的应用
- **大型公共场所（LPV）：** 体育馆和会议中心是上千台设备同时联网的公共场所。WiFi 6 能改善参会者体验，增强消费者互动，还能提供附加服务，比如即时回放，订购餐食等。它还支持 LPV 业主开拓新的商业机会。
- **交通枢纽：** 公共交通站点也是人们需要同时联网的场所。OFDMA 和 BSS 这类明显具有 WiFi 6 色彩的技术为解决这种问题提供了必要的工具。
- **物联网和智慧城市建设：** WiFi 6 的能效令物联网设备可以进入休眠模式，并且可以在预定的间隔内开启信号发射器，以便在无需过多维护的情况下增加现场作业时间。
- **教育机构：** 大学校园内的图书馆、礼堂和报告厅内的日间 WiFi 使用密度是最高的，夜晚几乎没有人。WiFi 6 是这类场景的完美选项。
（LCTT 译注：相关产品推荐部分节略。）
### 面临的挑战
WiFi 6 不一定使速度更快，但它能确保在一定范围内的设备速率不会在未来几年变慢。虽然它面临三重挑战，但这些问题常常被忽视。
- 需要对不支持的设备进行升级：即使 Wifi 6 向后兼容，但只能在最大限度使用这种技术时才能做得合理。这意味着每次都要更新设备。
- 内部网络以外的速度和性能：WiFi 6 能为诸如云文件共享之类服务提供极好的连接性。然而，ISP 的相关资源也会影响速度和性能。
- 覆盖范围问题：在各个国家，传输信号和带宽都是由法律规定上限的。因此，为了符合法律规定的上限，WiFi 6 的覆盖范围也是受限的。
尽管存在这些挑战，一些企业，像 Aruba、华硕、AT&T、Boingo、博通、思科、Comcast、CommScope、Cypress、Extreme Networks、英特尔、Netgear、Orange、高通、TP-Link 和小米，都在关注 WiFi 6 更多的可能性。
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://www.opensourceforu.com/2022/06/wifi-6-promises-much-more-than-faster-speeds/
作者：[Sharon Katta][a]
选题：[lkxed][b]
译者：[cool-summer-021](https://github.com/cool-summer-021)
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://www.opensourceforu.com/author/sharon-katta/
[b]: https://github.com/lkxed
[1]: https://www.opensourceforu.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/WiFi-6.jpg
[2]: https://www.opensourceforu.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/WiFi-6-1.jpg
[0]: https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/202212/21/165355hi20ky6mchmj0h38.jpg

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[#]: subject: "How to Record Streaming Audio in Ubuntu and other Linux Distributions"
[#]: via: "https://itsfoss.com/record-streaming-audio/"
[#]: author: "Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/"
[#]: collector: "lkxed"
[#]: translator: "FYJNEVERFOLLOWS"
[#]: reviewer: "wxy"
[#]: publisher: "wxy"
[#]: url: "https://linux.cn/article-15381-1.html"
如何在 Ubuntu 中录制流媒体音频
======
![][0]
> 如何在 Ubuntu 和其他 Linux 发行版中录制音频？
如果你想通过计算机的麦克风录制语音，可以使用 GNOME <ruby>录音机<rt>Sound Recorder</rt></ruby> 或 Audacity。
使用 GNOME 录音机很简单，但它功能不足。Audacity 最初可能会让人无从入手，但它有很多专业级录音的功能。不过，在本教程中，我不打算详细讨论这个问题。
GNOME 录音机能与麦克风配合使用。还有一个叫做 Audio recorder 的工具，除了麦克风输入，你可以使用它来录制流媒体音乐（来自 Sptify、YouTube、互联网广播、Skype 和其他大多数来源）。
总而言之，我将向你展示以下步骤：
* 使用 GNOME 录音机录制声音
* 使用 Audio Recorder 录制流音频
### 使用 GNOME 录音机从麦克风录制音频
GNOME 桌面环境有很多有用的应用程序，录音机就是其中之一。
你可以从 Ubuntu 软件中心安装 [录音机][1]。
![Sound Recorder can be installed from the Ubuntu Software Center][2]
或者，你可以在终端中使用此命令来安装它：
```
sudo apt install gnome-sound-recorder
```
安装后，你可以在系统菜单中找到它，并从那里启动它。
![GNOME Sound Recorder][3]
在开始使用它之前，应确保在系统设置中选择了正确的输入源：
![Ensure that you have chosen correct input in system settings][4]
打开录音机，它将显示如下界面：
![Hit the Record button to start audio recording][5]
点击“<ruby>录制<rt>Record</rt></ruby>”按钮，它立即开始录制音频。录制时，你可以选择暂停、停止或取消录制。
![Options while recording audio][6]
你的录音将保存并可从应用程序界面本身获得。单击保存的录音以突出显示。
你可以回放或删除该录音。你可以通过单击“保存/下载”按钮选择将其保存到其他位置。你也可以使用“编辑”按钮重命名该录音。
![Saved recordings][7]
这很方便，对吧？你可以选择以 `MP3`、`FLAC` 和多种格式录制。
#### 删除 GNOME 录音机
不喜欢它或发现它缺乏功能？
你可以从 Ubuntu 软件中心删除 GNOME 录音机，或使用以下命令：
```
sudo apt remove gnome-sound-recorder
```
GNOME 录音机应用功能有限，它只从麦克风录制，在某些情况下这不是你想要的。
想象一下你想录制 Skype 通话或在应用程序或网络浏览器中播放的内容？在这种情况下，漂亮的 Audio Recorder 会有所帮助。
### 使用 Audio Recorder 来录制流媒体音频
你可以使用 [官方 PPA][10] 在 Ubuntu 和 LinuxMint 中安装 `Audio Recorder`。在终端中依次使用以下命令：
```
sudo apt-add-repository ppa:audio-recorder/ppa
sudo apt update
sudo apt install audio-recorder
```
或者，你可以从 [启动台][11] 下载源代码。安装后，你可以从“<ruby>活动概述<rt>Activity Overview</rt></ruby>”里启动应用程序：
![Audio Recorder][12]
#### 记录不同来源的各种声音
Audio Recorder 记录计算机产生的各种声音。
它记录通过系统声卡、麦克风、浏览器、网络摄像头等播放的音频。
换句话说，即使你的系统打喷嚏，它也会记录（如果你想记录的话）。它允许你选择录制设备，如网络摄像头、麦克风、Skype 等。
要录制流媒体音乐，请选择适当的源。例如，如果你正在 Rhythmbox 中播放流媒体广播，请选择 Rythmbox。
![Audio-Recorder Audio Settings][13]
#### 在你方便的时候录制
Audio Recorder 还提供了设置计时器的选项。你可以在给定的时钟时间或预定义的间隔开始、停止或暂停录制。你还可以设置录制文件大小的限制。
此外，你可以在没有音频（或声音很低）时暂停（和停止），并在声音恢复时继续。
你所要做的就是编辑计时器面板中的文本。注释掉你不想应用的“规则”，并根据你的要求编辑这些规则。
![Audio-recorder Timer Settings][14]
它提供了其他设置，如登录时自动启动、显示托盘图标和其他记录设置。
![Audio-recorder Additional Settings][15]
#### 以各种文件格式保存录制的音乐文件
另一个宝藏。你可以将录制的文件保存为你喜爱的文件格式。支持的文件格式有 OGG 音频、Flac、MP3、SPX 和 WAV。我录音时更喜欢用 MP3 格式。
录制的文件存储在 `~/Audio` 中，即主目录中的“音频”文件夹中。
![Audio-recorder Audio Formats][16]
#### Audio Recorder 有多好？
我在 Ubuntu 中使用 Audio Recorder [录制 YouTube 上播放的音乐][17]。我用 MP3 格式保存了一段 2 分钟的视频，占用了 934 KB 的空间。但我必须说，我没想到录制的音质会这么好。老实说，我无法将它与 YouTube 上的原始歌曲区分开来。
#### 删除 Audio Recorder
如果你不喜欢 Audio Recorder，可以使用以下命令将其删除：
```
sudo apt remove audio-recorder
```
[同时删除 PPA][18] 是个好主意：
```
sudo apt-add-repository -r ppa:audio-recorder/ppa
```
### 结论
Linux 中可能还有其他几种用于音频录制的工具。像 GNOME 一样，其他桌面环境也可能有录音应用程序。我知道深度操作系统肯定有一个。
GNOME 录音机是一个不错的工具，用于从麦克风录制声音。对于录制各种来源的声音，Audio Recorder 是一个不错的选择。
我希望这篇文章能满足你的录音需求。如果你有什么建议，请告诉我。
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://itsfoss.com/record-streaming-audio/
作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a]
选题：[lkxed][b]
译者：[FYJNEVERFOLLOWS](https://github.com/FYJNEVERFOLLOWS)
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://itsfoss.com/
[b]: https://github.com/lkxed
[1]: https://wiki.gnome.org/Apps/SoundRecorder
[2]: https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/sound-recorder-ubuntu.png
[3]: https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/sound-recorder.png
[4]: https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/microphone-settings-ubuntu.png
[5]: https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/using-sound-recorder-linux.png
[6]: https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/sound-recording-with-sound-recorder.png
[7]: https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/sound-recorder-interface.png
[8]: https://youtu.be/o7Ia2QGeB7Q
[9]: https://www.youtube.com/c/itsfoss?sub_confirmation=1
[10]: https://launchpad.net/~audio-recorder/+archive/ubuntu/ppa
[11]: https://launchpad.net/audio-recorder
[12]: https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/audio-recorder-in-overview.png
[13]: https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/audio-recorder-audio-settings.png
[14]: https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/audio-recorder-timer-settings.png
[15]: https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/audio-recorder-additional-settings.png
[16]: https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/audio-recorder-audio-formats.png
[17]: https://itsfoss.com/youtube-dl-audio-only/
[18]: https://itsfoss.com/how-to-remove-or-delete-ppas-quick-tip/
[0]: https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/202212/25/154829ol11lp47i8o6222c.jpg

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[#]: author: "sk https://ostechnix.com/author/sk/"
[#]: collector: "lkxed"
[#]: translator: "MjSeven"
[#]: reviewer: " "
[#]: publisher: " "
[#]: url: " "
[#]: reviewer: "wxy"
[#]: publisher: "wxy"
[#]: url: "https://linux.cn/article-15377-1.html"
如何在 Linux 中使用 SCP 安全地传输文件
======
![][0]
在网络上文件传输可以通过各种不同的方式和协议来完成。**远程复制文件**最常用的协议是 **Rsync**、**SCP** 和 **SFTP**。在本文中，我们将了解**什么是 SCP** 以及如何在 Linux 和类 Unix 操作系统中**使用 SCP 在本地和远程计算机之间安全地传输文件**。
### 什么是 SCP?
### 什么是 SCP？
SCP，代表**安全复制**，它是一个命令行程序，在 Linux 和类 Unix 操作系统中以安全的方式在本地和远程系统之间，或在两个远程系统之间复制文件和目录。
SCP，代表 <ruby>安全复制<rt>Secure Copy</rt></ruby>，它是一个命令行程序，在 Linux 和类 Unix 操作系统中以安全的方式在本地和远程系统之间，或在两个远程系统之间复制文件和目录。
使用 `scp` 命令，你可以安全地复制文件或目录：
@ -22,7 +24,7 @@ SCP，代表**安全复制**，它是一个命令行程序，在 Linux 和类 Un
- 从远程系统到本地
- 在两个远程系统之间
使用 scp 命令传输数据时，文件和目录都是加密的。因此，即使网络被破坏，犯罪者也无法获得任何有意义的数据。
使用 `scp` 命令传输数据时，文件和目录都是加密的。因此，即使网络被破坏，作恶者也无法获得任何有意义的数据。
SCP 是 openSSH 程序的一个组件，它使用 SSH 协议安全地传输文件。几乎所有现代 Linux 和 Unix 发行版都预装了 OpenSSH，所以不必费心安装它。
@ -30,7 +32,7 @@ SCP 是 openSSH 程序的一个组件，它使用 SSH 协议安全地传输文
根据 openSSH 开发人员的**官方公告**：
> **scp 协议已经过时了**，它不灵活且不易修复。我们建议使用更现代的协议，如 sftp 和 rsync 来代替。
> **scp 协议已经过时了**，它不灵活且不易修复。我们建议使用更现代的协议，如 `sftp` 和 `rsync` 来代替。
>
> 参考 - [https://lists.mindrot.org/pipermail/openssh-unix-dev/2019-March/037672.html][1]
@ -38,8 +40,8 @@ SCP 是 openSSH 程序的一个组件，它使用 SSH 协议安全地传输文
另外，SCP 的工作原理与 `cp` 命令完全相同，而 `rsync` 则会判断源目录是否有**结尾斜杠**而出现不同的行为。看一看下面的命令：
- `rsync source destination/` - 将 source 目录复制到 destination 文件夹内。
- `rsync source/ destination/` - 将 source 目录的内容复制到 destination 文件夹中。
- `rsync source destination/` - 将 `source` 目录复制到 `destination` 文件夹内。
- `rsync source/ destination/` - 将 `source` 目录的内容复制到 `destination` 文件夹中。
所以，你必须反复检查是否在路径中添加了斜杠。
@ -49,7 +51,7 @@ SCP 是 openSSH 程序的一个组件，它使用 SSH 协议安全地传输文
SCP 的通用语法如下：
```bash
```
scp [-346ABCpqrTv] [-c cipher] [-F ssh_config] [-i identity_file] [-J destination] [-l limit] [-o ssh_option] [-P port] [-S program] source ... target
```
@ -91,9 +93,9 @@ scp -r User@RemoteHost:RemoteDirectoryPath DestinationDirectory
scp <options> User@RemoteHost1:RemoteFile1 User@RemoteHost2:RemotePath
```
注意，当你在两个远程系统之间复制文件时，流量不会通过本地系统。操作直接在两个远程系统之间进行。但是，你可以使用 `-3` 参数传递运行 scp 命令的系统的流量。
注意，当你在两个远程系统之间复制文件时，流量不会通过本地系统。操作直接在两个远程系统之间进行。但是，你可以使用 `-3` 参数让流量经过你运行 `scp` 命令的系统。
本地将目录从一个远程系统复制到另一个远程系统：
从你的本地系统将一个远程系统的目录复制到另一个远程系统：
```
scp -r User@RemoteHost1:RemoteDirectory User@RemoteHost2:DestinationPath
@ -103,17 +105,17 @@ scp -r User@RemoteHost1:RemoteDirectory User@RemoteHost2:DestinationPath
SCP 命令最常用的参数有：
- **`-C`** : 启用压缩。C 代表压缩。使用此参数时，数据传输速度会更快，因为数据是压缩的。SCP 将自动在源系统上压缩，并在目标系统上解压缩。
- **`-c <cipher>`** : c 代表加密。默认情况下，SCP 使用 **AES-128** 加密方法对数据进行加密。你可以使用 `-c` 参数更改加密方法。
- **`-i <identity_file>`** : i 代表身份文件或私钥。如你所知，SSH 中使用基于密码或密钥的身份验证。如果希望在传输文件时使用基于密钥的身份验证，可以使用 -i 参数指定身份文件或私钥。
- **`-l limit`** : l 代表极限带宽。通过此参数，可以设置传输数据的最大带宽。它的单位是 **`Kbit/s`**。
- **`-F <ssh_config>`** : 有时你可能需要使用不同的网络来连接到 Linux 系统，或你有一个代理服务器，这种情况下，你可以使用 `-F` 参数使用不同的 `ssh_config` 文件。
- **`-P port`** - P 代表端口。注意，这是大写的 P。默认情况下，SSH 使用端口 22。但出于安全原因，你可能已经更改了目标主机中的端口号。这种情况下，你应该使用 `-P` 参数显示指定新端口号。
- **`-p`** : 如果希望保留原始文件的修改时间、访问时间和模式，你需要使用 -p 参数。注意是小写 p。
- **`-r`** : 递归复制整个目录。
- **`-B`** : B 代表批处理模式。它用于在传输文件时选择批处理模式。可以防止询问密码。
- **`-S program`** : 用于加密连接的程序名称。
- **`-v`** : v 代表详细。当使用 `-v` 参数时，命令将会在终端屏幕上打印进度。你会看到文件传输时到底发生了什么。它在调试连接、身份验证和配置问题时非常有用。
- `-C`：启用压缩。`C` 代表 <ruby>压缩<rt>Compression</rt></ruby>。使用此参数时，数据传输速度会更快，因为数据是压缩的。SCP 将自动在源系统上压缩，并在目标系统上解压缩。
- `-c <cipher>`：`c` 代表 <ruby>加密<rt>Cipher</rt></ruby>。默认情况下，SCP 使用 **AES-128** 加密方法对数据进行加密。你可以使用 `-c` 参数更改加密方法。
- `-i <identity_file>`：`i` 代表 <ruby>身份<rt>Identity</rt></ruby> 文件或私钥。如你所知，SSH 中使用基于密码或密钥的身份验证。如果希望在传输文件时使用基于密钥的身份验证，可以使用 `-i` 参数指定身份文件或私钥。
- `-l limit`：`l` 代表 <ruby>限制<rt>Limit</rt></ruby> 带宽。通过此参数，可以设置传输数据的最大带宽。它的单位是 `Kbit/s`。
- `-F <ssh_config>`：有时你可能需要使用不同的网络来连接到 Linux 系统，或你有一个代理服务器，这种情况下，你可以使用 `-F` 参数使用不同的 `ssh_config` <ruby>文件<rt>File</rt></ruby>。
- `-P port`：`P` 代表 <ruby>端口<rt>Port</rt></ruby>。注意，这是大写的 `P`。默认情况下，SSH 使用端口 22。但出于安全原因，你可能已经更改了目标主机中的端口号。这种情况下，你应该使用 `-P` 参数显示指定新端口号。
- `-p`：如果希望 <ruby>保留<rt>Preserve</rt></ruby> 原始文件的修改时间、访问时间和模式，你需要使用 `-p` 参数。注意是小写 `p`。
- `-r`：<ruby>递归<rt>Recursively</rt></ruby> 复制整个目录。
- `-B`：`B` 代表 <ruby>批处理<rt>Batch</rt></ruby> 模式。它用于在传输文件时选择批处理模式。可以防止询问密码。
- `-S program`：用于加密连接的 <ruby>程序<rt>Program</rt></ruby> 名称。
- `-v`：`v` 代表 <ruby>详细<rt>Verbose</rt></ruby>。当使用 `-v` 参数时，命令将会在终端屏幕上打印进度。你会看到文件传输时到底发生了什么。它在调试连接、身份验证和配置问题时非常有用。
SCP 有很多参数，你可以查看它的手册页来了解其他参数。让我们看一些**有用的 scp 命令示例**。
@ -122,14 +124,14 @@ SCP 有很多参数，你可以查看它的手册页来了解其他参数。让
- `scp` 命令依赖于 `ssh` 进行安全的文件传输。因此，你必须有一个 **ssh 密钥**或**密码**才能向远程系统进行身份验证。
- 为了能传输文件，你必须对**源文件有读权限**，对**目标位置有写权限**。
- `scp` 命令在写入前不会检查目标位置。目标位置中具有相同名称的任何文件都将被**覆盖而不通知**。
- 为了能够区分本地和远程位置，使用**冒号**(`:`)。
- 为了能够区分本地和远程位置，使用**冒号**（`:`）。
- 传输大文件时，建议在 **[Screen][3]** 或 **[Tmux][4]** 会话内启动任务。
### 在 Linux 中使用 SCP 传输文件
正如我所说，我们可以使用 `scp` 命令将文件或目录从本地复制到远程系统，反之亦然，或者在两台远程系统之间复制文件或目录。
### 1. 使用 SCP 从本地系统复制文件到远程系统
#### 1. 使用 SCP 从本地系统复制文件到远程系统
使用 `scp` 命令将文件从本地复制到远程系统，运行：
@ -137,7 +139,7 @@ SCP 有很多参数，你可以查看它的手册页来了解其他参数。让
$ scp File1.txt ostechnix@192.168.1.40:/home/ostechnix/
```
**示例输出:**
示例输出：
```
ostechnix@192.168.1.40's password:
@ -146,10 +148,10 @@ File1.txt 100% 104 814.0KB
让我们分析一下上面的命令，看看每个参数都做了什么。
- **`File1.txt`** - 源文件
- **`ostechnix`** - 远程系统的用户名
- **`192.168.1.40`** - 远程系统的 IP 地址
- **`/home/ostechnix/`** - 远程系统中的目标目录。这是我们想要传输源文件的绝对路径，如 `File.txt`。
- `File1.txt` - 源文件
- `ostechnix` - 远程系统的用户名
- `192.168.1.40` - 远程系统的 IP 地址
- `/home/ostechnix/` - 远程系统中的目标目录。这是我们想要传输源文件的绝对路径，如 `File.txt`。
你还可以修改目标文件的名称。下面的命令将 `File1.txt` 传输到目的地，保存为 `myfile.txt`。
@ -159,17 +161,15 @@ $ scp File1.txt ostechnix@192.168.1.40:/home/ostechnix/myfile.txt
![将文件从本地复制到远程系统][5]
将文件从本地复制到远程系统
#### 2. 使用 SCP 从本地系统复制多个文件到远程系统
使用 `scp` 命令将多个文件从本地系统传输到远程系统，运行：
```bash
```
$ scp File1.txt File2.txt ostechnix@192.168.1.40:/home/ostechnix/
```
**示例输出：**
示例输出：
```
ostechnix@192.168.1.40's password:
@ -179,13 +179,11 @@ File2.txt 100% 496 6.3MB
![从本地复制多个文件到远程系统][6]
从本地复制多个文件到远程系统
这里：
- **`File1.txt`** 和 **`File2.txt`** - 源文件名
- **`ostechnix@192.168.1.40`** - 远程系统的用户名和 IP 地址
- **`/home/ostechnix`** - 目标文件的路径
- `File1.txt` 和 `File2.txt` - 源文件名
- `ostechnix@192.168.1.40` - 远程系统的用户名和 IP 地址
- `/home/ostechnix` - 目标文件的路径
如果文件具有相同的扩展名，你可以使用以下替代命令来实现相同的目标。
@ -201,24 +199,22 @@ $ scp *.txt ostechnix@192.168.1.40:/home/ostechnix/
#### 3. 使用 SCP 从本地到远程系统递归复制目录
递归地将整个目录（包括子目录及其内容）从本地复制到远程系统，使用 **`-r`** 参数。
递归地将整个目录（包括子目录及其内容）从本地复制到远程系统，使用 `-r` 参数。
```bash
```
$ scp -r Documents/ ostechnix@192.168.1.40:/home/ostechnix/
```
![从本地复制目录到远程系统][7]
从本地复制目录到远程系统
上述命令将整个 **`Documents`** 目录包括其内容复制到目标系统。
上述命令将整个 `Documents` 目录包括其内容复制到目标系统。
其中，
- `-r` : 递归复制文件和目录，包括子目录及其内容
- `Documents` : 源目录名称
- **`ostechnix@192.168.1.40`** : 远程系统的用户名和 IP 地址
- **`/home/ostechnix`** : 目标目录的路径
- `-r` - 递归复制文件和目录，包括子目录及其内容
- `Documents` - 源目录名称
- `ostechnix@192.168.1.40` - 远程系统的用户名和 IP 地址
- `/home/ostechnix` - 目标目录的路径
#### 4. 用 SCP 将文件从远程系统传输到本地
@ -232,14 +228,12 @@ $ scp ostechnix@192.168.1.40:/home/ostechnix/File1.txt Downloads/
其中
- **`ostechnix@192.168.1.40`** : 远程系统的用户名和 IP 地址
- `/home/ostechnix/File.txt` : 远程系统文件的绝对路径
- `ostechnix@192.168.1.40` - 远程系统的用户名和 IP 地址
- `/home/ostechnix/File.txt` - 远程系统文件的绝对路径
- `Downloads` - 本地保存复制文件的位置
![从远程系统传输文件到本地][8]
从远程系统传输文件到本地
#### 5. 使用 SCP 将多个文件从远程系统传输到本地
将多个文件从远程系统复制到本地，在**花括号内**注明文件的绝对路径，如下所示：
@ -250,21 +244,19 @@ $ scp ostechnix@192.168.1.40:/home/ostechnix/\{File1.txt,File2.txt\} Downloads/
![将多个文件从远程系统传输到本地][9]
将多个文件从远程系统传输到本地
上述命令将从远程系统的 `/home/ostechnix/` 目录中复制 `File1.txt` 和 `File2.txt` 到本地的 `Downloads` 目录中。
注意，**花括号内的逗号后面没有空格**。
#### 6. 从远程系统递归复制目录到本地
使用 `scp` 从远程系统递归复制整个目录（包括子目录及其内容）到本地系统，使用 **`-r`** 参数。
使用 `scp` 从远程系统递归复制整个目录（包括子目录及其内容）到本地系统，使用 `-r` 参数。
```
$ scp -r ostechnix@192.168.1.40:/home/ostechnix/Documents Downloads/
```
上述命令将从远程系统将整个 **`Documents`** 目录复制到本地的 **`Downloads`** 目录。
上述命令将从远程系统将整个 `Documents` 目录复制到本地的 `Downloads` 目录。
#### 7. 使用 SCP 在两台远程计算机之间复制文件
@ -280,12 +272,12 @@ $ scp senthil@192.168.1.40:/home/senthil/File1.txt kumar@192.168.1.20:/home/kuma
- `senthil@192.168.1.40` - 文件源端远程系统的用户名和 IP 地址
- `/home/senthil/File1.txt` - 复制的文件名及其位置
- **`kumar@192.168.1.20`** - 复制文件到目标端的用户名和 IP 地址
- `kumar@192.168.1.20` - 复制文件到目标端的用户名和 IP 地址
- `/home/kumar` - 在目标端上保存复制文件的位置
上述命令将从远程主机 `192.168.1.40` 复制 `/home/senthil/File1.txt` 到 `192.168.1.20` 上的 `/home/kumar/` 目录。
在这种方法中，数据将直接从一个远程系统传输到另一个远程系统。如果你想通过本地机器路由流量，使用 **`-3`** 参数，如下所示：
在这种方法中，数据将直接从一个远程系统传输到另一个远程系统。如果你想通过本地机器路由流量，使用 `-3` 参数，如下所示：
```
$ scp -3 senthil@192.168.1.40:/home/senthil/File1.txt kumar@192.168.1.20:/home/kumar/
@ -293,7 +285,7 @@ $ scp -3 senthil@192.168.1.40:/home/senthil/File1.txt kumar@192.168.1.20:/home/k
#### 8. 使用 SCP 复制文件时启用压缩
到目前为止，我们在没有压缩的情况下传输了文件。现在我们将使用 **`-C`** 参数在传输文件时启用压缩。
到目前为止，我们在没有压缩的情况下传输了文件。现在我们将使用 `-C` 参数在传输文件时启用压缩。
```
$ scp -C File1.txt ostechnix@192.168.1.40:/home/ostechnix/
@ -305,7 +297,7 @@ $ scp -C File1.txt ostechnix@192.168.1.40:/home/ostechnix/
#### 9. 使用 SCP 传输文件时限制带宽
我们可以使用 `-l` 参数限制带宽。注意，最大带宽单位为 Kbits/s。1 字节 = 8 bit。因此，如果你想将带宽限制在 200KB/s，`-l` 的值将是 **1600**(200*8)。
我们可以使用 `-l` 参数限制带宽。注意，最大带宽单位为 Kbits/s。1 Byte = 8 bit。因此，如果你想将带宽限制在 200KB/s，`-l` 的值将是 **1600**（200*8）。
```
$ scp -l 1600 File1.txt ostechnix@192.168.1.40:/home/ostechnix/
@ -315,7 +307,7 @@ $ scp -l 1600 File1.txt ostechnix@192.168.1.40:/home/ostechnix/
#### 10. 使用 SCP 复制文件时使用不同端口
作为系统管理员，出于安全原因，你可能在远程服务器上[**更改了 SSH 协议的默认端口**][10]。这种情况下，你可以在传输文件时使用 `-P` 参数指定端口号。注意：**大写的 P**。
作为系统管理员，出于安全原因，你可能在远程服务器上 [更改了 SSH 协议的默认端口][10]。这种情况下，你可以在传输文件时使用 `-P` 参数指定端口号。注意：大写的 `P`。
```
$ scp -P 2022 File1.txt ostechnix@192.168.1.40:/home/ostechnix/
@ -323,7 +315,7 @@ $ scp -P 2022 File1.txt ostechnix@192.168.1.40:/home/ostechnix/
#### 11. 使用 SCP 复制文件时使用不同的加密方法
默认情况下，SCP 使用 **`AES-128`** 对文件进行加密。如果你想使用不同的加密方法，使用 **`c`** 参数。
默认情况下，SCP 使用 `AES-128` 对文件进行加密。如果你想使用不同的加密方法，使用 `c` 参数。
例如，如果你想使用 **3des-cbc** 加密方法，命令如下所示：
@ -337,7 +329,7 @@ $ scp -c 3des-cbc File1.txt ostechnix@192.168.1.40:/home/ostechnix/
$ ssh -Q cipher localhost | paste -d, -s -
```
**示例输出：**
示例输出：
```
3des-cbc,aes128-cbc,aes192-cbc,aes256-cbc,rijndael-cbc@lysator.liu.se,aes128-ctr,aes192-ctr,aes256-ctr,aes128-gcm@openssh.com,aes256-gcm@openssh.com,chacha20-poly1305@openssh.com
@ -345,7 +337,7 @@ $ ssh -Q cipher localhost | paste -d, -s -
#### 12. 在详细模式下使用 SCP 复制文件
如果你想知道使用 scp 复制文件时幕后发生了什么，你可以使用 **`-v`** 参数。使用详细模式传输文件时，终端上会显示执行 SCP 命令执行的每一步过程。这在故障排除时很方便。
如果你想知道使用 `scp` 复制文件时幕后发生了什么，你可以使用 `-v` 参数。使用详细模式传输文件时，终端上会显示执行 `scp` 命令执行的每一步过程。这在故障排除时很方便。
```
$ scp -v File1.txt ostechnix@192.168.1.40:/home/ostechnix/
@ -353,13 +345,11 @@ $ scp -v File1.txt ostechnix@192.168.1.40:/home/ostechnix/
在详细模式下发送文件时，你将看到大量输出，如下所示：
![在 Verbose 模式下使用 SCP 复制文件][11]
在详细模式下使用 SCP 复制文件
![在详细模式下使用 SCP 复制文件][11]
#### 13. 在安静模式下使用 SCP 传输文件
我们可以使用 **`-q`** 参数在安静模式下传输文件。在安静模式下共享文件时，不会在输出中显示进度、警告或诊断信息。
我们可以使用 `-q` 参数在安静模式下传输文件。在安静模式下共享文件时，不会在输出中显示进度、警告或诊断信息。
```
$ scp -q File1.txt ostechnix@192.168.1.40:/home/ostechnix/
@ -367,7 +357,7 @@ $ scp -q File1.txt ostechnix@192.168.1.40:/home/ostechnix/
#### 14. 使用 SCP 传输文件时保留文件属性
使用 **`-p`** 参数可以保留文件修改时间、访问时间和模式等文件属性。注意，这是**小写的 p**。
使用 `-p` 参数可以保留文件修改时间、访问时间和模式等文件属性。注意，这是**小写的 p**。
```
$ scp -p File1.txt ostechnix@192.168.1.40:/home/ostechnix/
@ -377,7 +367,7 @@ $ scp -p File1.txt ostechnix@192.168.1.40:/home/ostechnix/
SSH 同时支持基于密码和密钥的身份验证。密钥是 Linux 环境中使用最广泛的身份验证方法。
如果你想在传输文件时使用基于密钥的身份验证，使用 **`-i`** 参数指定身份文件或私钥。
如果你想在传输文件时使用基于密钥的身份验证，使用 `-i` 参数指定身份文件或私钥。
```
$ scp -i my_private_key.pem File1.txt ostechnix@192.168.1.40:/home/ostechnix/
@ -385,7 +375,7 @@ $ scp -i my_private_key.pem File1.txt ostechnix@192.168.1.40:/home/ostechnix/
#### 16. 使用不同的 ssh 配置文件
在某些情况下，你需要使用不同的网络来连接到 Linux 系统，或你有一个代理服务器。这在情况下，你可以配合 **`-F`** 参数使用不同的 `ssh_config` 文件。
在某些情况下，你需要使用不同的网络来连接到 Linux 系统，或你有一个代理服务器。这在情况下，你可以配合 `-F` 参数使用不同的 `ssh_config` 文件。
```
$ scp -F /home/ostechnix/my_ssh_config File1.txt ostechnix@192.168.1.40:/home/ostechnix/
@ -393,7 +383,7 @@ $ scp -F /home/ostechnix/my_ssh_config File1.txt ostechnix@192.168.1.40:/home/os
#### 17. 使用 IPv4 或 IPv6 复制文件
在复制文件时，我们可以强制 SCP 只使用 IPv4 或 IPv6 地址。IPv4 网络添加 **`-4`** 参数，IPv6 网络添加 **`-6`** 参数可以实现这一点。
在复制文件时，我们可以强制 SCP 只使用 IPv4 或 IPv6 地址。IPv4 网络添加 `-4` 参数，IPv6 网络添加 `-6` 参数可以实现这一点。
```
$ scp -6 File1.txt ostechnix@192.168.1.40:/home/ostechnix/
@ -403,7 +393,7 @@ $ scp -6 File1.txt ostechnix@192.168.1.40:/home/ostechnix/
#### 问题 1：什么是 SCP？
**回答：** SCP 是一个命令行程序，旨在将文件和目录从本地系统安全地传输到远程系统，反之亦然，或者直接在两个远程系统之间传输。
SCP 是一个命令行程序，旨在将文件和目录从本地系统安全地传输到远程系统，反之亦然，或者直接在两个远程系统之间传输。
#### 问题 2: 如何使用 SCP 将文件从本地复制到远程计算机？
@ -461,7 +451,7 @@ scp *.txt User@RemoteHost:/some/remote/directory
#### 问题 6：可以压缩文件吗？
当然。使用 **`-C`** 压缩文件。文件会在源端压缩，在目标端自动解压缩。
当然。使用 `-C` 压缩文件。文件会在源端压缩，在目标端自动解压缩。
```
scp -C /some/large/file User@RemoteHost:/some/remote/directory
@ -469,7 +459,7 @@ scp -C /some/large/file User@RemoteHost:/some/remote/directory
#### 问题 7：可以保留文件属性吗？
保留原始文件的修改时间、访问时间和模式等文件属性，使用 **`-p`** 参数。
保留原始文件的修改时间、访问时间和模式等文件属性，使用 `-p` 参数。
```
scp -p file.txt User@RemoteHost:/some/remote/directory
@ -477,7 +467,7 @@ scp -p file.txt User@RemoteHost:/some/remote/directory
#### 问题 8: 可以使用其他端口吗？
当然。SCP 配合 **`-P`** 参数允许你使用其他端口。
当然。SCP 配合 `-P` 参数允许你使用其他端口。
```
scp -P 2022 file.txt User@RemoteHost:/some/remote/directory
@ -485,7 +475,7 @@ scp -P 2022 file.txt User@RemoteHost:/some/remote/directory
#### 问题 9: 可以使用不同的加密方法吗？
当然。使用 **`-c`** 参数。
当然。使用 `-c` 参数。
```
scp -c 3des-cbc User@RemoteHost:/some/remote/directory
@ -505,7 +495,7 @@ ssh -Q cipher localhost | paste -d, -s -
#### 问题 12：可以从 Windows 系统传输文件到 Linux 吗？
当然。使用 **PSCP** 程序将文件从 windows 传输到 Linux 平台，你也可以使用 **WinSCP**。
当然。使用 `PSCP` 程序将文件从 windows 传输到 Linux 平台，你也可以使用 `WinSCP`。
### 总结
@ -520,7 +510,7 @@ via: https://ostechnix.com/securely-transfer-files-with-scp-in-linux/
作者：[sk][a]
选题：[lkxed][b]
译者：[MjSeven](https://github.com/MjSeven)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
@ -537,3 +527,4 @@ via: https://ostechnix.com/securely-transfer-files-with-scp-in-linux/
[9]: https://ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Transfer-Multiple-Files-from-Remote-System-to-Local-System.png
[10]: https://ostechnix.com/how-to-change-apache-ftp-and-ssh-default-port-to-a-custom-port-part-3/
[11]: https://ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Copying-Files-with-SCP-in-Verbose-Mode.png
[0]: https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/202212/24/152224vy4glx9x39mtth9b.jpg

25
translated/tech/20221208.1 ⭐️ Convert and Manipulate Images With ‘Converter’ GUI Tool in Linux.md → published/20221208.1 ⭐️ Convert and Manipulate Images With ‘Converter’ GUI Tool in Linux.md
View File

@ -3,14 +3,16 @@
[#]: author: "Ankush Das https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/"
[#]: collector: "lkxed"
[#]: translator: "geekpi"
[#]: reviewer: " "
[#]: publisher: " "
[#]: url: " "
[#]: reviewer: "wxy"
[#]: publisher: "wxy"
[#]: url: "https://linux.cn/article-15368-1.html"
在 Linux 中使用 “Converter” GUI 工具转换和操作图像
======
你可以随时在您的系统上[安装 ImageMagick][1] 来转换图像，但并不是每个人都喜欢使用终端来转换和操作图像。
![][0]
你可以随时在你的系统上 [安装 ImageMagick][1] 来转换图像，但并不是每个人都喜欢使用终端来转换和操作图像。
那么，如果你有一个 GUI 应用作为前端来帮助解决这个问题呢？ **Converter** 就是这样的工具。
@ -28,7 +30,7 @@
[Converter][3] 是一个开源图形前端，可以让你做到这点。它是一个 GTK4 + libadwaita 应用。
你可以将图像转换为各种文件格式，包括 **png、webp、jpeg、heif、heic 和 bmp**。可以肯定地说，你获得了对最流行的图像文件格式的支持。所以，它应该会派上用场。
你可以将图像转换为各种文件格式，包括 png、webp、jpeg、heif、heic 和 bmp。可以肯定地说，你获得了对最流行的图像文件格式的支持。所以，它应该会派上用场。
![file format converter][4]
@ -36,17 +38,15 @@
![customize converter][5]
你还可以调整图像的质量、大小和背景颜色。要访问这些选项，请在转换图像之前单击用户界面中的“**更多选项**”。
你还可以调整图像的质量、大小和背景颜色。要访问这些选项，请在转换图像之前单击用户界面中的“<ruby>更多选项<rt>More Options</rt></ruby>”。
![converter more options][6]
可以使用百分比、精确像素或比率自定义图像大小。对于精确操作，更改尺寸应该有所帮助。
可以使用百分比、精确像素或比率自定义图像大小。对于精确操作，更改尺寸可能更有用。如果你希望图像缩放到一定程度，百分比或比例功能应该可以帮助你做到这一点。你还可以选择为图像添加滤镜。
如果你希望图像缩放到一定程度，百分比或比例功能应该可以帮助你做到这一点。你还可以选择为图像添加滤镜。
总体而言，你可以获得使用 Converter 调整大小、转换和优化图像质量的基本功能。
总体而言，您可以获得使用 Converter 调整大小、转换和优化图像质量的基本功能。
你还可以[调整 Nautilus][7] 以获得[右键单击上下文菜单中的调整大小选项][8]。它不会像这个工具那样通用。
你还可以 [调整 Nautilus][7] 以获得 [右键单击上下文菜单中的调整大小选项][8]。但它不像这个工具那样通用。
### 在 Linux 上安装 Converter
@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ via: https://itsfoss.com/converter-tool/
作者：[Ankush Das][a]
选题：[lkxed][b]
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
@ -85,3 +85,4 @@ via: https://itsfoss.com/converter-tool/
[8]: https://itsfoss.com/resize-images-with-right-click/
[9]: https://flathub.org/apps/details/io.gitlab.adhami3310.Converter
[10]: https://itsfoss.com/flatpak-guide/
[0]: https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/202212/21/161705qzvydyyd8v8y3cyh.jpg

64
published/20221209.0 ⭐️⭐️ Install open source solar power at home.md Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
[#]: subject: "Install open source solar power at home"
[#]: via: "https://opensource.com/article/22/12/open-source-solar-power-home"
[#]: author: "Joshua Pearce https://opensource.com/users/joshuapearce"
[#]: collector: "lkxed"
[#]: translator: "geekpi"
[#]: reviewer: "wxy"
[#]: publisher: "wxy"
[#]: url: "https://linux.cn/article-15374-1.html"
在家里安装开源光伏支架
======
![][0]
> 看看这两个你可以为你的家庭建造的开源的光伏支架设计。
你可能已经考虑过用太阳能为你的家供电。将太阳光直接转化为电能的太阳能光伏电池板的成本已大幅下降，因此在任何地方都具有经济意义。这就是为什么大公司投入大量太阳能，甚至电力公司也开始安装大型太阳能发电场的原因，因为它的成本低于过时的化石燃料。像大多数房主一样，你想省钱并节省电费，但你可能对前期费用有点畏缩。为了大致了解成本，一个 5 千瓦系统，以 3 美元/瓦的价格为普通家庭供电，成本约为 15,000 美元，而更大的家庭可能需要 10 千瓦才能满足所有电力购买，成本为 30,000 美元。如果你想要电池，成本加倍（你不需要电池，因为大多数太阳能电池阵列连接到电网，但如果电网瘫痪，你的太阳能电池阵列也会瘫痪，直到它重新开启）。支付你未来几十年所有的电费是一种投资，即使你存了很多钱。
有一些好消息。首先，美国和加拿大都对太阳能实行了 30% 的税收抵免。此项优惠将价格降至约 2 美元/瓦。其次，[我们之前讨论][1] 过你可以获得一本免费书籍 《[捕捉阳光][2]》，它会引导你完成如何设计自己的系统（你仍然需要一个合格的电工和检查来把它连接到电网）。如果你有一点手艺，你可以将剩余成本削减约 50%。这些成本主要用于材料，包括太阳能电池板、布线、电子设备和支架。令人惊讶的是，对于小型太阳能系统（比如你家的太阳能系统）来说，太阳能电池板的成本下降得如此之低，以至于支架（支撑太阳能电池板的机械结构）的成本可能比面板还高！
### 开源再次拯救
将开源开发范式应用于软件可以加快创新速度、改进产品并降低成本。开源硬件也是如此，甚至在光伏支架这个相对不为人知的领域也是如此。几乎所有的商业光伏支架都是由专有的奇特铝型材制成。它们会花很多钱。如果你有一些没有遮挡的后院，有一些开源的支架解决方案可以选择。
### 开源太阳能支架设计
第一个 DIY 太阳能支架设计符合以下标准：（1） 由当地可获得的可再生材料制成，（2） 25 年的使用寿命与太阳能保修相匹配，（3）能够由普通消费者制造，（4）能够符合加拿大结构建筑规范（如果你住在没有雪的地方，这有点矫枉过正，但是，嘿，你可能有其他极端天气需要应对，例如飓风），（5）低成本，（6）它是共享的，使用开源许可证。[开源的木质固定倾斜地面安装双面光伏支架设计][3] 在整个北美都适用。与商业专有支架相比，该支架系统可节省 49% 至 77%。然而，支架设计高度依赖于世界各地不同的木材成本。
在深入研究这个开源设计之前，请检查你当地的木材成本。
![Non-tilting solar rack plans][4]
如果你更喜欢冒险，你可能会考虑第二种允许改变倾斜角度的设计。[第二项研究][5] 的结果表明，具有最佳可变季节性倾斜角的支架系统具有最佳的终身能量产生，与固定倾斜系统相比，产生的能量多 5.2%（或者，如果最大倾斜角限制为 60°，能量多 4.8%）。固定和可变木制支架系统的电力成本相似，仅为专有商业金属货架的 29%。可变倾斜支架提供了最低成本的选择，即使包括适度的劳动力成本，也可能为 [农业光伏][6] 等应用提供特定优势（即，你可以在面板下面种菜，对于莴苣等耐阴作物来说，能惊人地增加产量）。此设计已通过 [具有 CERN-OHL-S-2.0 许可证的 OSHWA][7] 的认证。
![Tilt-adjustable solar racks][8]
所示的 2 个光伏模块架中的每一个大约有 1 千瓦。所以一所房子大约需要五个。这两篇论文都提供了完整的计算和分步建造说明。
正如拥有太阳能系统的任何人都会告诉你的那样，获得负电费是非常有益的。如果你的系统规模能满足你所有的负荷，并且住在该国的净计量地区，就会出现这种情况。请注意，电力公司不会向你付款；额度会一直延续到你在冬天使用它为止。
享受一点开源太阳能带来的乐趣！
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://opensource.com/article/22/12/open-source-solar-power-home
作者：[Joshua Pearce][a]
选题：[lkxed][b]
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/joshuapearce
[b]: https://github.com/lkxed
[1]: https://opensource.com/article/21/11/open-source-solar-power
[2]: https://tocatchthesun.com/
[3]: https://doi.org/10.3390/designs6030041
[4]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/2022-11/nontilt.png
[5]: https://doi.org/10.3390/designs6030054
[6]: https://www.academia.edu/18406368/The_potential_of_agrivoltaic_systems
[7]: https://certification.oshwa.org/ca000013.html
[8]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/2022-11/tilt.png
[0]: https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/202212/23/094653pn7mn3j22ymwymuw.jpg

25
translated/tech/20221211.0 ⭐️ Simplify your Linux PC with the PCManFM file manager.md → published/20221211.0 ⭐️ Simplify your Linux PC with the PCManFM file manager.md
View File

@ -3,13 +3,17 @@
[#]: author: "Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth"
[#]: collector: "lkxed"
[#]: translator: "geekpi"
[#]: reviewer: " "
[#]: publisher: " "
[#]: url: " "
[#]: reviewer: "wxy"
[#]: publisher: "wxy"
[#]: url: "https://linux.cn/article-15378-1.html"
使用 PCManFM 文件管理器简化你的 Linux PC
使用 PCManFM 文件管理器让你的 Linux PC 轻装上阵
======
![][0]
> PCMan 文件管理器是一个让旧电脑感觉更有效率的好选择。
PCMan 文件管理器，或简称 PCManFM，是一个功能齐全的快速轻量级文件管理器。它是为 [LXDE][1] 桌面环境开发的，但它是一个独立的应用，可以与你选择的桌面或窗口管理器一起使用。
### 安装 PCManFM
@ -28,9 +32,9 @@ $ sudo apt install pcmanfm
![Image of the PCMan file manager.][2]
PCManFM 不必替换你的桌面文件管理器，但某些发行版假定当你安装“第三方”文件管理器时，你希望它优先于默认设置。根据你使用的桌面，有不同的方法来设置默认文件管理器。通常，它位于**默认应用**下的**系统设置**中。
不必用 PCManFM 替换你的桌面文件管理器，但某些发行版认为当你安装“第三方”文件管理器时，你会希望它优先于默认的文件管理器。根据你使用的桌面，有不同的方法来设置默认文件管理器。通常，它位于 <ruby>系统设置<rt>System Settings</rt></ruby> 下的 <ruby>默认应用<rt>Default Applications</rt></ruby> 中。
如果你的桌面环境或窗口管理器没有选择默认应用的界面，你可以在 `~/.local/share/applications/mimeapps.list` 文件中设置你的首选项。要将文件管理器指定为默认，请将其放在 `[Default Applications]` 部分的顶部，首先指定文件类型，然后指定你像用于打开的应用文件的名称（在 `/usr/share/applications` 下）：
如果你的桌面环境或窗口管理器没有选择默认应用的界面，你可以在 `~/.local/share/applications/mimeapps.list` 文件中设置你的首选项。要将一个文件管理器指定为默认的，请将其放在 `[Default Applications]` 部分的顶部，首先指定文件类型，然后指定你想用于打开的应用文件的名称（在 `/usr/share/applications` 下）：
```
inode/directory=myfilemanager.desktop;
@ -38,9 +42,9 @@ inode/directory=myfilemanager.desktop;
### PCManFM
如果您是 GNOME 2 或 Mate 项目的 [Caja 文件管理器][3]的粉丝，那么 PCManFM 是一个不错的选择。PCManFM 在设计上很像 Caja，但它不像 Caja 那样绑定到桌面，所以它甚至可以在最新的 GNOME 桌面上使用。
如果你是 GNOME 2 或 Mate 项目的 [Caja 文件管理器][3] 的粉丝，那么 PCManFM 是一个不错的选择。PCManFM 在设计上很像 Caja，但它不像 Caja 那样绑定到桌面，所以它甚至可以在最新的 GNOME 桌面上使用。
PCManFM 的默认布局在窗口顶部附近有一个有用的工具栏，一个提供对常用目录和驱动器的快速访问的侧面板，以及一个包含有关你当前选择的详细信息的状态栏。你可以使用**视图**菜单隐藏或显示这些元素中的任何一个。
PCManFM 的默认布局在窗口顶部附近有一个有用的工具栏，一个提供对常用目录和驱动器的快速访问的侧面板，以及一个包含有关你当前选择的详细信息的状态栏。你可以使用 <ruby>视图<rt>View</rt></ruby> 菜单隐藏或显示这些元素中的任何一个。
### 选项卡和面板
@ -56,7 +60,7 @@ PCManFM 界面的另一个不错的功能是它能够将一个窗口分成两个
### 使用 PCMan 进行文件管理
PCManFM 是一款很棒的小型文件管理器，具有你日常所需的所有基本功能。它是你可能会觉得过于复杂的文件管理器的自然替代品，也是[旧计算机][5]上的一个很好的选择，这些电脑可能对不断绘制缩略图、刷新和生成动画的文件管理器感到挣扎。PCMan 专注于文件管理器的核心任务：管理文件。在你的 Linux 电脑上试试吧。
PCManFM 是一款很棒的小型文件管理器，具有你日常所需的所有基本功能。它是你可能会觉得过于复杂的文件管理器的自然替代品，也是 [老旧计算机][5] 上的一个很好的选择，这些电脑可能对不断绘制缩略图、刷新和生成动画的文件管理器举步维艰。PCMan 专注于文件管理器的核心任务：管理文件。在你的 Linux 电脑上试试吧。
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
@ -65,7 +69,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/22/12/linux-file-manager-pcmanfm
作者：[Seth Kenlon][a]
选题：[lkxed][b]
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
@ -76,3 +80,4 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/22/12/linux-file-manager-pcmanfm
[3]: https://opensource.com/article/22/12/linux-file-manager-caja
[4]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/2022-10/%E2%80%8BDual.panel_.in%20PCManFM.png
[5]: https://opensource.com/article/22/10/obsolete-computer-linux-opportunity
[0]: https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/202212/24/161333mssnim76ssugskie.jpg

82
translated/tech/20221212.4 ⭐️⭐️ 5 Best Linux Phones to Watch Out for in 2023.md → published/20221212.4 ⭐️⭐️ 5 Best Linux Phones to Watch Out for in 2023.md
View File

@ -3,18 +3,20 @@
[#]: author: "Arindam https://www.debugpoint.com/author/admin1/"
[#]: collector: "lkxed"
[#]: translator: "chai001125"
[#]: reviewer: " "
[#]: publisher: " "
[#]: url: " "
[#]: reviewer: "wxy"
[#]: publisher: "wxy"
[#]: url: "https://linux.cn/article-15371-1.html"
2023 年值得期待的 5 个最好的 Linux 手机
2023 年值得期待的 5 款最佳 Linux 手机
======
>以下是一份**可能在 2023 年成为手机界主流的最好的 Linux 手机榜单**，其中还例举了各个 Linux 手机的**特点和价格**。
![][0]
安卓和 iOS 智能手机是世界上最流行的手机。然而，还有许多人都想要更"开放"、且**在隐私方面做得更好的手机**。如果你使用安卓手机，那么你就是放弃了你的隐私。在个人隐私保护方面，苹果的 iOS 手机表现得要好一点，但它也仅提供了有限的隐私保护。
> 以下是一份可能在 2023 年成为主流的最佳 Linux 手机榜单，并介绍了各个 Linux 手机的特点和价格。
这就是现在 Linux 手机变得很流行的原因，因为它们为开发者和终端用户提供了许多选择。虽然，各种类型的 Linux 手机都已经上市，但是要选择最好的 Linux 手机仍然十分困难。从 2022 年的趋势来看，以下是一些可能在 2023 年成为主流的 Linux 手机。
安卓和 iOS 智能手机是世界上最流行的手机。然而，还有许多人都想要更“开放”、且**在隐私方面做得更好的手机**。如果你使用安卓手机，那么你就是放弃了你的隐私。在个人隐私保护方面，苹果的 iOS 手机表现得要好一点，但它也仅提供了有限的隐私保护。
这就是现在 Linux 手机变得很流行的原因，因为它们为开发者和终端用户提供了许多选择。虽然目前有各种类型的 Linux 手机，但是要选择最好的 Linux 手机仍然令人困惑。从 2022 年的趋势来看，以下是一些可能在 2023 年成为主流的 Linux 手机。
### 关于 Linux 手机，你需要知道的事情
@ -28,13 +30,13 @@
#### 1、Librem🥇
**Purism** 公司是 Linux 手机市场上一个相当著名的品牌。Purism 公司推出的 **Librem 5 Linux** 智能手机支持 **PureOS**。PureOS 是一个专为 Linux 手机设计的操作系统，不基于安卓或 iOS 系统；并且它是一个开源的操作系统；它还支持 <ruby>融合<rt> convergence </rt></ruby>，这意味着你可以通过 USB 集线器将手机插入电脑显示器，并将其作为一个桌面操作系统使用🆒。
**Purism** 公司是 Linux 手机市场上一个相当著名的品牌。Purism 公司推出的 **Librem 5 Linux** 智能手机支持 **PureOS**。PureOS 是一个专为 Linux 手机设计的操作系统，不基于安卓或 iOS 系统，它是一个原生设计的自由开源的操作系统；它还支持 <ruby>融合<rt> convergence </rt></ruby>，这意味着你可以通过 USB 集线器将手机插入电脑显示器，并将其作为一个桌面操作系统使用🆒。
这款手机拥有优质的硬件和手感，并还十分注重安全和隐私。但是，这款令人印象深刻的智能手机价格有点贵，售价为 1299 美元💔。
这款手机拥有优质的硬件和手感，还十分注重安全和隐私。但是，这款令人印象深刻的智能手机价格有点贵，售价为 1299 美元💔。
#### Librem 5 Linux 的主要特点和规格
Librem 5 Linux 的主要特点和规格：
- 完全免费和开源的，基于 Linux 的移动操作系统：PureOS
- 完全的自由开源，基于 Linux 的移动操作系统：PureOS
- 拥有独立的调制解调器、Wi-Fi 和蓝牙芯片
- 拥有 3 个专门的硬件键，来启用和禁用互联网、相机、Wi-Fi 和蓝牙
- 拥有智能卡读卡器
@ -45,13 +47,13 @@
| 规格 | 描述 |
| :- | :- |
| **屏幕** | 5.7 英寸(IPS TFT 720×1440) |
| **运行内存 RAM** | 3 GB |
| **内存** | 32 GB eMMC |
| **屏幕** | 5.7 英寸（IPS TFT 720×1440） |
| **内存** | 3 GB |
| **存储** | 32 GB eMMC |
| **电池容量** | 4500 mAh |
| **CPU** | NXP i.MX 8M QUAD CORE Cortex-A53（四核），64 位 ARM，最高主频为 1.5GHz |
| **GPU** | Vivante GC7000 Lite |
| **屏幕尺寸、材质、分辨率** | 5.7 英寸，IPS TFT，720×1440 像素 |
| **屏幕** | 5.7 英寸，IPS TFT，720×1440 像素 |
| **摄像头** | 带 LED 闪光灯的 1300 万像素（后置）摄像头和 800 万像素（前置）摄像头 |
| **USB 接口** | Type C 接口 |
@ -63,12 +65,12 @@ Linux 手机榜单的第 2 名是 **Pinephone**。Pinephone 也许是市场上
此外，PinePhone 同时有很多个版本，其中包括专业版本。PinePhone 的价格比较便宜，并且十分注重用户的隐私和可扩展性，如果你是第一次使用 Linux 手机，PinePhone 将会是一个不错的选择😌。
#### Pinephone 的主要特点和规格
Pinephone 的主要特点和规格：
- 支持的操作系统有 KDE Plasma mobile、Manjaro mobile、Sailfish OS 和 Ubuntu touch。
- 配备启用和禁用 LTE、摄像头、Wifi/BT 和麦克风的 5 个开关
- 可启动的 microSD 和 16GB/32GB eMMC 的内存空间
- Type C 接口(可用于电源、数据和视频输出)
- Type C 接口（可用于电源、数据和视频输出）
- 拥有 6 个 Pogo 引脚，允许自定义硬件扩展，如热像仪、无线充电、NFC、扩展电池盒或键盘盒。
- 拥有 3.5 毫米耳机插孔
- 支持融合，可将其插到一台电脑上
@ -81,8 +83,8 @@ Linux 手机榜单的第 2 名是 **Pinephone**。Pinephone 也许是市场上
| **屏幕** | 5.95 英寸，高清 IPS 电容式触摸屏 |
| **CPU** | Allwinner A64 ARM QUAD Core Cortex-A53（四核），64 位 |
| **GPU** | Mali-400 MP2 |
| **运行内存 RAM** | 2 种型号：2GB 和 3GB LPDDR3 SDRAM |
| **内存** | 2 种型号：16GB and 32GB eMMC. |
| **内存** | 2 种型号：2GB 和 3GB LPDDR3 SDRAM |
| **存储** | 2 种型号：16GB and 32GB eMMC |
| **摄像头** | 500 万像素、1/4英寸、LED 闪光灯（后置）摄像头和 200 万像素、1/5英寸（前置）摄像头 |
| **电池** | 锂离子电池（容量为 2800 mAh） |
| **音频插孔** | 3.5 毫米 |
@ -99,38 +101,38 @@ Pro 1 X 由伦敦的 **F(x)tec** 公司开发。它是 Linux 手机市场上新
![Pro 1 X][6]
#### Pro 1 X 的主要特点和规格
Pro 1 X 的主要特点和规格：
- 首款基于 Linux 的、有内置滑出式键盘的智能手机
- 首款基于 Linux 的、有内置滑出式的 QUERTY 键盘的智能手机
- 支持 Ubuntu touch 操作系统，并有安卓选项
- 解锁的启动程序
- 已解锁的启动程序
- 拥有 3.5 毫米耳机插孔
- 拥有 AMOLED 显示屏
- 128 GB 内存/6 GB 运行内存：售价为 829 美元起
- 256 GB 内存/8 GB 运行内存：售价为 899 美元起
- 128 GB 存储/6 GB 内存：售价为 829 美元起
- 256 GB 存储/8 GB 内存：售价为 899 美元起
| 规格 | 描述 |
| :- | :- |
| **CPU** | Snapdragon 662 Qualcomm |
| **GPU** | Adreno 610 Qualcomm |
| **运行内存 RAM** | 2 种型号：6GB 和 8GB LPDDR4 |
| **内存** | 128 GB（可扩展至 2 TB） |
| **内存** | 2 种型号：6GB 和 8GB LPDDR4 |
| **存储** | 128 GB（可扩展至 2 TB） |
| **屏幕** | 5.99英寸，弧形边缘，Corning® Gorilla® Glass 3（分辨率为 2160 x 1080 像素的 AMOLED 显示屏） |
| **摄像头** | 1200 万像素 Sony IMX363（后置）摄像头和800万像素（前置）摄像头 |
| **电池容量** | 3200 mAh |
| **音频插孔** | 3.5 毫米 |
它的内置滑出式键盘有没有吸引到你呢？去 [pro 1 x 的购买官网][5] 看看吧。
它的内置滑出式键盘是否吸引了你？去 [pro 1 x 的购买官网][5] 看看吧。
#### 4、Volla Phone
[Volla Phone][7] 可以同时运行**两个操作系统：Ubuntu Touch 和 VollaOS**。
VollaOS 是一个安卓操作系统的修改版，没有谷歌，同时也很注重用户的隐私；Ubuntu Touch 是一个流行的 Linux 手机发行版。
VollaOS 是一个安卓操作系统的修改版，没有谷歌专有的部分，同时也很注重用户的隐私；Ubuntu Touch 是一个流行的 Linux 手机发行版。
#### Volla Phone 的主要特点和规格
Volla Phone 的主要特点和规格：
- 没有谷歌及其服务
- 没有谷歌专有部分及其服务
- 不依赖云计算
- 加密的设备存储
- 使用安卓操作系统的修改版：Volla OS
@ -146,9 +148,9 @@ VollaOS 是一个安卓操作系统的修改版，没有谷歌，同时也很注
| :- | :- |
| **CPU** | MediaTek Helio P23 |
| **GPU** | ARM Mali-G71 MP2  |
| **内存** | 64 GB，eMMC |
| **运行内存 RAM** | 4 GB DDR3 RAM |
| **屏幕尺寸、材质、分辨率** | 6.3 英寸，IPS，2340×1080 像素 |
| **内存** | 4 GB DDR3 RAM |
| **存储** | 64 GB，eMMC |
| **屏幕** | 6.3 英寸，IPS，2340×1080 像素 |
| **摄像头** | 1600万像素带闪光灯的（后置）摄像头和1600万像素（前置）摄像头 |
| **电池容量** | 4700 mAh |
| **USB 接口** | Type C 接口和 3.5 毫米音频插孔 |
@ -159,13 +161,15 @@ VollaOS 是一个安卓操作系统的修改版，没有谷歌，同时也很注
[Fairphone 4][10] 是另一款具有模块化硬件的 Linux 智能手机。它支持 PostmarketOS 操作系统，并使用安卓操作系统的修改版本：FairPhone OS。这个手机的主要卖点是它的 <ruby>模块化<rt> modularity </rt></ruby>，你可以替换手机的任何模块：你可以毫不费力地更换它的电池🔋；此外，不仅仅是更换电池，你还可以简单地用螺丝刀来更换它的显示屏等部件。
#### Fairphone 4 的规格
![][14]
Fairphone 4 的规格：
| 规格 | 描述 |
| :- | :- |
| **CPU** | Octa-Core Kryo 570（八核） |
| **运行内存 RAM** | 2 种型号：6GB 和 8GB |
| **内存** | 2 种型号：128GB 和 256GB |
| **内存** | 2 种型号：6GB 和 8GB |
| **存储** | 2 种型号：128GB 和 256GB |
| **GPU** | Adreno 619 |
| **屏幕** | 6.3 英寸，全高清，IPS |
| **摄像头** | 2 个 4800 万像素（后置）摄像头和 2500 万像素（前置）摄像头 |
@ -191,7 +195,7 @@ VollaOS 是一个安卓操作系统的修改版，没有谷歌，同时也很注
### 结语
以上就是关于如今市场上最好的 Linux 手机的全部内容了。你可以从这些手机的官方网站上，了解更多信息。因为手机的隐私保护在当下变得越来越重要了，我相信在未来会有越来越多的人使用 Linux 手机。
以上就是关于如今市场上最好的 Linux 手机的全部内容了。你可以从这些手机的官方网站上了解更多信息。因为手机的隐私保护在当下变得越来越重要了，我相信在未来会有越来越多的人使用 Linux 手机。
诚然，Linux 手机本身的功能及其操作系统比不上安卓和苹果 iOS 手机。但是，对于 Linux 手机来说，更重要的是它的标准的设立、全球购买的可行性、在这一新兴市场的低入门价格以及对 Linux 手机应用生态系统的大力投资。在 Linux 手机的生态系统中需要更简化的界面，没有简单的界面，Linux 手机将变得更加零散，就像台式机一样。Linux 手机的制造商还需要和自由及开源软件（FOSS）参与者一起合作，最终才能使 Linux 手机广受欢迎。
@ -202,7 +206,7 @@ via: https://www.debugpoint.com/best-linux-phones/
作者：[Arindam][a]
选题：[lkxed][b]
译者：[chai001125](https://github.com/chai001125)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
@ -221,3 +225,5 @@ via: https://www.debugpoint.com/best-linux-phones/
[11]: https://shop.fairphone.com/
[12]: https://devices.ubuntu-touch.io/
[13]: https://wiki.postmarketos.org/wiki/Devices
[0]: https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/202212/22/145904l88upudto8u7y3ui.jpg
[14]: https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/202212/22/150220zuowaoguya3azajw.jpg

37
translated/tech/20221213.3 ⭐️ Linux Mint Upgrade Tool Usage Guide.md → published/20221213.3 ⭐️ Linux Mint Upgrade Tool Usage Guide.md
View File

@ -3,47 +3,51 @@
[#]: author: "Arindam https://www.debugpoint.com/author/admin1/"
[#]: collector: "lkxed"
[#]: translator: "geekpi"
[#]: reviewer: " "
[#]: publisher: " "
[#]: url: " "
[#]: reviewer: "wxy"
[#]: publisher: "wxy"
[#]: url: "https://linux.cn/article-15372-1.html"
Linux Mint 升级工具：使用指南
Linux Mint 升级工具使用指南
======
**以下是如何使用 Mint 升级工具升级到新的 Linux Mint 版本，即带有实际升级过程截图的 mintupgrade GUI。**
![][0]
如果你正在寻找最近发布的 **Linux Mint 21 Vanessa** 的**详细升级**步骤，请阅读本指南👉[从 Linux Mint 20.3 升级到 21][1]
> 以下是如何使用 Mint 升级工具升级到新的 Linux Mint 版本，即带有实际升级过程截图的 mintupgrade GUI。
如果你正在寻找最近发布的 **Linux Mint 21 Vanessa** 的**详细升级**步骤，请阅读本指南👉
> **[从 Linux Mint 20.3 升级到 21][1]**
### Linux Mint 升级工具
Linux Mint 团队 [宣布][2]在几个月前，他们构建了一个新的程序来升级 Linux Mint 的重要版本。它被称为 “mintupgrade2”。开发已经完成，目前正在支持和计划升级到主要版本，例如 Linux Mint 20 到 21，而不是小版本升级。
Linux Mint 团队 [宣布][2] 在几个月前，他们构建了一个新的程序来升级 Linux Mint 的主要版本。它被称为 “mintupgrade2”。现在开发已经完成，目前正在支持和计划升级到主要版本，例如 Linux Mint 20 到 21，而不是小版本升级。
尽管你可以使用标准的 apt 命令升级版本，但 Mint 团队认为重大版本升级是棘手的。新用户很难进行无缝升级，因为它涉及终端和一系列复杂的命令步骤。
尽管你可以使用标准的 `apt` 命令升级版本，但 Mint 团队认为重大版本升级是棘手的。新用户很难进行无缝升级，因为它涉及终端和一系列复杂的命令步骤。
此外，GUI 是一个封装器，具有 mintupgrade 程序的附加功能，它通过一键修复带来了一组系统前检查和升级过程。
此外，该图形界面是一个封装器，为 `mintupgrade` 程序带来了更多功能，它带来了一组系统前检查和带有一键修复的升级过程。
此外，mintupgrade 会进行基本检查，你是否连接到电源、系统是否是最新的、磁盘空间可用性等。
此外，`mintupgrade` 会进行基本检查，比如你是否连接到电源、系统是否是最新的、磁盘空间可用性等。
为了向你展示它的外观和工作情况，我们安装了一台 LMDE 4 测试机测试。
但在此之前，这里有一组功能：
但在此之前，看一下它的功能集：
- 完全由 GUI 驱动的升级过程
- 多语言支持
- 升级前检查：系统备份、电源、磁盘空间、已删除包列表
- 可配置
- 提醒你有关先前版本中的孤立包
- 提醒你有关先前版本中的孤儿包
- 它为你提供了解决问题的选项
### 它如何运作
当我们通过命令 `mintupgrade` 运行 mint 升级程序时，GUI 友好的欢迎屏幕为你提供了一个很好的起点并开始升级过程。然后，它开始自己进行一系列检查。
当我们通过命令 `mintupgrade` 运行 Mint 升级程序时，GUI 友好的欢迎屏幕为你提供了一个很好的起点并开始升级过程。然后，它开始自己进行一系列检查。
![开始升级过程][3]
除此之外，当它在你的系统中发现问题时，它会停止并为你提供足够的详细信息。单击“修复”后，它可以再次恢复该过程。
除此之外，当它在你的系统中发现问题时，它会停止并为你提供足够的详细信息。单击“<ruby>修复<rt>Fix</rt></ruby>”后，它可以再次恢复该过程。
这不是全部。如果由于网络或互联网或任何其他问题而中断，它可以恢复升级过程。
不止如此，如果由于网络或互联网或任何其他问题而中断，它可以恢复升级过程。
这个程序在我们的测试过程中在我们的测试系统中发现了以下错误，并且只需单击一下即可修复它们。
@ -77,7 +81,7 @@ sudo apt install mintupgrade
最后，我认为它是 Linux Mint 团队最好的程序之一。正如你在上面看到的，它自己处理了许多错误。我所做的只是单击“修复”按钮。该程序足够智能，可以了解所有故障点并采取补救措施。
[GitHub 和 mintupgrade 源码][10]
> **[GitHub 上的 mintupgrade 源码][10]**
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
@ -102,3 +106,4 @@ via: https://www.debugpoint.com/mint-upgrade-tool/
[8]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Mint-Upgrade-can-detect-the-packages-require-downgrade.jpg
[9]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Upgrade-Complete.jpg
[10]: https://github.com/linuxmint/mintupgrade
[0]: https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/202212/22/152601upz4gujhajauj5rj.jpg

32
translated/tech/20221215.2 ⭐️⭐️ Improve your documentation with JavaScript.md → published/20221215.2 ⭐️⭐️ Improve your documentation with JavaScript.md
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@ -3,31 +3,36 @@
[#]: author: "Jim Hall https://opensource.com/users/jim-hall"
[#]: collector: "lkxed"
[#]: translator: "duoluoxiaosheng"
[#]: reviewer: " "
[#]: publisher: " "
[#]: url: " "
[#]: reviewer: "wxy"
[#]: publisher: "wxy"
[#]: url: "https://linux.cn/article-15375-1.html"
使用 JavaScript 增强您的文档
使用 JavaScript 增强你的文档
======
开源软件项目通常拥有非常多样化的用户人群。有些用户非常擅长使用该系统，并且只需要很少的文档。对于这些实力派的用户。文档只需要提供必要的提示，并且可以包含更多的技术信息，比如说在 shell 中运行的命令行。有些用户可能只是初学者。这些用户需要更多的帮助来设置系统并学习如何使用它。
![][0]
> 让你的开源项目文档充满活力，从而吸引各种经验水平的用户。
开源软件项目通常拥有非常多样化的用户人群。有些用户非常擅长使用该系统，并且只需要很少的文档。对于这些实力派用户，文档只需要提供必要的提示，并且可以包含更多的技术信息，比如说在 Shell 中运行的命令行。有些用户可能只是初学者。这些用户需要更多的帮助来设置系统并学习如何使用它。
写一个同时适合这两个用户群体的文档是令人生畏的。网站文档需要在 “提供详细的技术信息” 和 “提供更多的概述和指导” 之间寻求一个平衡。这是一个很难找到的平衡。如果你的文档不能同时满足这两个用户人群，那么考虑一下另外一个选择 —— 动态文档。
探索在网页中添加一点 [JavaScript][1] 使用户可以选择自己想看的内容。
### 构建您的内容
### 构建你的内容
你可以把例程添加的你的文档中需要同时满足 <ruby>专家<rt>expert</rt></ruby> 和 <ruby>初学者<rt>novice</rt></ruby> 的地方。在这个例程中，你可以使用一个叫做 AwesmeProject 的虚构的音乐播放器。
你可以把例程添加的你的文档中需要同时满足 <ruby>专家<rt>expert</rt></ruby> 和 <ruby>初学者<rt>novice</rt></ruby> 的地方。在这个例程中，我们可以使用一个虚构的名为 AwesmeProject 的音乐播放器。
你可以用 HTML 编写一个简短的安装文档，通过 HTML 的 <ruby>类<rt>class</rt></ruby> 功能同时为专家和初学者提供操作指南。例如，你可以用下面的代码来为专家定义一个段落：
你可以用 HTML 编写一个简短的安装文档，通过 HTML 的 <ruby>类<rt>class</rt></ruby> 功能同时为专家和初学者提供操作指南。
例如，你可以用下面的代码来为专家定义一个段落：
```
<p class="expert reader">
```
这就同时指派了专家类 和读者类。 你可以用下面的代码来为初学者创建一个相同的段落。
这同时指派了 “专家类” 和 “读者类”。你可以用下面的代码来为初学者创建一个相同的段落。
```
<p class="novice reader">
@ -70,7 +75,7 @@ most Linux distributions. Check your graphical package manager and search for Aw
![Image of html in black text.][2]
我们可在文档中添加一些简单的样式来为 <ruby>读者<rt>reader</rt></ruby>，<ruby>专家<rt>expert</rt></ruby> 或者 <ruby>初学者<rt>novice</rt></ruby> 突出任何元素。为了使不同的文本更容易区分，让我们把读者类的背景颜色设置成米白色，专家类的字体颜色设置为深红色，初学者的字体颜色则设置为深蓝色。
我们可在文档中添加一些简单的样式来为 <ruby>读者<rt>reader</rt></ruby>、<ruby>专家<rt>expert</rt></ruby> 或者 <ruby>初学者<rt>novice</rt></ruby> 突出任何元素。为了使不同的文本更容易区分，让我们把读者类的背景颜色设置成米白色，专家类的字体颜色设置为深红色，初学者的字体颜色则设置为深蓝色。
```
<!DOCTYPE html>
@ -104,7 +109,7 @@ color: darkblue;
<h1>How to install the software</h1>
```
当你在浏览器中查看这个网页时，这些样式有助于这两个段落的突出。安装指导的所有段落都有一个米白色背景，因为他们都有 <ruby>读者<rt>reader</rt></ruby> 这个类。第一个段落的字体是深红色的，这是由 <ruby>专家<rt>expert</rt></ruby> 这个类定义的。第二个段落的字体是深蓝色的，则是由 <ruby>初学者<rt>novice</rt></ruby> 这个类定义的。
当你在浏览器中查看这个网页时，这些样式有助于突出这两个段落。安装指导的所有段落都有一个米白色背景，因为他们都有 <ruby>读者<rt>reader</rt></ruby> 这个类。第一个段落的字体是深红色的，这是由 <ruby>专家<rt>expert</rt></ruby> 这个类定义的。第二个段落的字体是深蓝色的，则是由 <ruby>初学者<rt>novice</rt></ruby> 这个类定义的。
![Image of html in red and black text.][3]
@ -223,7 +228,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/22/12/dynamic-documentation-javascript
作者：[Jim Hall][a]
选题：[lkxed][b]
译者：[duoluoxiaosheng](https://github.com/duoluoxiaosehng)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
@ -235,3 +240,4 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/22/12/dynamic-documentation-javascript
[4]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/2022-12/publishone.novicexpert.png
[5]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/2022-12/publishone.blue_.png
[6]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/2022-12/publishone.red_.png
[0]: https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/202212/23/100615quu385qf83bu3p35.jpg

88
published/20221216.3 ⭐️ Better Late Than Never! GNOME's File Picker Adds Thumbnail View After 18 Years.md Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
[#]: subject: "Better Late Than Never! GNOME's File Picker Adds Thumbnail View After 18 Years"
[#]: via: "https://news.itsfoss.com/gnome-file-picker/"
[#]: author: "Sourav Rudra https://news.itsfoss.com/author/sourav/"
[#]: collector: "lkxed"
[#]: translator: "wxy"
[#]: reviewer: "wxy"
[#]: publisher: "wxy"
[#]: url: "https://linux.cn/article-15380-1.html"
虽迟但到！GNOME 的文件选取器在 18 年后增加了缩略图视图
======
> 一个长期缺位、也是急需的功能请求，终于通过了！
![][1]
如今，程序的用户界面是非常重要的；即使是最简单的交互也能决定用户的体验。
GNOME 的文件选取器在查看文件时缺乏适当的缩略图预览，而是依赖于一个普通的列表视图。这对许多人来说可能是不直观的。
多年来，缺乏这一功能也成了许多段子和讨论的主题。
但是现在，在最初的 [功能请求][2] 提出 18 年之后，GNOME 终于可以支持一个合适的缩略图视图了。
让我们来看看这个即将到来的对 GNOME 文件选取器的改变。
### 该功能将随着 GNOME 44 到来
![GNOME 文件缩略图视图][3]
正如这个由 GNOME 开发者 [Matthias Clasen][4] 提供的早期构建截图所展示的。GNOME 上的文件选取器将具有一个缩略图视图。
这就是它在 GNOME 43 上的样子：
![GNOME 43 的文件选取器][5]
**如何访问它？** 在 GNOME 上文件选取器的网格视图里，可以显示文件和文件夹的缩略图预览。
现在将很容易区分文件管理器中的项目；不再需要打开一个文件来查看它包含的内容了！
![GNOME 文件缩略图视图选取器][6]
当这个功能到来时，你可以通过点击右上方的新视图切换按钮来启用它。
**有什么变化？** 对于一个简单的功能添加来说，18 年是一个很长的时间。众多的技术原因使其实施成为一项艰巨的任务。
但我很高兴，它终于来了。😃
使之成为可能的原因之一是最近在 GTK 代码库中进行的废弃和现代化工作。
> 💡 GTK 是 GNOME 的一切的核心的工具箱。
而且，这些变化导致 [GtkListView][7] 和 [GtkGridView][8] 使用相同的数据模型来实现这个功能。
**预期何时？** 这个历史上的 [合并请求][9] 已经被接受，并为其引入 GNOME 铺平道路。
你可以期待它在 2023 年的某个时候与 GNOME 44 一起到来。
我很期待！😁
我们将把它作为 GNOME 44 功能提供的一部分来报道。所以，请继续关注我们的报道吧！
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://news.itsfoss.com/gnome-file-picker/
作者：[Sourav Rudra][a]
选题：[lkxed][b]
译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://news.itsfoss.com/author/sourav/
[b]: https://github.com/lkxed
[1]: https://news.itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w2000/2022/12/gtk-file-chooser-gets-thumbnail-preview-support.png
[2]: https://bugzilla.gnome.org/show_bug.cgi?id=141154
[3]: https://news.itsfoss.com/content/images/2022/12/GNOME_File_Thumbnail.png
[4]: https://twitter.com/matthias_clasen
[5]: https://news.itsfoss.com/content/images/2022/12/file-picker-now.png
[6]: https://news.itsfoss.com/content/images/2022/12/GNOME_File_Thumbnail-2.png
[7]: https://gitlab.gnome.org/GNOME/gtk/-/blob/main/gtk/gtklistview.c
[8]: https://gitlab.gnome.org/GNOME/gtk/-/blob/main/gtk/gtkgridview.c
[9]: https://gitlab.gnome.org/GNOME/gtk/-/merge_requests/5163
[10]: https://mastodon.social/@itsfoss
[11]: https://twitter.com/itsfoss2
[12]: https://notion.grsm.io/front-static/logo-ios.png
[13]: https://www.notion.so/front-static/meta/default.png

89
sources/news/20221212.3 ⭐️⭐️ Unfortunately, Komodo IDE is now Open Source!.md
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@ -1,89 +0,0 @@
[#]: subject: "Unfortunately, Komodo IDE is now Open Source!"
[#]: via: "https://news.itsfoss.com/komodo-ide-open-source/"
[#]: author: "Sourav Rudra https://news.itsfoss.com/author/sourav/"
[#]: collector: "lkxed"
[#]: translator: " "
[#]: reviewer: " "
[#]: publisher: " "
[#]: url: " "
Unfortunately, Komodo IDE is now Open Source!
======
Komodo IDE is now open-source and not at a great time. Curious to take a peek at the source code? Learn more here.
![Unfortunately, Komodo IDE is now Open Source!][1]
Komodo IDE is a popular integrated development environment for dynamic programming languages that was introduced back in May 2000.
Used by many programmers around the world, it has proved to be quite helpful over the years.
Unfortunately, all good things end.
This is the case with Komodo IDE, it has now been retired, and all development has ceased.
But there's a silver lining to this 😃
The company behind it, called '[ActiveState][2]', has now made the code openly available for anyone to use and modify.
> 💡 Similar to "Komodo Edit" application, which was made open-source in 2008.
They have cited numerous factors for their decision, which I will explain.
### So, Why Open-Source it Now?
![komodo ide][3]
ActiveState felt that it was becoming difficult to maintain Komodo IDE without encountering various compatibility issues on newer systems.
**What were the contributing factors?:** There were many factors that led to this. Take, for instance, the frameworks on which Komodo was built, '_XUL and XULRunner_'; they were retired by Mozilla back in 2016.
Then there was the amount of effort needed to make Komodo compatible with newer systems. They would have to completely rewrite Komodo using a newer framework they felt was not feasible.
And the final nail in the coffin was the fact that there are already a lot of free code editors available on the market right now doing better. They feel that '_it’s not a good business to be in anymore_'.
**What now?:** ActiveState have made the whole Komodo IDE codebase available on their [GitHub repo][4] without the revision history.
They have provided 3.2 million lines of code that consist of various programming languages such as Python, JavaScript, XUL, HTML, C++, and more.
Anyone can copy, change, and use the code as they see fit.
The forums for Komodo will be kept open for a year from their [original announcement][5], as it contains a treasure trove of information relating to Komodo.
They are also open to moving the content to a different platform if anyone is willing to take on the task of managing it.
On this topic, one of the employees from the Komodo dev team, Carey Hoffman, had this to add:
> The extensive existing help information in the forums can act as a significant knowledge base for users and continue to be a central place to ask questions of the community and receive answers. I’ll very likely be there periodically on my own time to help where I can, such as when people are trying to build Komodo at home, or having difficulty making any kind of code edits.
### Community Gets a Chance
This can come in pretty handy for the community in general, as people can now try their hand at creating something truly special out of the code for Komodo.
A Reddit user, [yvrelna][6] mentions:
> I never used Komodo, but it's great to hear that Komodo is now freed from its cage. Companies should do this more often. If they're unwilling to support a software anymore, they should just release it as open source.It would've been better if the software is open source to begin with of course, but there's really no reason for a company to retain their codebase closed if they have no interest in maintaining it.Only thing is that they should've done it sooner, when there are still enough people that still cares about the software to possibly pick it up to maintain it.
Indeed, the user is not wrong here; companies should go the extra mile by making code for their deprecated software open so that the community has a chance to create something out of it or even maintain it for the long term.
ActiveState seems to have understood this sentiment and has thanked its users by open-sourcing Komodo.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://news.itsfoss.com/komodo-ide-open-source/
作者：[Sourav Rudra][a]
选题：[lkxed][b]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://news.itsfoss.com/author/sourav/
[b]: https://github.com/lkxed
[1]: https://news.itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w2000/2022/12/komodo-ide-goes-open-source.png
[2]: https://www.activestate.com/
[3]: https://news.itsfoss.com/content/images/2022/12/Komodo_IDE.png
[4]: https://github.com/ActiveState/OpenKomodoIDE
[5]: https://www.activestate.com/blog/activestate-komodo-ide-now-open-source/
[6]: https://www.reddit.com/user/yvrelna/

82
sources/news/20221213.0 ⭐️ Puppy Linux 22.12 (S15Pup) Arrives Based on Slackware 15.md
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@ -1,82 +0,0 @@
[#]: subject: "Puppy Linux 22.12 (S15Pup) Arrives Based on Slackware 15"
[#]: via: "https://debugpointnews.com/puppy-linux-22-12-s15pup/"
[#]: author: "arindam https://debugpointnews.com/author/dpicubegmail-com/"
[#]: collector: "lkxed"
[#]: translator: " "
[#]: reviewer: " "
[#]: publisher: " "
[#]: url: " "
Puppy Linux 22.12 (S15Pup) Arrives Based on Slackware 15
======
![][1]
**A new Puppy Linux flavour (Puppy Linux 22.12 S15Pup) is now available based on Slackware 15.**
Puppy Linux is a super lightweight distro which runs entirely on RAM and requires a very low memory footprint. It is almost loaded with all the necessary applications for everything you need. It is quite remarkable that the Puppy Linux team managed to package all these applications, which run in low memory and surprisingly within 400 MB of ISO size. There are many variants of Puppy Linux based on Ubuntu and other distros – thanks to the fantastic Puppy Builder Woof-CE.
### Puppy Linux 22.12 (s15pup): What’s New
The recent release of Puppy Linux 22.12 is based on the Slackware 15.0 components, which were released in February 2022. At its core, the JWM (Joe’s Window Manager) provides flexibility and good performance in Puppy Linux because it runs off the RAM.
![Puppy Linux 22.12 based on Slackware 15][2]
Based on Slackware, Puppy 22.12 comes with Linux Kernel LTS series 5.15 for the 64-bit. And the 5.10 for the 32-bit system. The desktop feel is the same as other Puppy flavours based on the JWM 2.4.3. The JWM is used in other distro-based Puppy flavours as well.
In addition, FFmpeg is loaded with Mplayer for your media playing needs – if at all required in a LIVE system. Also, the “Light” web browser, based on Firefox, gives you easy and performant access to the internet. Alternative browser installation options are also present.
Furthermore, Puppy Linux 22.12 s15pup pre-loads most of the LXDE apps and components for the overall lightweight experience, such as Lxrandr 0.3.2, Lxtask 0.1.10 and Lxterminal 0.4.0.
ISO of this Slackware flavour is less than 400 MB in size, and, amazingly, all of the following applications are pre-loaded on it. Here’s a summary of the key packages in this version:
| Abiword 3.0.1 | Gparted 1.3.1 | Parcellite 1.2.1 |
| Bash 5.1.016 | Grep 3.7 | Rox-filer 17w |
| Busybox 1.35.0 | Gtk+2 2.24.33 | Samba 4.12.15 |
| Cups 2.4.2 | Gtk+3 3.24.31 | Sed 4.8 |
| Curl 7.86.0 | Gtkdialog 0.8.5a | Sylpheed 3.7.0 |
| Dhcpcd 9.4.1 | Icu4c 69.1 | Syslinux 4.07 |
| Didiwiki 0.8 | Jwm 2.4.3 | Transmission 2.60 |
| Evince 2.32.0 | Lxrandr 0.3.2 | Util-linux 2.37.4 |
| Ffmpeg 4.4.3 | Lxtask 0.1.10 | Viewnior 1.7 |
| Gcc 11.2.0 | Lxterminal 0.4.0 | Xdelta 30.16 |
| Geany 1.35 | Mesa 21.3.5 | Xsane 0.999 |
| Ghostscript 9.55.0 | MPlayer 1.4 |
| Glib2 2.70.3 | Mtpaint 3.50.09 |
| Glibc 2.33 | Ncurses 6.3 |
| Gnumeric 1.10.17 | Openssl 1.1.1s |
### Download
Puppy Linux is one of those few distros which still provides a 32-bit installation file alongside 64-bit. You can download this version from the following links for the respective architectures.
- [S15Pup 64-bit – based on Slackware 15.0][3]
- [S15Pup 32-bit – based on Slackware 15.0][4]
- [ScPup 64-bit – based on Slackware current][5]
- [ScPup 32-bit – based on Slackware current][6]
If you are running it on a virtual machine, make sure to change the CPU architecture to 64-bit before installing it.
_Via [release announcement][7] & [release notes][8]_
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://debugpointnews.com/puppy-linux-22-12-s15pup/
作者：[arindam][a]
选题：[lkxed][b]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://debugpointnews.com/author/dpicubegmail-com/
[b]: https://github.com/lkxed
[1]: https://debugpointnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/pups15head.jpg
[2]: https://debugpointnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Puppy-Linux-22.12-based-on-Slackware-15.jpg
[3]: https://sourceforge.net/projects/spup/files/S15Pup64/
[4]: https://sourceforge.net/projects/spup/files/S15Pup32/
[5]: https://sourceforge.net/projects/spup/files/ScPup64/
[6]: https://sourceforge.net/projects/spup/files/ScPup/
[7]: https://forum.puppylinux.com/viewtopic.php?t=7464&sid=5ee2c343a8dbc0babc476139d188c50f
[8]: http://distro.ibiblio.org/puppylinux/puppy-s15pup/release-S15Pup-22.12.htm

73
sources/news/20221214.1 ⭐️ Microsoft Soundscape to Go Open Source Marking the End of the Project.md
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@ -1,73 +0,0 @@
[#]: subject: "Microsoft Soundscape to Go Open Source Marking the End of the Project"
[#]: via: "https://news.itsfoss.com/microsoft-soundscape-open-source/"
[#]: author: "Sourav Rudra https://news.itsfoss.com/author/sourav/"
[#]: collector: "lkxed"
[#]: translator: " "
[#]: reviewer: " "
[#]: publisher: " "
[#]: url: " "
Microsoft Soundscape to Go Open Source Marking the End of the Project
======
Microsoft makes an excellent decision to open-source its innovative audio app.
![Microsoft Soundscape to Go Open Source Marking the End of the Project][1]
The [Soundscape project][2] was a fascinating experimental research effort undertaken by Microsoft to use sound-based technology to help visually impaired people navigate their surroundings.
Launched back in 2017, it used 3D audio cues and augmented reality to enhance a user's awareness by guiding them through places.
Soon after, they also launched an iOS app to showcase their progress.
The app could use the iPhone's sensors to read out points of interest as the user walked past something or even roads and intersections to help them figure out where they were.
**Unfortunately,** with a [recent announcement][3], Microsoft has decided not to continue further with the development of this project and will be making the **code open-source**.
### Microsoft Soundscape Source Code to be Available on GitHub
![Microsoft Soundscape - an Illustrated Demonstration][4]
**What Happened?:** Well, according to Microsoft, it's natural to either stop or transition a few projects as they evolve their research portfolio.
With this move, Microsoft hopes the community will take over and benefit from the 'novel experiences' they helped develop.
They also add that:
> As Microsoft Research continues to expand into new accessibility innovation areas, we hope the open-source software release of the Soundscape code supports the community in further developing confidence and utility of spatial audio navigation experiences.
You know, this move is quite similar to the one made by ActiveState recently, where they discontinued Komodo IDE and made the code open-source to say thank you to its users.
**What's Next?:** Starting **January 3, 2023**, the source code for Soundscape will be made available on GitHub. Developers are free to use the code in any manner they see fit.
Furthermore, the iOS app will also be discontinued, and existing users can use it until June 2023.
They will also stop taking new feature requests and only focus on bug fixes and general maintenance of the iOS app until the time comes.
As for the Microsoft Soundscape Authoring app, it will no longer be available after January 17, 2023.
Microsoft has also clarified that its other offerings would remain unaffected.
### Community-Driven Approach Wins
As was the case with Komodo IDE, a community-driven approach can be of great help for deprecated software.
Where the community can get together and create something truly unique while also helping the end users add value to their lives.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://news.itsfoss.com/microsoft-soundscape-open-source/
作者：[Sourav Rudra][a]
选题：[lkxed][b]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://news.itsfoss.com/author/sourav/
[b]: https://github.com/lkxed
[1]: https://news.itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w2000/2022/12/microsoft-soundscape-goes-open-source.png
[2]: https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/product/soundscape/
[3]: https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/microsoft-soundscape-new-horizons-with-a-community-driven-approach/
[4]: https://youtu.be/v5DXykmOdJ8

94
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[#]: subject: "Better Late Than Never! GNOME's File Picker Adds Thumbnail View After 18 Years"
[#]: via: "https://news.itsfoss.com/gnome-file-picker/"
[#]: author: "Sourav Rudra https://news.itsfoss.com/author/sourav/"
[#]: collector: "lkxed"
[#]: translator: " "
[#]: reviewer: " "
[#]: publisher: " "
[#]: url: " "
Better Late Than Never! GNOME's File Picker Adds Thumbnail View After 18 Years
======
A long-lost request, and a much-needed one, finally made its way through!
![Better Late Than Never! GNOME's File Picker Adds Thumbnail View After 18 Years][1]
Nowadays, the user interface of a program is extremely important; even the simplest of interactions can make or break the user's experience.
The GNOME file picker lacked a proper thumbnail preview for viewing files, instead relying on a plain list view. This may have been unintuitive for many.
The lack of this feature was also the topic of many memes and debates over the years.
But now, finally, after 18 long years since the original [feature request][2] was put out, GNOME is set to receive support for a proper thumbnail view.
Let's look at this upcoming change to GNOME's file picker.
#### Recommended Read 📖
### Feature to Arrive With GNOME 44
![gnome file thumbnail view][3]
As demonstrated by this early build screenshot provided by GNOME developer [Matthias Clasen][4]. The file picker on GNOME is going to feature a thumbnail view.
This is how it looks like with GNOME 43 on board:
![file picker with gnome 43][5]
**How to access it?:** It is a grid view for the file picker on GNOME that shows the thumbnail previews of files and folders.
It will now be easy to differentiate items in the file manager; no more opening a file to see what it contains!
![gnome file thumbnail view selector][6]
When this feature arrives, you can enable it by clicking on the new view toggle button at the top right.
**What Changed?:** 18 years for a simple feature addition is a long time. Numerous technical reasons made the implementation of this an arduous task.
But I am glad that it is finally here. 😃
One of the reasons that made this possible was the recent deprecations and modernization work carried out in the GTK code base.
> 💡 GTK is the toolkit that is at the core of all things GNOME.
And, those changes resulted in [GtkListView][7] and [GtkGridView][8] using the same data models to make this feature work.
**When to expect?:** The historical [merge request][9] has already been accepted and is paving the way for its introduction to GNOME.
You can expect this to arrive with GNOME 44 sometime in 2023.
I'm looking forward to that! 😁
We would be covering it as part of GNOME 44's feature offerings. So, stay tuned to our coverage for that!
_Don't forget to follow us on [Mastodon][10] and [Twitter][11]! Feel free to share your thoughts on this in the comments below._
Notion – One workspace. Every team.We’re more than a doc. Or a table. Customize Notion to work the way you do.![][12]Notion![][13]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://news.itsfoss.com/gnome-file-picker/
作者：[Sourav Rudra][a]
选题：[lkxed][b]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://news.itsfoss.com/author/sourav/
[b]: https://github.com/lkxed
[1]: https://news.itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w2000/2022/12/gtk-file-chooser-gets-thumbnail-preview-support.png
[2]: https://bugzilla.gnome.org/show_bug.cgi?id=141154
[3]: https://news.itsfoss.com/content/images/2022/12/GNOME_File_Thumbnail.png
[4]: https://twitter.com/matthias_clasen
[5]: https://news.itsfoss.com/content/images/2022/12/file-picker-now.png
[6]: https://news.itsfoss.com/content/images/2022/12/GNOME_File_Thumbnail-2.png
[7]: https://gitlab.gnome.org/GNOME/gtk/-/blob/main/gtk/gtklistview.c
[8]: https://gitlab.gnome.org/GNOME/gtk/-/blob/main/gtk/gtkgridview.c
[9]: https://gitlab.gnome.org/GNOME/gtk/-/merge_requests/5163
[10]: https://mastodon.social/@itsfoss
[11]: https://twitter.com/itsfoss2
[12]: https://notion.grsm.io/front-static/logo-ios.png
[13]: https://www.notion.so/front-static/meta/default.png

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[#]: subject: "EndeavourOS 'Cassini' Releases With New Features and Linux Kernel 6.0"
[#]: via: "https://news.itsfoss.com/endeavouros-cassini/"
[#]: author: "Sourav Rudra https://news.itsfoss.com/author/sourav/"
[#]: collector: "lkxed"
[#]: translator: " "
[#]: reviewer: " "
[#]: publisher: " "
[#]: url: " "
EndeavourOS 'Cassini' Releases With New Features and Linux Kernel 6.0
======
EndeavourOS's latest update has arrived!
![EndeavourOS 'Cassini' Releases With New Features and Linux Kernel 6.0][1]
EndeavourOS is a popular Arch-based Linux distribution that aims to make the Arch experience easy.
Code-named 'Cassini', it signifies a new phase in EndeavourOS's development that aims to make the OS better than its previous iterations.
Similar to a [previous release][2], this release is also named after one of NASA's [projects][3].
Let's see what makes this release so unique.
Unlocator Smart DNSRemove geographic blocks from streaming services using Unlocator Smart DNS. Simple to use and with a full free trial included.![][4]Unlocator![][5]
### 🆕 EndeavourOS 'Cassini': What's New?
![endeavouros cassini][6]
The 'Cassini' release packs plenty of improvements, some of the noteworthy highlights include:
- **Improved ARM Support**
- **Linux Kernel 6.0**
- **Various User Interface Updates**
- **Updated Software Packages**
#### Improved ARM Support
![endeavouros cassini arm][7]
EndeavourOS now features support for the [Pinebook Pro][8].
This was made possible by including the new 'linux-eos-arm' kernel that comes with the 'amdgpu' driver for supporting generic ARM devices.
The developers also added that:
> We’ve leveraged existing work and PKGBUIDs of both Manjaro ARM and archlinuxarm-pbp projects to create our Pinebook Pro images and would like to thank them for their continuing work in supporting PineBook Pro for Arch Linux ARM platform.
Furthermore, EndeavourOS also has enhanced support for ARM devices like the [Phytiuim D2000][9], [Raspberry Pi][10], and [Odroid N2+][11].
#### 🎨 Various User Interface Updates
![endeavouros cassini budgie][12]
With this release, EndeavourOS has received quite a few user interface tweaks; some of the highlights include:
- The 'Discover' icon was replaced with a 'Konsole' icon on KDE Plasma.
- [Qogir theme][13] is being used for icons in Cinnamon and Budgie.
- In the case of GNOME, the wallpaper follows night and day theme like the Console.
- The default wallpaper is now set by the 'settings' package instead of 'welcome'.
- A load of cleanup work for Calamares.
#### Linux Kernel 6.0
EndeavourOS 'Cassini' features Linux Kernel 6.0.12.arch1-1, which enables it to have enhanced support for [OpenRISC][14] and [LoongArch][15] architectures.
Alongside that, there is a noticeable uplift in performance for AMD EPYC, Ryzen Threadripper, and Intel Xeon Ice Lake chips.
You can go through our coverage for more details:
#### Updated Software Packages
This release also features a lot of updated software, including:
- Calamares 3.3.0-alpha3
- Firefox 108.0.1-1
- Mesa 22.3.1-1
- Xorg-Server 21.1.5-1
- nvidia-dkms 525.60.11-1
- Grub 2:2.06.r403.g7259d55ff-1
#### 🛠️ Other Changes
There were also a few other changes that I want to mention, such as:
- [dracut][16] has replaced [mkinitcpio][17] to handle the installation process.
- You can now choose not to install a bootloader.
- You have two bootloader options to pick from, [systemd-boot][18] and [Grub][19].
- The Grub submenu is now enabled by default.
- gedit and GNOME terminal have been replaced by [gnome-text-editor][20] and [GNOME Console][21].
### 📥 Download EndeavourOS Cassini
You can find the latest release on the [official website][22] from one of the available mirrors.
_💬 What do you think of this release? Was it worth the wait?_
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://news.itsfoss.com/endeavouros-cassini/
作者：[Sourav Rudra][a]
选题：[lkxed][b]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://news.itsfoss.com/author/sourav/
[b]: https://github.com/lkxed
[1]: https://news.itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w2000/2022/12/endeavour-os-cassini-release.png
[2]: https://news.itsfoss.com/endeavouros-artemis-release/
[3]: https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/cassini/overview/
[4]: https://unlocator.com/favicon.ico
[5]: https://unlocator.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/unlocatoricon.jpg
[6]: https://news.itsfoss.com/content/images/2022/12/EndeavourOS-Cassini.jpg
[7]: https://news.itsfoss.com/content/images/2022/12/EndeavourOS-Cassini_ARM.png
[8]: https://itsfoss.com/pinebook-pro/
[9]: https://phytium.com.cn/en/article/721
[10]: https://www.raspberrypi.org
[11]: https://www.hardkernel.com/shop/odroid-n2-with-4gbyte-ram-2/
[12]: https://news.itsfoss.com/content/images/2022/12/EndeavourOS-Cassini_2-1.jpg
[13]: https://github.com/vinceliuice/Qogir-theme
[14]: https://openrisc.io
[15]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loongson
[16]: https://dracut.wiki.kernel.org/index.php/Main_Page
[17]: https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/mkinitcpio
[18]: https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/systemd-boot/
[19]: https://www.gnu.org/software/grub/
[20]: https://itsfoss.com/gnome-text-editor/
[21]: https://gitlab.gnome.org/GNOME/console
[22]: https://endeavouros.com/latest-release/

152
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[#]: subject: "Linux Mint 21.1 Arrives with a Ton of Visual Changes and Improvements"
[#]: via: "https://news.itsfoss.com/linux-mint-21-1-release/"
[#]: author: "Rishabh Moharir https://news.itsfoss.com/author/rishabh/"
[#]: collector: "lkxed"
[#]: translator: " "
[#]: reviewer: " "
[#]: publisher: " "
[#]: url: " "
Linux Mint 21.1 Arrives with a Ton of Visual Changes and Improvements
======
Linux Mint 21.1 comes with a new default theme and several other refinements.
![Linux Mint 21.1 Arrives with a Ton of Visual Changes and Improvements][1]
Linux Mint 21 has received its first update as **Linux Mint 21.1 "Vera."** If you want to learn about Linux Mint 21 "Venessa," our official review should get you up to speed:
This release is similar to the usual point releases. However, it includes various changes to the look, feel, and features that could look subtle but will affect the user experience.
Let's take a look at the major highlights. We focus on Linux Mint's Cinnamon edition.
### Linux Mint 21.1 Vera: What's New?
The release will continue to use the **Linux 5.15 LTS** kernel under the hood, based on **Ubuntu 22.04 LTS**.
![][2]
#### 👀 A Refreshed User Interface
When you first boot into the desktop, you should quickly notice the new look of the cursor. It features the new Bibata theme by default.
![linux mint's new cursor icon][3]
The cursor icon theme inventory has new options like Yaru, Breeze, and GoogleDot along with the traditional DMZ theme.
![][4]
Users will also find a unique set of app icon themes to choose from in addition to the traditional Mint-X, Mint-Y, and Mint-Legacy themes. This includes Papirus, Breeze, Numix, and Yaru.
![linux mint aqua theme][5]
Another interesting thing you may notice is the default accent color isn't the traditional green anymore, and that's because the **desktop theme is now switched to Aqua**. The accent color library offers more vibrant colors and gives the desktop a clean and attractive look.
For those who want the legacy look back, there exists a "**Mint-Y-Legacy**" option in the theme options.
Moreover, the **Computer, Home, Networks, and Trash icons** previously visible on the desktop are removed by default and can be accessed in the file manager. The Home folder icon is displayed on the panel instead. If you want to return the old arrangement, you can do so by heading to the **system****preferences**.
#### ✨ Enhanced Drive Manager
The Drive Manager no longer requests a password when you launch it since it runs in user mode.
![linux mint driver manager offline][6]
There are dedicated screens for offline connectivity and when a live USB is detected. You should also find the mounting of the live USB smoother than before.
![usb screen drive manager linux mint][7]
There have been a couple of fixes to it as well.
Packagekit now purges removed drivers and packages. This solves a commonly known issue where users want to switch between different versions of the NVIDIA driver.
Additionally, Debconf has been patched to address an issue for NVIDIA drivers when Secure Boot was enabled.
#### 👨‍💻 Flatpak Integration and Software Manager Improvements
It is nice to see that both the **Software Manager** and **Update Manager** have received support for Flatpaks.
The procedure for installing and updating Flatpak applications is not very different and should be a breeze.
![][8]
For instance, the Software Manager has been updated to help differentiate which version of an app, Flatpak, or system the user is looking at. There's also a drop-down box for switching between the system and Flatpak versions of an app.
Uninstalling Flatpak applications and shortcuts doesn't require a password anymore. The same applies when multiple operations are being performed.
#### 🔨 Improvements for XApps
Users can now configure the login screen's cursor size and theme. Previously, these settings were set globally.
On the other hand, Warpinator gets better security while the WebApp Manager features additional settings when editing Web Apps, including private browsing and a navigation bar.
#### ⭐ New ISO Verification Tool
In most cases, one wants to verify the integrity of a downloaded ISO image.
Thus to make things easier, you can do this by right-clicking on the ISO image and selecting "**Verify**." This opens up the ISO Verification tool, where you can fill in the necessary details for the verification process.
![][9]
A cool thing to note is that the URLs to the SHA256sum and GPG files are filled in automatically for Linux Mint and Ubuntu ISO images.
#### 🎨 Cinnamon 5.6 Desktop
Linux Mint's flagship desktop environment has received minor visual updates and changes.
On the desktop's panel, you will notice a thin separator between the home menu and the applications. Like Windows, a new corner bar applet has been added to the right-most corner, configurable, and supports innovative actions.
![][10]
Coming to the visuals, Nemo - the default file manager - has undergone a few changes.
- When selecting one or more items, only the name remains highlighted, while the icon doesn't.
- The dates are now displayed in monospace fonts.
- The path bar has also received some improvements.
You can effortlessly access the Display Settings as its shortcut has been added to the desktop's context menu.
### 🛠️ Other Improvements
The other two desktop environments have been updated to **MATE 1.26 and XFCE 4.16**, respectively.
The artwork collection has also been expanded to include several cool wallpapers.
While we've only covered key highlights of this release, you can go through the [official changelog][11] for more details.
### Getting Linux Mint 21.1
Existing Mint users should be notified and can easily upgrade to Mint 21.1 through the update manager.
Those looking for a fresh installation of Linux Mint can get the ISO from the [official download page][12].
[Linux Mint 21.1][12]
You can also [get torrent links][13] if you have slow or inconsistent internet.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://news.itsfoss.com/linux-mint-21-1-release/
作者：[Rishabh Moharir][a]
选题：[lkxed][b]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://news.itsfoss.com/author/rishabh/
[b]: https://github.com/lkxed
[1]: https://news.itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w2000/2022/12/linux-mint-21-1-release.png
[2]: https://news.itsfoss.com/content/images/2022/12/Home.png
[3]: https://news.itsfoss.com/content/images/2022/12/bibata.png
[4]: https://news.itsfoss.com/content/images/2022/12/Themes.png
[5]: https://news.itsfoss.com/content/images/2022/12/linux-mint-new-look.png
[6]: https://news.itsfoss.com/content/images/2022/12/Drivemanager1.png
[7]: https://news.itsfoss.com/content/images/2022/12/DriverManager2.png
[8]: https://news.itsfoss.com/content/images/2022/12/Software_Manager.png
[9]: https://news.itsfoss.com/content/images/2022/12/ISOVerify.png
[10]: https://news.itsfoss.com/content/images/2022/12/Folder.png
[11]: https://www.linuxmint.com/rel_vera_cinnamon_whatsnew.php
[12]: https://www.linuxmint.com/download.php
[13]: https://linuxmint.com/torrents/

74
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[#]: subject: "Tails 5.8 Arrives with Official Wayland Support"
[#]: via: "https://debugpointnews.com/tails-5-8-release/"
[#]: author: "arindam https://debugpointnews.com/author/dpicubegmail-com/"
[#]: collector: "lkxed"
[#]: translator: " "
[#]: reviewer: " "
[#]: publisher: " "
[#]: url: " "
Tails 5.8 Arrives with Official Wayland Support
======
![][1]
**A sizable update arrives in Tails 5.8, bringing Wayland support, newly redesigned persistence storage and more.**
Tails, aka The Amnesic Incognito Live System, is a [privacy-focussed Linux Distribution][2] which uses the Tor network to protect you while browsing the web. Tails are based on Debian stable branch and come with many goodies such as an IRC client, Tor browser, email clients, and messengers to help you roam around on the web anonymously.
![Tails 5.8 desktop][3]
### What’s New in Tails 5.8 Release
At a high level, Tails 5.8 includes significant redesigns of existing features, improved usability, and strengthened security. Also, bringing modern tech aligns with the changing times and needs of the hour.
The persistence storage module gets a complete redesign in this release. In the new version of Persistent Storage, you no longer have to restart after creating a Persistent Storage or activating a new feature. You can also change the password for your Persistent Storage from within the application. Additionally, you can now create a Persistent Storage directly from the Welcome Screen if you don’t already have one. The Persistent Storage had not been updated much since its initial release in 2012 due to challenges in modifying and improving the code.
The Tails team has also replaced the deprecated X.Org display system with Wayland. While you may not notice any visual changes, Wayland provides increased security for Tails by making it harder for a compromised application to compromise or misuse other applications.
![Browse internet securely using Tails 5.8][4]
For example, since Tails 4.8, the Unsafe Browser has been disabled by default due to a security vulnerability that could reveal your IP address and deanonymize you through the use of an invisible Unsafe Browser. Wayland addresses this vulnerability and makes it safe to enable the Unsafe Browser by default again. However, if desired, you can still disable the Unsafe Browser from the Welcome Screen.
In addition to addressing security concerns, Wayland also introduces new features that were previously not supported in the Unsafe Browser, including sound, file uploads and downloads, alternative input methods for non-Latin languages such as Chinese, and accessibility features like the screen reader and virtual keyboard.
The Tails team has also made it easier to enter new Tor bridges by allowing you to scan a QR code. You can obtain a QR code by sending an empty email to [bridges@torproject.org][5] from a Gmail or Riseup email address or by visiting [https://bridges.torproject.org/][6] and printing the QR code on paper.
Furthermore, the entire Debian stable base is bumped up to the latest version, including pre-loaded apps.
A complete changelog is available [here][7] if you want to dive deeper into the changes.
### Download and upgrade
If you are already running a prior version of the Tails 5.0 series, you should automatically get this update once you boot up Tails from the USB stick.
In addition, if you want to install Tails 5.8 fresh, grab the ISO files from the below links:
- [For USB sticks (USB image)][8]
- [For DVDs and virtual machines (ISO image)][9]
Via [release announcement][10].
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://debugpointnews.com/tails-5-8-release/
作者：[arindam][a]
选题：[lkxed][b]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://debugpointnews.com/author/dpicubegmail-com/
[b]: https://github.com/lkxed
[1]: https://debugpointnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/tails58head.jpg
[2]: https://www.debugpoint.com/privacy-linux-distributions-2022/
[3]: https://debugpointnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Tails-5.8-desktop.jpg
[4]: https://debugpointnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Browse-internet-securely-using-Tails-5.8.jpg
[5]: https://debugpointnews.commailto:bridges@torproject.org
[6]: https://bridges.torproject.org/
[7]: https://gitlab.tails.boum.org/tails/tails/-/blob/master/debian/changelog
[8]: https://tails.boum.org/install/download/index.en.html
[9]: https://tails.boum.org/install/download-iso/index.en.html
[10]: https://tails.boum.org/news/version_5.8/index.en.html

2
sources/talk/20221202.0 ⭐️⭐️ 8 ideas for measuring your open source software usage.md
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@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
[#]: via: "https://opensource.com/article/22/12/open-source-usage-metrics"
[#]: author: "Georg Link https://opensource.com/users/georglink"
[#]: collector: "lkxed"
[#]: translator: " "
[#]: translator: "CanYellow"
[#]: reviewer: " "
[#]: publisher: " "
[#]: url: " "

93
sources/tech/20210103 How open principles will impact the future of work.md
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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: (CanYellow)
[#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )
[#]: subject: (How open principles will impact the future of work)
[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/open-organization/21/1/open-is-future-of-work)
[#]: author: (Ron McFarland https://opensource.com/users/ron-mcfarland)
How open principles will impact the future of work
======
In many ways, the nature of our work defines us. So how do we prepare
for a future when the nature of work will change dramatically?
![Working on a team, busy worklife][1]
If we define "work" as any contribution that receives any kind of reward, then work is—and always has been—one of the major factors that define who we are. It is a major aspect of our lives. Throughout our work (whatever that may be for us), we meet friends, identify sources of intellectual stimulation and emotional fulfillment, grow, and feel at our most creative and innovative. To our families, friends, communities and societies, work is extremely important. We should not take work—or its role in our lives—lightly or for granted.
So if the [nature of work is going to change][2] in the future, it might mean that something key to our very sense of _self_ is going to change. And we should plan for those changes very seriously.
Consider the transformation of work throughout the Industrial Revolution (between the 1700s and 1800s). It drove many people from rural farm work into factories in the cities, fundamentally altering their lifestyles. It required new, more specialized skills (rather than the kind of artisanship common in rural economies). As we examine our own personal work environments in the decades to come, we'll see a potential reversal of the trends we saw during the Industrial era: from hierarchy and interchangeable general skills and activities to the reinstatement of horizontal collaboration and more specialized mastery (back to artisanship).
This time, though, these changes come on a global scale rather than a local one, and the speed of change is far more accelerated.
And in this new work environment, [open organization principles][3] will play a vital role.
In this series, I'll review [_The Shift_, a book by Professor Lynda Gratton][4]—a book that, while written in 2014 from data assembled in 2010, still rings true today (and will in the future, too). In this book, Gratton projects how work will change around 2025 and 2050. This is vital information, as it will help us make sound choices when preparing for and developing our careers moving forward.
Gratton explains predominant forces influencing the future of work in this timeframe. In this article series, I'll summarize them—and explain how open organization principles are involved in each.
### Five factors influencing the future of work
Driving the Industrial Revolution were inventions that used coal and steam power. Today, [Gratton][5] says, five subtle forces are causing a similar "shift":
1. increased global activities
2. rapid advances in technology
3. human longevity and demographics
4. societal and family structural changes
5. the need for a low-carbon economy
In short: Computers will become faster. Materials will become stronger. Medicines will cure more diseases allowing longer human life. To varying degrees, these will all impact on how we work in the future. Here are a few notes on each.
#### 1\. Globalization
In a previous article, "[Globalization: A history of openness][6]," I discussed multiple forces and factors related to globalization, one of them being trade. Between 1950 and 2010 the volume of global trade has increased by 60 times, while at the same time transportation costs have fallen. And at the same time, developing countries are seeing not only increased trade but new innovations. I also discussed globalization in early history as part of my article "[Open organizations through the ages][7]." And I explored the importance of global governance—both now and into the future—in my article ["What would a global open organization look like?"][8] According to Gratton, globalization will have an undeniable and unavoidable impact on the future work.
If the nature of work is going to change in the future, it might mean that something key to our very sense of self is going to change. And we should plan for those changes very seriously.
#### 2\. Technology
The cost of computing has been coming down at an alarming rate. And it will continue to decrease. This will help connect billions of people that have been mostly left out of the greater global economy until now. They will start to both enter the workforce and become more influential consumers. At the same time, computers and advanced automation [will replace jobs performed by humans][9] in the future. This all will influence work shifts in the future.
#### 3\. Demographics and longevity
Gratton also notes the impacts that various generations will have on the future of work, particularly in the United States. Younger generations will play a major role in the future, as their attitudes are different from earlier generations. Moreover, birth rates in various global regions will have an impact on prosperity. There will be more migration, as some regions' populations will decline while others increase. They will move to what Professor Gratton calls "creative clusters." And finally, Gratton argues, the life expectancy globally will change. By 2025, 10% of the world's population will be over the age of 65. These people will more than likely want to continue to work for sustained income, continued mental stimulation, physical activity, connection to others, and a source of meaning and purpose in their lives. Also, consider that many children today will more than likely live longer than 100 years. If they retired at 65 years old, they would have 35 years to do very little. With that thought in mind, having several career changes and being active in volunteer and community service programs in the future will expand greatly.
#### 4\. Society
In addition to the generational changes, Gratton notes several important social changes, too. There will be changing roles of women in the workplace, she says. People will have more choices to form the life they want than ever before. And with increased productivity per person, there will be more average free time available than ever before, she writes.
#### 5\. Energy resources
I've talked about the expansion of resource-saving industries in a presentation I've given on "[The Resource Industrial Revolution][10]." Gratton adds valuable points to this conversation. Climate change, she notes, will gradually become a major issue, which will reduce transportation and consumption. In particular, global water supply will not be able to keep pace with demand. Water desalination projects will expand greatly (possibly powered by [Generation IV][11] distributed small modular nuclear power plants (SMR's) now being developed). Environmental catastrophes will displace people and migration will create displaced communities throughout the globe. More energy-efficient ways of living will be discovered and introduced. This will influence future jobs.
### Preparing for the future
These five forces will prompt fundamental changes to the way we work in the future, Gratton argues. But we need to begin preparing for that future now. In the next article of this series, I'll explain Gratton's outlook and a few scenarios for grappling with a rapidly changing future. How could a person look at those changes as career opportunities? On the other hand, what would happen if a person simply _ignored_ those changes to come? I'll review Gratton's thoughts on those questions. Also, I'll also explain how open principles can form the heart of necessary changes.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://opensource.com/open-organization/21/1/open-is-future-of-work
作者：[Ron McFarland][a]
选题：[lujun9972][b]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/ron-mcfarland
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/team_dev_email_chat_video_work_wfm_desk_520.png?itok=6YtME4Hj (Working on a team, busy worklife)
[2]: https://opensource.com/open-organization/18/7/transformation-beyond-digital-2
[3]: https://theopenorganization.org/definition/
[4]: http://lyndagratton.com/books/the-shift/
[5]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynda_Gratton
[6]: https://opensource.com/open-organization/20/7/globalization-history-open
[7]: https://opensource.com/open-organization/20/8/global-history-collaboration
[8]: https://opensource.com/open-organization/20/9/global-open-organization
[9]: https://opensource.com/open-organization/19/9/claiming-human-age-of-AI
[10]: https://www.slideshare.net/RonMcFarland1/the-starting-of-the-third-industrial-revolution
[11]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generation_IV_reactor

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@ -1,187 +0,0 @@
[#]: subject: "How to Record Streaming Audio in Ubuntu and other Linux Distributions"
[#]: via: "https://itsfoss.com/record-streaming-audio/"
[#]: author: "Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/"
[#]: collector: "lkxed"
[#]: translator: "FYJNEVERFOLLOWS"
[#]: reviewer: " "
[#]: publisher: " "
[#]: url: " "
How to Record Streaming Audio in Ubuntu and other Linux Distributions
======
How to record audio in Ubuntu and other Linux distributions?
If you want to record a voice over through the microphone of your computer, you can use GNOME Sound recorder or Audacity.
Using GNOME Sound Recorder is easy but it lacks features. Audacity could be overwhelming initially but it has plenty of features for professional level recording. However, I am not going into that detail in this tutorial.
GNOME Sound Recorder works with the microphone. There is another tool called Audio recorder and you can use it to record streaming music (from Sptify, YouTube, internet radio, Skype and most other sources) apart from microphone input.
To summarize, I’ll show you the steps:
* To record sound using GNOME Sound Recorder
* To record streaming audio using Audio Recorder
### Using Sound Recorder to record audio from the microphone
GNOME desktop environment has a good variety of useful applications. Sound Recorder is one of them.
You can install the [Sound Recorder][1] from the Ubuntu Software Center.
![Sound Recorder can be installed from the Ubuntu Software Center][2]
Or, you can use this command in the terminal to install it:
```
sudo apt install gnome-sound-recorder
```
Once installed, you can find it in the system menu and start from there.
![GNOME Sound Recorder][3]
Before you start using it, you should ensure that you have the correct input source chosen in the system settings. GNOME Sound Recorder
![Ensure that you have chosen correct input in system settings][4]
Once you open the Sound Recorder application, it will show an interface like the one below.
![Hit the Record button to start audio recording][5]
Hit on the record button and it starts recording audio instantly. While recording, you get options to pause, stop or discord the recording.
![Options while recording audio][6]
Your recordings are saved and available from the application interface itself. Click on the saved recordings to highlight it.
You can replay the recordings or delete it. You can choose to save it to another location by clicking the save/download button. You may also rename the recordings using the edit button.
![Saved recordings][7]
That’s quite convenient, right? You can choose to record in MP3, FLAC and a couple of more formats.
#### Removing GNOME Sound Recorder
Don’t like it or find it lacking in terms of features?
You can remove GNOME Sound Recorder from the Ubuntu Software Center or use the following command:
```
sudo apt remove gnome-sound-recorder
```
The application of GNOME Sound recorder is limited. It only records from the microphone and this is not what you would want in certain situations.
Imagin you want to record a Skype call or something which is playing in an application or web browser? The nifty Audio Recorder helps in such cases.
### Using Audio Recorder to record streaming audio
You can watch this video to see how to use Audio Recorder. It’s a bit old but the steps are the same.
![A Video from YouTube][8]
[Subscribe to our YouTube channel for more Linux videos][9]
You can use the [official PPA][10] to install Audio Recorder in Ubuntu and Linux Mint. Use the following commands in the terminal (Ctrl+Alt+T) one by one:
```
sudo apt-add-repository ppa:audio-recorder/ppa
sudo apt update
sudo apt install audio-recorder
```
Alternatively, you can download the source code from [launchpad][11]. Once installed, you can start the application from the Activity Overview:
![Audio Recorder][12]
#### Record all kinds of sound from various sources
Audio Recorder records all kinds of sounds your computer makes.
It records audio played through your system’s soundcard, microphones, browsers, webcams and more.
In other words, it records even if your system sneezes (given that you want to record it). It allows you to select the recording device such as webcam, microphone, Skype, etc.
To record the streaming music, select the appropriate source. For example, if you are playing streaming radio in Rhythmbox, then select Rythmbox.
![Audio-Recorder Audio Settings][13]
#### Record at your convenience
Audio Recorder also gives you the option of setting timer. You can start, stop or pause recording at a given clock time or at a pre-defined interval. You can also set the limit on the recorded file size.
Moreover, you can pause (and stop) when there is no audio (or very low sound) and resume it when sound comes back.
All you have to do is to edit the text in the Timer panel. Comment out the “rules” you don’t want to apply and edit the ones per your requirement.
![Audio-recorder Timer Settings][14]
It provides additional settings like auto start at login, show tray icon and other record settings.
![Audio-recorder Additional Settings][15]
#### Save the recorded music file in various file formats
Another gem. You can save the recorded file in your favourite file format. Supported file formats are OGG audio, Flac, MP3, SPX and WAV. I prefer MP3 for my recordings.
The **recorded files are stored in ~/Audio** i.e., in the Audio folder inside your home directory.
![Audio-recorder Audio Formats][16]
#### How good is Audio Recorder?
I used Audio Recorder in Ubuntu to [record the music played on YouTube][17]. I saved a 2-minute video in MP3 format that took 934 KB of space. But I must say I was not expecting the recorded sound quality to be so good. Honestly, I could not distinguish it from the original YouTube song.
#### Removing Audio Recorder
If you don’t find Audio Recorder to your liking, you can remove it using the following commands:
```
sudo apt remove audio-recorder
```
It will be a good idea to [remove the PPA as well][18]:
```
sudo apt-add-repository -r ppa:audio-recorder/ppa
```
### Conclusion
There are probably several other tools for audio recording in Linux. Like GNOME, other desktop environments may also have sound recording apps. I know Deepin has one for sure.
GNOME Sound Recorder is a decent tool for recording sound from your microphone. For recording sound from various sources, Audio Recorder is a good choice.
I hope it helps with your audio recording needs. Let me know if you have any suggestions.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://itsfoss.com/record-streaming-audio/
作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a]
选题：[lkxed][b]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/FYJNEVERFOLLOWS)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://itsfoss.com/
[b]: https://github.com/lkxed
[1]: https://wiki.gnome.org/Apps/SoundRecorder
[2]: https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/sound-recorder-ubuntu.png
[3]: https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/sound-recorder.png
[4]: https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/microphone-settings-ubuntu.png
[5]: https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/using-sound-recorder-linux.png
[6]: https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/sound-recording-with-sound-recorder.png
[7]: https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/sound-recorder-interface.png
[8]: https://youtu.be/o7Ia2QGeB7Q
[9]: https://www.youtube.com/c/itsfoss?sub_confirmation=1
[10]: https://launchpad.net/~audio-recorder/+archive/ubuntu/ppa
[11]: https://launchpad.net/audio-recorder
[12]: https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/audio-recorder-in-overview.png
[13]: https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/audio-recorder-audio-settings.png
[14]: https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/audio-recorder-timer-settings.png
[15]: https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/audio-recorder-additional-settings.png
[16]: https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/audio-recorder-audio-formats.png
[17]: https://itsfoss.com/youtube-dl-audio-only/
[18]: https://itsfoss.com/how-to-remove-or-delete-ppas-quick-tip/

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[#]: subject: "Fedora Media Writer: World-Class LIVE USB Creator [Tutorial]"
[#]: via: "https://www.debugpoint.com/fedora-media-writer/"
[#]: author: "Arindam https://www.debugpoint.com/author/admin1/"
[#]: collector: "lkxed"
[#]: translator: " "
[#]: reviewer: " "
[#]: publisher: " "
[#]: url: " "
Fedora Media Writer: World-Class LIVE USB Creator [Tutorial]
======
**A tutorial on installing and using Fedora Media Writer to create LIVE USB from Linux & Windows.**
![Fedora Media Writer][1]
### Fedora Media Writer
The community and Fedora Linux team develop and maintain the [Fedora Media Writer app][2]. This application writes any ISO image to your flash drive (USB stick). In addition, Fedora Media Writer also has features to download the ISO file directly from the Fedora Mirrors, provided you have a stable internet connection.
Moreover, it gives you a list of options for download – such as Official Editions, Emerging Editions, Spins and Fedora Labs images.
Not only that, but you can also use this nifty utility to write any other ISO images to your flash drive. It need not be the Fedora ISO always.
Although there are other popular utilities available for creating LIVE USBs, such as [Etcher][3], Ventoy, and Rufus – you can still give this utility a try, considering the team develops it from mainstream Fedora Linux with contributors.
So, in summary, here are quick feature highlights of Fedora Media Writer.
#### Features Summary of Fedora Media Writer
- Available for Linux, Windows and macOS
- Directly download + write the images to a USB flash drive
- Official Editions (Workstation, IoT, Server) download
- Emerging Editions (Silverblue, Kinoite) download
- Spins (KDE Plasma, Xfce, etc)
- Labs (Fedora Astronomy, Robotic and other flavours)
- Available as Flatpak for Linux Distros
- Also, can write any other ISO images (non-Fedora) to a USB stick.
- Ability to format USB stick, restore flash drive
- Based on Qt
### How to Install
#### Linux
Fedora Media Writer is available as Flatpak for Linux Distributions. To install it in any Linux (such as Fedora, Ubuntu, or Linux Mint) – [set up Flatpak by following this guide][4].
Then, click on the below link to install. This will launch the official Software application of your Linux Distro (such as Discover, GNOME Software). After installation, you can launch it via Application Menu.
[Install Fedora Media Writer as Flatpak][5]
#### Windows
If you are a Windows user and planning to migrate to Linux (or Fedora), it is a perfect tool. You need to download the exe installer from GitHub (link below) and follow the onscreen instruction for installation.
[Latest Installer for Windows (exe)][6]
After installation, you can launch it from Start Menu.
For macOS, you can get the dmg file in the above link.
### How to use Fedora Media Writer to Create LIVE USB in Linux
The first screen gives you two main options. The automatic download option is for downloading the ISO images on the fly. And the second option is to write the already downloaded ISO files from your disk directly.
If you have already plugged in the USB, you should see it as the third option. The third option is to format and delete all the data from your USB stick and restore it to its factory settings.
Furthermore, you can use this utility for just formatting your USB flash drive as well. You do not need any command or anything fancy. A point to note is that this option is only visible when your USB stick has data. If it’s already formatted, the tool can detect it and won’t show you the option to restore it!! 😲
#### Automatic Download and Write
![Fedora Media Writer - First Screen][7]
The automatic Download option gives you the following screen to download any Fedora ISO you want from mirrors. This is useful for many because it eliminates the hassles of separately downloading ISO files, verifying checksum, etc.
![The automatic download options gives you these options][8]
After choosing the distribution, the final screen gives you the option for version (Fedora 36, 35, etc.) and architecture (x86, ARM, etc.). Also, you should see the USB destination. Click on Download and Write to start the process.
![The final Write screen of Fedora Media Writer][9]
#### Write an existing ISO file from the disk.
When you choose the ‘select iso file’ option, you can select the file from your system. After that, select the destination USB drive and click Write to start the process.
![Direct ISO write via Fedora Media Writer][10]
![Writing is in progress][11]
![Writing Complete][12]
After the write operation is finished, you can see a confirmation message shown above. It took standard time to write a 3GB~ ISO during my test, around 3 to 4 minutes.
### Using Fedora Media Writer to Create LIVE USB in Windows, macOS
The steps are the same to use this utility in Windows and macOS, as shown above for Linux. You can easily find the shortcuts after installation and launch in the same way.
![Running in Windows 11][13]
### Closing Notes
I hope this guide helps you use Fedora Media Writer for your day to day USB writing work. Also, the good thing about this utility is that you can use it for formatting/restoring your USB stick. You do not require GParted or GNOME Disks anymore.
It’s such a terrific utility for Linux, Windows and macOS users.
Cheers.
[Next:How to Get Xfce 4.18 in Xubuntu 22.04 and 22.10][14]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://www.debugpoint.com/fedora-media-writer/
作者：[Arindam][a]
选题：[lkxed][b]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://www.debugpoint.com/author/admin1/
[b]: https://github.com/lkxed
[1]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/fmwhead2022.jpg
[2]: https://github.com/FedoraQt/MediaWriter
[3]: https://www.debugpoint.com/2021/01/etcher-bootable-usb-linux/
[4]: https://flatpak.org/setup/
[5]: https://dl.flathub.org/repo/appstream/org.fedoraproject.MediaWriter.flatpakref
[6]: https://github.com/FedoraQt/MediaWriter/releases/latest
[7]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Fedora-Media-Writer-First-Screen.jpg
[8]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/The-automatic-download-options-gives-you-these-options.jpg
[9]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/The-final-Write-screen-of-Fedora-Media-Writer.jpg
[10]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Direct-ISO-write-via-Fedora-Media-Writer.jpg
[11]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Writing-is-in-progress.jpg
[12]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Writing-Complete.jpg
[13]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Running-in-Windows-11.png
[14]: https://www.debugpoint.com/xfce-4-18-xubuntu-22-04/

144
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[#]: subject: "Writing a Macro in LibreOffice Calc: Getting Started"
[#]: via: "https://www.debugpoint.com/writing-a-macro-in-libreoffice-calc-getting-started/"
[#]: author: "Arindam https://www.debugpoint.com/author/admin1/"
[#]: collector: "lkxed"
[#]: translator: " "
[#]: reviewer: " "
[#]: publisher: " "
[#]: url: " "
Writing a Macro in LibreOffice Calc: Getting Started
======
**Planning to automate stuff in LibreOffice? Start writing your first LibreOffice Calc macro using this guide.**
LibreOffice provides a way to write your macro to automate various repetitive tasks in your office application. You can use Python or basic for your macro development. This tutorial focuses on writing a macro in LibreOffice with a ‘Hello World’ macro in the Basic programming language.
### Write your first macro in LibreOffice Calc
### Macro Objective
We are going to create a macro that would put the string ‘Hello World’ in the first cell of LibreOffice calc, i.e. the cell of row 1 and col A.
### Creating the Macro
- Open LibreOffice Calc from `Applications => Office => LibreOffice Calc`.
![LibreOffice_1][1]
- Go to the option from the menu: `Tools ==> Macros ==> Organize Macros ==> LibreOffice Basic`. Below ‘LibreOffice basic macros’ window will open.
![LibreOffice_2][2]
- Give your desired name in the macro name box and click New. You can use any name you want. For this tutorial, I have used hello_world.
![LibreOffice_3][3]
- Once you have clicked the New button, the macro editor will open. Here are some things to note in this window. This is the place where you should be writing your code, debugging your code, etc. You can see the macro’s name became the function name of your basic macro.
![LibreOffice_4][4]
- Now, it’s time to code the first macro. Let’s declare two variables of type objects.
```
dim document as object dim dispatcher as object
```
- Let’s assign two values to the above variables.
```
document = ThisComponent.CurrentController.Frame dispatcher = createUnoService("com.sun.star.frame.DispatchHelper")
```
`ThisComponent` refers to the current document.
In LibreOffice, everything you do, e.g. type, colour, insert, is “watched” by a controller. The controller then dispatches the changes to the document frame, i.e. the main window area of the Calc. So the document variable refers to the main area of Calc.
The `createUnoService` creates an instance of the `DispatchHelper` service. This service will help us to dispatch the tasks from the macro to the frame. Almost all LibreOffice macro tasks can be executed using the dispatcher.
- Now we will declare an array of properties. Properties are always in a name/value pair. Thus the name contains the property name, and the value contains the value of that property.
```
dim args1(0) as new com.sun.star.beans.PropertyValue
```
Our objective is to put ‘Hello World’ in the first Cell. To point to the first cell A1 and put a text, we would use two properties – `ToPoint` and `StringName`.
Once we set the properties, it’s time to call the dispatch to send these to the document. So call the `executeDispatch` event of the dispatcher using two commands: `.uno:GoToCell`, and `.uno:EnterString`.
```
dim args2(0) as new com.sun.star.beans.PropertyValueargs1(0).Name = "ToPoint" args1(0).Value = "$A$1" args2(0).Name = "StringName" args2(0).Value = "Hello World!"
```
These commands tell the frame what needs to be executed and also pass the entire property array with values.
![LibreOffice_5][5]
Now put a message box to notify when the execution is completed.
### Running the Macro
- It’s time to run the macro. To run the macro, press `F5` or click Run Macro from the toolbar (see above).
- After execution, the message box would pop up. If you go back and check the Calc spreadsheet, you should see ‘Hello World!’ written in the first Cell.
![LibreOffice_6][6]
![LibreOffice_7][7]
### Complete Code
```
REM ***** BASIC *****
sub hello_world
dim document as object
dim dispatcher as object
document = ThisComponent.CurrentController.Frame
dispatcher = createUnoService("com.sun.star.frame.DispatchHelper")
dim args1(0) as new com.sun.star.beans.PropertyValue
dim args2(0) as new com.sun.star.beans.PropertyValue
args1(0).Name = "ToPoint"
args1(0).Value = "$A$1"
dispatcher.executeDispatch(document, ".uno:GoToCell", "", 0, args1())
args2(0).Name = "StringName"
args2(0).Value = "Hello World!"
dispatcher.executeDispatch(document, ".uno:EnterString", "", 0, args2())
msgbox "Completed!"
end sub
```
### Looking for Something Else?
If you are looking for more LibreOffice macro tutorials Or wants to learn more about it, please follow the below link for a complete Macro Tutorials Index:
[Macro tutorial index][8]
[Next:How to Find Out Ubuntu Version: 6 Methods][9]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://www.debugpoint.com/writing-a-macro-in-libreoffice-calc-getting-started/
作者：[Arindam][a]
选题：[lkxed][b]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://www.debugpoint.com/author/admin1/
[b]: https://github.com/lkxed
[1]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/LibreOffice_1_p.png
[2]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/LibreOffice_2_p.png
[3]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/LibreOffice_3_p.png
[4]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/LibreOffice_4_p.png
[5]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/LibreOffice_5_p.png
[6]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/LibreOffice_6.png
[7]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/LibreOffice_7_p.png
[8]: http://www.debugpoint.com/libreoffice-basic-macro-tutorial-index/
[9]: https://www.debugpoint.com/find-ubuntu-version/

115
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[#]: subject: "How to Downgrade Flatpak Packages in Linux"
[#]: via: "https://itsfoss.com/downgrade-flatpak-packages/"
[#]: author: "Sagar Sharma https://itsfoss.com/author/sagar/"
[#]: collector: "lkxed"
[#]: translator: " "
[#]: reviewer: " "
[#]: publisher: " "
[#]: url: " "
How to Downgrade Flatpak Packages in Linux
======
Technically, minor or point release updates are released to solve issues. But things may get worse when some updates break your current workflow.
Whether a Flatpak package or Snap, everything breaks at some point when there is an issue. Being a sandboxed packaging solution, it may not affect the entire system, but if you encounter a bug that makes your app experience worse, you may regret the update.
For example, the previous update of [Black Box][1] was bundled with certain bugs, and I could not select text! Developers have solved this issue now, but until they did not, I downgraded that specific package to make things work.
So, if you want to downgrade a specific app installed as a Flatpak, you can follow this guide.
### Downgrade Flatpak packages in Linux
**Disclaimer:** Unlike installing Flatpaks, you need **sudo** privileges to downgrade Flatpak packages. And if your user doesn’t have them, you can follow our detailed guide on [how to give sudo access to users][2].
**Recommended Read**: [How to Apply GTK Themes on Flatpak Applications][3]
Here are the steps below:
#### 1. Get the Application ID of the Package
The first step is to find the Application ID of the package you want to downgrade. You can easily find it by listing the installed packages:
```
flatpak list --app
```
![find flatpak package id in linux][4]
Note down the application ID of the package you want to downgrade.
Here, I am going to downgrade the Black Box, so my application ID will be `com.raggesilver.BlackBox`.
#### 2. List previous releases and get the commit code
Once you get the application ID, you’d need to list the previous releases.
You can easily do this by following the given command syntax:
```
flatpak remote-info --log flathub <Application ID>
```
![find previous releases in flatpak][5]
Once you find the preferred previous release, copy the commit code as shown above.
#### 3. Downgrade the Flatpack package
Once you follow the first two steps, you should have the following:
- Application ID of the package.
- Commit code of preferred older release.
Now, you have to put them in the following command:
```
sudo flatpak update --commit=<commit_code> <Application ID>
```
As I’m downgrading Black Box to the previous release, I’ll be using the following command:
```
sudo flatpak update --commit=c4ef3f4be655cbe2559451a9ef5977ab28139c54bb5adbd7db812f3482bd0db5 com.raggesilver.BlackBox
```
![downgrade flatpak package in linux][6]
And that’s it!
To check whether you have successfully downgraded the package, you can list the packages that need to be updated (considering everything else is up-to-date). It should include the name of the package that you have recently downgraded:
```
flatpak update
```
![downgrade flatpak package][7]
And as you can see, the Black Box is outdated and needs to be updated, meaning the package has been downgraded successfully!
### Wrapping Up
In this quick tutorial, I explained how you downgrade Flatpak packages, and I hope you find this helpful.
And if you have any queries or suggestions, let me know in the comments.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://itsfoss.com/downgrade-flatpak-packages/
作者：[Sagar Sharma][a]
选题：[lkxed][b]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/sagar/
[b]: https://github.com/lkxed
[1]: https://itsfoss.com/blackbox-terminal/
[2]: https://itsfoss.com/add-sudo-user-ubuntu/
[3]: https://itsfoss.com/flatpak-app-apply-theme/
[4]: https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/find-flatpak-package-id-in-linux.png
[5]: https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/find-previous-releases-in-flatpak-1.png
[6]: https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/downgrade-flatpak-package-in-linux.png
[7]: https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/downgrade-flatpak-package.png

218
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[#]: subject: "How I use Artipie, a PyPI repo"
[#]: via: "https://opensource.com/article/22/12/python-package-index-repository-artipie"
[#]: author: "Alena Gerasimova https://opensource.com/users/olena"
[#]: collector: "lkxed"
[#]: translator: " "
[#]: reviewer: " "
[#]: publisher: " "
[#]: url: " "
How I use Artipie, a PyPI repo
======
While developing with Python as a student, I found that I needed some private centralized storage. This was so I could store binary and text data files, as well as Python packages. I found the answer in [Artipie][1], an open source self-hosted software repository manager.
At university, my colleagues and I conducted research and worked with a lot of data from experimental measurements. I used Python to process and visualize them. My university colleagues at the time were mathematicians and didn't have experience with software development techniques. They usually just passed data and code on a flash drive or over email. My efforts to introduce them to a versioning system like [Git][2] were unsuccessful.
### Python repository
Artipie supports the [PyPI][3] repository, making it compatible with both [twine][4] and [pip][5]. This means you can work with the Artipie Python repository exactly as you would when installing or publishing packages on the [PyPI][3] and [TestPyPI][6] repositories.
To create your own Python repository, you can use the hosted instance of Artipie called [Artipie Central][7]. Once you sign in, you see a page with your repositories listed (which is empty to begin with) and a form to add a new repository. Choose a name for your new repository (for example, `mypython`), select "Python" as the repository type, and then click the **Add** button.
Next, you see a page with repository settings in the [YAML][8] format:
```
---
​repo:
type: pypi
storage: default
permissions:
olenagerasimova:
- upload
"*":
- download
```
The `type` mapping in the configuration sets the repository type. In this example, the Python repository is configured with the default Artipie Central storage.
The `storage` mapping defines where all of the repository packages are stored. This can be any file system or S3 storage compatible location. Artipie Central has a preconfigured `default` storage that can be used for tests by anyone.
The `permissions` mapping allows uploads for the user `olenagerasimova`, and allows anyone to download any package.
To make sure this repository exists and works, open the [index page][9] in your browser. The packages list is displayed. If you've just created a new repository but have yet to upload a package, then the repository index page is blank.
### Binary repository
You can store any kind of file in Artipie. The storage type is called file or binary, and I use this as storage for experimental data. I use this as input for Python visualizations. A file repository can be created in Artipie Central the same way as a Python repository. You give it a name, choose the type **binary**, and then click the **Add** button.
```
---
​repo:
  type: file
  storage: default
  permissions:
    olenagerasimova:
     - upload
      - download
    "*":
     - download
```
The settings are basically the same as for Python. Only the repository type differs. The binary repository, in this example, is called `data`. It contains three text files with some numbers:
```
​6
3.5
5
4
4.5
3
2.7
5
6
3
1.2
3.2
6
```
The other two files take the same form (only the numbers are different.) To see the files yourself, open the links [one][10], [two][11], and [three][12] in your browser and download the files, or you can perform a GET request using `httpie`:
```
​httpie -a https://central.artipie.com/olenagerasimova/data/y1.dat > ./data/y1.da
```
These files were uploaded to the Artipie Central `data` repository with PUT requests:
```
​httpie -a olenagerasimova:*** PUT
https://central.artipie.com/olenagerasimova/data/y1.dat @data/y1.dat
httpie -a olenagerasimova:*** PUT
https://central.artipie.com/olenagerasimova/data/y2.dat @data/y2.dat
httpie -a olenagerasimova:*** PUT
https://central.artipie.com/olenagerasimova/data/y3.dat @data/y3.dat
```
As this binary repository API is very simple (HTTP `PUT` and `GET`requests), it's easy to write a piece of code in any language to upload and download the required files.
### Python project
The source code of an example Python project is available from my [GitHub repository][13]. The main idea of the example is to download three data files from Artipie Central, read the numbers into arrays, and use these arrays to draw a plot. Use pip to install the example package and run it:
```
​$ python3 -m pip install --index-url \
https://central.artipie.com/olenagerasimova/pypi/ \
pypiexample
$ python3 -m pypiexample
```
By setting the `--index-url` to the Artipie Central Python repository, pip downloads the packages from it rather than the PyPi repository that serves as the usual default. After running the commands, a polar plot with three curves, a visualization of the data files is displayed.
To publish the package to the Artipie Central repository, build it with and use twine to upload it:
```
commandline
$ python setup.py sdist bdist_wheel
$ twine upload --repository-url \
https://central.artipie.com/olenagerasimova/pypi
-u olenagerasimova -p *** dist/*
```
That's how easy it is to set up a `files` repositories in Artipie Central, create a sample Python project, publish, and install it. You don't have to use Artipie Central, though. Artipie can be self-hosted, so you can run a repository on your own local network.
### Run Artipie as a container
Running Artipie as a container makes setup as easy as installing either Podman or Docker. Assuming you have one of these installed, open a terminal:
```
​$ podman run -it -p 8080:8080 -p 8086:8086 artipie/artipie:latest
​
```
This starts a new container running the latest Artipie version. It also maps two ports. Your repositories are served on port 8080. The Artipie Rest API and Swagger documentation are provided on port 8086. A new image generates a default configuration, printing a list of running repositories, test credentials, and a link to the [Swagger][14] documentation to your console.
You can also use the Artipie Rest API to see existing repositories:
- Go to the Swagger documentation page at `http://localhost:8086/api/index-org.html`**.**
- In the **Select a definition** list, choose **Auth token**
- Generate and copy the authentication token for the user artipie with the password artipie
- Switch to the **Repositories** definition and click the **Authorize** button, and then paste in the token
![Image of the Swagger documentation page,][15]
Perform a GET request for `/api/v1/repository/list`. In response, you receive a JSON list with three default repositories:
```
​[
"artipie/my-bin",
"artipie/my-docker",
"artipie/my-maven"
]
```
The Python repository isn't included in the default configuration. You can correct that by performing a PUT request to `/api/v1/repository/{user}/{repo}` from the  Swagger interface. In this case, `user` is the name of the default user (`artipie`) and `repo` is the name of the new repository. You can call your new Python repository `my-pypi`. Here's an example request body, containing a JSON object with the repository settings:
```
​{
"repo": {
"type": "pypi",
"storage": "default",
"permissions": {
"*": [
"download"
],
"artipie": [
"upload"
]
}
}
}
```
All the JSON fields are the same as when you create a repository in the dashboard in YAML format. The type of our repository is `pypi`, the default storage is used, and anyone can download but only the user `artipie` can upload.
Make a GET request to `/api/v1/repository/list` again to make sure your repository was created. Now, you have four repositories:
```
​[
"artipie/my-bin",
"artipie/my-docker",
"artipie/my-maven",
"artipie/my-pypi"
]
```
You've created your own Artipie installation, containing several repositories! The Artipie image can run both on a personal computer or on a remote server inside a private network. You can use it to exchange packages within a company, group, or university. It's an easy way to set up your own software services, and it's not just for Python. Take some time to explore Artipie and see what it can make possible for you.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://opensource.com/article/22/12/python-package-index-repository-artipie
作者：[Alena Gerasimova][a]
选题：[lkxed][b]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/olena
[b]: https://github.com/lkxed
[1]: https://github.com/artipie
[2]: https://opensource.com/tags/git
[3]: https://pypi.org/
[4]: https://github.com/pypa/twine
[5]: https://pip.pypa.io/en/stable/
[6]: https://test.pypi.org/
[7]: https://central.artipie.com/signin
[8]: https://www.redhat.com/sysadmin/yaml-beginners
[9]: https://central.artipie.com/olenagerasimova/pypi
[10]: https://central.artipie.com/olenagerasimova/data/y1.dat
[11]: https://central.artipie.com/olenagerasimova/data/y2.dat
[12]: https://central.artipie.com/olenagerasimova/data/y3.dat
[13]: https://github.com/artipie/pypi-example
[14]: https://swagger.io/
[15]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/2022-11/artipie-swagger.png

99
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[#]: subject: "Explore the features of the Linux Double Commander file manager"
[#]: via: "https://opensource.com/article/22/12/linux-file-manager-double-commander"
[#]: author: "Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth"
[#]: collector: "lkxed"
[#]: translator: " "
[#]: reviewer: " "
[#]: publisher: " "
[#]: url: " "
Explore the features of the Linux Double Commander file manager
======
Double Commander is a graphical dual-pane file manager for Linux, in the tradition of [Midnight Commander][1] (`mc`). While Midnight Commander (like the DOS application **Norton Commander** before it) has its fans, its audience is limited by the fact that it only runs in a terminal window. Not everyone wants to use a "flat" interface embedded in a terminal to browse their file system, and so Double Commander provides a similar interface in a way that feels familiar to many desktop users.
![Image of Double Commander's 2 panel view.][2]
### Install Double Commander
To install Double Commander, visit its [website][3] and download [a package][4]. It's not packaged for a specific Linux distribution, so just download an archive for your CPU architecture.
If you only want to try it out, you can unarchive it and then launch it from your Downloads folder.
To install it permanently, unarchive the package, move it into a location [in your path][5], and then symlink `doublecmd` to the executable in the source directory:
```
$ tar xvf doublecmd*tar.xz
$ mv doublecmd ~/.local/bin/doublecmd-X.Y.Z
$ ln -s ~/.local/bin/doublecmd-X.Y.Z/doublecmd ~~/.local/bin/doublecmd
```
### How to start Double Commander
To start Double Commander, use the command `doublecmd`.
Alternatively, you can add an entry for Double Commander in your application menu. First, create the file `~/.local/share/applications/doublecmd.desktop` and enter this text into it:
```
[Desktop Entry]Encoding=UTF-8Name=doublecmdGenericName=Double CommanderComment=doublecmdExec=../bin/doublecmdIcon=/usr/share/icons//Adwaita/scalable/apps/system-file-manager-symbolic.svgTerminal=falseType=ApplicationCategories=System;FileTools;Utility;Core;GTK;FileManager;
```
Now Double Commander appears in your desktop application menu. Note that this does not make Double Commander your default file manager. It only adds it as an application you can launch when you want to.
### Two panels
Dual-panel file management is a tradition within a subset of file managers, and to some users it's a little unsettling. If you think about it, though, most file management tasks involve a _source_ location and a _destination_ location. You might be used to a workflow that goes something like this:
- Open a file manager and find a file you want to move.
- Open another file manager window and navigate to the folder you want to move the file into.
- Drag and drop the file from one window to the other.
You might use a variation of this involving, for instance, a right-click to copy combined with some navigation and another right-click to paste. Either way, the ingredients are the same. You locate the source, you locate the destination, and then you make the transfer.
Given that common factor, it makes sense that a file manager like Double Command has a persistent view of the source location and the destination location. At the very least, it saves you from having to open another window.
### Double Commander interface
Once you get used to the idea of two concurrent views in your file system, there are a lot more features to discover in Double Commander.
- **Menu bar**: At the top of the window is a menu bar. That's pretty standard conceptually, but the menu entries are probably unlike any menu bar you've seen before: **File**, **Mark**, **Commands**, **Network**, **Tabs**, and more. These are task-specific menus, which is great because you can ignore an entire submenu you don't use.
- **Toolbar**: Under the menu bar, there are buttons for common tasks such as opening a terminal, copying a file, synchronizing two directories, and more.
- **Locations**: The location bar is situated just under the toolbar. It lists devices and file system locations, including your boot partition, optical media drive, virtual shared locations, the root directory, your home directory (listed as `~`), and more.
- **File list**: Most of the Double Commander window is occupied by the dual panel view of your file system.
- **Command**: My favorite feature of Double Commander is the single command field below the file list pane. This allows you to enter an arbitrary command to run within the active pane. This is great for the odd command you need to run in a directory that _no_ file manager expects you to run, and so no file manager has a function for. It's the brute force method of the plugin model: Provide a command line and let users run what they need to run whenever they need to run it.
- **Functions**: Along the very bottom of the Double Commander window, as with Midnight Commander, there's a list of common functions, each assigned to a Function key on your keyboard.
### Using Double Commander
Using Double Commander is a lot like using any file manager, except that Double Commander is focused on groups of actions. For instance, the **File** menu isn't an obligatory entry with just **New Window** and **New Tab**, it's full of useful functions, like creating a symlink or hard link, changing attributes, comparing contents, bulk renaming, splitting and combining files, and more. Double Commander is direct. It gets straight to the point, serving as a stand-in for all the commands you'd normally run in a terminal.
### Graphical command interface
More than any other file manager I've seen, Double Commander feels like it's meant to be a graphical interface for commands. You can map almost everything in its interface to a command or series of commands you're used to running in a terminal.
Of course, the question then is whether you need a graphical command line. Why not just run the commands in a terminal? Interestingly, I had the opportunity to witness the value of this recently. There are times, as a support person for other computer users, when trying to get a user to navigate the terminal can be overwhelming. This is particularly true when your user is texting on an app on their mobile phone, and you're giving them commands to type into a terminal on their desktop. This introduces several opportunities for mistakes, and what was meant to be "the fast way" of doing something ends up taking an hour.
It's counter-intuitive to a terminal user, and it's not even always true, but there are times when a graphical interface really is easier to give instructions for. Picture it: A zombie apocalypse rages outside your compound, and the file permissions of a vital file need to be changed in order to activate the firewall. "Open a terminal and type chmod a+x /usr/local/bin/foo…​no, that's `ch` as in _change_, `mod` as in _mode_ but without the _e_…​no, and then a space. Not between the `ch` and the `mod`, just after the `mod`. And then a space. It's `chmod` and _then_ a space. Not the word _space_, just press the spacebar. It's the really long key under your thumb…​"
Or you could just say this: "Click on the file, now with that selected, go to the File menu up at the top and click on Change Attributes…​"
Double Command's central feature is in its powerful features disguised as a non-threatening graphical file manager. Download and try it out for yourself.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://opensource.com/article/22/12/linux-file-manager-double-commander
作者：[Seth Kenlon][a]
选题：[lkxed][b]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/seth
[b]: https://github.com/lkxed
[1]: https://opensource.com/article/22/12/linux-file-manager-midnight-commander
[2]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/2022-10/doublecmd-2panelview.png
[3]: https://doublecmd.sourceforge.io/
[4]: https://github.com/doublecmd/doublecmd/releases
[5]: https://opensource.com/article/17/6/set-path-linux

177
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@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
[#]: subject: "How to Update Pi-hole Easily"
[#]: via: "https://itsfoss.com/update-pi-hole/"
[#]: author: "Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/"
[#]: collector: "lkxed"
[#]: translator: " "
[#]: reviewer: " "
[#]: publisher: " "
[#]: url: " "
How to Update Pi-hole Easily
======
Pi-hole is one of the most effective ad-blockers available for you to use. You can install it on your router or a dedicated system and get an ad-free experience for all the devices connected through it.
In an earlier article, I discussed the [steps for installing Pi-hole][1]. But you must update it regularly to win the cat-and-mouse game between ad blockers and ad providers (Google, Facebook, etc). Another aspect is to patch a security vulnerability that might affect you negatively.
The update method depends on the installation method. To recall, I discussed two methods:
- **Method 1**: The existing Pi-hole installation was conducted using a script. The script was `curl -sSL https://install.pi-hole.net | bash` (or something similar).
- **Method 2**: You installed Pi-hole using either Podman or Docker as a container.
I will cover how to update Pi-hole with both of these methods.
### Method 1: Updating Pi-hole that was installed by a script
You will not believe how easy this is. All you have to do is run the following command in your terminal!
```
pihole -up
```
Of course, you have to run this command on the device where you have installed Pi-hole. In other words, you may have to [SSH into your Raspberry Pi][2] or router to run the above-mentioned command.
Doing so will update Pi-hole. Below is the output of running the `pihole -up` command on my computer:
```
$ pihole -up
[✓] Update local cache of available packages
[i] Existing PHP installation detected : PHP version 8.1.2-1ubuntu2.8
[✓] Checking for git
[✓] Checking for iproute2
[✓] Checking for dialog
[✓] Checking for ca-certificates
[i] Checking for updates...
[i] Pi-hole Core: up to date
[i] Web Interface: up to date
[i] FTL: up to date
[✓] Everything is up to date!
```
💡Though I haven’t encountered this myself, it is still a possibility that Pi-hole might require updates for _other_ packages (like PHP) be installed. So try and run the update command that is applicable for your package manager on a regular basis. Keeping other packages up-to-date is _just as important_ ;)
#### Optional: Automate Pi-hole update with cron job
This says that everything is up to date. But how can a normal person remember to keep everything up to date? Fret not! We can create a cron job to automatically update Pi-hole every day.
But before we edit the cron job, let us find the absolute path of the `pihole` command. This can be done either using the `which` command or the `command` command. You only need to run either one of the two commands listed below:
```
command -v pihole
which pihole
```
Executing either of the commands listed above will give you the absolute path to the `pihole` command. In my case, the absolute path for the `pihole` command is `/usr/local/bin/pihole`.
Next, we will edit the [cron job][3]. To edit cron jobs, type the following command in your terminal (please do **NOT** use `sudo`):
```
crontab -e
```
Doing so will open a file in either the `nano` editor or the `vim` editor. Next, _append_ the following lines to the currently opened file:
```
0 1 * * * /usr/local/bin/pihole -up
```
All you need to do now is to save and exit the editor.
What we just did was that we made updating Pi-hole an automatic task. This will automatically run the `pihole up` command at 01:00 hours, every day.
### Method 2: Update Pi-hole that was installed via Podman or Docker
If you installed Pi-hole using either Podman or Docker, all you can do initially is to pull the image.
⚠️ If you used a `docker-compose.yml` file to create your container, please have it handy because we need to delete the current container and create a new one. (No data or configuration will be changed if volumes are backed up properly or if bind mounts were used.)
#### Step 1: Check if a newer image is available
To check for updates, you can run either of the following commands based on what you use:
```
# command for Podman users
podman pull docker.io/pihole/pihole:latest
# command for Docker users
docker pull docker.io/pihole/pihole:latest
```
If there is a newer version of the image, it will be fetched. If a newer version is not available, nothing extra will happen and you should try again later.
#### Step 2: Stop and remove the container
If a new image was downloaded, we can proceed further. Our next step should be to restart the container. To know which container to restart, we can check the output of the `docker ps` or `podman ps` command.
```
$ docker ps
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
73528d5ca4e8 docker.io/pihole/pihole:latest 14 hours ago Up 14 hours ago 53/tcp pihole-aditi
```
This shows that I have a container named `pihole-aditi`. Let’s stop and remove this container. This can be done with the following commands:
```
# command for Podman users
podman stop pihole-aditi
docker rm pihole-aditi
# command for Docker users
docker stop pihole-aditi
docker rm pihole-aditi
```
#### Step 4: Create a new container
I hope you took my warning seriously and have your `docker-compose.yml` file handy ;)
Let’s re-create a new container. You can re-create your container using the following command:
```
docker-compose up -d
```
Please verify that the Pi-hole container is up and running using either the `podman ps` command or the `docker ps` command.
#### Step 5: Remove old image(s)
Once the Pi-hole container starts up with the updated image, we can remove the old image and free up disk, space.
To remove **all the _unused_ images**, use the following command:
```
# command for Podman users
podman image prune
# command for Docker users
docker image prune
```
Upon running the above command, **all the _unused_** **images** will be removed. **Please take caution with this command.**
Done! That was all that we needed to do to update our Pi-hole container.
### Conclusion
This article goes over the two methods of updating Pi-hole based on the installation method initially used. I have also discussed setting up auto-updates for Pi-hole which was installed using the official script. There is no such option for the container method, unfortunately.
Do let me know if you face any issues.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://itsfoss.com/update-pi-hole/
作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a]
选题：[lkxed][b]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://itsfoss.com/
[b]: https://github.com/lkxed
[1]: https://itsfoss.com/setup-pi-hole/
[2]: https://itsfoss.com/ssh-into-raspberry/
[3]: https://itsfoss.com/cron-job/

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[#]: subject: "EndeavourOS: Your Search for Perfect Arch Distro Ends Here"
[#]: via: "https://www.debugpoint.com/endeavouros-review/"
[#]: author: "Arindam https://www.debugpoint.com/author/admin1/"
[#]: collector: "lkxed"
[#]: translator: " "
[#]: reviewer: " "
[#]: publisher: " "
[#]: url: " "
EndeavourOS: Your Search for Perfect Arch Distro Ends Here
======
**We review the recent release of EndeavourOS “Cassini” and the distro overall.**
Hundreds of Linux distributions pop up every year by individuals and small teams. They are mostly the direct derivatives of Debian, Ubuntu, Fedora or Arch Linux – with a few customizations. And no wonder majority of them die every year due to a lack of contributions, vision and persistence.
Three years back, a small team of contributors started EndeavourOS to continue the discontinued Antergos project. And since then, it has become popular because of its simplicity of installation, user experience and features.
![EndeavourOS with Xfce desktop][1]
### EndeavourOS Review
A lot went into developing the distribution, which is quite evident if you have ever tried it out. The motto of this distro is to be a “general purpose” Arch Linux distribution for the masses, discarding the Arch Linux installation fear for new users and the superiority of using Arch.
If you ever tried EndeavourOS, you must have “felt” how “easy” things are to perform on a desktop for the end user, being an Arch distro.
#### Installation and desktop options to choose from
The installation is made super easy with the “one and only” Calamares installer. On top of that EndeavourOS team gave extra caution to provide you with most of the options during the installation steps. For example, the LIVE medium boots up directly without user intervention. And it launches the welcome screen. The welcome screen greets you with all the necessary options to install it in your system.
![EndeavourOS Welcome Screen][2]
By default, the ISO provides a lightweight Xfce desktop. However, EndeavourOS also provides you with all the desktop environments and window managers (the major ones – see below). And they are all tested to work fine. If you are connected to the internet during installation – you can install these via the Calamares installer. That means you do not need to reinstall them after the base Xfce setup.
Furthermore, if you are a power user and want just a basic Arch Linux to install without any desktop – then that’s also possible. Just use the “No desktop” option during installation!
Although Arch Linux recently created an automated script archinstall to make the installation easier, still faster and easier to get a base Arch Install via the EndeavourOS ISO.
![EndeavourOS installer showing no desktop and other options][3]
Furthermore, you have the option to choose between three options: GRUB, systemd-boot or “no bootloader” – this is one of the highlight features of the EndeavourOS “Cassini” release. In addition, you can also choose the packages you want to install (online mode only). For example, you might need a basic system to start with. Or, you might want to install some apps related to video/audio or development work. All of these you can select in this version.
The installation is smooth and finished by detecting the other operating systems in my test machine. In this “Cassini” release, the team also swapped the mkinitcpio with [dracut][4] for better performance and less failure on boot-related issues.
#### Flagship “Xfce” flavoured desktop experience
After the first login, you are again greeted with the Welcome app with a list of items which you can do “after install”. A very thoughtful addition from the devs. This includes initial tasks of changing wallpaper, updating Arch mirrors, installing NVIDIA drivers, and more. Many Linux distributions bring a Welcome app, but this app is a complete package, IMO.
![After install items in Welcome app][5]
The default look is the best-customized Xfce desktop you can get. It has been customized to be presented as a well-looking distro, far from what default Xfce actually brings in. This includes the GRUB menu, login screen and desktop.
The main Xfce menu is configured with more items, and the terminal is a little transparent and uses the Qogir icon theme. All of these changes are complemented with stunning wallpapers and Arc-Darker default Xfce theme.
![EndeavourOS Cassini Desktop with Xfce 4.18][6]
#### Performance
The performance of Arch Linux is always better, despite the desktop environment. It always feels faster because it doesn’t bring bloated within. On top of that, the [Xfce desktop 4.18][7] brings in additional performance optimization in the “Cassini” release, which you can feel while browsing through the desktop.
At idle, it uses around 700MB of memory and CPU at an average of 4%. This is the baseline. The resource usage may increase based on the number of apps you open. In my earlier reviews of EndeavourOS, the performance is always similar.
Not only that, it uses only 4GB of disk space for the default Xfce installation. However, you may need to install additional heavy software such as LibreOffice, GIMP, or KDenlive, which would take more disk space.
![EndeavourOS performance Cassini][8]
#### How easy is it to perform day-to-day tasks in EndeavourOS
One of the great features of EndeavourOS is some of the python-based GUI tools which make your life easy in Arch Linux. For example, you get notifications for updates from Arch and EndeavourOS repo, one-click software installation from AUR, and update mirrors and your system with one single click. You do not need to run any commands from the terminal. This is a big help for new users of Arch Linux.
![One click installation of software][9]
![Package cleaner and update manager][10]
#### A unique way of handling the rolling release towards stability
Arch Linux being a rolling release distro, tend to break things. For example, some systems may break during the monthly Kernel refresh of the Arch main repo. Due to its popularity and the developers’ proactiveness, you get notifications and a workaround related to the problem if things break.
The recent GRUB issue in Arch Linux, which caused massive boot problems for users, is really [handled well][11] by the EndeavourOS team through proper communication to the users with a workaround.
Hence, you are not really lost if you end up with an unstable system.
In addition, the pacman configuration is customized with EndeavourOS-selected mirrors to ensure your experience is flawless.
#### Official support for open-source hardware and ARM
In this EndeavourOS “Cassini” release, the official support for Pinebook Pro laptops arrives. The team worked on top of Manjaro packages with the Pine64 team to provide exclusive Arch packages for you so that the laptop works out of the box. In addition, EndeavourOS ARM images are also available to download for Raspberry Pi 4.
#### Community help
One of the greatest benefits of EndeavourOS is community help – which is instant! This is mostly for its dedicated [Telegram channel][12], where you get responses to your any EndeavourOS problems within minutes. I have been to the channel, and the mods/contributors are friendly and helpful.
Furthermore, you can also get help from the official forum and other social channels.
### Wrapping Up
While closing this EndeavourOS review of the [“Cassini” release,][13] I would say it’s one of the best-built distros and well-organized. The developers and the team have a clear roadmap to build a general-purpose Arch Linux distro. Also, the vision is clear with the ARM and Pinebook Pro supports and other initiatives.
To summarise, a perfect distro for everyone who wants a longer-running, stable system in Arch Linux.
You can download EndeavourOS from the [official website][14].
Cheers.
[Next:Linux Mint Upgrade Tool: Usage Guide][15]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://www.debugpoint.com/endeavouros-review/
作者：[Arindam][a]
选题：[lkxed][b]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://www.debugpoint.com/author/admin1/
[b]: https://github.com/lkxed
[1]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Xubuntu-22.04-with-Xfce-4.18-Desktop-2.jpg
[2]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/EndeavourOS-Welcome-Screen.jpg
[3]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/EndeavourOS-installer-showing-22no-desktop22-and-other-options.jpg
[4]: https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Dracut
[5]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/After-install-items-in-Welcome-app.jpg
[6]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/EndeavourOS-22Cassini22-Desktop-with-Xfce-4.18.jpg
[7]: https://www.debugpoint.com/xfce-4-18-features/
[8]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/EndeavourOS-performance-22Cassini22.jpg
[9]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/One-click-installation-of-software.jpg
[10]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Package-cleaner-and-update-manager.jpg
[11]: https://endeavouros.com/news/full-transparency-on-the-grub-issue/
[12]: https://endeavouros.com/community/
[13]: https://endeavouros.com/news/cassini-packed-with-new-features-is-here/
[14]: https://endeavouros.com/download/
[15]: https://www.debugpoint.com/mint-upgrade-tool/

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[#]: subject: "Debugging LibreOffice Basic Macro using Breakpoint and Watch"
[#]: via: "https://www.debugpoint.com/debugging-libreoffice-macro-basic-using-breakpoint-and-watch/"
[#]: author: "Arindam https://www.debugpoint.com/author/admin1/"
[#]: collector: "lkxed"
[#]: translator: " "
[#]: reviewer: " "
[#]: publisher: " "
[#]: url: " "
Debugging LibreOffice Basic Macro using Breakpoint and Watch
======
**A simple guide for you to learn how to debug LibreOffice basic macro using breakpoint and watch.**
While writing complex macros to automate various tasks in LibreOffice, you definitely encounter errors. Some run-time errors are self-explanatory. But some of them are very generic. To debug those, you need to carefully put breakpoints and step through the code to see where the problem is in your code.
Hence this tutorial. These techniques apply to all the macros written in Calc, Writer or Impress. And should be applied to OpenOffice macros as well.
### Debug a LibreOffice Macro written in Basic
It’s easier to demonstrate this concept using an example.
#### Define
Let’s define three variables which we would use for our exercise.
```
dim i, j, cnt
```
Define a `for` loop, which would execute from 1 to 10. Inside the loop, increment two variables as below. This is just for just this demo; however, you can put any logic you want.
```
for cnt = 1 to 10
i = i + 1
j = i + 1
next cnt
```
#### Adding Breakpoint
Now, we want to put two breakpoints in the statement `"for cnt = 1 to 10"` and `"j = i + 1"`. When you put a breakpoint inside your program, it runs in debug mode and holds the execution at the breakpoint.
To put a breakpoint in a LibreOffice Basic macro, put the cursor in the statement. And then, press `F9` or press the below button from the toolbar.
![Breakpoint toolbar button in LibreOffice Macro editor][1]
Once you do that, you will see a red circle on the left side of the statement, which means a breakpoint has been added _to that statement_. See the below image. In addition, you can add multiple breakpoints as per your needs.
![After adding breakpoints][2]
If you want to remove a breakpoint from a statement, press `F9` again in the statement, OR you can `double-click` the red circle.
#### Adding Watch
Now, we would add a ‘watch’ to the variable `"cnt"`.
When the program executes in debug mode, the watch helps monitor a variable’s value between program steps. To add a watch on `"cnt"`variable, select the variable and press `F7` or click the glass icon in the toolbar.
![Watch button in the toolbar in LibreOffice Macro editor][3]
Once you do that, you will see the variable added to the watch list at the bottom of the editor.
![Watch section appears at the bottom of the editor][4]
#### Execute by Step
We are all set with tools.
Run the program by pressing `F5`. As we already added breakpoints, you would see the execution halts at the first breakpoint with a little **yellow arrow**.
![Execution halts at the breakpoint][5]
Now you have two options.
Press `F5` again to continue the execution of the program, and it will halt again at the next breakpoint.Press `F8` (step execution), which would execute step by step, and you can see the ‘watched’ variable `'cnt'` value is changing as below.
Lets press `F8`. You can see the yellow arrow comes to the next statement, and the compiler waits. Now the fun part, if you take a closer look at the watch window, you can see the `'cnt'`variable’s value is 1.
![Variable contents during execution][6]
So this way, you can debug, add breakpoints and add watch any LibreOffice or OpenOffice macro using its editor.
Furthermore, you can add many watch variables as you want and debug your program for successful execution.
### Closing Notes
Although the above example is specific to LibreOffice macros, the same concept applies to programming and debugging in general. I hope this article helps you to understand the basics of debugging, step execution and watch in programming and macros in LibreOffice.
### Looking for Something Else?
If you are looking for something else in LibreOffice macro tutorials Or wants to learn more about it, please follow the below link for the complete Macro Tutorials Index:
[Macro Tutorial Index][7]
[Next:How to Save and Open Tabs from Last Session in Web Browser][8]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://www.debugpoint.com/debugging-libreoffice-macro-basic-using-breakpoint-and-watch/
作者：[Arindam][a]
选题：[lkxed][b]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://www.debugpoint.com/author/admin1/
[b]: https://github.com/lkxed
[1]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/LibreOffice_Debug_watch_BreakPoint_1.png
[2]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/LibreOffice_Debug_watch_BreakPoint_2.png
[3]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/LibreOffice_Debug_watch_BreakPoint_3.png
[4]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/LibreOffice_Debug_watch_BreakPoint_4.png
[5]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/LibreOffice_Debug_watch_BreakPoint_5.png
[6]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/LibreOffice_Debug_watch_BreakPoint_6.png
[7]: http://www.debugpoint.com/libreoffice-basic-macro-tutorial-index/
[8]: https://www.debugpoint.com/open-tabs-last-session-browser/

160
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[#]: subject: "How to migrate your code from PHP 7.4 to 8.1"
[#]: via: "https://opensource.com/article/22/12/migrate-php-code"
[#]: author: "Paul Gilzow https://opensource.com/users/gilzow"
[#]: collector: "lkxed"
[#]: translator: " "
[#]: reviewer: " "
[#]: publisher: " "
[#]: url: " "
How to migrate your code from PHP 7.4 to 8.1
======
The end-of-life (EOL) for [PHP 7.4][1] was Monday, November 28, 2022. If you’re like me, that date snuck up much faster than anticipated. While your PHP 7.4 code isn’t going to immediately stop working, you do need to begin making plans for the future of this codebase.
### What are your options?
You could continue to remain on PHP 7.4, but there are several benefits to updating. The biggest are security risk and support. As we move farther and farther away from the EOL date, attackers will turn their focus to PHP 7.4 knowing that any vulnerabilities they discover will go unpatched in the majority of systems. Staying on PHP 7.4 drastically increases the risk of your site being compromised in the future. In a similar vein, finding support for issues you encounter with PHP 7.4 will become increasingly more difficult. In addition, you will most likely begin to encounter compatibility issues with third-party code/packages as they update their code to be compatible with later versions and drop support for 7.4. You’ll also be missing out on significant speed and performance improvements [introduced in 8.0][2] and further [improved in 8.1][3]. But upgrading all that legacy code is daunting!
### Where to start?
Luckily, PHP provides an [official migration guide][4] from PHP 7.4 to 8.0 to get you started (and an [8.0 to 8.1 migration guide][5] as well). Be sure to read through the Backward Incompatible Changes and Deprecated Features sections. While these guides are incredibly handy, you may very well have tens of thousands of lines of code to check, some of which you may have inherited. Luckily there are some options to help pinpoint potential problem areas in the migration.
#### PHPCodeSniffer + PHPCompatibility sniffs
[PHPCodeSniffer][6] (PCS) is a package for syntax checking of PHP Code. It checks your code against a collection of defined rules (aka “sniffs”) referred to as “standards”. PHPCodeSniffer ships with a collection of standards you can use including PEAR, PSR1, PSR2, PSR12, Squiz, and Zend. Luckily, you can write your own collection of sniffs to define any set of rules you like.
> PHPCompability has entered the chat
[PHPCompatibility][7] “is a set of sniffs for PHP CodeSniffer that checks for PHP cross-version compatibility” allowing you to test your codebase for compatibility with different versions of PHP, including PHP 8.0 and 8.1. This means you can use PHPCodeSniffer to scan your codebase, applying the rules from PHPCompability to sniff out any incompatibilities with PHP 8.1 that might be present.
### Before I continue…
While PHP8.2 was released on [December 8, 2022][8], and I encourage you to begin looking over the [official 8.1 to 8.2 migration guide][9] and begin making plans to upgrade, most of the checkers I mention in this article have not completed full support for 8.2 at this time. For those reasons, I’ll be focusing on migrating the code to PHP8.1, and not 8.2.
In the process of writing this article, I discovered PHPCompatiblity has a [known issue][10] when checking for compatibility with PHP 8.0/8.1 where it will report issues that should be **Errors** as **Warnings**. The only workaround for now is to use the `develop` branch for PHPCompatibility instead of `master`. While they state it is stable, please be aware that in this article, I’m using the non-stable branch. You may want to weigh the pros and cons of using the `develop` branch before implementing it anywhere else than in a local development environment. While I found PCS+PHPCompatibility to be the most straightforward and comprehensive solution for checking for incompatible code, if you do not want to use a non-stable version of PCS, see the section at the end of the article about alternative options.
For the purposes of this article, I’ll be using the [1.4.6 version of SimpleSAMLphp][11] to test for incompatibilities. This is a six-year-old version of the code base. I do this not to pick on SimpleSAMLphp, but because I wanted something that would _definitely_ have some errors. As it turns out, all of the platform.sh code I tested, as well as my own code was already compatible with PHP8.1 and required no changes.
### Get started
To get started, first clone your codebase, and then create a new branch. You’ll now need to decide if you want to install the dependencies and run the scans on your local machine or in a local development environment using something like [DDEV][12], [Lando][13], or [Docksal][14]. In this demo, I’m using DDEV. I suggest using a local development environment vs running directly on your local machine because while it’s not required to use the version of PHP you want to test against, for the best results, it is recommended you do so. If you don’t have PHP installed, or don’t have the target version installed, a local development environment allows you to create an ephemeral environment with exactly what you need without changing your machine.
After setting up your environment for PHP 8.1, at a terminal prompt (in my case, I’ve run `ddev start` and once the containers are available, shell into the web app using `ddev ssh`), you need to add these new packages so you use them to test with. I’ll be adding them with composer, however, there are [multiple][15][ways][16] to [install][17][them][18] if you would prefer to do so differently. If your codebase isn’t already using composer, you’ll need to do [composer init][19] before continuing.
Because you'll be using the develop branch of PHPCompatibility there are a couple of extra steps to do that aren’t in the regular installation instructions. First is that the develop branch of PHPCompatibility requires an alpha version of `phpcsstandards/phpcsutils`. Because it is marked as alpha, you'll need to let composer know this one package is OK to install even though it is below your minimum stability requirements.
`$ composer require --dev phpcsstandards/phpcsutils:"^1.0@dev"`
Next, install PHPCompatibility targeting the `develop` branch
`$ composer require --dev phpcompatibility/php-compatibility:dev-develop`
The `develop` branch also installs `dealerdirect/phpcodesniffer-composer-installer` so you don’t need to add it manually or direct PCS to this new standard.
To verify our new standards are installed, you'll have PCS display the standards it is aware of.
```
$ phpcs -i
The installed coding standards are MySource, PEAR, PSR1, PSR2, PSR12, Squiz, Zend, PHPCompatibility, PHPCS23Utils and PHPCSUtils
```
Now that you know your standards are available, you can have PCS scan our code. To instruct PCS to use a specific standard, use the `--standard` option and tell it to use `PHPCompatibility`. However, you also need to tell PHPCompatibility which PHP version you want to test against. For that, use PCS’ `--runtime-set` option and pass it the key `testVersion` and value of `8.1`.
Before you start the scan, the one issue remaining is that code you want to scan is in the root of the project (`.`) but the `vendor` directly is also in the project root. You don’t want the code in `vendor` scanned, as those aren’t packages you necessarily control. PCS allows you to tell it to not scan files/directories with the `--ignore` option. Finally, you want to see the progress as PCS parses the file so you'll pass in the `-p` option.
Putting it all together:
`$ phpcs -p . --standard=PHPCompatibility --runtime-set testVersion 8.1 --ignore=*/vendor/*`
This kicks off PCS which will output its progress as it scans through your project’s code. `W` indicates **Warnings**, and `E` indicates **Errors**. At the end of the scan it will output: a full report with the file containing the issue, the line number where the issue occurs, whether the issue is a **Warning** or an **Error**, and the specific issue discovered.
In general, **Errors** are things that will cause a fatal error in PHP 8.1 and will need to be fixed before you can migrate. **Warnings** can be things that have been deprecated in 8.0/8.1 but not yet removed or issues that PCS ran into while trying to parse the file.
![asciicast][20]
Given that the report might be long, and is output all at once into your terminal, there are [numerous options][21] for changing the information that is included in the report, as well as multiple reporting formats.
As you begin to fix your code, you can rerun the report as many times as needed. However, at some point, you’ll need to test the code on an actual PHP8.1 environment with real data. If you’re using [Platform.sh][22], which is as easy as creating a branch, changing a single line in your configuration file, and pushing that branch to us. You can check out [this video][23] to see how easy it is!
### There’s too much to fix!
Now that you have a solid idea of what needs to be updated before you can migrate, you might be facing an incredible amount of work ahead of you. Luckily, you have some options to help you out. PCS ships with a code fixer called [PHP Code Beautifier and Fixer][24] (`phpcbf`). Running phpcbf is almost identical to running phpcs and most of the options are identical. The other option is [Rector][25]. Usage of these tools is beyond the scope of this article, but as with any automation, you’ll want to test and verify before promoting changes to production.
### Alternative options
If for any reason you don’t feel comfortable using a non-stable version of PCS, you do have other options for checking your code.
#### Phan
Phan is a static code analyzer for PHP. It offers multiple levels of analysis and allows for incrementally strengthening that analysis.
“Static analysis needs to be introduced slowly if you want to avoid your team losing their minds.”
Phan doesn’t target just compatibility with newer versions, it can highlight areas of code that will error in later versions. However, there are some caveats when using Phan for checking compatibility:
- Slower than PCS+PHPCompatibility.
- Phan requires the [ast php extension][26] which is not available by default on Platform.sh (or in DDEV). You’ll need to install it in your local development environment and add it to your php.ini file. Alternatively, you can use the `--allow-polyfill-parser` option, but it is considerably slower.
- Phan’s default reporting output isn’t as easy to read as other options
- I came across an issue where if your code base sets a different `vendor` directory via composer’s `[config:vendor-dir](https://getcomposer.org/doc/06-config.md#vendor-dir)` option, it will error out stating it can’t find certain files in the `vendor` directory
- As mentioned, Phan analyzes much more than just PHP8.1 compatibility. While certainly a strength in other situations, if your goal is to migrate from 7.4 to 8.1 as quickly as possible, you will have to parse through errors that are unrelated to version compatibility.
- Requires you run it on the PHP version you want to target
#### PHPStan
Similar to Phan, PHPStan is a static code analyzer for PHP that promises to “find bugs without writing tests.” And a similar set of caveats apply:
- Slower than either PCS or Phan
- Analyzes much more than just PHP8.1 compatibility so depending on your current codebase, you will have to possibly parse through a bunch of errors that are unrelated to version compatibility
- Requires you run it on the PHP version you want to target
#### PHP Parallel Lint
A very fast PHP linter that can lint your codebase for issues, but can also check for deprecations. While it is exceptionally fast, it is only a linter, and therefore can only surface deprecations that are thrown at compile time, not at runtime. In my example code, it only found 2 deprecations vs the 960 deprecations PCS uncovered.
### Summary
Code migrations, while never fun, are crucial to minimizing organizational risk. Platform.sh gives you the flexibility to test your code using the same data and configurations as your production site, but in a siloed environment. Combine this with the tools above, and you have everything you need for a strong, efficient code migration.
_This article originally published on the [Platform.sh community site][27] and has been republished with permission._
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://opensource.com/article/22/12/migrate-php-code
作者：[Paul Gilzow][a]
选题：[lkxed][b]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/gilzow
[b]: https://github.com/lkxed
[1]: https://www.php.net/eol.php
[2]: https://platform.sh/blog/2020/php-80-feature-focus-just-in-time-compilation
[3]: https://platform.sh/blog/2021/php-81-lays-new-ground-at-platformsh
[4]: https://www.php.net/manual/en/migration80.php
[5]: https://www.php.net/manual/en/migration81.php
[6]: https://github.com/squizlabs/PHP_CodeSniffer
[7]: https://github.com/PHPCompatibility/PHPCompatibility
[8]: https://www.php.net/archive/2022.php#2022-12-08-1
[9]: https://www.php.net/manual/en/migration82.php
[10]: https://github.com/PHPCompatibility/PHPCompatibility/issues/1344
[11]: https://github.com/simplesamlphp/simplesamlphp/releases/tag/v1.14.6
[12]: https://opensource.com/article/22/12/ddev
[13]: https://lando.dev/
[14]: https://docksal.io/
[15]: https://github.com/squizlabs/PHP_CodeSniffer#phive
[16]: https://github.com/squizlabs/PHP_CodeSniffer#git-clone
[17]: https://github.com/squizlabs/PHP_CodeSniffer#installation
[18]: https://github.com/PHPCompatibility/PHPCompatibility#installation-via-a-git-check-out-to-an-arbitrary-directory-method-2
[19]: https://getcomposer.org/doc/03-cli.md#init
[20]: https://asciinema.org/a/MGKsC3RkNaWMcGtJGiyMHorWy.svg
[21]: https://github.com/squizlabs/PHP_CodeSniffer/wiki/Reporting
[22]: https://platform.sh/
[23]: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mAb8DO7Jp0Q
[24]: https://github.com/squizlabs/PHP_CodeSniffer/wiki/Fixing-Errors-Automatically#using-the-php-code-beautifier-and-fixer
[25]: https://github.com/rectorphp/rector
[26]: https://github.com/nikic/php-ast
[27]: https://community.platform.sh/t/migrating-php-7-4-code-to-8-1-on-platform-sh/1156

76
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[#]: subject: "Open source solutions for EV charging"
[#]: via: "https://opensource.com/article/22/12/open-source-ev-charging"
[#]: author: "Joshua Pearce https://opensource.com/users/jmpearce"
[#]: collector: "lkxed"
[#]: translator: "duoluoxiaosheng"
[#]: reviewer: " "
[#]: publisher: " "
[#]: url: " "
Open source solutions for EV charging
======
Maybe you hate pumping gas in the cold (or heat), or you care about the environment. Maybe the latest gas prices and general inflation has you thinking more about stretching your money. Perhaps you simply think electric vehicles (EVs) look cool. No matter the reason, you're excited about your next vehicle being an EV and you're not alone! The EV market share is set to [expand to 30% by 2040][1]. The [US government provides a handy comparison tool][2] to show that the cost of ownership of an EV easily beats owning and operating fossil fuel vehicles. Despite this, EV charging costs can still hit you hard in your wallet.
你讨厌在寒冷或者酷热的时候加油，你关心环境问题。最新的油价和通货膨胀让你更多考虑挣钱的问题
One of the most elegant ways to solve cost problems in general is to apply open source principles to accelerate innovation. Fortunately for you, this has been done in the EV charging area to find a way to get low-cost electricity and low-cost chargers.
To control the costs of EV charging, first you need low-cost electricity. In the old days, that would mean going from oil to coal, which is not a step up. Today, as it turns out, [solar photovoltaic (PV)][3] devices that convert sunlight directly into electricity normally provide the lowest-cost electricity. Coal companies are going bankrupt because they can no longer compete with clean solar power. This is also why [solar power is seeing explosive growth all over the world][4]. Many homeowners are putting [solar panels on their roofs][5] or on ground mounts in the backyard to cover all of their home’s electric needs. But how can you charge your EV with solar energy if you have limited roof area or a small backyard?
### Open source PV parking canopy
One approach that major corporations are taking is to make a PV canopy over their parking lots. If you want to do this yourself, a new [study][6] provides a full mechanical and economic analysis of three novel open source PV canopy systems:
- Use an exclusively wood, single-parking-spot spanning system
- Use a wood and aluminum double-parking-spot spanning system
- Use a wood and aluminum cantilevered system
The designs are presented as 5-by-6 stall builds, but all three systems are scalable to any amount of parking spots required. This includes a 1-stall 6kW system to charge a single car at home (as shown below). All of the racks are rated for a 25-year expected lifetime to match the standard PV warranty.
![Image of a single car PV canopy.][7]
The open source PV canopies are all designed to withstand a brutal Canadian winter. They also follow Canada’s strict building codes. So if you live anywhere else, the system as designed should still work for you. The complete [designs][8]and bill of materials of the canopies are provided, along with basic instructions. They are released with an open source license that enables anyone to fabricate them following the spirit of the free book about DIY solar power collectors [_To Catch the Sun_][9].
The results of the previously mentioned [study][6] show that open source designs are much less expensive than proprietary products. Single-span systems provide cost savings of 82-85%, double-span systems save 43-50%, and cantilevered systems save 31-40%.
Most importantly, the designs give you more than enough energy (if you have a normal commute) to cover your charging needs. In the first year of operation, PV canopies can provide 157% of the energy needed to charge the least efficient EV currently on the market.
![Image of an OpenEVSE charging station.][10]
### Open source EV chargers
Another way to cut the cost of EV ownership is to install an open source EV charger. [OpenEVSE][11] is an Arduino-based charging station composed of [open source software][12] and hardware which can be made DIY-style. They are small, lightweight, and portable, so you can use them at home or on the road.
OpenEVSE powers charging stations for many EV manufacturers all over the world. You can adapt it to fit your requirements. OpenEVSE is now quite mature and supports advanced features including adjustable current, temperature monitoring, and a real-time power display. You can buy the hardware pre-assembled and ready to go. If you want to save more money (and have more fun) buy a kit and build it yourself.
![Image of the OpenEVSE kit.][13]
I hope to see more designs of EV power solutions in the future. Keep your eyes open, roll up your sleeves for some DIY, and enjoy assembling your open source, solar-powered EV charging solutions!
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://opensource.com/article/22/12/open-source-ev-charging
作者：[Joshua Pearce][a]
选题：[lkxed][b]
译者：[duoluoxiaosheng](https://github.com/duoluoxiaosheng)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/jmpearce
[b]: https://github.com/lkxed
[1]: https://about.bnef.com/electric-vehicle-outlook/
[2]: https://fueleconomy.gov/feg/Find.do?action=sbsSelect
[3]: https://opensource.com/article/21/11/open-source-solar-power
[4]: https://www.alliedmarketresearch.com/photovoltaic-market
[5]: https://opensource.com/article/22/12/open-source-solar-power-home
[6]: https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies10060114
[7]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/2022-12/Single%20car%20open%20source%20PV%20canopy.png
[8]: https://www.appropedia.org/Open-source_Photovoltaic_-_Electrical_Vehicle_Carport_Designs
[9]: https://tocatchthesun.com/
[10]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/2022-12/OpenEVSE%20charging%20an%20electric%20car.png
[11]: https://openevse.com/index.html
[12]: https://github.com/OpenEVSE
[13]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/2022-12/OpenEVSE%20kit.png

100
sources/tech/20221221.4 ⭐️⭐️ My 4 favorite features of the 4pane file manager on Linux.md Normal file
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[#]: subject: "My 4 favorite features of the 4pane file manager on Linux"
[#]: via: "https://opensource.com/article/22/12/linux-file-manager-4pane"
[#]: author: "Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth"
[#]: collector: "lkxed"
[#]: translator: " "
[#]: reviewer: " "
[#]: publisher: " "
[#]: url: " "
My 4 favorite features of the 4pane file manager on Linux
======
4Pane is a multi-pane file manager for Linux that allows for customized layout, and provides quick access to traditional desktop conveniences as well as common Linux tools. 4Pane aims for speed over visual effects, and places the way you want to work above all else. In honor of its name, I've got a list of my four favorite features of this fine file manager.
### 1. Flexible interface
![The 4Pane file manager is a fast multi-pane application for managing files.][1]
The most prominent feature of the 4Pane window is the same as its name: there are four panes in the window by default. In a way, though, there's actually only two, or said another way, each of the two panes is divided into two columns. The column on the left is a directory tree of your current location (home, by default.) Files are never displayed in the left column. It's only a directory tree.
The adjacent column displays the contents of the selected directory. When you double-click on a file, it opens in its default application. When you double-click on a directory, that directory is revealed in the left column and the right column displays its contents.
This same model is duplicated in the other window pane.
4Pane only has 4 panes by default, but it doesn't enforce that view. If you're overwhelmed by the four-pane view, click on the **View** menu and select **Unsplit panes**. This displays just one pane of two columns. It's a simplified view compared to what's possible, but it's a nice place to start while you're getting used to the column-style for browsing files.
#### Splitting panes
The advantage of a split view is that you don't have to open another window to drag and drop a file or folder from one location to another. This isn't the predominant model for file managers, but it's a popular subset. 4Pane is one of the few, in my experience, that recognizes that it's not always convenient to work laterally. If you prefer to have your second pane at the bottom of the window, go to the **View** menu and select **Split panes horizontally** (meaning that the _split_ is horizontal, so the panes are situated vertically to one another).
![You can create horizontal splits in 4Pane.][2]
### 2. Tooltip preview
One of my favorite features of 4Pane is the tooltip preview. To activate this, click the photo icon in the top toolbar. With this active, all you have to do is roll your mouse over a file to see a preview of its contents in a tooltip. It may not be a feature you want active all the time. The tooltips can be distracting when you're just browsing files. However, if you're looking for something specific or if you're just not sure exactly what's in a directory, a quick wave of your mouse to get an overview of the contents of several files is satisfyingly efficient.
### 3. Menu
The menu bar of 4Pane isn't quite like most file manager menu bars you may be accustomed to. There's a menu dedicated to archiving actions, mounting devices, and popular Linux commands such as [grep][3] and [find][4].
For instance, in the **Archive** menu, you can choose to extract an archive or compressed file, create a new archive, add a file to an existing archive, compress a file, and more. I love [Ark][5] and similar utilities, but I also recognize how useful it is for a file manager to make those utilities unnecessary. Especially when you're on an [old computer][6], the fewer applications you have to launch, the better.
Also impressive are the built-in front ends for `grep` and `find`. I'll admit that I probably won't use it often myself, but I never complain when a developer brings the power of Linux commands to users who aren't [yet] familiar with the terminal.
![4Pane can run grep and locate commands to help you find your data.][7]
The `locate` front end is probably the most useful of the bunch. It's fast and effective. There's just one field in the dialogue box, so it makes a file system search _fast_.
For example, say you're searching for the file `Zombie-Apocalypse-Plan-B.txt` because Plan A fell through, but in the heat of the moment (what with zombies knocking down your door, and all) you can't remember where you saved it. Go to the **Tools** menu and select **locate**. Type `zombie` in the search field, click the `-i` box so that your system ignores capitalization, and click **OK**. This returns both `Zombie-Apocalypse-Plan-A.txt` and `Zombie-Apocalypse-Plan-B.txt`.
Maybe that's good enough for you, or maybe you need a little more precision. In addition to `-i` for case insensitivity, you can click the `-r` option to leverage the power of [regex][8]. Type `zombie.B.` to narrow your search to a file starting with `zombie` and containing the letter `B` somewhere in the filename.
Effective and fast.
### 4. Undo
Finally, my (other) very favorite feature of 4pane is the **Undo** button. When you right click on a file or folder and select **Delete**, the item is sent to a secret location (it's not actually secret, but it's out of sight and out of mind). The item isn't scrubbed from the hard drive until you close the 4pane window. Up until then, you can always click the **Undo** button in the top toolbar to reverse decisions you've come to regret.
This is a separate action from sending a file to your system trash, so it _is_ meant to masquerade as an actual delete action. The difference is that it's a delayed delete. That may not suit you. Some users are disciplined enough to send files to the system trash, but others skip the trash. This feature is designed to protect you from yourself by delaying deletion until you close the window. I find it a reasonable and invaluable feature, and it's the one feature that I've already benefited from several times.
### Install 4Pane on Linux
If you're sold on 4Pane, or at least curious about it, then you should install it and try it out! On Linux, your distribution may package 4Pane in its software repository. If so, you can use your package manager to install. For example, on Fedora, Mageia, OpenMandriva, and similar:
```
$ sudo dnf install 4pane
```
On Debian and Debian-based systems:
```
$ sudo apt install 4pane
```
If your distribution doesn't carry 4Pane, you can download it from [4pane.co.uk][9].
Once installed, launch 4Pane from your application menu.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://opensource.com/article/22/12/linux-file-manager-4pane
作者：[Seth Kenlon][a]
选题：[lkxed][b]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/seth
[b]: https://github.com/lkxed
[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/2022-10/4pane.webp
[2]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/2022-10/4pane-split-horizontally.webp
[3]: https://opensource.com/article/21/3/grep-cheat-sheet
[4]: https://opensource.com/article/18/4/how-use-find-linux
[5]: https://opensource.com/article/22/2/archives-files-linux-ark-kde
[6]: https://opensource.com/article/19/7/how-make-old-computer-useful-again
[7]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/2022-10/4pane-grep.webp
[8]: https://opensource.com/article/18/5/getting-started-regular-expressions
[9]: http://www.4pane.co.uk/

258
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[#]: subject: "11 New Distros to look forward to in 2023"
[#]: via: "https://news.itsfoss.com/new-distros-2023/"
[#]: author: "Sourav Rudra https://news.itsfoss.com/author/sourav/"
[#]: collector: "lkxed"
[#]: translator: " "
[#]: reviewer: " "
[#]: publisher: " "
[#]: url: " "
11 New Distros to look forward to in 2023
======
What are you looking forward to in 2023? Try these distros!
![11 New Distros to look forward to in 2023][1]
It's time to say goodbye to 2022! 📆
There were many distro releases in 2022, some more extraordinary than others.
With the trend shifting towards focusing more on the user experience and performance side of things, Linux distributions have significantly evolved over the past year.
As for you, the end-user, you now have several options. You can try some [beginner-friendly options][2] or [distros for advanced users][3].
Here, I focus on new options that you can give a try. These distros may not necessarily replace the popular distributions available. But if you want to try something new and different, feel free to go through the list.
So, what can you expect in 2023? 🤔
Well, to answer that. Allow me to take you on a distro journey!
> 💡 New distributions may not be suitable for production use cases. Try these options if you have no issues taking a leap of faith to experiment.
### 1. Vanilla OS
![vanilla os][4]
Vanilla OS is an Ubuntu-based distro that is the brainchild of Mirko Brombin, the creator of [Bottles][5].
It aims to provide a **clean, vanilla GNOME experience with on-demand immutability** and an exceptional first-time setup experience.
You can check it out if you want something new and want to try out the on-demand immutability features that make Vanilla OS so unique.
It is yet to receive a stable release (soon) and is set to receive many improvements in 2023.
[Vanilla OS][6]
### 2. XeroLinux
![xeroxlinux][7]
Steve a.k.a. TechXero, started [XeroLinux][8] as a passion project that was not meant to be a mainstream distro with all the bells and whistles.
An **'eye-candy' version of Arch Linux** offers a pleasant out-of-the-box experience with a few exciting features.
You can try this if you want a more accessible Arch Linux experience.
**From January 2023**, XeroLinux will be switching to a monthly release schedule. So, you can expect plenty of updates in 2023!
[XeroLinux][9]
### 3. Crystal Linux
![crystal linux][10]
Crystal Linux is an upcoming Arch-based distro that wants to **provide an easy-to-use desktop experience coupled with modern Linux technologies**.
In its current form, it may not be welcoming to newcomers, and people with experience using Linux are likelier to like it.
So, for now, I would suggest users who are already familiar with Linux give Crystal Linux a try.
I expect Crystal Linux to have a stable release sometime in 2023 with many features and improvements over the [beta version][11] that is available right now.
[Crystal Linux][12]
#### Recommended Read 📖
### 4. TUXEDO OS
![tuxedo os][13]
[TUXEDO OS][14] is an Ubuntu-based offering from TUXEDO Computers, a Linux-focused hardware manufacturer.
It features the KDE Plasma desktop environment with extras like **TUXEDO Control Center** to fine-tune your hardware and **TUXEDO Tomte**, a configuration service for resolving driver/missing package issues.
I suggest you try this if you want a **different KDE-powered experience**.
Initially, it was only made available as a pre-installed operating system on TUXEDO laptops and computers.
But later, it received a general use release back in September 2022 dubbed as 'TUXEDO OS 1'. It is set to receive plenty of updates in 2023.
[TUXEDO OS][15]
### 5. EuroLinux
![euro linux][16]
An RHEL-based distro with **enterprise perks** is what [EuroLinux][17] is. It provides stability and security in a solid package.
Based on **RHEL 9**, it can provide seamless compatibility with other [RHEL-based server distros][18] such as Rocky Linux, CentOS, AlmaLinux, and more.
It aims to lure in Windows and macOS users with a familiar user interface layout with its implementation of a translucent dock at the bottom of the screen.
You should try this because the overall package is quite adequate and can cater to both Linux and Windows/macOS users.
It is now available as stable release, with updates planned for 2023.
[EuroLinux Desktop][19]
### 6. Zinc
![zinc][20]
[Zinc][21] is an **Ubuntu-based distro** that has been tweaked to provide a unique experience. Existing Ubuntu users may be surprised to see what it has to offer.
Based on the latest LTS release of **Xubuntu**, it uses the XFCE desktop environment with numerous improvements, such as integrated Linux AppImage support, deb-get package installer, BTRFS as the default file system, and more.
This distro can be a viable alternative to replace your daily driver, provided it is set up correctly.
It follows a stable release model, so you can expect significant updates in 2023!
[Zinc][21]
### 7. CachyOS
![cachyos][22]
[CachyOS][23] tries to make **Arch Linux a beginner-friendly affair** that anyone can use. It is popular because of its high level of customizability and also because it has the newest software.
It aims to provide you with a fast and secure operating system that is easy to use.
This OS is for users who want to experiment and try something new.
CachyOS is a rolling-release distro, so you can expect it to receive a ton of updates in 2023.
[CachyOS][23]
### 8. risiOS
![risios][24]
In a sea of Arch and Ubuntu-based Linux distros, [risiOS][25] is a rare sight to see.
Based on Fedora Linux, the project saw its beginnings in Seattle, USA.
It uses the **GNOME desktop environment** to provide users with a highly customizable experience with a **customized ZSH version**.
If you want to try a Fedora-based distro, this can be something new for you!
risiOS gets a stable release with minor updates pushed in between. It has much more to give in 2023.
[risiOS][25]
### 9. Exodia OS
![exodia os][26]
Another Arch-based Linux distro!#$**?
Yes. 🤭 Well, it looks like this year, we have had enough of Arch-based distros, which is not necessarily bad!
Meet [Exodia OS][27], an Arch-based Linux distro that aims to be highly customizable for users in cybersecurity fields.
Its feature set includes pre-installed **tools for all cybersecurity fields, TUI Apps, ElKowars wacky widgets (EWW), zsh, and more**.
If you are a cybersecurity expert or an enthusiast, you can give this a try!
They offer three releases for different use cases. You can expect them to keep pushing essential updates and feature additions in 2023.
[Exodia OS][27]
### 10. Kumandar Linux
![kumander linux][28]
At first glance, you would think that it is Windows 7, but if you look closer, you will find that it is [Kumandar Linux][29].
It is based on **Debian 11 and uses a customized version of XFCE**.
The name stands for 'Commander' in English and pays homage to the developer's first computer, the [Commodore VIC20][30].
If you liked the Windows 7 experience but wanted the same thing on Linux. Then you can give this a try!
Currently, only the early-release candidate has been released. But you can expect a stable release in 2023, hopefully!
[Kumander][29]
### 11. Ubuntu Unity
![ubuntu unity][31]
Declared as an official flavor of Ubuntu [earlier this year][32], Ubuntu Unity is a remix of Ubuntu.
It features the **Unity desktop interface** used in Ubuntu from 2010-2017, which was dropped in favor of GNOME.
The development has been in full swing, with the young lead developer pushing updates and feature additions.
Users who want to try a different flavor of Ubuntu can give this a shot. It offers both LTS and non-LTS releases.
[Ubuntu Unity][33]
**So, wrapping up.**
Even with this comprehensive list, I may have missed out on some. 🤔
But.
Maybe a surprise release will take the headlines in 2023, or some existing distro will try something different.
Until then.
_💬 Do tell me what distribution you are excited about in 2023?_
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://news.itsfoss.com/new-distros-2023/
作者：[Sourav Rudra][a]
选题：[lkxed][b]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://news.itsfoss.com/author/sourav/
[b]: https://github.com/lkxed
[1]: https://news.itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w2000/2022/12/distros-to-look-forward-in-2023.png
[2]: https://itsfoss.com/best-linux-beginners/
[3]: https://itsfoss.com/advanced-linux-distros/
[4]: https://news.itsfoss.com/content/images/2022/12/Vanilla-OS-1.png
[5]: https://usebottles.com
[6]: https://vanillaos.org
[7]: https://news.itsfoss.com/content/images/2022/12/XeroLinux.jpg
[8]: https://itsfoss.com/xerolinux/
[9]: https://xerolinux.xyz
[10]: https://news.itsfoss.com/content/images/2022/12/Crystal-Linux.jpg
[11]: https://git.getcryst.al/crystal
[12]: https://getcryst.al
[13]: https://news.itsfoss.com/content/images/2022/12/TuxedoOS.jpg
[14]: https://news.itsfoss.com/tuxedo-os/
[15]: https://www.tuxedocomputers.com/en/TUXEDO-OS_1.tuxedo
[16]: https://news.itsfoss.com/content/images/2022/12/EuroLinux.jpg
[17]: https://news.itsfoss.com/eurolinux-desktop/
[18]: https://itsfoss.com/rhel-based-server-distributions/
[19]: https://en.euro-linux.com/eurolinux/desktop/
[20]: https://news.itsfoss.com/content/images/2022/12/Zinc.png
[21]: https://teejeetech.com/tag/zinc/
[22]: https://news.itsfoss.com/content/images/2022/12/CachyOS.jpg
[23]: https://cachyos.org
[24]: https://news.itsfoss.com/content/images/2022/12/risiOS.png
[25]: https://risi.io
[26]: https://news.itsfoss.com/content/images/2022/12/Exodia-OS.jpg
[27]: https://exodia-os.github.io/exodia-website/
[28]: https://news.itsfoss.com/content/images/2022/12/Kumander-Linux.jpg
[29]: https://www.kumander.org
[30]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VIC-20
[31]: https://news.itsfoss.com/content/images/2022/12/UbuntuUnity.jpg
[32]: https://news.itsfoss.com/unity-remix-official-flavor/
[33]: https://ubuntuunity.org/

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[#]: subject: "3 delightful features of the Linux QtFM file manager"
[#]: via: "https://opensource.com/article/22/12/linux-file-manager-qtfm"
[#]: author: "Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth"
[#]: collector: "lkxed"
[#]: translator: " "
[#]: reviewer: " "
[#]: publisher: " "
[#]: url: " "
3 delightful features of the Linux QtFM file manager
======
QtFM is a simple file manager that aims to provide the basic features of file management through a fast and intuitive interface. It's available for Linux, BSD, and macOS.
QtFM, as its name suggests, uses the Qt (canonically pronounced "cute") programming toolkit. I've worked with the Qt toolkit both in C++ and Python, and using it is always a pleasure. It's cross-platform, it's got multiple levels of useful abstraction so developers don't have to interact directly with vendor-specific SDKs, and it's highly configurable. From a user's perspective, it's a "natural" and fast experience, whether you're on the latest hardware or on an [old computer][1].
### Using QtFM
There's not much to QtFM. It focuses on being exactly what its name claims: a file manager (FM) for Qt. The layout is what you probably expect from a file manager: a list of common places and devices on the left and a list of files on the right.
![QtFM file manager][2]
It's got just four menus.
- **File**: Create a new file or folder, open a new tab or window, or exit the application.
- **Edit**: Copy, paste, move to trash, or create a new bookmark in the left panel.
- **View**: Toggle between the list and icon views, adjust the layout.
- **Help**: Licensing information, and links to online documentation.
Interacting with QtFM is largely the same experience you're probably used to with any standard-issue file manager. You can click around to navigate, open files in its default application, drag-and-drop files and folders, copy and paste files and folders, launch applications, and whatever else you do when you're interacting with the contents of your computer. It's familiar, so there's basically no learning curve and no unpleasant surprises.
There are, however, several pleasant surprises. Here are three of my favorites.
### 1. Put a command into a contextual menu
With QtFM, you can add any command you can run in a terminal to the right-click contextual menu. For instance, suppose you want an option to convert an image into the [webp format][3] to the right-click menu. There's no complex framework or scripting language to learn, you don't need to develop a plugin. You can do it in just 3 steps:
- Go to the **Edit** menu and select **Settings**
- Click on the **Custom actions tab**
- Click the **Add** button and enter the command you want to run, using `%f` for the source file and `%n` for the new file
![QtFM custom actions][4]
The action now appears in your QtFM contextual menu.
### 2. Flexible layout
One of the built-in features of the Qt toolkit is that many of its components are ("widgets") detachable. QtFM takes advantage of this and allows you to unlock its layout from the **View** menu. Once unlocked, you can drag toolbars and side panels, anchoring them in new positions around your window. I was able to combine the menu bar, navigation toolbar, and the URI field into a unified panel, and I placed a file tree on the right side of the window for convenience.
![QtFM unlocking the layout][5]
This requires no special knowledge of application design or even configuration. You just unlock, drag and drop, and lock.
### 3. Tabbed view
Many Linux file managers offer tabs the same way as most web browsers do. It's a simple interface trick that lets you keep several locations handy. I don't know whether it actually saves time, but I always feel like it does. QtFM offers tabs, too, and there are two things I particularly enjoy about the way it implements them.
First of all, the tabs are at the bottom of the window by default (you can change that in **Settings**.) Because I tend to read from left to right and top to bottom, I usually prefer to have "extra" information at the bottom and right ends of a window. Of course, what constitutes "extra" information varies from user to user, so I don't blame any developer for placing widgets and panels in places I wouldn't put widgets and panels. It's nice, though, when a developer accidentally agrees with my preferences.
Secondly, the tabs are responsive. You can drag a file or folder from one tab into another just by hovering over your target tab. It feels as natural as dragging and dropping from one window to another.
### Install QtFM
On Linux, your distribution may package QtFM in its software repository. If so, you can use your package manager to install. For example, on Debian and Debian-based systems:
```
$ sudo apt install qtfm
```
If your distribution doesn't offer QtFM, you may find a package for it on its [website][6], or you can download the source code from its [Git repository][7].
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://opensource.com/article/22/12/linux-file-manager-qtfm
作者：[Seth Kenlon][a]
选题：[lkxed][b]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/seth
[b]: https://github.com/lkxed
[1]: https://opensource.com/article/22/10/obsolete-computer-linux-opportunity
[2]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/2022-12/qtfm.webp
[3]: https://opensource.com/article/20/4/webp-image-compression
[4]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/2022-12/qtfm-custom-action.webp
[5]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/2022-12/qtfm-layout-unlock.webp
[6]: https://qtfm.eu/
[7]: https://github.com/rodlie/qtfm/

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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: (CanYellow)
[#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )
[#]: subject: (How open principles will impact the future of work)
[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/open-organization/21/1/open-is-future-of-work)
[#]: author: (Ron McFarland https://opensource.com/users/ron-mcfarland)
开放原则将如何影响未来工作
======
我们的工作性质在很多方面塑造了我们自己。未来工作的性质将发生巨大变化，我们又该做何准备呢？
![团队合作，忙碌的工作生活][1]
如果我们将“工作”定位为获得某种回报的任何形式的付出，那么工作是并且一直是决定我们是谁的主要因素之一。工作是我们生活的一个重要方面。在工作中(不论这对我们意味着什么)，我们结识朋友，我们获得智力激励和情感满足的源泉，我们得到成长，我们感受自身无穷的创造性。对于我们的家人、朋友、社区和社会而言，工作极其重要，我们不应轻视工作的重要性亦或视其为理所当然。
因此如果未来[工作的性质将发生变化][2]，这可能意味着恰恰是我们 _自我认知_ 中的某些关键要素将发生变化。我们应该认真准备应对这些转变。
考察自第一次工业革命(18、19世纪)以来的工作转变，很多人从从事农业劳动转为进入城市工厂工作，这从根本上改变了他们的生活方式。新的工作方式需要全新的更专业的工作技能而不再是农村经济中常见的手艺。接下来的几十年里，当我们检视我们的个人工作环境时，我们可能会发现工业时代以来的这一趋势可能发生逆转：从层级制度、可代替的通用技术与活动重新转变为横向协作与对专业知识的熟练掌握的更高要求(回到手工艺时代)。
这个时代与这些转变的到来将是全球性的而非区域性的，转变的速度已经大大加快了。
在这一新的工作环境中，[开放组织原则][3]将扮演关键性的角色。
本系列中，我将回顾 [Lynda Gratton 教授的作品，_转变_][4] (中译本：转变：未来社会工作岗位需求变化及应对策略，ISBN:9787121152894)，本书成书于2014年(译注，本书原版有 [2011版][T1] 与 [2014版][T2] )，书中数据于2010年收集，但今天仍然适用(将来也一样)。本书中，Gratton教授指出了工作将在2025到2050年间如何变化。这是关键信息，因为它有助于我们在准备和发展我们的职业生涯时作出正确的选择。
Gratton教授阐释了在上述时间段内影响未来工作的主要因素。本系列中，我们将对它们做一个总结并解释开放组织原则如何融入它们之中。
### 影响未来工作的五个因素
煤碳与蒸汽动力的发明推动了第一次工业革命。[Gratton教授][5]说，今天五种微妙的力量导致了类似的转变：
1. 日益增长的全球化活动
2. 技术的快速进步
3. 人类寿命与人口数量
4. 社会与家庭结构变化
5. 低碳经济的需求
简而言之，计算机更快了，材料更强了，药物能治疗更多的疾病使得人类的寿命更长。这些都在不同程度上影响了我们未来的工作方式。以下针对上述每一点的一些笔记。
#### 1\. 全球化
在以前的文章 [《全球化：开放的历史》][6] 中，我讨论了全球化的多种动力与影响因素，其中之一就是贸易。从1950年到2010年的60年间，全球贸易的体量增加了60倍，与此同时运输成本降低了，发展中国家不仅看到了贸易增长，而且看到了新的创新。我还在我的另一篇文章 [《历史变迁中的开放组织》][7]中讨论了历史早期的全球化。我另外在我的文章[《全球性的开放组织是怎么样的》][8]中探讨了从现在到未来全球治理的重要性。如Gratton教授所言，全球化在未来工作中将发挥不可否认与不可避免的影响。
如果未来工作的性质将发生变化，这可能意味着恰恰是我们自我认知中的某些关键要素将发生变化。我们应该认真准备应对这些转变。
#### 2\. 技术
计算成本一直在以惊人的速度下降，它还将继续下降。这有助于连接到目前为止仍然大部分被隔离在更大的全球经济之外的数十亿人。他们将开始进入劳动力市场并成为更有影响力的消费者。与此同时，计算机与高级自动化在未来将[取代人类工作][9]，这都将影响未来的工作转变。
#### 3\.人口数量与寿命
Gratton教授还记录了不同世代的人对未来工作的影响，尤其是在美国。年轻一代在未来将扮演主要角色，他们的态度将不同于上一代。此外，全球不同地区的出生率将影响经济繁荣。由于一些地区的人口降低而另一些的将会增加，将会出现更多的移民。他们将移民至Gratton教授谓之“创新集群”的地方。最后，Gratton教授认为全球预期寿命将会变化。截至2025年，世界人口的10%都将超过65岁，这些人口将更可能希望继续工作，为了得到持续的收入、精神刺激、身体活动，与他人的联系以及生活的意义与目的的源泉。考虑到今天的很多儿童都更可能拥有超过100岁的寿命，如果他们在65岁退休，他们余下的至少35年里将做不了太多事情。基于这样的考虑，在未来职业道路的多次转换以及在社区与志愿服务项目中的积极参与将会大大拓展。
#### 4\. 社会
常规的变化之外，Gratton教授还描述了一些社会变化。她说，未来女性在工作上的角色将会变化，人们将比以往拥有更多的选择来塑造他们希望的生活；随着个人劳动生产率的提升，平均空闲时间将比以往更多。
#### 5\. 能源
我在[资源工业革命][10]上的一篇演讲中讨论了资源节约型工业的扩张。格拉特教授为该对话补充一些有价值的观点。她认为气候变化将逐渐成为主要议题，并导致运输与消费的降低。尤其是世界范围内的水资源供给将无法跟上用水需求。海水淡化项目将大幅扩张(可能由正在开发的[第四代][11]分布式小型模块化核电站提供动力)。环境灾难将使人们背井离乡，并在世界范围内形成移民社区。更多能效高的生活方式将会被发现和引入，这将影响未来工作。
### 为未来提前准备
上述五种力量将推动未来工作方式发生根本性的改变，Gratton教授认为我们现在就需要开始为这样的未来提前做准备。本系列的下一篇文章中，我将介绍Gratton教授对未来的展望以及应对快速变化的未来的一些情境。个人如何将这些变化视作职业机会？另一方面，如果简单地选择对即将到来的变化 _视而不见_ 又会发生什么？我将回顾Gratton教授在这些问题上的思考。同样的，我也将解释开放原则如何形成必经的变革的核心。
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://opensource.com/open-organization/21/1/open-is-future-of-work
作者：[Ron McFarland][a]
选题：[lujun9972][b]
译者：[CanYellow](https://github.com/CanYellow)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/ron-mcfarland
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/team_dev_email_chat_video_work_wfm_desk_520.png?itok=6YtME4Hj (Working on a team, busy worklife)
[2]: https://opensource.com/open-organization/18/7/transformation-beyond-digital-2
[3]: https://theopenorganization.org/definition/
[4]: http://lyndagratton.com/books/the-shift/
[5]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynda_Gratton
[6]: https://opensource.com/open-organization/20/7/globalization-history-open
[7]: https://opensource.com/open-organization/20/8/global-history-collaboration
[8]: https://opensource.com/open-organization/20/9/global-open-organization
[9]: https://opensource.com/open-organization/19/9/claiming-human-age-of-AI
[10]: https://www.slideshare.net/RonMcFarland1/the-starting-of-the-third-industrial-revolution
[11]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generation_IV_reactor
[T1]: https://isbnsearch.org/isbn/9780007427956
[T2]: https://isbnsearch.org/isbn/9780007525850

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[#]: subject: "WiFi 6 Promises Much More than Faster Speeds"
[#]: via: "https://www.opensourceforu.com/2022/06/wifi-6-promises-much-more-than-faster-speeds/"
[#]: author: "Sharon Katta https://www.opensourceforu.com/author/sharon-katta/"
[#]: collector: "lkxed"
[#]: translator: "cool-summer-021"
[#]: reviewer: " "
[#]: publisher: " "
[#]: url: " "
WiFi 6 带来的不仅是高速
======
WiFi 6 提高了网络连通性，它在不久的将来有望为数万亿台设备组网，并且能够不间断而高效地工作。它虽然在2019年就取得了官方认证，但由于疫情原因，它的测试工作面临不少挑战。本文旨在对这项技术进行概述。
![WiFi-6][1]
WiFi 技术的下一代标准，称为 ‘WiFi 6’，也可以称为 ‘AX WiFi’ 或 ‘802.11ax’。它是为满足指数级增长的设备组网需求而产生的，因此也可以用于 VR 和智能家居。它是现有的 802.11ac WiFi 标准的升级版，可以应对现有技术在容量、效率、覆盖范围和性能方面遇到的挑战。
![Figure 1: WiFi 6][2]
这项技术是在 2014 年进行研发，完成于2018年，由 IEEE 高性能无线网络研究组发布。产品认证于 2019 年后期进行，此时 Samsung Galaxy Note 10 和 Ruckus R750 使用了这种技术。WiFi 6 运行于 1GHz 和 6GHz 波段，主要的频率为 2.4GHz-5GHz。
如今，每个家庭平均有九台设备需要连接 Wifi。WiFi 6 主要致力于改善网络质量，而不是提升某些设备的速度。
### WiFi 6的特点
**多用户、多输入、多输出(MU-MIMO)：** 路由器和多台设备可以同时通信。支持即时数据流，用户可以从智能路由器接收的输入数据的带宽很大，在频率为 2.4GHz-5GHz 时都是可行的。
**1024-QAM:** 这令 WiFi 6 的每个数据包能编码的字节数更多，吞吐量增加了 25%。它不仅提高了大业务量情况下的通信效率，也最大限度增加了传输速率。这在现代企业应用系统领域有很大的优势。
**正交频分复用(OFDM):** 支持四倍的负载波，速度也提高了 11%。扩展的信号支持用户进行更大的即时数据包传输。所以数据包之间的等待时间和延迟就减少了。
*增加的信道宽度:* 80MHz的波段加入了160MHz的信道通信，信道宽度增加了一倍。因此，路由器可以容纳更多用户，为每个用户提供更大的数据流。
*目标唤醒时间(TWT):* 这是 WiFi 6 特有的。它支持每台设备协商发送和接收的唤醒时间。它可以增加总体处于睡眠状态的时间，令电池寿命最大化。它还支持许多额外的网络选项，特别是对 IoT 设备的支持。
*提升安全性:* 一切支持 WiFi 6 的设备都需要包含 WPA3 协议。它可以对未经验证的通信进行加密，针对暴力字典攻击提供强大的密码保护，以及对敏感信息进行 192 位的加密，提升数据的可靠性。
*波束赋形:* 借助八根天线，波束赋形能提高传输速率，通信范围也因直接定向到某个客户端而扩大。它对快速移动的、可能面临多用户、多输入、多输出的设备起到了支撑作用。波束赋形也有利于控制那些蓄意发出干扰信号的天线的传输。然后信号会被重新定向到新的目标。
### 支持 WiFi 6的设备
到目前为止，路由器、中继器、网状网络和多数 WiFi 使用者还是以 WiFi 5 为标准。WiFi 6 是 2019 年推出的。一些支持 WiFi 5 的早期设备存在一些兼容性问题——它们可以使用 WiFi 6 的网络，但得不到相应的支持服务。
WiFi 6 的路由器是向后兼容的。应该确保网络已经为此做好了准备。
WiFi 6 实现了较低的电量消耗，在任何场景（包括 IoT）下，都是个不错的选择。它减少了不必要的数据流动，还会通知设备何时将数据激活或令其睡眠。所以不必要的数据流动减少了，性能和电池寿命也提高了。
Samsung Galaxy Note 10 和 Ruckus R750 是全球第一款经认证支持 WiFi 6 的智能手机和接入设备，Apple iPhone 最新款也紧随其后。WiFi 联盟建、确立了认证方案，正如人们预期的那样，等待入市的那些新款无线产品也开始申请认证了。下列设备已支持 WiFi 6:
* iPhone 11 和之后的型号
* Samsung Galaxy S10, S20, Note 10 和 Note 20
* 配置 M1 处理器的苹果电脑
* 智能电视
> 为了全面享受到 802.11ax 标准带来的改进，硬件和软件的功能都需要基于这种 WiFi 技术进行升级。
### 硬件测试
为了充分挖掘最新款设备的潜力，需要一台 WiFi 6 路由器来运行网络。几年前，这么做的成本很高，但现在我们有多种选项，甚至可以使用网格系统，游戏路由器，范围扩展器等等。只有在进行实际测试时，才可以购买最划算的设备。如今，在速度方面，TP-Link Archer AX6000 是最快的，它击败了所有的竞争者。这款路由器可以以 1523 Mbps 的速率无线传输数据，有效传输距离为 1.5米（5英尺）。
很重要的一点，请务必记住，这些路由器提速，并不是在变魔术。理论上的最大速率9.6 Gbps是实现不了的。这种理论上的最大速率，实际上也会被多台设备分摊掉。
WiFi 6 侧重于在连接设备密集的地方提供高质量的连接。它不会令单台设备的速率指数级增长，但会使相关的操作处于理想水平。
只有各大互联网服务提供商（ISP）的加速计划组合起来，加上 WiFi 6 路由器，才能体现它的真正潜力。真正的挑战是那些 ISP 承受的，因为它们需要铺设新型的光纤来利用这种下一代技术。存在一个重要的问题：当ISP 的通信速率变得更快，现有的硬件会变得多余吗？
### WiFi 6 的应用
**大型公共场所(LPVs):** 体育馆和会议室是上千台设备同时联网的公共场所。WiFi 6 能改善参会者体验，增强消费者互动，还能提供附加服务，比如即时回放，订购餐食等。它还支持 LPV 业主开拓新的商业机会。
**交通枢纽:** 公共交通站点也是人们需要同时联网的场所。OFDMA 和 BSS 这类明显具有 WiFi 6 色彩的技术为解决这种问题提供了必要的工具。
**物联网和智慧城市建设:** WiFi 6 的效率令物联网设备可以进入休眠模式，并且可以以预定的间隔信号开启信号传送器，以便在无需过多维护的情况下增加现场作业时间。
**教育机构:** 大学校园内的图书馆、礼堂和报告厅内的日间 WiFi 使用密度也是最高的，夜晚几乎没有人。WiFi 6 是这类场景的完美选项。
### 面临的挑战
WiFi 6 不一定使速度更快，但它能确保在一定范围内的设备速率不会在未来几年变慢。虽然它面临三重挑战，但这些问题常常被忽视。
需要对不支持的设备进行升级：即使 Wifi 6 向后兼容，但只能在最大限度使用这种技术时才能做得合理。这意味着每次都要更新设备。
内部网络以外的速度和性能：WiFi 6 能为诸如云文件共享之类服务提供极好的连接性。然而，ISP 的相关资源也会影响速度和性能。
*覆盖范围问题:* 在各个国家，传输信号和带宽都是由法律规定上限的。因此，为了符合法律规定的上限，WiFi 6 的覆盖范围也是受限的。
尽管存在这些挑战，一些企业，像Aruba, Asus, AT&T, Boingo, Broadcom, 思科, Comcast, CommScope, Cypress, Extreme Networks, 英特尔, Netgear, Orange, Qualcomm, TP-Link 和小米，都在关注 WiFi 6 更多的可能性。
（LCTT 译注：选题删除了原文中的相关产品推荐部分。）
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://www.opensourceforu.com/2022/06/wifi-6-promises-much-more-than-faster-speeds/
作者：[Sharon Katta][a]
选题：[lkxed][b]
译者：[cool-summer-021](https://github.com/cool-summer-021)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://www.opensourceforu.com/author/sharon-katta/
[b]: https://github.com/lkxed
[1]: https://www.opensourceforu.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/WiFi-6.jpg
[2]: https://www.opensourceforu.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/WiFi-6-1.jpg

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[#]: subject: "Install open source solar power at home"
[#]: via: "https://opensource.com/article/22/12/open-source-solar-power-home"
[#]: author: "Joshua Pearce https://opensource.com/users/joshuapearce"
[#]: collector: "lkxed"
[#]: translator: "geekpi"
[#]: reviewer: " "
[#]: publisher: " "
[#]: url: " "
在家里安装开源太阳能
======
你可能已经考虑过用太阳能为您的家供电。将太阳光直接转化为电能的太阳能光伏电池板的成本已大幅下降，因此在任何地方都具有经济意义。这就是为什么大公司投入大量太阳能，甚至电力公司也开始安装大型太阳能发电场的原因，因为它的成本低于过时的化石燃料。像大多数房主一样，你想省钱并节省电费，但你可能对前期费用有点畏缩。为了大致了解成本，以 3 美元/瓦的价格为普通家庭供电的 5kW 系统的成本约为 15,000 美元，而更大的家庭可能需要 10kW 才能抵消所有电力购买，成本为 30,000 美元。如果你想要电池，成本加倍（你不需要电池，因为大多数太阳能电池阵列连接到电网，但如果电网瘫痪，你的太阳能电池阵列也会瘫痪，直到它重新开启）支付你未来几十年所有的电费是一种投资，即使你存了很多钱。
有一些好消息。首先，美国和加拿大都对太阳能实行了 30% 的税收抵免。此项优惠将价格降至约 2 美元/W。其次，[Opensource.com 之前讨论][1]过你可以获得一本免费书籍[_捕捉阳光_][2]，它会引导你完成如何设计自己的系统（你仍然需要一个合格的电工和检查来把它连接到电网）。如果你有一点手艺，你可以将剩余成本削减约 50%。这些成本主要用于材料，包括太阳能电池板、布线、电子设备和支架。令人惊讶的是，对于小型太阳能系统（比如你家的太阳能系统）来说，太阳能电池板的成本下降得如此之低，以至于支架（支撑太阳能电池板的机械结构）的成本可能比面板还高！
### 开源再次拯救
将开源开发范式应用于软件可以加快创新速度、改进产品并降低成本。开源硬件也是如此，甚至在光伏支架这个相对不为人知的领域也是如此。几乎所有的商业光伏支架都是由专有的奇特铝型材制成。它们会花很多钱。如果你有一些没有遮挡的后院，你有一些开源的支架解决方案可以选择。
### 开源太阳能支架设计
第一个 DIY 太阳能支架设计符合以下标准：(1) 由当地可获得的可再生材料制成，(2) 25 年的使用寿命与太阳能保修相匹配，(3) 能够由普通消费者制造，(4) 能够 符合加拿大结构建筑规范（如果你住在没有雪的地方，这有点矫枉过正，但是，嘿，你可能有其他极端天气需要应对，例如飓风），（5）低成本，（6）它是共享的 使用开源许可证。[开源的木质固定倾斜地面安装双面光伏支架设计][3]在整个北美都适用。与商业专有支架相比，该支架系统可节省 49% 至 77%。然而，支架设计高度依赖于世界各地不同的木材成本。
在深入研究这个开源设计之前，请检查你当地的木材成本。
![Non-tilting solar rack plans][4]
如果你更喜欢冒险，你可能会考虑第二种允许改变倾斜角度的设计。[第二项研究][5]的结果表明，具有最佳可变季节性倾斜角的支架系统具有最佳的终身能量产生，与固定倾斜系统相比，产生的能量多 5.2%（或者，如果最大倾斜角限制为 60°，能量多 4.8%）。固定和可变木制支架系统的电力成本相似，仅为专有商业金属货架的 29%。可变倾斜支架提供了最低成本的选择，即使包括适度的劳动力成本，也可能为[农业光伏][6]等应用提供特定优势（即，你可以在面板下面种菜，对于莴苣等耐阴作物来说，能惊人地增加产量）。此设计已通过[具有 CERN-OHL-S-2.0 许可证的 OSHWA][7] 的认证。
图片
![Tilt-adjustable solar racks][8]
所示的 2 个 PV 模块架中的每一个大约有 1kW。所以一所房子大约需要五个。这两篇论文都提供了完整的计算和分步建造说明。
正如拥有太阳能系统的任何人都会告诉你的那样，获得负电费是非常有益的。如果你的系统规模能满足你所有的负荷，并且住在该国的净计量地区，就会出现这种情况。请注意，电力公司不会向你付款； 额度会一直延续到你在冬天使用它为止。
享受一点开源太阳能带来的乐趣！
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://opensource.com/article/22/12/open-source-solar-power-home
作者：[Joshua Pearce][a]
选题：[lkxed][b]
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/joshuapearce
[b]: https://github.com/lkxed
[1]: https://opensource.com/article/21/11/open-source-solar-power
[2]: https://tocatchthesun.com/
[3]: https://doi.org/10.3390/designs6030041
[4]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/2022-11/nontilt.png
[5]: https://doi.org/10.3390/designs6030054
[6]: https://www.academia.edu/18406368/The_potential_of_agrivoltaic_systems
[7]: https://certification.oshwa.org/ca000013.html
[8]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/2022-11/tilt.png