From 1e27322f2b424de259f85fd13ea40080b19ac66d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Tue, 25 Sep 2018 11:46:23 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 001/219] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=20IssueHunt:=20A=20?= =?UTF-8?q?New=20Bounty=20Hunting=20Platform=20for=20Open=20Source=20Softw?= =?UTF-8?q?are?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...nting Platform for Open Source Software.md | 66 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 66 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20180921 IssueHunt- A New Bounty Hunting Platform for Open Source Software.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20180921 IssueHunt- A New Bounty Hunting Platform for Open Source Software.md b/sources/talk/20180921 IssueHunt- A New Bounty Hunting Platform for Open Source Software.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..2deeb75547 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20180921 IssueHunt- A New Bounty Hunting Platform for Open Source Software.md @@ -0,0 +1,66 @@ +IssueHunt: A New Bounty Hunting Platform for Open Source Software +====== +One of the issues that many open-source developers and companies struggle with is funding. There is an assumption, an expectation even, among the community that Free and Open Source Software must be provided free of cost. But even FOSS needs funding for continued development. How can we keep expecting better quality software if we don’t create systems that enable continued development? + +We already wrote an article about [open source funding platforms][1] out there that try to tackle this shortcoming, as of this July there is a new contender in the market that aims to help fill this gap: [IssueHunt][2]. + +### IssueHunt: A Bounty Hunting platform for Open Source Software + +![IssueHunt website][3] + +IssueHunt offers a service that pays freelance developers for contributing to open-source code. It does so through what are called bounties: financial rewards granted to whoever solves a given problem. The funding for these bounties comes from anyone who is willing to donate to have any given bug fixed or feature added. + +If there is a problem with a piece of open-source software that you want fixed, you can offer up a reward amount of your choosing to whoever fixes it. + +Do you want your own product snapped? Offer a bounty on IssueHunt to whoever snaps it. It’s as simple as that. + +And if you are a programmer, you can browse through open issues. Fix the issue (if you could), submit a pull request on the GitHub repository and if your pull request is merged, you get the money. + +#### IssueHunt was originally an internal project for Boostnote + +![IssueHunt][4] + +The product came to be when the developers behind the note-taking app [Boostnote][5] reached out to the community for contributions to their own product. + +In the first two years of utilizing IssueHunt, Boostnote received over 8,400 Github stars through hundreds contributors and overwhelming donations. + +The product was so successful that the team decided to open it up to the rest of the community. + +Today, [a list of projects utilize this service][6], offering thousands of dollars in bounties among them. + +Boostnote boasts [$2,800 in total bounties][7], while Settings Sync, previously known as Visual Studio Code Settings Sync, offers [more than $1,600 in bounties.][8] + +There are other services that provide something similar to what IssueHunt is offering here. Perhaps the most notable is [Bountysource][9], which offers a similar bounty service to IssueHunt, while also offering subscription payment processing similar to [Librepay][10]. + +#### What do you think of IssueHunt? + +At the time of writing this article, IssueHunt is in its infancy, but I am incredibly excited to see where this project ends up in the comings years. + +I don’t know about you, but I am more than happy paying for FOSS. If the product is high quality and adds value to my life, then I will happily pay the developer the product. Especially since FOSS developers are creating products that respect my freedom in the process. + +That being said, I will definitely keep my eye on IssueHunt moving forward for ways I can support the community either with my own money or by spreading the word where contribution is needed. + +But what do you think? Do you agree with me, or do you think software should be Gratis free, and that contributions should be made on a volunteer basis? Let us know what you think in the comments below. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/issuehunt/ + +作者：[Phillip Prado][a] +选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/phillip/ +[1]: https://itsfoss.com/open-source-funding-platforms/ +[2]: https://issuehunt.io +[3]: https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/issuehunt-website.png +[4]: https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/issuehunt.jpg +[5]: https://itsfoss.com/boostnote-linux-review/ +[6]: https://issuehunt.io/repos +[7]: https://issuehunt.io/repos/53266139 +[8]: https://issuehunt.io/repos/47984369 +[9]: https://www.bountysource.com/ +[10]: https://liberapay.com/ From c9f0bbad6476b5f3338af072f5dfe2ce0da1960b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: MjSeven <33125422+MjSeven@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Thu, 27 Sep 2018 15:25:29 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 002/219] Delete 20171129 How to Install and Use Wireshark on Debian and Ubuntu 16.04_17.10.md --- ...eshark on Debian and Ubuntu 16.04_17.10.md | 185 ------------------ 1 file changed, 185 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20171129 How to Install and Use Wireshark on Debian and Ubuntu 16.04_17.10.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20171129 How to Install and Use Wireshark on Debian and Ubuntu 16.04_17.10.md b/sources/tech/20171129 How to Install and Use Wireshark on Debian and Ubuntu 16.04_17.10.md deleted file mode 100644 index 05e441207f..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20171129 How to Install and Use Wireshark on Debian and Ubuntu 16.04_17.10.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,185 +0,0 @@ -Translating by MjSeven - - -How to Install and Use Wireshark on Debian 9 / Ubuntu 16.04 / 17.10 -============================================================ - -by [Pradeep Kumar][1] · Published November 29, 2017 · Updated November 29, 2017 - - [![wireshark-Debian-9-Ubuntu 16.04 -17.10](https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/wireshark-Debian-9-Ubuntu-16.04-17.10.jpg)][2] - -Wireshark is free and open source, cross platform, GUI based Network packet analyzer that is available for Linux, Windows, MacOS, Solaris etc. It captures network packets in real time & presents them in human readable format. Wireshark allows us to monitor the network packets up to microscopic level. Wireshark also has a command line utility called ‘tshark‘ that performs the same functions as Wireshark but through terminal & not through GUI. - -Wireshark can be used for network troubleshooting, analyzing, software & communication protocol development & also for education purposed. Wireshark uses a library called ‘pcap‘ for capturing the network packets. - -Wireshark comes with a lot of features & some those features are; - -* Support for a hundreds of protocols for inspection, - -* Ability to capture packets in real time & save them for later offline analysis, - -* A number of filters to analyzing data, - -* Data captured can be compressed & uncompressed on the fly, - -* Various file formats for data analysis supported, output can also be saved to XML, CSV, plain text formats, - -* data can be captured from a number of interfaces like ethernet, wifi, bluetooth, USB, Frame relay , token rings etc. - -In this article, we will discuss how to install Wireshark on Ubuntu/Debain machines & will also learn to use Wireshark for capturing network packets. - -#### Installation of Wireshark on Ubuntu 16.04 / 17.10 - -Wireshark is available with default Ubuntu repositories & can be simply installed using the following command. But there might be chances that you will not get the latest version of wireshark. - -``` -linuxtechi@nixworld:~$ sudo apt-get update -linuxtechi@nixworld:~$ sudo apt-get install wireshark -y -``` - -So to install latest version of wireshark we have to enable or configure official wireshark repository. - -Use the beneath commands one after the another to configure repository and to install latest version of Wireshark utility - -``` -linuxtechi@nixworld:~$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:wireshark-dev/stable -linuxtechi@nixworld:~$ sudo apt-get update -linuxtechi@nixworld:~$ sudo apt-get install wireshark -y -``` - -Once the Wireshark is installed execute the below command so that non-root users can capture live packets of interfaces, - -``` -linuxtechi@nixworld:~$ sudo setcap 'CAP_NET_RAW+eip CAP_NET_ADMIN+eip' /usr/bin/dumpcap -``` - -#### Installation of Wireshark on Debian 9 - -Wireshark package and its dependencies are already present in the default debian 9 repositories, so to install latest and stable version of Wireshark on Debian 9, use the following command: - -``` -linuxtechi@nixhome:~$ sudo apt-get update -linuxtechi@nixhome:~$ sudo apt-get install wireshark -y -``` - -During the installation, it will prompt us to configure dumpcap for non-superusers, - -Select ‘yes’ and then hit enter. - - [![Configure-Wireshark-Debian9](https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Configure-Wireshark-Debian9-1024x542.jpg)][3] - -Once the Installation is completed, execute the below command so that non-root users can also capture the live packets of the interfaces. - -``` -linuxtechi@nixhome:~$ sudo chmod +x /usr/bin/dumpcap -``` - -We can also use the latest source package to install the wireshark on Ubuntu/Debain & many other Linux distributions. - -#### Installing Wireshark using source code on Debian / Ubuntu Systems - -Firstly download the latest source package (which is 2.4.2 at the time for writing this article), use the following command, - -``` -linuxtechi@nixhome:~$ wget https://1.as.dl.wireshark.org/src/wireshark-2.4.2.tar.xz -``` - -Next extract the package & enter into the extracted directory, - -``` -linuxtechi@nixhome:~$ tar -xf wireshark-2.4.2.tar.xz -C /tmp -linuxtechi@nixhome:~$ cd /tmp/wireshark-2.4.2 -``` - -Now we will compile the code with the following commands, - -``` -linuxtechi@nixhome:/tmp/wireshark-2.4.2$ ./configure --enable-setcap-install -linuxtechi@nixhome:/tmp/wireshark-2.4.2$ make -``` - -Lastly install the compiled packages to install Wireshark on the system, - -``` -linuxtechi@nixhome:/tmp/wireshark-2.4.2$ sudo make install -linuxtechi@nixhome:/tmp/wireshark-2.4.2$ sudo ldconfig -``` - -Upon installation a separate group for Wireshark will also be created, we will now add our user to the group so that it can work with wireshark otherwise you might get ‘permission denied‘ error when starting wireshark. - -To add the user to the wireshark group, execute the following command, - -``` -linuxtechi@nixhome:~$ sudo usermod -a -G wireshark linuxtechi -``` - -Now we can start wireshark either from GUI Menu or from terminal with this command, - -``` -linuxtechi@nixhome:~$ wireshark -``` - -#### Access Wireshark on Debian 9 System - - [![Access-wireshark-debian9](https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Access-wireshark-debian9-1024x664.jpg)][4] - -Click on Wireshark icon - - [![Wireshark-window-debian9](https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Wireshark-window-debian9-1024x664.jpg)][5] - -#### Access Wireshark on Ubuntu 16.04 / 17.10 - - [![Access-wireshark-Ubuntu](https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Access-wireshark-Ubuntu-1024x664.jpg)][6] - -Click on Wireshark icon - - [![Wireshark-window-Ubuntu](https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Wireshark-window-Ubuntu-1024x664.jpg)][7] - -#### Capturing and Analyzing packets - -Once the wireshark has been started, we should be presented with the wireshark window, example is shown above for Ubuntu and Debian system. - - [![wireshark-Linux-system](https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/wireshark-Linux-system.jpg)][8] - -All these are the interfaces from where we can capture the network packets. Based on the interfaces you have on your system, this screen might be different for you. - -We are selecting ‘enp0s3’ for capturing the network traffic for that inteface. After selecting the inteface, network packets for all the devices on our network start to populate (refer to screenshot below) - - [![Capturing-Packet-from-enp0s3-Ubuntu-Wireshark](https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Capturing-Packet-from-enp0s3-Ubuntu-Wireshark-1024x727.jpg)][9] - -First time we see this screen we might get overwhelmed by the data that is presented in this screen & might have thought how to sort out this data but worry not, one the best features of Wireshark is its filters. - -We can sort/filter out the data based on IP address, Port number, can also used source & destination filters, packet size etc & can also combine 2 or more filters together to create more comprehensive searches. We can either write our filters in ‘Apply a Display Filter‘ tab , or we can also select one of already created rules. To select pre-built filter, click on ‘flag‘ icon , next to ‘Apply a Display Filter‘ tab, - - [![Filter-in-wireshark-Ubuntu](https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Filter-in-wireshark-Ubuntu-1024x727.jpg)][10] - -We can also filter data based on the color coding, By default, light purple is TCP traffic, light blue is UDP traffic, and black identifies packets with errors , to see what these codes mean, click View -> Coloring Rules, also we can change these codes. - - [![Packet-Colouring-Wireshark](https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Packet-Colouring-Wireshark-1024x682.jpg)][11] - -After we have the results that we need, we can then click on any of the captured packets to get more details about that packet, this will show all the data about that network packet. - -Wireshark is an extremely powerful tool takes some time to getting used to & make a command over it, this tutorial will help you get started. Please feel free to drop in your queries or suggestions in the comment box below. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.linuxtechi.com - -作者：[Pradeep Kumar][a] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:https://www.linuxtechi.com/author/pradeep/ -[1]:https://www.linuxtechi.com/author/pradeep/ -[2]:https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/wireshark-Debian-9-Ubuntu-16.04-17.10.jpg -[3]:https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Configure-Wireshark-Debian9.jpg -[4]:https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Access-wireshark-debian9.jpg -[5]:https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Wireshark-window-debian9.jpg -[6]:https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Access-wireshark-Ubuntu.jpg -[7]:https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Wireshark-window-Ubuntu.jpg -[8]:https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/wireshark-Linux-system.jpg -[9]:https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Capturing-Packet-from-enp0s3-Ubuntu-Wireshark.jpg -[10]:https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Filter-in-wireshark-Ubuntu.jpg -[11]:https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Packet-Colouring-Wireshark.jpg From 0962a592e420179802547cd37967a1878fd8f032 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: MjSeven <33125422+MjSeven@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Thu, 27 Sep 2018 15:25:50 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 003/219] Create 20171129 How to Install and Use Wireshark on Debian and Ubuntu 16.04_17.10.md --- ...eshark on Debian and Ubuntu 16.04_17.10.md | 183 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 183 insertions(+) create mode 100644 translated/tech/20171129 How to Install and Use Wireshark on Debian and Ubuntu 16.04_17.10.md diff --git a/translated/tech/20171129 How to Install and Use Wireshark on Debian and Ubuntu 16.04_17.10.md b/translated/tech/20171129 How to Install and Use Wireshark on Debian and Ubuntu 16.04_17.10.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..0bcbe0d3e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20171129 How to Install and Use Wireshark on Debian and Ubuntu 16.04_17.10.md @@ -0,0 +1,183 @@ +在 Debian 9 / Ubuntu 16.04 / 17.10 中如何安装并使用 Wireshark +====== + +作者 [Pradeep Kumar][1]，首发于 2017 年 11 月 29 日，更新于 2017 年 11 月 29 日 + +[![wireshark-Debian-9-Ubuntu 16.04 -17.10](https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/wireshark-Debian-9-Ubuntu-16.04-17.10.jpg)][2] + +Wireshark 是免费的，开源的，跨平台的基于 GUI 的网络数据包分析器，可用于 Linux, Windows, MacOS, Solaris 等。它可以实时捕获网络数据包，并以人性化的格式呈现。Wireshark 允许我们监控网络数据包上升到微观层面。Wireshark 还有一个名为 `tshark` 的命令行实用程序，它与 Wireshark 执行相同的功能，但它是通过终端而不是 GUI。 + +Wireshark 可用于网络故障排除，分析，软件和通信协议开发以及用于教育目的。Wireshark 使用 `pcap` 库来捕获网络数据包。 + +Wireshark 具有许多功能： + +* 支持数百项协议检查 + +* 能够实时捕获数据包并保存，以便以后进行离线分析 + +* 许多用于分析数据的过滤器 + +* 捕获的数据可以被压缩和解压缩（to 校正：on the fly 什么意思？） + +* 支持各种文件格式的数据分析，输出也可以保存为 XML, CSV 和纯文本格式 + +* 数据可以从以太网，wifi，蓝牙，USB，帧中继，令牌环等多个接口中捕获 + +在本文中，我们将讨论如何在 Ubuntu/Debian 上安装 Wireshark，并将学习如何使用 Wireshark 捕获网络数据包。 + +#### 在 Ubuntu 16.04 / 17.10 上安装 Wireshark + +Wireshark 在 Ubuntu 默认仓库中可用，只需使用以下命令即可安装。但有可能得不到最新版本的 wireshark。 + +``` +linuxtechi@nixworld:~$ sudo apt-get update +linuxtechi@nixworld:~$ sudo apt-get install wireshark -y +``` + +因此，要安装最新版本的 wireshark，我们必须启用或配置官方 wireshark 仓库。 + +使用下面的命令来配置仓库并安装最新版本的 wireshark 实用程序。 + +``` +linuxtechi@nixworld:~$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:wireshark-dev/stable +linuxtechi@nixworld:~$ sudo apt-get update +linuxtechi@nixworld:~$ sudo apt-get install wireshark -y +``` + +一旦安装了 wireshark，执行以下命令，以便非 root 用户也可以捕获接口的实时数据包。 + +``` +linuxtechi@nixworld:~$ sudo setcap 'CAP_NET_RAW+eip CAP_NET_ADMIN+eip' /usr/bin/dumpcap +``` + +#### 在 Debian 9 上安装 Wireshark + +Wireshark 包及其依赖项已存在于 debian 9 的默认仓库中，因此要在 Debian 9 上安装最新且稳定版本的 Wireshark，请使用以下命令： + +``` +linuxtechi@nixhome:~$ sudo apt-get update +linuxtechi@nixhome:~$ sudo apt-get install wireshark -y +``` + +在安装过程中，它会提示我们为非超级用户配置 dumpcap， + +选择 `yes` 并回车。 + +[![Configure-Wireshark-Debian9](https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Configure-Wireshark-Debian9-1024x542.jpg)][3] + +安装完成后，执行以下命令，以便非 root 用户也可以捕获接口的实时数据包。 + +``` +linuxtechi@nixhome:~$ sudo chmod +x /usr/bin/dumpcap +``` + +我们还可以使用最新的源代码包在 Ubuntu/Debian 和其它 Linux 发行版上安装 wireshark。 + +#### 在 Debian / Ubuntu 系统上使用源代码安装 Wireshark + +首先下载最新的源代码包（写这篇文章时它的最新版本是 2.4.2），使用以下命令： + +``` +linuxtechi@nixhome:~$ wget https://1.as.dl.wireshark.org/src/wireshark-2.4.2.tar.xz +``` + +然后解压缩包，进入解压缩的目录： + +``` +linuxtechi@nixhome:~$ tar -xf wireshark-2.4.2.tar.xz -C /tmp +linuxtechi@nixhome:~$ cd /tmp/wireshark-2.4.2 +``` + +现在我们使用以下命令编译代码： + +``` +linuxtechi@nixhome:/tmp/wireshark-2.4.2$ ./configure --enable-setcap-install +linuxtechi@nixhome:/tmp/wireshark-2.4.2$ make +``` + +最后安装已编译的软件包以便在系统上安装 Wireshark： + +``` +linuxtechi@nixhome:/tmp/wireshark-2.4.2$ sudo make install +linuxtechi@nixhome:/tmp/wireshark-2.4.2$ sudo ldconfig +``` + +在安装后，它将创建一个单独的 Wireshark 组，我们现在将我们的用户添加到组中，以便它可以与 Wireshark 一起使用，否则在启动 wireshark 时可能会出现 `permission denied（权限被拒绝）`错误。 + +要将用户添加到 wireshark 组，执行以下命令： + +``` +linuxtechi@nixhome:~$ sudo usermod -a -G wireshark linuxtechi +``` + +现在我们可以使用以下命令从 GUI 菜单或终端启动 wireshark： + +``` +linuxtechi@nixhome:~$ wireshark +``` + +#### 在 Debian 9 系统上使用 Wireshark + +[![Access-wireshark-debian9](https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Access-wireshark-debian9-1024x664.jpg)][4] + +点击 Wireshark 图标 + +[![Wireshark-window-debian9](https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Wireshark-window-debian9-1024x664.jpg)][5] + +#### 在 Ubuntu 16.04 / 17.10 上使用 Wireshark + +[![Access-wireshark-Ubuntu](https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Access-wireshark-Ubuntu-1024x664.jpg)][6] + +点击 Wireshark 图标 + +[![Wireshark-window-Ubuntu](https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Wireshark-window-Ubuntu-1024x664.jpg)][7] + +#### 捕获并分析数据包 + +一旦 wireshark 启动，我们就会看到 wireshark 窗口，上面有 Ubuntu 和 Debian 系统的示例。 + +[![wireshark-Linux-system](https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/wireshark-Linux-system.jpg)][8] + +所有这些都是我们可以捕获网络数据包的接口。根据你系统上的界面，此屏幕可能与你的不同。 + +我们选择 `enp0s3` 来捕获该接口的网络流量。选择接口后，在我们网络上所有设备的网络数据包开始填充（参考下面的屏幕截图）： + +[![Capturing-Packet-from-enp0s3-Ubuntu-Wireshark](https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Capturing-Packet-from-enp0s3-Ubuntu-Wireshark-1024x727.jpg)][9] + +第一次看到这个屏幕，我们可能会被这个屏幕上显示的数据所淹没，并且可能已经想过如何整理这些数据，但不用担心，Wireshark 的最佳功能之一就是它的过滤器。 + +我们可以根据 IP 地址，端口号，也可以使用来源和目标过滤器，数据包大小等对数据进行排序和过滤，也可以将两个或多个过滤器组合在一起以创建更全面的搜索。我们也可以在 `Apply a Display Filter(应用显示过滤器)`选项卡中编写过滤规则，也可以选择已创建的规则。要选择之前构建的过滤器，请单击 `Apply a Display Filter(应用显示过滤器)`选项卡旁边的 `flag` 图标。 + +[![Filter-in-wireshark-Ubuntu](https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Filter-in-wireshark-Ubuntu-1024x727.jpg)][10] + +我们还可以根据颜色编码过滤数据，默认情况下，浅紫色是 TCP 流量，浅蓝色是 UDP 流量，黑色标识有错误的数据包，看看这些编码是什么意思，点击 `View -> Coloring Rules`，我们也可以改变这些编码。 + +[![Packet-Colouring-Wireshark](https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Packet-Colouring-Wireshark-1024x682.jpg)][11] + +在我们得到我们需要的结果之后，我们可以点击任何捕获的数据包以获得有关该数据包的更多详细信息，这将显示该网络数据包的所有数据。 + +Wireshark 是一个非常强大的工具，需要一些时间来习惯并对其进行命令操作，本教程将帮助你入门。请随时在下面的评论框中提出你的疑问或建议。 + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.linuxtechi.com + +作者：[Pradeep Kumar][a] +译者：[MjSeven](https://github.com/MjSeven) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:https://www.linuxtechi.com/author/pradeep/ +[1]:https://www.linuxtechi.com/author/pradeep/ +[2]:https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/wireshark-Debian-9-Ubuntu-16.04-17.10.jpg +[3]:https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Configure-Wireshark-Debian9.jpg +[4]:https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Access-wireshark-debian9.jpg +[5]:https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Wireshark-window-debian9.jpg +[6]:https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Access-wireshark-Ubuntu.jpg +[7]:https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Wireshark-window-Ubuntu.jpg +[8]:https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/wireshark-Linux-system.jpg +[9]:https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Capturing-Packet-from-enp0s3-Ubuntu-Wireshark.jpg +[10]:https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Filter-in-wireshark-Ubuntu.jpg +[11]:https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Packet-Colouring-Wireshark.jpg From 5d353a7da0cbc1fc83a5784e69b4c32bdc5ece96 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: MjSeven <33125422+MjSeven@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Thu, 27 Sep 2018 16:15:49 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 004/219] Update 20180816 An introduction to the Django Python web app framework.md --- ...6 An introduction to the Django Python web app framework.md | 3 +++ 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20180816 An introduction to the Django Python web app framework.md b/sources/tech/20180816 An introduction to the Django Python web app framework.md index 21ab9d21ae..ab7dba9526 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20180816 An introduction to the Django Python web app framework.md +++ b/sources/tech/20180816 An introduction to the Django Python web app framework.md @@ -1,3 +1,6 @@ +Translating by MjSeven + + An introduction to the Django Python web app framework ====== From 06dfdbd0cc6eb2802e08ffe92c9a855a7fc02bf2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Thu, 27 Sep 2018 23:40:31 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 005/219] PRF:20180201 Here are some amazing advantages of Go that you dont hear much about.md @imquanquan --- ...ges of Go that you dont hear much about.md | 104 +++++++----------- 1 file changed, 41 insertions(+), 63 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180201 Here are some amazing advantages of Go that you dont hear much about.md b/translated/tech/20180201 Here are some amazing advantages of Go that you dont hear much about.md index 954d800b25..c1e3c36951 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20180201 Here are some amazing advantages of Go that you dont hear much about.md +++ b/translated/tech/20180201 Here are some amazing advantages of Go that you dont hear much about.md @@ -1,65 +1,58 @@ 你没听说过的 Go 语言惊人优点 -============================================================ +========= ![](https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/2000/1*NDXd5I87VZG0Z74N7dog0g.png) -来自 [https://github.com/ashleymcnamara/gophers][1] 的图稿 +*来自 [https://github.com/ashleymcnamara/gophers][1] 的图稿* -在这篇文章中，我将讨论为什么你需要尝试一下 Go，以及应该从哪里学起。 +在这篇文章中，我将讨论为什么你需要尝试一下 Go 语言，以及应该从哪里学起。 -Golang 是可能是最近几年里你经常听人说起的编程语言。尽管它在 2009 年已经发布，但它最近才开始流行起来。 +Go 语言是可能是最近几年里你经常听人说起的编程语言。尽管它在 2009 年已经发布了，但它最近才开始流行起来。 ![](https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/2000/1*cQ8QzhCPiFXqk_oQdUk_zw.png) -根据 Google 趋势，Golang 语言非常流行。 +*根据 Google 趋势，Go 语言非常流行。* -这篇文章不会讨论一些你经常看到的 Golang 的主要特性。 +这篇文章不会讨论一些你经常看到的 Go 语言的主要特性。 -相反，我想向您介绍一些相当小众但仍然很重要的功能。在您决定尝试Go后，您才会知道这些功能。 +相反，我想向您介绍一些相当小众但仍然很重要的功能。只有在您决定尝试 Go 语言后，您才会知道这些功能。 这些都是表面上没有体现出来的惊人特性，但它们可以为您节省数周或数月的工作量。而且这些特性还可以使软件开发更加愉快。 -阅读本文不需要任何语言经验，所以不比担心 Golang 对你来说是新的事物。如果你想了解更多，可以看看我在底部列出的一些额外的链接，。 +阅读本文不需要任何语言经验，所以不必担心你还不了解 Go 语言。如果你想了解更多，可以看看我在底部列出的一些额外的链接。 我们将讨论以下主题： * GoDoc - * 静态代码分析 - * 内置的测试和分析框架 - * 竞争条件检测 - * 学习曲线 - -* 反射（Reflection） - -* Opinionatedness（专制独裁的 Go） - +* 反射 +* Opinionatedness * 文化 请注意，这个列表不遵循任何特定顺序来讨论。 ### GoDoc -Golang 非常重视代码中的文档，简洁也是如此。 +Go 语言非常重视代码中的文档，所以也很简洁。 -[GoDoc][4] 是一个静态代码分析工具，可以直接从代码中创建漂亮的文档页面。GoDoc 的一个显着特点是它不使用任何其他的语言，如 JavaDoc，PHPDoc 或 JSDoc 来注释代码中的结构，只需要用英语。 +[GoDoc][4] 是一个静态代码分析工具，可以直接从代码中创建漂亮的文档页面。GoDoc 的一个显著特点是它不使用任何其他的语言，如 JavaDoc、PHPDoc 或 JSDoc 来注释代码中的结构，只需要用英语。 -它使用从代码中获取的尽可能多的信息来概述、构造和格式化文档。它有多而全的功能，比如：交叉引用，代码示例以及一个指向版本控制系统仓库的链接。 +它使用从代码中获取的尽可能多的信息来概述、构造和格式化文档。它有多而全的功能，比如：交叉引用、代码示例，并直接链接到你的版本控制系统仓库。 -而你需要做的只有添加一些好的，像 `// MyFunc transforms Foo into Bar` 这样子的注释，而这些注释也会反映在的文档中。你甚至可以添加一些通过网络接口或者在本地可以实际运行的 [代码示例][5]。 +而你需要做的只有添加一些像 `// MyFunc transforms Foo into Bar` 这样子的老牌注释，而这些注释也会反映在的文档中。你甚至可以添加一些通过网络界面或者在本地可以实际运行的 [代码示例][5]。 -GoDoc 是 Go 的唯一文档引擎，供整个社区使用。这意味着用 Go 编写的每个库或应用程序都具有相同的文档格式。从长远来看，它可以帮你在浏览这些文档时节省大量时间。 +GoDoc 是 Go 的唯一文档引擎，整个社区都在使用。这意味着用 Go 编写的每个库或应用程序都具有相同的文档格式。从长远来看，它可以帮你在浏览这些文档时节省大量时间。 例如，这是我最近一个小项目的 GoDoc 页面：[pullkee — GoDoc][6]。 ### 静态代码分析 -Go 严重依赖于静态代码分析。例子包括 godoc 文档，gofmt 代码格式化，golint 代码风格统一，等等。 +Go 严重依赖于静态代码分析。例如用于文档的 [godoc][7]，用于代码格式化的 [gofmt][8]，用于代码风格的 [golint][9]，等等。 -其中有很多甚至全部包含在类似 [gometalinter][10] 的项目中，这些将它们全部组合成一个实用程序。 +它们是如此之多，甚至有一个总揽了它们的项目 [gometalinter][10] ，将它们组合成了单一的实用程序。 这些工具通常作为独立的命令行应用程序实现，并可轻松与任何编码环境集成。 @@ -67,21 +60,21 @@ Go 严重依赖于静态代码分析。例子包括 godoc 文档，gofmt 代码 创建自己的分析器非常简单，因为 Go 有专门的内置包来解析和加工 Go 源码。 -你可以从这个链接中了解到更多相关内容: [GothamGo Kickoff Meetup: Go Static Analysis Tools by Alan Donovan][11]. +你可以从这个链接中了解到更多相关内容: [GothamGo Kickoff Meetup: Alan Donovan 的 Go 静态分析工具][11]。 ### 内置的测试和分析框架 -您是否曾尝试为一个从头开始的 Javascript 项目选择测试框架？如果是这样，你可能会明白经历这种分析瘫痪的斗争。您可能也意识到您没有使用其中 80％ 的框架。 +您是否曾尝试为一个从头开始的 JavaScript 项目选择测试框架？如果是这样，你或许会理解经历这种过度分析analysis paralysis的痛苦。您可能也意识到您没有使用其中 80％ 的框架。 一旦您需要进行一些可靠的分析，问题就会重复出现。 -Go 附带内置测试工具，旨在简化和提高效率。它为您提供了最简单的 API，并做出最小的假设。您可以将它用于不同类型的测试，分析，甚至可以提供可执行代码示例。 +Go 附带内置测试工具，旨在简化和提高效率。它为您提供了最简单的 API，并做出最小的假设。您可以将它用于不同类型的测试、分析，甚至可以提供可执行代码示例。 -它可以开箱即用地生成持续集成友好的输出，而且它的用法很简单，只需运行 `go test`。当然，它还支持高级功能，如并行运行测试，跳过标记代码，以及其他更多功能。 +它可以开箱即用地生成便于持续集成的输出，而且它的用法很简单，只需运行 `go test`。当然，它还支持高级功能，如并行运行测试，跳过标记代码，以及其他更多功能。 ### 竞争条件检测 -您可能已经了解了 Goroutines，它们在 Go 中用于实现并发代码执行。如果你未曾了解过，[这里][12]有一个非常简短的解释。 +您可能已经听说了 Goroutine，它们在 Go 中用于实现并发代码执行。如果你未曾了解过，[这里][12]有一个非常简短的解释。 无论具体技术如何，复杂应用中的并发编程都不容易，部分原因在于竞争条件的可能性。 @@ -93,13 +86,13 @@ Go 附带内置测试工具，旨在简化和提高效率。它为您提供了 ### 学习曲线 -您可以在一个晚上学习所有 Go 的语言功能。我是认真的。当然，还有标准库，以及不同，更具体领域的最佳实践。但是两个小时就足以让你自信地编写一个简单的 HTTP 服务器或命令行应用程序。 +您可以在一个晚上学习**所有**的 Go 语言功能。我是认真的。当然，还有标准库，以及不同的，更具体领域的最佳实践。但是两个小时就足以让你自信地编写一个简单的 HTTP 服务器或命令行应用程序。 -Golang 拥有[出色的文档][14]，大部分高级主题已经在博客上进行了介绍：[The Go Programming Language Blog][15]。 +Go 语言拥有[出色的文档][14]，大部分高级主题已经在他们的博客上进行了介绍：[Go 编程语言博客][15]。 -比起 Java（以及 Java 家族的语言），Javascript，Ruby，Python 甚至 PHP，你可以更轻松地把 Go 语言带到你的团队中。由于环境易于设置，您的团队在完成第一个生产代码之前需要进行的投资要小得多。 +比起 Java（以及 Java 家族的语言）、Javascript、Ruby、Python 甚至 PHP，你可以更轻松地把 Go 语言带到你的团队中。由于环境易于设置，您的团队在完成第一个生产代码之前需要进行的投资要小得多。 -### 反射（Reflection） +### 反射 代码反射本质上是一种隐藏在编译器下并访问有关语言结构的各种元信息的能力，例如变量或函数。 @@ -107,19 +100,19 @@ Golang 拥有[出色的文档][14]，大部分高级主题已经在博客上进 此外，Go [没有实现一个名为泛型的概念][16]，这使得以抽象方式处理多种类型更具挑战性。然而，由于泛型带来的复杂程度，许多人认为不实现泛型对语言实际上是有益的。我完全同意。 -根据 Go 的理念（这是一个单独的主题），您应该努力不要过度设计您的解决方案。这也适用于动态类型编程。尽可能坚持使用静态类型，并在确切知道要处理的类型时使用接口（interfaces）。接口在 Go 中非常强大且无处不在。 +根据 Go 的理念（这是一个单独的主题），您应该努力不要过度设计您的解决方案。这也适用于动态类型编程。尽可能坚持使用静态类型，并在确切知道要处理的类型时使用接口interface。接口在 Go 中非常强大且无处不在。 -但是，仍然存在一些情况，你无法知道你处理的数据类型。一个很好的例子是 JSON。您可以在应用程序中来回转换所有类型的数据。字符串，缓冲区，各种数字，嵌套结构等。 +但是，仍然存在一些情况，你无法知道你处理的数据类型。一个很好的例子是 JSON。您可以在应用程序中来回转换所有类型的数据。字符串、缓冲区、各种数字、嵌套结构等。 -为了解决这个问题，您需要一个工具来检查运行时的数据并根据其类型和结构采取不同行为。反射（Reflect）可以帮到你。Go 拥有一流的反射包，使您的代码能够像 Javascript 这样的语言一样动态。 +为了解决这个问题，您需要一个工具来检查运行时的数据并根据其类型和结构采取不同行为。反射Reflect可以帮到你。Go 拥有一流的反射包，使您的代码能够像 Javascript 这样的语言一样动态。 -一个重要的警告是知道你使用它所带来的代价 - 并且只有知道在没有更简单的方法时才使用它。 +一个重要的警告是知道你使用它所带来的代价 —— 并且只有知道在没有更简单的方法时才使用它。 你可以在这里阅读更多相关信息: [反射的法则 — Go 博客][18]. 您还可以在此处阅读 JSON 包源码中的一些实际代码: [src/encoding/json/encode.go — Source Code][19] -### Opinionatedness +### Opinionatedness（专制独裁的 Go） 顺便问一下，有这样一个单词吗？ @@ -127,9 +120,9 @@ Golang 拥有[出色的文档][14]，大部分高级主题已经在博客上进 这有时候基本上让我卡住了。我需要花时间思考这些事情而不是编写代码并满足用户。 -首先，我应该注意到我完全可以得到这些惯例的来源，它总是来源于你或者你的团队。无论如何，即使是一群经验丰富的 Javascript 开发人员也可以轻松地发现自己拥有完全不同的工具和范例的大部分经验，以实现相同的结果。 +首先，我应该注意到我完全知道这些惯例的来源，它总是来源于你或者你的团队。无论如何，即使是一群经验丰富的 Javascript 开发人员也很容易发现他们在实现相同的结果时，而大部分的经验却是在完全不同的工具和范例上。 -这导致整个团队中分析的瘫痪，并且使得个体之间更难以相互协作。 +这导致整个团队中出现过度分析，并且使得个体之间更难以相互协作。 嗯，Go 是不同的。即使您对如何构建和维护代码有很多强烈的意见，例如：如何命名，要遵循哪些结构模式，如何更好地实现并发。但你只有一个每个人都遵循的风格指南。你只有一个内置在基本工具链中的测试框架。 @@ -141,11 +134,11 @@ Golang 拥有[出色的文档][14]，大部分高级主题已经在博客上进 人们说，每当你学习一门新的口语时，你也会沉浸在说这种语言的人的某些文化中。因此，您学习的语言越多，您可能会有更多的变化。 -编程语言也是如此。无论您将来如何应用新的编程语言，它总能给的带来新的编程视角或某些特别的技术。 +编程语言也是如此。无论您将来如何应用新的编程语言，它总能给你带来新的编程视角或某些特别的技术。 -无论是函数式编程，模式匹配（pattern matching）还是原型继承（prototypal inheritance）。一旦你学会了它们，你就可以随身携带这些编程思想，这扩展了你作为软件开发人员所拥有的问题解决工具集。它们也改变了你阅读高质量代码的方式。 +无论是函数式编程，模式匹配pattern matching还是原型继承prototypal inheritance。一旦你学会了它们，你就可以随身携带这些编程思想，这扩展了你作为软件开发人员所拥有的问题解决工具集。它们也改变了你阅读高质量代码的方式。 -而 Go 在方面有一项了不起的财富。Go 文化的主要支柱是保持简单，脚踏实地的代码，而不会产生许多冗余的抽象概念，并将可维护性放在首位。大部分时间花费在代码的编写工作上，而不是在修补工具和环境或者选择不同的实现方式上，这也是 Go文化的一部分。 +而 Go 在这方面有一项了不起的财富。Go 文化的主要支柱是保持简单，脚踏实地的代码，而不会产生许多冗余的抽象概念，并将可维护性放在首位。大部分时间花费在代码的编写工作上，而不是在修补工具和环境或者选择不同的实现方式上，这也是 Go 文化的一部分。 Go 文化也可以总结为：“应当只用一种方法去做一件事”。 @@ -161,12 +154,11 @@ Go 文化也可以总结为：“应当只用一种方法去做一件事”。 这不是 Go 的所有惊人的优点的完整列表，只是一些被人低估的特性。 -请尝试一下从 [Go 之旅（A Tour of Go）][20]来开始学习 Go，这将是一个令人惊叹的开始。 +请尝试一下从 [Go 之旅][20] 来开始学习 Go，这将是一个令人惊叹的开始。 如果您想了解有关 Go 的优点的更多信息，可以查看以下链接： * [你为什么要学习 Go？ - Keval Patel][2] - * [告别Node.js - TJ Holowaychuk][3] 并在评论中分享您的阅读感悟！ @@ -175,30 +167,16 @@ Go 文化也可以总结为：“应当只用一种方法去做一件事”。 不断为您的工作寻找最好的工具！ -* * * - -If you like this article, please consider following me for more, and clicking on those funny green little hands right below this text for sharing. 👏👏👏 - -Check out my [Github][21] and follow me on [Twitter][22]! - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -作者简介： - -Software Engineer and Traveler. Coding for fun. Javascript enthusiast. Tinkering with Golang. A lot into SOA and Docker. Architect at Velvica. - ------------- - - +------------------------------------------------------- via: https://medium.freecodecamp.org/here-are-some-amazing-advantages-of-go-that-you-dont-hear-much-about-1af99de3b23a 作者：[Kirill Rogovoy][a] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/imquanquan) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[imquanquan](https://github.com/imquanquan) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 -[a]: +[a]:https://twitter.com/krogovoy [1]:https://github.com/ashleymcnamara/gophers [2]:https://medium.com/@kevalpatel2106/why-should-you-learn-go-f607681fad65 [3]:https://medium.com/@tjholowaychuk/farewell-node-js-4ba9e7f3e52b From b5c72f4681d1e28fd08151b00351a4b78764bf01 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: FelixYFZ <33593534+FelixYFZ@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Fri, 28 Sep 2018 20:36:00 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 006/219] Update 20180308 20 questions DevOps job candidates should be prepared to answer.md (#10416) --- ...stions DevOps job candidates should be prepared to answer.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/talk/20180308 20 questions DevOps job candidates should be prepared to answer.md b/sources/talk/20180308 20 questions DevOps job candidates should be prepared to answer.md index da43855266..beb6f372b9 100644 --- a/sources/talk/20180308 20 questions DevOps job candidates should be prepared to answer.md +++ b/sources/talk/20180308 20 questions DevOps job candidates should be prepared to answer.md @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -20 questions DevOps job candidates should be prepared to answer +20 questions DevOps job candidates should be prepared to answer Translating by FelixYFZ ====== ![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/hire-job-career.png?itok=SrZo0QJ3) From 6dd5d1372fdbfdb4c71cdbc0ed33cbae26829a30 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: zhousiyu325 Date: Fri, 28 Sep 2018 21:16:29 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 007/219] there exist a chinese article for it , so i plan to change one --- ...40412 My Lisp Experiences and the Development of GNU Emacs.md | 1 - 1 file changed, 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/talk/20140412 My Lisp Experiences and the Development of GNU Emacs.md b/sources/talk/20140412 My Lisp Experiences and the Development of GNU Emacs.md index 9bed3b36c1..7be913c3bf 100644 --- a/sources/talk/20140412 My Lisp Experiences and the Development of GNU Emacs.md +++ b/sources/talk/20140412 My Lisp Experiences and the Development of GNU Emacs.md @@ -1,4 +1,3 @@ -Translating by zhousiyu325 My Lisp Experiences and the Development of GNU Emacs ====== From 9adba22715d59ad2fe4110b29cc7d2022961263d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Sat, 29 Sep 2018 08:50:43 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 008/219] translated --- ...estore Them On Freshly Installed Ubuntu.md | 109 ------------------ ...estore Them On Freshly Installed Ubuntu.md | 107 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 107 insertions(+), 109 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20180915 Backup Installed Packages And Restore Them On Freshly Installed Ubuntu.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20180915 Backup Installed Packages And Restore Them On Freshly Installed Ubuntu.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20180915 Backup Installed Packages And Restore Them On Freshly Installed Ubuntu.md b/sources/tech/20180915 Backup Installed Packages And Restore Them On Freshly Installed Ubuntu.md deleted file mode 100644 index c775fd5040..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20180915 Backup Installed Packages And Restore Them On Freshly Installed Ubuntu.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,109 +0,0 @@ -translating---geekpi - -Backup Installed Packages And Restore Them On Freshly Installed Ubuntu -====== - -![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/apt-clone-720x340.png) - -Installing the same set of packages on multiple Ubuntu systems is time consuming and boring task. You don’t want to spend your time to install the same packages over and over on multiple systems. When it comes to install packages on similar architecture Ubuntu systems, there are many methods available to make this task easier. You could simply migrate your old Ubuntu system’s applications, settings and data to a newly installed system with a couple mouse clicks using [**Aptik**][1]. Or, you can take the [**backup entire list of installed packages**][2] using your package manager (Eg. APT), and install them later on a freshly installed system. Today, I learned that there is also yet another dedicated utility available to do this job. Say hello to **apt-clone** , a simple tool that lets you to create a list of installed packages for Debian/Ubuntu systems that can be restored on freshly installed systems or containers or into a directory. - -Apt-clone will help you on situations where you want to, - - * Install consistent applications across multiple systems running with similar Ubuntu (and derivatives) OS. - * Install same set of packages on multiple systems often. - * Backup the entire list of installed applications and restore them on demand wherever and whenever necessary. - - - -In this brief guide, we will be discussing how to install and use Apt-clone on Debian-based systems. I tested this utility on Ubuntu 18.04 LTS system, however it should work on all Debian and Ubuntu-based systems. - -### Backup Installed Packages And Restore Them Later On Freshly Installed Ubuntu System - -Apt-clone is available in the default repositories. To install it, just enter the following command from the Terminal: - -``` -$ sudo apt install apt-clone -``` - -Once installed, simply create the list of installed packages and save them in any location of your choice. - -``` -$ mkdir ~/mypackages - -$ sudo apt-clone clone ~/mypackages -``` - -The above command saved all installed packages in my Ubuntu system in a file named **apt-clone-state-ubuntuserver.tar.gz** under **~/mypackages** directory. - -To view the details of the backup file, run: - -``` -$ apt-clone info mypackages/apt-clone-state-ubuntuserver.tar.gz -Hostname: ubuntuserver -Arch: amd64 -Distro: bionic -Meta: -Installed: 516 pkgs (33 automatic) -Date: Sat Sep 15 10:23:05 2018 -``` - -As you can see, I have 516 packages in total in my Ubuntu server. - -Now, copy this file on your USB or external drive and go to any other system that want to install the same set of packages. Or you can also transfer the backup file to the system on the network and install the packages by using the following command: - -``` -$ sudo apt-clone restore apt-clone-state-ubuntuserver.tar.gz -``` - -Please be mindful that this command will overwrite your existing **/etc/apt/sources.list** and will install/remove packages. You have been warned! Also, just make sure the destination system is on same arch and same OS. For example, if the source system is running with 18.04 LTS 64bit, the destination system must also has the same. - -If you don’t want to restore packages on the system, you can simply use `--destination /some/location` option to debootstrap the clone into this directory. - -``` -$ sudo apt-clone restore apt-clone-state-ubuntuserver.tar.gz --destination ~/oldubuntu -``` - -In this case, the above command will restore the packages in a folder named **~/oldubuntu**. - -For more details, refer help section: - -``` -$ apt-clone -h -``` - -Or, man pages: - -``` -$ man apt-clone -``` - -**Suggested read:** - -+ [Systemback – Restore Ubuntu Desktop and Server to previous state][3] -+ [Cronopete – An Apple’s Time Machine Clone For Linux][4] - -And, that’s all for now. Hope this was useful. More good stuffs to come. Stay tuned! - -Cheers! - - - - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.ostechnix.com/backup-installed-packages-and-restore-them-on-freshly-installed-ubuntu-system/ - -作者：[SK][a] -选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/ -[1]: https://www.ostechnix.com/how-to-migrate-system-settings-and-data-from-an-old-system-to-a-newly-installed-ubuntu-system/ -[2]: https://www.ostechnix.com/create-list-installed-packages-install-later-list-centos-ubuntu/#comment-12598 - -[3]: https://www.ostechnix.com/systemback-restore-ubuntu-desktop-and-server-to-previous-state/ - -[4]: https://www.ostechnix.com/cronopete-apples-time-machine-clone-linux/ diff --git a/translated/tech/20180915 Backup Installed Packages And Restore Them On Freshly Installed Ubuntu.md b/translated/tech/20180915 Backup Installed Packages And Restore Them On Freshly Installed Ubuntu.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..1b21607ee9 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20180915 Backup Installed Packages And Restore Them On Freshly Installed Ubuntu.md @@ -0,0 +1,107 @@ +备份安装包并在全新安装的 Ubuntu 上恢复它们 +====== + +![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/apt-clone-720x340.png) + +在多个 Ubuntu 系统上安装同一组软件包是一项耗时且无聊的任务。你不会想花时间在多个系统上反复安装相同的软件包。在类似架构的 Ubuntu 系统上安装软件包时，有许多方法可以使这项任务更容易。你可以方便地通过 [**Aptik**][1] 并点击几次鼠标将以前的 Ubuntu 系统的应用程序、设置和数据迁移到新安装的系统中。或者，你可以使用软件包管理器（例如 APT）获取[**备份的已安装软件包的完整列表**][2]，然后在新安装的系统上安装它们。今天，我了解到还有另一个专用工具可以完成这项工作。来看一下 **apt-clone**，这是一个简单的工具，可以让你为 Debian/Ubuntu 系统创建一个已安装的软件包列表，这些软件包可以在新安装的系统或容器上或目录中恢复。 + +Apt-clone 会帮助你处理你想要的情况， + + * 在运行类似 Ubuntu（及衍生版）的多个系统上安装一致的应用程序。 +  * 经常在多个系统上安装相同的软件包。 +  * 备份已安装的应用程序的完整列表，并在需要时随时随地恢复它们。 + + + +在本简要指南中，我们将讨论如何在基于 Debian 的系统上安装和使用 Apt-clone。我在 Ubuntu 18.04 LTS 上测试了这个程序，但它应该适用于所有基于 Debian 和 Ubuntu 的系统。 + +### 备份已安装的软件包并在新安装的 Ubuntu 上恢复它们 + +Apt-clone 在默认仓库中有。要安装它，只需在终端输入以下命令： + +``` +$ sudo apt install apt-clone +``` + +安装后，只需创建已安装软件包的列表，并将其保存在你选择的任何位置。 + +``` +$ mkdir ~/mypackages + +$ sudo apt-clone clone ~/mypackages +``` + +上面的命令将我的 Ubuntu 中所有已安装的软件包保存在 **~/mypackages** 目录下名为 **apt-clone-state-ubuntuserver.tar.gz** 的文件中。 + +要查看备份文件的详细信息，请运行： + +``` +$ apt-clone info mypackages/apt-clone-state-ubuntuserver.tar.gz +Hostname: ubuntuserver +Arch: amd64 +Distro: bionic +Meta: +Installed: 516 pkgs (33 automatic) +Date: Sat Sep 15 10:23:05 2018 +``` + +如你所见，我的 Ubuntu 服务器总共有 516 个包。 + +现在，将此文件复制到 USB 或外部驱动器上，并转至要安装同一套软件包的任何其他系统。或者，你也可以将备份文件传输到网络上的系统，并使用以下命令安装软件包： + +``` +$ sudo apt-clone restore apt-clone-state-ubuntuserver.tar.gz +``` + +请注意，此命令将覆盖你现有的 **/etc/apt/sources.list** 并将安装/删除软件包。警告过你了！此外，只需确保目标系统是相同的架构和操作系统。例如，如果源系统是 18.04 LTS 64位，那么目标系统必须也是相同的。 + +如果你不想在系统上恢复软件包，可以使用 `--destination /some/location` 选项将克隆复制到这个文件夹中。 + +``` +$ sudo apt-clone restore apt-clone-state-ubuntuserver.tar.gz --destination ~/oldubuntu +``` + +在此例中，上面的命令将软件包恢复到 **~/oldubuntu** 中。 + +有关详细信息，请参阅帮助部分： + +``` +$ apt-clone -h +``` + +或者手册页： + +``` +$ man apt-clone +``` + +**建议阅读：** + ++ [Systemback - 将 Ubuntu 桌面版和服务器版恢复到以前的状态][3] ++ [Cronopete - Linux 下的苹果时间机器][4] + +就是这些了。希望这个有用。还有更多好东西。敬请期待! + +干杯! + + + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.ostechnix.com/backup-installed-packages-and-restore-them-on-freshly-installed-ubuntu-system/ + +作者：[SK][a] +选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/ +[1]: https://www.ostechnix.com/how-to-migrate-system-settings-and-data-from-an-old-system-to-a-newly-installed-ubuntu-system/ +[2]: https://www.ostechnix.com/create-list-installed-packages-install-later-list-centos-ubuntu/#comment-12598 + +[3]: https://www.ostechnix.com/systemback-restore-ubuntu-desktop-and-server-to-previous-state/ + +[4]: https://www.ostechnix.com/cronopete-apples-time-machine-clone-linux/ From dd493f766bc1d9f1cd860d50de41705608caddb3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Sat, 29 Sep 2018 09:00:12 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 009/219] translating --- ...Clinews - Read News And Latest Headlines From Commandline.md | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20180921 Clinews - Read News And Latest Headlines From Commandline.md b/sources/tech/20180921 Clinews - Read News And Latest Headlines From Commandline.md index 24ae89f461..b7082ea141 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20180921 Clinews - Read News And Latest Headlines From Commandline.md +++ b/sources/tech/20180921 Clinews - Read News And Latest Headlines From Commandline.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +translating----geekpi + Clinews – Read News And Latest Headlines From Commandline ====== From e565ab6f6dc99ea7d32b0e37d17b3282e11c8c0a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Sat, 29 Sep 2018 09:54:59 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 010/219] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=205=20cool=20tiling?= =?UTF-8?q?=20window=20managers?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- .../20180927 5 cool tiling window managers.md | 87 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 87 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20180927 5 cool tiling window managers.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20180927 5 cool tiling window managers.md b/sources/tech/20180927 5 cool tiling window managers.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..f687918c65 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20180927 5 cool tiling window managers.md @@ -0,0 +1,87 @@ +5 cool tiling window managers +====== + +![](https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/tilingwindowmanagers-816x345.jpg) +The Linux desktop ecosystem offers multiple window managers (WMs). Some are developed as part of a desktop environment. Others are meant to be used as standalone application. This is the case of tiling WMs, which offer a more lightweight, customized environment. This article presents five such tiling WMs for you to try out. + +### i3 + +[i3][1] is one of the most popular tiling window managers. Like most other such WMs, i3 focuses on low resource consumption and customizability by the user. + +You can refer to [this previous article in the Magazine][2] to get started with i3 installation details and how to configure it. + +### sway + +[sway][3] is a tiling Wayland compositor. It has the advantage of compatibility with an existing i3 configuration, so you can use it to replace i3 and use Wayland as the display protocol. + +You can use dnf to install sway from Fedora repository: + +``` +$ sudo dnf install sway +``` + +If you want to migrate from i3 to sway, there’s a small [migration guide][4] available. + +### Qtile + +[Qtile][5] is another tiling manager that also happens to be written in Python. By default, you configure Qtile in a Python script located under ~/.config/qtile/config.py. When this script is not available, Qtile uses a default [configuration][6]. + +One of the benefits of Qtile being in Python is you can write scripts to control the WM. For example, the following script prints the screen details: + +``` +> from libqtile.command import Client +> c = Client() +> print(c.screen.info) +{'index': 0, 'width': 1920, 'height': 1006, 'x': 0, 'y': 0} +``` + +To install Qlite on Fedora, use the following command: + +``` +$ sudo dnf install qtile +``` + +### dwm + +The [dwm][7] window manager focuses more on being lightweight. One goal of the project is to keep dwm minimal and small. For example, the entire code base never exceeded 2000 lines of code. On the other hand, dwm isn’t as easy to customize and configure. Indeed, the only way to change dwm default configuration is to [edit the source code and recompile the application][8]. + +If you want to try the default configuration, you can install dwm in Fedora using dnf: + +``` +$ sudo dnf install dwm +``` + +For those who wand to change their dwm configuration, the dwm-user package is available in Fedora. This package automatically recompiles dwm using the configuration stored in the user home directory at ~/.dwm/config.h. + +### awesome + +[awesome][9] originally started as a fork of dwm, to provide configuration of the WM using an external configuration file. The configuration is done via Lua scripts, which allow you to write scripts to automate tasks or create widgets. + +You can check out awesome on Fedora by installing it like this: + +``` +$ sudo dnf install awesome +``` + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://fedoramagazine.org/5-cool-tiling-window-managers/ + +作者：[Clément Verna][a] +选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://fedoramagazine.org +[1]: https://i3wm.org/ +[2]: https://fedoramagazine.org/getting-started-i3-window-manager/ +[3]: https://swaywm.org/ +[4]: https://github.com/swaywm/sway/wiki/i3-Migration-Guide +[5]: http://www.qtile.org/ +[6]: https://github.com/qtile/qtile/blob/develop/libqtile/resources/default_config.py +[7]: https://dwm.suckless.org/ +[8]: https://dwm.suckless.org/customisation/ +[9]: https://awesomewm.org/ From 1017866948187e299f8713c55e2c5798cf7995fe Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Sat, 29 Sep 2018 10:00:01 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 011/219] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=20A=20Free=20And=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Secure=20Online=20PDF=20Conversion=20Suite?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... And Secure Online PDF Conversion Suite.md | 111 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 111 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20180928 A Free And Secure Online PDF Conversion Suite.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20180928 A Free And Secure Online PDF Conversion Suite.md b/sources/tech/20180928 A Free And Secure Online PDF Conversion Suite.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..afb66e43ee --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20180928 A Free And Secure Online PDF Conversion Suite.md @@ -0,0 +1,111 @@ +A Free And Secure Online PDF Conversion Suite +====== + +![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/easypdf-720x340.jpg) + +We are always in search for a better and more efficient solution that can make our lives more convenient. That is why when you are working with PDF documents you need a fast and reliable tool that you can use in every situation. Therefore, we wanted to introduce you to **EasyPDF** Online PDF Suite for every occasion. The promise behind this tool is that it can make your PDF management easier and we tested it to check that claim. + +But first, here are the most important things you need to know about EasyPDF: + + * EasyPDF is free and anonymous online PDF Conversion Suite. + * Convert PDF to Word, Excel, PowerPoint, AutoCAD, JPG, GIF and Text. + * Create PDF from Word, PowerPoint, JPG, Excel files and many other formats. + * Manipulate PDFs with PDF Merge, Split and Compress. + * OCR conversion of scanned PDFs and images. + * Upload files from your device or the Cloud (Google Drive and DropBox). + * Available on Windows, Linux, Mac, and smartphones via any browser. + * Multiple languages supported. + + + +### EasyPDF User Interface + +![](http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/easypdf-interface.png) + +One of the first things that catches your eye is the sleek user interface which gives the tool clean and functional environment in where you can work comfortably. The whole experience is even better because there are no ads on a website at all. + +All different types of conversions have their dedicated menu with a simple box to add files, so you don’t have to wonder about what you need to do. + +Most websites aren’t optimized to work well and run smoothly on mobile phones, but EasyPDF is an exception from that rule. It opens almost instantly on smartphone and is easy to navigate. You can also add it as the shortcut on your home screen from the **three dots menu** on the Chrome app. + +![](http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/EasyPDF-fs8.png) + +### Functionality + +Apart from looking nice, EasyPDF is pretty straightforward to use. You **don’t need to register** or leave an **email** to use the tool. It is completely anonymous. Additionally, it doesn’t put any limitations to the number or size of files for conversion. No installation required either! Cool, yeah? + +You choose a desired conversion format, for example, PDF to Word. Select the PDF file you want to convert. You can upload a file from the device by either drag & drop or selecting the file from the folder. There is also an option to upload a document from [**Google Drive**][1] or [**Dropbox**][2]. + +After you choose the file, press the Convert button to start the conversion process. You won’t wait for a long time to get your file because conversion will finish in a minute. If you have some more files to convert, remember to download the file before you proceed further. If you don’t download the document first, you will lose it. + +![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/EasyPDF1.png) + +For a different type of conversion, return to the homepage. + +The currently available types of conversions are: + + * **PDF to Word** – Convert PDF documents to Word documents + + * **PDF to PowerPoint** – Convert PDF documents to PowerPoint Presentations + + * **PDF to Excel** – Convert PDF documents to Excel documents + + * **PDF Creation** – Create PDF documents from any type of file (E.g text, doc, odt) + + * **Word to PDF** – Convert Word documents to PDF documents + + * **JPG to PDF** – Convert JPG images to PDF documents + + * **PDF to AutoCAD** – Convert PDF documents to .dwg format (DWG is native format for CAD packages) + + * **PDF to Text** – Convert PDF documents to Text documents + + * **PDF Split** – Split PDF files into multiple parts + + * **PDF Merge** – Merge multiple PDF files into one + + * **PDF Compress** – Compress PDF documents + + * **PDF to JPG** – Convert PDF documents to JPG images + + * **PDF to PNG** – Convert PDF documents to PNG images + + * **PDF to GIF** – Convert PDF documents to GIF files + + * **OCR Online** – + +Convert scanned paper documents + +to editable files (E.g Word, Excel, Text) + + + + +Want to give it a try? Great! Click the following link and start converting! + +[![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/EasyPDF-online-pdf.png)][https://easypdf.com/] + +### Conclusion + +EasyPDF lives up to its name and enables easier PDF management. As far as I tested EasyPDF service, It offers out of the box conversion feature completely **FREE!** It is fast, secure and reliable. You will find the quality of services most satisfying without having to pay anything or leaving your personal data like email address. Give it a try and who knows maybe you will find your new favorite PDF tool. + +And, that’s all for now. More good stuffs to come. Stay tuned! + +Cheers! + + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.ostechnix.com/easypdf-a-free-and-secure-online-pdf-conversion-suite/ + +作者：[SK][a] +选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/ +[1]: https://www.ostechnix.com/how-to-mount-google-drive-locally-as-virtual-file-system-in-linux/ +[2]: https://www.ostechnix.com/install-dropbox-in-ubuntu-18-04-lts-desktop/ From 12d0e9e9e4d3e15fbe72bfc94fd02048ea22dabb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Sat, 29 Sep 2018 10:49:16 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 012/219] PRF:20180730 7 Python libraries for more maintainable code.md MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @HankChow 翻译的不错 --- ...on libraries for more maintainable code.md | 68 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 36 insertions(+), 32 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180730 7 Python libraries for more maintainable code.md b/translated/tech/20180730 7 Python libraries for more maintainable code.md index de08df9304..051ad79f2c 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20180730 7 Python libraries for more maintainable code.md +++ b/translated/tech/20180730 7 Python libraries for more maintainable code.md @@ -1,80 +1,84 @@ -这 7 个 Python 库让你写出更易维护的代码 +让 Python 代码更易维护的七种武器 ====== +> 检查你的代码的质量，通过这些外部库使其更易维护。 + ![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/programming_keyboard_coding.png?itok=E0Vvam7A) > 可读性很重要。 -> — [Python 之禅（The Zen of Python）][1], Tim Peters +> — [Python 之禅][1]The Zen of Python，Tim Peters -尽管很多项目一开始的时候就有可读性和编码标准的要求，但随着项目进入“维护模式”，这些要求都会变得虎头蛇尾。然而，在代码库中保持一致的代码风格和测试标准能够显著减轻维护的压力，也能确保新的开发者能够快速了解项目的情况，同时能更好地保持应用程序的运行良好。 +随着软件项目进入“维护模式”，对可读性和编码标准的要求很容易落空（甚至从一开始就没有建立过那些标准）。然而，在代码库中保持一致的代码风格和测试标准能够显著减轻维护的压力，也能确保新的开发者能够快速了解项目的情况，同时能更好地全程保持应用程序的质量。 + +使用外部库来检查代码的质量不失为保护项目未来可维护性的一个好方法。以下会推荐一些我们最喜爱的[检查代码][2]（包括检查 PEP 8 和其它代码风格错误）的库，用它们来强制保持代码风格一致，并确保在项目成熟时有一个可接受的测试覆盖率。 ### 检查你的代码风格 -使用外部库来检查代码运行情况不失为保护项目未来可维护性的一个好方法。以下会推荐一些我们最喜爱的[检查代码][2]（包括检查 PEP 8 和其它代码风格错误）的库，用它们来强制保持代码风格一致，并确保在项目成熟时有一个可接受的测试覆盖率。 +[PEP 8][3] 是 Python 代码风格规范，它规定了类似行长度、缩进、多行表达式、变量命名约定等内容。尽管你的团队自身可能也会有稍微不同于 PEP 8 的代码风格规范，但任何代码风格规范的目标都是在代码库中强制实施一致的标准，使代码的可读性更强、更易于维护。下面三个库就可以用来帮助你美化代码。 -[PEP 8][3]是Python代码风格规范，规定了行长度，缩进，多行表达式、变量命名约定等内容。尽管你的团队自身可能也会有不同于 PEP 8 的代码风格规范，但任何代码风格规范的目标都是在代码库中强制实施一致的标准，使代码的可读性更强、更易于维护。下面三个库就可以用来帮助你美化代码。 +#### 1、 Pylint -#### 1\. Pylint +[Pylint][4] 是一个检查违反 PEP 8 规范和常见错误的库。它在一些流行的[编辑器和 IDE][5] 中都有集成，也可以单独从命令行运行。 -[Pylint][4] 是一个检查违反 PEP 8 规范和常见错误的库。它在一些流行的编辑器和 IDE 中都有集成，也可以单独从命令行运行。 - -执行 `pip install pylint`安装 Pylint 。然后运行 `pylint [options] path/to/dir` 或者 `pylint [options] path/to/module.py` 就可以在命令行中使用 Pylint，它会向控制台输出代码中违反规范和出现错误的地方。 +执行 `pip install pylint` 安装 Pylint 。然后运行 `pylint [options] path/to/dir` 或者 `pylint [options] path/to/module.py` 就可以在命令行中使用 Pylint，它会向控制台输出代码中违反规范和出现错误的地方。 你还可以使用 `pylintrc` [配置文件][6]来自定义 Pylint 对哪些代码错误进行检查。 -#### 2\. Flake8 +#### 2、 Flake8 -对 [Flake8][7] 的描述是“将 PEP 8、Pyflakes（类似 Pylint）、McCabe（代码复杂性检查器）、第三方插件整合到一起，以检查 Python 代码风格和质量的一个 Python 工具”。 +[Flake8][7] 是“将 PEP 8、Pyflakes（类似 Pylint）、McCabe（代码复杂性检查器）和第三方插件整合到一起，以检查 Python 代码风格和质量的一个 Python 工具”。 执行 `pip install flake8` 安装 flake8 ，然后执行 `flake8 [options] path/to/dir` 或者 `flake8 [options] path/to/module.py` 可以查看报出的错误和警告。 和 Pylint 类似，Flake8 允许通过[配置文件][8]来自定义检查的内容。它有非常清晰的文档，包括一些有用的[提交钩子][9]，可以将自动检查代码纳入到开发工作流程之中。 -Flake8 也允许集成到一些流行的编辑器和 IDE 当中，但在文档中并没有详细说明。要将 Flake8 集成到喜欢的编辑器或 IDE 中，可以搜索插件（例如 [Sublime Text 的 Flake8 插件][10]）。 +Flake8 也可以集成到一些流行的编辑器和 IDE 当中，但在文档中并没有详细说明。要将 Flake8 集成到喜欢的编辑器或 IDE 中，可以搜索插件（例如 [Sublime Text 的 Flake8 插件][10]）。 -#### 3\. Isort +#### 3、 Isort -[Isort][11] 这个库能将你在项目中导入的库按字母顺序，并将其[正确划分为不同部分][12]（例如标准库、第三方库，自建的库等）。这样提高了代码的可读性，并且可以在导入的库较多的时候轻松找到各个库。 +[Isort][11] 这个库能将你在项目中导入的库按字母顺序排序，并将其[正确划分为不同部分][12]（例如标准库、第三方库、自建的库等）。这样提高了代码的可读性，并且可以在导入的库较多的时候轻松找到各个库。 -执行 `pip install isort` 安装 isort，然后执行 `isort path/to/module.py` 就可以运行了。文档中还提供了更多的配置项，例如通过配置 `.isort.cfg` 文件来决定 isort 如何处理一个库的多行导入。 +执行 `pip install isort` 安装 isort，然后执行 `isort path/to/module.py` 就可以运行了。[文档][13]中还提供了更多的配置项，例如通过[配置][14] `.isort.cfg` 文件来决定 isort 如何处理一个库的多行导入。 和 Flake8、Pylint 一样，isort 也提供了将其与流行的[编辑器和 IDE][15] 集成的插件。 -### 共享代码风格 +### 分享你的代码风格 -每次文件发生变动之后都用命令行手动检查代码是一件痛苦的事，你可能也不太喜欢通过运行 IDE 中某个插件来实现这个功能。同样地，你的同事可能会用不同的代码检查方式，也许他们的编辑器中也没有安装插件，甚至自己可能也不会严格检查代码和按照警告来更正代码。总之，你共享的代码库将会逐渐地变得混乱且难以阅读。 +每次文件发生变动之后都用命令行手动检查代码是一件痛苦的事，你可能也不太喜欢通过运行 IDE 中某个插件来实现这个功能。同样地，你的同事可能会用不同的代码检查方式，也许他们的编辑器中也没有那种插件，甚至你自己可能也不会严格检查代码和按照警告来更正代码。总之，你分享出来的代码库将会逐渐地变得混乱且难以阅读。 -一个很好的解决方案是使用一个库，自动将代码按照 PEP 8 规范进行格式化。我们推荐的三个库都有不同的自定义级别来控制如何格式化代码。其中有一些设置较为特殊，例如 Pylint 和 Flake8 ，你需要先行测试，看看是否有你无法忍受蛋有不能修改的默认配置。 +一个很好的解决方案是使用一个库，自动将代码按照 PEP 8 规范进行格式化。我们推荐的三个库都有不同的自定义级别来控制如何格式化代码。其中有一些设置较为特殊，例如 Pylint 和 Flake8 ，你需要先行测试，看看是否有你无法忍受但又不能修改的默认配置。 -#### 4\. Autopep8 +#### 4、 Autopep8 -[Autopep8][16] 可以自动格式化指定的模块中的代码，包括重新缩进行，修复缩进，删除多余的空格，并重构常见的比较错误（例如布尔值和 `None` 值）。你可以查看文档中完整的[更正列表][17]。 +[Autopep8][16] 可以自动格式化指定的模块中的代码，包括重新缩进行、修复缩进、删除多余的空格，并重构常见的比较错误（例如布尔值和 `None` 值）。你可以查看文档中完整的[更正列表][17]。 -运行 `pip install --upgrade autopep8` 安装 autopep8。然后执行 `autopep8 --in-place --aggressive --aggressive ` 就可以重新格式化你的代码。`aggressive` 标记的数量表示 auotopep8 在代码风格控制上有多少控制权。在这里可以详细了解 [aggressive][18] 选项。 +运行 `pip install --upgrade autopep8` 安装 Autopep8。然后执行 `autopep8 --in-place --aggressive --aggressive ` 就可以重新格式化你的代码。`aggressive` 选项的数量表示 Auotopep8 在代码风格控制上有多少控制权。在这里可以详细了解 [aggressive][18] 选项。 -#### 5\. Yapf +#### 5、 Yapf -[Yapf][19] 是另一种有自己的[配置项][20]列表的重新格式化代码的工具。它与 autopep8 的不同之处在于它不仅会指出代码中违反 PEP 8 规范的地方，还会对没有违反 PEP 8 但代码风格不一致的地方重新格式化，旨在令代码的可读性更强。 +[Yapf][19] 是另一种有自己的[配置项][20]列表的重新格式化代码的工具。它与 Autopep8 的不同之处在于它不仅会指出代码中违反 PEP 8 规范的地方，还会对没有违反 PEP 8 但代码风格不一致的地方重新格式化，旨在令代码的可读性更强。 -执行`pip install yapf` 安装 Yapf，然后执行 `yapf [options] path/to/dir` 或 `yapf [options] path/to/module.py` 可以对代码重新格式化。 +执行 `pip install yapf` 安装 Yapf，然后执行 `yapf [options] path/to/dir` 或 `yapf [options] path/to/module.py` 可以对代码重新格式化。[定制选项][20]的完整列表在这里。 -#### 6\. Black +#### 6、 Black -[Black][21] 在代码检查工具当中算是比较新的一个。它与 autopep8 和 Yapf 类似，但限制较多，没有太多的自定义选项。这样的好处是你不需要去决定使用怎么样的代码风格，让 black 来给你做决定就好。你可以在这里查阅 black 的[自定义选项][22]以及[如何在配置文件中对其进行设置][23]。 +[Black][21] 在代码检查工具当中算是比较新的一个。它与 Autopep8 和 Yapf 类似，但限制较多，没有太多的自定义选项。这样的好处是你不需要去决定使用怎么样的代码风格，让 Black 来给你做决定就好。你可以在这里查阅 Black [有限的自定义选项][22]以及[如何在配置文件中对其进行设置][23]。 -Black 依赖于 Python 3.6+，但它可以格式化用 Python 2 编写的代码。执行 `pip install black` 安装 black，然后执行 `black path/to/dir` 或 `black path/to/module.py` 就可以使用 black 优化你的代码。 +Black 依赖于 Python 3.6+，但它可以格式化用 Python 2 编写的代码。执行 `pip install black` 安装 Black，然后执行 `black path/to/dir` 或 `black path/to/module.py` 就可以使用 Black 优化你的代码。 ### 检查你的测试覆盖率 -如果你正在进行测试工作，你需要确保提交到代码库的新代码都已经测试通过，并且不会降低测试覆盖率。虽然测试覆盖率不是衡量测试有效性和充分性的唯一指标，但它是确保项目遵循基本测试标准的一种方法。对于计算测试覆盖率，我们推荐使用 Coverage 这个库。 +如果你正在进行编写测试，你需要确保提交到代码库的新代码都已经测试通过，并且不会降低测试覆盖率。虽然测试覆盖率不是衡量测试有效性和充分性的唯一指标，但它是确保项目遵循基本测试标准的一种方法。对于计算测试覆盖率，我们推荐使用 Coverage 这个库。 -#### 7\. Coverage +#### 7、 Coverage -[Coverage][24] 有数种显示测试覆盖率的方式，包括将结果输出到控制台或 HTML 页面，并指出哪些具体哪些地方没有被覆盖到。你可以通过配置文件自定义 Coverage 检查的内容，让你更方便使用。 +[Coverage][24] 有数种显示测试覆盖率的方式，包括将结果输出到控制台或 HTML 页面，并指出哪些具体哪些地方没有被覆盖到。你可以通过[配置文件][25]自定义 Coverage 检查的内容，让你更方便使用。 执行 `pip install coverage` 安装 Converage 。然后执行 `coverage [path/to/module.py] [args]` 可以运行程序并查看输出结果。如果要查看哪些代码行没有被覆盖，执行 `coverage report -m` 即可。 -持续集成（Continuous integration, CI）是在合并和部署代码之前自动检查代码风格错误和测试覆盖率最小值的过程。很多免费或付费的工具都可以用于执行这项工作，具体的过程不在本文中赘述，但 CI 过程是令代码更易读和更易维护的重要步骤，关于这一部分可以参考 [Travis CI][26] 和 [Jenkins][27]。 +### 持续集成工具 + +持续集成Continuous integration（CI）是在合并和部署代码之前自动检查代码风格错误和测试覆盖率最小值的过程。很多免费或付费的工具都可以用于执行这项工作，具体的过程不在本文中赘述，但 CI 过程是令代码更易读和更易维护的重要步骤，关于这一部分可以参考 [Travis CI][26] 和 [Jenkins][27]。 以上这些只是用于检查 Python 代码的各种工具中的其中几个。如果你有其它喜爱的工具，欢迎在评论中分享。 @@ -85,7 +89,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/18/7/7-python-libraries-more-maintainable-co 作者：[Jeff Triplett][a] 选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) 译者：[HankChow](https://github.com/HankChow) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 3860a5edf93f351991780ce359f1a9f0f85e46c1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Sat, 29 Sep 2018 10:49:35 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 013/219] PUB:20180730 7 Python libraries for more maintainable code.md @HankChow https://linux.cn/article-10059-1.html --- .../20180730 7 Python libraries for more maintainable code.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20180730 7 Python libraries for more maintainable code.md (100%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180730 7 Python libraries for more maintainable code.md b/published/20180730 7 Python libraries for more maintainable code.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/tech/20180730 7 Python libraries for more maintainable code.md rename to published/20180730 7 Python libraries for more maintainable code.md From 0936fec6dcb82e8ce8f536258d9d5d80536e5615 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Sat, 29 Sep 2018 11:28:25 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 014/219] PUB:20180201 Here are some amazing advantages of Go that you dont hear much about.md @imquanquan https://linux.cn/article-10057-1.html --- ...some amazing advantages of Go that you dont hear much about.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20180201 Here are some amazing advantages of Go that you dont hear much about.md (100%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180201 Here are some amazing advantages of Go that you dont hear much about.md b/published/20180201 Here are some amazing advantages of Go that you dont hear much about.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/tech/20180201 Here are some amazing advantages of Go that you dont hear much about.md rename to published/20180201 Here are some amazing advantages of Go that you dont hear much about.md From cb7b4653ccdf4a590f234893e8c41d699bb2adff Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Sat, 29 Sep 2018 11:55:14 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 015/219] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=20How=20to=20Instal?= =?UTF-8?q?l=20Popcorn=20Time=20on=20Ubuntu=2018.04=20and=20Other=20Linux?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Distributions=20(#10425)?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...ntu 18.04 and Other Linux Distributions.md | 233 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 233 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20180928 How to Install Popcorn Time on Ubuntu 18.04 and Other Linux Distributions.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20180928 How to Install Popcorn Time on Ubuntu 18.04 and Other Linux Distributions.md b/sources/tech/20180928 How to Install Popcorn Time on Ubuntu 18.04 and Other Linux Distributions.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..01fbef0292 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20180928 How to Install Popcorn Time on Ubuntu 18.04 and Other Linux Distributions.md @@ -0,0 +1,233 @@ +How to Install Popcorn Time on Ubuntu 18.04 and Other Linux Distributions +====== +**Brief: This tutorial shows you how to install Popcorn Time on Ubuntu and other Linux distributions. Some handy Popcorn Time tips have also been discussed.** + +[Popcorn Time][1] is an open source [Netflix][2] inspired [torrent][3] streaming application for Linux, Mac and Windows. + +With the regular torrents, you have to wait for the download to finish before you could watch the videos. + +[Popcorn Time][4] is different. It uses torrent underneath but allows you to start watching the videos (almost) immediately. It’s like you are watching videos on streaming websites like YouTube or Netflix. You don’t have to wait for the download to finish here. + +![Popcorn Time in Ubuntu Linux][5] +Popcorn Time + +If you want to watch movies online without those creepy ads, Popcorn Time is a good alternative. Keep in mind that the streaming quality depends on the number of available seeds. + +Popcorn Time also provides a nice user interface where you can browse through available movies, tv-series and other contents. If you ever used [Netflix on Linux][6], you will find it’s somewhat a similar experience. + +Using torrent to download movies is illegal in several countries where there are strict laws against piracy. In countries like the USA, UK and West European you may even get legal notices. That said, it’s up to you to decide if you want to use it or not. You have been warned. +(If you still want to take the risk and use Popcorn Time, you should use a VPN service like [Ivacy][7] that has been specifically designed for using Torrents and protecting your identity. Even then it’s not always easy to avoid the snooping authorities.) + +Some of the main features of Popcorn Time are: + + * Watch movies and TV Series online using Torrent + * A sleek user interface lets you browse the available movies and TV series + * Change streaming quality + * Bookmark content for watching later + * Download content for offline viewing + * Ability to enable subtitles by default, change the subtitles size etc + * Keyboard shortcuts to navigate through Popcorn Time + + + +### How to install Popcorn Time on Ubuntu and other Linux Distributions + +I am using Ubuntu 18.04 in this tutorial but you can use the same instructions for other Linux distributions such as Linux Mint, Debian, Manjaro, Deepin etc. + +Let’s see how to install Popcorn time on Linux. It’s really easy actually. Simply follow the instructions and copy paste the commands I have mentioned. + +#### Step 1: Download Popcorn Time + +You can download Popcorn Time from its official website. The download link is present on the homepage itself. + +[Get Popcorn Time](https://popcorntime.sh/) + +#### Step 2: Install Popcorn Time + +Once you have downloaded Popcorn Time, it’s time to use it. The downloaded file is a tar file that consists of an executable among other files. While you can extract this tar file anywhere, the [Linux convention is to install additional software in][8] /[opt directory.][8] + +Create a new directory in /opt: + +``` +sudo mkdir /opt/popcorntime +``` + +Now go to the Downloads directory. + +``` +cd ~/Downloads +``` + +Extract the downloaded Popcorn Time files into the newly created /opt/popcorntime directory. + +``` +sudo tar Jxf Popcorn-Time-* -C /opt/popcorntime +``` + +#### Step 3: Make Popcorn Time accessible for everyone + +You would want every user on your system to be able to run Popcorn Time without sudo access, right? To do that, you need to create a [symbolic link][9] to the executable in /usr/bin directory. + +``` +ln -sf /opt/popcorntime/Popcorn-Time /usr/bin/Popcorn-Time +``` + +#### Step 4: Create desktop launcher for Popcorn Time + +So far so good. But you would also like to see Popcorn Time in the application menu, add it to your favorite application list etc. + +For that, you need to create a desktop entry. + +Open a terminal and create a new file named popcorntime.desktop in /usr/share/applications. + +You can use any [command line based text editor][10]. Ubuntu has [Nano][11] installed by default so you can use that. + +``` +sudo nano /usr/share/applications/popcorntime.desktop +``` + +Insert the following lines here: + +``` +[Desktop Entry] +Version = 1.0 +Type = Application +Terminal = false +Name = Popcorn Time +Exec = /usr/bin/Popcorn-Time +Icon = /opt/popcorntime/popcorn.png +Categories = Application; +``` + +If you used Nano editor, save it using shortcut Ctrl+X. When asked for saving, enter Y and then press enter again to save and exit. + +We are almost there. One last thing to do here is to have the correct icon for Popcorn Time. For that, you can download a Popcorn Time icon and save it as popcorn.png in /opt/popcorntime directory. + +You can do that using the command below: + +``` +sudo wget -O /opt/popcorntime/popcorn.png https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Pctlogo.png + +``` + +That’s it. Now you can search for Popcorn Time and click on it to launch it. + +![Popcorn Time installed on Ubuntu][12] +Search for Popcorn Time in Menu + +On the first launch, you’ll have to accept the terms and conditions. + +![Popcorn Time in Ubuntu Linux][13] +Accept the Terms of Service + +Once you do that, you can enjoy the movies and TV shows. + +![Watch movies on Popcorn Time][14] + +Well, that’s all you needed to install Popcorn Time on Ubuntu or any other Linux distribution. You can start watching your favorite movies straightaway. + +However, if you are interested, I would suggest reading these Popcorn Time tips to get more out of it. + +[![][15]][16] +![][17] + +### 7 Tips for using Popcorn Time effectively + +Now that you have installed Popcorn Time, I am going to tell you some nifty Popcorn Time tricks. I assure you that it will enhance your experience with Popcorn Time multiple folds. + +#### 1\. Use advanced settings + +Always have the advanced settings enabled. It gives you more options to tweak Popcorn Time. Go to the top right corner and click on the gear symbol. Click on it and check advanced settings on the next screen. + +![](https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Popcorn_Time_Tricks.jpeg) + +#### 2\. Watch the movies in VLC or other players + +Did you know that you can choose to watch a file in your preferred media player instead of the default Popcorn Time player? Of course, that media player should have been installed in the system. + +Now you may ask why would one want to use another player. And my answer is because other players like VLC has hidden features which you might not find in the Popcorn Time player. + +For example, if a file has very low volume, you can use VLC to enhance the audio by 400 percent. You can also [synchronize incoherent subtitles with VLC][18]. You can switch between media players before you start to play a file: + +![](https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Pocorn_Time_Tricks_1.png) + +#### 3\. Bookmark movies and watch it later + +Just browsing through movies and TV series but don’t have time or mood to watch those? No issues. You can add the movies to the bookmark and can access these bookmarked videos from the Favorites tab. This enables you to create a list of movies you would watch later. + +![](https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Pocorn_Time_Tricks2.png) + +#### 4\. Check torrent health and seed information + +As I had mentioned earlier, your viewing experience in Popcorn Times depends on torrent speed. Good thing is that Popcorn time shows the health of the torrent file so that you can be aware of the streaming speed. + +You will see a green/yellow/red dot on the file. Green means there are plenty of seeds and the file will stream easily. Yellow means a medium number of seeds, streaming should be okay. Red means there are very few seeds available and the streaming will be poor or won’t work at all. + +![](https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Pocorn_Time_Tricks3.jpg) + +#### 5\. Add custom subtitles + +If you need subtitles and it is not available in your preferred language, you can add custom subtitles downloaded from external websites. Get the .srt files and use it inside Popcorn Time: + +![](https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Pocporn_Time_Tricks5.png) + +This is where VLC comes handy as you can [download subtitles automatically with VLC][19]. + + +#### 6\. Save the files for offline viewing + +When Popcorn Times stream a content, it downloads it and store temporarily. When you close the app, it’s cleaned out. You can change this behavior so that the downloaded file remains there for your future use. + +In the advanced settings, scroll down a bit. Look for Cache directory. You can change this to some other directory like Downloads. This way, even if you close Popcorn Time, the file will be available for viewing. + +![](https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Popcorn_Time_Tips.jpg) + +#### 7\. Drag and drop external torrent files to play immediately + +I bet you did not know about this one. If you don’t find a certain movie on Popcorn Time, download the torrent file from your favorite torrent website. Open Popcorn Time and just drag and drop the torrent file in Popcorn Time. It will start playing the file, depending upon seeds. This way, you don’t need to download the entire file before watching it. + +When you drag and drop the torrent file in Popcorn Time, it will give you the option to choose which video file should it play. If there are subtitles in it, it will play automatically or else, you can add external subtitles. + +![](https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Pocorn_Time_Tricks4.png) + +There are plenty of other features in Popcorn Time. But I’ll stop with my list here and let you explore Popcorn Time on Ubuntu Linux. I hope you find these Popcorn Time tips and tricks useful. + +I am repeating again. Using Torrents is illegal in many countries. If you do that, take precaution and use a VPN service. If you are looking for my recommendation, you can go for [Swiss-based privacy company ProtonVPN][20] (of [ProtonMail][21] fame). Singapore based [Ivacy][7] is another good option. If you think these are expensive, you can look for [cheap VPN deals on It’s FOSS Shop][22]. + +Note: This article contains affiliate links. Please read our [affiliate policy][23]. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/popcorn-time-ubuntu-linux/ + +作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a] +选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/ +[1]: https://popcorntime.sh/ +[2]: https://netflix.com/ +[3]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torrent_file +[4]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popcorn_Time +[5]: https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/popcorn-time-linux.jpeg +[6]: https://itsfoss.com/netflix-firefox-linux/ +[7]: https://billing.ivacy.com/page/23628 +[8]: http://tldp.org/LDP/Linux-Filesystem-Hierarchy/html/opt.html +[9]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolic_link +[10]: https://itsfoss.com/command-line-text-editors-linux/ +[11]: https://itsfoss.com/nano-3-release/ +[12]: https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/popcorn-time-ubuntu-menu.jpg +[13]: https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/popcorn-time-ubuntu-license.jpeg +[14]: https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/popcorn-time-watch-movies.jpeg +[15]: https://ivacy.postaffiliatepro.com/accounts/default1/vdegzkxbw/7f82d531.png +[16]: https://billing.ivacy.com/page/23628/7f82d531 +[17]: http://ivacy.postaffiliatepro.com/scripts/vdegzkxiw?aff=23628&a_bid=7f82d531 +[18]: https://itsfoss.com/how-to-synchronize-subtitles-with-movie-quick-tip/ +[19]: https://itsfoss.com/download-subtitles-automatically-vlc-media-player-ubuntu/ +[20]: https://protonvpn.net/?aid=chmod777 +[21]: https://itsfoss.com/protonmail/ +[22]: https://shop.itsfoss.com/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93&query=vpn +[23]: https://itsfoss.com/affiliate-policy/ From 741e70adb23a44ba4db98baa9feafd7a7e7e6a8e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Sat, 29 Sep 2018 12:16:33 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 016/219] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=20What=20containers?= =?UTF-8?q?=20can=20teach=20us=20about=20DevOps=20(#10426)?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...at containers can teach us about DevOps.md | 99 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 99 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20180928 What containers can teach us about DevOps.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20180928 What containers can teach us about DevOps.md b/sources/tech/20180928 What containers can teach us about DevOps.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..610a68b2d1 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20180928 What containers can teach us about DevOps.md @@ -0,0 +1,99 @@ +What containers can teach us about DevOps +====== + +The use of containers supports the three pillars of DevOps practices: flow, feedback, and continual experimentation and learning. + +![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/LAW-patent_reform_520x292_10136657_1012_dc.png?itok=Cd2PmDWf) + +One can argue that containers and DevOps were made for one another. Certainly, the container ecosystem benefits from the skyrocketing popularity of DevOps practices, both in design choices and in DevOps’ use by teams developing container technologies. Because of this parallel evolution, the use of containers in production can teach teams the fundamentals of DevOps and its three pillars: [The Three Ways][1]. + +### Principles of flow + +**Container flow** + +A container can be seen as a silo, and from inside, it is easy to forget the rest of the system: the host node, the cluster, the underlying infrastructure. Inside the container, it might appear that everything is functioning in an acceptable manner. From the outside perspective, though, the application inside the container is a part of a larger ecosystem of applications that make up a service: the web API, the web app user interface, the database, the workers, and caching services and garbage collectors. Teams put constraints on the container to limit performance impact on infrastructure, and much has been done to provide metrics for measuring container performance because overloaded or slow container workloads have downstream impact on other services or customers. + +**Real-world flow** + +This lesson can be applied to teams functioning in a silo as well. Every process (be it code release, infrastructure creation or even, say, manufacturing of [Spacely’s Sprockets][2]), follows a linear path from conception to realization. In technology, this progress flows from development to testing to operations and release. If a team working alone becomes a bottleneck or introduces a problem, the impact is felt all along the entire pipeline. A defect passed down the line destroys productivity downstream. While the broken process within the scope of the team itself may seem perfectly correct, it has a negative impact on the environment as a whole. + +**DevOps and flow** + +The first way of DevOps, principles of flow, is about approaching the process as a whole, striving to comprehend how the system works together and understanding the impact of issues on the entire process. To increase the efficiency of the process, pain points and waste are identified and removed. This is an ongoing process; teams must continually strive to increase visibility into the process and find and fix trouble spots and waste. + +> “The outcomes of putting the First Way into practice include never passing a known defect to downstream work centers, never allowing local optimization to create global degradation, always seeking to increase flow, and always seeking to achieve a profound understanding of the system (as per Deming).” + +–Gene Kim, [The Three Ways: The Principles Underpinning DevOps][3], IT Revolution, 25 Apr. 2017 + +### Principles of feedback + +**Container feedback** + +In addition to limiting containers to prevent impact elsewhere, many products have been created to monitor and trend container metrics in an effort to understand what they are doing and notify when they are misbehaving. [Prometheus][4], for example, is [all the rage][5] for collecting metrics from containers and clusters. Containers are excellent at separating applications and providing a way to ship an environment together with the code, sometimes at the cost of opacity, so much is done to try to provide rapid feedback so issues can be addressed promptly within the silo. + +**Real-world feedback** + +The same is necessary for the flow of the system. From inception to realization, an efficient process quickly provides relevant feedback to identify when there is an issue. The key words here are “quick” and “relevant.” Burying teams in thousands of irrelevant notifications make it difficult or even impossible to notice important events that need immediate action, and receiving even relevant information too late may allow small, easily solved issues to move downstream and become bigger problems. Imagine [if Lucy and Ethel][6] had provided immediate feedback that the conveyor belt was too fast—there would have been no problem with the chocolate production (though that would not have been nearly as funny). + +**DevOps and feedback** + +The Second Way of DevOps, principles of feedback, is all about getting relevant information quickly. With immediate, useful feedback, problems can be identified as they happen and addressed before impact is felt elsewhere in the development process. DevOps teams strive to “optimize for downstream” and immediately move to fix problems that might impact other teams that come after them. As with flow, feedback is a continual process to identify ways to quickly get important data and act on problems as they occur. + +> “Creating fast feedback is critical to achieving quality, reliability, and safety in the technology value stream.” + +–Gene Kim, et al., The DevOps Handbook: How to Create World-Class Agility, Reliability, and Security in Technology Organizations, IT Revolution Press, 2016 + +### Principles of continual experimentation and learning + +**Container continual experimentation and learning** + +It is a bit more challenging applying operational learning to the Third Way of DevOps:continual experimentation and learning. Trying to salvage what we can grasp of the very edges of the metaphor, containers make development easy, allowing developers and operations teams to test new code or configurations locally and safely outside of production and incorporate discovered benefits into production in a way that was difficult in the past. Changes can be radical and still version-controlled, documented, and shared quickly and easily. + +**Real-world continual experimentation and learning** + +For example, consider this anecdote from my own experience: Years ago, as a young, inexperienced sysadmin (just three weeks into the job), I was asked to make changes to an Apache virtual host running the website of the central IT department for a university. Without an easy-to-use test environment, I made a configuration change to the production site that I thought would accomplish the task and pushed it out. Within a few minutes, I overheard coworkers in the next cube: + +“Wait, is the website down?” + +“Hrm, yeah, it looks like it. What the heck?” + +There was much eye-rolling involved. + +Mortified (the shame is real, folks), I sunk down as far as I could into my seat and furiously tried to back out the changes I’d introduced. Later that same afternoon, the director of the department—the boss of my boss’s boss—appeared in my cube to talk about what had happened. “Don’t worry,” she told me. “We’re not mad at you. It was a mistake and now you have learned.” + +In the world of containers, this could have been easily changed and tested on my own laptop and the broken configuration identified by more skilled team members long before it ever made it into production. + +**DevOps continual experimentation and learning** + +A real culture of experimentation promotes the individual’s ability to find where a change in the process may be beneficial, and to test that assumption without the fear of retaliation if they fail. For DevOps teams, failure becomes an educational tool that adds to the knowledge of the individual and organization, rather than something to be feared or punished. Individuals in the DevOps team dedicate themselves to continuous learning, which in turn benefits the team and wider organization as that knowledge is shared. + +As the metaphor completely falls apart, focus needs to be given to a specific point: The other two principles may appear at first glance to focus entirely on process, but continual learning is a human task—important for the future of the project, the person, the team, and the organization. It has an impact on the process, but it also has an impact on the individual and other people. + +> “Experimentation and risk-taking are what enable us to relentlessly improve our system of work, which often requires us to do things very differently than how we’ve done it for decades.” + +–Gene Kim, et al., [The Phoenix Project: A Novel about IT, DevOps, and Helping Your Business Win][7], IT Revolution Press, 2013 + +### Containers can teach us DevOps + +Learning to work effectively with containers can help teach DevOps and the Three Ways: principles of flow, principles of feedback, and principles of continuous experimentation and learning. Looking holistically at the application and infrastructure rather than putting on blinders to everything outside the container teaches us to take all parts of the system and understand their upstream and downstream impacts, break out of silos, and work as a team to increase global performance and deep understanding of the entire system. Working to provide timely and accurate feedback teaches us to create effective feedback patterns within our organizations to identify problems before their impact grows. Finally, providing a safe environment to try new ideas and learn from them teaches us to create a culture where failure represents a positive addition to our knowledge and the ability to take big chances with educated guesses can result in new, elegant solutions to complex problems. + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/18/9/containers-can-teach-us-devops + +作者：[Chris Hermansen][a] +选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/clhermansen +[1]: https://itrevolution.com/the-three-ways-principles-underpinning-devops/ +[2]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jetsons +[3]: http://itrevolution.com/the-three-ways-principles-underpinning-devops +[4]: https://prometheus.io/ +[5]: https://opensource.com/article/18/9/prometheus-operational-advantage +[6]: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8NPzLBSBzPI +[7]: https://itrevolution.com/book/the-phoenix-project/ From 2e2cd3dc6c708e43563e113653072dbffcd44d3c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Sat, 29 Sep 2018 12:17:12 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 017/219] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2010=20handy=20Bash?= =?UTF-8?q?=20aliases=20for=20Linux=20(#10427)?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...0180928 10 handy Bash aliases for Linux.md | 116 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 116 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20180928 10 handy Bash aliases for Linux.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20180928 10 handy Bash aliases for Linux.md b/sources/tech/20180928 10 handy Bash aliases for Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b69b2f8aab --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20180928 10 handy Bash aliases for Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,116 @@ +10 handy Bash aliases for Linux +====== +Get more efficient by using condensed versions of long Bash commands. + +![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/bash_command_line.png?itok=k4z94W2U) + +How many times have you repeatedly typed out a long command on the command line and wished there was a way to save it for later? This is where Bash aliases come in handy. They allow you to condense long, cryptic commands down to something easy to remember and use. Need some examples to get you started? No problem! + +To use a Bash alias you've created, you need to add it to your .bash_profile file, which is located in your home folder. Note that this file is hidden and accessible only from the command line. The easiest way to work with this file is to use something like Vi or Nano. + +### 10 handy Bash aliases + + 1. How many times have you needed to unpack a .tar file and couldn't remember the exact arguments needed? Aliases to the rescue! Just add the following to your .bash_profile file and then use **untar FileName** to unpack any .tar file. + + + +``` +alias untar='tar -zxvf ' + +``` + + 2. Want to download something but be able to resume if something goes wrong? + + + +``` +alias wget='wget -c ' + +``` + + 3. Need to generate a random, 20-character password for a new online account? No problem. + + + +``` +alias getpass="openssl rand -base64 20" + +``` + + 4. Downloaded a file and need to test the checksum? We've got that covered too. + + + +``` +alias sha='shasum -a 256 ' + +``` + + 5. A normal ping will go on forever. We don't want that. Instead, let's limit that to just five pings. + + + +``` +alias ping='ping -c 5' + +``` + + 6. Start a web server in any folder you'd like. + + + +``` +alias www='python -m SimpleHTTPServer 8000' + +``` + + 7. Want to know how fast your network is? Just download Speedtest-cli and use this alias. You can choose a server closer to your location by using the **speedtest-cli --list** command. + + + +``` +alias speed='speedtest-cli --server 2406 --simple' + +``` + + 8. How many times have you needed to know your external IP address and had no idea how to get that info? Yeah, me too. + + + +``` +alias ipe='curl ipinfo.io/ip' + +``` + + 9. Need to know your local IP address? + + + +``` +alias ipi='ipconfig getifaddr en0' + +``` + + 10. Finally, let's clear the screen. + + + +``` +alias c='clear' + +``` + +As you can see, Bash aliases are a super-easy way to simplify your life on the command line. Want more info? I recommend a quick Google search for "Bash aliases" or a trip to GitHub. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/18/9/handy-bash-aliases + +作者：[Patrick H.Mullins][a] +选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/pmullins From a4f6c95179923f327cc56e1e9c6fbd3be5ccdec0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Sat, 29 Sep 2018 12:18:08 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 018/219] PRF&PUB:20180917 Linux tricks that can save you time and trouble (#10428) MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit * PRF:20180917 Linux tricks that can save you time and trouble.md @HankChow 翻译的不错 * PUB:20180917 Linux tricks that can save you time and trouble.md @HankChow https://linux.cn/article-10060-1.html --- ...tricks that can save you time and trouble.md | 17 ++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20180917 Linux tricks that can save you time and trouble.md (87%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180917 Linux tricks that can save you time and trouble.md b/published/20180917 Linux tricks that can save you time and trouble.md similarity index 87% rename from translated/tech/20180917 Linux tricks that can save you time and trouble.md rename to published/20180917 Linux tricks that can save you time and trouble.md index 1dbc81bfbd..6c9f3d3247 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20180917 Linux tricks that can save you time and trouble.md +++ b/published/20180917 Linux tricks that can save you time and trouble.md @@ -1,14 +1,15 @@ 让你提高效率的 Linux 技巧 ====== -想要在 Linux 命令行工作中提高效率，你需要使用一些技巧。 + +> 想要在 Linux 命令行工作中提高效率，你需要使用一些技巧。 ![](https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2018/09/boy-jumping-off-swing-100772498-large.jpg) -巧妙的 Linux 命令行技巧能让你节省时间、避免出错，还能让你记住和复用各种复杂的命令，专注在需要做的事情本身，而不是做事的方式。以下介绍一些好用的命令行技巧。 +巧妙的 Linux 命令行技巧能让你节省时间、避免出错，还能让你记住和复用各种复杂的命令，专注在需要做的事情本身，而不是你要怎么做。以下介绍一些好用的命令行技巧。 ### 命令编辑 -如果要对一个已输入的命令进行修改，可以使用 ^a（ctrl + a）或 ^e（ctrl + e）将光标快速移动到命令的开头或命令的末尾。 +如果要对一个已输入的命令进行修改，可以使用 `^a`（`ctrl + a`）或 `^e`（`ctrl + e`）将光标快速移动到命令的开头或命令的末尾。 还可以使用 `^` 字符实现对上一个命令的文本替换并重新执行命令，例如 `^before^after^` 相当于把上一个命令中的 `before` 替换为 `after` 然后重新执行一次。 @@ -59,11 +60,11 @@ alias show_dimensions='xdpyinfo | grep '\''dimensions:'\''' ### 冻结、解冻终端界面 -^s（ctrl + s）将通过执行流量控制命令 XOFF 来停止终端输出内容，这会对 PuTTY 会话和桌面终端窗口产生影响。如果误输入了这个命令，可以使用 ^q（ctrl + q）让终端重新响应。所以只需要记住^q 这个组合键就可以了，毕竟这种情况并不多见。 +`^s`（`ctrl + s`）将通过执行流量控制命令 XOFF 来停止终端输出内容，这会对 PuTTY 会话和桌面终端窗口产生影响。如果误输入了这个命令，可以使用 `^q`（`ctrl + q`）让终端重新响应。所以只需要记住 `^q` 这个组合键就可以了，毕竟这种情况并不多见。 ### 复用命令 -Linux 提供了很多让用户复用命令的方法，其核心是通过历史缓冲区收集执行过的命令。复用命令的最简单方法是输入 `!` 然后接最近使用过的命令的开头字母；当然也可以按键盘上的向上箭头，直到看到要复用的命令，然后按 Enter 键。还可以先使用 `history` 显示命令历史，然后输入 `!` 后面再接命令历史记录中需要复用的命令旁边的数字。 +Linux 提供了很多让用户复用命令的方法，其核心是通过历史缓冲区收集执行过的命令。复用命令的最简单方法是输入 `!` 然后接最近使用过的命令的开头字母；当然也可以按键盘上的向上箭头，直到看到要复用的命令，然后按回车键。还可以先使用 `history` 显示命令历史，然后输入 `!` 后面再接命令历史记录中需要复用的命令旁边的数字。 ``` !! <== 复用上一条命令 @@ -129,7 +130,7 @@ $ rm -i <== 请求确认 $ unalias rm ``` -如果已经将 `rm -i` 默认设置为 `rm` 的别名，但你希望在删除文件之前不必进行确认，则可以将 `unalias` 命令放在一个启动文件（例如 ~/.bashrc）中。 +如果已经将 `rm -i` 默认设置为 `rm` 的别名，但你希望在删除文件之前不必进行确认，则可以将 `unalias` 命令放在一个启动文件（例如 `~/.bashrc`）中。 ### 使用 sudo @@ -151,8 +152,6 @@ md () { mkdir -p "$@" && cd "$1"; } 使用 Linux 命令行是在 Linux 系统上工作最有效也最有趣的方法，但配合命令行技巧和巧妙的别名可以让你获得更好的体验。 -加入 [Facebook][1] 和 [LinkedIn][2] 上的 Network World 社区可以和我们一起讨论。 - -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3305811/linux/linux-tricks-that-even-you-can-love.html @@ -160,7 +159,7 @@ via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3305811/linux/linux-tricks-that-even-y 作者：[Sandra Henry-Stocker][a] 选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) 译者：[HankChow](https://github.com/HankChow) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 9eb6ce1f9a6c368c067c8ad7be9dec2e81020d94 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Sat, 29 Sep 2018 12:18:37 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 019/219] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=20Using=20Grails=20?= =?UTF-8?q?with=20jQuery=20and=20DataTables=20(#10429)?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...Using Grails with jQuery and DataTables.md | 544 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 544 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20180928 Using Grails with jQuery and DataTables.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20180928 Using Grails with jQuery and DataTables.md b/sources/tech/20180928 Using Grails with jQuery and DataTables.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..9a9ad08fb0 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20180928 Using Grails with jQuery and DataTables.md @@ -0,0 +1,544 @@ +Using Grails with jQuery and DataTables +====== + +Learn to build a Grails-based data browser that lets users visualize complex tabular data. + +![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/data_container_block.png?itok=S8MbXEYw) + +I’m a huge fan of [Grails][1]. Granted, I’m mostly a data person who likes to explore and analyze data using command-line tools. But even data people sometimes need to _look at_ the data, and sometimes using data means having a great data browser. With Grails, [jQuery][2], and the [DataTables jQuery plugin][3], we can make really nice tabular data browsers. + +The [DataTables website][3] offers a lot of decent “recipe-style” documentation that shows how to put together some fine sample applications, and it includes the necessary JavaScript, HTML, and occasional [PHP][4] to accomplish some pretty spiffy stuff. But for those who would rather use Grails as their backend, a bit of interpretation is necessary. Also, the sample application data used is a single flat table of employees of a fictional company, so the complexity of dealing with table relations serves as an exercise for the reader. + +In this article, we’ll fill those two gaps by creating a Grails application with a slightly more complex data structure and a DataTables browser. In doing so, we’ll cover Grails criteria, which are [Groovy][5] -fied Java Hibernate criteria. I’ve put the code for the application on [GitHub][6] , so this article is oriented toward explaining the nuances of the code. + +For prerequisites, you will need Java, Groovy, and Grails environments set up. With Grails, I tend to use a terminal window and [Vim][7], so that’s what’s used here. To get a modern Java, I suggest downloading and installing the [Open Java Development Kit][8] (OpenJDK) provided by your Linux distro (which should be Java 8, 9, 10 or 11; at the time of writing, I’m working with Java 8). From my point of view, the best way to get up-to-date Groovy and Grails is to use [SDKMAN!][9]. + +Readers who have never tried Grails will probably need to do some background reading. As a starting point, I recommend [Creating Your First Grails Application][10]. + +### Getting the employee browser application + +As mentioned above, I’ve put the source code for this sample employee browser application on [GitHub][6]. For further explanation, the application **embrow** was built using the following commands in a Linux terminal window: + +``` +cd Projects +grails create-app com.nuevaconsulting.embrow +``` + +The domain classes and unit tests are created as follows: + +``` +grails create-domain-class com.nuevaconsulting.embrow.Position +grails create-domain-class com.nuevaconsulting.embrow.Office +grails create-domain-class com.nuevaconsulting.embrow.Employeecd embrowgrails createdomaincom.grails createdomaincom.grails createdomaincom. +``` + +The domain classes built this way have no attributes, so they must be edited as follows: + +The Position domain class: + +``` +package com.nuevaconsulting.embrow +  +class Position { + +    String name +    int starting + +    static constraints = { +        name nullable: false, blank: false +        starting nullable: false +    } +}com.Stringint startingstatic constraintsnullableblankstarting nullable +``` + +The Office domain class: + +``` +package com.nuevaconsulting.embrow +  +class Office { + +    String name +    String address +    String city +    String country + +    static constraints = { +        name nullable: false, blank: false +        address nullable: false, blank: false +        city nullable: false, blank: false +        country nullable: false, blank: false +    } +} +``` + +And the Employee domain class: + +``` +package com.nuevaconsulting.embrow +  +class Employee { + +    String surname +    String givenNames +    Position position +    Office office +    int extension +    Date hired +    int salary +    static constraints = { +        surname nullable: false, blank: false +        givenNames nullable: false, blank: false +        : false +        office nullable: false +        extension nullable: false +        hired nullable: false +        salary nullable: false +    } +} +``` + +Note that whereas the Position and Office domain classes use predefined Groovy types String and int, the Employee domain class defines fields that are of type Position and Office (as well as the predefined Date). This causes the creation of the database table in which instances of Employee are stored to contain references, or foreign keys, to the tables in which instances of Position and Office are stored. + +Now you can generate the controllers, views, and various other test components: + +``` +-all com.nuevaconsulting.embrow.Position +grails generate-all com.nuevaconsulting.embrow.Office +grails generate-all com.nuevaconsulting.embrow.Employeegrails generateall com.grails generateall com.grails generateall com. +``` + +At this point, you have a basic create-read-update-delete (CRUD) application ready to go. I’ve included some base data in the **grails-app/init/com/nuevaconsulting/BootStrap.groovy** to populate the tables. + +If you run the application with the command: + +``` +grails run-app +``` + +you will see the following screen in the browser at **** + +![Embrow home screen][12] + +The Embrow application home screen + +Clicking on the link for the OfficeController gives you a screen that looks like this: + +![Office list][14] + +The office list + +Note that this list is generated by the **OfficeController index** method and displayed by the view `office/index.gsp`. + +Similarly, clicking on the **EmployeeController** gives a screen that looks like this: + +![Employee controller][16] + +The employee controller + +Ok, that’s pretty ugly—what’s with the Position and Office links? + +Well, the views generated by the `generate-all` commands above create an **index.gsp** file that uses the Grails tag that by default shows the class name ( **com.nuevaconsulting.embrow.Position** ) and the persistent instance identifier ( **30** ). This behavior can be customized to yield something better looking, and there is some pretty neat stuff with the autogenerated links, the autogenerated pagination, and the autogenerated sortable columns. + +But even when it's fully cleaned up, this employee browser offers limited functionality. For example, what if you want to find all employees whose position includes the text “dev”? What if you want to combine columns for sorting so that the primary sort key is a surname and the secondary sort key is an office name? Or what if you want to export a sorted subset to a spreadsheet or PDF to email to someone who doesn’t have access to the browser? + +The jQuery DataTables plugin provides this kind of extra functionality and allows you to create a full-fledged tabular data browser. + +### Creating the employee browser view and controller methods + +In order to create an employee browser based on jQuery DataTables, you must complete two tasks: + + 1. Create a Grails view that incorporates the HTML and JavaScript required to enable the DataTables + + 2. Add a method to the Grails controller to handle the new view + + + + +#### The employee browser view + +In the directory **embrow/grails-app/views/employee** , start by making a copy of the **index.gsp** file, calling it **browser.gsp** : + +``` +cd Projects +cd embrow/grails-app/views/employee +cp gsp browser.gsp +``` + +At this point, you want to customize the new **browser.gsp** file to add the relevant jQuery DataTables code. + +As a rule, I like to grab my JavaScript and CSS from a content provider when feasible; to do so in this case, after the line: + +``` +<g:message code="default.list.label" args="[entityName]" /> +``` + +insert the following lines: + +``` + + + + + + + + + + + + +``` + +Next, remove the code that provided the data pagination in **index.gsp** : + +``` +
+

+ +
${flash.message}
+ + + + +
+``` + +and insert the code that materializes the jQuery DataTables. + +The first part to insert is the HTML that creates the basic tabular structure of the browser. For the application where DataTables talks to a database backend, provide only the table headers and footers; the DataTables JavaScript takes care of the table contents. + +``` +
+

Employee Browser

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
SurnameGiven name(s)PositionOfficeExtensionHiredSalary
SurnameGiven name(s)PositionOfficeExtensionHiredSalary
+
+``` + +Next, insert a JavaScript block, which serves three primary functions: It sets the size of the text boxes shown in the footer for column filtering, it establishes the DataTables table model, and it creates a handler to do the column filtering. + +``` + +$('#employee_dt tfoot th').each( function() {javascript +``` + +The code below handles sizing the filter boxes at the bottoms of the table columns: + +``` +var title = $(this).text(); +if (title == 'Extension' || title == 'Hired') +$(this).html(''); +else +$(this).html(''); +});titletitletitletitletitle +``` + +Next, define the table model. This is where all the table options are provided, including the scrolling, rather than paginated, nature of the interface, the cryptic decorations to be provided according to the dom string, the ability to export data to CSV and other formats, as well as where the Ajax connection to the server is established. Note that the URL is created with a Groovy GString call to the Grails **createLink()** method, referring to the **browserLister** action in the **EmployeeController**. Also of interest is the definition of the columns of the table. This information is sent across to the back end, which queries the database and returns the appropriate records. + +``` +var table = $('#employee_dt').DataTable( { +"scrollY": 500, +"deferRender": true, +"scroller": true, +"dom": "Brtip", +"buttons": [ 'copy', 'csv', 'excel', 'pdf', 'print' ], +"processing": true, +"serverSide": true, +"ajax": { +"url": "${createLink(controller: 'employee', action: 'browserLister')}", +"type": "POST", +}, +"columns": [ +{ "data": "surname" }, +{ "data": "givenNames" }, +{ "data": "position" }, +{ "data": "office" }, +{ "data": "extension" }, +{ "data": "hired" }, +{ "data": "salary" } +] +}); +``` + +Finally, monitor the filter columns for changes and use them to apply the filter(s). + +``` +table.columns().every(function() { +var that = this; +$('input', this.footer()).on('keyup change', function(e) { +if (that.search() != this.value && 8 < e.keyCode && e.keyCode < 32) +that.search(this.value).draw(); +}); +``` + +And that’s it for the JavaScript. This completes the changes to the view code. + +``` +}); + +``` + +Here’s a screenshot of the UI this view creates: + +![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/screen_4.png) + +Here’s another screenshot showing the filtering and multi-column sorting at work (looking for employees whose positions include the characters “dev”, ordering first by office, then by surname): + +![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/screen_5.png) + +Here’s another screenshot, showing what happens when you click on the CSV button: + +![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/screen6.png) + +And finally, here’s a screenshot showing the CSV data opened in LibreOffice: + +![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/screen7.png) + +Ok, so the view part looked pretty straightforward; therefore, the controller action must do all the heavy lifting, right? Let’s see… + +#### The employee controller browserLister action + +Recall that we saw this string + +``` +"${createLink(controller: 'employee', action: 'browserLister')}" +``` + +as the URL used for the Ajax calls from the DataTables table model. [createLink() is the method][17] behind a Grails tag that is used to dynamically generate a link as the HTML is preprocessed on the Grails server. This ends up generating a link to the **EmployeeController** , located in + +``` +embrow/grails-app/controllers/com/nuevaconsulting/embrow/EmployeeController.groovy +``` + +and specifically to the controller method **browserLister()**. I’ve left some print statements in the code so that the intermediate results can be seen in the terminal window where the application is running. + +``` +    def browserLister() { +        // Applies filters and sorting to return a list of desired employees +``` + +First, print out the parameters passed to **browserLister()**. I usually start building controller methods with this code so that I’m completely clear on what my controller is receiving. + +``` +      println "employee browserLister params $params" +        println() +``` + +Next, process those parameters to put them in a more usable shape. First, the jQuery DataTables parameters, a Groovy map called **jqdtParams** : + +``` +def jqdtParams = [:] +params.each { key, value -> + def keyFields = key.replace(']','').split(/\[/) + def table = jqdtParams + for (int f = 0; f < keyFields.size() - 1; f++) { + def keyField = keyFields[f] + if (!table.containsKey(keyField)) + table[keyField] = [:] + table = table[keyField] + } + table[keyFields[-1]] = value +} +println "employee dataTableParams $jqdtParams" +println() +``` + +Next, the column data, a Groovy map called **columnMap** : + +``` +def columnMap = jqdtParams.columns.collectEntries { k, v -> + def whereTerm = null + switch (v.data) { + case 'extension': + case 'hired': + case 'salary': + if (v.search.value ==~ /\d+(,\d+)*/) + whereTerm = v.search.value.split(',').collect { it as Integer } + break + default: + if (v.search.value ==~ /[A-Za-z0-9 ]+/) + whereTerm = "%${v.search.value}%" as String + break + } + [(v.data): [where: whereTerm]] +} +println "employee columnMap $columnMap" +println() +``` + +Next, a list of all column names, retrieved from **columnMap** , and a corresponding list of how those columns should be ordered in the view, Groovy lists called **allColumnList** and **orderList** , respectively: + +``` +def allColumnList = columnMap.keySet() as List +println "employee allColumnList $allColumnList" +def orderList = jqdtParams.order.collect { k, v -> [allColumnList[v.column as Integer], v.dir] } +println "employee orderList $orderList" +``` + +We’re going to use Grails’ implementation of Hibernate criteria to actually carry out the selection of elements to be displayed as well as their ordering and pagination. Criteria requires a filter closure; in most examples, this is given as part of the creation of the criteria instance itself, but here we define the filter closure beforehand. Note in this case the relatively complex interpretation of the “date hired” filter, which is treated as a year and applied to establish date ranges, and the use of **createAlias** to allow us to reach into related classes Position and Office: + +``` +def filterer = { + createAlias 'position', 'p' + createAlias 'office', 'o' + + if (columnMap.surname.where) ilike 'surname', columnMap.surname.where + if (columnMap.givenNames.where) ilike 'givenNames', columnMap.givenNames.where + if (columnMap.position.where) ilike 'p.name', columnMap.position.where + if (columnMap.office.where) ilike 'o.name', columnMap.office.where + if (columnMap.extension.where) inList 'extension', columnMap.extension.where + if (columnMap.salary.where) inList 'salary', columnMap.salary.where + if (columnMap.hired.where) { + if (columnMap.hired.where.size() > 1) { + or { + columnMap.hired.where.each { + between 'hired', Date.parse('yyyy/MM/dd',"${it}/01/01" as String), + Date.parse('yyyy/MM/dd',"${it}/12/31" as String) + } + } + } else { + between 'hired', Date.parse('yyyy/MM/dd',"${columnMap.hired.where[0]}/01/01" as String), + Date.parse('yyyy/MM/dd',"${columnMap.hired.where[0]}/12/31" as String) + } + } +} +``` + +At this point, it’s time to apply the foregoing. The first step is to get a total count of all the Employee instances, required by the pagination code: + +``` +        def recordsTotal = Employee.count() +        println "employee recordsTotal $recordsTotal" +``` + +Next, apply the filter to the Employee instances to get the count of filtered results, which will always be less than or equal to the total number (again, this is for the pagination code): + +``` +        def c = Employee.createCriteria() +        def recordsFiltered = c.count { +            filterer.delegate = delegate +            filterer() +        } +        println "employee recordsFiltered $recordsFiltered" + +``` + +Once you have those two counts, you can get the actual filtered instances using the pagination and ordering information as well. + +``` + def orderer = Employee.withCriteria { + filterer.delegate = delegate + filterer() + orderList.each { oi -> + switch (oi[0]) { + case 'surname': order 'surname', oi[1]; break + case 'givenNames': order 'givenNames', oi[1]; break + case 'position': order 'p.name', oi[1]; break + case 'office': order 'o.name', oi[1]; break + case 'extension': order 'extension', oi[1]; break + case 'hired': order 'hired', oi[1]; break + case 'salary': order 'salary', oi[1]; break + } + } + maxResults (jqdtParams.length as Integer) + firstResult (jqdtParams.start as Integer) + } +``` + +To be completely clear, the pagination code in JTables manages three counts: the total number of records in the data set, the number resulting after the filters are applied, and the number to be displayed on the page (whether the display is scrolling or paginated). The ordering is applied to all the filtered records and the pagination is applied to chunks of those filtered records for display purposes. + +Next, process the results returned by the orderer, creating links to the Employee, Position, and Office instance in each row so the user can click on these links to get all the detail on the relevant instance: + +``` +        def dollarFormatter = new DecimalFormat('$##,###.##') +        def employees = orderer.collect { employee -> +            ['surname': "${employee.surname}", +                'givenNames': employee.givenNames, +                'position': "${employee.position?.name}", +                'office': "${employee.office?.name}", +                'extension': employee.extension, +                'hired': employee.hired.format('yyyy/MM/dd'), +                'salary': dollarFormatter.format(employee.salary)] +        } +``` + +And finally, create the result you want to return and give it back as JSON, which is what jQuery DataTables requires. + +``` + def result = [draw: jqdtParams.draw, recordsTotal: recordsTotal, recordsFiltered: recordsFiltered, data: employees] + render(result as JSON) + } +``` + +That’s it. + +If you’re familiar with Grails, this probably seems like more work than you might have originally thought, but there’s no rocket science here, just a lot of moving parts. However, if you haven’t had much exposure to Grails (or to Groovy), there’s a lot of new stuff to understand—closures, delegates, and builders, among other things. + +In that case, where to start? The best place is to learn about Groovy itself, especially [Groovy closures][18] and [Groovy delegates and builders][19]. Then go back to the reading suggested above on Grails and Hibernate criteria queries. + +### Conclusions + +jQuery DataTables make awesome tabular data browsers for Grails. Coding the view isn’t too tricky, but the PHP examples provided in the DataTables documentation take you only so far. In particular, they aren’t written with Grails programmers in mind, nor do they explore the finer details of using elements that are references to other classes (essentially lookup tables). + +I’ve used this approach to make a couple of data browsers that allow the user to select which columns to view and accumulate record counts, or just to browse the data. The performance is good even in million-row tables on a relatively modest VPS. + +One caveat: I have stumbled upon some problems with the various Hibernate criteria mechanisms exposed in Grails (see my other GitHub repositories), so care and experimentation is required. If all else fails, the alternative approach is to build SQL strings on the fly and execute them instead. As of this writing, I prefer to work with Grails criteria, unless I get into messy subqueries, but that may just reflect my relative lack of experience with subqueries in Hibernate. + +I hope you Grails programmers out there find this interesting. Please feel free to leave comments or suggestions below. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/18/9/using-grails-jquery-and-datatables + +作者：[Chris Hermansen][a] +选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/clhermansen +[1]: https://grails.org/ +[2]: https://jquery.com/ +[3]: https://datatables.net/ +[4]: http://php.net/ +[5]: http://groovy-lang.org/ +[6]: https://github.com/monetschemist/grails-datatables +[7]: https://www.vim.org/ +[8]: http://openjdk.java.net/ +[9]: http://sdkman.io/ +[10]: http://guides.grails.org/creating-your-first-grails-app/guide/index.html +[11]: https://opensource.com/file/410061 +[12]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/screen_1.png (Embrow home screen) +[13]: https://opensource.com/file/410066 +[14]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/screen_2.png (Office list screenshot) +[15]: https://opensource.com/file/410071 +[16]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/screen3.png (Employee controller screenshot) +[17]: https://gsp.grails.org/latest/ref/Tags/createLink.html +[18]: http://groovy-lang.org/closures.html +[19]: http://groovy-lang.org/dsls.html From fac2c6cf15f8350c918ae772ad652f023edfd0ee Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Sat, 29 Sep 2018 12:48:08 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 020/219] PRF:20180828 How to Play Windows-only Games on Linux with Steam Play.md @geekpi --- ...ows-only Games on Linux with Steam Play.md | 37 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 17 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180828 How to Play Windows-only Games on Linux with Steam Play.md b/translated/tech/20180828 How to Play Windows-only Games on Linux with Steam Play.md index 52a919ea57..3d5d3a20bc 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20180828 How to Play Windows-only Games on Linux with Steam Play.md +++ b/translated/tech/20180828 How to Play Windows-only Games on Linux with Steam Play.md @@ -1,8 +1,9 @@ 如何使用 Steam Play 在 Linux 上玩仅限 Windows 的游戏 ====== -Steam 的新实验功能允许你在 Linux 上玩仅限 Windows 的游戏。以下是如何在 Steam 中使用此功能。 -你已经听说过这个消息。游戏发行平台[ Steam 正在实现一个 WINE 分支来允许你玩仅在 Windows 上的游戏][1]。对于 Linux 用户来说，这绝对是一个好消息，因为我们抱怨 Linux 的游戏数量不足。 +> Steam 的新实验功能允许你在 Linux 上玩仅限 Windows 的游戏。以下是如何在 Steam 中使用此功能。 + +你已经听说过这个消息。游戏发行平台 [Steam 正在复刻一个 WINE 分支来允许你玩仅限于 Windows 上的游戏][1]。对于 Linux 用户来说，这绝对是一个好消息，因为我们总抱怨 Linux 的游戏数量不足。 这个新功能仍处于测试阶段，但你现在可以在 Linux 上试用它并在 Linux 上玩仅限 Windows 的游戏。让我们看看如何做到这一点。 @@ -14,20 +15,19 @@ Steam 的新实验功能允许你在 Linux 上玩仅限 Windows 的游戏。以 安装了 Steam 并且你已登录到 Steam 帐户，就可以了解如何在 Steam Linux 客户端中启用 Windows 游戏。 - #### 步骤 1：进入帐户设置 -运行 Steam 客户端。在左上角，单击 Steam，然后单击 Settings。 +运行 Steam 客户端。在左上角，单击 “Steam”，然后单击 “Settings”。 ![Enable steam play beta on Linux][4] #### 步骤 2：选择加入测试计划 -在“设置”中，从左侧窗口中选择“帐户”，然后单击 “Beta participation” 下的 “CHANGE” 按钮。 +在“Settings”中，从左侧窗口中选择“Account”，然后单击 “Beta participation” 下的 “CHANGE” 按钮。 ![Enable beta feature in Steam Linux][5] -你应该在此处选择 Steam Beta Update。 +你应该在此处选择 “Steam Beta Update”。 ![Enable beta feature in Steam Linux][6] @@ -37,32 +37,29 @@ Steam 的新实验功能允许你在 Linux 上玩仅限 Windows 的游戏。以 下载好 Steam 新的测试版更新后，它将重新启动。到这里就差不多了。 -再次进入“设置”。你现在可以在左侧窗口看到新的 Steam Play 选项。单击它并选中复选框： +再次进入“Settings”。你现在可以在左侧窗口看到新的 “Steam Play” 选项。单击它并选中复选框： * Enable Steam Play for supported titles （你可以玩列入白名单的 Windows 游戏） * Enable Steam Play for all titles （你可以尝试玩所有仅限 Windows 的游戏） - - ![Play Windows games on Linux using Steam Play][7] -我不记得 Steam 是否会再次重启，但我想这是微不足道的。你现在应该可以在 Linux 上看到安装仅限 Windows 的游戏的选项了。 +我不记得 Steam 是否会再次重启，但我想这无所谓。你现在应该可以在 Linux 上看到安装仅限 Windows 的游戏的选项了。 -比如，我的 Steam 库中有 Age of Empires，正常情况下这个在 Linux 中没有。但我在 Steam Play 测试版启用所有 Windows 游戏后，现在我可以选择在 Linux 上安装 Age of Empires 了。 +比如，我的 Steam 库中有《Age of Empires》，正常情况下这个在 Linux 中没有。但我在 Steam Play 测试版启用所有 Windows 游戏后，现在我可以选择在 Linux 上安装《Age of Empires》了。 ![Install Windows-only games on Linux using Steam][8] -现在可以在 Linux 上安装仅限 Windows 的游戏 + +*现在可以在 Linux 上安装仅限 Windows 的游戏* ### 有关 Steam Play 测试版功能的信息 在 Linux 上使用 Steam Play 测试版玩仅限 Windows 的游戏有一些事情你需要知道并且牢记。 - * If you have games downloaded on Windows via Steam, you can save some download data by [sharing Steam game files between Linux and Windows][12]. - * 目前，[只有 27 个 Steam Play 中的 Windows 游戏被列入白名单][9]。这些白名单游戏在 Linux 上无缝运行。 - * 你可以使用 Steam Play 测试版尝试任何 Windows 游戏，但它可能无法一直运行。有些游戏有时会崩溃，而某些游戏可能根本无法运行。 + * 目前，[只有 27 个 Steam Play 中的 Windows 游戏被列入白名单][9]。这些白名单游戏可以在 Linux 上无缝运行。 + * 你可以使用 Steam Play 测试版尝试任何 Windows 游戏，但它可能不是总能运行。有些游戏有时会崩溃，而某些游戏可能根本无法运行。 * 在测试版中，你无法 Steam 商店中看到适用于 Linux 的 Windows 限定游戏。你必须自己尝试游戏或参考[这个社区维护的列表][10]以查看该 Windows 游戏的兼容性状态。你也可以通过填写[此表][11]来为列表做出贡献。 - * 如果你通过 Steam 在 Windows 上下载游戏，那么可以通过[在 Linux 和 Windows 之间共享 Steam 游戏文件][12]来保存一些下载数据。 - + * 如果你在 Windows 中通过 Steam 下载了游戏，你可以[在 Linux 和 Windows 之间共享 Steam 游戏文件][12]来节省下载的数据。 我希望本教程能帮助你在 Linux 上运行仅限 Windows 的游戏。你期待在 Linux 上玩哪些游戏？ @@ -73,12 +70,12 @@ via: https://itsfoss.com/steam-play/ 作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a] 选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) 译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 [a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/ -[1]:https://itsfoss.com/steam-play-proton/ +[1]:https://linux.cn/article-10054-1.html [2]:https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/play-windows-games-on-linux-featured.jpeg [3]:https://itsfoss.com/install-steam-ubuntu-linux/ [4]:https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/enable-steam-play-beta.jpeg @@ -89,4 +86,4 @@ via: https://itsfoss.com/steam-play/ [9]:https://steamcommunity.com/games/221410 [10]:https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1DcZZQ4HL_Ol969UbXJmFG8TzOHNnHoj8Q1f8DIFe8-8/htmlview?sle=true# [11]:https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSeefaYQduMST_lg0IsYxZko8tHLKe2vtVZLFaPNycyhY4bidQ/viewform -[12]:https://itsfoss.com/share-steam-files-linux-windows/ +[12]:https://linux.cn/article-8027-1.html From 56688366cb9d05f1f0cb90c2c7fe5a2245342f4e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Sat, 29 Sep 2018 12:48:29 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 021/219] PUB:20180828 How to Play Windows-only Games on Linux with Steam Play.md @geekpi https://linux.cn/article-10061-1.html --- ...828 How to Play Windows-only Games on Linux with Steam Play.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20180828 How to Play Windows-only Games on Linux with Steam Play.md (100%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180828 How to Play Windows-only Games on Linux with Steam Play.md b/published/20180828 How to Play Windows-only Games on Linux with Steam Play.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/tech/20180828 How to Play Windows-only Games on Linux with Steam Play.md rename to published/20180828 How to Play Windows-only Games on Linux with Steam Play.md From 4e8d4f92ee194f60378f6a184d57ae8b34ff9a27 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Sat, 29 Sep 2018 13:24:25 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 022/219] PRF:20171124 How do groups work on Linux.md @DavidChenLiang --- .../20171124 How do groups work on Linux.md | 102 +++++++----------- 1 file changed, 41 insertions(+), 61 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20171124 How do groups work on Linux.md b/translated/tech/20171124 How do groups work on Linux.md index ace322775a..f9134ca619 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20171124 How do groups work on Linux.md +++ b/translated/tech/20171124 How do groups work on Linux.md @@ -1,60 +1,49 @@ -"组"在 Linux 上到底是怎么工作的? -============================================================ +“用户组”在 Linux 上到底是怎么工作的？ +======== +嗨！就在上周，我还自认为对 Linux 上的用户和组的工作机制了如指掌。我认为它们的关系是这样的： -你好！就在上周，我还自认为对 Linux 上的用户和组的工作机制了如指掌。我认为它们的关系是这样的： +1. 每个进程都属于一个用户（比如用户 `julia`） +2. 当这个进程试图读取一个被某个组所拥有的文件时， Linux 会 + a. 先检查用户`julia` 是否有权限访问文件。（LCTT 译注：此处应该是指检查文件的所有者是否就是 `julia`） + b. 检查 `julia` 属于哪些组，并进一步检查在这些组里是否有某个组拥有这个文件或者有权限访问这个文件。 +3. 如果上述 a、b 任一为真（或者“其它”位设为有权限访问），那么这个进程就有权限访问这个文件。 -1. 每个进程都属于一个用户( 比如用户`julia`) - -2. 当这个进程试图读取一个被某个组所拥有的文件时， Linux 会 a）先检查用户`julia` 是否有权限访问文件。(LCTT译注：检查文件的所有者是否就是`julia`) b）检查`julia` 属于哪些组，并进一步检查在这些组里是否有某个组拥有这个文件或者有权限访问这个文件。 - -3. 如果上述a,b任一为真（ 或者`其他`位设为有权限访问）,那么这个进程就有权限访问这个文件。 - -比如说，如果一个进程被用户`julia`拥有并且`julia` 在`awesome`组，那么这个进程就能访问下面这个文件。 +比如说，如果一个进程被用户 `julia` 拥有并且 `julia` 在`awesome` 组，那么这个进程就能访问下面这个文件。 ``` r--r--r-- 1 root awesome 6872 Sep 24 11:09 file.txt - ``` -然而上述的机制我并没有考虑得非常清楚，如果你硬要我阐述清楚，我会说进程可能会在**运行时**去检查`/etc/group` 文件里是否有某些组拥有当前的用户。 +然而上述的机制我并没有考虑得非常清楚，如果你硬要我阐述清楚，我会说进程可能会在**运行时**去检查 `/etc/group` 文件里是否有某些组拥有当前的用户。 -### 然而这并不是Linux 里“组”的工作机制 +### 然而这并不是 Linux 里“组”的工作机制 -我在上个星期的工作中发现了一件有趣的事，事实证明我前面的理解错了，我对组的工作机制的描述并不准确。特别是Linux**并不会**在进程每次试图访问一个文件时就去检查这个进程的用户属于哪些组。 +我在上个星期的工作中发现了一件有趣的事，事实证明我前面的理解错了，我对组的工作机制的描述并不准确。特别是 Linux **并不会**在进程每次试图访问一个文件时就去检查这个进程的用户属于哪些组。 -我在读了[The Linux Programming -Interface][1]这本书的第九章后才恍然大悟（这本书真是太棒了。）这才是组真正的工作方式！我意识到之前我并没有真正理解用户和组是怎么工作的，我信心满满的尝试了下面的内容并且验证到底发生了什么，事实证明现在我的理解才是对的。 +我在读了《[Linux 编程接口][1]》这本书的第九章（“进程资格”）后才恍然大悟（这本书真是太棒了），这才是组真正的工作方式！我意识到之前我并没有真正理解用户和组是怎么工作的，我信心满满的尝试了下面的内容并且验证到底发生了什么，事实证明现在我的理解才是对的。 ### 用户和组权限检查是怎么完成的 -现在这些关键的知识在我看来非常简单! 这本书的第九章上来就告诉我如下事实：用户和组ID是**进程的属性**，它们是： +现在这些关键的知识在我看来非常简单! 这本书的第九章上来就告诉我如下事实：用户和组 ID 是**进程的属性**，它们是： -* 真实用户ID和组ID； +* 真实用户 ID 和组 ID； +* 有效用户 ID 和组 ID； +* 保存的 set-user-ID 和保存的 set-group-ID； +* 文件系统用户 ID 和组 ID（特定于 Linux); +* 补充的组 ID； -* 有效用户ID和组ID； - -* 被保存的set-user-ID和被保存的set-group-ID; - -* 文件系统用户ID和组ID（特定于 Linux); - -* 增补的组ID； - -这说明Linux**实际上**检查一个进程能否访问一个文件所做的组检查是这样的： - -* 检查一个进程的组ID和补充组ID（这些ID就在进程的属性里，**并不是**实时在`/etc/group`里查找这些ID） +这说明 Linux **实际上**检查一个进程能否访问一个文件所做的组检查是这样的： +* 检查一个进程的组 ID 和补充组 ID（这些 ID 就在进程的属性里，**并不是**实时在 `/etc/group` 里查找这些 ID） * 检查要访问的文件的访问属性里的组设置 - - * 确定进程对文件是否有权限访问（LCTT 译注：即文件的组是否是以上的组之一） -通常当访问控制的时候使用的是**有效**用户/组ID，而不是**真实**用户/组ID。技术上来说当访问一个文件时使用的是**文件系统**ID,他们实际上和有效用户/组ID一样。（LCTT译注：这句话针对 Linux 而言。） +通常当访问控制的时候使用的是**有效**用户/组 ID，而不是**真实**用户/组 ID。技术上来说当访问一个文件时使用的是**文件系统**的 ID，它们通常和有效用户/组 ID 一样。（LCTT 译注：这句话针对 Linux 而言。） ### 将一个用户加入一个组并不会将一个已存在的进程（的用户）加入那个组 -下面是一个有趣的例子：如果我创建了一个新的组:`panda` 组并且将我自己(bork)加入到这个组，然后运行`groups` 来检查我是否在这个组里：结果是我（bork）竟然不在这个组？！ - +下面是一个有趣的例子：如果我创建了一个新的组：`panda` 组并且将我自己（`bork`）加入到这个组，然后运行 `groups` 来检查我是否在这个组里：结果是我（`bork`）竟然不在这个组？！ ``` bork@kiwi~> sudo addgroup panda @@ -69,8 +58,7 @@ bork adm cdrom sudo dip plugdev lpadmin sambashare docker lxd ``` -`panda`并不在上面的组里！为了再次确定我们的发现，让我们建一个文件，这个文件被`panda`组拥有，看看我能否访问它。 - +`panda` 并不在上面的组里！为了再次确定我们的发现，让我们建一个文件，这个文件被 `panda` 组拥有，看看我能否访问它。 ``` $ touch panda-file.txt @@ -78,73 +66,65 @@ $ sudo chown root:panda panda-file.txt $ sudo chmod 660 panda-file.txt $ cat panda-file.txt cat: panda-file.txt: Permission denied - ``` -好吧，确定了，我(bork)无法访问`panda-file.txt`。这一点都不让人吃惊,我的命令解释器并没有`panda` 组作为补充组ID，运行`adduser bork panda`并不会改变这一点。 - +好吧，确定了，我（`bork`）无法访问 `panda-file.txt`。这一点都不让人吃惊，我的命令解释器并没有将 `panda` 组作为补充组 ID，运行 `adduser bork panda` 并不会改变这一点。 ### 那进程一开始是怎么得到用户的组的呢？ +这真是个非常令人困惑的问题，对吗？如果进程会将组的信息预置到进程的属性里面，进程在初始化的时候怎么取到组的呢？很明显你无法给你自己指定更多的组（否则就会和 Linux 访问控制的初衷相违背了……） -这真是个非常令人困惑的问题，对吗？如果进程会将组的信息预置到进程的属性里面，进程在初始化的时候怎么取到组的呢？很明显你无法给你自己指定更多的组（否则就会和Linux访问控制的初衷相违背了。。。） - -有一点还是很清楚的：一个新的进程是怎么从我的命令行解释器（/bash/fish）里被**执行**而得到它的组的。（新的）进程将拥有我的用户 ID（bork），并且进程属性里还有很多组ID。从我的命令解释器里执行的所有进程是从这个命令解释器里`复刻`而来的，所以这个新进程得到了和命令解释器同样的组。 - -因此一定存在一个“第一个”进程来把你的组设置到进程属性里，而所有由此进程而衍生的进程将都设置这些组。而那个“第一个”进程就是你的**登录命令**,在我的笔记本电脑上，它是由‘登录’程序(`/bin/login`)实例化而来。` 登录程序` 以root身份运行,然后调用了一个 C 的库函数-`initgroups`来设置你的进程的组（具体来说是通过读取`/etc/group` 文件）,因为登录程序是以root运行的，所以它能设置你的进程的组。 +有一点还是很清楚的：一个新的进程是怎么从我的命令行解释器（`/bash/fish`）里被**执行**而得到它的组的。（新的）进程将拥有我的用户 ID（`bork`），并且进程属性里还有很多组 ID。从我的命令解释器里执行的所有进程是从这个命令解释器里 `fork()` 而来的，所以这个新进程得到了和命令解释器同样的组。 +因此一定存在一个“第一个”进程来把你的组设置到进程属性里，而所有由此进程而衍生的进程将都设置这些组。而那个“第一个”进程就是你的登录程序login shell，在我的笔记本电脑上，它是由 `login` 程序（`/bin/login`）实例化而来。登录程序以 root 身份运行，然后调用了一个 C 的库函数 —— `initgroups` 来设置你的进程的组（具体来说是通过读取 `/etc/group` 文件），因为登录程序是以 root 运行的，所以它能设置你的进程的组。 ### 让我们再登录一次 -好了！既然我们的`login shell`正在运行,而我又想刷新我的进程的组设置，从我们前面所学到的进程是怎么初始化组ID的，我应该可以通过再次运行`login` 程序来刷新我的进程组并启动一个新的`login shell`！ +好了！假如说我们正处于一个登录程序中，而我又想刷新我的进程的组设置，从我们前面所学到的进程是怎么初始化组 ID 的，我应该可以通过再次运行登录程序来刷新我的进程组并启动一个新的登录命令！ -让我们试试下边的方法: +让我们试试下边的方法： ``` $ sudo login bork $ groups bork adm cdrom sudo dip plugdev lpadmin sambashare docker lxd panda $ cat panda-file.txt # it works! I can access the file owned by `panda` now! - ``` -当然，成功了！现在由登录程序衍生的程序的用户是组`panda`的一部分了！太棒了！这并不会影响我其他的已经在运行的登录程序（及其子进程），如果我真的希望“所有的”进程都能对`panda` -组有访问权限。我必须完全的重启我的登陆会话，这意味着我必须退出我的窗口管理器然后再重新`login`。(LCTT译注：即更新进程树的树根进程，这里是窗口管理器进程。) +当然，成功了！现在由登录程序衍生的程序的用户是组 `panda` 的一部分了！太棒了！这并不会影响我其他的已经在运行的登录程序（及其子进程），如果我真的希望“所有的”进程都能对 `panda` 组有访问权限。我必须完全的重启我的登录会话，这意味着我必须退出我的窗口管理器然后再重新登录。（LCTT 译注：即更新进程树的树根进程，这里是窗口管理器进程。） -### newgrp命令 +### newgrp 命令 - -在 Twitter 上有人告诉我如果只是想启动一个刷新了组信息的命令解释器的话，你可以使用`newgrp`（LCTT译注：不启动新的命令解释器）,如下： +在 Twitter 上有人告诉我如果只是想启动一个刷新了组信息的命令解释器的话，你可以使用 `newgrp`（LCTT 译注：不启动新的命令解释器），如下： ``` sudo addgroup panda sudo adduser bork panda newgrp panda # starts a new shell, and you don't have to be root to run it! - ``` - -你也可以用`sg panda bash` 来完成同样的效果，这个命令能启动一个`bash` 登录程序，而这个程序就有`panda` 组。 +你也可以用 `sg panda bash` 来完成同样的效果，这个命令能启动一个`bash` 登录程序，而这个程序就有 `panda` 组。 ### seduid 将设置有效用户 ID -其实我一直对一个进程如何以`setuid root`的权限来运行意味着什么有点似是而非。现在我知道了，事实上所发生的是：setuid 设置了`有效用户ID`! 如果我（'julia'）运行了一个`setuid root` 的进程（ 比如`passwd`）,那么进程的**真实**用户 ID 将为`julia`,而**有效**用户 ID 将被设置为`root`。 +其实我一直对一个进程如何以 `setuid root` 的权限来运行意味着什么有点似是而非。现在我知道了，事实上所发生的是：`setuid` 设置了 +“有效用户 ID”! 如果我（`julia`）运行了一个 `setuid root` 的进程（ 比如 `passwd`），那么进程的**真实**用户 ID 将为 `julia`，而**有效**用户 ID 将被设置为 `root`。 -`passwd` 需要以root权限来运行，但是它能看到进程的真实用户ID是`julia` ,是`julia`启动了这个进程，`passwd`会阻止这个进程修改除了`julia`之外的用户密码。 +`passwd` 需要以 root 权限来运行，但是它能看到进程的真实用户 ID 是 `julia` ，是 `julia` 启动了这个进程，`passwd` 会阻止这个进程修改除了 `julia` 之外的用户密码。 ### 就是这些了！ -在 Linux Programming Interface 这本书里有很多Linux上一些功能的罕见使用方法以及Linux上所有的事物到底是怎么运行的详细解释，这里我就不一一展开了。那本书棒极了，我上面所说的都在该书的第九章，这章在1300页的书里只占了17页。 +在《[Linux 编程接口][1]》这本书里有很多 Linux 上一些功能的罕见使用方法以及 Linux 上所有的事物到底是怎么运行的详细解释，这里我就不一一展开了。那本书棒极了，我上面所说的都在该书的第九章，这章在 1300 页的书里只占了 17 页。 -我最爱这本书的一点是我只用读17页关于用户和组是怎么工作的内容，而这区区17页就能做到内容完备，详实有用。我不用读完所有的1300页书就能得到有用的东西，太棒了！ +我最爱这本书的一点是我只用读 17 页关于用户和组是怎么工作的内容，而这区区 17 页就能做到内容完备、详实有用。我不用读完所有的 1300 页书就能得到有用的东西，太棒了！ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: https://jvns.ca/blog/2017/11/20/groups/ -作者：[Julia Evans ][a] +作者：[Julia Evans][a] 译者：[DavidChen](https://github.com/DavidChenLiang) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 24d069dd4d4c1b2b57c759eef650ee4483b7d99d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Sat, 29 Sep 2018 13:24:49 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 023/219] PUB: 20171124 How do groups work on Linux.md @DavidChenLiang https://linux.cn/article-10062-1.html --- .../tech => published}/20171124 How do groups work on Linux.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20171124 How do groups work on Linux.md (100%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20171124 How do groups work on Linux.md b/published/20171124 How do groups work on Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/tech/20171124 How do groups work on Linux.md rename to published/20171124 How do groups work on Linux.md From bc3ac0c79971ef6042a23c3e966a5872b1bede93 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: z52527 Date: Sat, 29 Sep 2018 14:14:57 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 024/219] Delete 20180828 A Cat Clone With Syntax Highlighting And Git Integration.md MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 删除源文件 --- ...Syntax Highlighting And Git Integration.md | 167 ------------------ 1 file changed, 167 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20180828 A Cat Clone With Syntax Highlighting And Git Integration.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20180828 A Cat Clone With Syntax Highlighting And Git Integration.md b/sources/tech/20180828 A Cat Clone With Syntax Highlighting And Git Integration.md deleted file mode 100644 index bddc4cac5b..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20180828 A Cat Clone With Syntax Highlighting And Git Integration.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,167 +0,0 @@ -A Cat Clone With Syntax Highlighting And Git Integration -====== - -![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Bat-command-720x340.png) - -In Unix-like systems, we use **‘cat’** command to print and concatenate files. Using cat command, we can print the contents of a file to the standard output, concatenate several files into the target file, and append several files into the target file. Today, I stumbled upon a similar utility named **“Bat”** , a clone to the cat command, with some additional cool features such as syntax highlighting, git integration and automatic paging etc. In this brief guide, we will how to install and use Bat command in Linux. - -### Installation - -Bat is available in the default repositories of Arch Linux. So, you can install it using pacman on any arch-based systems. -``` -$ sudo pacman -S bat - -``` - -On Debian, Ubuntu, Linux Mint systems, download the **.deb** file from the [**Releases page**][1] and install it as shown below. -``` -$ sudo apt install gdebi - -$ sudo gdebi bat_0.5.0_amd64.deb - -``` - -For other systems, you may need to compile and install from source. Make sure you have installed Rust 1.26 or higher. - - - -Then, run the following command to install Bat: -``` -$ cargo install bat - -``` - -Alternatively, you can install it using [**Linuxbrew**][2] package manager. -``` -$ brew install bat - -``` - -### Bat command Usage - -The Bat command’s usage is very similar to cat command. - -To create a new file using bat command, do: -``` -$ bat > file.txt - -``` - -To view the contents of a file using bat command, just do: -``` -$ bat file.txt - -``` - -You can also view multiple files at once: -``` -$ bat file1.txt file2.txt - -``` - -To append the contents of the multiple files in a single file: -``` -$ bat file1.txt file2.txt file3.txt > document.txt - -``` - -Like I already mentioned, apart from viewing and editing files, the Bat command has some additional cool features though. - -The bat command supports **syntax highlighting** for large number of programming and markup languages. For instance, look at the following example. I am going to display the contents of the **reverse.py** file using both cat and bat commands. - -![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/bat-and-cat-command-output-comparison.png) - -Did you notice the difference? Cat command shows the contents of the file in plain text format, whereas bat command shows output with syntax highlighting, order number in a neat tabular column format. Much better, isn’t it? - -If you want to display only the line numbers (not the tabular column), use **-n** flag. -``` -$ bat -n reverse.py - -``` - -**Sample output:** -![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/bat-command-output-3.png) - -Another notable feature of Bat command is it supports **automatic paging**. That means if output of a file is too large for one screen, the bat command automatically pipes its own output to **less** command, so you can view the output page by page. - -Let me show you an example. When you view the contents of a file which spans multiple pages using cat command, the prompt quickly jumps to the last page of the file, and you do not see the content in the beginning or in the middle. - -Have a look at the following output: - -![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/cat-command-output.png) - -As you can see, the cat command displays last page of the file. - -So, you may need to pipe the output of the cat command to **less** command to view it’s contents page by page from the beginning. -``` -$ cat reverse.py | less - -``` - -Now, you can view output page by page by hitting the ENTER key. However, it is not necessary if you use bat command. The bat command will automatically pipe the output of a file which spans multiple pages. -``` -$ bat reverse.py - -``` - -**Sample output:** - -![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/bat-command-output-1.png) - -Now hit the ENTER key to go to the next page. - -The bat command also supports **GIT integration** , so you can view/edit the files in your Git repository without much hassle. It communicates with git to show modifications with respect to the index (see left side bar). - -![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/bat-command-output-2.png) - -**Customizing Bat** - -If you don’t like the default themes, you can change it too. Bat has option for that too. - -To list the available themes, just run: -``` -$ bat --list-themes -1337 -DarkNeon -Default -GitHub -Monokai Extended -Monokai Extended Bright -Monokai Extended Light -Monokai Extended Origin -TwoDark - -``` - -To use a different theme, for example TwoDark, run: -``` -$ bat --theme=TwoDark file.txt - -``` - -If you want to make the theme permanent, use `export BAT_THEME="TwoDark"` in your shells startup file. - -Bat also have the option to control the appearance of the output. To do so, use the `--style` option. To show only Git changes and line numbers but no grid and no file header, use `--style=numbers,changes`. - -For more details, refer the Bat project GitHub Repository (Link at the end). - -And, that’s all for now. Hope this was useful. More good stuffs to come. Stay tuned! - -Cheers! - - - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.ostechnix.com/bat-a-cat-clone-with-syntax-highlighting-and-git-integration/ - -作者：[SK][a] -选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/ -[1]:https://github.com/sharkdp/bat/releases -[2]:https://www.ostechnix.com/linuxbrew-common-package-manager-linux-mac-os-x/ From 4cba159b136f4c78320321e54fb46a3af432a8a2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: z52527 Date: Sat, 29 Sep 2018 14:16:16 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 025/219] Create 20180828 A Cat Clone With Syntax Highlighting And Git Integration.md MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 翻译完成 --- ...Syntax Highlighting And Git Integration.md | 173 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 173 insertions(+) create mode 100644 translated/tech/20180828 A Cat Clone With Syntax Highlighting And Git Integration.md diff --git a/translated/tech/20180828 A Cat Clone With Syntax Highlighting And Git Integration.md b/translated/tech/20180828 A Cat Clone With Syntax Highlighting And Git Integration.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..0b56659315 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20180828 A Cat Clone With Syntax Highlighting And Git Integration.md @@ -0,0 +1,173 @@ +一种具有语法高亮和 Git 集成的 Cat 克隆命令——Bat +====== + +![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Bat-command-720x340.png) + +在类UNIX系统中，我们使用 **‘cat’** 命令去打印和连接文件。使用cat命令, 我们能将文件目录打印到到标准输出，合成几个文件为一个目标文件，还有追加几个文件到目标文件中。今天，我偶然发现一个具有相似作用的命令叫做 **“Bat”** ，一个 cat 命令的克隆版，具有一些例如语法高亮、 git 集成和自动分页等非常酷的特性。在这个简略指南中，我们将讲述如何在 linux 中安装和使用 Bat 命令。 + +### 安装 + +Bat 可以在 Arch Linux 的默认软件源中获取。 所以你可以使用 pacman 命令在任何 arch-based 的系统上来安装它。 +``` +$ sudo pacman -S bat + +``` + +在 Debian,Ubuntu, Linux Mint 等系统中，从[**发布页面**][1] 下载 **.deb** 文件，然后用下面的命令来安装。 +``` +$ sudo apt install gdebi + +$ sudo gdebi bat_0.5.0_amd64.deb + +``` + +对于其他系统，你也许需要从软件源编译并安装 确保你已经安装了 Rust 1.26 或者更高版本。 + + + +然后运行以下命令来安装 Bat +``` +$ cargo install bat + +``` + +或者，你可以从 [**Linuxbrew**][2] 软件包管理中来安装它。 +``` +$ brew install bat + +``` + +### Bat 命令的使用 + +Bat 命令的使用与 cat 命令的使用非常相似。 + +使用 Bat 命令创建一个新的文件: +``` +$ bat > file.txt + +``` + +使用 Bat 命令来查看文件内容，只需要: +``` +$ bat file.txt + +``` + +你能同时查看多个文件，通过: +``` +$ bat file1.txt file2.txt + +``` + +将多个文件的内容合并至一个单独文件中: +``` +$ bat file1.txt file2.txt file3.txt > document.txt + +``` + +就像我之前提到的那样，除了浏览和编辑文件以外， Bat 命令有一些非常酷的特性。 + +Bat 命令支持大多数编程和标记语言的语法高亮syntax highlighting。比如，下面这个例子。我将使用 cat 和 bat 命令来展示 **reverse.py** 的内容。 + +![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/bat-and-cat-command-output-comparison.png) + +你注意到区别了吗？ cat 命令以纯文本格式显示文件的内容，而 bat 命令显示了语法高亮和整齐的文本对齐格式。更好了不是吗？ + +如果你只想显示行号（而不是文本对齐）使用 +**-n** 标记。 +``` +$ bat -n reverse.py + +``` + +**Sample output:** +![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/bat-command-output-3.png) + +另一个 Bat 命令中值得注意的特性是它支持自动分页automatic paging。 它的意思是当文件的输出对于屏幕来说太大的时候，bat 命令自动将自己的输出内容传输到 **less** 命令中，所以你可以一页一页的查看输出内容。 + +让我给你看一个例子，使用cat命令查看跨多个页面的文件的内容时，提示快速跳至文件的最后一页，你看不到内容的开头和中间部分。 + +看一下下面的输出： + +![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/cat-command-output.png) + +正如你所看到的，cat 命令显示了文章的最后一页。 + +所以你也许需要去将使用 cat 命令的输出传输到 **less** 命令中去从开头一页一页的查看内容。 +``` +$ cat reverse.py | less + +``` + +现在你可以使用 ENTER 键去一页一页的查看输出。然而当你使用 bat 命令时这些都是不必要的。bat命令将自动传输跨越多个页面的文件的输出。 + +``` +$ bat reverse.py + +``` + +**Sample output:** + +![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/bat-command-output-1.png) + +现在按下 ENTER 键去往下一页。 + +bat 命令也支持 Git 集成**GIT integration**， +这样您就可以轻松查看/编辑Git存储库中的文件。 它与 Git 连接可以显示关于索引的修改。（看左栏） + +![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/bat-command-output-2.png) + +**定制 Bat** + +如果你不喜欢默认主题，你也可以修改它。Bat 同样有修改它的选项。 + +若要显示可用主题，只需运行： +``` +$ bat --list-themes +1337 +DarkNeon +Default +GitHub +Monokai Extended +Monokai Extended Bright +Monokai Extended Light +Monokai Extended Origin +TwoDark + +``` + + +要使用其他主题，例如 TwoDark，请运行： +``` +$ bat --theme=TwoDark file.txt + +``` + +如果你想永久改变主题，在你的 shells startup 文件中加入 `export BAT_THEME="TwoDark"`。 + + +Bat还可以选择修改输出的外观。使用 `--style` 选项来修改输出外观。仅显示 Git 的更改和行号但不显示网格和文件头，请使用 `--style=numbers,changes`. + + +更多详细信息，请参阅 Bat 项目的 GitHub 库（链接在文末） + +最好，这就是目前的全部内容了。希望这篇文章会帮到你。更多精彩文章即将到来，敬请关注！ + +干杯！ + + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.ostechnix.com/bat-a-cat-clone-with-syntax-highlighting-and-git-integration/ + +作者：[SK][a] +选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) +译者：[z52527](https://github.com/z52527) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/ +[1]:https://github.com/sharkdp/bat/releases +[2]:https://www.ostechnix.com/linuxbrew-common-package-manager-linux-mac-os-x/ From fefd3e591bf42f36166b91d88e1d11a15174f1b4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: z52527 Date: Sat, 29 Sep 2018 14:28:06 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 026/219] Create 20180828 A Cat Clone With Syntax Highlighting And Git Integration.md --- ...Syntax Highlighting And Git Integration.md | 168 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 168 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20180828 A Cat Clone With Syntax Highlighting And Git Integration.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20180828 A Cat Clone With Syntax Highlighting And Git Integration.md b/sources/tech/20180828 A Cat Clone With Syntax Highlighting And Git Integration.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..7d30b522a0 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20180828 A Cat Clone With Syntax Highlighting And Git Integration.md @@ -0,0 +1,168 @@ +A Cat Clone With Syntax Highlighting And Git Integration +====== +20180828 A Cat Clone With Syntax Highlighting And Git Integration.md + +![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Bat-command-720x340.png) + +In Unix-like systems, we use **‘cat’** command to print and concatenate files. Using cat command, we can print the contents of a file to the standard output, concatenate several files into the target file, and append several files into the target file. Today, I stumbled upon a similar utility named **“Bat”** , a clone to the cat command, with some additional cool features such as syntax highlighting, git integration and automatic paging etc. In this brief guide, we will how to install and use Bat command in Linux. + +### Installation + +Bat is available in the default repositories of Arch Linux. So, you can install it using pacman on any arch-based systems. +``` +$ sudo pacman -S bat + +``` + +On Debian, Ubuntu, Linux Mint systems, download the **.deb** file from the [**Releases page**][1] and install it as shown below. +``` +$ sudo apt install gdebi + +$ sudo gdebi bat_0.5.0_amd64.deb + +``` + +For other systems, you may need to compile and install from source. Make sure you have installed Rust 1.26 or higher. + + + +Then, run the following command to install Bat: +``` +$ cargo install bat + +``` + +Alternatively, you can install it using [**Linuxbrew**][2] package manager. +``` +$ brew install bat + +``` + +### Bat command Usage + +The Bat command’s usage is very similar to cat command. + +To create a new file using bat command, do: +``` +$ bat > file.txt + +``` + +To view the contents of a file using bat command, just do: +``` +$ bat file.txt + +``` + +You can also view multiple files at once: +``` +$ bat file1.txt file2.txt + +``` + +To append the contents of the multiple files in a single file: +``` +$ bat file1.txt file2.txt file3.txt > document.txt + +``` + +Like I already mentioned, apart from viewing and editing files, the Bat command has some additional cool features though. + +The bat command supports **syntax highlighting** for large number of programming and markup languages. For instance, look at the following example. I am going to display the contents of the **reverse.py** file using both cat and bat commands. + +![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/bat-and-cat-command-output-comparison.png) + +Did you notice the difference? Cat command shows the contents of the file in plain text format, whereas bat command shows output with syntax highlighting, order number in a neat tabular column format. Much better, isn’t it? + +If you want to display only the line numbers (not the tabular column), use **-n** flag. +``` +$ bat -n reverse.py + +``` + +**Sample output:** +![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/bat-command-output-3.png) + +Another notable feature of Bat command is it supports **automatic paging**. That means if output of a file is too large for one screen, the bat command automatically pipes its own output to **less** command, so you can view the output page by page. + +Let me show you an example. When you view the contents of a file which spans multiple pages using cat command, the prompt quickly jumps to the last page of the file, and you do not see the content in the beginning or in the middle. + +Have a look at the following output: + +![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/cat-command-output.png) + +As you can see, the cat command displays last page of the file. + +So, you may need to pipe the output of the cat command to **less** command to view it’s contents page by page from the beginning. +``` +$ cat reverse.py | less + +``` + +Now, you can view output page by page by hitting the ENTER key. However, it is not necessary if you use bat command. The bat command will automatically pipe the output of a file which spans multiple pages. +``` +$ bat reverse.py + +``` + +**Sample output:** + +![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/bat-command-output-1.png) + +Now hit the ENTER key to go to the next page. + +The bat command also supports **GIT integration** , so you can view/edit the files in your Git repository without much hassle. It communicates with git to show modifications with respect to the index (see left side bar). + +![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/bat-command-output-2.png) + +**Customizing Bat** + +If you don’t like the default themes, you can change it too. Bat has option for that too. + +To list the available themes, just run: +``` +$ bat --list-themes +1337 +DarkNeon +Default +GitHub +Monokai Extended +Monokai Extended Bright +Monokai Extended Light +Monokai Extended Origin +TwoDark + +``` + +To use a different theme, for example TwoDark, run: +``` +$ bat --theme=TwoDark file.txt + +``` + +If you want to make the theme permanent, use `export BAT_THEME="TwoDark"` in your shells startup file. + +Bat also have the option to control the appearance of the output. To do so, use the `--style` option. To show only Git changes and line numbers but no grid and no file header, use `--style=numbers,changes`. + +For more details, refer the Bat project GitHub Repository (Link at the end). + +And, that’s all for now. Hope this was useful. More good stuffs to come. Stay tuned! + +Cheers! + + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.ostechnix.com/bat-a-cat-clone-with-syntax-highlighting-and-git-integration/ + +作者：[SK][a] +选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/ +[1]:https://github.com/sharkdp/bat/releases +[2]:https://www.ostechnix.com/linuxbrew-common-package-manager-linux-mac-os-x/ From f47b6997cbca37926dedabc9709752a17262a795 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: z52527 Date: Sat, 29 Sep 2018 14:28:37 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 027/219] Delete 20180828 A Cat Clone With Syntax Highlighting And Git Integration.md --- ...Syntax Highlighting And Git Integration.md | 173 ------------------ 1 file changed, 173 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 translated/tech/20180828 A Cat Clone With Syntax Highlighting And Git Integration.md diff --git a/translated/tech/20180828 A Cat Clone With Syntax Highlighting And Git Integration.md b/translated/tech/20180828 A Cat Clone With Syntax Highlighting And Git Integration.md deleted file mode 100644 index 0b56659315..0000000000 --- a/translated/tech/20180828 A Cat Clone With Syntax Highlighting And Git Integration.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,173 +0,0 @@ -一种具有语法高亮和 Git 集成的 Cat 克隆命令——Bat -====== - -![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Bat-command-720x340.png) - -在类UNIX系统中，我们使用 **‘cat’** 命令去打印和连接文件。使用cat命令, 我们能将文件目录打印到到标准输出，合成几个文件为一个目标文件，还有追加几个文件到目标文件中。今天，我偶然发现一个具有相似作用的命令叫做 **“Bat”** ，一个 cat 命令的克隆版，具有一些例如语法高亮、 git 集成和自动分页等非常酷的特性。在这个简略指南中，我们将讲述如何在 linux 中安装和使用 Bat 命令。 - -### 安装 - -Bat 可以在 Arch Linux 的默认软件源中获取。 所以你可以使用 pacman 命令在任何 arch-based 的系统上来安装它。 -``` -$ sudo pacman -S bat - -``` - -在 Debian,Ubuntu, Linux Mint 等系统中，从[**发布页面**][1] 下载 **.deb** 文件，然后用下面的命令来安装。 -``` -$ sudo apt install gdebi - -$ sudo gdebi bat_0.5.0_amd64.deb - -``` - -对于其他系统，你也许需要从软件源编译并安装 确保你已经安装了 Rust 1.26 或者更高版本。 - - - -然后运行以下命令来安装 Bat -``` -$ cargo install bat - -``` - -或者，你可以从 [**Linuxbrew**][2] 软件包管理中来安装它。 -``` -$ brew install bat - -``` - -### Bat 命令的使用 - -Bat 命令的使用与 cat 命令的使用非常相似。 - -使用 Bat 命令创建一个新的文件: -``` -$ bat > file.txt - -``` - -使用 Bat 命令来查看文件内容，只需要: -``` -$ bat file.txt - -``` - -你能同时查看多个文件，通过: -``` -$ bat file1.txt file2.txt - -``` - -将多个文件的内容合并至一个单独文件中: -``` -$ bat file1.txt file2.txt file3.txt > document.txt - -``` - -就像我之前提到的那样，除了浏览和编辑文件以外， Bat 命令有一些非常酷的特性。 - -Bat 命令支持大多数编程和标记语言的语法高亮syntax highlighting。比如，下面这个例子。我将使用 cat 和 bat 命令来展示 **reverse.py** 的内容。 - -![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/bat-and-cat-command-output-comparison.png) - -你注意到区别了吗？ cat 命令以纯文本格式显示文件的内容，而 bat 命令显示了语法高亮和整齐的文本对齐格式。更好了不是吗？ - -如果你只想显示行号（而不是文本对齐）使用 -**-n** 标记。 -``` -$ bat -n reverse.py - -``` - -**Sample output:** -![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/bat-command-output-3.png) - -另一个 Bat 命令中值得注意的特性是它支持自动分页automatic paging。 它的意思是当文件的输出对于屏幕来说太大的时候，bat 命令自动将自己的输出内容传输到 **less** 命令中，所以你可以一页一页的查看输出内容。 - -让我给你看一个例子，使用cat命令查看跨多个页面的文件的内容时，提示快速跳至文件的最后一页，你看不到内容的开头和中间部分。 - -看一下下面的输出： - -![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/cat-command-output.png) - -正如你所看到的，cat 命令显示了文章的最后一页。 - -所以你也许需要去将使用 cat 命令的输出传输到 **less** 命令中去从开头一页一页的查看内容。 -``` -$ cat reverse.py | less - -``` - -现在你可以使用 ENTER 键去一页一页的查看输出。然而当你使用 bat 命令时这些都是不必要的。bat命令将自动传输跨越多个页面的文件的输出。 - -``` -$ bat reverse.py - -``` - -**Sample output:** - -![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/bat-command-output-1.png) - -现在按下 ENTER 键去往下一页。 - -bat 命令也支持 Git 集成**GIT integration**， -这样您就可以轻松查看/编辑Git存储库中的文件。 它与 Git 连接可以显示关于索引的修改。（看左栏） - -![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/bat-command-output-2.png) - -**定制 Bat** - -如果你不喜欢默认主题，你也可以修改它。Bat 同样有修改它的选项。 - -若要显示可用主题，只需运行： -``` -$ bat --list-themes -1337 -DarkNeon -Default -GitHub -Monokai Extended -Monokai Extended Bright -Monokai Extended Light -Monokai Extended Origin -TwoDark - -``` - - -要使用其他主题，例如 TwoDark，请运行： -``` -$ bat --theme=TwoDark file.txt - -``` - -如果你想永久改变主题，在你的 shells startup 文件中加入 `export BAT_THEME="TwoDark"`。 - - -Bat还可以选择修改输出的外观。使用 `--style` 选项来修改输出外观。仅显示 Git 的更改和行号但不显示网格和文件头，请使用 `--style=numbers,changes`. - - -更多详细信息，请参阅 Bat 项目的 GitHub 库（链接在文末） - -最好，这就是目前的全部内容了。希望这篇文章会帮到你。更多精彩文章即将到来，敬请关注！ - -干杯！ - - - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.ostechnix.com/bat-a-cat-clone-with-syntax-highlighting-and-git-integration/ - -作者：[SK][a] -选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) -译者：[z52527](https://github.com/z52527) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/ -[1]:https://github.com/sharkdp/bat/releases -[2]:https://www.ostechnix.com/linuxbrew-common-package-manager-linux-mac-os-x/ From cb8679eed5c58b6c0e14b328afd4ea3d2e13d2e3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: z52527 Date: Sat, 29 Sep 2018 14:30:53 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 028/219] Delete 20180828 A Cat Clone With Syntax Highlighting And Git Integration.md --- ...Syntax Highlighting And Git Integration.md | 171 ------------------ 1 file changed, 171 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20180828 A Cat Clone With Syntax Highlighting And Git Integration.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20180828 A Cat Clone With Syntax Highlighting And Git Integration.md b/sources/tech/20180828 A Cat Clone With Syntax Highlighting And Git Integration.md deleted file mode 100644 index 34eba64c15..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20180828 A Cat Clone With Syntax Highlighting And Git Integration.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,171 +0,0 @@ -Translating by z52527 - - -A Cat Clone With Syntax Highlighting And Git Integration -====== -20180828 A Cat Clone With Syntax Highlighting And Git Integration.md - -![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Bat-command-720x340.png) - -In Unix-like systems, we use **‘cat’** command to print and concatenate files. Using cat command, we can print the contents of a file to the standard output, concatenate several files into the target file, and append several files into the target file. Today, I stumbled upon a similar utility named **“Bat”** , a clone to the cat command, with some additional cool features such as syntax highlighting, git integration and automatic paging etc. In this brief guide, we will how to install and use Bat command in Linux. - -### Installation - -Bat is available in the default repositories of Arch Linux. So, you can install it using pacman on any arch-based systems. -``` -$ sudo pacman -S bat - -``` - -On Debian, Ubuntu, Linux Mint systems, download the **.deb** file from the [**Releases page**][1] and install it as shown below. -``` -$ sudo apt install gdebi - -$ sudo gdebi bat_0.5.0_amd64.deb - -``` - -For other systems, you may need to compile and install from source. Make sure you have installed Rust 1.26 or higher. - - - -Then, run the following command to install Bat: -``` -$ cargo install bat - -``` - -Alternatively, you can install it using [**Linuxbrew**][2] package manager. -``` -$ brew install bat - -``` - -### Bat command Usage - -The Bat command’s usage is very similar to cat command. - -To create a new file using bat command, do: -``` -$ bat > file.txt - -``` - -To view the contents of a file using bat command, just do: -``` -$ bat file.txt - -``` - -You can also view multiple files at once: -``` -$ bat file1.txt file2.txt - -``` - -To append the contents of the multiple files in a single file: -``` -$ bat file1.txt file2.txt file3.txt > document.txt - -``` - -Like I already mentioned, apart from viewing and editing files, the Bat command has some additional cool features though. - -The bat command supports **syntax highlighting** for large number of programming and markup languages. For instance, look at the following example. I am going to display the contents of the **reverse.py** file using both cat and bat commands. - -![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/bat-and-cat-command-output-comparison.png) - -Did you notice the difference? Cat command shows the contents of the file in plain text format, whereas bat command shows output with syntax highlighting, order number in a neat tabular column format. Much better, isn’t it? - -If you want to display only the line numbers (not the tabular column), use **-n** flag. -``` -$ bat -n reverse.py - -``` - -**Sample output:** -![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/bat-command-output-3.png) - -Another notable feature of Bat command is it supports **automatic paging**. That means if output of a file is too large for one screen, the bat command automatically pipes its own output to **less** command, so you can view the output page by page. - -Let me show you an example. When you view the contents of a file which spans multiple pages using cat command, the prompt quickly jumps to the last page of the file, and you do not see the content in the beginning or in the middle. - -Have a look at the following output: - -![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/cat-command-output.png) - -As you can see, the cat command displays last page of the file. - -So, you may need to pipe the output of the cat command to **less** command to view it’s contents page by page from the beginning. -``` -$ cat reverse.py | less - -``` - -Now, you can view output page by page by hitting the ENTER key. However, it is not necessary if you use bat command. The bat command will automatically pipe the output of a file which spans multiple pages. -``` -$ bat reverse.py - -``` - -**Sample output:** - -![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/bat-command-output-1.png) - -Now hit the ENTER key to go to the next page. - -The bat command also supports **GIT integration** , so you can view/edit the files in your Git repository without much hassle. It communicates with git to show modifications with respect to the index (see left side bar). - -![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/bat-command-output-2.png) - -**Customizing Bat** - -If you don’t like the default themes, you can change it too. Bat has option for that too. - -To list the available themes, just run: -``` -$ bat --list-themes -1337 -DarkNeon -Default -GitHub -Monokai Extended -Monokai Extended Bright -Monokai Extended Light -Monokai Extended Origin -TwoDark - -``` - -To use a different theme, for example TwoDark, run: -``` -$ bat --theme=TwoDark file.txt - -``` - -If you want to make the theme permanent, use `export BAT_THEME="TwoDark"` in your shells startup file. - -Bat also have the option to control the appearance of the output. To do so, use the `--style` option. To show only Git changes and line numbers but no grid and no file header, use `--style=numbers,changes`. - -For more details, refer the Bat project GitHub Repository (Link at the end). - -And, that’s all for now. Hope this was useful. More good stuffs to come. Stay tuned! - -Cheers! - - - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.ostechnix.com/bat-a-cat-clone-with-syntax-highlighting-and-git-integration/ - -作者：[SK][a] -选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/ -[1]:https://github.com/sharkdp/bat/releases -[2]:https://www.ostechnix.com/linuxbrew-common-package-manager-linux-mac-os-x/ From 94e161bb1531277255e412682788f8f4a347faf3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: z52527 Date: Sat, 29 Sep 2018 14:31:49 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 029/219] Create 20180828 A Cat Clone With Syntax Highlighting And Git Integration.md MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 翻译完成 --- ...Syntax Highlighting And Git Integration.md | 173 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 173 insertions(+) create mode 100644 translated/tech/20180828 A Cat Clone With Syntax Highlighting And Git Integration.md diff --git a/translated/tech/20180828 A Cat Clone With Syntax Highlighting And Git Integration.md b/translated/tech/20180828 A Cat Clone With Syntax Highlighting And Git Integration.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..29b81d5efe --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20180828 A Cat Clone With Syntax Highlighting And Git Integration.md @@ -0,0 +1,173 @@ +一种具有语法高亮和 Git 集成的 Cat 克隆命令——Bat +====== + +![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Bat-command-720x340.png) + +在类UNIX系统中，我们使用 **‘cat’** 命令去打印和连接文件。使用cat命令, 我们能将文件目录打印到到标准输出，合成几个文件为一个目标文件，还有追加几个文件到目标文件中。今天，我偶然发现一个具有相似作用的命令叫做 **“Bat”** ，一个 cat 命令的克隆版，具有一些例如语法高亮、 git 集成和自动分页等非常酷的特性。在这个简略指南中，我们将讲述如何在 linux 中安装和使用 Bat 命令。 + +### 安装 + +Bat 可以在 Arch Linux 的默认软件源中获取。 所以你可以使用 pacman 命令在任何 arch-based 的系统上来安装它。 +``` +$ sudo pacman -S bat + +``` + +在 Debian,Ubuntu, Linux Mint 等系统中，从[**发布页面**][1] 下载 **.deb** 文件，然后用下面的命令来安装。 +``` +$ sudo apt install gdebi + +$ sudo gdebi bat_0.5.0_amd64.deb + +``` + +对于其他系统，你也许需要从软件源编译并安装 确保你已经安装了 Rust 1.26 或者更高版本。 + + + +然后运行以下命令来安装 Bat +``` +$ cargo install bat + +``` + +或者，你可以从 [**Linuxbrew**][2] 软件包管理中来安装它。 +``` +$ brew install bat + +``` + +### Bat 命令的使用 + +Bat 命令的使用与 cat 命令的使用非常相似。 + +使用 Bat 命令创建一个新的文件: +``` +$ bat > file.txt + +``` + +使用 Bat 命令来查看文件内容，只需要: +``` +$ bat file.txt + +``` + +你能同时查看多个文件，通过: +``` +$ bat file1.txt file2.txt + +``` + +将多个文件的内容合并至一个单独文件中: +``` +$ bat file1.txt file2.txt file3.txt > document.txt + +``` + +就像我之前提到的那样，除了浏览和编辑文件以外， Bat 命令有一些非常酷的特性。 + +Bat 命令支持大多数编程和标记语言的语法高亮syntax highlighting。比如，下面这个例子。我将使用 cat 和 bat 命令来展示 **reverse.py** 的内容。 + +![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/bat-and-cat-command-output-comparison.png) + +你注意到区别了吗？ cat 命令以纯文本格式显示文件的内容，而 bat 命令显示了语法高亮和整齐的文本对齐格式。更好了不是吗？ + +如果你只想显示行号（而不是文本对齐）使用 +**-n** 标记。 +``` +$ bat -n reverse.py + +``` + +**Sample output:** +![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/bat-command-output-3.png) + +另一个 Bat 命令中值得注意的特性是它支持自动分页automatic paging。 它的意思是当文件的输出对于屏幕来说太大的时候，bat 命令自动将自己的输出内容传输到 **less** 命令中，所以你可以一页一页的查看输出内容。 + +让我给你看一个例子，使用cat命令查看跨多个页面的文件的内容时，提示快速跳至文件的最后一页，你看不到内容的开头和中间部分。 + +看一下下面的输出： + +![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/cat-command-output.png) + +正如你所看到的，cat 命令显示了文章的最后一页。 + +所以你也许需要去将使用 cat 命令的输出传输到 **less** 命令中去从开头一页一页的查看内容。 +``` +$ cat reverse.py | less + +``` + +现在你可以使用 ENTER 键去一页一页的查看输出。然而当你使用 bat 命令时这些都是不必要的。bat命令将自动传输跨越多个页面的文件的输出。 + +``` +$ bat reverse.py + +``` + +**Sample output:** + +![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/bat-command-output-1.png) + +现在按下 ENTER 键去往下一页。 + +bat 命令也支持 Git 集成**GIT integration**， +这样您就可以轻松查看/编辑Git存储库中的文件。 它与 Git 连接可以显示关于索引的修改。（看左栏） + +![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/bat-command-output-2.png) + +**定制 Bat** + +如果你不喜欢默认主题，你也可以修改它。Bat 同样有修改它的选项。 + +若要显示可用主题，只需运行： +``` +$ bat --list-themes +1337 +DarkNeon +Default +GitHub +Monokai Extended +Monokai Extended Bright +Monokai Extended Light +Monokai Extended Origin +TwoDark + +``` + + +要使用其他主题，例如 TwoDark，请运行： +``` +$ bat --theme=TwoDark file.txt + +``` + +如果你想永久改变主题，在你的 shells startup 文件中加入 `export BAT_THEME="TwoDark"`。 + + +Bat还可以选择修改输出的外观。使用 `--style` 选项来修改输出外观。仅显示 Git 的更改和行号但不显示网格和文件头，请使用 `--style=numbers,changes`. + + +更多详细信息，请参阅 Bat 项目的 GitHub 库（链接在文末） + +最好，这就是目前的全部内容了。希望这篇文章会帮到你。更多精彩文章即将到来，敬请关注！ + +干杯！ + + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.ostechnix.com/bat-a-cat-clone-with-syntax-highlighting-and-git-integration/ + +作者：[SK][a] +选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) +译者：[z52527](https://github.com/z52527) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/ +[1]:https://github.com/sharkdp/bat/releases +[2]:https://www.ostechnix.com/linuxbrew-common-package-manager-linux-mac-os-x/ From b8f40849e1b2276ba32fbb8241edd0ffd4d87a5a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: z52527 Date: Sat, 29 Sep 2018 14:39:40 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 030/219] Update 20180828 A Cat Clone With Syntax Highlighting And Git Integration.md --- ...th Syntax Highlighting And Git Integration.md | 16 ++++++++-------- 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180828 A Cat Clone With Syntax Highlighting And Git Integration.md b/translated/tech/20180828 A Cat Clone With Syntax Highlighting And Git Integration.md index 29b81d5efe..4fd29cf70c 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20180828 A Cat Clone With Syntax Highlighting And Git Integration.md +++ b/translated/tech/20180828 A Cat Clone With Syntax Highlighting And Git Integration.md @@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ $ sudo pacman -S bat ``` -在 Debian,Ubuntu, Linux Mint 等系统中，从[**发布页面**][1] 下载 **.deb** 文件，然后用下面的命令来安装。 +在 Debian,Ubuntu, Linux Mint 等系统中，从[**发布页面**][1] 下载 **.deb** 文件，然后用下面的命令来安装。 ``` $ sudo apt install gdebi @@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ $ cargo install bat ``` -或者，你可以从 [**Linuxbrew**][2] 软件包管理中来安装它。 +或者，你可以从 [**Linuxbrew**][2] 软件包管理中来安装它。 ``` $ brew install bat @@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ $ bat -n reverse.py **Sample output:** ![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/bat-command-output-3.png) -另一个 Bat 命令中值得注意的特性是它支持自动分页automatic paging。 它的意思是当文件的输出对于屏幕来说太大的时候，bat 命令自动将自己的输出内容传输到 **less** 命令中，所以你可以一页一页的查看输出内容。 +另一个 Bat 命令中值得注意的特性是它支持自动分页automatic paging。 它的意思是当文件的输出对于屏幕来说太大的时候，bat 命令自动将自己的输出内容传输到 **less** 命令中，所以你可以一页一页的查看输出内容。 让我给你看一个例子，使用cat命令查看跨多个页面的文件的内容时，提示快速跳至文件的最后一页，你看不到内容的开头和中间部分。 @@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ $ bat reverse.py 现在按下 ENTER 键去往下一页。 bat 命令也支持 Git 集成**GIT integration**， -这样您就可以轻松查看/编辑Git存储库中的文件。 它与 Git 连接可以显示关于索引的修改。（看左栏） +这样您就可以轻松查看/编辑Git存储库中的文件。 它与 Git 连接可以显示关于索引的修改。（看左栏） ![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/bat-command-output-2.png) @@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ bat 命令也支持 Git 集成**GIT integration**， 如果你不喜欢默认主题，你也可以修改它。Bat 同样有修改它的选项。 -若要显示可用主题，只需运行： +若要显示可用主题，只需运行： ``` $ bat --list-themes 1337 @@ -137,16 +137,16 @@ TwoDark ``` -要使用其他主题，例如 TwoDark，请运行： +要使用其他主题，例如 TwoDark，请运行： ``` $ bat --theme=TwoDark file.txt ``` -如果你想永久改变主题，在你的 shells startup 文件中加入 `export BAT_THEME="TwoDark"`。 +如果你想永久改变主题，在你的 shells startup 文件中加入 `export BAT_THEME="TwoDark"`。 -Bat还可以选择修改输出的外观。使用 `--style` 选项来修改输出外观。仅显示 Git 的更改和行号但不显示网格和文件头，请使用 `--style=numbers,changes`. +Bat还可以选择修改输出的外观。使用 `--style` 选项来修改输出外观。仅显示 Git 的更改和行号但不显示网格和文件头，请使用 `--style=numbers,changes`. 更多详细信息，请参阅 Bat 项目的 GitHub 库（链接在文末） From a355a1ce8986b886ac59ce2c7eb8d5b2ae9cd02c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Sat, 29 Sep 2018 19:02:02 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 031/219] PRF:20180824 [Solved] -sub process usr bin dpkg returned an error code 1- Error in Ubuntu.md @geekpi --- ...turned an error code 1- Error in Ubuntu.md | 34 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 18 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180824 [Solved] -sub process usr bin dpkg returned an error code 1- Error in Ubuntu.md b/translated/tech/20180824 [Solved] -sub process usr bin dpkg returned an error code 1- Error in Ubuntu.md index 96eecf8936..df829aa425 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20180824 [Solved] -sub process usr bin dpkg returned an error code 1- Error in Ubuntu.md +++ b/translated/tech/20180824 [Solved] -sub process usr bin dpkg returned an error code 1- Error in Ubuntu.md @@ -1,10 +1,12 @@ -[已解决] Ubuntu 中的 “sub process usr bin dpkg returned an error code 1” 错误 +怎样解决 Ubuntu 中的 “sub process usr bin dpkg returned an error code 1” 错误 ====== -如果你在 Ubuntu Linux 上安装软件时遇到 “sub process usr bin dpkg returned an error code 1”，请按照以下步骤进行修复。 -Ubuntu 和其他基于 Debian 的发行版中的一个常见问题是已经损坏的包。你尝试更新系统或安装新软件包时遇到类似 “Sub-process /usr/bin/dpkg returned an error code” 的错误。 +> 如果你在 Ubuntu Linux 上安装软件时遇到 “sub process usr bin dpkg returned an error code 1”，请按照以下步骤进行修复。 + +Ubuntu 和其他基于 Debian 的发行版中的一个常见问题是已经损坏的包。你尝试更新系统或安装新软件包时会遇到类似 “Sub-process /usr/bin/dpkg returned an error code” 的错误。 这就是前几天发生在我身上的事。我试图在 Ubuntu 中安装一个电台程序时，它给我了这个错误： + ``` Unpacking python-gst-1.0 (1.6.2-1build1) ... Selecting previously unselected package radiotray. @@ -30,11 +32,11 @@ E: Sub-process /usr/bin/dpkg returned an error code (1) ``` 这里最后三行非常重要。 + ``` Errors were encountered while processing: polar-bookshelf E: Sub-process /usr/bin/dpkg returned an error code (1) - ``` 它告诉我 polar-bookshelf 包引发了问题。这可能对你如何修复这个错误至关重要。 @@ -45,59 +47,59 @@ E: Sub-process /usr/bin/dpkg returned an error code (1) 让我们尝试修复这个损坏的错误包。我将展示几种你可以逐一尝试的方法。最初的那些易于使用，几乎不用动脑子。 -你应该尝试运行 sudo apt update，接着尝试安装新的包或尝试升级这里讨论的每个包。 +在试了这里讨论的每一种方法之后，你应该尝试运行 `sudo apt update`，接着尝试安装新的包或升级。 #### 方法 1：重新配包数据库 你可以尝试的第一种方法是重新配置包数据库。数据库可能在安装包时损坏了。重新配置通常可以解决问题。 + ``` sudo dpkg --configure -a - ``` #### 方法 2：强制安装 -如果是之前中断安装的包，你可以尝试强制安装。 +如果是之前包安装过程被中断，你可以尝试强制安装。 + ``` sudo apt-get install -f - ``` #### 方法3：尝试删除有问题的包 -如果这不是你的问题，你可以尝试手动删除包。请不要在 Linux Kernels（以 linux- 开头的软件包）中执行此操作。 +如果这不是你的问题，你可以尝试手动删除包。但不要对 Linux 内核包（以 linux- 开头）执行此操作。 + ``` sudo apt remove - ``` #### 方法 4：删除有问题的包中的信息文件 -这应该是你最后的选择。你可以尝试从 /var/lib/dpkg/info 中删除与相关软件包关联的文件。 +这应该是你最后的选择。你可以尝试从 `/var/lib/dpkg/info` 中删除与相关软件包关联的文件。 **你需要了解一些基本的 Linux 命令来了解发生了什么以及如何对应你的问题** 就我而言，我在 polar-bookshelf 中遇到问题。所以我查找了与之关联的文件： + ``` ls -l /var/lib/dpkg/info | grep -i polar-bookshelf -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2324811 Aug 14 19:29 polar-bookshelf.list -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2822824 Aug 10 04:28 polar-bookshelf.md5sums -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 113 Aug 10 04:28 polar-bookshelf.postinst -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 84 Aug 10 04:28 polar-bookshelf.postrm - ``` 现在我需要做的就是删除这些文件： + ``` sudo mv /var/lib/dpkg/info/polar-bookshelf.* /tmp - ``` -使用 sudo apt update，接着你应该就能像往常一样安装软件了。 +使用 `sudo apt update`，接着你应该就能像往常一样安装软件了。 #### 哪种方法适合你（如果有效）？ -我希望这篇快速文章可以帮助你修复 “E: Sub-process /usr/bin/dpkg returned an error code (1)” 的错误 +我希望这篇快速文章可以帮助你修复 “E: Sub-process /usr/bin/dpkg returned an error code (1)” 的错误。 如果它对你有用，是那种方法？你是否设法使用其他方法修复此错误？如果是，请分享一下以帮助其他人解决此问题。 @@ -108,7 +110,7 @@ via: https://itsfoss.com/dpkg-returned-an-error-code-1/ 作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a] 选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) 译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From c8ef9b1b3462677da5f341bd68070ac29355d2b6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Sat, 29 Sep 2018 19:02:38 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 032/219] PUB:20180824 [Solved] -sub process usr bin dpkg returned an error code 1- Error in Ubuntu.md @geekpi https://linux.cn/article-10063-1.html --- ...cess usr bin dpkg returned an error code 1- Error in Ubuntu.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20180824 [Solved] -sub process usr bin dpkg returned an error code 1- Error in Ubuntu.md (100%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180824 [Solved] -sub process usr bin dpkg returned an error code 1- Error in Ubuntu.md b/published/20180824 [Solved] -sub process usr bin dpkg returned an error code 1- Error in Ubuntu.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/tech/20180824 [Solved] -sub process usr bin dpkg returned an error code 1- Error in Ubuntu.md rename to published/20180824 [Solved] -sub process usr bin dpkg returned an error code 1- Error in Ubuntu.md From 1f021de7a8fb4ac87c1fee0be63dbf4382a14bcd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: dianbanjiu Date: Sat, 29 Sep 2018 21:35:58 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 033/219] dianbanjiu translating --- ...opcorn Time on Ubuntu 18.04 and Other Linux Distributions.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20180928 How to Install Popcorn Time on Ubuntu 18.04 and Other Linux Distributions.md b/sources/tech/20180928 How to Install Popcorn Time on Ubuntu 18.04 and Other Linux Distributions.md index 01fbef0292..578624aba4 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20180928 How to Install Popcorn Time on Ubuntu 18.04 and Other Linux Distributions.md +++ b/sources/tech/20180928 How to Install Popcorn Time on Ubuntu 18.04 and Other Linux Distributions.md @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -How to Install Popcorn Time on Ubuntu 18.04 and Other Linux Distributions +Translating by dianbanjiu How to Install Popcorn Time on Ubuntu 18.04 and Other Linux Distributions ====== **Brief: This tutorial shows you how to install Popcorn Time on Ubuntu and other Linux distributions. Some handy Popcorn Time tips have also been discussed.** From 86d122fe654c689636e884531e3909d6f92e3d62 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Sat, 29 Sep 2018 23:05:51 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 034/219] PRF:20180828 A Cat Clone With Syntax Highlighting And Git Integration.md MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @z52527 恭喜你，完成了第一篇翻译贡献！ --- ...Syntax Highlighting And Git Integration.md | 90 ++++++++----------- 1 file changed, 39 insertions(+), 51 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180828 A Cat Clone With Syntax Highlighting And Git Integration.md b/translated/tech/20180828 A Cat Clone With Syntax Highlighting And Git Integration.md index 4fd29cf70c..6d4f18f51c 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20180828 A Cat Clone With Syntax Highlighting And Git Integration.md +++ b/translated/tech/20180828 A Cat Clone With Syntax Highlighting And Git Integration.md @@ -1,127 +1,119 @@ -一种具有语法高亮和 Git 集成的 Cat 克隆命令——Bat +Bat：一种具有语法高亮和 Git 集成的 Cat 类命令 ====== ![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Bat-command-720x340.png) -在类UNIX系统中，我们使用 **‘cat’** 命令去打印和连接文件。使用cat命令, 我们能将文件目录打印到到标准输出，合成几个文件为一个目标文件，还有追加几个文件到目标文件中。今天，我偶然发现一个具有相似作用的命令叫做 **“Bat”** ，一个 cat 命令的克隆版，具有一些例如语法高亮、 git 集成和自动分页等非常酷的特性。在这个简略指南中，我们将讲述如何在 linux 中安装和使用 Bat 命令。 +在类 UNIX 系统中，我们使用 `cat` 命令去打印和连接文件。使用 `cat` 命令，我们能将文件目录打印到到标准输出，合成几个文件为一个目标文件，还有追加几个文件到目标文件中。今天，我偶然发现一个具有相似作用的命令叫做 “Bat” ，它是 `cat` 命令的一个克隆版，具有一些例如语法高亮、 Git 集成和自动分页等非常酷的特性。在这个简略指南中，我们将讲述如何在 Linux 中安装和使用 `bat` 命令。 ### 安装 -Bat 可以在 Arch Linux 的默认软件源中获取。 所以你可以使用 pacman 命令在任何 arch-based 的系统上来安装它。 +Bat 可以在 Arch Linux 的默认软件源中获取。 所以你可以使用 `pacman` 命令在任何基于 arch 的系统上来安装它。 + ``` $ sudo pacman -S bat - ``` -在 Debian,Ubuntu, Linux Mint 等系统中，从[**发布页面**][1] 下载 **.deb** 文件，然后用下面的命令来安装。 +在 Debian、Ubuntu、Linux Mint 等系统中，从其[发布页面][1]下载 **.deb** 文件，然后用下面的命令来安装。 + ``` $ sudo apt install gdebi - $ sudo gdebi bat_0.5.0_amd64.deb - ``` -对于其他系统，你也许需要从软件源编译并安装 确保你已经安装了 Rust 1.26 或者更高版本。 +对于其他系统，你也许需要从软件源编译并安装。确保你已经安装了 Rust 1.26 或者更高版本。 +然后运行以下命令来安装 Bat： - -然后运行以下命令来安装 Bat ``` $ cargo install bat - ``` -或者，你可以从 [**Linuxbrew**][2] 软件包管理中来安装它。 +或者，你可以从 [Linuxbrew][2] 软件包管理中来安装它。 + ``` $ brew install bat - ``` -### Bat 命令的使用 +### bat 命令的使用 -Bat 命令的使用与 cat 命令的使用非常相似。 +`bat` 命令的使用与 `cat` 命令的使用非常相似。 + +使用 `bat` 命令创建一个新的文件: -使用 Bat 命令创建一个新的文件: ``` $ bat > file.txt - ``` -使用 Bat 命令来查看文件内容，只需要: +使用 `bat` 命令来查看文件内容，只需要: + ``` $ bat file.txt - ``` -你能同时查看多个文件，通过: +你能同时查看多个文件: + ``` $ bat file1.txt file2.txt - ``` 将多个文件的内容合并至一个单独文件中: + ``` $ bat file1.txt file2.txt file3.txt > document.txt - ``` -就像我之前提到的那样，除了浏览和编辑文件以外， Bat 命令有一些非常酷的特性。 +就像我之前提到的那样，除了浏览和编辑文件以外，`bat` 命令有一些非常酷的特性。 -Bat 命令支持大多数编程和标记语言的语法高亮syntax highlighting。比如，下面这个例子。我将使用 cat 和 bat 命令来展示 **reverse.py** 的内容。 +`bat` 命令支持大多数编程和标记语言的语法高亮syntax highlighting。比如，下面这个例子。我将使用 `cat` 和 `bat` 命令来展示 `reverse.py` 的内容。 ![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/bat-and-cat-command-output-comparison.png) -你注意到区别了吗？ cat 命令以纯文本格式显示文件的内容，而 bat 命令显示了语法高亮和整齐的文本对齐格式。更好了不是吗？ +你注意到区别了吗？ `cat` 命令以纯文本格式显示文件的内容，而 `bat` 命令显示了语法高亮和整齐的文本对齐格式。更好了不是吗？ + +如果你只想显示行号（而没有表格）使用 `-n` 标记。 -如果你只想显示行号（而不是文本对齐）使用 -**-n** 标记。 ``` $ bat -n reverse.py - ``` -**Sample output:** ![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/bat-command-output-3.png) -另一个 Bat 命令中值得注意的特性是它支持自动分页automatic paging。 它的意思是当文件的输出对于屏幕来说太大的时候，bat 命令自动将自己的输出内容传输到 **less** 命令中，所以你可以一页一页的查看输出内容。 +另一个 `bat` 命令中值得注意的特性是它支持自动分页automatic paging。 它的意思是当文件的输出对于屏幕来说太大的时候，`bat` 命令自动将自己的输出内容传输到 `less` 命令中，所以你可以一页一页的查看输出内容。 -让我给你看一个例子，使用cat命令查看跨多个页面的文件的内容时，提示快速跳至文件的最后一页，你看不到内容的开头和中间部分。 +让我给你看一个例子，使用 `cat` 命令查看跨多个页面的文件的内容时，提示符会快速跳至文件的最后一页，你看不到内容的开头和中间部分。 看一下下面的输出： ![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/cat-command-output.png) -正如你所看到的，cat 命令显示了文章的最后一页。 +正如你所看到的，`cat` 命令显示了文章的最后一页。 + +所以你也许需要去将使用 `cat` 命令的输出传输到 `less` 命令中去从开头一页一页的查看内容。 -所以你也许需要去将使用 cat 命令的输出传输到 **less** 命令中去从开头一页一页的查看内容。 ``` $ cat reverse.py | less - ``` -现在你可以使用 ENTER 键去一页一页的查看输出。然而当你使用 bat 命令时这些都是不必要的。bat命令将自动传输跨越多个页面的文件的输出。 +现在你可以使用回车键去一页一页的查看输出。然而当你使用 `bat` 命令时这些都是不必要的。`bat` 命令将自动传输跨越多个页面的文件的输出。 ``` $ bat reverse.py - ``` -**Sample output:** - ![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/bat-command-output-1.png) -现在按下 ENTER 键去往下一页。 +现在按下回车键去往下一页。 -bat 命令也支持 Git 集成**GIT integration**， -这样您就可以轻松查看/编辑Git存储库中的文件。 它与 Git 连接可以显示关于索引的修改。（看左栏） +`bat` 命令也支持 Git 集成**GIT integration**，这样您就可以轻松查看/编辑 Git 存储库中的文件。 它与 Git 连接可以显示关于索引的修改。（看左栏） ![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/bat-command-output-2.png) -**定制 Bat** +### 定制 Bat 如果你不喜欢默认主题，你也可以修改它。Bat 同样有修改它的选项。 若要显示可用主题，只需运行： + ``` $ bat --list-themes 1337 @@ -133,30 +125,26 @@ Monokai Extended Bright Monokai Extended Light Monokai Extended Origin TwoDark - ``` 要使用其他主题，例如 TwoDark，请运行： + ``` $ bat --theme=TwoDark file.txt - ``` -如果你想永久改变主题，在你的 shells startup 文件中加入 `export BAT_THEME="TwoDark"`。 +如果你想永久改变主题，在你的 shells 启动文件中加入 `export BAT_THEME="TwoDark"`。 +`bat` 还可以选择修改输出的外观。使用 `--style` 选项来修改输出外观。仅显示 Git 的更改和行号但不显示网格和文件头，请使用 `--style=numbers,changes`。 -Bat还可以选择修改输出的外观。使用 `--style` 选项来修改输出外观。仅显示 Git 的更改和行号但不显示网格和文件头，请使用 `--style=numbers,changes`. - - -更多详细信息，请参阅 Bat 项目的 GitHub 库（链接在文末） +更多详细信息，请参阅 Bat 项目的 GitHub 库（链接在文末）。 最好，这就是目前的全部内容了。希望这篇文章会帮到你。更多精彩文章即将到来，敬请关注！ 干杯！ - -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: https://www.ostechnix.com/bat-a-cat-clone-with-syntax-highlighting-and-git-integration/ @@ -164,7 +152,7 @@ via: https://www.ostechnix.com/bat-a-cat-clone-with-syntax-highlighting-and-git- 作者：[SK][a] 选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) 译者：[z52527](https://github.com/z52527) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 16307895199e3572b2f18cb805db41fa4161982c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Sat, 29 Sep 2018 23:07:10 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 035/219] PUB:20180828 A Cat Clone With Syntax Highlighting And Git Integration.md MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @z52527 本文首发地址： https://linux.cn/article-10064-1.html 你的 LCTT 专页地址： https://linux.cn/lctt/z52527 请到 LCTT 平台注册领取 LCCN https://lctt.linux.cn/ --- ...28 A Cat Clone With Syntax Highlighting And Git Integration.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20180828 A Cat Clone With Syntax Highlighting And Git Integration.md (100%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180828 A Cat Clone With Syntax Highlighting And Git Integration.md b/published/20180828 A Cat Clone With Syntax Highlighting And Git Integration.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/tech/20180828 A Cat Clone With Syntax Highlighting And Git Integration.md rename to published/20180828 A Cat Clone With Syntax Highlighting And Git Integration.md From 6554270832034c78167ca6b03c6c276a25068f23 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Sat, 29 Sep 2018 23:20:13 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 036/219] PRF:20140805 How to Install Cinnamon Desktop on Ubuntu.md MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @dianbanjiu 恭喜您，完成了第一篇翻译贡献！ --- ...w to Install Cinnamon Desktop on Ubuntu.md | 30 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 15 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20140805 How to Install Cinnamon Desktop on Ubuntu.md b/translated/tech/20140805 How to Install Cinnamon Desktop on Ubuntu.md index a9f0690ff7..cf4201ba77 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20140805 How to Install Cinnamon Desktop on Ubuntu.md +++ b/translated/tech/20140805 How to Install Cinnamon Desktop on Ubuntu.md @@ -1,29 +1,31 @@ -# 如何在 Ubuntu 上安装 Cinnamon 桌面环境 +如何在 Ubuntu 上安装 Cinnamon 桌面环境 +====== -**这篇教程将会为你展示如何在 Ubuntu 上安装 Cinnamon 桌面环境** +> 这篇教程将会为你展示如何在 Ubuntu 上安装 Cinnamon 桌面环境。 -[Cinnamon][1]是 [Linux Mint][2] 的默认桌面环境。不同于 Ubuntu 的 Unity 桌面环境，Cinnamon 通过底部面板和应用菜单等查看桌面信息的方式更加传统和优雅。由于 Cinnamon 桌面以及它类 Windows 的用户界面，许多桌面用户[相较于 Ubuntu 更喜欢 Linux Mint][3]。 +[Cinnamon][1] 是 [Linux Mint][2] 的默认桌面环境。不同于 Ubuntu 的 Unity 桌面环境，Cinnamon 是一个更加传统而优雅的桌面环境，其带有底部面板和应用菜单。由于 Cinnamon 桌面以及它类 Windows 的用户界面，许多桌面用户[相较于 Ubuntu 更喜欢 Linux Mint][3]。 -现在你无需[安装 Linux Mint][4] 就能够体验到 Cinnamon了。在这篇教程，我将会展示给你 **如何在 Ubuntu 18.04，16.04 和 14.04 上安装 Cinnamon**。 +现在你无需[安装 Linux Mint][4] 就能够体验到 Cinnamon了。在这篇教程，我将会展示给你如何在 Ubuntu 18.04，16.04 和 14.04 上安装 Cinnamon。 -在 Ubuntu 上安装 Cinnamon 之前，有一些事情需要你注意。有时候，安装的额外桌面环境可能会与你当前的桌面环境有冲突。可能导致会话，应用程序或功能等的崩溃。这就是为什么你需要在做这个决定时谨慎一点的原因。 +在 Ubuntu 上安装 Cinnamon 之前，有一些事情需要你注意。有时候，安装的额外桌面环境可能会与你当前的桌面环境有冲突。可能导致会话、应用程序或功能等的崩溃。这就是为什么你需要在做这个决定时谨慎一点的原因。 + +### 如何在 Ubuntu 上安装 Cinnamon 桌面环境 ![如何在 Ubuntu 上安装 Cinnamon 桌面环境][5] -过去有一系列 Cinnamon team 为 Ubuntu 提供的官方 PPA，但现在都已经失效了。不过不用担心，还有一个非官方的 PPA，而且它运行的很完美。这个 PPA 里包含了最新的 Cinnamon 版本。 +过去有 Cinnamon 团队为 Ubuntu 提供的一系列的官方 PPA，但现在都已经失效了。不过不用担心，还有一个非官方的 PPA，而且它运行的很完美。这个 PPA 里包含了最新的 Cinnamon 版本。 ``` sudo add-apt-repository ppa:embrosyn/cinnamon sudo apt update && sudo apt install cinnamon - ``` -下载的大小大概是 150 MB（如果我没记错的话）。这其中提供的 Nemo（Cinnamon 的文件管理器，基于Nautilus）和 Cinnamon 控制中心。这些东西提供了一个更加接近于 Linux Mint 的感觉。 +下载的大小大概是 150 MB（如果我没记错的话）。这其中提供的 Nemo（Cinnamon 的文件管理器，基于 Nautilus）和 Cinnamon 控制中心。这些东西提供了一个更加接近于 Linux Mint 的感觉。 ### 在 Ubuntu 上使用 Cinnamon 桌面环境 -Cinnamon安装完成后，退出当前会话，在登陆界面，点击用户名旁边的 Ubuntu 符号： +Cinnamon 安装完成后，退出当前会话，在登录界面，点击用户名旁边的 Ubuntu 符号： ![](https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Change_Desktop_Environment_Ubuntu.jpeg) @@ -31,11 +33,11 @@ Cinnamon安装完成后，退出当前会话，在登陆界面，点击用户名 ![](https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Install_Cinnamon_Ubuntu.jpeg) -现在你应该已经登陆到有着 Cinnamon 桌面环境的 Ubuntu 中了。你还可以通过同样的方式再回到 Unity 桌面。这里有一张以 Cinnamon 做为桌面环境的 Ubuntu 桌面截图。 +现在你应该已经登录到有着 Cinnamon 桌面环境的 Ubuntu 中了。你还可以通过同样的方式再回到 Unity 桌面。这里有一张以 Cinnamon 做为桌面环境的 Ubuntu 桌面截图。 ![](https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Cinnamon_Ubuntu_1404.jpeg) -看起来是不是像极了 Linux Mint。此外，我并没有发现任何有关 Cinnamon 和 Unity 的兼容性问题。在 Unity 和 Cinnamon 来回切换，他们也依旧工作的很完美。 +看起来是不是像极了 Linux Mint。此外，我并没有发现任何有关 Cinnamon 和 Unity 的兼容性问题。在 Unity 和 Cinnamon 来回切换，它们也依旧工作的很完美。 #### 从 Ubuntu 卸载 Cinnamon @@ -43,14 +45,12 @@ Cinnamon安装完成后，退出当前会话，在登陆界面，点击用户名 ``` sudo apt-get install ppa-purge - ``` -安装完成之后，使用下面的命令去移除 PPA： +安装完成之后，使用下面的命令去移除该 PPA： ``` sudo ppa-purge ppa:embrosyn/cinnamon - ``` 更多的信息，我建议你去阅读 [如何从 Linux 移除 PPA][6] 这篇文章。 @@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ via: https://itsfoss.com/install-cinnamon-on-ubuntu/ 作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a] 选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) 译者：[dianbanjiu](https://github.com/dianbanjiu) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From e8f79a20ecd857f617d940895c82b1be30174f05 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Sat, 29 Sep 2018 23:21:09 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 037/219] PUB:20140805 How to Install Cinnamon Desktop on Ubuntu.md MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @dianbanjiu 本文首发地址： https://linux.cn/article-10065-1.html 您的 LCTT 专页： https://linux.cn/lctt/dianbanjiu 请到 LCTT 平台注册领取 LCCN https://lctt.linux.cn/ --- .../20140805 How to Install Cinnamon Desktop on Ubuntu.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20140805 How to Install Cinnamon Desktop on Ubuntu.md (100%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20140805 How to Install Cinnamon Desktop on Ubuntu.md b/published/20140805 How to Install Cinnamon Desktop on Ubuntu.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/tech/20140805 How to Install Cinnamon Desktop on Ubuntu.md rename to published/20140805 How to Install Cinnamon Desktop on Ubuntu.md From 63799cd4bd6bf7e5d60cc93c7acf7aa75656d90e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Sat, 29 Sep 2018 23:53:47 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 038/219] PRF:20180516 Manipulating Directories in Linux.md MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @way-ww 恭喜你完成了第一篇翻译贡献！ --- ...80516 Manipulating Directories in Linux.md | 133 ++++++++++-------- 1 file changed, 74 insertions(+), 59 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180516 Manipulating Directories in Linux.md b/translated/tech/20180516 Manipulating Directories in Linux.md index 9e62973064..2a71d30db2 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20180516 Manipulating Directories in Linux.md +++ b/translated/tech/20180516 Manipulating Directories in Linux.md @@ -1,152 +1,167 @@ -在Linux上操作目录 +在 Linux 上操作目录 ====== ![](https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/branches-238379_1920_0.jpg?itok=2PlNpsVu) -如果你不熟悉本系列（以及Linux），[请查看我们的第一部分][1]。在那篇文章中，我们通过Linux文件系统的树状结构，或者更确切地说以文件层次结构标准工作。我建议你仔细阅读，确保你理解自己能安全的做哪些操作。因为这一次，我将向你展示目录操作的魅力。 +> 让我们继续学习一下 Linux 文件系统的树形结构，并展示一下如何在其中创建你的目录。 + +如果你不熟悉本系列（以及 Linux），[请查看我们的第一部分][1]。在那篇文章中，我们贯穿了 Linux 文件系统的树状结构（或者更确切地说是文件层次结构标准File Hierarchy Standard，FHS）。我建议你仔细阅读，确保你理解自己能安全的做哪些操作。因为这一次，我将向你展示目录操作的魅力。 ### 新建目录 -在操作变得具有破坏性之前，让我们发挥创意创造。首先，打开一个终端窗口并使用命令mkdir创建一个新目录，如下所示： +在破坏之前，先让我们来创建。首先，打开一个终端窗口并使用命令 `mkdir` 创建一个新目录，如下所示： + ``` mkdir +``` +如果你只输入了目录名称，该目录将显示在您当前所在目录中。如果你刚刚打开一个终端，你当前位置为你的家目录。在这个例子中，我们展示了将要创建的目录与你当前所处位置的关系： ``` -如果你只输入了目录名称，该目录将显示在您当前所在目录中。如果你刚刚打开一个终端，你当前位置为你的家目录。下面这个例子，我们展示了将要创建的目录与你当前所处位置的关系： -``` -$ pwd #This tells you where you are now -- see our first tutorial +$ pwd # 告知你当前所在位置（参见第一部分） /home/ -$ mkdir newdirectory #Creates /home//newdirectory - +$ mkdir newdirectory # 创建 /home//newdirectory ``` -(注 你不用输入＃后面的文本。#后面的文本为注释内容，用于解释发生了什么。它会被shell忽略，不会被执行). + +（注：你不用输入 `＃` 后面的文本。`#` 后面的文本为注释内容，用于解释发生了什么。它会被 shell 忽略，不会被执行）。 你可以在当前位置中已经存在的某个目录下创建新的目录，方法是在命令行中指定它： + ``` mkdir Documents/Letters +``` + +这将在 `Documents` 目录中创建 `Letters` 目录。 + +你还可以在路径中使用 `..` 在当前目录的上一级目录中创建目录。假设你进入刚刚创建的 `Documents/Letters/` 目录，并且想要创建`Documents/Memos/` 目录。你可以这样做： ``` -这将在Documents目录中创建Letters目录。 - -你还可以在路径中使用..在当前目录的上一级目录中创建目录。假设你进入刚刚创建的Documents/Letters/目录，并且想要创建Documents/Memos/目录。你可以这样做： -``` -cd Documents/Letters # Move into your recently created Letters/ directory +cd Documents/Letters # 进入到你刚刚创建的 Letters/ 目录 mkdir ../Memos - ``` + 同样，以上所有内容都是相对于你当前的位置做的。这就是使用了相对路径。 -你还可以使用目录的绝对路径：这意味着告诉mkdir命令将目录放在和根目录（/）有关的位置： + +你还可以使用目录的绝对路径：这意味着告诉 `mkdir` 命令将目录放在和根目录（`/`）有关的位置： + ``` mkdir /home//Documents/Letters - ``` -在上面的命令中将更改为你的用户名，这相当于从你的主目录执行mkdir Documents / Letters，通过使用绝对路径你可以在目录树中的任何位置完成这项工作。 -无论你使用相对路径还是绝对路径，只要命令成功执行，mkdir将静默的创建新目录，而没有任何明显的反馈。只有当遇到某种问题时，mkdir才会在你敲下[Enter]后打印一些反馈。 +在上面的命令中将 `` 更改为你的用户名，这相当于从你的主目录执行 `mkdir Documents/Letters`，通过使用绝对路径你可以在目录树中的任何位置完成这项工作。 + +无论你使用相对路径还是绝对路径，只要命令成功执行，`mkdir` 将静默的创建新目录，而没有任何明显的反馈。只有当遇到某种问题时，`mkdir`才会在你敲下回车键后打印一些反馈。 + +与大多数其他命令行工具一样，`mkdir` 提供了几个有趣的选项。 `-p` 选项特别有用，因为它允许你嵌套创建目录，即使目录不存在也可以。例如，要在 `Documents/` 中创建一个目录存放写给妈妈的信，你可以这样做： -与大多数其他命令行工具一样，mkdir提供了几个有趣的选项。 -p选项特别有用，因为它允许你创建嵌套目录，即使目录不存在也可以。例如，要在Documents /中创建一个目录存放写给妈妈的信，你可以这样做： ``` mkdir -p Documents/Letters/Family/Mom - ``` -And `mkdir` will create the whole branch of directories above _Mom/_ and also the directory _Mom/_ for you, regardless of whether any of the parent directories existed before you issued the command. + +`mkdir` 会创建 `Mom/` 之上的整个目录分支，并且也会创建 `Mom/` 目录，无论其上的目录在你敲入该命令时是否已经存在。 你也可以用空格来分隔目录名，来同时创建几个目录： -``` -mkdir Letters Memos Reports ``` -这将在当前目录下创建目录Letters，Memos和Reports。 +mkdir Letters Memos Reports +``` + +这将在当前目录下创建目录 `Letters`、`Memos` 和 `Reports`。 ### 目录名中可怕的空格 -... 这带来了目录名称中关于空格的棘手问题。你能在目录名中使用空格吗？是的你可以。那么建议你使用空格吗？不，绝对不是。空格使一切变得更加复杂，并且可能是危险的操作。 +……这带来了目录名称中关于空格的棘手问题。你能在目录名中使用空格吗？是的你可以。那么建议你使用空格吗？不，绝对不建议。空格使一切变得更加复杂，并且可能是危险的操作。 + +假设您要创建一个名为 `letters mom/` 的目录。如果你不知道如何更好处理，你可能会输入： -假设您要创建一个名为letters mom的目录。如果你不知道如何更好处理，你可能会输入： ``` mkdir letters mom - ``` -但这是错误的！错误的！错误的！正如我们在上面介绍的，这将创建两个目录letters和mom，而不是一个目录letters mom。 + +但这是错误的！错误的！错误的！正如我们在上面介绍的，这将创建两个目录 `letters/` 和 `mom/`，而不是一个目录 `letters mom/`。 得承认这是一个小麻烦：你所要做的就是删除这两个目录并重新开始，这没什么大不了。 -可是等等！删除目录可是个危险的操作。想象一下，你确实使用图形工具[Dolphin][2]或[Nautilus][3]创建了目录letters mom。如果你突然决定从终端删除目录letters mom，并且您在同一目录下有另一个名为letters的目录，并且该目录中包含重要的文档，结果你为了删除错误的目录尝试了以下操作： +可是等等！删除目录可是个危险的操作。想象一下，你使用图形工具[Dolphin][2] 或 [Nautilus][3] 创建了目录 `letters mom/`。如果你突然决定从终端删除目录 `letters mom`，并且您在同一目录下有另一个名为 `letters` 的目录，并且该目录中包含重要的文档，结果你为了删除错误的目录尝试了以下操作： + ``` rmdir letters mom - ``` -你将会有风险删除目录letters。这里说“风险”，是因为幸运的是rmdir这条用于删除目录的指令，有一个内置的安全措施，如果你试图删除一个非空目录时，它会发出警告。 + +你将会有删除目录 letters 的风险。这里说“风险”，是因为幸运的是`rmdir` 这条用于删除目录的指令，有一个内置的安全措施，如果你试图删除一个非空目录时，它会发出警告。 但是，下面这个： + ``` rm -Rf letters mom - ``` -（注 这是删除目录及其内容的一种非常标准的方式）将完全删除letters目录，甚至永远不会告诉你刚刚发生了什么。 -rm命令用于删除文件和目录。当你将它与选项-R（递归删除）和-f（强制删除）一起使用时，它会深入到目录及其子目录中，删除它们包含的所有文件，然后删除子目录本身，然后它将删除所有顶层目录中的文件，再然后是删除目录本身。 +（注：这是删除目录及其内容的一种非常标准的方式）将完全删除 `letters/` 目录，甚至永远不会告诉你刚刚发生了什么。） + +`rm` 命令用于删除文件和目录。当你将它与选项 `-R`（递归删除）和 `-f`（强制删除）一起使用时，它会深入到目录及其子目录中，删除它们包含的所有文件，然后删除子目录本身，然后它将删除所有顶层目录中的文件，再然后是删除目录本身。 `rm -Rf` 是你必须非常小心处理的命令。 我的建议是，你可以使用下划线来代替空格，但如果你仍然坚持使用空格，有两种方法可以使它们起作用。您可以使用单引号或双引号，如下所示： + ``` mkdir 'letters mom' mkdir "letters dad" - ``` -或者，你可以转义空格。有些字符对shell有特殊意义。正如你所见，空格用于在命令行上分隔选项和参数。 “分离选项和参数”属于“特殊含义”范畴。当你想让shell忽略一个字符的特殊含义时，你需要转义，你可以在它前面放一个反斜杠（\）如： + +或者，你可以转义空格。有些字符对 shell 有特殊意义。正如你所见，空格用于在命令行上分隔选项和参数。 “分离选项和参数”属于“特殊含义”范畴。当你想让 shell 忽略一个字符的特殊含义时，你需要转义，你可以在它前面放一个反斜杠（`\`）如： + ``` mkdir letters\ mom mkdir letter\ dad - ``` -还有其他特殊字符需要转义，如撇号或单引号（'），双引号（“）和＆符号（＆）： + +还有其他特殊字符需要转义，如撇号或单引号（`'`），双引号（`“`）和＆符号（`＆`）： + ``` mkdir mom\ \&\ dad\'s\ letters - ``` -我知道你在想什么：如果反斜杠有一个特殊的含义（即告诉shell它必须转义下一个字符），这也使它成为一个特殊的字符。然后，你将如何转义转义字符(\)？ + +我知道你在想什么：如果反斜杠有一个特殊的含义（即告诉 shell 它必须转义下一个字符），这也使它成为一个特殊的字符。然后，你将如何转义转义字符（`\`）？ 事实证明，你转义任何其他特殊字符都是同样的方式： -``` -mkdir special\\characters ``` -这将生成一个名为special\characters的目录。 +mkdir special\\characters +``` + +这将生成一个名为 `special\characters/` 的目录。 感觉困惑？当然。这就是为什么你应该避免在目录名中使用特殊字符，包括空格。 -以防误操作你可以参考下面这个记录特殊字符的列表。 +以防误操作你可以参考下面这个记录特殊字符的列表。（LCTT 译注：此处原文链接丢失。） ### 总结 * 使用 `mkdir ` 创建新目录。 * 使用 `rmdir ` 删除目录（仅在目录为空时才有效）。 - * 使用 `rm -Rf ` 来完全删除目录及其内容 - 请务必谨慎使用。 - * 使用相对路径创建相对于当前目录的目录： `mkdir newdir.`. - * 使用绝对路径创建相对于根目录(`/`)的目录: `mkdir /home//newdir` - * 使用 `..` 在当前目录的上级目录中创建目录： `mkdir ../newdir` - * 你可以通过在命令行上使用空格分隔目录名来创建多个目录: `mkdir onedir twodir threedir` - * 同时创建多个目录时，你可以混合使用相对路径和绝对路径: `mkdir onedir twodir /home//threedir` + * 使用 `rm -Rf ` 来完全删除目录及其内容 —— 请务必谨慎使用。 + * 使用相对路径创建相对于当前目录的目录： `mkdir newdir`。 + * 使用绝对路径创建相对于根目录(`/`)的目录: `mkdir /home//newdir`。 + * 使用 `..` 在当前目录的上级目录中创建目录： `mkdir ../newdir`。 + * 你可以通过在命令行上使用空格分隔目录名来创建多个目录: `mkdir onedir twodir threedir`。 + * 同时创建多个目录时，你可以混合使用相对路径和绝对路径: `mkdir onedir twodir /home//threedir`。 * 在目录名称中使用空格和特殊字符真的会让你很头疼，你最好不要那样做。 +有关更多信息，您可以查看 `mkdir`、`rmdir` 和 `rm` 的手册: - -有关更多信息，您可以查看`mkdir`, `rmdir` 和 `rm`的手册: ``` man mkdir man rmdir man rm - ``` -要退出手册页，请按键盘[q]键。 + +要退出手册页，请按键盘 `q` 键。 ### 下次预告 -在下一部分中，你将学习如何创建，修改和删除文件，以及你需要了解的有关权限和特权的所有信息! +在下一部分中，你将学习如何创建、修改和删除文件，以及你需要了解的有关权限和特权的所有信息! -通过Linux Foundation和edX免费提供的["Introduction to Linux" ][4]课程了解有关Linux的更多信息。 +通过 Linux 基金会和 edX 免费提供的[“Introduction to Linux”][4]课程了解有关Linux的更多信息。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -155,12 +170,12 @@ via: https://www.linux.com/blog/learn/2018/5/manipulating-directories-linux 作者：[Paul Brown][a] 选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) 译者：[way-ww](https://github.com/way-ww) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 [a]:https://www.linux.com/users/bro66 -[1]:https://www.linux.com/blog/learn/intro-to-linux/2018/4/linux-filesystem-explained +[1]:https://linux.cn/article-9798-1.html [2]:https://userbase.kde.org/Dolphin [3]:https://projects-old.gnome.org/nautilus/screenshots.html [4]:https://training.linuxfoundation.org/linux-courses/system-administration-training/introduction-to-linux From 73a6ebc827ea884abcc03d1914cae1211ff75ec9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Sat, 29 Sep 2018 23:54:58 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 039/219] PUB:20180516 Manipulating Directories in Linux.md MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @way-ww 本文首发地址： https://linux.cn/article-10066-1.html 您的 LCTT 专页：https://linux.cn/lctt/way-ww 请到 LCTT 平台注册领取 LCCN ：https://lctt.linux.cn/ --- .../20180516 Manipulating Directories in Linux.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20180516 Manipulating Directories in Linux.md (100%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180516 Manipulating Directories in Linux.md b/published/20180516 Manipulating Directories in Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/tech/20180516 Manipulating Directories in Linux.md rename to published/20180516 Manipulating Directories in Linux.md From 172dce727e6d3cac7155c447d1567f214049585a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: way-ww <40491614+way-ww@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Sat, 29 Sep 2018 23:57:26 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 040/219] Delete 20180917 4 scanning tools for the Linux desktop.md MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 删除源文件 --- ... 4 scanning tools for the Linux desktop.md | 74 ------------------- 1 file changed, 74 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20180917 4 scanning tools for the Linux desktop.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20180917 4 scanning tools for the Linux desktop.md b/sources/tech/20180917 4 scanning tools for the Linux desktop.md deleted file mode 100644 index 7da24d3a90..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20180917 4 scanning tools for the Linux desktop.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,74 +0,0 @@ -Translating by way-ww - -4 scanning tools for the Linux desktop -====== -Go paperless by driving your scanner with one of these open source applications. - -![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/osdc-photo-camera-blue.png?itok=AsIMZ9ga) - -While the paperless world isn't here quite yet, more and more people are getting rid of paper by scanning documents and photos. Having a scanner isn't enough to do the deed, though. You need software to drive that scanner. - -But the catch is many scanner makers don't have Linux versions of the software they bundle with their devices. For the most part, that doesn't matter. Why? Because there are good scanning applications available for the Linux desktop. They work with a variety of scanners and do a good job. - -Let's take a look at four simple but flexible open source Linux scanning tools. I've used each of these tools (and even wrote about three of them [back in 2014][1]) and found them very useful. You might, too. - -### Simple Scan - -One of my longtime favorites, [Simple Scan][2] is small, quick, efficient, and easy to use. If you've seen it before, that's because Simple Scan is the default scanner application on the GNOME desktop, as well as for a number of Linux distributions. - -Scanning a document or photo takes one click. After scanning something, you can rotate or crop it and save it as an image (JPEG or PNG only) or as a PDF. That said, Simple Scan can be slow, even if you scan documents at lower resolutions. On top of that, Simple Scan uses a set of global defaults for scanning, like 150dpi for text and 300dpi for photos. You need to go into Simple Scan's preferences to change those settings. - -If you've scanned something with more than a couple of pages, you can reorder the pages before you save. And if necessary—say you're submitting a signed form—you can email from within Simple Scan. - -### Skanlite - -In many ways, [Skanlite][3] is Simple Scan's cousin in the KDE world. Skanlite has few features, but it gets the job done nicely. - -The software has options that you can configure, including automatically saving scanned files, setting the quality of the scan, and identifying where to save your scans. Skanlite can save to these image formats: JPEG, PNG, BMP, PPM, XBM, and XPM. - -One nifty feature is the software's ability to save portions of what you've scanned to separate files. That comes in handy when, say, you want to excise someone or something from a photo. - -### Gscan2pdf - -Another old favorite, [gscan2pdf][4] might be showing its age, but it still packs a few more features than some of the other applications mentioned here. Even so, gscan2pdf is still comparatively light. - -In addition to saving scans in various image formats (JPEG, PNG, and TIFF), gscan2pdf also saves them as PDF or [DjVu][5] files. You can set the scan's resolution, whether it's black and white or color, and paper size before you click the Scan button. That beats going into gscan2pdf's preferences every time you want to change any of those settings. You can also rotate, crop, and delete pages. - -While none of those features are truly killer, they give you a bit more flexibility. - -### GIMP - -You probably know [GIMP][6] as an image-editing tool. But did you know you can use it to drive your scanner? - -You'll need to install the [XSane][7] scanner software and the GIMP XSane plugin. Both of those should be available from your Linux distro's package manager. From there, select File > Create > Scanner/Camera. From there, click on your scanner and then the Scan button. - -If that's not your cup of tea, or if it doesn't work, you can combine GIMP with a plugin called [QuiteInsane][8]. With either plugin, GIMP becomes a powerful scanning application that lets you set a number of options like whether to scan in color or black and white, the resolution of the scan, and whether or not to compress results. You can also use GIMP's tools to touch up or apply effects to your scans. This makes it great for scanning photos and art. - -### Do they really just work? - -All of this software works well for the most part and with a variety of hardware. I've used them with several multifunction printers that I've owned over the years—whether connecting using a USB cable or over wireless. - -You might have noticed that I wrote "works well for the most part" in the previous paragraph. I did run into one exception: an inexpensive Canon multifunction printer. None of the software I used could detect it. I had to download and install Canon's Linux scanner software, which did work. - -What's your favorite open source scanning tool for Linux? Share your pick by leaving a comment. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://opensource.com/article/18/9/linux-scanner-tools - -作者：[Scott Nesbitt][a] -选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://opensource.com/users/scottnesbitt -[1]: https://opensource.com/life/14/8/3-tools-scanners-linux-desktop -[2]: https://gitlab.gnome.org/GNOME/simple-scan -[3]: https://www.kde.org/applications/graphics/skanlite/ -[4]: http://gscan2pdf.sourceforge.net/ -[5]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DjVu -[6]: http://www.gimp.org/ -[7]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanner_Access_Now_Easy#XSane -[8]: http://sourceforge.net/projects/quiteinsane/ From 4180fbf9c38145e187aa5effbf6a1cf2b6b33329 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: way-ww <40491614+way-ww@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Sun, 30 Sep 2018 00:00:06 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 041/219] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E5=AE=8C=E6=88=90201?= =?UTF-8?q?80917=204=20scanning=20tools=20for=20the=20Linux=20desktop.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 翻译完成 --- ... 4 scanning tools for the Linux desktop.md | 72 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 72 insertions(+) create mode 100644 translated/tech/20180917 4 scanning tools for the Linux desktop.md diff --git a/translated/tech/20180917 4 scanning tools for the Linux desktop.md b/translated/tech/20180917 4 scanning tools for the Linux desktop.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..89aaad3a89 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20180917 4 scanning tools for the Linux desktop.md @@ -0,0 +1,72 @@ +用于Linux桌面的4个扫描工具 +====== +使用其中一个开源软件驱动扫描仪来实现无纸化办公。 + +![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/osdc-photo-camera-blue.png?itok=AsIMZ9ga) + +尽管无纸化世界还没有到来，但越来越多的人通过扫描文件和照片来摆脱纸张的束缚。不过，仅仅拥有一台扫描仪还不足够。你还需要软件来驱动扫描仪。 + +然而问题是许多扫描仪制造商没有将Linux版本的软件与他们的设备适配在一起。不过在大多数情况下，即使没有也没多大关系。因为在linux桌面上已经有很好的扫描软件了。它们能够与许多扫描仪配合很好的完成工作。 + +现在就让我们看看四个简单又灵活的开源Linux扫描工具。我已经使用过了下面这些工具（甚至[早在2014年][1]写过关于其中三个工具的文章）并且觉得它们非常有用。希望你也会这样认为。 + +### Simple Scan + +这是我最喜欢的一个软件之一，[Simple Scan][2]小巧，迅速，高效，且易于使用。如果你以前见过它，那是因为Simple Scan是GNOME桌面上的默认扫描程序应用程序，也是许多Linux发行版的默认扫描程序。 + +你只需单击一下就能扫描文档或照片。扫描过某些内容后，你可以旋转或裁剪它并将其另存为图像（仅限JPEG或PNG格式）或PDF格式。也就是说Simple Scan可能会很慢，即使你用较低分辨率来扫描文档。最重要的是，Simple Scan在扫描时会使用一组全局的默认值，例如150dpi用于文本，300dpi用于照片。你需要进入Simple Scan的首选项才能更改这些设置。 + +如果你扫描的内容超过了几页，还可以在保存之前重新排序页面。如果有必要的话 - 假如你正在提交已签名的表格 - 你可以使用Simple Scan来发送电子邮件。 + +### Skanlite + +从很多方面来看，[Skanlite][3]是Simple Scan在KDE世界中的表兄弟。虽然Skanlite功能很少，但它可以出色的完成工作。 + +你可以自己配置这个软件的选项，包括自动保存扫描文件，设置扫描质量以及确定扫描保存位置。 Skanlite可以保存为以下图像格式：JPEG，PNG，BMP，PPM，XBM和XPM。 + +其中一个很棒的功能是Skanlite能够将你扫描的部分内容保存到单独的文件中。当你想要从照片中删除某人或某物时，这就派上用场了。 + +### Gscan2pdf + +这是我另一个最爱的老软件，[gscan2pdf][4]可能会显得很老旧了，但它仍然包含一些比这里提到的其他软件更好的功能。即便如此，gscan2pdf仍然显得很轻便。 + +除了以各种图像格式（JPEG，PNG和TIFF）保存扫描外，gscan2pdf还将它们保存为PDF或[DjVu][5]文件。你可以在单击“扫描”按钮之前设置扫描的分辨率，无论是黑白，彩色还是纸张大小，每当你想要更改任何这些设置时，这都会进入gscan2pdf的首选项。你还可以旋转，裁剪和删除页面。 + +虽然这些都不是真正的杀手级功能，但它们会给你带来更多的灵活性。 + +### GIMP + +你大概会知道[GIMP][6]是一个图像编辑工具。但是你恐怕不知道可以用它来驱动你的扫描仪吧。 + +你需要安装[XSane][7]扫描软件和GIMP XSane插件。这两个应该都可以从你的Linux发行版的包管理器中获得。在软件里，选择文件>创建>扫描仪/相机。单击扫描仪，然后单击扫描按钮即可进行扫描。 + +如果这不是你想要的，或者它不起作用，你可以将GIMP和一个叫作[QuiteInsane][8]的插件结合起来。使用任一插件，都能使GIMP成为一个功能强大的扫描软件，它可以让你设置许多选项，如是否扫描彩色或黑白，扫描的分辨率，以及是否压缩结果等。你还可以使用GIMP的工具来修改或应用扫描后的效果。这使得它非常适合扫描照片和艺术品。 + +### 它们真的能够工作吗？ + +所有的这些软件在大多数时候都能够在各种硬件上运行良好。我将它们与我过去几年来拥有的多台多功能打印机一起使用 - 无论是使用USB线连接还是通过无线连接。 + +你可能已经注意到我在前一段中写过“大多数时候运行良好”。这是因为我确实遇到过一个例外：一个便宜的canon多功能打印机。我使用的软件都没有检测到它。最后我不得不下载并安装canon的Linux扫描仪软件才使它工作。 + +你最喜欢的Linux开源扫描工具是什么？发表评论，分享你的选择。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/18/9/linux-scanner-tools + +作者：[Scott Nesbitt][a] +选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) +译者：[way-ww](https://github.com/way-ww) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/scottnesbitt +[1]: https://opensource.com/life/14/8/3-tools-scanners-linux-desktop +[2]: https://gitlab.gnome.org/GNOME/simple-scan +[3]: https://www.kde.org/applications/graphics/skanlite/ +[4]: http://gscan2pdf.sourceforge.net/ +[5]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DjVu +[6]: http://www.gimp.org/ +[7]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanner_Access_Now_Easy#XSane +[8]: http://sourceforge.net/projects/quiteinsane/ From 6025587ce384fa17242441ee5d8b01f55f7bb2bf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Sun, 30 Sep 2018 09:01:23 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 042/219] translated --- ... With browser-mpris2 (Chrome Extension).md | 76 ------------------- ... With browser-mpris2 (Chrome Extension).md | 76 +++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 76 insertions(+), 76 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20180816 Add YouTube Player Controls To Your Linux Desktop With browser-mpris2 (Chrome Extension).md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20180816 Add YouTube Player Controls To Your Linux Desktop With browser-mpris2 (Chrome Extension).md diff --git a/sources/tech/20180816 Add YouTube Player Controls To Your Linux Desktop With browser-mpris2 (Chrome Extension).md b/sources/tech/20180816 Add YouTube Player Controls To Your Linux Desktop With browser-mpris2 (Chrome Extension).md deleted file mode 100644 index acc8f56e0c..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20180816 Add YouTube Player Controls To Your Linux Desktop With browser-mpris2 (Chrome Extension).md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,76 +0,0 @@ -translating---geekpi - -Add YouTube Player Controls To Your Linux Desktop With browser-mpris2 (Chrome Extension) -====== -A Unity feature that I miss (it only actually worked for a short while though) is automatically getting player controls in the Ubuntu Sound Indicator when visiting a website like YouTube in a web browser, so you could pause or stop the video directly from the top bar, as well as see the video / song information and a preview. - -This Unity feature is long dead, but I was searching for something similar for Gnome Shell and I came across **[browser-mpris2][1], an extension that implements a MPRIS v2 interface for Google Chrome / Chromium, which currently only supports YouTube** , and I thought there might be some Linux Uprising readers who'll like this. - -**The extension also works with Chromium-based web browsers like Opera and Vivaldi.** -** -** **browser-mpris2 also supports Firefox but since loading extensions via about:debugging is temporary, and this is needed for browser-mpris2, this article doesn't include Firefox instructions. The developer[intends][2] to submit the extension to the Firefox addons website in the future.** - -**Using this Chrome extension you get YouTube media player controls (play, pause, stop and seeking) in MPRIS2-capable applets**. For example, if you use Gnome Shell, you get YouTube media player controls as a permanent notification or, you can use an extension like Media Player Indicator for this. In Cinnamon / Linux Mint with Cinnamon, it shows up in the Sound Applet. - -**It didn't work for me on Unity** , I'm not sure why. I didn't try this extension with other MPRIS2-capable applets available in various desktop environments (KDE, Xfce, MATE, etc.). If you give it a try, let us know if it works with your desktop environment / MPRIS2 enabled applet. - -Here is a screenshot with [Media Player Indicator][3] displaying information about the currently playing YouTube video, along with its controls (play/pause, stop and seeking), on Ubuntu 18.04 with Gnome Shell and Chromium browser: - -![](https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-rsc4FpYBSrI/W3VtPphfdOI/AAAAAAAABXY/YfKV6pBncs0LAwTwYSS0tKRJADDfZDBfwCLcBGAs/s640/browser-mpris2-gnome-shell-sound-indicator.png) - -And in Linux Mint 19 Cinnamon with its default sound applet and Chromium browser: - -![](https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-I2DuYetv7eQ/W3VtUUcg26I/AAAAAAAABXc/Tv-RemkyO60k6CC_mYUxewG-KfVgpFefACLcBGAs/s1600/browser-mpris2-cinnamon-linux-mint.png) - -### How to install browser-mpris2 for Google Chrome / Chromium - -**1\. Install Git if you haven't already.** - -In Debian / Ubuntu / Linux Mint, use this command to install git: -``` -sudo apt install git - -``` - -**2\. Download and install the[browser-mpris2][1] required files.** - -The commands below clone the browser-mpris2 Git repository and install the chrome-mpris2 file to `/usr/local/bin/` (run the "git clone..." command in a folder where you can continue to keep the browser-mpris2 folder because you can't remove it, as it will be used by Chrome / Chromium): -``` -git clone https://github.com/otommod/browser-mpris2 -sudo install browser-mpris2/native/chrome-mpris2 /usr/local/bin/ - -``` - -**3\. Load the extension in Chrome / Chromium-based web browsers.** - -![](https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-yEoNFj2wAXM/W3Vvewa979I/AAAAAAAABXo/dmltlNZk3J4sVa5jQenFFrT28ecklY92QCLcBGAs/s640/browser-mpris2-chrome-developer-load-unpacked.png) - -Open Google Chrome, Chromium, Opera or Vivaldi web browsers, go to the Extensions page (enter `chrome://extensions` in the URL bar), enable `Developer mode` using the toggle available in the top right-hand side of the screen, then select `Load Unpacked` and select the chrome-mpris2 directory (make sure to not select a subfolder). - -Copy the extension ID and save it because you'll need it later (it's something like: `emngjajgcmeiligomkgpngljimglhhii` but it's different for you so make sure to use the ID from your computer!) . - -**4\. Run** `install-chrome.py` (from the `browser-mpris2/native` folder), specifying the extension id and chrome-mpris2 path. - -Use this command in a terminal (replace `REPLACE-THIS-WITH-EXTENSION-ID` with the browser-mpris2 extension ID displayed under `chrome://extensions` from the previous step) to install this extension: -``` -browser-mpris2/native/install-chrome.py REPLACE-THIS-WITH-EXTENSION-ID /usr/local/bin/chrome-mpris2 - -``` - -You only need to run this command once, there's no need to add it to startup or anything like that. Any YouTube video you play in Google Chrome or Chromium browsers should show up in whatever MPRISv2 applet you're using. There's no need to restart the web browser. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.linuxuprising.com/2018/08/add-youtube-player-controls-to-your.html - -作者：[Logix][a] -选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:https://plus.google.com/118280394805678839070 -[1]:https://github.com/otommod/browser-mpris2 -[2]:https://github.com/otommod/browser-mpris2/issues/11 -[3]:https://extensions.gnome.org/extension/55/media-player-indicator/ diff --git a/translated/tech/20180816 Add YouTube Player Controls To Your Linux Desktop With browser-mpris2 (Chrome Extension).md b/translated/tech/20180816 Add YouTube Player Controls To Your Linux Desktop With browser-mpris2 (Chrome Extension).md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..a72b4cdd8d --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20180816 Add YouTube Player Controls To Your Linux Desktop With browser-mpris2 (Chrome Extension).md @@ -0,0 +1,76 @@ +使用 browser-mpris2（Chrome 扩展）将 YouTube 播放器控件添加到 Linux 桌面 +====== +一个我怀念的 Unity 功能（虽然只使用了一小段时间）是在 Web 浏览器中访问 YouTube 等网站时自动获取 Ubuntu 声音指示器中的播放器控件，因此你可以直接从顶部栏暂停或停止视频，以及浏览视频/歌曲信息和预览。 + +这个 Unity 功能已经消失很久了，但我正在为 Gnome Shell 寻找类似的东西，然后我遇到了 **[browser-mpris2][1]，这是一个为 Google Chrome/Chromium 实现 MPRIS v2 接口的扩展，目前只支持 YouTube**，我想可能会有一些 Linux Uprising 的读者会喜欢这个。 + +**该扩展还适用于 Opera 和 Vivaldi 等基于 Chromium 的 Web 浏览器。** +** +** **browser-mpris2 也支持 Firefox，但因为通过 about:debugging 加载扩展是临时的，而这是 browser-mpris2 所需要的，因此本文不包括 Firefox 的指导。开发人员[打算][2]将来将扩展提交到 Firefox 插件网站上。** + +**使用此 Chrome 扩展，你可以在支持 MPRIS2 的 applets 中获得 YouTube 媒体播放器控件（播放、暂停、停止和查找 +）**。例如，如果你使用 Gnome Shell，你可将 YouTube 媒体播放器控件作为永久通知，或者你可以使用 Media Player Indicator 之类的扩展来实现此目的。在 Cinnamon /Linux Mint with Cinnamon 中，它出现在声音 Applet 中。 + +**我无法在 Unity 上用它**，我不知道为什么。我没有在不同桌面环境（KDE、Xfce、MATE 等）中使用其他支持 MPRIS2 的 applet 尝试此扩展。如果你尝试过，请告诉我们它是否适用于你的桌面环境/支持 MPRIS2 的 applet。 + +以下是在使用 Gnome Shell 的 Ubuntu 18.04 并装有 Chromium 浏览器的[媒体播放器指示器][3]的截图，其中显示了有关当前正在播放的 YouTube 视频的信息及其控件（播放/暂停，停止和查找）： + +![](https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-rsc4FpYBSrI/W3VtPphfdOI/AAAAAAAABXY/YfKV6pBncs0LAwTwYSS0tKRJADDfZDBfwCLcBGAs/s640/browser-mpris2-gnome-shell-sound-indicator.png) + +在 Linux Mint 19 Cinnamon 中使用其默认声音 applet 和 Chromium 浏览器的截图： + + +![](https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-I2DuYetv7eQ/W3VtUUcg26I/AAAAAAAABXc/Tv-RemkyO60k6CC_mYUxewG-KfVgpFefACLcBGAs/s1600/browser-mpris2-cinnamon-linux-mint.png) + +### 如何为 Google Chrom/Chromium安装 browser-mpris2 + +**1\. 如果你还没有安装 Git 就安装它** + +在 Debian/Ubuntu/Linux Mint 中，使用此命令安装 git： +``` +sudo apt install git + +``` + +**2\. 下载并安装 [browser-mpris2][1] 所需文件。** + +下面的命令克隆了 browser-mpris2 的 Git 仓库并将 chrome-mpris2 安装到 `/usr/local/bin/`（在一个你可以保存 browser-mpris2 文件夹的地方运行 “git clone ...” 命令，由于它会被 Chrome/Chromium 使用，你不能删除它）： +``` +git clone https://github.com/otommod/browser-mpris2 +sudo install browser-mpris2/native/chrome-mpris2 /usr/local/bin/ + +``` + +**3\. 在基于 Chrome/Chromium 的 Web 浏览器中加载此扩展。** + +![](https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-yEoNFj2wAXM/W3Vvewa979I/AAAAAAAABXo/dmltlNZk3J4sVa5jQenFFrT28ecklY92QCLcBGAs/s640/browser-mpris2-chrome-developer-load-unpacked.png) + +打开 Goog​​le Chrome、Chromium、Opera 或 Vivaldi 浏览器，进入 Extensions 页面（在 URL 栏中输入 `chrome://extensions`），在屏幕右上角切换到`开发者模式`。然后选择 `Load Unpacked` 并选择 chrome-mpris2 目录（确保没有选择子文件夹）。 + +复制扩展 ID 并保存它，因为你以后需要它（它类似于这样：`emngjajgcmeiligomkgpngljimglhhii`，但它会与你的不一样，因此确保使用你计算机中的 ID！）。 + +**4\. 运行 **`install-chrome.py`**（在 `browser-mpris2/native` 文件夹中），指定扩展 id 和 chrome-mpris2 路径。 + +在终端中使用此命令（将 `REPLACE-THIS-WITH-EXTENSION-ID` 替换为上一步中 `chrome://extensions` 下显示的 browser-mpris2 扩展 ID）安装此扩展： +``` +browser-mpris2/native/install-chrome.py REPLACE-THIS-WITH-EXTENSION-ID /usr/local/bin/chrome-mpris2 + +``` + +你只需要运行此命令一次，无需将其添加到启动或其他类似的地方。你在 Google Chrome 或 Chromium 浏览器中播放的任何 YouTube 视频都应显示在你正在使用的任何 MPRISv2 applet 中。你无需重启 Web 浏览器。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.linuxuprising.com/2018/08/add-youtube-player-controls-to-your.html + +作者：[Logix][a] +选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:https://plus.google.com/118280394805678839070 +[1]:https://github.com/otommod/browser-mpris2 +[2]:https://github.com/otommod/browser-mpris2/issues/11 +[3]:https://extensions.gnome.org/extension/55/media-player-indicator/ From f1095a93c8b69b889443c1211be4277ced04d6b9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Sun, 30 Sep 2018 09:08:31 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 043/219] translating --- sources/tech/20180928 10 handy Bash aliases for Linux.md | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20180928 10 handy Bash aliases for Linux.md b/sources/tech/20180928 10 handy Bash aliases for Linux.md index b69b2f8aab..7ae1070997 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20180928 10 handy Bash aliases for Linux.md +++ b/sources/tech/20180928 10 handy Bash aliases for Linux.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +translating---geekpi + 10 handy Bash aliases for Linux ====== Get more efficient by using condensed versions of long Bash commands. From 37a2496ab044261ba281a46df30f9e5b39232437 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Sun, 30 Sep 2018 09:18:10 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 044/219] translated (#10442) --- ... With browser-mpris2 (Chrome Extension).md | 76 ------------------- ... With browser-mpris2 (Chrome Extension).md | 76 +++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 76 insertions(+), 76 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20180816 Add YouTube Player Controls To Your Linux Desktop With browser-mpris2 (Chrome Extension).md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20180816 Add YouTube Player Controls To Your Linux Desktop With browser-mpris2 (Chrome Extension).md diff --git a/sources/tech/20180816 Add YouTube Player Controls To Your Linux Desktop With browser-mpris2 (Chrome Extension).md b/sources/tech/20180816 Add YouTube Player Controls To Your Linux Desktop With browser-mpris2 (Chrome Extension).md deleted file mode 100644 index acc8f56e0c..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20180816 Add YouTube Player Controls To Your Linux Desktop With browser-mpris2 (Chrome Extension).md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,76 +0,0 @@ -translating---geekpi - -Add YouTube Player Controls To Your Linux Desktop With browser-mpris2 (Chrome Extension) -====== -A Unity feature that I miss (it only actually worked for a short while though) is automatically getting player controls in the Ubuntu Sound Indicator when visiting a website like YouTube in a web browser, so you could pause or stop the video directly from the top bar, as well as see the video / song information and a preview. - -This Unity feature is long dead, but I was searching for something similar for Gnome Shell and I came across **[browser-mpris2][1], an extension that implements a MPRIS v2 interface for Google Chrome / Chromium, which currently only supports YouTube** , and I thought there might be some Linux Uprising readers who'll like this. - -**The extension also works with Chromium-based web browsers like Opera and Vivaldi.** -** -** **browser-mpris2 also supports Firefox but since loading extensions via about:debugging is temporary, and this is needed for browser-mpris2, this article doesn't include Firefox instructions. The developer[intends][2] to submit the extension to the Firefox addons website in the future.** - -**Using this Chrome extension you get YouTube media player controls (play, pause, stop and seeking) in MPRIS2-capable applets**. For example, if you use Gnome Shell, you get YouTube media player controls as a permanent notification or, you can use an extension like Media Player Indicator for this. In Cinnamon / Linux Mint with Cinnamon, it shows up in the Sound Applet. - -**It didn't work for me on Unity** , I'm not sure why. I didn't try this extension with other MPRIS2-capable applets available in various desktop environments (KDE, Xfce, MATE, etc.). If you give it a try, let us know if it works with your desktop environment / MPRIS2 enabled applet. - -Here is a screenshot with [Media Player Indicator][3] displaying information about the currently playing YouTube video, along with its controls (play/pause, stop and seeking), on Ubuntu 18.04 with Gnome Shell and Chromium browser: - -![](https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-rsc4FpYBSrI/W3VtPphfdOI/AAAAAAAABXY/YfKV6pBncs0LAwTwYSS0tKRJADDfZDBfwCLcBGAs/s640/browser-mpris2-gnome-shell-sound-indicator.png) - -And in Linux Mint 19 Cinnamon with its default sound applet and Chromium browser: - -![](https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-I2DuYetv7eQ/W3VtUUcg26I/AAAAAAAABXc/Tv-RemkyO60k6CC_mYUxewG-KfVgpFefACLcBGAs/s1600/browser-mpris2-cinnamon-linux-mint.png) - -### How to install browser-mpris2 for Google Chrome / Chromium - -**1\. Install Git if you haven't already.** - -In Debian / Ubuntu / Linux Mint, use this command to install git: -``` -sudo apt install git - -``` - -**2\. Download and install the[browser-mpris2][1] required files.** - -The commands below clone the browser-mpris2 Git repository and install the chrome-mpris2 file to `/usr/local/bin/` (run the "git clone..." command in a folder where you can continue to keep the browser-mpris2 folder because you can't remove it, as it will be used by Chrome / Chromium): -``` -git clone https://github.com/otommod/browser-mpris2 -sudo install browser-mpris2/native/chrome-mpris2 /usr/local/bin/ - -``` - -**3\. Load the extension in Chrome / Chromium-based web browsers.** - -![](https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-yEoNFj2wAXM/W3Vvewa979I/AAAAAAAABXo/dmltlNZk3J4sVa5jQenFFrT28ecklY92QCLcBGAs/s640/browser-mpris2-chrome-developer-load-unpacked.png) - -Open Google Chrome, Chromium, Opera or Vivaldi web browsers, go to the Extensions page (enter `chrome://extensions` in the URL bar), enable `Developer mode` using the toggle available in the top right-hand side of the screen, then select `Load Unpacked` and select the chrome-mpris2 directory (make sure to not select a subfolder). - -Copy the extension ID and save it because you'll need it later (it's something like: `emngjajgcmeiligomkgpngljimglhhii` but it's different for you so make sure to use the ID from your computer!) . - -**4\. Run** `install-chrome.py` (from the `browser-mpris2/native` folder), specifying the extension id and chrome-mpris2 path. - -Use this command in a terminal (replace `REPLACE-THIS-WITH-EXTENSION-ID` with the browser-mpris2 extension ID displayed under `chrome://extensions` from the previous step) to install this extension: -``` -browser-mpris2/native/install-chrome.py REPLACE-THIS-WITH-EXTENSION-ID /usr/local/bin/chrome-mpris2 - -``` - -You only need to run this command once, there's no need to add it to startup or anything like that. Any YouTube video you play in Google Chrome or Chromium browsers should show up in whatever MPRISv2 applet you're using. There's no need to restart the web browser. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.linuxuprising.com/2018/08/add-youtube-player-controls-to-your.html - -作者：[Logix][a] -选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:https://plus.google.com/118280394805678839070 -[1]:https://github.com/otommod/browser-mpris2 -[2]:https://github.com/otommod/browser-mpris2/issues/11 -[3]:https://extensions.gnome.org/extension/55/media-player-indicator/ diff --git a/translated/tech/20180816 Add YouTube Player Controls To Your Linux Desktop With browser-mpris2 (Chrome Extension).md b/translated/tech/20180816 Add YouTube Player Controls To Your Linux Desktop With browser-mpris2 (Chrome Extension).md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..a72b4cdd8d --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20180816 Add YouTube Player Controls To Your Linux Desktop With browser-mpris2 (Chrome Extension).md @@ -0,0 +1,76 @@ +使用 browser-mpris2（Chrome 扩展）将 YouTube 播放器控件添加到 Linux 桌面 +====== +一个我怀念的 Unity 功能（虽然只使用了一小段时间）是在 Web 浏览器中访问 YouTube 等网站时自动获取 Ubuntu 声音指示器中的播放器控件，因此你可以直接从顶部栏暂停或停止视频，以及浏览视频/歌曲信息和预览。 + +这个 Unity 功能已经消失很久了，但我正在为 Gnome Shell 寻找类似的东西，然后我遇到了 **[browser-mpris2][1]，这是一个为 Google Chrome/Chromium 实现 MPRIS v2 接口的扩展，目前只支持 YouTube**，我想可能会有一些 Linux Uprising 的读者会喜欢这个。 + +**该扩展还适用于 Opera 和 Vivaldi 等基于 Chromium 的 Web 浏览器。** +** +** **browser-mpris2 也支持 Firefox，但因为通过 about:debugging 加载扩展是临时的，而这是 browser-mpris2 所需要的，因此本文不包括 Firefox 的指导。开发人员[打算][2]将来将扩展提交到 Firefox 插件网站上。** + +**使用此 Chrome 扩展，你可以在支持 MPRIS2 的 applets 中获得 YouTube 媒体播放器控件（播放、暂停、停止和查找 +）**。例如，如果你使用 Gnome Shell，你可将 YouTube 媒体播放器控件作为永久通知，或者你可以使用 Media Player Indicator 之类的扩展来实现此目的。在 Cinnamon /Linux Mint with Cinnamon 中，它出现在声音 Applet 中。 + +**我无法在 Unity 上用它**，我不知道为什么。我没有在不同桌面环境（KDE、Xfce、MATE 等）中使用其他支持 MPRIS2 的 applet 尝试此扩展。如果你尝试过，请告诉我们它是否适用于你的桌面环境/支持 MPRIS2 的 applet。 + +以下是在使用 Gnome Shell 的 Ubuntu 18.04 并装有 Chromium 浏览器的[媒体播放器指示器][3]的截图，其中显示了有关当前正在播放的 YouTube 视频的信息及其控件（播放/暂停，停止和查找）： + +![](https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-rsc4FpYBSrI/W3VtPphfdOI/AAAAAAAABXY/YfKV6pBncs0LAwTwYSS0tKRJADDfZDBfwCLcBGAs/s640/browser-mpris2-gnome-shell-sound-indicator.png) + +在 Linux Mint 19 Cinnamon 中使用其默认声音 applet 和 Chromium 浏览器的截图： + + +![](https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-I2DuYetv7eQ/W3VtUUcg26I/AAAAAAAABXc/Tv-RemkyO60k6CC_mYUxewG-KfVgpFefACLcBGAs/s1600/browser-mpris2-cinnamon-linux-mint.png) + +### 如何为 Google Chrom/Chromium安装 browser-mpris2 + +**1\. 如果你还没有安装 Git 就安装它** + +在 Debian/Ubuntu/Linux Mint 中，使用此命令安装 git： +``` +sudo apt install git + +``` + +**2\. 下载并安装 [browser-mpris2][1] 所需文件。** + +下面的命令克隆了 browser-mpris2 的 Git 仓库并将 chrome-mpris2 安装到 `/usr/local/bin/`（在一个你可以保存 browser-mpris2 文件夹的地方运行 “git clone ...” 命令，由于它会被 Chrome/Chromium 使用，你不能删除它）： +``` +git clone https://github.com/otommod/browser-mpris2 +sudo install browser-mpris2/native/chrome-mpris2 /usr/local/bin/ + +``` + +**3\. 在基于 Chrome/Chromium 的 Web 浏览器中加载此扩展。** + +![](https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-yEoNFj2wAXM/W3Vvewa979I/AAAAAAAABXo/dmltlNZk3J4sVa5jQenFFrT28ecklY92QCLcBGAs/s640/browser-mpris2-chrome-developer-load-unpacked.png) + +打开 Goog​​le Chrome、Chromium、Opera 或 Vivaldi 浏览器，进入 Extensions 页面（在 URL 栏中输入 `chrome://extensions`），在屏幕右上角切换到`开发者模式`。然后选择 `Load Unpacked` 并选择 chrome-mpris2 目录（确保没有选择子文件夹）。 + +复制扩展 ID 并保存它，因为你以后需要它（它类似于这样：`emngjajgcmeiligomkgpngljimglhhii`，但它会与你的不一样，因此确保使用你计算机中的 ID！）。 + +**4\. 运行 **`install-chrome.py`**（在 `browser-mpris2/native` 文件夹中），指定扩展 id 和 chrome-mpris2 路径。 + +在终端中使用此命令（将 `REPLACE-THIS-WITH-EXTENSION-ID` 替换为上一步中 `chrome://extensions` 下显示的 browser-mpris2 扩展 ID）安装此扩展： +``` +browser-mpris2/native/install-chrome.py REPLACE-THIS-WITH-EXTENSION-ID /usr/local/bin/chrome-mpris2 + +``` + +你只需要运行此命令一次，无需将其添加到启动或其他类似的地方。你在 Google Chrome 或 Chromium 浏览器中播放的任何 YouTube 视频都应显示在你正在使用的任何 MPRISv2 applet 中。你无需重启 Web 浏览器。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.linuxuprising.com/2018/08/add-youtube-player-controls-to-your.html + +作者：[Logix][a] +选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:https://plus.google.com/118280394805678839070 +[1]:https://github.com/otommod/browser-mpris2 +[2]:https://github.com/otommod/browser-mpris2/issues/11 +[3]:https://extensions.gnome.org/extension/55/media-player-indicator/ From 709f1cf488fe0f0dc3d874bf186e56b4f9baa8c4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Sun, 30 Sep 2018 09:19:47 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 045/219] translating (#10443) --- sources/tech/20180928 10 handy Bash aliases for Linux.md | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20180928 10 handy Bash aliases for Linux.md b/sources/tech/20180928 10 handy Bash aliases for Linux.md index b69b2f8aab..7ae1070997 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20180928 10 handy Bash aliases for Linux.md +++ b/sources/tech/20180928 10 handy Bash aliases for Linux.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +translating---geekpi + 10 handy Bash aliases for Linux ====== Get more efficient by using condensed versions of long Bash commands. From 1f620f8ed3d7b82d1a88f6fd6107bd2338ff2932 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Sun, 30 Sep 2018 09:34:51 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 046/219] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=20Quiet=20log=20noi?= =?UTF-8?q?se=20with=20Python=20and=20machine=20learning?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... noise with Python and machine learning.md | 110 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 110 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20180928 Quiet log noise with Python and machine learning.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20180928 Quiet log noise with Python and machine learning.md b/sources/tech/20180928 Quiet log noise with Python and machine learning.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..f1fe2f1b7f --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20180928 Quiet log noise with Python and machine learning.md @@ -0,0 +1,110 @@ +Quiet log noise with Python and machine learning +====== + +Logreduce saves debugging time by picking out anomalies from mountains of log data. + +![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/sound-radio-noise-communication.png?itok=KMNn9QrZ) + +Continuous integration (CI) jobs can generate massive volumes of data. When a job fails, figuring out what went wrong can be a tedious process that involves investigating logs to discover the root cause—which is often found in a fraction of the total job output. To make it easier to separate the most relevant data from the rest, the [Logreduce][1] machine learning model is trained using previous successful job runs to extract anomalies from failed runs' logs. + +This principle can also be applied to other use cases, for example, extracting anomalies from [Journald][2] or other systemwide regular log files. + +### Using machine learning to reduce noise + +A typical log file contains many nominal events ("baselines") along with a few exceptions that are relevant to the developer. Baselines may contain random elements such as timestamps or unique identifiers that are difficult to detect and remove. To remove the baseline events, we can use a [k-nearest neighbors pattern recognition algorithm][3] (k-NN). + +![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/ml-generic-workflow.png) + +Log events must be converted to numeric values for k-NN regression. Using the generic feature extraction tool [HashingVectorizer][4] enables the process to be applied to any type of log. It hashes each word and encodes each event in a sparse matrix. To further reduce the search space, tokenization removes known random words, such as dates or IP addresses. + +![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/hashing-vectorizer.png) + +Once the model is trained, the k-NN search tells us the distance of each new event from the baseline. + +![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/kneighbors.png) + +This [Jupyter notebook][5] demonstrates the process and graphs the sparse matrix vectors. + +![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/anomaly-detection-with-scikit-learn.png) + +### Introducing Logreduce + +The Logreduce Python software transparently implements this process. Logreduce's initial goal was to assist with [Zuul CI][6] job failure analyses using the build database, and it is now integrated into the [Software Factory][7] development forge's job logs process. + +At its simplest, Logreduce compares files or directories and removes lines that are similar. Logreduce builds a model for each source file and outputs any of the target's lines whose distances are above a defined threshold by using the following syntax: **distance | filename:line-number: line-content**. + +``` +$ logreduce diff /var/log/audit/audit.log.1 /var/log/audit/audit.log +INFO  logreduce.Classifier - Training took 21.982s at 0.364MB/s (1.314kl/s) (8.000 MB - 28.884 kilo-lines) +0.244 | audit.log:19963:        type=USER_AUTH acct="root" exe="/usr/bin/su" hostname=managesf.sftests.com +INFO  logreduce.Classifier - Testing took 18.297s at 0.306MB/s (1.094kl/s) (5.607 MB - 20.015 kilo-lines) +99.99% reduction (from 20015 lines to 1 + +``` + +A more advanced Logreduce use can train a model offline to be reused. Many variants of the baselines can be used to fit the k-NN search tree. + +``` +$ logreduce dir-train audit.clf /var/log/audit/audit.log.* +INFO  logreduce.Classifier - Training took 80.883s at 0.396MB/s (1.397kl/s) (32.001 MB - 112.977 kilo-lines) +DEBUG logreduce.Classifier - audit.clf: written +$ logreduce dir-run audit.clf /var/log/audit/audit.log +``` + +Logreduce also implements interfaces to discover baselines for Journald time ranges (days/weeks/months) and Zuul CI job build histories. It can also generate HTML reports that group anomalies found in multiple files in a simple interface. + +![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/html-report.png) + +### Managing baselines + +The key to using k-NN regression for anomaly detection is to have a database of known good baselines, which the model uses to detect lines that deviate too far. This method relies on the baselines containing all nominal events, as anything that isn't found in the baseline will be reported as anomalous. + +CI jobs are great targets for k-NN regression because the job outputs are often deterministic and previous runs can be automatically used as baselines. Logreduce features Zuul job roles that can be used as part of a failed job post task in order to issue a concise report (instead of the full job's logs). This principle can be applied to other cases, as long as baselines can be constructed in advance. For example, a nominal system's [SoS report][8] can be used to find issues in a defective deployment. + +![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/baselines.png) + +### Anomaly classification service + +The next version of Logreduce introduces a server mode to offload log processing to an external service where reports can be further analyzed. It also supports importing existing reports and requests to analyze a Zuul build. The services run analyses asynchronously and feature a web interface to adjust scores and remove false positives. + +![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/classification-interface.png) + +Reviewed reports can be archived as a standalone dataset with the target log files and the scores for anomalous lines recorded in a flat JSON file. + +### Project roadmap + +Logreduce is already being used effectively, but there are many opportunities for improving the tool. Plans for the future include: + + * Curating many annotated anomalies found in log files and producing a public domain dataset to enable further research. Anomaly detection in log files is a challenging topic, and having a common dataset to test new models would help identify new solutions. + * Reusing the annotated anomalies with the model to refine the distances reported. For example, when users mark lines as false positives by setting their distance to zero, the model could reduce the score of those lines in future reports. + * Fingerprinting archived anomalies to detect when a new report contains an already known anomaly. Thus, instead of reporting the anomaly's content, the service could notify the user that the job hit a known issue. When the issue is fixed, the service could automatically restart the job. + * Supporting more baseline discovery interfaces for targets such as SOS reports, Jenkins builds, Travis CI, and more. + + + +If you are interested in getting involved in this project, please contact us on the **#log-classify** Freenode IRC channel. Feedback is always appreciated! + +Tristan Cacqueray will present [Reduce your log noise using machine learning][9] at the [OpenStack Summit][10], November 13-15 in Berlin. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/18/9/quiet-log-noise-python-and-machine-learning + +作者：[Tristan de Cacqueray][a] +选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/tristanc +[1]: https://pypi.org/project/logreduce/ +[2]: http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/systemd-journald.service.8.html +[3]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-nearest_neighbors_algorithm +[4]: http://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn.feature_extraction.text.HashingVectorizer.html +[5]: https://github.com/TristanCacqueray/anomaly-detection-workshop-opendev/blob/master/datasets/notebook/anomaly-detection-with-scikit-learn.ipynb +[6]: https://zuul-ci.org +[7]: https://www.softwarefactory-project.io +[8]: https://sos.readthedocs.io/en/latest/ +[9]: https://www.openstack.org/summit/berlin-2018/summit-schedule/speakers/4307 +[10]: https://www.openstack.org/summit/berlin-2018/ From 36da26f8765ede333fb7833a517c0a5a24f40394 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: sd886393 Date: Sun, 30 Sep 2018 09:39:26 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 047/219] =?UTF-8?q?=E3=80=90=E5=AE=8C=E6=88=90=E7=BF=BB?= =?UTF-8?q?=E8=AF=91=E3=80=9120180531=20How=20to=20create=20shortcuts=20in?= =?UTF-8?q?=20vi.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- .../20180531 How to create shortcuts in vi.md | 131 ----------------- .../20180531 How to create shortcuts in vi.md | 134 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 134 insertions(+), 131 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20180531 How to create shortcuts in vi.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20180531 How to create shortcuts in vi.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20180531 How to create shortcuts in vi.md b/sources/tech/20180531 How to create shortcuts in vi.md deleted file mode 100644 index ba856e745a..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20180531 How to create shortcuts in vi.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,131 +0,0 @@ -【sd886393认领翻译中】How to create shortcuts in vi -====== - -![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/documentation-type-keys-yearbook.png?itok=Q-ELM2rn) - -Learning the [vi text editor][1] takes some effort, but experienced vi users know that after a while, using basic commands becomes second nature. It's a form of what is known as muscle memory, which in this case might well be called finger memory. - -After you get a grasp of the main approach and basic commands, you can make editing with vi even more powerful and streamlined by using its customization options to create shortcuts. I hope that the techniques described below will facilitate your writing, programming, and data manipulation. - -Before proceeding, I'd like to thank Chris Hermansen (who recruited me to write this article) for checking my draft with [Vim][2], as I use another version of vi. I'm also grateful for Chris's helpful suggestions, which I incorporated here. - -First, let's review some conventions. I'll use to designate pressing the RETURN or ENTER key, and for the space bar. CTRL-x indicates simultaneously pressing the Control key and the x key (whatever x happens to be). - -Set up your own command abbreviations with the `map` command. My first example involves the `write` command, used to save the current state of the file you're working on: -``` -:w - -``` - -This is only three keystrokes, but since I do it so frequently, I'd rather use only one. The key I've chosen for this purpose is the comma, which is not part of the standard vi command set. The command to set this up is: -``` -:map , :wCTRL-v - -``` - -The CTRL-v is essential since without it the would signal the end of the map, and we want to include the as part of the mapped comma. In general, CTRL-v is used to enter the keystroke (or control character) that follows rather than being interpreted literally. - -In the above map, the part on the right will display on the screen as `:w^M`. The caret (`^`) indicates a control character, in this case CTRL-m, which is the system's form of . - -So far so good—sort of. If I write my current file about a dozen times while creating and/or editing it, this map could result in a savings of 2 x 12 keystrokes. But that doesn't account for the keystrokes needed to set up the map, which in the above example is 11 (counting CTRL-v and the shifted character `:` as one stroke each). Even with a net savings, it would be a bother to set up the map each time you start a vi session. - -Fortunately, there's a way to put maps and other abbreviations in a startup file that vi reads each time it is invoked: the `.exrc` file, or in Vim, the `.vimrc` file. Simply create this file in your home directory with a list of maps, one per line—without the colon—and the abbreviation is defined for all subsequent vi sessions until you delete or change it. - -Before going on to a variation of the `map` command and another type of abbreviation method, here are a few more examples of maps that I've found useful for streamlining my text editing: -``` -                                        Displays as - - - -:map X :xCTRL-v                    :x^M - - - -or - - - -:map X ,:qCTRL-v                   ,:q^M - -``` - -The above equivalent maps write and quit (exit) the file. The `:x` is the standard vi command for this, and the second version illustrates that a previously defined map may be used in a subsequent map. -``` -:map v :e                   :e - -``` - -The above starts the command to move to another file while remaining within vi; when using this, just follow the "v" with a filename, followed by . -``` -:map CTRL-vCTRL-e :e#CTRL-v    :e #^M - -``` - -The `#` here is the standard vi symbol for "the alternate file," which means the filename last used, so this shortcut is handy for switching back and forth between two files. Here's an example of how I use this: -``` -map CTRL-vCTRL-r :!spell %>err &CTRL-v     :!spell %>err&^M - -``` - -(Note: The first CTRL-v in both examples above is not needed in some versions of vi.) The `:!` is a way to run an external (non-vi) command. In this case (`spell`), `%` is the vi symbol denoting the current file, the `>` redirects the output of the spell-check to a file called `err`, and the `&` says to run this in the background so I can continue editing while `spell` completes its task. I can then type `verr` (using my previous shortcut, `v`, followed by `err`) to go the file of potential errors flagged by the `spell` command, then back to the file I'm working on with CTRL-e. After running the spell-check the first time, I can use CTRL-r repeatedly and return to the `err` file with just CTRL-e. - -A variation of the `map` command may be used to abbreviate text strings while inputting. For example, -``` -:map! CTRL-o \fI - -:map! CTRL-k \fP - -``` - -This will allow you to use CTRL-o as a shortcut for entering the `groff` command to italicize the word that follows, and this will allow you to use CTRL-k for the `groff` command reverts to the previous font. - -Here are two other examples of this technique: -``` -:map! rh rhinoceros - -:map! hi hippopotamus - -``` - -The above may instead be accomplished using the `ab` command, as follows (if you're trying these out in order, first use `unmap! rh` and `umap! hi`): -``` -:ab rh rhinoceros - -:ab hi hippopotamus - -``` - -In the `map!` method above, the abbreviation immediately expands to the defined word when typed (in Vim), whereas with the `ab` method, the expansion occurs when the abbreviation is followed by a space or punctuation mark (in both Vim and my version of vi, where the expansion also works like this for the `map!` method). - -To reverse any `map`, `map!`, or `ab` within a vi session, use `:unmap`, `:unmap!`, or `:unab`. - -In my version of vi, undefined letters that are good candidates for mapping include g, K, q, v, V, and Z; undefined control characters are CTRL-a, CTRL-c, CTRL-k, CTRL-n, CTRL-o, CTRL-p, and CTRL-x; some other undefined characters are `#` and `*`. You can also redefine characters that have meaning in vi but that you consider obscure and of little use; for example, the X that I chose for two examples in this article is a built-in vi command to delete the character to the immediate left of the current character (easily accomplished by the two-key command `hx`). - -Finally, the commands -``` -:map - -:map! - -:ab - -``` - -will show all the currently defined mappings and abbreviations. - -I hope that all of these tips will help you customize vi and make it easier and more efficient to use. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://opensource.com/article/18/5/shortcuts-vi-text-editor - -作者：[Dan Sonnenschein][a] -选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:https://opensource.com/users/dannyman -[1]:http://ex-vi.sourceforge.net/ -[2]:https://www.vim.org/ diff --git a/translated/tech/20180531 How to create shortcuts in vi.md b/translated/tech/20180531 How to create shortcuts in vi.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..8616013e96 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20180531 How to create shortcuts in vi.md @@ -0,0 +1,134 @@ +如何在 vi 中创建快捷键 +====== + +![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/documentation-type-keys-yearbook.png?itok=Q-ELM2rn) + +学习使用 [vi 文本编辑器][1] 确实得花点功夫，不过 vi 的老手们都知道，经过一小会的锻炼，就可以将基本的 vi 操作融汇贯通。我们都知道“肌肉记忆”，那么学习 vi 的过程可以称之为“手指记忆”。 + +当你抓住了基础的操作窍门之后，你就可以定制化地配置 vi 的快捷键，从而让其处理的功能更为强大、流畅。 + +在开始之前，我想先感谢下 Chris Hermansen（他雇佣我写了这篇文章）仔细地检查了我的另一篇关于使用 vi 增强版本[Vim][2]的文章。当然还有他那些我未采纳的建议。 + +首先，我们来说明下面几个惯例设定。我会使用符号来代表按下 RETURN 或者 ENTER 键， 代表按下空格键，CTRL-x 表示一起按下 Control 键和 x 键 + +使用 `map` 命令来进行按键的映射。第一个例子是 `write` 命令，通常你之前保存使用这样的命令： + +``` +:w + +``` + +虽然这里只有三个键，不过考虑到我用这个命令实在是太频繁了，我更想“一键”搞定它。在这里我选择逗号键，比如这样： +``` +:map , :wCTRL-v + +``` + +这里的 CTRL-v 事实上是对 做了转义的操作，如果不加这个的话，默认 会作为这条映射指令的结束信号，而非映射中的一个操作。 CTRL-v 后面所跟的操作会翻译为用户的实际操作，而非该按键平常的操作。 + +在上面的映射中，右边的部分会在屏幕中显示为 `:w^M`，其中 `^` 字符就是指代 `control`，完整的意思就是 CTRL-m，表示就是系统中一行的结尾 + + +目前来说，就很不错了。如果我编辑、创建了十二次文件，这个键位映射就可以省掉了 2*12 次按键。不过这里没有计算你建立这个键位映射所花费的 11次按键（计算CTRL-v 和 冒号均为一次按键）。虽然这样已经省了很多次，但是每次打开 vi 都要重新建立这个映射也会觉得非常麻烦。 + +幸运的是，这里可以将这些键位映射放到 vi 的启动配置文件中，让其在每次启动的时候自动读取：文件为 `.exrc`，对于 vim 是 `.vimrc`。只需要将这些文件放在你的用户根目录中即可，并在文件中每行写入一个键位映射，之后就会在每次启动 vi 生效直到你删除对应的配置。 + +在继续说明 `map` 其他用法以及其他的缩写机制之前，这里在列举几个我常用提高文本处理效率的 map 设置： +``` +                                        Displays as + + + +:map X :xCTRL-v                    :x^M + + + +or + + + +:map X ,:qCTRL-v                   ,:q^M + +``` + +上面的 map 指令的意思是写入并关闭当前的编辑文件。其中 `:x` 是 vi 原本的命令，而下面的版本说明之前的 map 配置可以继续用作第二个 map 键位映射。 +``` +:map v :e                   :e + +``` + +上面的指令意思是在 vi 编辑器内部 切换文件，使用这个时候，只需要按 `v` 并跟着输入文件名,之后按 `` 键。 +``` +:map CTRL-vCTRL-e :e#CTRL-v    :e #^M + +``` + +`#` 在这里是 vi 中标准的符号，意思是最后使用的文件名。所以切换当前与上一个文件的方法就使用上面的映射。 +``` +map CTRL-vCTRL-r :!spell %>err &CTRL-v     :!spell %>err&^M + +``` + +（注意：在两个例子中出现的第一个 CRTL-v 在某些 vi 的版本中是不需要的）其中，`:!` 用来运行一个外部的（非 vi 内部的）命令。在这个拼写检查的例子中，`%` 是 vi 中的符号用来只带目前的文件， `>` 用来重定向拼写检查中的输出到 `err` 文件中，之后跟上 `&` 说明该命令是一个后台运行的任务，这样可以保证在拼写检查的同时还可以进行编辑文件的工作。这里我可以键入 `verr`（使用我之前定义的快捷键 `v` 跟上 `err`），进入 `spell` 输出结果的文件，之后再输入 `CTRL-e` 来回到刚才编辑的文件中。这样我就可以在拼写检查之后，使用 CTRL-r 来查看检查的错误，再通过 CTRL-e 返回刚才编辑的文件。 + +还用很多字符串输入的缩写，也使用了各种 map 命令，比如： +``` +:map! CTRL-o \fI + +:map! CTRL-k \fP + +``` + +这个映射允许你使用 CTRL-o 作为 `groff` 命令的缩写，从而让让接下来书写的单词有斜体的效果，并使用 CTRL-k 进行恢复 + +还有两个类似的映射： +``` +:map! rh rhinoceros + +:map! hi hippopotamus + +``` + +上面的也可以使用 `ab` 命令来替换，就像下面这样（如果想这么用的话，需要首先按顺序运行 1. `unmap! rh` 2. `umap! hi`）: +``` +:ab rh rhinoceros + +:ab hi hippopotamus + +``` + +在上面 `map!` 的命令中，缩写会马上的展开成原有的单词，而在 `ab` 命令中，单词展开的操作会在输入了空格和标点之后才展开（不过在Vim 和 本机使用的 vi中，展开的形式与 `map!` 类似） + +想要取消刚才设定的按键映射，可以对应的输入 `:unmap`, `unmap!`, `:unab` + +在我使用的 vi 版本中，比较好用的候选映射按键包括 `g, K, q, v, V, Z`，控制字符包括：`CTRL-a, CTRL-c, CTRL-k, CTRL-n, CTRL-p, CTRL-x`；还有一些其他的字符如`#, *`，当然你也可以使用那些已经在 vi 中有过定义但不经常使用的字符，比如本文选择`X`和`I`，其中`X`表示删除左边的字符，并立刻左移当前字符。 + +最后，下面的命令 +``` +:map + +:map! + +:ab + +``` + +将会显示，目前所有的缩写和键位映射。 +will show all the currently defined mappings and abbreviations. + +希望上面的技巧能够更好地更高效地帮助你使用 vi。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/18/5/shortcuts-vi-text-editor + +作者：[Dan Sonnenschein][a] +选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/sd886393) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:https://opensource.com/users/dannyman +[1]:http://ex-vi.sourceforge.net/ +[2]:https://www.vim.org/ From c15c7589ea070392cc72c0cc1e83c58df59a418a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Sun, 30 Sep 2018 09:49:33 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 048/219] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=20Use=20Cozy=20to?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Play=20Audiobooks=20in=20Linux?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...29 Use Cozy to Play Audiobooks in Linux.md | 138 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 138 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20180929 Use Cozy to Play Audiobooks in Linux.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20180929 Use Cozy to Play Audiobooks in Linux.md b/sources/tech/20180929 Use Cozy to Play Audiobooks in Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..8e6583f046 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20180929 Use Cozy to Play Audiobooks in Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,138 @@ +Use Cozy to Play Audiobooks in Linux +====== +**We review Cozy, an audiobook player for Linux. Read to find out if it’s worth to install Cozy on your Linux system or not.** + +![Audiobook player for Linux][1] + +Audiobooks are a great way to consume literature. Many people who don’t have time to read, choose to listen. Most people, myself included, just use a regular media player like VLC or [MPV][2] for listening to audiobooks on Linux. + +Today, we will look at a Linux application built solely for listening to audiobooks. + +![][3]Cozy Audiobook Player + +### Cozy Audiobook Player for Linux + +The [Cozy Audiobook Player][4] is created by [Julian Geywitz][5] from Germany. It is built using both Python and GTK+ 3. According to the site, Julian wrote Cozy on Fedora and optimized it for [elementary OS][6]. + +The player borrows its layout from iTunes. The player controls are placed along the top of the application The library takes up the rest. You can sort all of your audiobooks based on the title, author and reader, and search very quickly. + +![][7]Initial setup + +When you first launch [Cozy][8], you are given the option to choose where you will store your audiobook files. Cozy will keep an eye on that folder and update your library as you add new audiobooks. You can also set it up to use an external or network drive. + +#### Features of Cozy + +Here is a full list of the features that [Cozy][9] has to offer. + + * Import all your audiobooks into Cozy to browse them comfortably + * Sort your audiobooks by author, reader & title + * Remembers your playback position + * Sleep timer + * Playback speed control + * Search your audiobook library + * Add multiple storage locations + * Drag & Drop to import new audio books + * Support for DRM free mp3, m4a (aac, ALAC, …), flac, ogg, wav files + * Mpris integration (Media keys & playback info for the desktop environment) + * Developed on Fedora and tested under elementaryOS + + + +#### Experiencing Cozy + +![][10]Audiobook library + +At first, I was excited to try our Cozy because I like to listen to audiobooks. However, I ran into a couple of issues. There is no way to edit the information of an audiobook. For example, I downloaded a couple audiobooks from [LibriVox][11] to test it. All three audiobooks were listed under “Unknown” for the reader. There was nothing to edit or change the audiobook info. I guess you could edit all of the files, but that would take quite a bit of time. + +When I listen to an audiobook, I like to know what track is currently playing. Cozy only has a single progress bar for the whole audiobook. I know that Cozy is designed to remember where you left off in an audiobook, but if I was going to continue to listen to the audiobook on my phone, I would like to know what track I am on. + +![][12]Settings + +There was also an option in the setting menu to turn on a dark theme. As you can see in the screenshots, the application has a black theme, to begin with. I turned the option on, but nothing happened. There isn’t even an option to add a theme or change any of the colors. Overall, the application had a feeling of not being finished. + +#### Installing Cozy on Linux + +If you would like to install Cozy, you have several options for different distros. + +##### Ubuntu, Debian, openSUSE, Fedora + +Julian used the [openSUSE Build Service][13] to create custom repos for Ubuntu, Debian, openSUSE and Fedora. Each one only takes a couple terminal commands to install. + +##### Install Cozy using Flatpak on any Linux distribution (including Ubuntu) + +If your [distro supports Flatpak][14], you can install Cozy using the following commands: + +``` +flatpak remote-add --user --if-not-exists flathub https://flathub.org/repo/flathub.flatpakrepo +flatpak install --user flathub com.github.geigi.cozy +``` + +##### Install Cozy on elementary OS + +If you have elementary OS installed, you can install Cozy from the [built-in App Store][15]. + +##### Install Cozy on Arch Linux + +Cozy is available in the [Arch User Repository][16]. All you have to do is search for `cozy-audiobooks`. + +### Where to find free Audiobooks? + +In order to try out this application, you will need to find some audiobooks to listen to. My favorite site for audiobooks is [LibriVox][11]. Since [LibriVox][17] depends on volunteers to record audiobooks, the quality can vary. However, there are a number of very talented readers. + +Here is a list of free audiobook sources: + ++ [Open Culture][20] ++ [Project Gutenberg][21] ++ [Digitalbook.io][22] ++ [FreeClassicAudioBooks.com][23] ++ [MindWebs][24] ++ [Scribl][25] + + +### Final Thoughts on Cozy + +For now, I think I’ll stick with my preferred audiobook software (VLC) for now. Cozy just doesn’t add anything. I won’t call it a [must-have application for Linux][18] just yet. There is no compelling reason for me to switch. Maybe, I’ll revisit it again in the future, maybe when it hits 1.0. + +Take Cozy for a spin. You might come to a different conclusion. + +Have you ever used Cozy? If not, what is your favorite audiobook player? What is your favorite source for free audiobooks? Let us know in the comments below. + +If you found this article interesting, please take a minute to share it on social media, Hacker News or [Reddit][19]. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/cozy-audiobook-player/ + +作者：[John Paul][a] +选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/john/ +[1]: https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/audiobook-player-linux.png +[2]: https://itsfoss.com/mpv-video-player/ +[3]: https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/cozy3.jpg +[4]: https://cozy.geigi.de/ +[5]: https://github.com/geigi +[6]: https://elementary.io/ +[7]: https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/cozy1.jpg +[8]: https://github.com/geigi/cozy +[9]: https://www.patreon.com/geigi +[10]: https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/cozy2.jpg +[11]: https://librivox.org/ +[12]: https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/cozy4.jpg +[13]: https://software.opensuse.org//download.html?project=home%3Ageigi&package=com.github.geigi.cozy +[14]: https://itsfoss.com/flatpak-guide/ +[15]: https://elementary.io/store/ +[16]: https://aur.archlinux.org/ +[17]: https://archive.org/details/librivoxaudio +[18]: https://itsfoss.com/essential-linux-applications/ +[19]: http://reddit.com/r/linuxusersgroup +[20]: http://www.openculture.com/freeaudiobooks +[21]: http://www.gutenberg.org/browse/categories/1 +[22]: https://www.digitalbook.io/ +[23]: http://freeclassicaudiobooks.com/ +[24]: https://archive.org/details/MindWebs_201410 +[25]: https://scribl.com/ From 8c14a12d4eb0196066cd94a38052fbe1f7a178f2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: sd886393 Date: Sun, 30 Sep 2018 10:17:12 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 049/219] =?UTF-8?q?=E8=AE=A4=E9=A2=86=20by=20sd886393?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- .../tech/20180928 What containers can teach us about DevOps.md | 1 + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20180928 What containers can teach us about DevOps.md b/sources/tech/20180928 What containers can teach us about DevOps.md index 610a68b2d1..33f83fb0f7 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20180928 What containers can teach us about DevOps.md +++ b/sources/tech/20180928 What containers can teach us about DevOps.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +认领：by sd886393 What containers can teach us about DevOps ====== From 7bb6f3525e1d7a28d5676b2f41d242b1e27f66b6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: MjSeven <33125422+MjSeven@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Sun, 30 Sep 2018 10:26:04 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 050/219] Delete 20180816 An introduction to the Django Python web app framework.md --- ... to the Django Python web app framework.md | 1250 ----------------- 1 file changed, 1250 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20180816 An introduction to the Django Python web app framework.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20180816 An introduction to the Django Python web app framework.md b/sources/tech/20180816 An introduction to the Django Python web app framework.md deleted file mode 100644 index ab7dba9526..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20180816 An introduction to the Django Python web app framework.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1250 +0,0 @@ -Translating by MjSeven - - -An introduction to the Django Python web app framework -====== - -![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/web-spider-frame-framework.png?itok=Rl2AG2Dc) - -In the first three articles of this four-part series comparing different Python web frameworks, we covered the [Pyramid][1], [Flask][2], and [Tornado][3] web frameworks. We've built the same app three times and have finally made our way to [Django][4]. Django is, by and large, the major web framework for Python developers these days and it's not too hard to see why. It excels in hiding a lot of the configuration logic and letting you focus on being able to build big, quickly. - -That said, when it comes to small projects, like our To-Do List app, Django can be a bit like bringing a firehose to a water gun fight. Let's see how it all comes together. - -### About Django - -Django styles itself as "a high-level Python web framework that encourages rapid development and clean, pragmatic design. Built by experienced developers, it takes care of much of the hassle of web development, so you can focus on writing your app without needing to reinvent the wheel." And they really mean it! This massive web framework comes with so many batteries included that oftentimes during development it can be a mystery as to how everything manages to work together. - -In addition to the framework itself being large, the Django community is absolutely massive. In fact, it's so big and active that there's [a whole website][5] devoted to the third-party packages people have designed to plug into Django to do a whole host of things. This includes everything from authentication and authorization, to full-on Django-powered content management systems, to e-commerce add-ons, to integrations with Stripe. Talk about not re-inventing the wheel; chances are if you want something done with Django, someone has already done it and you can just pull it into your project. - -For this purpose, we want to build a REST API with Django, so we'll leverage the always popular [Django REST framework][6]. Its job is to turn the Django framework, which was made to serve fully rendered HTML pages built with Django's own templating engine, into a system specifically geared toward effectively handling REST interactions. Let's get going with that. - -### Django startup and configuration -``` -$ mkdir django_todo - -$ cd django_todo - -$ pipenv install --python 3.6 - -$ pipenv shell - -(django-someHash) $ pipenv install django djangorestframework - -``` - -For reference, we're working with `django-2.0.7` and `djangorestframework-3.8.2`. - -Unlike Flask, Tornado, and Pyramid, we don't need to write our own `setup.py` file. We're not making an installable Python distribution. As with many things, Django takes care of that for us in its own Django way. We'll still need a `requirements.txt` file to track all our necessary installs for deployment elsewhere. However, as far as targeting modules within our Django project goes, Django will let us list the subdirectories we want access to, then allow us to import from those directories as if they're installed packages. - -First, we have to create a Django project. - -When we installed Django, we also installed the command-line script `django-admin`. Its job is to manage all the various Django-related commands that help put our project together and maintain it as we continue to develop. Instead of having us build up the entire Django ecosystem from scratch, the `django-admin` will allow us to get started with all the absolutely necessary files (and more) we need for a standard Django project. - -The syntax for invoking `django-admin`'s start-project command is `django-admin startproject `. We want the files to exist in our current working directory, so: -``` -(django-someHash) $ django-admin startproject django_todo . - -``` - -Typing `ls` will show one new file and one new directory. -``` -(django-someHash) $ ls - -manage.py   django_todo - -``` - -`manage.py` is a command-line-executable Python file that ends up just being a wrapper around `django-admin`. As such, its job is the same: to help us manage our project. Hence the name `manage.py`. - -The directory it created, the `django_todo` inside of `django_todo`, represents the configuration root for our project. Let's dig into that now. - -### Configuring Django - -By calling the `django_todo` directory the "configuration root," we mean this directory holds the files necessary for generally configuring our Django project. Pretty much everything outside this directory will be focused solely on the "business logic" associated with the project's models, views, routes, etc. All points that connect the project together will lead here. - -Calling `ls` within `django_todo` reveals four files: -``` -(django-someHash) $ cd django_todo - -(django-someHash) $ ls - -__init__.py settings.py urls.py     wsgi.py - -``` - - * `__init__.py` is empty, solely existing to turn this directory into an importable Python package. - * `settings.py` is where most configuration items will be set, like whether the project's in DEBUG mode, what databases are in use, where Django should look for files, etc. It is the "main configuration" part of the configuration root, and we'll dig into that momentarily. - * `urls.py` is, as the name implies, where the URLs are set. While we don't have to explicitly write every URL for the project in this file, we **do** need to make this file aware of any other places where URLs have been declared. If this file doesn't point to other URLs, those URLs don't exist. **Period.** - * `wsgi.py` is for serving the application in production. Just like how Pyramid, Tornado, and Flask exposed some "app" object that was the configured application to be served, Django must also expose one. That's done here. It can then be served with something like [Gunicorn][7], [Waitress][8], or [uWSGI][9]. - - - -#### Setting the settings - -Taking a look inside `settings.py` will reveal its considerable size—and these are just the defaults! This doesn't even include hooks for the database, static files, media files, any cloud integration, or any of the other dozens of ways that a Django project can be configured. Let's see, top to bottom, what we've been given: - - * `BASE_DIR` sets the absolute path to the base directory, or the directory where `manage.py` is located. This is useful for locating files. - * `SECRET_KEY` is a key used for cryptographic signing within the Django project. In practice, it's used for things like sessions, cookies, CSRF protection, and auth tokens. As soon as possible, preferably before the first commit, the value for `SECRET_KEY` should be changed and moved into an environment variable. - * `DEBUG` tells Django whether to run the project in development mode or production mode. This is an extremely critical distinction. - * In development mode, when an error pops up, Django will show the full stack trace that led to the error, as well as all the settings and configurations involved in running the project. This can be a massive security issue if `DEBUG` was set to `True` in a production environment. - * In production, Django shows a plain error page when things go wrong. No information is given beyond an error code. - * A simple way to safeguard our project is to set `DEBUG` to an environment variable, like `bool(os.environ.get('DEBUG', ''))`. - * `ALLOWED_HOSTS` is the literal list of hostnames from which the application is being served. In development this can be empty, but in production our Django project will not run if the host that serves the project is not among the list of ALLOWED_HOSTS. Another thing for the box of environment variables. - * `INSTALLED_APPS` is the list of Django "apps" (think of them as subdirectories; more on this later) that our Django project has access to. We're given a few by default to provide… - * The built-in Django administrative website - * Django's built-in authentication system - * Django's one-size-fits-all manager for data models - * Session management - * Cookie and session-based messaging - * Usage of static files inherent to the site, like `css` files, `js` files, any images that are a part of our site's design, etc. - * `MIDDLEWARE` is as it sounds: the middleware that helps our Django project run. Much of it is for handling various types of security, although we can add others as we need them. - * `ROOT_URLCONF` sets the import path of our base-level URL configuration file. That `urls.py` that we saw before? By default, Django points to that file to gather all our URLs. If we want Django to look elsewhere, we'll set the import path to that location here. - * `TEMPLATES` is the list of template engines that Django would use for our site's frontend if we were relying on Django to build our HTML. Since we're not, it's irrelevant. - * `WSGI_APPLICATION` sets the import path of our WSGI application—the thing that gets served when in production. By default, it points to an `application` object in `wsgi.py`. This rarely, if ever, needs to be modified. - * `DATABASES` sets which databases our Django project will access. The `default` database must be set. We can set others by name, as long as we provide the `HOST`, `USER`, `PASSWORD`, `PORT`, database `NAME`, and appropriate `ENGINE`. As one might imagine, these are all sensitive pieces of information, so it's best to hide them away in environment variables. [Check the Django docs][10] for more details. - * Note: If instead of providing individual pieces of a database's location, you'd rather provide the full database URL, check out [dj_database_url][11]. - * `AUTH_PASSWORD_VALIDATORS` is effectively a list of functions that run to check input passwords. We get a few by default, but if we had other, more complex validation needs—more than merely checking if the password matches a user's attribute, if it exceeds the minimum length, if it's one of the 1,000 most common passwords, or if the password is entirely numeric—we could list them here. - * `LANGUAGE_CODE` will set the language for the site. By default it's US English, but we could switch it up to be other languages. - * `TIME_ZONE` is the time zone for any autogenerated timestamps in our Django project. I cannot stress enough how important it is that we stick to UTC and perform any time zone-specific processing elsewhere instead of trying to reconfigure this setting. As [this article][12] states, UTC is the common denominator among all time zones because there are no offsets to worry about. If offsets are that important, we could calculate them as needed with an appropriate offset from UTC. - * `USE_I18N` will let Django use its own translation services to translate strings for the front end. I18N = internationalization (18 characters between "i" and "n") - * `USE_L10N` (L10N = localization [10 characters between "l" and "n"]) will use the common local formatting of data if set to `True`. A great example is dates: in the US it's MM-DD-YYYY. In Europe, dates tend to be written DD-MM-YYYY - * `STATIC_URL` is part of a larger body of settings for serving static files. We'll be building a REST API, so we won't need to worry about static files. In general, this sets the root path after the domain name for every static file. So, if we had a logo image to serve, it'd be `http:////logo.gif` - - - -These settings are pretty much ready to go by default. One thing we'll have to change is the `DATABASES` setting. First, we create the database that we'll be using with: -``` -(django-someHash) $ createdb django_todo - -``` - -We want to use a PostgreSQL database like we did with Flask, Pyramid, and Tornado. That means we'll have to change the `DATABASES` setting to allow our server to access a PostgreSQL database. First: the engine. By default, the database engine is `django.db.backends.sqlite3`. We'll be changing that to `django.db.backends.postgresql`. - -For more information about Django's available engines, [check the docs][13]. Note that while it is technically possible to incorporate a NoSQL solution into a Django project, out of the box, Django is strongly biased toward SQL solutions. - -Next, we have to specify the key-value pairs for the different parts of the connection parameters. - - * `NAME` is the name of the database we just created. - * `USER` is an individual's Postgres database username - * `PASSWORD` is the password needed to access the database - * `HOST` is the host for the database. `localhost` or `127.0.0.1` will work, as we're developing locally. - * `PORT` is whatever PORT we have open for Postgres; it's typically `5432`. - - - -`settings.py` expects us to provide string values for each of these keys. However, this is highly sensitive information. That's not going to work for any responsible developer. There are several ways to address this problem, but we'll just set up environment variables. -``` -DATABASES = { - -    'default': { - -        'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.postgresql', - -        'NAME': os.environ.get('DB_NAME', ''), - -        'USER': os.environ.get('DB_USER', ''), - -        'PASSWORD': os.environ.get('DB_PASS', ''), - -        'HOST': os.environ.get('DB_HOST', ''), - -        'PORT': os.environ.get('DB_PORT', ''), - -    } - -} - -``` - -Before going forward, make sure to set the environment variables or Django will not work. Also, we need to install `psycopg2` into this environment so we can talk to our database. - -### Django routes and views - -Let's make something function inside this project. We'll be using Django REST Framework to construct our REST API, so we have to make sure we can use it by adding `rest_framework` to the end of `INSTALLED_APPS` in `settings.py`. -``` -INSTALLED_APPS = [ - -    'django.contrib.admin', - -    'django.contrib.auth', - -    'django.contrib.contenttypes', - -    'django.contrib.sessions', - -    'django.contrib.messages', - -    'django.contrib.staticfiles', - -    'rest_framework' - -] - -``` - -While Django REST Framework doesn't exclusively require class-based views (like Tornado) to handle incoming requests, it is the preferred method for writing views. Let's define one. - -Let's create a file called `views.py` in `django_todo`. Within `views.py`, we'll create our "Hello, world!" view. -``` -# in django_todo/views.py - -from rest_framework.response import JsonResponse - -from rest_framework.views import APIView - - - -class HelloWorld(APIView): - -    def get(self, request, format=None): - -        """Print 'Hello, world!' as the response body.""" - -        return JsonResponse("Hello, world!") - -``` - -Every Django REST Framework class-based view inherits either directly or indirectly from `APIView`. `APIView` handles a ton of stuff, but for our purposes it does these specific things: - - * Sets up the methods needed to direct traffic based on the HTTP method (e.g. GET, POST, PUT, DELETE) - * Populates the `request` object with all the data and attributes we'll need for parsing and processing any incoming request - * Takes the `Response` or `JsonResponse` that every dispatch method (i.e., methods named `get`, `post`, `put`, `delete`) returns and constructs a properly formatted HTTP response. - - - -Yay, we have a view! On its own it does nothing. We need to connect it to a route. - -If we hop into `django_todo/urls.py`, we reach our default URL configuration file. As mentioned earlier: If a route in our Django project is not included here, it doesn't exist. - -We add desired URLs by adding them to the given `urlpatterns` list. By default, we get a whole set of URLs for Django's built-in site administration backend. We'll delete that completely. - -We also get some very helpful doc strings that tell us exactly how to add routes to our Django project. We'll need to provide a call to `path()` with three parameters: - - * The desired route, as a string (without the leading slash) - * The view function (only ever a function!) that will handle that route - * The name of the route in our Django project - - - -Let's import our `HelloWorld` view and attach it to the home route `"/"`. We can also remove the path to the `admin` from `urlpatterns`, as we won't be using it. -``` -# django_todo/urls.py, after the big doc string - -from django.urls import path - -from django_todo.views import HelloWorld - - - -urlpatterns = [ - -    path('', HelloWorld.as_view(), name="hello"), - -] - -``` - -Well, this is different. The route we specified is just a blank string. Why does that work? Django assumes that every path we declare begins with a leading slash. We're just specifying routes to resources after the initial domain name. If a route isn't going to a specific resource and is instead just the home page, the route is just `""`, or effectively "no resource." - -The `HelloWorld` view is imported from that `views.py` file we just created. In order to do this import, we need to update `settings.py` to include `django_todo` in the list of `INSTALLED_APPS`. Yeah, it's a bit weird. Here's one way to think about it. - -`INSTALLED_APPS` refers to the list of directories or packages that Django sees as importable. It's Django's way of treating individual components of a project like installed packages without going through a `setup.py`. We want the `django_todo` directory to be treated like an importable package, so we include that directory in `INSTALLED_APPS`. Now, any module within that directory is also importable. So we get our view. - -The `path` function will ONLY take a view function as that second argument, not just a class-based view on its own. Luckily, all valid Django class-based views include this `.as_view()` method. Its job is to roll up all the goodness of the class-based view into a view function and return that view function. So, we never have to worry about making that translation. Instead, we only have to think about the business logic, letting Django and Django REST Framework handle the rest. - -Let's crack this open in the browser! - -Django comes packaged with its own local development server, accessible through `manage.py`. Let's navigate to the directory containing `manage.py` and type: -``` -(django-someHash) $ ./manage.py runserver - -Performing system checks... - - - -System check identified no issues (0 silenced). - -August 01, 2018 - 16:47:24 - -Django version 2.0.7, using settings 'django_todo.settings' - -Starting development server at http://127.0.0.1:8000/ - -Quit the server with CONTROL-C. - -``` - -When `runserver` is executed, Django does a check to make sure the project is (more or less) wired together correctly. It's not fool-proof, but it does catch some glaring issues. It also notifies us if our database is out of sync with our code. Undoubtedly ours is because we haven't committed any of our application's stuff to our database, but that's fine for now. Let's visit `http://127.0.0.1:8000` to see the output of the `HelloWorld` view. - -Huh. That's not the plaintext data we saw in Pyramid, Flask, and Tornado. When Django REST Framework is used, the HTTP response (when viewed in the browser) is this sort of rendered HTML, showing our actual JSON response in red. - -But don't fret! If we do a quick `curl` looking at `http://127.0.0.1:8000` in the command line, we don't get any of that fancy HTML. Just the content. -``` -# Note: try this in a different terminal window, outside of the virtual environment above - -$ curl http://127.0.0.1:8000 - -"Hello, world!" - -``` - -Bueno! - -Django REST Framework wants us to have a human-friendly interface when using the browser. This makes sense; if JSON is viewed in the browser, it's typically because a human wants to check that it looks right or get a sense of what the JSON response will look like as they design some consumer of an API. It's a lot like what you'd get from a service like [Postman][14]. - -Either way, we know our view is working! Woo! Let's recap what we've done: - - 1. Started the project with `django-admin startproject ` - 2. Updated the `django_todo/settings.py` to use environment variables for `DEBUG`, `SECRET_KEY`, and values in the `DATABASES` dict - 3. Installed `Django REST Framework` and added it to the list of `INSTALLED_APPS` - 4. Created `django_todo/views.py` to include our first view class to say Hello to the World - 5. Updated `django_todo/urls.py` with a path to our new home route - 6. Updated `INSTALLED_APPS` in `django_todo/settings.py` to include the `django_todo` package - - - -### Creating models - -Let's create our data models now. - -A Django project's entire infrastructure is built around data models. It's written so each data model can have its own little universe with its own views, its own set of URLs that concern its resources, and even its own tests (if we are so inclined). - -If we wanted to build a simple Django project, we could circumvent this by just writing our own `models.py` file in the `django_todo` directory and importing it into our views. However, we're trying to write a Django project the "right" way, so we should divide up our models as best we can into their own little packages The Django Way™. - -The Django Way involves creating what are called Django "apps." Django "apps" aren't separate applications per se; they don't have their own settings and whatnot (although they can). They can, however, have just about everything else one might think of being in a standalone application: - - * Set of self-contained URLs - * Set of self-contained HTML templates (if we want to serve HTML) - * One or more data models - * Set of self-contained views - * Set of self-contained tests - - - -They are made to be independent so they can be easily shared like standalone applications. In fact, Django REST Framework is an example of a Django app. It comes packaged with its own views and HTML templates for serving up our JSON. We just leverage that Django app to turn our project into a full-on RESTful API with less hassle. - -To create the Django app for our To-Do List items, we'll want to use the `startapp` command with `manage.py`. -``` -(django-someHash) $ ./manage.py startapp todo - -``` - -The `startapp` command will succeed silently. We can check that it did what it should've done by using `ls`. -``` -(django-someHash) $ ls - -Pipfile      Pipfile.lock django_todo  manage.py    todo - -``` - -Look at that: We've got a brand new `todo` directory. Let's look inside! -``` -(django-someHash) $ ls todo - -__init__.py admin.py    apps.py     migrations  models.py   tests.py    views.py - -``` - -Here are the files that `manage.py startapp` created: - - * `__init__.py` is empty; it exists so this directory can be seen as a valid import path for models, views, etc. - * `admin.py` is not quite empty; it's used for formatting this app's models in the Django admin, which we're not getting into in this article. - * `apps.py` … not much work to do here either; it helps with formatting models for the Django admin. - * `migrations` is a directory that'll contain snapshots of our data models; it's used for updating our database. This is one of the few frameworks that comes with database management built-in, and part of that is allowing us to update our database instead of having to tear it down and rebuild it to change the schema. - * `models.py` is where the data models live. - * `tests.py` is where tests would go—if we wrote any. - * `views.py` is for the views we write that pertain to the models in this app. They don't have to be written here. We could, for example, write all our views in `django_todo/views.py`. It's here, however, so it's easier to separate our concerns. This becomes far more relevant with sprawling applications that cover many conceptual spaces. - - - -What hasn't been created for us is a `urls.py` file for this app. We can make that ourselves. -``` -(django-someHash) $ touch todo/urls.py - -``` - -Before moving forward we should do ourselves a favor and add this new Django app to our list of `INSTALLED_APPS` in `django_todo/settings.py`. -``` -# in settings.py - -INSTALLED_APPS = [ - -    'django.contrib.admin', - -    'django.contrib.auth', - -    'django.contrib.contenttypes', - -    'django.contrib.sessions', - -    'django.contrib.messages', - -    'django.contrib.staticfiles', - -    'rest_framework', - -    'django_todo', - -    'todo' # <--- the line was added - -] - -``` - -Inspecting `todo/models.py` shows that `manage.py` already wrote a bit of code for us to get started. Diverging from how models were created in the Flask, Tornado, and Pyramid implementations, Django doesn't leverage a third party to manage database sessions or the construction of its object instances. It's all rolled into Django's `django.db.models` submodule. - -The way a model is built, however, is more or less the same. To create a model in Django, we'll need to build a `class` that inherits from `models.Model`. All the fields that will apply to instances of that model should appear as class attributes. Instead of importing columns and field types from SQLAlchemy like we have in the past, all of our fields will come directly from `django.db.models`. -``` -# todo/models.py - -from django.db import models - - - -class Task(models.Model): - -    """Tasks for the To Do list.""" - -    name = models.CharField(max_length=256) - -    note = models.TextField(blank=True, null=True) - -    creation_date = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True) - -    due_date = models.DateTimeField(blank=True, null=True) - -    completed = models.BooleanField(default=False) - -``` - -While there are some definite differences between what Django needs and what SQLAlchemy-based systems need, the overall contents and structure are more or less the same. Let's point out the differences. - -We no longer need to declare a separate field for an auto-incremented ID number for our object instances. Django builds one for us unless we specify a different field as the primary key. - -Instead of instantiating `Column` objects that are passed datatype objects, we just directly reference the datatypes as the columns themselves. - -The `Unicode` field became either `models.CharField` or `models.TextField`. `CharField` is for small text fields of a specific maximum length, whereas `TextField` is for any amount of text. - -The `TextField` should be able to be blank, and we specify this in TWO ways. `blank=True` says that when an instance of this model is constructed, and the data attached to this field is being validated, it's OK for that data to be empty. This is different from `null=True`, which says when the table for this model class is constructed, the column corresponding to `note` will allow for blank or `NULL` entries. So, to sum that all up, `blank=True` controls how data gets added to model instances while `null=True` controls how the database table holding that data is constructed in the first place. - -The `DateTime` field grew some muscle and became able to do some work for us instead of us having to modify the `__init__` method for the class. For the `creation_date` field, we specify `auto_now_add=True`. What this means in a practical sense is that when a new model instance is created Django will automatically record the date and time of now as that field's value. That's handy! - -When neither `auto_now_add` nor its close cousin `auto_now` are set to `True`, `DateTimeField` will expect data like any other field. It'll need to be fed with a proper `datetime` object to be valid. The `due_date` column has `blank` and `null` both set to `True` so that an item on the To-Do List can just be an item to be done at some point in the future, with no defined date or time. - -`BooleanField` just ends up being a field that can take one of two values: `True` or `False`. Here, the default value is set to be `False`. - -#### Managing the database - -As mentioned earlier, Django has its own way of doing database management. Instead of having to write… really any code at all regarding our database, we leverage the `manage.py` script that Django provided on construction. It'll manage not just the construction of the tables for our database, but also any updates we wish to make to those tables without necessarily having to blow the whole thing away! - -Because we've constructed a new model, we need to make our database aware of it. First, we need to put into code the schema that corresponds to this model. The `makemigrations` command of `manage.py` will take a snapshot of the model class we built and all its fields. It'll take that information and package it into a Python script that'll live in this particular Django app's `migrations` directory. There will never be a reason to run this migration script directly. It'll exist solely so that Django can use it as a basis to update our database table or to inherit information when we update our model class. -``` -(django-someHash) $ ./manage.py makemigrations - -Migrations for 'todo': - -  todo/migrations/0001_initial.py - -    - Create model Task - -``` - -This will look at every app listed in `INSTALLED_APPS` and check for models that exist in those apps. It'll then check the corresponding `migrations` directory for migration files and compare them to the models in each of those `INSTALLED_APPS` apps. If a model has been upgraded beyond what the latest migration says should exist, a new migration file will be created that inherits from the most recent one. It'll be automatically named and also be given a message that says what changed since the last migration. - -If it's been a while since you last worked on your Django project and can't remember if your models were in sync with your migrations, you have no need to fear. `makemigrations` is an idempotent operation; your `migrations` directory will have only one copy of the current model configuration whether you run `makemigrations` once or 20 times. Even better than that, when we run `./manage.py runserver`, Django will detect that our models are out of sync with our migrations, and it'll just flat out tell us in colored text so we can make the appropriate choice. - -This next point is something that trips everybody up at least once: Creating a migration file does not immediately affect our database. When we ran `makemigrations`, we prepared our Django project to define how a given table should be created and end up looking. It's still on us to apply those changes to our database. That's what the `migrate` command is for. -``` -(django-someHash) $ ./manage.py migrate - -Operations to perform: - -  Apply all migrations: admin, auth, contenttypes, sessions, todo - -Running migrations: - -  Applying contenttypes.0001_initial... OK - -  Applying auth.0001_initial... OK - -  Applying admin.0001_initial... OK - -  Applying admin.0002_logentry_remove_auto_add... OK - -  Applying contenttypes.0002_remove_content_type_name... OK - -  Applying auth.0002_alter_permission_name_max_length... OK - -  Applying auth.0003_alter_user_email_max_length... OK - -  Applying auth.0004_alter_user_username_opts... OK - -  Applying auth.0005_alter_user_last_login_null... OK - -  Applying auth.0006_require_contenttypes_0002... OK - -  Applying auth.0007_alter_validators_add_error_messages... OK - -  Applying auth.0008_alter_user_username_max_length... OK - -  Applying auth.0009_alter_user_last_name_max_length... OK - -  Applying sessions.0001_initial... OK - -  Applying todo.0001_initial... OK - -``` - -When we apply our migrations, Django first checks to see if the other `INSTALLED_APPS` have migrations to be applied. It checks them in roughly the order they're listed. We want our app to be listed last, because we want to make sure that, in case our model depends on any of Django's built-in models, the database updates we make don't suffer from dependency problems. - -We have another model to build: the User model. However, the game has changed a bit since we're using Django. So many applications require some sort of User model that Django's `django.contrib.auth` package built its own for us to use. If it weren't for the authentication token we require for our users, we could just move on and use it instead of reinventing the wheel. - -However, we need that token. There are a couple of ways we can handle this. - - * Inherit from Django's `User` object, making our own object that extends it by adding a `token` field - * Create a new object that exists in a one-to-one relationship with Django's `User` object, whose only purpose is to hold a token - - - -I'm in the habit of building object relationships, so let's go with the second option. Let's call it an `Owner` as it basically has a similar connotation as a `User`, which is what we want. - -Out of sheer laziness, we could just include this new `Owner` object in `todo/models.py`, but let's refrain from that. `Owner` doesn't explicitly have to do with the creation or maintenance of items on the task list. Conceptually, the `Owner` is simply the owner of the task. There may even come a time where we want to expand this `Owner` to include other data that has absolutely nothing to do with tasks. - -Just to be safe, let's make an `owner` app whose job is to house and handle this `Owner` object. -``` -(django-someHash) $ ./manage.py startapp owner - -``` - -Don't forget to add it to the list of `INSTALLED_APPS` in `settings.py`. -``` -INSTALLED_APPS = [ - -    'django.contrib.admin', - -    'django.contrib.auth', - -    'django.contrib.contenttypes', - -    'django.contrib.sessions', - -    'django.contrib.messages', - -    'django.contrib.staticfiles', - -    'rest_framework', - -    'django_todo', - -    'todo', - -    'owner' - -] - -``` - -If we look at the root of our Django project, we now have two Django apps: -``` -(django-someHash) $ ls - -Pipfile      Pipfile.lock django_todo  manage.py    owner        todo - -``` - -In `owner/models.py`, let's build this `Owner` model. As mentioned earlier, it'll have a one-to-one relationship with Django's built-in `User` object. We can enforce this relationship with Django's `models.OneToOneField` -``` -# owner/models.py - -from django.db import models - -from django.contrib.auth.models import User - -import secrets - - - -class Owner(models.Model): - -    """The object that owns tasks.""" - -    user = models.OneToOneField(User, on_delete=models.CASCADE) - -    token = models.CharField(max_length=256) - - - -    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): - -        """On construction, set token.""" - -        self.token = secrets.token_urlsafe(64) - -        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs) - -``` - -This says the `Owner` object is linked to the `User` object, with one `owner` instance per `user` instance. `on_delete=models.CASCADE` dictates that if the corresponding `User` gets deleted, the `Owner` instance it's linked to will also get deleted. Let's run `makemigrations` and `migrate` to bake this new model into our database. -``` -(django-someHash) $ ./manage.py makemigrations - -Migrations for 'owner': - -  owner/migrations/0001_initial.py - -    - Create model Owner - -(django-someHash) $ ./manage.py migrate - -Operations to perform: - -  Apply all migrations: admin, auth, contenttypes, owner, sessions, todo - -Running migrations: - -  Applying owner.0001_initial... OK - -``` - -Now our `Owner` needs to own some `Task` objects. It'll be very similar to the `OneToOneField` seen above, except that we'll stick a `ForeignKey` field on the `Task` object pointing to an `Owner`. -``` -# todo/models.py - -from django.db import models - -from owner.models import Owner - - - -class Task(models.Model): - -    """Tasks for the To Do list.""" - -    name = models.CharField(max_length=256) - -    note = models.TextField(blank=True, null=True) - -    creation_date = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True) - -    due_date = models.DateTimeField(blank=True, null=True) - -    completed = models.BooleanField(default=False) - -    owner = models.ForeignKey(Owner, on_delete=models.CASCADE) - -``` - -Every To-Do List task has exactly one owner who can own multiple tasks. When that owner is deleted, any task they own goes with them. - -Let's now run `makemigrations` to take a new snapshot of our data model setup, then `migrate` to apply those changes to our database. -``` -(django-someHash) django $ ./manage.py makemigrations - -You are trying to add a non-nullable field 'owner' to task without a default; we can't do that (the database needs something to populate existing rows). - -Please select a fix: - - 1) Provide a one-off default now (will be set on all existing rows with a null value for this column) - - 2) Quit, and let me add a default in models.py - -``` - -Oh no! We have a problem! What happened? Well, when we created the `Owner` object and added it as a `ForeignKey` to `Task`, we basically required that every `Task` requires an `Owner`. However, the first migration we made for the `Task` object didn't include that requirement. So, even though there's no data in our database's table, Django is doing a pre-check on our migrations to make sure they're compatible and this new migration we're proposing is not. - -There are a few ways to deal with this sort of problem: - - 1. Blow away the current migration and build a new one that includes the current model configuration - 2. Add a default value to the `owner` field on the `Task` object - 3. Allow tasks to have `NULL` values for the `owner` field. - - - -Option 2 wouldn't make much sense here; we'd be proposing that any `Task` that was created would, by default, be linked to some default owner despite none necessarily existing. - -Option 1 would require us to destroy and rebuild our migrations. We should leave those alone. - -Let's go with option 3. In this circumstance, it won't be the end of the world if we allow the `Task` table to have null values for the owners; any tasks created from this point forward will necessarily have an owner. If you're in a situation where that isn't an acceptable schema for your database table, blow away your migrations, drop the table, and rebuild the migrations. -``` -# todo/models.py - -from django.db import models - -from owner.models import Owner - - - -class Task(models.Model): - -    """Tasks for the To Do list.""" - -    name = models.CharField(max_length=256) - -    note = models.TextField(blank=True, null=True) - -    creation_date = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True) - -    due_date = models.DateTimeField(blank=True, null=True) - -    completed = models.BooleanField(default=False) - -    owner = models.ForeignKey(Owner, on_delete=models.CASCADE, null=True) - -(django-someHash) $ ./manage.py makemigrations - -Migrations for 'todo': - -  todo/migrations/0002_task_owner.py - -    - Add field owner to task - -(django-someHash) $ ./manage.py migrate - -Operations to perform: - -  Apply all migrations: admin, auth, contenttypes, owner, sessions, todo - -Running migrations: - -  Applying todo.0002_task_owner... OK - -``` - -Woo! We have our models! Welcome to the Django way of declaring objects. - -For good measure, let's ensure that whenever a `User` is made, it's automatically linked with a new `Owner` object. We can do this using Django's `signals` system. Basically, we say exactly what we intend: "When we get the signal that a new `User` has been constructed, construct a new `Owner` and set that new `User` as that `Owner`'s `user` field." In practice that looks like: -``` -# owner/models.py - -from django.contrib.auth.models import User - -from django.db import models - -from django.db.models.signals import post_save - -from django.dispatch import receiver - - - -import secrets - - - - - -class Owner(models.Model): - -    """The object that owns tasks.""" - -    user = models.OneToOneField(User, on_delete=models.CASCADE) - -    token = models.CharField(max_length=256) - - - -    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): - -        """On construction, set token.""" - -        self.token = secrets.token_urlsafe(64) - -        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs) - - - - - -@receiver(post_save, sender=User) - -def link_user_to_owner(sender, **kwargs): - -    """If a new User is saved, create a corresponding Owner.""" - -    if kwargs['created']: - -        owner = Owner(user=kwargs['instance']) - -        owner.save() - -``` - -We set up a function that listens for signals to be sent from the `User` object built into Django. It's waiting for just after a `User` object has been saved. This can come from either a new `User` or an update to an existing `User`; we discern between the two scenarios within the listening function. - -If the thing sending the signal was a newly created instance, `kwargs['created']` will have the value of `True`. We only want to do something if this is `True`. If it's a new instance, we create a new `Owner`, setting its `user` field to be the new `User` instance that was created. After that, we `save()` the new `Owner`. This will commit our change to the database if all is well. It'll fail if the data doesn't validate against the fields we declared. - -Now let's talk about how we're going to access the data. - -### Accessing model data - -In the Flask, Pyramid, and Tornado frameworks, we accessed model data by running queries against some database session. Maybe it was attached to a `request` object, maybe it was a standalone `session` object. Regardless, we had to establish a live connection to the database and query on that connection. - -This isn't the way Django works. Django, by default, doesn't leverage any third-party object-relational mapping (ORM) to converse with the database. Instead, Django allows the model classes to maintain their own conversations with the database. - -Every model class that inherits from `django.db.models.Model` will have attached to it an `objects` object. This will take the place of the `session` or `dbsession` we've become so familiar with. Let's open the special shell that Django gives us and investigate how this `objects` object works. -``` -(django-someHash) $ ./manage.py shell - -Python 3.7.0 (default, Jun 29 2018, 20:13:13) - -[Clang 9.1.0 (clang-902.0.39.2)] on darwin - -Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information. - -(InteractiveConsole) - ->>> - -``` - -The Django shell is different from a normal Python shell in that it's aware of the Django project we've been building and can do easy imports of our models, views, settings, etc. without having to worry about installing a package. We can access our models with a simple `import`. -``` ->>> from owner.models import Owner - ->>> Owner - - - -``` - -Currently, we have no `Owner` instances. We can tell by querying for them with `Owner.objects.all()`. -``` ->>> Owner.objects.all() - - - -``` - -Anytime we run a query method on the `.objects` object, we'll get a `QuerySet` back. For our purposes, it's effectively a `list`, and this `list` is showing us that it's empty. Let's make an `Owner` by making a `User`. -``` ->>> from django.contrib.auth.models import User - ->>> new_user = User(username='kenyattamurphy', email='kenyatta.murphy@gmail.com') - ->>> new_user.set_password('wakandaforever') - ->>> new_user.save() - -``` - -If we query for all of our `Owner`s now, we should find Kenyatta. -``` ->>> Owner.objects.all() - -]> - -``` - -Yay! We've got data! - -### Serializing models - -We'll be passing data back and forth beyond just "Hello World." As such, we'll want to see some sort of JSON-ified output that represents that data well. Taking that object's data and transforming it into a JSON object for submission across HTTP is a version of data serialization. In serializing data, we're taking the data we currently have and reformatting it to fit some standard, more-easily-digestible form. - -If I were doing this with Flask, Pyramid, and Tornado, I'd create a new method on each model to give the user direct access to call `to_json()`. The only job of `to_json()` would be to return a JSON-serializable (i.e. numbers, strings, lists, dicts) dictionary with whatever fields I want to be displayed for the object in question. - -It'd probably look something like this for the `Task` object: -``` -class Task(Base): - -    ...all the fields... - - - -    def to_json(self): - -        """Convert task attributes to a JSON-serializable dict.""" - -        return { - -            'id': self.id, - -            'name': self.name, - -            'note': self.note, - -            'creation_date': self.creation_date.strftime('%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S'), - -            'due_date': self.due_date.strftime('%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S'), - -            'completed': self.completed, - -            'user': self.user_id - -        } - -``` - -It's not fancy, but it does the job. - -Django REST Framework, however, provides us with an object that'll not only do that for us but also validate inputs when we want to create new object instances or update existing ones. It's called the [ModelSerializer][15]. - -Django REST Framework's `ModelSerializer` is effectively documentation for our models. They don't have lives of their own if there are no models attached (for that there's the [Serializer][16] class). Their main job is to accurately represent our model and make the conversion to JSON thoughtless when our model's data needs to be serialized and sent over a wire. - -Django REST Framework's `ModelSerializer` works best for simple objects. As an example, imagine that we didn't have that `ForeignKey` on the `Task` object. We could create a serializer for our `Task` that would convert its field values to JSON as necessary with the following declaration: -``` -# todo/serializers.py - -from rest_framework import serializers - -from todo.models import Task - - - -class TaskSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer): - -    """Serializer for the Task model.""" - - - -    class Meta: - -        model = Task - -        fields = ('id', 'name', 'note', 'creation_date', 'due_date', 'completed') - -``` - -Inside our new `TaskSerializer`, we create a `Meta` class. `Meta`'s job here is just to hold information (or metadata) about the thing we're attempting to serialize. Then, we note the specific fields that we want to show. If we wanted to show all the fields, we could just shortcut the process and use `'__all__'`. We could, alternatively, use the `exclude` keyword instead of `fields` to tell Django REST Framework that we want every field except for a select few. We can have as many serializers as we like, so maybe we want one for a small subset of fields and one for all the fields? Go wild here. - -In our case, there is a relation between each `Task` and its owner `Owner` that must be reflected here. As such, we need to borrow the `serializers.PrimaryKeyRelatedField` object to specify that each `Task` will have an `Owner` and that relationship is one-to-one. Its owner will be found from the set of all owners that exists. We get that set by doing a query for those owners and returning the results we want to be associated with this serializer: `Owner.objects.all()`. We also need to include `owner` in the list of fields, as we always need an `Owner` associated with a `Task` -``` -# todo/serializers.py - -from rest_framework import serializers - -from todo.models import Task - -from owner.models import Owner - - - -class TaskSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer): - -    """Serializer for the Task model.""" - -    owner = serializers.PrimaryKeyRelatedField(queryset=Owner.objects.all()) - - - -    class Meta: - -        model = Task - -        fields = ('id', 'name', 'note', 'creation_date', 'due_date', 'completed', 'owner') - -``` - -Now that this serializer is built, we can use it for all the CRUD operations we'd like to do for our objects: - - * If we want to `GET` a JSONified version of a specific `Task`, we can do `TaskSerializer(some_task).data` - * If we want to accept a `POST` with the appropriate data to create a new `Task`, we can use `TaskSerializer(data=new_data).save()` - * If we want to update some existing data with a `PUT`, we can say `TaskSerializer(existing_task, data=data).save()` - - - -We're not including `delete` because we don't really need to do anything with information for a `delete` operation. If you have access to an object you want to delete, just say `object_instance.delete()`. - -Here is an example of what some serialized data might look like: -``` ->>> from todo.models import Task - ->>> from todo.serializers import TaskSerializer - ->>> from owner.models import Owner - ->>> from django.contrib.auth.models import User - ->>> new_user = User(username='kenyatta', email='kenyatta@gmail.com') - ->>> new_user.save_password('wakandaforever') - ->>> new_user.save() # creating the User that builds the Owner - ->>> kenyatta = Owner.objects.first() # grabbing the Owner that is kenyatta - ->>> new_task = Task(name="Buy roast beef for the Sunday potluck", owner=kenyatta) - ->>> new_task.save() - ->>> TaskSerializer(new_task).data - -{'id': 1, 'name': 'Go to the supermarket', 'note': None, 'creation_date': '2018-07-31T06:00:25.165013Z', 'due_date': None, 'completed': False, 'owner': 1} - -``` - -There's a lot more you can do with the `ModelSerializer` objects, and I suggest checking [the docs][17] for those greater capabilities. Otherwise, this is as much as we need. It's time to dig into some views. - -### Views for reals - -We've built the models and the serializers, and now we need to set up the views and URLs for our application. After all, we can't do anything with an application that has no views. We've already seen an example with the `HelloWorld` view above. However, that's always a contrived, proof-of-concept example and doesn't really show what can be done with Django REST Framework's views. Let's clear out the `HelloWorld` view and URL so we can start fresh with our views. - -The first view we'll build is the `InfoView`. As in the previous frameworks, we just want to package and send out a dictionary of our proposed routes. The view itself can live in `django_todo.views` since it doesn't pertain to a specific model (and thus doesn't conceptually belong in a specific app). -``` -# django_todo/views.py - -from rest_framework.response import JsonResponse - -from rest_framework.views import APIView - - - -class InfoView(APIView): - -    """List of routes for this API.""" - -    def get(self, request): - -        output = { - -            'info': 'GET /api/v1', - -            'register': 'POST /api/v1/accounts', - -            'single profile detail': 'GET /api/v1/accounts/', - -            'edit profile': 'PUT /api/v1/accounts/', - -            'delete profile': 'DELETE /api/v1/accounts/', - -            'login': 'POST /api/v1/accounts/login', - -            'logout': 'GET /api/v1/accounts/logout', - -            "user's tasks": 'GET /api/v1/accounts//tasks', - -            "create task": 'POST /api/v1/accounts//tasks', - -            "task detail": 'GET /api/v1/accounts//tasks/', - -            "task update": 'PUT /api/v1/accounts//tasks/', - -            "delete task": 'DELETE /api/v1/accounts//tasks/' - -        } - -        return JsonResponse(output) - -``` - -This is pretty much identical to what we had in Tornado. Let's hook it up to an appropriate route and be on our way. For good measure, we'll also remove the `admin/` route, as we won't be using the Django administrative backend here. -``` -# in django_todo/urls.py - -from django_todo.views import InfoView - -from django.urls import path - - - -urlpatterns = [ - -    path('api/v1', InfoView.as_view(), name="info"), - -] - -``` - -#### Connecting models to views - -Let's figure out the next URL, which will be the endpoint for either creating a new `Task` or listing a user's existing tasks. This should exist in a `urls.py` in the `todo` app since this has to deal specifically with `Task` objects instead of being a part of the whole project. -``` -# in todo/urls.py - -from django.urls import path - -from todo.views import TaskListView - - - -urlpatterns = [ - -    path('', TaskListView.as_view(), name="list_tasks") - -] - -``` - -What's the deal with this route? We didn't specify a particular user or much of a path at all. Since there would be a couple of routes requiring the base path `/api/v1/accounts//tasks`, why write it again and again when we can just write it once? - -Django allows us to take a whole suite of URLs and import them into the base `django_todo/urls.py` file. We can then give every one of those imported URLs the same base path, only worrying about the variable parts when, you know, they vary. -``` -# in django_todo/urls.py - -from django.urls import include, path - -from django_todo.views import InfoView - - - -urlpatterns = [ - -    path('api/v1', InfoView.as_view(), name="info"), - -    path('api/v1/accounts//tasks', include('todo.urls')) - -] - -``` - -And now every URL coming from `todo/urls.py` will be prefixed with the path `api/v1/accounts//tasks`. - -Let's build out the view in `todo/views.py` -``` -# todo/views.py - -from django.shortcuts import get_object_or_404 - -from rest_framework.response import JsonResponse - -from rest_framework.views import APIView - - - -from owner.models import Owner - -from todo.models import Task - -from todo.serializers import TaskSerializer - - - - - -class TaskListView(APIView): - -    def get(self, request, username, format=None): - -        """Get all of the tasks for a given user.""" - -        owner = get_object_or_404(Owner, user__username=username) - -        tasks = Task.objects.filter(owner=owner).all() - -        serialized = TaskSerializer(tasks, many=True) - -        return JsonResponse({ - -            'username': username, - -            'tasks': serialized.data - -        }) - -``` - -There's a lot going on here in a little bit of code, so let's walk through it. - -We start out with the same inheritance of the `APIView` that we've been using, laying the groundwork for what will be our view. We override the same `get` method we've overridden before, adding a parameter that allows our view to receive the `username` from the incoming request. - -Our `get` method will then use that `username` to grab the `Owner` associated with that user. This `get_object_or_404` function allows us to do just that, with a little something special added for ease of use. - -It would make sense that there's no point in looking for tasks if the specified user can't be found. In fact, we'd want to return a 404 error. `get_object_or_404` gets a single object based on whatever criteria we pass in and either returns that object or raises an [Http404 exception][18]. We can set that criteria based on attributes of the object. The `Owner` objects are all attached to a `User` through their `user` attribute. We don't have a `User` object to search with, though. We only have a `username`. So, we say to `get_object_or_404` "when you look for an `Owner`, check to see that the `User` attached to it has the `username` that I want" by specifying `user__username`. That's TWO underscores. When filtering through a QuerySet, the two underscores mean "attribute of this nested object." Those attributes can be as deeply nested as needed. - -We now have the `Owner` corresponding to the given username. We use that `Owner` to filter through all the tasks, only retrieving the ones it owns with `Task.objects.filter`. We could've used the same nested-attribute pattern that we did with `get_object_or_404` to drill into the `User` connected to the `Owner` connected to the `Tasks` (`tasks = Task.objects.filter(owner__user__username=username).all()`) but there's no need to get that wild with it. - -`Task.objects.filter(owner=owner).all()` will provide us with a `QuerySet` of all the `Task` objects that match our query. Great. The `TaskSerializer` will then take that `QuerySet` and all its data, along with the flag of `many=True` to notify it as being a collection of items instead of just one item, and return a serialized set of results. Effectively a list of dictionaries. Finally, we provide the outgoing response with the JSON-serialized data and the username used for the query. - -#### Handling the POST request - -The `post` method will look somewhat different from what we've seen before. -``` -# still in todo/views.py - -# ...other imports... - -from rest_framework.parsers import JSONParser - -from datetime import datetime - - - -class TaskListView(APIView): - -    def get(self, request, username, format=None): - -        ... - - - -    def post(self, request, username, format=None): - -        """Create a new Task.""" - -        owner = get_object_or_404(Owner, user__username=username) - -        data = JSONParser().parse(request) - -        data['owner'] = owner.id - -        if data['due_date']: - -            data['due_date'] = datetime.strptime(data['due_date'], '%d/%m/%Y %H:%M:%S') - - - -        new_task = TaskSerializer(data=data) - -        if new_task.is_valid(): - -            new_task.save() - -            return JsonResponse({'msg': 'posted'}, status=201) - - - -        return JsonResponse(new_task.errors, status=400) - -``` - -When we receive data from the client, we parse it into a dictionary using `JSONParser().parse(request)`. We add the owner to the data and format the `due_date` for the task if one exists. - -Our `TaskSerializer` does the heavy lifting. It first takes in the incoming data and translates it into the fields we specified on the model. It then validates that data to make sure it fits the specified fields. If the data being attached to the new `Task` is valid, it constructs a new `Task` object with that data and commits it to the database. We then send back an appropriate "Yay! We made a new thing!" response. If not, we collect the errors that `TaskSerializer` generated and send those back to the client with a `400 Bad Request` status code. - -If we were to build out the `put` view for updating a `Task`, it would look very similar to this. The main difference would be that when we instantiate the `TaskSerializer`, instead of just passing in the new data, we'd pass in the old object and the new data for that object like `TaskSerializer(existing_task, data=data)`. We'd still do the validity check and send back the responses we want to send back. - -### Wrapping up - -Django as a framework is highly customizable, and everyone has their own way of stitching together a Django project. The way I've written it out here isn't necessarily the exact way that a Django project needs to be set up; it's just a) what I'm familiar with, and b) what leverages Django's management system. Django projects grow in complexity as you separate concepts into their own little silos. You do that so it's easier for multiple people to contribute to the overall project without stepping on each other's toes. - -The vast map of files that is a Django project, however, doesn't make it more performant or naturally predisposed to a microservice architecture. On the contrary, it can very easily become a confusing monolith. That may still be useful for your project. It may also make it harder for your project to be manageable, especially as it grows. - -Consider your options carefully and use the right tool for the right job. For a simple project like this, Django likely isn't the right tool. - -Django is meant to handle multiple sets of models that cover a variety of different project areas that may share some common ground. This project is a small, two-model project with a handful of routes. If we were to build this out more, we'd only have seven routes and still the same two models. It's hardly enough to justify a full Django project. - -It would be a great option if we expected this project to expand. This is not one of those projects. This is choosing a flamethrower to light a candle. It's absolute overkill. - -Still, a web framework is a web framework, regardless of which one you use for your project. It can take in requests and respond as well as any other, so you do as you wish. Just be aware of what overhead comes with your choice of framework. - -That's it! We've reached the end of this series! I hope it has been an enlightening adventure and will help you make more than just the most-familiar choice when you're thinking about how to build out your next project. Make sure to read the documentation for each framework to expand on anything covered in this series (as it's not even the least bit comprehensive). There's a wide world of stuff to get into for each. Happy coding! - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://opensource.com/article/18/8/django-framework - -作者：[Nicholas Hunt-Walker][a] -选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:https://opensource.com/users/nhuntwalker -[1]:https://opensource.com/article/18/5/pyramid-framework -[2]:https://opensource.com/article/18/4/flask -[3]:https://opensource.com/article/18/6/tornado-framework -[4]:https://www.djangoproject.com -[5]:https://djangopackages.org/ -[6]:http://www.django-rest-framework.org/ -[7]:http://gunicorn.org/ -[8]:https://docs.pylonsproject.org/projects/waitress/en/latest/ -[9]:https://uwsgi-docs.readthedocs.io/en/latest/ -[10]:https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.0/ref/settings/#databases -[11]:https://pypi.org/project/dj-database-url/ -[12]:http://yellerapp.com/posts/2015-01-12-the-worst-server-setup-you-can-make.html -[13]:https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.0/ref/settings/#std:setting-DATABASE-ENGINE -[14]:https://www.getpostman.com/ -[15]:http://www.django-rest-framework.org/api-guide/serializers/#modelserializer -[16]:http://www.django-rest-framework.org/api-guide/serializers/ -[17]:http://www.django-rest-framework.org/api-guide/serializers/#serializers -[18]:https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.0/topics/http/views/#the-http404-exception From 2e72e1d1d171f3dfbe0661aba0cbf0620e9c7b20 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: MjSeven <33125422+MjSeven@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Sun, 30 Sep 2018 10:26:45 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 051/219] Create 20180816 An introduction to the Django Python web app framework.md --- ... to the Django Python web app framework.md | 1219 +++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 1219 insertions(+) create mode 100644 translated/tech/20180816 An introduction to the Django Python web app framework.md diff --git a/translated/tech/20180816 An introduction to the Django Python web app framework.md b/translated/tech/20180816 An introduction to the Django Python web app framework.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..dc9fd20449 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20180816 An introduction to the Django Python web app framework.md @@ -0,0 +1,1219 @@ +Python Web 应用程序 Django 框架简介 +===== + +![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/web-spider-frame-framework.png?itok=Rl2AG2Dc) + +在本系列（由四部分组成）的前三篇文章中，我们讨论了 [Pyramid][1], [Flask][2] 和 [Tornado][3] 这 3 个 Web 框架。我们已经构建了三次相同的应用程序，最终我们遇到了 [Django][4]。总的来说，Django 是目前 Python 开发人员使用的主要 Web 框架，并且不难看出原因。它擅长隐藏大量的配置逻辑，让你专注于能过够快速构建大型应用程序。 + +也就是说，当涉及到小型项目时，比如我们的待办事项列表应用程序，Django 可能有点像用消防水管来进行水枪大战。让我们来看看它们是如何结合在一起的。 + +### 关于 Django + +Django 将自己定位为“一个高级的 Python Web 框架，它鼓励快速开发和干净，实用的设计。它由经验丰富的开发人员构建，解决了 Web 开发的很多麻烦，因此你可以专注于编写应用程序而无需重新发明轮子”。它真的做到了！这个庞大的 Web 框架附带了非常多的工具，通常在开发过程中，如何将所有内容组合在一起协同工作可能是个谜。 + +除了框架本身很大，Django 社区也是非常庞大的。事实上，它非常庞大和活跃，以至于有[一个网站][5]致力于为人们收集第三方包，这些第三方包可集成进 Django 来做一大堆事情。包括从身份验证和授权到完全基于 Django 的内容管理系统，电子商务附加组件以及与 Stripe（译注：美版“支付宝”）集成的所有内容。关于不要重新发明轮子：如果你想用 Django 完成一些事情，有人可能已经做过了，你只需将它集成进你的项目就行。 + +为此，我们希望使用 Django 构建 REST API，因此我们将利用流行的 [Django REST framework][6]。它的工作是将 Django 框架（Django 使用自己的模板引擎构建 HTML 页面）转换为专门用于有效地处理 REST 交互的系统。让我们开始吧。 + +### Django 启动和配置 + +``` +$ mkdir django_todo + +$ cd django_todo + +$ pipenv install --python 3.6 + +$ pipenv shell + +(django-someHash) $ pipenv install django djangorestframework + +``` + +作为参考，我们使用的是 `django-2.0.7` 和 `djangorestframework-3.8.2`。 + +与 Flask, Tornado 和 Pyramid 不同，我们不需要自己编写 `setup.py` 文件，我们并不是在做一个可安装的 Python 发行版。像很多事情一样，Django 以自己的方式处理这个问题。我们仍然需要一个 `requirements.txt` 文件来跟踪我们在其它地方部署的所有必要安装。但是，就 Django 项目中的目标模块而言，Django 会让我们列出我们想要访问的子目录，然后允许我们从这些目录中导入，就像它们是已安装的包一样。 + +首先，我们必须创建一个 Django 项目。 + +当我们安装了 Django 后，我们还安装了命令行脚本 `django-admin`。它的工作是管理所有与 Django 相关的命令，这些命令有助于我们将项目整合在一起，并在我们继续开发的过程中对其进行维护。`django-admin` 并不是让我们从头开始构建整个 Django 生态系统，而是让我们开始使用标准 Django 项目所需的所有必要文件（以及更多）。 + +调用 `django-admin` 的 `start-project` 命令的语法是 `django-admin startproject <项目名称> <存放目录>`。我们希望文件存于当前的工作目录中，所以： +``` +(django-someHash) $ django-admin startproject django_todo . + +``` + +输入 `ls` 将显示一个新文件和一个新目录。 +``` +(django-someHash) $ ls + +manage.py   django_todo + +``` + +`manage.py` 是一个可执行命令行 Python 文件，它最终成为 `django-admin` 的装饰器（to 校正：这里装饰器只是一个语义上的称呼，与 Python 的装饰器不同）。因此，它的工作与 `django-admin` 是一样的：帮助我们管理项目。因此得名 `manage.py`。 + +它在 `django_todo` 目录里创建了一个新目录 `django_todo`，其代表了我们项目的配置根目录。现在让我们深入研究一下。 + +### 配置 Django + +可以将 `django_todo` 目录称为“配置根”，我们的意思是这个目录包含了通常配置 Django 项目所需的文件。几乎所有这个目录之外的内容都只关注与项目模型，视图，路由等相关的“业务逻辑”。所有连接项目的点都将在这里出现。 + +在 `django_todo` 目录中调用 `ls` 会显示以下四个文件： +``` +(django-someHash) $ cd django_todo + +(django-someHash) $ ls + +__init__.py settings.py urls.py     wsgi.py + +``` + + * `__init__.py` 文件为空，之所以存在是为了将此目录转换为可导入的 Python 包。 + + * `settings.py` 是设置大多数配置项的地方。例如项目是否处于 DEBUG 模式，正在使用哪些数据库，Django 应该定位文件的位置等等。它是配置根目录的“主要配置”部分，我们将在一会深入研究。 + + * `urls.py` 顾名思义就是设置 URL 的地方。虽然我们不必在此文件中显式写入项目的每个 URL，但我们需要让此文件知道在其他任何地方已声明的 URL。如果此文件未指向其它 URL，则那些 URL 就不存在。 + + * `wsgi.py` 用于在生产环境中提供应用程序。就像 Pyramid, Tornado 和 Flask 暴露了一些 “app” 对象一样，它们用来提供配置好的应用程序，Django 也必须暴露一个，就是在这里完成的。它可以和 [Gunicorn][7], [Waitress][8] 或者 [uWSGI][9] 一起配合来提供服务。 + +#### 设置 settings + +看一看 `settings.py`，它里面有大量的配置项，那些只是默认值！这甚至不包括数据库，静态文件，媒体文件，任何集成的钩子，或者可以配置 Django 项目的任何其它几种方式。让我们从上到下看看有什么： + + * `BASE_DIR` 设置目录的绝对路径，或者是 `manage.py` 所在的目录。这对于定位文件非常有用。 + + * `SECRET_KEY` 是用于 Django 项目中加密签名的密钥。在实际中，它用于会话，cookie，CSRF 保护和身份验证令牌等。最好在第一次提交之前，尽快应该更改 `SECRET_KEY` 的值并将其放置到环境变量中。 + + * `DEBUG` 告诉 Django 是以开发模式还是生产模式运行项目。这是一个非常关键的区别。 + + * 在开发模式下，当弹出一个错误时，Django 将显示导致错误的完整堆栈跟踪，以及运行项目所涉及的所有设置和配置。如果在生产环境中将 `DEBUG` 设置为 `True`，这可能是一个巨大的安全问题。 + + * 在生产模式下，当出现问题时，Django 会显示一个简单的错误页面，即除错误代码外不提供任何信息。 + + * 保护我们项目的一个简单方法是将 `DEBUG` 设置为环境变量，如 `bool(os.environ.get('DEBUG', ''))`。 + * `ALLOWED_HOSTS` 是应用程序提供服务的主机名的列表。在开发模式中，这可能是空的，但是在生产中，如果为项目提供服务的主机不在 ALLOWED_HOSTS 列表中，Django 项目将无法运行。这是设置为环境变量的另一种情况。 + + * `INSTALLED_APPS` 是我们的 Django 项目可以访问的 Django "apps" 列表（将它们视为子目录，稍后会详细介绍）。默认情况下，它将提供： + * 内置的 Django admin 网站 + * Django 的内置认证系统 + * Django 的数据模型通用管理器 + * 会话管理 + * Cookie 和基于会话的消息传递 + * 站点固有的静态文件的用法，比如 `css` 文件，`js` 文件，任何属于我们网站设计的图片等。 + + * `MIDDLEWARE` 顾名思义：帮助 Django 项目运行的中间件。其中很大一部分用于处理各种类型的安全，尽管我们可以根据需要添加其它中间件。 + + * `ROOT_URLCONF` 设置基本 URL 配置文件的导入路径。还记得我们之前见过的那个 `urls.py` 吗？默认情况下，Django 指向该文件以此来收集所有的 URL。如果我们想让 Django 在其它地方寻找，我们将在这里设置 URL 位置的导入路径。 + + * `TEMPLATES` 是 Django 用于我们网站前端的模板引擎列表，假如我们依靠 Django 来构建我们的 HTML。我们在这里不需要，那就无关紧要了。 + + * `WSGI_APPLICATION` 设置我们的 WSGI 应用程序的导入路径 - 在生产环境下使用的东西。默认情况下，它指向 `wsgi.py` 中的 `application` 对象。这很少（如果有的话）需要修改。 + + * `DATABASES` 设置 Django 项目将访问那些数据库。必须设置 `default` 数据库。我们可以通过名称设置别的数据库，只要我们提供 `HOST`, `USER`, `PASSWORD`, `PORT`, 数据库名称 `NAME` 和合适的 `ENGINE`。可以想象，这些都是敏感的信息，因此最好将它们隐藏在环境变量中。[查看 Django 文档][10]了解更多详情。 + + * 注意：如果不是提供数据库的单个部分，而是提供完整的数据库 URL，请查看 [dj_database_url][11]。 + + * `AUTH_PASSWORD_VALIDATORS` 实际上是运行以检查输入密码的函数列表。默认情况下我们有一些，但是如果我们有其它更复杂的验证需求：不仅仅是检查密码是否与用户的属性匹配，是否超过最小长度，是否是 1000 个最常用的密码之一，或者密码完全是数字，我们可以在这里列出它们。 + + * `LANGUAGE_CODE` 设置网站的语言。默认情况下它是美国英语，但我们可以将其切换为其它语言。 + + * `TIME_ZONE` 是我们 Django 项目后中自动生成的时间戳的时区。我强调坚持使用 UTC 并在其它地方执行任何特定于时区的处理，而不是尝试重新配置此设置。正如[这篇文章][12] 所述，UTC 是所有时区的共同点，因为不需要担心偏移。如果偏移很重要，我们可以根据需要使用与 UTC 的适当偏移来计算它们。 + + * `USE_I18N` 将让 Django 使用自己的翻译服务来为前端翻译字符串。I18N = 国际化（“i” 和 “n” 之间的 18 个字符）。 + + * `USE_L10N` (L10N = 本地化[在 "l" 和 "n" 之间有 10 个字符]) 如果设置为 `True`，那么将使用数据的公共本地格式。一个很好的例子是日期：在美国它是 MM-DD-YYYY。在欧洲，日期往往写成 DD-MM-YYYY。 + + * `STATIC_URL` 是用于提供静态文件的大量设置的一部分。我们将构建一个 REST API，因此我们不需要担心静态文件。通常，这会为每个静态文件的域名设置根路径。所以，如果我们有一个徽标图像，那就是 `http:////logo.gif`。 + +默认情况下，这些设置已准备就绪。我们必须改变的一个选项是 `DATABASES` 设置。首先，我们创建将要使用的数据库： +``` +(django-someHash) $ createdb django_todo + +``` + +我们想要像使用 Flask, Pyramid 和 Tornado 一样使用 PostgreSQL 数据库，这意味着我们必须更改 `DATABASES` 设置以允许我们的服务器访问 PostgreSQL 数据库。首先是引擎。默认情况下，数据库引擎是 `django.db.backends.sqlite3`，我们把它改成 `django.db.backends.postgresql`。 + +有关 Django 可用引擎的更多信息，[查看文档][13]。请注意，尽管技术上可以将 NoSQL 解决方案整合到 Django 项目中，但为了开箱即用，Django 强烈偏向于 SQL 解决方案。 + +接下来，我们必须为连接参数的不同部分指定键值对。 + + * `NAME` 是我们刚刚创建的数据库的名称。 + * `USER` 是 Postgres 数据库用户名。 + * `PASSWORD` 是访问数据库所需的密码。 + * `HOST` 是数据库的主机。当我们在本地开发时，`localhost` 或 `127.0.0.1` 都将起作用。 + * `PORT` 是我们为 Postgres 开放的端口，它通常是 `5432`。 + +`settings.py` 希望我们为每个键提供字符串值。但是，这是高度敏感的信息。这对任何负责任的开发人员都不起作用。有几种方法可以解决这个问题，一种是我们需要设置环境变量。 +``` +DATABASES = { + +    'default': { + +        'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.postgresql', + +        'NAME': os.environ.get('DB_NAME', ''), + +        'USER': os.environ.get('DB_USER', ''), + +        'PASSWORD': os.environ.get('DB_PASS', ''), + +        'HOST': os.environ.get('DB_HOST', ''), + +        'PORT': os.environ.get('DB_PORT', ''), + +    } + +} + +``` + +在继续之前，请确保设置环境变量或 Django 不起作用（to 校正：这里不清楚原文的意思，什么叫 django 不起作用）。此外，我们需要在此环境中安装 `psycopg2`，以便我们可以与数据库通信。 + +### Django 路由和视图 + +让我们在这个项目中实现一些函数。我们将使用 Django REST Framework 来构建 REST API，所以我们必须确保在 `settings.py` 中将 `rest_framework` 添加到 `INSTALLED_APPS` 的末尾。 +``` +INSTALLED_APPS = [ + +    'django.contrib.admin', + +    'django.contrib.auth', + +    'django.contrib.contenttypes', + +    'django.contrib.sessions', + +    'django.contrib.messages', + +    'django.contrib.staticfiles', + +    'rest_framework' + +] + +``` + +虽然 Django REST Framework 并不专门需要基于类的视图（如 Tornado）来处理传入的请求，但类是编写视图的首选方法。让我们来定义一个类视图。 + +让我们在 `django_todo` 创建一个名为 `views.py` 的文件。在 `views.py` 中，我们将创建 "Hello, world!" 视图。 +``` +# django_todo/views.py + +from rest_framework.response import JsonResponse + +from rest_framework.views import APIView + + +class HelloWorld(APIView): + +    def get(self, request, format=None): + +        """Print 'Hello, world!' as the response body.""" + +        return JsonResponse("Hello, world!") + +``` + +每个 Django REST Framework 基于类的视图都直接或间接地继承自 `APIView`。`APIView` 处理大量的东西，但为了达到我们的目的，它做了以下特定的事情： + + * 根据 HTTP 方法（例如 GET, POST, PUT, DELETE）来设置引导对应请求所需的方法 + + * 用我们需要的所有数据和属性来填充 `request` 对象，以便解析和处理传入的请求 + + * 采用 `Response` 或 `JsonResponse`，每个调度方法（即名为 `get`, `post`, `put`, `delete` 的方法）返回并构造格式正确的 HTTP 响应。 + +终于，我们有一个视图了!它本身没有任何作用，我们需要将它连接到路由。 + +如果我们跳转到 `django_todo/urls.py`，我们会到达默认的 URL 配置文件。如前所述：如果 Django 项目中的路由不包含在此处，则它不存在。 + +我们在给定的 `urlpatterns` 列表中添加所需的 URL。默认情况下，我们有一个 url，它里面包含一整套 URL 用于 Django 的内置管理后端系统，但是我们会删除它。 + +我们还得到一些非常有用的文档字符串，它告诉我们如何向 Django 项目添加路由。我们需要调用 `path()`，伴随三个参数： + + * 所需的路由，作为字符串（没有前导斜线） + * 处理该路由的视图函数（只能有一个函数！） + * 在 Django 项目中路由的名称 + +让我们导入 `HelloWorld` 视图并将其附加到主路径 `"/"` 。我们可以从 `urlpatterns` 中删除 `admin` 的路径，因为我们不会使用它。 + +``` +# django_todo/urls.py, after the big doc string + +from django.urls import path + +from django_todo.views import HelloWorld + + + +urlpatterns = [ + +    path('', HelloWorld.as_view(), name="hello"), + +] + +``` + +好吧，这里有一点不同。我们指定的路由只是一个空白字符串，为什么它会工作？Django 假设我们声明的每个路由都以一个前导斜杠开头，我们只是在初始域名后指定资源路由。如果一条路由没有去往一个特定的资源，而只是一个主页，那么该路由是 `""`，或者实际上是“没有资源”。 + +`HelloWorld` 视图是从我们刚刚创建的 `views.py` 文件导入的。为了执行此导入，我们需要更新 `settings.py` 中的 `INSTALLED_APPS` 列表使其包含 `django_todo`。是的，这有点奇怪。以下是一种理解方式。 + +`INSTALLED_APPS` 指的是 Django 认为可导入的目录或包的列表。它是 Django 处理项目的各个组件的方式，比如安装了一个包，而不需要经过 `setup.py` 的方式。我们希望将 `django_todo` 目录视为可导入的包，因此我们将该目录包含在 `INSTALLED_APPS` 中。现在，在该目录中的任何模块也是可导入的。所以我们得到了我们的视图。 + +`path` 函数只将视图函数作为第二个参数，而不仅仅是基于类的视图。幸运的是，所有有效的基于 Django 类的视图都包含 `.as_view()` 方法。它的工作是将基于类的视图的所有优点汇总到一个视图函数中并返回该视图函数。所以，我们永远不必担心转换的工作。相反，我们只需要考虑业务逻辑，让 Django 和 Django REST Framework 处理剩下的事情。 + +让我们在浏览器中打开它！ + +Django 提供了自己的本地开发服务器，可通过 `manage.py` 访问。让我们切换到包含 `manage.py` 的目录并输入： +``` +(django-someHash) $ ./manage.py runserver +Performing system checks... + +System check identified no issues (0 silenced). + +August 01, 2018 - 16:47:24 + +Django version 2.0.7, using settings 'django_todo.settings' + +Starting development server at http://127.0.0.1:8000/ + +Quit the server with CONTROL-C. + +``` + +当 `runserver` 执行时，Django 会检查以确保项目（或多或少）正确连接在一起。这不是万无一失的，但确实会发现一些明显的问题。如果我们的数据库与代码不同步，它会通知我们。毫无遗问，因为我们没有将任何应用程序的东西提交到我们的数据库，但现在这样做还是可以的。让我们访问 `http://127.0.0.1:8000` 来查看 `HelloWorld` 视图的输出。 + +咦？这不是我们在 Pyramid, Flask 和 Tornado 中看到的明文数据。当使用 Django REST Framework 时，HTTP 响应（在浏览器中查看时）是这样呈现的 HTML，以红色显示我们的实际 JSON 响应。 + +但不要担心！如果我们在命令行中使用 `curl` 快速访问 `http://127.0.0.1:8000`，我们就不会得到任何花哨的 HTML，只有内容。 +``` +# 注意：在不同的终端口窗口中执行此操作，在虚拟环境之外 + +$ curl http://127.0.0.1:8000 + +"Hello, world!" + +``` + +棒极了！ + +Django REST Framework 希望我们在使用浏览器浏览时拥有一个人性化的界面。这是有道理的，如果在浏览器中查看 JSON，通常是因为人们想要检查它是否正确，或者在设计一些消费者 API 时想要了解 JSON 响应。这很像你从 [Postman][14] 中获得的东西。 + +无论哪种方式，我们都知道我们的视图工作了！酷！让我们概括一下我们做过的事情： + + 1. 使用 `django-admin startproject <项目名称>` 开始一个项目 + 2. 使用环境变量来更新 `django_todo/settings.py` 中的 `DEBUG`, `SECRET_KEY`，还有 `DATABASES` 字典 + 3. 安装 `Django REST Framework`，并将它添加到 `INSTALLED_APPS` + 4. 创建 `django_todo/views.py` 来包含我们的第一个类视图，它返回响应 "Hello, world!" + 5. 更新 `django_todo/urls.py`，其中包含我们的根路由 + 6. 在 `django_todo/settings.py` 中更新 `INSTALLED_APPS` 以包含 `django_todo` 包 + +### 创建模型 + +现在让我们来创建数据模型吧。 + +Django 项目的整个基础架构都是围绕数据模型构建的，它是这样编写的，因此每个数据模型够可以拥有自己的小天地，拥有自己的视图，自己与其资源相关的 URL 集合，甚至是自己的测试（如果我们需要（to 校正：这里？？？））。 + +如果我们想构建一个简单的 Django 项目，我们可以通过在 `django_todo` 目录中编写我们自己的 `models.py` 文件并将其导入我们的视图来避免这种情况。但是，我们试图以“正确”的方式编写 Django 项目，因此我们应该尽可能地将模型分成 Django 方式的包（to 校正：这里 Django Way™ 有点懵）。 + +Django Way 涉及创建所谓的 Django “apps”，它本身并不是单独的应用程序，它们没有自己的设置和诸如此类的东西（虽然它们也可以）。但是，它们可以拥有一个人们可能认为属于独立应用程序的东西： + + * 一组自包含的 URL + * 一组自包含的 HTML 模板（如果我们想要提供 HTML） + * 一个或多个数据模型 + * 一套自包含的视图 + * 一套自包含的测试 + +它们是独立的，因此可以像独立应用程序一样轻松共享。实际上，Django REST Framework 是 Django app 的一个例子。它包含自己的视图和 HTML 模板，用于提供我们的 JSON。我们只是利用这个 Django app 将我们的项目变成一个全面的 RESTful API 而不用那么麻烦。 + +要为我们的待办事项列表项创建 Django app，我们将要使用 `manage.py` 伴随参数 `startapp`。 +``` +(django-someHash) $ ./manage.py startapp todo + +``` + +`startapp` 命令成功执行后没有输出。我们可以通过使用 `ls` 来检查它是否完成它应该做的事情。 +``` +(django-someHash) $ ls + +Pipfile      Pipfile.lock django_todo  manage.py    todo + +``` + +看看：我们有一个全新的 `todo` 目录。让我们看看里面! +``` +(django-someHash) $ ls todo + +__init__.py admin.py    apps.py     migrations  models.py   tests.py    views.py + +``` + +以下是 `manage.py startapp` 创建的文件： + + * `__init__.py` 是空文件。它之所以存在是因为此目录可看作是模型，视图等的有效导入路径。 + + * `admin.py` 不是空文件。它用于在 Django admin 中格式化（to 校正：格式化可能欠妥）这个应用程序的模型，我们在本文中没有涉及到它。 + + * `apps.py` 这里基本不起作用。它有助于格式化 Django admin 的模型。 + + * `migrations` 是一个包含我们数据模型快照的目录。它用于更新数据库。这是内置数据库管理的少数几个框架之一，其中一部分允许我们更新数据库，而不必拆除它并重建它以更改模式。 + + * `models.py` 是数据模型所在。 + + * `tests.py` 是测试所在的地方，如果我们需要写测试。 + + * `views.py` 用于我们编写的与此 app 中的模型相关的视图。它们不是一定得写在这里。例如，我们可以在 `django_todo/views.py` 中写下我们所有的视图。但是，它在这个 app 中更容易将我们的问题分开。这与覆盖许多概念空间的扩展应用程序之间的关系更加密切。 + +它并没有为这个 app 创建 `urls.py` 文件，但我们可以自己创建。 +``` +(django-someHash) $ touch todo/urls.py + +``` + +在继续之前，我们应该帮自己一个忙，将这个新 Django 应用程序添加到 `django_todo/settings.py` 中的 `INSTALLED_APPS` 列表中。 +``` +# settings.py + +INSTALLED_APPS = [ + +    'django.contrib.admin', + +    'django.contrib.auth', + +    'django.contrib.contenttypes', + +    'django.contrib.sessions', + +    'django.contrib.messages', + +    'django.contrib.staticfiles', + +    'rest_framework', + +    'django_todo', + +    'todo' # <--- 添加了这行 + +] + +``` + +检查 `todo / models.py` 发现 `manage.py` 已经为我们编写了一些代码。不同于在 Flask, Tornado 和 Pyramid 实现中创建模型的方式，Django 不利用第三方来管理数据库会话或构建其对象实例。它全部归入 Django 的 `django.db.models` 子模块。 + +然而，建立模型的方式或多或少是相同的。要在 Django 中创建模型，我们需要构建一个继承自 `models.Model` 的 `class`，将应用于该模型实例的所有字段都应视为类属性。我们不像过去那样从 SQLAlchemy 导入列和字段类型，而是直接从 `django.db.models` 导入。 +``` +# todo/models.py + +from django.db import models + + +class Task(models.Model): + +    """Tasks for the To Do list.""" + +    name = models.CharField(max_length=256) + +    note = models.TextField(blank=True, null=True) + +    creation_date = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True) + +    due_date = models.DateTimeField(blank=True, null=True) + +    completed = models.BooleanField(default=False) + +``` + +虽然 Django 的需求和基于 SQLAlchemy 的系统之间存在一些明显的差异，但总体内容和结构或多或少相同。让我们来指出这些差异。 + +我们不再需要为对象实例声明自动递增 ID 的单独字段。除非我们指定一个不同的字段作为主键，否则 Django 会为我们构建一个。 + +我们只是直接引用数据类型作为列本身，而不是实例化传递数据类型对象的 `Column` 对象。 + +`Unicode` 字段变为 `models.CharField` 或 `models.TextField`。`CharField` 用于特定最大长度的小文本字段，而 `TextField` 用于任何数量的文本。 + +`TextField` 应该是空白的，我们以两种方式指定它。`blank = True` 表示当构建此模型的实例，并且正在验证附加到该字段的数据时，该数据是可以为空的。这与 `null = True` 不同，后者表示当构造此模型类的表时，对应于 `note` 的列将允许空白或为 `NULL`。因此，总而言之，`blank = True` 控制如何将数据添加到模型实例，而 `null = True` 控制如何构建保存该数据的数据库表。 + +`DateTime` 字段增加了一些属性，并且能够为我们做一些工作，使得我们不必修改类的 `__init__` 方法。对于 `creation_date` 字段，我们指定 `auto_now_add = True`。在实际意义上意味着，当创建一个新模型实例时，Django 将自动记录现在的日期和时间作为该字段的值。这非常方便！ + +当 `auto_now_add` 及其类似属性 `auto_now` 都没被设置为 `True`时，`DateTimeField` 会像其它字段一样期待数据。它需要提供一个适当的 `datetime` 对象才能生效。`due_date` 列的 `blank` 和 `null` 属性都设置为 `True`，这样待办事项列表中的项目就可以成为将来某个时间点完成，没有确定的日期或时间。 + +`BooleanField` 最终可以取两个值：`True` 或 `False`。这里，默认值设置为 `False`。 + +#### 管理数据库 + +如前所述，Django 有自己的数据库管理方式。我们可以利用 Django 提供的 `manage.py` 脚本，而不必编写任何关于数据库的代码。它不仅可以管理我们数据库的表格构建，还可以管理我们希望对这些表格进行的任何更新，而不必将整个事情搞砸！ + +因为我们构建了一个新模型，所以我们需要让数据库知道它。首先，我们需要将与此模型对应的模式放入代码中。`manage.py` 的 `makemigrations` 命令对我们构建的模型类及其所有字段进行快照。它将获取该信息并将其打包成一个 Python 脚本，该脚本将存在于特定 Django app 的 `migrations` 目录中。永远不会有理由直接运行这个迁移脚本。它的存在只是为了让 Django 可以使用它作为更新数据库表的基础，或者在我们更新模型类时继承信息。 +``` +(django-someHash) $ ./manage.py makemigrations + +Migrations for 'todo': + +  todo/migrations/0001_initial.py + +    - Create model Task + +``` + +这将查看 `INSTALLED_APPS` 中列出的每个应用程序，并检查这些应用程序中存在的模型。然后，它将检查相应的 `migrations` 目录中的迁移文件，并将它们与每个 `INSTALLED_APPS` 中的模型进行比较。如果模型升级已超出最新迁移所应存在的范围，则将创建一个继承自最新迁移文件的新迁移文件，它将自动命名，并且还会显示一条消息，说明自上次迁移以来发生了哪些更改。 + +如果你上次处理 Django 项目已经有一段时间了，并且不记得模型是否与迁移同步，那么你无需担心。`makemigrations` 是一个幂等操作。无论你运行 `makemigrations` 一次还是 20 次，`migrations` 目录只有一个与当前模型配置的副本。还有更棒的，当我们运行 `./manage.py runserver` 时，Django 检测到我们的模型与迁移不同步，它会用彩色文本告诉我们以便我们可以做出适当的选择。 + +下一个要点是至少让每个人访问一次：创建一个迁移文件不会立即影响我们的数据库。当我们运行 `makemigrations` 时，我们准备了 Django 项目来定义如何创建给定的表并最终查找。我们仍在将这些更改应用于数据库。这就是 `migrate` 命令的用途。 + +``` +(django-someHash) $ ./manage.py migrate + +Operations to perform: + +  Apply all migrations: admin, auth, contenttypes, sessions, todo + +Running migrations: + +  Applying contenttypes.0001_initial... OK + +  Applying auth.0001_initial... OK + +  Applying admin.0001_initial... OK + +  Applying admin.0002_logentry_remove_auto_add... OK + +  Applying contenttypes.0002_remove_content_type_name... OK + +  Applying auth.0002_alter_permission_name_max_length... OK + +  Applying auth.0003_alter_user_email_max_length... OK + +  Applying auth.0004_alter_user_username_opts... OK + +  Applying auth.0005_alter_user_last_login_null... OK + +  Applying auth.0006_require_contenttypes_0002... OK + +  Applying auth.0007_alter_validators_add_error_messages... OK + +  Applying auth.0008_alter_user_username_max_length... OK + +  Applying auth.0009_alter_user_last_name_max_length... OK + +  Applying sessions.0001_initial... OK + +  Applying todo.0001_initial... OK + +``` + +当我们应用迁移时，Django 首先检查其他 `INSTALLED_APPS` 是否有要应用的迁移，它大致按照列出的顺序检查它们。我们希望我们的应用程序最后列出，因为我们希望确保，如果我们的模型依赖于任何 Django 的内置模型，我们所做的数据库更新不会受到依赖性问题的影响。 + +我们还有另一个要构建的模型：User 模型。但是，自从我们使用 Django 以来，游戏发生了一些变化。许多应用程序需要某种类型的用户模型，Django 的 `django.contrib.auth` 包构建了自己的用户模型供我们使用。如果它不是我们用户需要的身份验证令牌，我们可以继续使用它而不是重新发明轮子。 + +但是，我们需要那个令牌。我们可以通过两种方式来处理这个问题。 + + * 继承自 Django 的 `User` 对象，我们自己的对象通过添加 `token` 字段来扩展它 + * 创建一个与 Django 的 `User` 对象一对一关系的新对象，其唯一目的是持有一个令牌 + +我习惯于建立对象关系，所以让我们选择第二种选择。我们称之为 `Owner`，因为它基本上具有与 `User` 类似的内涵，这就是我们想要的。 + +出于纯粹的懒惰，我们可以在 `todo/models.py` 中包含这个新的 `Owner` 对象，但是不要这样做。`Owner` 没有明确地与任务列表上的项目的创建或维护有关。从概念上讲，`Owner` 只是任务的所有者。甚至有时候我们想要扩展这个 `Owner` 以包含与任务完全无关的其他数据。 + +为了安全起见，让我们创建一个 `owner` 应用程序，其工作是容纳和处理这个 `Owner` 对象。 +``` +(django-someHash) $ ./manage.py startapp owner + +``` + +不要忘记在 `settings.py` 文件中的 `INSTALLED_APPS` 中添加它。 +``` +INSTALLED_APPS = [ +    'django.contrib.admin', + +    'django.contrib.auth', + +    'django.contrib.contenttypes', + +    'django.contrib.sessions', + +    'django.contrib.messages', + +    'django.contrib.staticfiles', + +    'rest_framework', + +    'django_todo', + +    'todo', + +    'owner' +] + +``` + +如果我们查看 Django 项目的根目录，我们现在有两个 Django 应用程序： +``` +(django-someHash) $ ls + +Pipfile      Pipfile.lock django_todo  manage.py    owner        todo + +``` + +在 `owner/models.py` 中，让我们构建这个 `Owner` 模型。如前所述，它与 Django 的内置 `User` 对象有一对一的关系。我们可以用 Django 的 `models.OneToOneField` 强制实现这种关系。 +``` +# owner/models.py + +from django.db import models + +from django.contrib.auth.models import User + +import secrets + + +class Owner(models.Model): + +    """The object that owns tasks.""" + +    user = models.OneToOneField(User, on_delete=models.CASCADE) + +    token = models.CharField(max_length=256) + + +    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): + +        """On construction, set token.""" + +        self.token = secrets.token_urlsafe(64) + +        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs) + +``` + +这表示 `Owner` 对象对应到 `User` 对象，每个 `user` 实例有一个 `owner` 实例。`on_delete = models.CASCADE` 表示如果相应的 `User` 被删除，它所对应的 `Owner` 实例也将被删除。让我们运行 `makemigrations` 和 `migrate` 来将这个新模型放入到我们的数据库中。 +``` +(django-someHash) $ ./manage.py makemigrations + +Migrations for 'owner': + +  owner/migrations/0001_initial.py + +    - Create model Owner + +(django-someHash) $ ./manage.py migrate + +Operations to perform: + +  Apply all migrations: admin, auth, contenttypes, owner, sessions, todo + +Running migrations: + +  Applying owner.0001_initial... OK + +``` + +现在我们的 `Owner` 需要拥有一些 `Task` 对象。它与上面看到的 `OneToOneField` 非常相似，只不过我们会在 `Task` 对象上贴一个 `ForeignKey` 字段指向 `Owner`。 + +``` +# todo/models.py + +from django.db import models + +from owner.models import Owner + + +class Task(models.Model): + +    """Tasks for the To Do list.""" + +    name = models.CharField(max_length=256) + +    note = models.TextField(blank=True, null=True) + +    creation_date = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True) + +    due_date = models.DateTimeField(blank=True, null=True) + +    completed = models.BooleanField(default=False) + +    owner = models.ForeignKey(Owner, on_delete=models.CASCADE) + +``` + +每个待办事项列表任务只有一个可以拥有多个任务的所有者。删除该所有者后，他们拥有的任务都会随之删除。 + +现在让我们运行 `makemigrations` 来获取我们的数据模型设置的新快照，然后运行 `migrate` 将这些更改应用到我们的数据库。 + +``` +(django-someHash) django $ ./manage.py makemigrations + +You are trying to add a non-nullable field 'owner' to task without a default; we can't do that (the database needs something to populate existing rows). + +Please select a fix: + + 1) Provide a one-off default now (will be set on all existing rows with a null value for this column) + + 2) Quit, and let me add a default in models.py + +``` + +不好了！出现了问题！发生了什么？其实，当我们创建 `Owner` 对象并将其作为 `ForeignKey` 添加到 `Task` 时，要求每个 `Task` 都需要一个 `Owner`。但是，我们为 `Task` 对象进行的第一次迁移不包括该要求。因此，即使我们的数据库表中没有数据，Django 也会对我们的迁移进行预先检查，以确保它们兼容，而我们提议的这种新迁移不是。 + +有几种方法可以解决这类问题： + + 1. 退出当前迁移并构建一个包含当前模型配置的新迁移 +  2. 将一个默认值添加到 `Task` 对象的 `owner` 字段 +  3. 允许任务为 `owner` 字段设置 `NULL` 值 + +方案 2 在这里没有多大意义。我们建议，任何创建的 `Task`，默认情况下都会对应到某个默认所有者，尽管不一定存在。（to 校正：后面这句发意义在哪里？既然它已经说了方案 2 没有意义） + +方案 1 要求我们销毁和重建我们的迁移，而我们应该把它们留下。 + +让我们考虑选项 3。在这种情况下，如果我们允许 `Task` 表为所有者提供空值，它不会很糟糕。从这一点开始创建的任何任务都必然拥有一个所有者。如果你的数据库表不是一个可重新架构的情况下，请删除迁移，删除表并重建迁移。 +``` +# todo/models.py + +from django.db import models + +from owner.models import Owner + + +class Task(models.Model): + +    """Tasks for the To Do list.""" + +    name = models.CharField(max_length=256) + +    note = models.TextField(blank=True, null=True) + +    creation_date = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True) + +    due_date = models.DateTimeField(blank=True, null=True) + +    completed = models.BooleanField(default=False) + +    owner = models.ForeignKey(Owner, on_delete=models.CASCADE, null=True) + +(django-someHash) $ ./manage.py makemigrations + +Migrations for 'todo': + +  todo/migrations/0002_task_owner.py + +    - Add field owner to task + +(django-someHash) $ ./manage.py migrate + +Operations to perform: + +  Apply all migrations: admin, auth, contenttypes, owner, sessions, todo + +Running migrations: + +  Applying todo.0002_task_owner... OK + +``` + +酷！我们有模型了！欢迎使用 Django 声明对象的方式。 + +为了更好地衡量，让我们确保无论何时制作 `User`，它都会自动与新的 `Owner` 对象对应。我们可以使用 Django 的 `signals` 系统来做到这一点。基本上，我们确切地表达了意图：“当我们得到一个新的 `User` 被构造的信号时，构造一个新的 `Owner` 并将新的 `User` 设置为 `Owner` 的 `user` 字段。”在实践中看起来像这样： +``` +# owner/models.py + +from django.contrib.auth.models import User + +from django.db import models + +from django.db.models.signals import post_save + +from django.dispatch import receiver + +import secrets + + +class Owner(models.Model): + +    """The object that owns tasks.""" + +    user = models.OneToOneField(User, on_delete=models.CASCADE) + +    token = models.CharField(max_length=256) + + +    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): + +        """On construction, set token.""" + +        self.token = secrets.token_urlsafe(64) + +        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs) + + +@receiver(post_save, sender=User) +def link_user_to_owner(sender, **kwargs): + +    """If a new User is saved, create a corresponding Owner.""" + +    if kwargs['created']: + +        owner = Owner(user=kwargs['instance']) + +        owner.save() + +``` + +我们设置了一个函数，用于监听从 Django 中内置的 `User` 对象发送的信号。它正在等待 `User` 对象被保存之后的情况。这可以来自新的 `User` 或对现有 `User` 的更新。我们在监听功能中辨别出两种情况。 + +如果发送信号的东西是新创建的实例，`kwargs ['created']` 将具有值 `True`。如果是 `True` 的话，我们想做点事情。如果它是一个新实例，我们创建一个新的 `Owner`，将其 `user` 字段设置为创建的新 `User` 实例。之后，我们 `save()` 新的 `Owner`。如果一切正常，这将提交更改到数据库。如果数据没通过我们声明的字段的验证，它将失败。 + +现在让我们谈谈我们将如何访问数据。 + + +### 访问模型数据 + +在 Flask, Pyramid 和 Tornado 框架中，我们通过对某些数据库会话运行查询来访问模型数据。也许它被附加到 `request` 对象，也许它是一个独立的 `session` 对象。无论如何，我们必须建立与数据库的实时连接并在该连接上进行查询。 + +这不是 Django 的工作方式。默认情况下，Django 不利用任何第三方对象关系映射（ORM）与数据库进行通信。相反，Django 允许模型类维护自己与数据库的对话。 + +从 `django.db.models.Model` 继承的每个模型类都会附加一个 `objects` 对象。这将取代我们熟悉的 `session` 或 `dbsession`。让我们打开 Django 给我们的特殊 shell，并研究这个 `objects` 对象是如何工作的。 +``` +(django-someHash) $ ./manage.py shell + +Python 3.7.0 (default, Jun 29 2018, 20:13:13) +[Clang 9.1.0 (clang-902.0.39.2)] on darwin +Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information. +(InteractiveConsole) + +>>> + +``` + +Django shell 与普通的 Python shell 不同，因为它知道我们正在构建的 Django 项目，可以轻松导入我们的模型，视图，设置等，而不必担心安装包。我们可以通过简单的 `import` 访问我们的模型。 +``` +>>> from owner.models import Owner + +>>> Owner + + + +``` + +目前，我们没有 `Owner` 实例。我们可以通过 `Owner.objects.all()` 查询它们。 +``` +>>> Owner.objects.all() + + + +``` + +无论何时我们在 ` .objects` 对象上运行查询方法，我们都会得到 `QuerySet`。为了我们的目的，它实际上是一个 `list`，这个 `list` 向我们显示它是空的。让我们通过创建一个 `User` 来创建一个 `Owner`。 +``` +>>> from django.contrib.auth.models import User + +>>> new_user = User(username='kenyattamurphy', email='kenyatta.murphy@gmail.com') + +>>> new_user.set_password('wakandaforever') + +>>> new_user.save() + +``` + +如果我们现在查询所有的 `Owner`，我们应该会找到 Kenyatta。 +``` +>>> Owner.objects.all() + +]> + +``` + +棒极了！我们得到了数据！ + +### 序列化模型 + +我们将在 “Hello World” 之外来回传递数据。因此，我们希望看到某种类似于 JSON 类型的输出，它可以很好地表示数据。获取该对象的数据并将其转换为 JSON 对象以通过 HTTP 提交是数据序列化的一种方式。在序列化数据时，我们正在获取我们目前拥有的数据并重新格式化以适应一些标准的，更易于理解的形式。 + +如果我用 Flask, Pyramid 和 Tornado 这样做，我会在每个模型上创建一个新方法，让用户可以直接调用 `to_json()`。`to_json()` 的唯一工作是返回一个 JSON 可序列化的（即数字，字符串，列表，词典）字典，其中包含我想要为所讨论的对象显示的任何字段。 + +对于 `Task` 对象，它可能看起来像这样： +``` +class Task(Base): + +    ...all the fields... + +    def to_json(self): + +        """Convert task attributes to a JSON-serializable dict.""" + +        return { + +            'id': self.id, + +            'name': self.name, + +            'note': self.note, + +            'creation_date': self.creation_date.strftime('%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S'), + +            'due_date': self.due_date.strftime('%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S'), + +            'completed': self.completed, + +            'user': self.user_id + +        } + +``` + +这不花哨，但它确实起到了作用。 + +然而，Django REST Framework 为我们提供了一个对象，它不仅可以为我们这样做，还可以在我们想要创建新对象实例或更新现有实例时验证输入,它被称为 [ModelSerializer][15]。 + +Django REST Framework 的 `ModelSerializer` 是我们模型的有效文档。如果没有附加模型，它们就没有自己的生命（因为那里有 [Serializer][16] 类）。它们的主要工作是准确地表示我们的模型，并在我们的模型数据需要序列化并通过线路发送时，将其转换为 JSON。 + +Django REST Framework 的 `ModelSerializer` 最适合简单对象。举个例子，假设我们在 `Task` 对象上没有 `ForeignKey`。我们可以为 `Task` 创建一个序列化器，它将根据需要将其字段值转换为 JSON，声明如下： +``` +# todo/serializers.py + +from rest_framework import serializers + +from todo.models import Task + + +class TaskSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer): + +    """Serializer for the Task model.""" + +    class Meta: + +        model = Task + +        fields = ('id', 'name', 'note', 'creation_date', 'due_date', 'completed') + +``` + +在我们新的 `TaskSerializer` 中，我们创建了一个 `Meta` 类。`Meta` 的工作就是保存关于我们试图序列化的东西的信息（或元数据）。然后，我们会注意到要显示的特定字段。如果我们想要显示所有字段，我们可以简化过程并使用`'__all __'`。或者，我们可以使用 `exclude` 关键字而不是 `fields` 来告诉 Django REST Framework 我们想要除了少数几个字段以外的每个字段。我们可以拥有尽可能多的序列化器，所以也许我们想要一个用于一小部分字段而一个用于所有字段？在这里都可以。 + +在我们的例子中，每个 `Task` 和它的所有者 `Owner` 之间都有一个关系，必须在这里反映出来。因此，我们需要借用 `serializers.PrimaryKeyRelatedField` 对象来指定每个 `Task` 都有一个 `Owner`，并且该关系是一对一的。它的 owner 将从存在的所有 owners 的集合中找到。我们通过对这些 owners 进行查询并返回我们想要与此序列化程序关联的结果来获得该集合：`Owner.objects.all()`。我们还需要在字段列表中包含 `owner`，因为我们总是需要一个与 `Task` 相关联的 `Owner`。 +``` +# todo/serializers.py + +from rest_framework import serializers + +from todo.models import Task + +from owner.models import Owner + + +class TaskSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer): + +    """Serializer for the Task model.""" + +    owner = serializers.PrimaryKeyRelatedField(queryset=Owner.objects.all()) + + +    class Meta: + +        model = Task + +        fields = ('id', 'name', 'note', 'creation_date', 'due_date', 'completed', 'owner') + +``` + +现在构建了这个序列化器，我们可以将它用于我们想要为我们的对象做的所有 CRUD 操作： + * 如果我们想要 `GET` 一个特定的 `Task` 的 JSON 类型版本，我们可以做 `TaskSerializer((some_task).data` + + * 如果我们想接受带有适当数据的 `POST` 来创建一个新的 `Task`，我们可以使用 `TaskSerializer(data = new_data).save()` + + * 如果我们想用 `PUT` 更新一些现有数据，我们可以用 `TaskSerializer(existing_task, data = data).save()` + +我们没有包括 `delete`，因为我们不需要对 `delete` 操作做任何事情。如果你可以删除一个对象，只需使用 `object_instance.delete()`。 + +以下是一些序列化数据的示例： +``` +>>> from todo.models import Task + +>>> from todo.serializers import TaskSerializer + +>>> from owner.models import Owner + +>>> from django.contrib.auth.models import User + +>>> new_user = User(username='kenyatta', email='kenyatta@gmail.com') + +>>> new_user.save_password('wakandaforever') + +>>> new_user.save() # creating the User that builds the Owner + +>>> kenyatta = Owner.objects.first() # 找到 kenyatta 的所有者 + +>>> new_task = Task(name="Buy roast beef for the Sunday potluck", owner=kenyatta) + +>>> new_task.save() + +>>> TaskSerializer(new_task).data + +{'id': 1, 'name': 'Go to the supermarket', 'note': None, 'creation_date': '2018-07-31T06:00:25.165013Z', 'due_date': None, 'completed': False, 'owner': 1} + +``` + +使用 `ModelSerializer` 对象可以做更多的事情，我建议查看[文档][17]以获得更强大的功能。否则，这就是我们所需要的。现在是时候深入视图了。 + +### 查看视图 + +我们已经构建了模型和序列化器，现在我们需要为我们的应用程序设置视图和 URL。毕竟，对于没有视图的应用程序，我们无法做任何事情。我们已经看到了上面的 `HelloWorld` 视图的示例。然而，这总是一个人为的，概念验证的例子，并没有真正展示 Django REST Framework 的视图可以做些什么。让我们清除 `HelloWorld` 视图和 URL，这样我们就可以从我们的视图重新开始。 + +我们要构建的第一个视图是 `InfoView`。与之前的框架一样，我们只想打包并发送一个字典到正确的路由。视图本身可以存在于 `django_todo.views` 中，因为它与特定模型无关（因此在概念上不属于特定应用程序）。 +``` +# django_todo/views.py + +from rest_framework.response import JsonResponse + +from rest_framework.views import APIView + + +class InfoView(APIView): + +    """List of routes for this API.""" + +    def get(self, request): + +        output = { + +            'info': 'GET /api/v1', + +            'register': 'POST /api/v1/accounts', + +            'single profile detail': 'GET /api/v1/accounts/', + +            'edit profile': 'PUT /api/v1/accounts/', + +            'delete profile': 'DELETE /api/v1/accounts/', + +            'login': 'POST /api/v1/accounts/login', + +            'logout': 'GET /api/v1/accounts/logout', + +            "user's tasks": 'GET /api/v1/accounts//tasks', + +            "create task": 'POST /api/v1/accounts//tasks', + +            "task detail": 'GET /api/v1/accounts//tasks/', + +            "task update": 'PUT /api/v1/accounts//tasks/', + +            "delete task": 'DELETE /api/v1/accounts//tasks/' + +        } + +        return JsonResponse(output) + +``` + +这与我们在 Tornado 中所拥有的完全相同。让我们将它放置到合适的路由并继续前行。为了更好的测试，我们还将删除 `admin/` 路由，因为我们不会在这里使用 Django 管理后端。 +``` +# in django_todo/urls.py + +from django_todo.views import InfoView + +from django.urls import path + + +urlpatterns = [ + +    path('api/v1', InfoView.as_view(), name="info"), + +] + +``` + +#### 连接模型与视图 + +让我们弄清楚下一个 URL，它将是创建新的 `Task` 或列出用户现有任务的入口。这应该存在于 `todo` 应用程序的 `urls.py` 中，因为它必须专门处理 `Task `对象而不是整个项目的一部分。 +``` +# in todo/urls.py + +from django.urls import path + +from todo.views import TaskListView + + +urlpatterns = [ + +    path('', TaskListView.as_view(), name="list_tasks") + +] + +``` + +这个路由处理的是什么？我们根本没有指定特定用户或路径。由于会有一些路由需要基本路径 `/api/v1/accounts//tasks`，为什么我们只需写一次就能一次又一次地写它？ + +Django 允许我们获取一整套 URL 并将它们导入 `django_todo/urls.py` 文件。然后，我们可以为这些导入的 URL 中的每一个提供相同的基本路径，只关心可变部分，你知道它们是不同的。 +``` +# in django_todo/urls.py + +from django.urls import include, path + +from django_todo.views import InfoView + + +urlpatterns = [ + +    path('api/v1', InfoView.as_view(), name="info"), + +    path('api/v1/accounts//tasks', include('todo.urls')) + +] + +``` + +现在，来自 `todo/urls.py` 的每个 URL 都将以路径 `api/v1/accounts//tasks` 为前缀。 + +让我们在 `todo/views.py` 中构建视图。 +``` +# todo/views.py + +from django.shortcuts import get_object_or_404 + +from rest_framework.response import JsonResponse + +from rest_framework.views import APIView + + +from owner.models import Owner + +from todo.models import Task + +from todo.serializers import TaskSerializer + + +class TaskListView(APIView): + +    def get(self, request, username, format=None): + +        """Get all of the tasks for a given user.""" + +        owner = get_object_or_404(Owner, user__username=username) + +        tasks = Task.objects.filter(owner=owner).all() + +        serialized = TaskSerializer(tasks, many=True) + +        return JsonResponse({ + +            'username': username, + +            'tasks': serialized.data + +        }) + +``` + +这里有很多代码，让我们来看看吧。 + +我们从与我们一直使用的 `APIView` 的继承开始，为我们的视图奠定基础。我们覆盖了之前覆盖的相同 `get` 方法，添加了一个参数，允许我们的视图从传入的请求中接收 `username`。 + +然后我们的 `get` 方法将使用 `username` 来获取与该用户关联的 `Owner`。这个 `get_object_or_404` 函数允许我们这样做，添加一些特殊的东西以方便使用。 + +如果无法找到指定的用户，那么查找任务是没有意义的。实际上，我们想要返回 404 错误。`get_object_or_404` 根据我们传入的任何条件获取单个对象，并返回该对象或引发 [Http404 异常][18]。我们可以根据对象的属性设置该条件。`Owner` 对象都通过 `user` 属性附加到 `User`。但是，我们没有要搜索的 `User` 对象，我们只有一个 `username`。所以，当你寻找一个 `Owner` 时，我们对 `get_object_or_404` 说：通过指定 `user__username` 来检查附加到它的 `User` 是否具有我想要的 `username`。这是两个下划线。通过 QuerySet 过滤时，这两个下划线表示“此嵌套对象的属性”。这些属性可以根据需要进行深度嵌套。 + +我们现在拥有与给定用户名相对应的 `Owner`。我们使用 `Owner` 来过滤所有任务，只用 `Task.objects.filter` 检索它拥有的任务。我们可以使用与 `get_object_or_404` 相同的嵌套属性模式来钻入连接到 `Tasks` 的 `Owner` 的 `User`(`tasks = Task.objects.filter(owner__user__username = username)).all()`)但是没有必要那么宽松。 + +`Task.objects.filter(owner = owner).all()` 将为我们提供与我们的查询匹配的所有 `Task` 对象的`QuerySet`。大。然后，`TaskSerializer` 将获取 `QuerySet` 及其所有数据以及 `many = True` 标志，将其通知为项目集合而不是仅仅一个项目，并返回一系列序列化结果。实际上是一个词典列表。最后，我们使用 JSON 序列化数据和用于查询的用户名提供传出响应。 + +#### 处理 POST 请求 + +`post` 方法看起来与我们之前看到的有些不同。 +``` +# still in todo/views.py + +# ...other imports... + +from rest_framework.parsers import JSONParser + +from datetime import datetime + + +class TaskListView(APIView): + +    def get(self, request, username, format=None): + +        ... + + +    def post(self, request, username, format=None): + +        """Create a new Task.""" + +        owner = get_object_or_404(Owner, user__username=username) + +        data = JSONParser().parse(request) + +        data['owner'] = owner.id + +        if data['due_date']: + +            data['due_date'] = datetime.strptime(data['due_date'], '%d/%m/%Y %H:%M:%S') + + +        new_task = TaskSerializer(data=data) + +        if new_task.is_valid(): + +            new_task.save() + +            return JsonResponse({'msg': 'posted'}, status=201) + + +        return JsonResponse(new_task.errors, status=400) + +``` + +当我们从客户端接收数据时，我们使用 `JSONParser().parse(request)` 将其解析为字典。我们将所有者添加到数据中并格式化任务的 `due_date`（如果存在）。 + +我们的 `TaskSerializer` 完成了繁重的任务。它首先接收传入的数据并将其转换为我们在模型上指定的字段。然后验证该数据以确保它适合指定的字段。如果附加到新 `Task` 的数据有效，它将使用该数据构造一个新的 `Task` 对象并将其提交给数据库。然后我们发回适当的“耶！我们做了一件新事!”响应。如果没有，我们收集 `TaskSerializer` 生成的错误，并将这些错误发送回客户端，并返回 `400 Bad Request` 状态代码。 + +如果我们要构建 `put` 视图来更新 `Task`，它看起来会非常相似。主要区别在于，当我们实例化 `TaskSerializer` 时，我们将传递旧对象和该对象的新数据，如 `TaskSerializer(existing_task，data = data)`。我们仍然会进行有效性检查并发回我们想要发回的回复。 + +### 总结 + +Django 作为一个框架是高度可定制的，每个人都有自己的方式拼接 Django 项目。我在这里写出来的方式不一定是 Django 建立项目的确切方式。它只是 a) 我熟悉的方式，以及 b) 利用 Django 的管理系统。当你将概念分成他们自己的小筒仓时，Django 项目的复杂性会增加。这样做是为了让多个人更容易为整个项目做出贡献，而不会麻烦彼此。 + +然而，作为 Django 项目的大量文件映射并不能使其更高效或自然地偏向于微服务架构。相反，它很容易成为一个令人困惑的巨石，这可能对你的项目仍然有用，它也可能使你的项目难以管理，尤其是随着项目的增长。 + +仔细考虑你的需求并使用合适的工具来完成正确的工作。对于像这样的简单项目，Django 可能不是合适的工具。 + +Django 旨在处理多种模型，这些模型涵盖了不同的项目领域，但它们可能有一些共同点。这个项目是一个小型的双模型项目，有一些路由。如果我们要构建更多，我们只有七条路由，但仍然是相同的两个模型。这还不足以证明一个完整的 Django 项目。 + +如果我们期望这个项目能够扩展，那将是一个很好的选择。这不是其中一个项目。这是选择一个点燃蜡烛的火焰喷射器。这是绝对的矫枉过正。（to 校正：这里有点迷糊） + +尽管如此，Web 框架仍然是一个 Web 框架，无论你使用哪个框架。它都可以接收请求并做出任何响应，因此你可以按照自己的意愿进行操作。只需要注意你选择的框架所带来的开销。 + +就是这样！我们已经到了这个系列的最后！我希望这是一次启发性的冒险。当你在考虑如何构建你的下一个项目时，它将帮助你做出的不仅仅是最熟悉的选择。请务必阅读每个框架的文档，以扩展本系列中涉及的任何内容（因为它没有那么全面）。每个人都有一个广阔的世界。愉快地写代码吧！ + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/18/8/django-framework + +作者：[Nicholas Hunt-Walker][a] +选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) +译者：[MjSeven](https://github.com/MjSeven) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:https://opensource.com/users/nhuntwalker +[1]:https://opensource.com/article/18/5/pyramid-framework +[2]:https://opensource.com/article/18/4/flask +[3]:https://opensource.com/article/18/6/tornado-framework +[4]:https://www.djangoproject.com +[5]:https://djangopackages.org/ +[6]:http://www.django-rest-framework.org/ +[7]:http://gunicorn.org/ +[8]:https://docs.pylonsproject.org/projects/waitress/en/latest/ +[9]:https://uwsgi-docs.readthedocs.io/en/latest/ +[10]:https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.0/ref/settings/#databases +[11]:https://pypi.org/project/dj-database-url/ +[12]:http://yellerapp.com/posts/2015-01-12-the-worst-server-setup-you-can-make.html +[13]:https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.0/ref/settings/#std:setting-DATABASE-ENGINE +[14]:https://www.getpostman.com/ +[15]:http://www.django-rest-framework.org/api-guide/serializers/#modelserializer +[16]:http://www.django-rest-framework.org/api-guide/serializers/ +[17]:http://www.django-rest-framework.org/api-guide/serializers/#serializers +[18]:https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.0/topics/http/views/#the-http404-exception From a40e37aea9dabf1b33c6a9a899df49869976bc51 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Sun, 30 Sep 2018 13:21:06 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 052/219] PRF:20180924 Make The Output Of Ping Command Prettier And Easier To Read.md @HankChow --- ...ing Command Prettier And Easier To Read.md | 35 ++++++++----------- 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180924 Make The Output Of Ping Command Prettier And Easier To Read.md b/translated/tech/20180924 Make The Output Of Ping Command Prettier And Easier To Read.md index efca96da23..6267fad2e8 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20180924 Make The Output Of Ping Command Prettier And Easier To Read.md +++ b/translated/tech/20180924 Make The Output Of Ping Command Prettier And Easier To Read.md @@ -3,21 +3,19 @@ ![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/prettyping-720x340.png) -众所周知，`ping` 命令可以用来检查目标主机是否可达。使用 `ping` 命令的时候，会发送一个 ICMP Echo 请求，通过目标主机的响应与否来确定目标主机的状态。如果你经常使用 `ping` 命令，你可以尝试一下 `prettyping`。Prettyping 只是将一个标准的 ping 工具增加了一层封装，在运行标准 ping 命令的同时添加了颜色和 unicode 字符解析输出，所以它的输出更漂亮紧凑、清晰易读。它是用 `bash` 和 `awk` 编写的免费开源工具，支持大部分类 Unix 操作系统，包括 GNU/Linux、FreeBSD 和 Mac OS X。Prettyping 除了美化 ping 命令的输出，还有很多值得注意的功能。 +众所周知，`ping` 命令可以用来检查目标主机是否可达。使用 `ping` 命令的时候，会发送一个 ICMP Echo 请求，通过目标主机的响应与否来确定目标主机的状态。如果你经常使用 `ping` 命令，你可以尝试一下 `prettyping`。Prettyping 只是将一个标准的 ping 工具增加了一层封装，在运行标准 `ping` 命令的同时添加了颜色和 unicode 字符解析输出，所以它的输出更漂亮紧凑、清晰易读。它是用 `bash` 和 `awk` 编写的自由开源工具，支持大部分类 Unix 操作系统，包括 GNU/Linux、FreeBSD 和 Mac OS X。Prettyping 除了美化 `ping` 命令的输出，还有很多值得注意的功能。 * 检测丢失的数据包并在输出中标记出来。 - * 显示实时数据。每次收到响应后，都会更新统计数据，而对于普通 ping 命令，只会在执行结束后统计。 - * 能够在输出结果不混乱的前提下灵活处理“未知信息”（例如错误信息）。 + * 显示实时数据。每次收到响应后，都会更新统计数据，而对于普通 `ping` 命令，只会在执行结束后统计。 + * 可以灵活处理“未知信息”（例如错误信息），而不搞乱输出结果。 * 能够避免输出重复的信息。 - * 兼容常用的 ping 工具命令参数。 + * 兼容常用的 `ping` 工具命令参数。 * 能够由普通用户执行。 * 可以将输出重定向到文件中。 * 不需要安装，只需要下载二进制文件，赋予可执行权限即可执行。 * 快速且轻巧。 * 输出结果清晰直观。 - - ### 安装 Prettyping 如上所述，Prettyping 是一个绿色软件，不需要任何安装，只要使用以下命令下载 Prettyping 二进制文件： @@ -52,9 +50,9 @@ $ prettyping ostechnix.com ![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/prettyping-in-action.gif) -如果你不带任何参数执行 `prettyping`，它就会一直运行直到被 ctrl + c 中断。 +如果你不带任何参数执行 `prettyping`，它就会一直运行直到被 `ctrl + c` 中断。 -由于 Prettyping 只是一个对普通 ping 命令的封装，所以常用的 ping 参数也是有效的。例如使用 `-c 5` 来指定 ping 一台主机的 5 次： +由于 Prettyping 只是一个对普通 `ping` 命令的封装，所以常用的 ping 参数也是有效的。例如使用 `-c 5` 来指定 ping 一台主机的 5 次： ``` $ prettyping -c 5 ostechnix.com @@ -76,7 +74,7 @@ $ prettyping --nomulticolor ostechnix.com ![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/prettyping-without-unicode-support.png) -如果你的终端不支持 **UTF-8**，或者无法修复系统中的 unicode 字体，只需要加上 `--nounicode` 参数就能轻松解决。 +如果你的终端不支持 UTF-8，或者无法修复系统中的 unicode 字体，只需要加上 `--nounicode` 参数就能轻松解决。 Prettyping 支持将输出的内容重定向到文件中，例如执行以下这个命令会将 `prettyping ostechnix.com` 的输出重定向到 `ostechnix.txt` 中： @@ -89,10 +87,9 @@ Prettyping 还有很多选项帮助你完成各种任务，例如： * 启用/禁用延时图例（默认启用） * 强制按照终端的格式输出（默认自动） * 在统计数据中统计最后的 n 次 ping（默认 60 次） - * 覆盖对终端尺寸的检测 - * 覆盖 awk 解释器（默认不覆盖） - * 覆盖 ping 工具（默认不覆盖） - + * 覆盖对终端尺寸的自动检测 + * 指定 awk 解释器路径（默认：`awk`） + * 指定 ping 工具路径（默认：`ping`） 查看帮助文档可以了解更多： @@ -101,18 +98,14 @@ Prettyping 还有很多选项帮助你完成各种任务，例如： $ prettyping --help ``` -尽管 prettyping 没有添加任何额外功能，但我个人喜欢它的这些优点： +尽管 Prettyping 没有添加任何额外功能，但我个人喜欢它的这些优点： - * 实时统计 - 可以随时查看所有实时统计信息，标准 `ping` 命令只会在命令执行结束后才显示统计信息。 - * 紧凑的显示 - 可以在终端看到更长的时间跨度。 + * 实时统计 —— 可以随时查看所有实时统计信息，标准 `ping` 命令只会在命令执行结束后才显示统计信息。 + * 紧凑的显示 —— 可以在终端看到更长的时间跨度。 * 检测丢失的数据包并显示出来。 - - 如果你一直在寻找可视化显示 `ping` 命令输出的工具，那么 Prettyping 肯定会有所帮助。尝试一下，你不会失望的。 - - -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: https://www.ostechnix.com/prettyping-make-the-output-of-ping-command-prettier-and-easier-to-read/ @@ -120,7 +113,7 @@ via: https://www.ostechnix.com/prettyping-make-the-output-of-ping-command-pretti 作者：[SK][a] 选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) 译者：[HankChow](https://github.com/HankChow) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 1fc8a3a458828e0d27a786e964cd0091c5ef18e1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Sun, 30 Sep 2018 13:21:29 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 053/219] PUB:20180924 Make The Output Of Ping Command Prettier And Easier To Read.md @HankChow https://linux.cn/article-10067-1.html --- ...Make The Output Of Ping Command Prettier And Easier To Read.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20180924 Make The Output Of Ping Command Prettier And Easier To Read.md (100%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180924 Make The Output Of Ping Command Prettier And Easier To Read.md b/published/20180924 Make The Output Of Ping Command Prettier And Easier To Read.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/tech/20180924 Make The Output Of Ping Command Prettier And Easier To Read.md rename to published/20180924 Make The Output Of Ping Command Prettier And Easier To Read.md From 36557209ddc43a054ca30191ccdb67e4b16fe33f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: HankChow <280630620@qq.com> Date: Sun, 30 Sep 2018 18:05:53 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 054/219] translated --- ...st An Available Package Groups In Linux.md | 112 ++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 51 insertions(+), 61 deletions(-) rename {sources => translated}/tech/20180910 How To List An Available Package Groups In Linux.md (69%) diff --git a/sources/tech/20180910 How To List An Available Package Groups In Linux.md b/translated/tech/20180910 How To List An Available Package Groups In Linux.md similarity index 69% rename from sources/tech/20180910 How To List An Available Package Groups In Linux.md rename to translated/tech/20180910 How To List An Available Package Groups In Linux.md index 754c2d0c3a..b192e6c5f0 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20180910 How To List An Available Package Groups In Linux.md +++ b/translated/tech/20180910 How To List An Available Package Groups In Linux.md @@ -1,43 +1,33 @@ -How To List An Available Package Groups In Linux +如何在 Linux 中列出可用的软件包组 ====== -As we know, if we want to install any packages in Linux we need to use the distribution package manager to get it done. +我们知道，如果想要在 Linux 中安装软件包，可以使用软件包管理器来进行安装。由于系统管理员需要频繁用到软件包管理器，所以它是 Linux 当中的一个重要工具。 -Package manager is playing major role in Linux as this used most of the time by admin. +但是如果想一次性安装一个软件包组，在 Linux 中有可能吗？又如何通过命令去实现呢？ -If you would like to install group of package in one shot what would be the possible option. +在 Linux 中确实可以用软件包管理器来达到这样的目的。很多软件包管理器都有这样的选项来实现这个功能，但就我所知，`apt` 或 `apt-get` 软件包管理器却并没有这个选项。因此对基于 Debian 的系统，需要使用的命令是 `tasksel`，而不是 `apt`或 `apt-get` 这样的官方软件包管理器。 -Is it possible in Linux? if so, what would be the command for it. +在 Linux 中安装软件包组有很多好处。对于 LAMP 来说，安装过程会包含多个软件包，但如果安装软件包组命令来安装，只安装一个包就可以了。 -Yes, this can be done in Linux by using the package manager. Each package manager has their own option to perform this task, as i know apt or apt-get package manager doesn’t has this option. +当你的团队需要安装 LAMP，但不知道其中具体包含哪些软件包，这个时候软件包组就派上用场了。软件包组是 Linux 系统上一个很方便的工具，它能让你轻松地完成一组软件包的安装。 -For Debian based system we need to use tasksel command instead of official package managers called apt or apt-get. +软件包组是一组用于公共功能的软件包，包括系统工具、声音和视频。 安装软件包组的过程中，会获取到一系列的依赖包，从而大大节省了时间。 -What is the benefit if we install group of package in Linux? Yes, there is lot of benefit is available in Linux when we install group of package because if you want to install LAMP separately we need to include so many packages but that can be done using single package when we use group of package command. +**推荐阅读：** +**(#)** [如何在 Linux 上按照大小列出已安装的软件包][1] +**(#)** [如何在 Linux 上查看/列出可用的软件包更新][2] +**(#)** [如何在 Linux 上查看软件包的安装/更新/升级/移除/卸载时间][3] +**(#)** [如何在 Linux 上查看一个软件包的详细信息][4] +**(#)** [如何查看一个软件包是否在你的 Linux 发行版上可用][5] +**(#)** [萌新指导：一个可视化的 Linux 包管理工具][6] +**(#)** [老手必会：命令行软件包管理器的用法][7] -Say for example, as you get a request from Application team to install LAMP but you don’t know what are the packages needs to be installed, this is where group of package comes into picture. +### 如何在 CentOS/RHEL 系统上列出可用的软件包组 -Group option is a handy tool for Linux systems which will install Group of Software in a single click on your system without headache. +RHEL 和 CentOS 系统使用的是 RPM 软件包，因此可以使用 `yum` 软件包管理器来获取相关的软件包信息。 -A package group is a collection of packages that serve a common purpose, for instance System Tools or Sound and Video. Installing a package group pulls a set of dependent packages, saving time considerably. +`yum` 是 Yellowdog Updater, Modified 的缩写，它是一个用于基于 RPM 系统（例如 RHEL 和 CentOS）的，开源的命令行软件包管理工具。它是从分发库或其它第三方库中获取、安装、删除、查询和管理 RPM 包的主要工具。 -**Suggested Read :** -**(#)** [How To List Installed Packages By Size (Largest) On Linux][1] -**(#)** [How To View/List The Available Packages Updates In Linux][2] -**(#)** [How To View A Particular Package Installed/Updated/Upgraded/Removed/Erased Date On Linux][3] -**(#)** [How To View Detailed Information About A Package In Linux][4] -**(#)** [How To Search If A Package Is Available On Your Linux Distribution Or Not][5] -**(#)** [Newbies corner – A Graphical frontend tool for Linux Package Manager][6] -**(#)** [Linux Expert should knows, list of Command line Package Manager & Usage][7] - -### How To List An Available Package Groups In CentOS/RHEL Systems - -RHEL & CentOS systems are using RPM packages hence we can use the `Yum Package Manager` to get this information. - -YUM stands for Yellowdog Updater, Modified is an open-source command-line front-end package-management utility for RPM based systems such as Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) and CentOS. - -Yum is the primary tool for getting, installing, deleting, querying, and managing RPM packages from distribution repositories, as well as other third-party repositories. - -**Suggested Read :** [YUM Command To Manage Packages on RHEL/CentOS Systems][8] +**推荐阅读：** [使用 yum 命令在 RHEL/CentOS 系统上管理软件包][8] ``` # yum grouplist @@ -82,7 +72,7 @@ Done ``` -If you would like to list what are the packages is associated on it, run the below command. In this example we are going to list what are the packages is associated with “Performance Tools” group. +如果需要列出相关联的软件包，可以执行以下这个命令。下面的例子是列出和 Performance Tools 组相关联的软件包。 ``` # yum groupinfo "Performance Tools" @@ -116,17 +106,17 @@ Group: Performance Tools ``` -### How To List An Available Package Groups In Fedora +### 如何在 Fedora 系统上列出可用的软件包组 -Fedora system uses DNF package manager hence we can use the Dnf Package Manager to get this information. +Fedora 系统使用的是 DNF 软件包管理器，因此可以通过 DNF 软件包管理器来获取相关的信息。 -DNF stands for Dandified yum. We can tell DNF, the next generation of yum package manager (Fork of Yum) using hawkey/libsolv library for backend. Aleš Kozumplík started working on DNF since Fedora 18 and its implemented/launched in Fedora 22 finally. +DNF 的含义是 Dandified yum。、DNF 软件包管理器是 YUM 软件包管理器的一个分支，它使用 hawkey/libsolv 库作为后端。从 Fedora 18 开始，Aleš Kozumplík 开始着手 DNF 的开发，直到在Fedora 22 开始加入到系统中。 -Dnf command is used to install, update, search & remove packages on Fedora 22 and later system. It automatically resolve dependencies and make it smooth package installation without any trouble. +`dnf` 命令可以在 Fedora 22 及更高版本上安装、更新、搜索和删除软件包， 它可以自动解决软件包的依赖关系并其顺利安装，不会产生问题。 -Yum replaced by DNF due to several long-term problems in Yum which was not solved. Asked why ? he did not patches the Yum issues. Aleš Kozumplík explains that patching was technically hard and YUM team wont accept the changes immediately and other major critical, YUM is 56K lines but DNF is 29K lies. So, there is no option for further development, except to fork. +由于一些长期未被解决的问题的存在，YUM 被 DNF 逐渐取代了。而 Aleš Kozumplík 的 DNF 却并未对 yum 的这些问题作出修补，他认为这是技术上的难题，YUM 团队也从不接受这些更改。而且 YUM 的代码量有 5.6 万行，而 DNF 只有 2.9 万行。因此已经不需要沿着 YUM 的方向继续开发了，重新开一个分支才是更好的选择。 -**Suggested Read :** [DNF (Fork of YUM) Command To Manage Packages on Fedora System][9] +**推荐阅读：** [在 Fedora 系统上使用 DNF 命令管理软件包][9] ``` # dnf grouplist @@ -180,7 +170,7 @@ Available Groups: ``` -If you would like to list what are the packages is associated on it, run the below command. In this example we are going to list what are the packages is associated with “Editor” group. +如果需要列出相关联的软件包，可以执行以下这个命令。下面的例子是列出和 Editor 组相关联的软件包。 ``` @@ -215,13 +205,13 @@ Group: Editors zile ``` -### How To List An Available Package Groups In openSUSE System +### 如何在 openSUSE 系统上列出可用的软件包组 -openSUSE system uses zypper package manager hence we can use the zypper Package Manager to get this information. +openSUSE 系统使用的是 zypper 软件包管理器，因此可以通过 zypper 软件包管理器来获取相关的信息。 -Zypper is a command line package manager for suse & openSUSE distributions. It’s used to install, update, search & remove packages & manage repositories, perform various queries, and more. Zypper command-line interface to ZYpp system management library (libzypp). +Zypper 是 suse 和 openSUSE 发行版的命令行包管理器。它可以用于安装、更新、搜索和删除软件包，还有管理存储库，执行各种查询等功能。 Zypper 命令行界面用到了 ZYpp 系统管理库（libzypp）。 -**Suggested Read :** [Zypper Command To Manage Packages On openSUSE & suse Systems][10] +**推荐阅读：** [在 openSUSE 和 suse 系统使用 zypper 命令管理软件包][10] ``` # zypper patterns @@ -277,8 +267,7 @@ i | yast2_basis | 20150918-25.1 | @System | | yast2_install_wf | 20150918-25.1 | Main Repository (OSS) | ``` -If you would like to list what are the packages is associated on it, run the below command. In this example we are going to list what are the packages is associated with “file_server” group. -Additionally zypper command allows a user to perform the same action with different options. +如果需要列出相关联的软件包，可以执行以下这个命令。下面的例子是列出和 file_server 组相关联的软件包。另外 `zypper` 还允许用户使用不同的选项执行相同的操作。 ``` # zypper info file_server @@ -317,7 +306,7 @@ Contents : | yast2-tftp-server | package | Recommended ``` -If you would like to list what are the packages is associated on it, run the below command. +如果需要列出相关联的软件包，可以执行以下这个命令。 ``` # zypper pattern-info file_server @@ -357,7 +346,7 @@ Contents : | yast2-tftp-server | package | Recommended ``` -If you would like to list what are the packages is associated on it, run the below command. +如果需要列出相关联的软件包，可以执行以下这个命令。 ``` # zypper info pattern file_server @@ -396,7 +385,7 @@ Contents : | yast2-tftp-server | package | Recommended ``` -If you would like to list what are the packages is associated on it, run the below command. +如果需要列出相关联的软件包，可以执行以下这个命令。 ``` # zypper info -t pattern file_server @@ -436,17 +425,17 @@ Contents : | yast2-tftp-server | package | Recommended ``` -### How To List An Available Package Groups In Debian/Ubuntu Systems +### 如何在 Debian/Ubuntu 系统上列出可用的软件包组 -Since APT or APT-GET package manager doesn’t offer this option for Debian/Ubuntu based systems hence, we are using tasksel command to get this information. +由于 APT 或 APT-GET 软件包管理器没有为基于 Debian/Ubuntu 的系统提供这样的选项，因此需要使用 `tasksel` 命令来获取相关信息。 -[Tasksel][11] is a handy tool for Debian/Ubuntu systems which will install Group of Software in a single click on your system. Tasks are defined in `.desc` files and located at `/usr/share/tasksel`. +[tasksel][11] 是 Debian/Ubuntu 系统上一个很方便的工具，只需要很少的操作就可以用它来安装好一组软件包。可以在 `/usr/share/tasksel` 目录下的 `.desc` 文件中安排软件包的安装任务。 -By default, tasksel tool installed on Debian system as part of Debian installer but it’s not installed on Ubuntu desktop editions. This functionality is similar to that of meta-packages, like how package managers have. +默认情况下，`tasksel` 工具是作为 Debian 系统的一部分安装的，但桌面版 Ubuntu 则没有自带 `tasksel`，类似软件包管理器中的元包（meta-packages）。 -Tasksel tool offer a simple user interface based on zenity (popup Graphical dialog box in command line). +`tasksel` 工具带有一个基于 zenity 的简单用户界面，例如命令行中的弹出图形对话框。 -**Suggested Read :** [Tasksel – Install Group of Software in A Single Click on Debian/Ubuntu][12] +**推荐阅读：** [使用 tasksel 在 Debian/Ubuntu 系统上快速安装软件包组][12] ``` # tasksel --list-task @@ -494,20 +483,20 @@ u openssh-server OpenSSH server u server Basic Ubuntu server ``` -If you would like to list what are the packages is associated on it, run the below command. In this example we are going to list what are the packages is associated with “file_server” group. +如果需要列出相关联的软件包，可以执行以下这个命令。下面的例子是列出和 lamp-server 组相关联的软件包。 ``` # tasksel --task-desc "lamp-server" Selects a ready-made Linux/Apache/MySQL/PHP server. ``` -### How To List An Available Package Groups In Arch Linux based Systems +### 如何在基于 Arch Linux 的系统上列出可用的软件包组 -Arch Linux based systems are using pacman package manager hence we can use the pacman Package Manager to get this information. +基于 Arch Linux 的系统使用的是 pacman 软件包管理器，因此可以通过 pacman 软件包管理器来获取相关的信息。 -pacman stands for package manager utility (pacman). pacman is a command-line utility to install, build, remove and manage Arch Linux packages. pacman uses libalpm (Arch Linux Package Management (ALPM) library) as a back-end to perform all the actions. +pacman 是 package manager 的缩写。`pacman` 可以用于安装、构建、删除和管理 Arch Linux 软件包。`pacman` 使用 libalpm（Arch Linux Package Management 库，ALPM）作为后端来执行所有操作。 -**Suggested Read :** [Pacman Command To Manage Packages On Arch Linux Based Systems][13] +**推荐阅读：** [使用 pacman 在基于 Arch Linux 的系统上管理软件包][13] ``` # pacman -Sg @@ -550,7 +539,7 @@ vim-plugins ``` -If you would like to list what are the packages is associated on it, run the below command. In this example we are going to list what are the packages is associated with “gnome” group. +如果需要列出相关联的软件包，可以执行以下这个命令。下面的例子是列出和 gnome 组相关联的软件包。 ``` # pacman -Sg gnome @@ -589,7 +578,7 @@ gnome simple-scan ``` -Alternatively we can check the same by running following command. +也可以执行以下这个命令实现同样的效果。 ``` # pacman -S gnome @@ -609,7 +598,7 @@ Interrupt signal received ``` -To know exactly how many packages is associated on it, run the following command. +可以执行以下命令检查相关软件包的数量。 ``` # pacman -Sg gnome | wc -l @@ -623,7 +612,7 @@ via: https://www.2daygeek.com/how-to-list-an-available-package-groups-in-linux/ 作者：[Prakash Subramanian][a] 选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +译者：[HankChow](https://github.com/HankChow) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 @@ -642,3 +631,4 @@ via: https://www.2daygeek.com/how-to-list-an-available-package-groups-in-linux/ [11]: https://wiki.debian.org/tasksel [12]: https://www.2daygeek.com/tasksel-install-group-of-software-in-a-single-click-or-single-command-on-debian-ubuntu/ [13]: https://www.2daygeek.com/pacman-command-examples-manage-packages-arch-linux-system/ + From 5196c9a365dadcdd4b58705f17e3b58db1b64fae Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: zhousiyu325 Date: Sun, 30 Sep 2018 19:28:06 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 055/219] translating 20180928 A Free And Secure Online PDF Conversion Suite.md --- .../20180928 A Free And Secure Online PDF Conversion Suite.md | 1 + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20180928 A Free And Secure Online PDF Conversion Suite.md b/sources/tech/20180928 A Free And Secure Online PDF Conversion Suite.md index afb66e43ee..10b220590f 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20180928 A Free And Secure Online PDF Conversion Suite.md +++ b/sources/tech/20180928 A Free And Secure Online PDF Conversion Suite.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +translated by zhousiyu325 A Free And Secure Online PDF Conversion Suite ====== From 13ad860f3d5afe4f6bf064c86d1cf10543df7c02 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: zhousiyu325 Date: Sun, 30 Sep 2018 22:36:12 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 056/219] finish translating 20180928 A Free And Secure Online PDF Conversion Suite.md --- ... And Secure Online PDF Conversion Suite.md | 112 ------------------ ... And Secure Online PDF Conversion Suite.md | 104 ++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 104 insertions(+), 112 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20180928 A Free And Secure Online PDF Conversion Suite.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20180928 A Free And Secure Online PDF Conversion Suite.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20180928 A Free And Secure Online PDF Conversion Suite.md b/sources/tech/20180928 A Free And Secure Online PDF Conversion Suite.md deleted file mode 100644 index 10b220590f..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20180928 A Free And Secure Online PDF Conversion Suite.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,112 +0,0 @@ -translated by zhousiyu325 -A Free And Secure Online PDF Conversion Suite -====== - -![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/easypdf-720x340.jpg) - -We are always in search for a better and more efficient solution that can make our lives more convenient. That is why when you are working with PDF documents you need a fast and reliable tool that you can use in every situation. Therefore, we wanted to introduce you to **EasyPDF** Online PDF Suite for every occasion. The promise behind this tool is that it can make your PDF management easier and we tested it to check that claim. - -But first, here are the most important things you need to know about EasyPDF: - - * EasyPDF is free and anonymous online PDF Conversion Suite. - * Convert PDF to Word, Excel, PowerPoint, AutoCAD, JPG, GIF and Text. - * Create PDF from Word, PowerPoint, JPG, Excel files and many other formats. - * Manipulate PDFs with PDF Merge, Split and Compress. - * OCR conversion of scanned PDFs and images. - * Upload files from your device or the Cloud (Google Drive and DropBox). - * Available on Windows, Linux, Mac, and smartphones via any browser. - * Multiple languages supported. - - - -### EasyPDF User Interface - -![](http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/easypdf-interface.png) - -One of the first things that catches your eye is the sleek user interface which gives the tool clean and functional environment in where you can work comfortably. The whole experience is even better because there are no ads on a website at all. - -All different types of conversions have their dedicated menu with a simple box to add files, so you don’t have to wonder about what you need to do. - -Most websites aren’t optimized to work well and run smoothly on mobile phones, but EasyPDF is an exception from that rule. It opens almost instantly on smartphone and is easy to navigate. You can also add it as the shortcut on your home screen from the **three dots menu** on the Chrome app. - -![](http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/EasyPDF-fs8.png) - -### Functionality - -Apart from looking nice, EasyPDF is pretty straightforward to use. You **don’t need to register** or leave an **email** to use the tool. It is completely anonymous. Additionally, it doesn’t put any limitations to the number or size of files for conversion. No installation required either! Cool, yeah? - -You choose a desired conversion format, for example, PDF to Word. Select the PDF file you want to convert. You can upload a file from the device by either drag & drop or selecting the file from the folder. There is also an option to upload a document from [**Google Drive**][1] or [**Dropbox**][2]. - -After you choose the file, press the Convert button to start the conversion process. You won’t wait for a long time to get your file because conversion will finish in a minute. If you have some more files to convert, remember to download the file before you proceed further. If you don’t download the document first, you will lose it. - -![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/EasyPDF1.png) - -For a different type of conversion, return to the homepage. - -The currently available types of conversions are: - - * **PDF to Word** – Convert PDF documents to Word documents - - * **PDF to PowerPoint** – Convert PDF documents to PowerPoint Presentations - - * **PDF to Excel** – Convert PDF documents to Excel documents - - * **PDF Creation** – Create PDF documents from any type of file (E.g text, doc, odt) - - * **Word to PDF** – Convert Word documents to PDF documents - - * **JPG to PDF** – Convert JPG images to PDF documents - - * **PDF to AutoCAD** – Convert PDF documents to .dwg format (DWG is native format for CAD packages) - - * **PDF to Text** – Convert PDF documents to Text documents - - * **PDF Split** – Split PDF files into multiple parts - - * **PDF Merge** – Merge multiple PDF files into one - - * **PDF Compress** – Compress PDF documents - - * **PDF to JPG** – Convert PDF documents to JPG images - - * **PDF to PNG** – Convert PDF documents to PNG images - - * **PDF to GIF** – Convert PDF documents to GIF files - - * **OCR Online** – - -Convert scanned paper documents - -to editable files (E.g Word, Excel, Text) - - - - -Want to give it a try? Great! Click the following link and start converting! - -[![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/EasyPDF-online-pdf.png)][https://easypdf.com/] - -### Conclusion - -EasyPDF lives up to its name and enables easier PDF management. As far as I tested EasyPDF service, It offers out of the box conversion feature completely **FREE!** It is fast, secure and reliable. You will find the quality of services most satisfying without having to pay anything or leaving your personal data like email address. Give it a try and who knows maybe you will find your new favorite PDF tool. - -And, that’s all for now. More good stuffs to come. Stay tuned! - -Cheers! - - - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.ostechnix.com/easypdf-a-free-and-secure-online-pdf-conversion-suite/ - -作者：[SK][a] -选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/ -[1]: https://www.ostechnix.com/how-to-mount-google-drive-locally-as-virtual-file-system-in-linux/ -[2]: https://www.ostechnix.com/install-dropbox-in-ubuntu-18-04-lts-desktop/ diff --git a/translated/tech/20180928 A Free And Secure Online PDF Conversion Suite.md b/translated/tech/20180928 A Free And Secure Online PDF Conversion Suite.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..46cc5067f2 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20180928 A Free And Secure Online PDF Conversion Suite.md @@ -0,0 +1,104 @@ +一款免费且安全的在线PDF转换软件 +====== + +![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/easypdf-720x340.jpg) + +我们总在寻找一个更好用且更高效的解决方案，来我们的生活理加方便。 比方说，在处理PDF文档时，你会迫切地想拥有一款工具，它能够在任何情形下都显得快速可靠。在这，我们想向你推荐**EasyPDF**——一款可以胜任所有场合的在线PDF软件。通过大量的测试，我们可以保证：这款工具能够让你的PDF文档管理更加容易。 + +不过，关于EasyPDF有一些十分重要的事情，你必须知道。 + +* EasyPDF是免费的、匿名的在线PDF转换软件。 +* 能够将PDF文档转换成Word、Excel、PowerPoint、AutoCAD、JPG, GIF和Text等格式格式的文档。 +* 能够从ord、Excel、PowerPoint等其他格式的文件创建PDF文件。 +* 能够进行PDF文档的合并、分割和压缩。 +* 能够识别扫描的PDF和图片中的内容。 +* 可以从你的设备或者云存储(Google Drive 和 DropBox)中上传文档。 +* 可以在Windows、Linux、Mac和智能手机上通过浏览器来操作。 +* 支持多种语言。 + +### EasyPDF的用户界面 + +![](http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/easypdf-interface.png) + +EasyPDF最吸引你眼球的就是平滑的用户界面，营造一种整洁的环境，这会让使用者感觉更加舒服。由于网站完全没有一点广告，EasyPDF的整体使用体验相比以前会好很多。 + +每种不同类型的转换都有它们专门的菜单，只需要简单地向其中添加文件，你并不需要知道太多知识来进行操作。 + +许多类似网站没有做好相关的优化，使得在手机上的使用体验并不太友好。然而，EasyPDF突破了这一个瓶颈。在智能手机上，EasyPDF几乎可以秒开，并且可以顺畅的操作。你也通过Chrome app的**three dots menu**把EasyPDF添加到手机的主屏幕上。 + +![](http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/EasyPDF-fs8.png) + +### 特性 + +除了好看的界面，EasyPDF还非常易于使用。为了使用它，你 **不需要注册一个账号** 或者**留下一个邮箱**，它是完全匿名的。另外，EasyPDF也不会对要转换的文件进行数量或者大小的限制，完全不需要安装！酷极了，不是吗？ + +首先，你需要选择一种想要进行的格式转换，比如，将PDF转换成Word。然后，选择你想要转换的PDF文件。你可以通过两种方式来上传文件：直接拖拉或者从设备上的文件夹进行选择。还可以选择从[**Google Drive**][1] 或 [**Dropbox**][2]来上传文件。 + +选择要进行格式转换的文件后，点击Convert按钮开始转换过程。转换过程会在一分钟内完成，你并不需要等待太长时间。如果你还有对其他文件进行格式转换，在接着转换前，不要忘了将前面已经转换完成的文件下载保存。不然的话，你将会丢失前面的文件。 + +![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/EasyPDF1.png) + +要进行其他类型的格式转换，直接返回到主页。 + +目前支持的几种格式转换类型如下： + +* **PDF to Word** – 将 PDF 文档 转换成 Word 文档 + + * **PDF 转换成 PowerPoint** – 将 PDF 文档 转换成 PowerPoint 演示讲稿 + + * **PDF 转换成 Excel** – 将 PDF 文档 转换成 Excel 文档 + + * **PDF 创建** – 从一些其他类型的文件(如， text, doc, odt)来创建PDF文档 + + * **Word 转换成 PDF** – 将 Word 文档 转换成 PDF 文档 + + * **JPG 转换成 PDF** – 将 JPG images 转换成 PDF 文档 + + * **PDF 转换成 Au转换成CAD** – 将 PDF 文档 转换成 .dwg 格式 (DWG 是 CAD 文件的原生的格式) + + * **PDF 转换成 Text** – 将 PDF 文档 转换成 Text 文档 + + * **PDF 分割** – 把 PDF 文件分割成多个部分 + + * **PDF 合并** – 把多个PDF文件合并成一个文件 + + * **PDF 压缩** – 将 PDF 文档进行压缩 + + * **PDF 转换成 JPG** – 将 PDF 文档 转换成 JPG 图片 + + * **PDF 转换成 PNG** – 将 PDF 文档 转换成 PNG 图片 + + * **PDF 转换成 GIF** – 将 PDF 文档 转换成 GIF 文件 + + * **在线文字内容识别** – 将扫描的纸质文档转换成能够进行编辑的文件（如，Word,Excel,Text) + + 想试一试吗？好极了！点击下面的链接，然后开始格式转换吧！ + +[![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/EasyPDF-online-pdf.png)][https://easypdf.com/] + +### 总结 + +EasyPDF 名符其实，能够让PDF 管理更加容易。就我测试过的 EasyPDF 服务而言，它提供了**完全免费**的简单易用的转换功能。它十分快速、安全和可靠。你会对它的服务质量感到非常满意，因为它不用支付任何费用，也不用留下像邮箱这样的个人信息。值得一试，也许你会找到你自己更喜欢的 PDF 工具。 + +好吧，我就说这些。更多的好东西还在后后面，请继续关注! + +加油！ + + + + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.ostechnix.com/easypdf-a-free-and-secure-online-pdf-conversion-suite/ + +作者：[SK][a] +选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/zhousiyu325) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/ +[1]: https://www.ostechnix.com/how-to-mount-google-drive-locally-as-virtual-file-system-in-linux/ +[2]: https://www.ostechnix.com/install-dropbox-in-ubuntu-18-04-lts-desktop/ From 38728367da46495541b79f3f0a4487838e3549c2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Andy Luo Date: Sun, 30 Sep 2018 22:42:18 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 057/219] Update How To Find And Delete Duplicate Files In Linux.md Translating by pygmalion666 --- .../20180927 How To Find And Delete Duplicate Files In Linux.md | 1 + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20180927 How To Find And Delete Duplicate Files In Linux.md b/sources/tech/20180927 How To Find And Delete Duplicate Files In Linux.md index e3a0a9d561..2b9c610f1d 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20180927 How To Find And Delete Duplicate Files In Linux.md +++ b/sources/tech/20180927 How To Find And Delete Duplicate Files In Linux.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +Translating by pygmalion666 How To Find And Delete Duplicate Files In Linux ====== From e998a735755889b900e2d601168082c6c6ac8d48 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: LuMing <784315443@qq.com> Date: Mon, 1 Oct 2018 00:54:55 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 058/219] translated --- ...lan Network Configuration Tool on Linux.md | 230 ------------------ ...lan Network Configuration Tool on Linux.md | 215 ++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 215 insertions(+), 230 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20180907 How to Use the Netplan Network Configuration Tool on Linux.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20180907 How to Use the Netplan Network Configuration Tool on Linux.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20180907 How to Use the Netplan Network Configuration Tool on Linux.md b/sources/tech/20180907 How to Use the Netplan Network Configuration Tool on Linux.md deleted file mode 100644 index a9d3eb0895..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20180907 How to Use the Netplan Network Configuration Tool on Linux.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,230 +0,0 @@ -LuuMing translating -How to Use the Netplan Network Configuration Tool on Linux -====== - -![](https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/netplan.jpg?itok=Gu_ZfNGa) - -For years Linux admins and users have configured their network interfaces in the same way. For instance, if you’re a Ubuntu user, you could either configure the network connection via the desktop GUI or from within the /etc/network/interfaces file. The configuration was incredibly easy and never failed to work. The configuration within that file looked something like this: - -``` -auto enp10s0 - -iface enp10s0 inet static - -address 192.168.1.162 - -netmask 255.255.255.0 - -gateway 192.168.1.100 - -dns-nameservers 1.0.0.1,1.1.1.1 - -``` - -Save and close that file. Restart networking with the command: - -``` -sudo systemctl restart networking - -``` - -Or, if you’re not using a non-systemd distribution, you could restart networking the old fashioned way like so: - -``` -sudo /etc/init.d/networking restart - -``` - -Your network will restart and the newly configured interface is good to go. - -That’s how it’s been done for years. Until now. With certain distributions (such as Ubuntu Linux 18.04), the configuration and control of networking has changed considerably. Instead of that interfaces file and using the /etc/init.d/networking script, we now turn to [Netplan][1]. Netplan is a command line utility for the configuration of networking on certain Linux distributions. Netplan uses YAML description files to configure network interfaces and, from those descriptions, will generate the necessary configuration options for any given renderer tool. - -I want to show you how to use Netplan on Linux, to configure a static IP address and a DHCP address. I’ll be demonstrating on Ubuntu Server 18.04. I will give you one word of warning, the .yaml files you create for Netplan must be consistent in spacing, otherwise they’ll fail to work. You don’t have to use a specific spacing for each line, it just has to remain consistent. - -### The new configuration files - -Open a terminal window (or log into your Ubuntu Server via SSH). You will find the new configuration files for Netplan in the /etc/netplan directory. Change into that directory with the command cd /etc/netplan. Once in that directory, you will probably only see a single file: - -``` -01-netcfg.yaml - -``` - -You can create a new file or edit the default. If you opt to edit the default, I suggest making a copy with the command: - -``` -sudo cp /etc/netplan/01-netcfg.yaml /etc/netplan/01-netcfg.yaml.bak - -``` - -With your backup in place, you’re ready to configure. - -### Network Device Name - -Before you configure your static IP address, you’ll need to know the name of device to be configured. To do that, you can issue the command ip a and find out which device is to be used (Figure 1). - -![netplan][3] - -Figure 1: Finding our device name with the ip a command. - -[Used with permission][4] - -I’ll be configuring ens5 for a static IP address. - -### Configuring a Static IP Address - -Open the original .yaml file for editing with the command: - -``` -sudo nano /etc/netplan/01-netcfg.yaml - -``` - -The layout of the file looks like this: - -network: - -Version: 2 - -Renderer: networkd - -ethernets: - -DEVICE_NAME: - -Dhcp4: yes/no - -Addresses: [IP/NETMASK] - -Gateway: GATEWAY - -Nameservers: - -Addresses: [NAMESERVER, NAMESERVER] - -Where: - - * DEVICE_NAME is the actual device name to be configured. - - * yes/no is an option to enable or disable dhcp4. - - * IP is the IP address for the device. - - * NETMASK is the netmask for the IP address. - - * GATEWAY is the address for your gateway. - - * NAMESERVER is the comma-separated list of DNS nameservers. - - - - -Here’s a sample .yaml file: - -``` -network: - - version: 2 - - renderer: networkd - - ethernets: - - ens5: - - dhcp4: no - - addresses: [192.168.1.230/24] - - gateway4: 192.168.1.254 - - nameservers: - - addresses: [8.8.4.4,8.8.8.8] - -``` - -Edit the above to fit your networking needs. Save and close that file. - -Notice the netmask is no longer configured in the form 255.255.255.0. Instead, the netmask is added to the IP address. - -### Testing the Configuration - -Before we apply the change, let’s test the configuration. To do that, issue the command: - -``` -sudo netplan try - -``` - -The above command will validate the configuration before applying it. If it succeeds, you will see Configuration accepted. In other words, Netplan will attempt to apply the new settings to a running system. Should the new configuration file fail, Netplan will automatically revert to the previous working configuration. Should the new configuration work, it will be applied. - -### Applying the New Configuration - -If you are certain of your configuration file, you can skip the try option and go directly to applying the new options. The command for this is: - -``` -sudo netplan apply - -``` - -At this point, you can issue the command ip a to see that your new address configurations are in place. - -### Configuring DHCP - -Although you probably won’t be configuring your server for DHCP, it’s always good to know how to do this. For example, you might not know what static IP addresses are currently available on your network. You could configure the device for DHCP, get an IP address, and then reconfigure that address as static. - -To use DHCP with Netplan, the configuration file would look something like this: - -``` -network: - - version: 2 - - renderer: networkd - - ethernets: - - ens5: - - Addresses: [] - - dhcp4: true - - optional: true - -``` - -Save and close that file. Test the file with: - -``` -sudo netplan try - -``` - -Netplan should succeed and apply the DHCP configuration. You could then issue the ip a command, get the dynamically assigned address, and then reconfigure a static address. Or, you could leave it set to use DHCP (but seeing as how this is a server, you probably won’t want to do that). - -Should you have more than one interface, you could name the second .yaml configuration file 02-netcfg.yaml. Netplan will apply the configuration files in numerical order, so 01 will be applied before 02. Create as many configuration files as needed for your server. - -### That’s All There Is - -Believe it or not, that’s all there is to using Netplan. Although it is a significant change to how we’re accustomed to configuring network addresses, it’s not all that hard to get used to. But this style of configuration is here to stay… so you will need to get used to it. - -Learn more about Linux through the free ["Introduction to Linux" ][5]course from The Linux Foundation and edX. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.linux.com/learn/intro-to-linux/2018/9/how-use-netplan-network-configuration-tool-linux - -作者：[Jack Wallen][a] -选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://www.linux.com/users/jlwallen -[1]: https://netplan.io/ -[3]: https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/netplan_1.jpg?itok=XuIsXWbV (netplan) -[4]: /licenses/category/used-permission -[5]: https://training.linuxfoundation.org/linux-courses/system-administration-training/introduction-to-linux diff --git a/translated/tech/20180907 How to Use the Netplan Network Configuration Tool on Linux.md b/translated/tech/20180907 How to Use the Netplan Network Configuration Tool on Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..0027aafb6f --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20180907 How to Use the Netplan Network Configuration Tool on Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,215 @@ +如何在 Linux 上使用网络配置工具 Netplan +====== + +![](https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/netplan.jpg?itok=Gu_ZfNGa) + +多年以来 Linux 管理员和用户们使用相同的方式配置他们的网络接口。例如，如果你是 Ubuntu 用户，你能够用桌面 GUI 配置网络连接，也可以在 /etc/network/interfaces 文件里配置。配置相当简单且从未失败。在文件中配置看起来就像这样： + +``` +auto enp10s0 + +iface enp10s0 inet static + +address 192.168.1.162 + +netmask 255.255.255.0 + +gateway 192.168.1.100 + +dns-nameservers 1.0.0.1,1.1.1.1 +``` + +保存并关闭文件。使用命令重启网络： + +``` +sudo systemctl restart networking +``` + +或者，如果你使用不带systemd 的发行版，你可以通过老办法来重启网络： + +``` +sudo /etc/init.d/networking restart +``` + +你的网络将会重新启动，新的配置将会生效。 + +这就是多年以来的做法。但是现在，在某些发行版上（例如 Ubuntu Linux 18.04），网络的配置与控制发生了很大的变化。不需要那个 interfaces 文件和 /etc/init.d/networking 脚本，我们现在转向使用 [Netplan][1]。Netplan 是一个在某些 Linux 发行版上配置网络连接的命令行工具。Netplan 使用 YAML 描述文件来配置网络接口，然后，通过这些描述为任何给定的呈现工具生成必要的配置选项。 + +我将向你展示如何在 Linux 上使用 Netplan 配置静态 IP 地址和 DHCP 地址。我会在 Ubuntu Server 18.04 上演示。有句忠告，你创建的 .yaml 文件中的间距必须保持一致，否则将会失败。你不用为每行使用特定的间距，只需保持一致就行了。 + +### 新的配置文件 + +打开终端窗口（或者通过 SSH 登录进 Ubuntu 服务器）。你会在 /etc/netplan 文件夹下发现 Netplan 的新配置文件。使用 cd/etc/netplan 命令进入到那个文件夹下。一旦进到了那个文件夹，也许你就能够看到一个文件： + +``` +01-netcfg.yaml +``` + +你可以创建一个新的文件或者是编辑默认文件。如果你打算修改默认文件，我建议你先做一个备份： + +``` +sudo cp /etc/netplan/01-netcfg.yaml /etc/netplan/01-netcfg.yaml.bak +``` + +备份好后，就可以开始配置了。 + +### 网络设备名称 + +在你开始配置静态 IP 之前，你需要知道设备名称。要做到这一点，你可以使用命令 ip a，然后找出哪一个设备将会被用到（图 1）。 + +![netplan][3] + +图 1：使用 ip a 命令找出设备名称 + +[Used with permission][4] （译注：这是什么鬼？） + +我将为 ens5 配置一个静态的 IP。 + +### 配置静态 IP 地址 + +使用命令打开原来的 .yaml 文件： + +``` +sudo nano /etc/netplan/01-netcfg.yaml +``` + +文件的布局看起来就像这样： + +network: + +Version: 2 + +Renderer: networkd + +ethernets: + +DEVICE_NAME: + +Dhcp4: yes/no + +Addresses: [IP/NETMASK] + +Gateway: GATEWAY + +Nameservers: + +Addresses: [NAMESERVER, NAMESERVER] + +其中： + + * DEVICE_NAME 是需要配置设备的实际名称。 + + * yes/no 代表是否启用 dhcp4。 + + * IP 是设备的 IP 地址。 + + * NETMASK 是 IP 地址的掩码。 + + * GATEWAY 是网关的地址。 + + * NAMESERVER 是由逗号分开的 DNS 服务器列表。 + +这是一份 .yaml 文件的样例： + +``` +network: + + version: 2 + + renderer: networkd + + ethernets: + + ens5: + + dhcp4: no + + addresses: [192.168.1.230/24] + + gateway4: 192.168.1.254 + + nameservers: + + addresses: [8.8.4.4,8.8.8.8] +``` + +编辑上面的文件以达到你想要的效果。保存并关闭文件。 + +注意，掩码已经不用再配置为 255.255.255.0 这种形式。取而代之的是，掩码已被添加进了 IP 地址中。 + +### 测试配置 + +在应用改变之前，让我们测试一下配置。为此，使用命令： + +``` +sudo netplan try +``` + +上面的命令会在应用配置之前验证其是否有效。如果成功，你就会看到配置被接受。换句话说，Netplan 会尝试将新的配置应用到运行的系统上。如果新的配置失败了，Netplan 会自动地恢复到之前使用的配置。成功后，新的配置就会被使用。 + +### 应用新的配置 + +如果你确信配置文件没有问题，你就可以跳过测试环节并且直接使用新的配置。它的命令是： + +``` +sudo netplan apply +``` + +此时，你可以使用 ip a 看看新的地址是否正确。 + +### 配置 DHCP + +虽然你可能不会配置 DHCP 服务，但通常还是知道比较好。例如，你也许不知道网络上当前可用的静态 IP 地址是多少。你可以为设备配置 DHCP，获取到 IP 地址，然后将那个地址重新配置为静态地址。 + +在 Netplan 上使用 DHCP，配置文件看起来就像这样： + +``` +network: + + version: 2 + + renderer: networkd + + ethernets: + + ens5: + + Addresses: [] + + dhcp4: true + + optional: true +``` + +保存并退出。用下面命令来测试文件： + +``` +sudo netplan try +``` + +Netplan 应该会成功配置 DHCP 服务。这时你可以使用 ip a 命令得到动态分配的地址，然后重新配置静态地址。或者，你可以直接使用 DHCP 分配的地址（但看看这是一个服务器，你可能不想这样做）。 + +也许你有不只一个的网络接口，你可以命名第二个 .yaml 文件为 02-netcfg.yaml 。Netplan 会按照数字顺序应用配置文件，因此 01 会在 02 之前使用。根据你的需要创建多个配置文件。 + +### 就是这些了 + +不管你信不信，那些就是所有关于使用 Netplan 的东西了。虽然它对于我们习惯性的配置网络地址来说是一个相当大的改变，但并不是所有人都用的惯。但这种配置方式值得一提...因此你会适应的。 + +在 Linux Foundation 和 edX 上通过 ["Introduction to Linux"] 课程学习更多关于 Linux 的内容。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.linux.com/learn/intro-to-linux/2018/9/how-use-netplan-network-configuration-tool-linux + +作者：[Jack Wallen][a] +选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) +译者：[LuuMing](https://github.com/LuuMing) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.linux.com/users/jlwallen +[1]: https://netplan.io/ +[3]: https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/netplan_1.jpg?itok=XuIsXWbV (netplan) +[4]: /licenses/category/used-permission +[5]: https://training.linuxfoundation.org/linux-courses/system-administration-training/introduction-to-linux From 99f3ecc2bbc25472b0d64fe3b0d60c690f1103ee Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Mon, 1 Oct 2018 11:28:43 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 059/219] PRF:20171022 Review- Algorithms to Live By by Brian Christian - Tom Griffiths.md @GraveAccent --- ... Live By by Brian Christian - Tom Griffiths.md | 15 ++++++++------- 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20171022 Review- Algorithms to Live By by Brian Christian - Tom Griffiths.md b/translated/tech/20171022 Review- Algorithms to Live By by Brian Christian - Tom Griffiths.md index eec0d29397..808da9a3d3 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20171022 Review- Algorithms to Live By by Brian Christian - Tom Griffiths.md +++ b/translated/tech/20171022 Review- Algorithms to Live By by Brian Christian - Tom Griffiths.md @@ -1,18 +1,19 @@ -书评|算法之美 +书评：《算法之美（ Algorithms to Live By ）》 ====== + ![](https://www.eyrie.org/~eagle/reviews/covers/1-62779-037-3.jpg) 又一次为了工作图书俱乐部而读书。除了其它我亲自推荐的书，这是我至今最喜爱的书。 -作为计算机科学基础之一的研究领域是算法：我们如何高效地用计算机程序解决问题？这基本上属于数学领域，但是这很少关于理想的或理论上的解决方案，而是更在于最高效地利用有限的资源获得一个充足（如果不能完美）的答案。其中许多问题要么是日常的生活问题，要么与人们密切相关。毕竟，计算机科学的目的是为了用计算机解决实际问题。《算法之美》提出的问题是：“我们可以反过来吗”--我们可以通过学习计算机科学解决问题的方式来帮助我们做出日常决定吗？ +作为计算机科学基础之一的研究领域是算法：我们如何高效地用计算机程序解决问题？这基本上属于数学领域，但是这很少关于理想的或理论上的解决方案，而是更在于最高效地利用有限的资源获得一个充分（如果不能完美）的答案。其中许多问题要么是日常的生活问题，要么与人们密切相关。毕竟，计算机科学的目的是为了用计算机解决实际问题。《算法之美Algorithms to Live By》提出的问题是：“我们可以反过来吗”——我们可以通过学习计算机科学解决问题的方式来帮助我们做出日常决定吗？ 本书的十一个章节有很多有趣的内容，但也有一个有趣的主题：人类早已擅长这一点。很多章节以一个算法研究和对问题的数学分析作为开始，接着深入到探讨如何利用这些结果做出更好的决策，然后讨论关于人类真正会做出的决定的研究，之后，考虑到典型生活情境的限制，会发现人类早就在应用我们提出的最佳算法的特殊版本了。这往往会破坏本书的既定目标，值得庆幸的是，它决不会破坏对一般问题的有趣讨论，即计算机科学如何解决它们，以及我们对这些问题的数学和技术形态的了解。我认为这本书的自助效用比作者打算的少一些，但有很多可供思考的东西。 -(也就是说，值得考虑这种一致性是否太少了，因为人类已经擅长这方面了，更因为我们的算法是根据人类直觉设计的。可能我们的最佳算法只是反映了人类的思想。在某些情况下，我们发现我们的方案和数学上的典范不一样, 但是在另一些情况下，它们仍然是我们当下最好的猜想。) +（也就是说，值得考虑这种一致性是否太少了，因为人类已经擅长这方面了，更因为我们的算法是根据人类直觉设计的。可能我们的最佳算法只是反映了人类的思想。在某些情况下，我们发现我们的方案和数学上的典范不一样，但是在另一些情况下，它们仍然是我们当下最好的猜想。) -这是那种章节列表是书评里重要部分的书。这里讨论的算法领域有最优停止、探索和利用决策（什么时候带着你发现的最好东西走以及什么时候寻觅更好的东西），以及排序、缓存、调度、贝叶斯定理（一般还有预测）、创建模型时的过拟合、放松（解决容易的问题而不是你的实际问题）、随机算法、一系列网络算法，最后还有游戏理论。其中每一项都有有用的见解和发人深省的讨论--这些有时显得十分理论化的概念令人吃惊地很好地映射到了日常生活。这本书以一段关于“可计算的善意”的讨论结束：鼓励减少你自己和你交往的人所需的计算和复杂性惩罚。 +这是那种章节列表是书评里重要部分的书。这里讨论的算法领域有最优停止、探索和利用决策（什么时候带着你发现的最好东西走，以及什么时候寻觅更好的东西），以及排序、缓存、调度、贝叶斯定理（一般还有预测）、创建模型时的过拟合、放松（解决容易的问题而不是你的实际问题）、随机算法、一系列网络算法，最后还有游戏理论。其中每一项都有有用的见解和发人深省的讨论——这些有时显得十分理论化的概念令人吃惊地很好地映射到了日常生活。这本书以一段关于“可计算的善意”的讨论结束：鼓励减少你自己和你交往的人所需的计算和复杂性惩罚。 -如果你有计算机科学背景（就像我一样），其中许多都是熟悉的概念，而且你因为被普及了很多新东西或许会有疑惑。然而，请给这本书一个机会，类比法没你担忧的那么令人紧张。作者既小心又聪明地应用了这些原则。这本书令人惊喜地通过了一个重要的合理性检查：涉及到我知道或反复思考过的主题的章节很少有或没有明显的错误，而且能讲出有用和重要的事情。比如，调度的那一章节毫不令人吃惊地和时间管理有关，通过直接跳到时间管理问题的核心而胜过了半数时间管理类书籍：如果你要做一个清单上的所有事情，你做这些事情的顺序很少要紧，所以最难的调度问题是决定不做哪些事情而不是做这些事情的顺序。 +如果你有计算机科学背景（就像我一样），其中许多都是熟悉的概念，而且你因为被普及了很多新东西或许会有疑惑。然而，请给这本书一个机会，类比法没你担忧的那么令人紧张。作者既小心又聪明地应用了这些原则。这本书令人惊喜地通过了一个重要的合理性检查：涉及到我知道或反复思考过的主题的章节很少有或没有明显的错误，而且能讲出有用和重要的事情。比如，调度的那一章节毫不令人吃惊地和时间管理有关，通过直接跳到时间管理问题的核心而胜过了半数的时间管理类书籍：如果你要做一个清单上的所有事情，你做这些事情的顺序很少要紧，所以最难的调度问题是决定不做哪些事情而不是做这些事情的顺序。 作者在贝叶斯定理这一章节中的观点完全赢得了我的心。本章的许多内容都是关于贝叶斯先验的，以及一个人对过去事件的了解为什么对分析未来的概率很重要。作者接着讨论了著名的棉花糖实验。即给了儿童一个棉花糖以后，儿童被研究者告知如果他们能够克制自己不吃这个棉花糖，等到研究者回来时，会给他们两个棉花糖。克制自己不吃棉花糖（在心理学文献中叫作“延迟满足”）被发现与未来几年更好的生活有关。这个实验多年来一直被引用和滥用于各种各样的宣传，关于选择未来的收益放弃即时的快乐从而拥有成功的生活，以及生活中的失败是因为无法延迟满足。更多的邪恶分析（当然）将这种能力与种族联系在一起，带有可想而知的种族主义结论。 @@ -20,7 +21,7 @@ 《算法之美》是我读过的唯一提到了棉花糖实验并应用了我认为更有说服力的分析的书。这不是一个关于儿童天赋的实验，这是一个关于他们的贝叶斯先验的实验。什么时候立即吃棉花糖而不是等待奖励是完全合理的？当他们过去的经历告诉他们成年人不可靠，不可信任，会在不可预测的时间内消失并且撒谎的时候。而且，更好的是，作者用我之前没有听说过的后续研究和观察支持了这一分析，观察到的内容是，一些孩子会等待一段时间然后“放弃”。如果他们下意识地使用具有较差先验的贝叶斯模型，这就完全合情合理。 -这是一本很好的书。它可能在某些地方的尝试有点太勉强（数学上最优停止对于日常生活的适用性比我认为作者想要表现的更加偶然和牵强附会），如果你学过算法，其中一些内容会感到熟悉，但是它的行文思路清晰，简洁，而且编辑得非常好。这本书没有哪一部分对不起它所受的欢迎，书中的讨论贯穿始终。如果你发现自己“已经知道了这一切”，你可能还会在接下来几页中遇到一个新的概念或一个简洁的解释。有时作者会做一些我从没想到但是回想起来正确的联系，比如将网络协议中的指数退避和司法系统中的选择惩罚联系起来。还有意识到我们的现代通信世界并不是一直联系的，它是不断缓冲的，我们中的许多人正深受缓冲膨胀这一独特现象的苦恼。 +这是一本很好的书。它可能在某些地方的尝试有点太勉强（数学上最优停止对于日常生活的适用性比我认为作者想要表现的更加偶然和牵强附会），如果你学过算法，其中一些内容会感到熟悉，但是它的行文思路清晰，简洁，而且编辑得非常好。这本书没有哪一部分对不起它所受到的欢迎，书中的讨论贯穿始终。如果你发现自己“已经知道了这一切”，你可能还会在接下来几页中遇到一个新的概念或一个简洁的解释。有时作者会做一些我从没想到但是回想起来正确的联系，比如将网络协议中的指数退避和司法系统中的选择惩罚联系起来。还有意识到我们的现代通信世界并不是一直联系的，它是不断缓冲的，我们中的许多人正深受缓冲膨胀这一独特现象的苦恼。 我认为你并不必须是计算机科学专业或者精通数学才能读这本书。如果你想深入，每章的结尾都有许多数学上的细节，但是正文总是易读而清晰，至少就我所知是这样（作为一个以计算机科学为专业并学到了很多数学知识的人，你至少可以有保留地相信我）。即使你已经钻研了多年的算法，这本书仍然可以提供很多东西。 @@ -36,7 +37,7 @@ via: https://www.eyrie.org/~eagle/reviews/books/1-62779-037-3.html 作者：[Brian Christian;Tom Griffiths][a] 译者：[GraveAccent](https://github.com/GraveAccent) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 58dee474babcd99be1a038fec85eed553b13f257 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Mon, 1 Oct 2018 11:29:04 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 060/219] PUB:20171022 Review- Algorithms to Live By by Brian Christian - Tom Griffiths.md @GraveAccent https://linux.cn/article-10068-1.html --- ...w- Algorithms to Live By by Brian Christian - Tom Griffiths.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20171022 Review- Algorithms to Live By by Brian Christian - Tom Griffiths.md (100%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20171022 Review- Algorithms to Live By by Brian Christian - Tom Griffiths.md b/published/20171022 Review- Algorithms to Live By by Brian Christian - Tom Griffiths.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/tech/20171022 Review- Algorithms to Live By by Brian Christian - Tom Griffiths.md rename to published/20171022 Review- Algorithms to Live By by Brian Christian - Tom Griffiths.md From ae49adf39e8485fea0310279adf8958f52354e27 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: HankChow <280630620@qq.com> Date: Mon, 1 Oct 2018 11:46:53 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 061/219] hankchow translating --- ...ow To Limit Network Bandwidth In Linux Using Wondershaper.md | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20180906 How To Limit Network Bandwidth In Linux Using Wondershaper.md b/sources/tech/20180906 How To Limit Network Bandwidth In Linux Using Wondershaper.md index 11d266e163..bb133d6103 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20180906 How To Limit Network Bandwidth In Linux Using Wondershaper.md +++ b/sources/tech/20180906 How To Limit Network Bandwidth In Linux Using Wondershaper.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +HankChow translating + How To Limit Network Bandwidth In Linux Using Wondershaper ====== From be9f3119b21996fe371285702b5da521f0cdad8d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Mon, 1 Oct 2018 12:12:27 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 062/219] PRF:20180522 Free Resources for Securing Your Open Source Code.md @sd886393 --- ...rces for Securing Your Open Source Code.md | 58 ++++++++----------- 1 file changed, 24 insertions(+), 34 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180522 Free Resources for Securing Your Open Source Code.md b/translated/tech/20180522 Free Resources for Securing Your Open Source Code.md index 4e63a64e43..285a49c6a4 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20180522 Free Resources for Securing Your Open Source Code.md +++ b/translated/tech/20180522 Free Resources for Securing Your Open Source Code.md @@ -1,53 +1,43 @@ -一些提高你开源源码安全性的工具 +一些提高开源代码安全性的工具 ====== +> 开源软件的迅速普及带来了对健全安全实践的需求。 + ![](https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/open-security.jpg?itok=R3M5LDrb) -虽然目前开源依然发展势头较好，并被广大的厂商所采用，然而最近由 Black Duck 和 Synopsys 发布的[2018开源安全与风险评估报告][1]指出了一些存在的风险并重点阐述了对于健全安全措施的需求。这份报告的分析资料素材来自经过脱敏后的 1100 个商业代码库，这些代码所涉及：自动化、大数据、企业级软件、金融服务业、健康医疗、物联网、制造业等多个领域。 +虽然目前开源依然发展势头较好，并被广大的厂商所采用，然而最近由 Black Duck 和 Synopsys 发布的 [2018 开源安全与风险评估报告][1]指出了一些存在的风险，并重点阐述了对于健全安全措施的需求。这份报告的分析资料素材来自经过脱敏后的 1100 个商业代码库，这些代码所涉及：自动化、大数据、企业级软件、金融服务业、健康医疗、物联网、制造业等多个领域。 -这份报告强调开源软件正在被大量的使用，扫描结果中有 96% 的应用都使用了开源组件。然而，报告还指出许多其中存在很多漏洞。具体在 [这里][2]: +这份报告强调开源软件正在被大量的使用，扫描结果中有 96% 的应用都使用了开源组件。然而，报告还指出许多其中存在很多漏洞。具体在 [这里][2]： * 令人担心的是扫描的所有结果中，有 78% 的代码库存在至少一个开源的漏洞，平均每个代码库有 64 个漏洞。 - * 在经过代码审计过后代码库中，发现超过 54% 的漏洞经验证是高危漏洞。 - * 17% 的代码库包括一种已经早已公开的漏洞，包括：Heartbleed、Logjam、Freak、Drown、Poddle。 +Synopsys 旗下 Black Duck 的技术负责人 Tim Mackey 称，“这份报告清楚的阐述了：随着开源软件正在被企业广泛的使用，企业与组织也应当使用一些工具来检测可能出现在这些开源软件中的漏洞，以及管理其所使用的开源软件的方式是否符合相应的许可证规则。” +确实，随着越来越具有影响力的安全威胁出现，历史上从未有过我们目前对安全工具和实践的需求。大多数的组织已经意识到网络与系统管理员需要具有相应的较强的安全技能和安全证书。[在一篇文章中][3]，我们给出一些具有较大影响力的工具、认证和实践。 +Linux 基金会已经在安全方面提供了许多关于安全的信息与教育资源。比如，Linux 社区提供了许多针对特定平台的免费资源，其中 [Linux 工作站安全检查清单][4] 其中提到了很多有用的基础信息。线上的一些发表刊物也可以提升用户针对某些平台对于漏洞的保护，如：[Fedora 安全指南][5]、[Debian 安全手册][6]。 -Tim Mackey，Synopsys 旗下 Black Duck 的技术负责人称，"这份报告清楚的阐述了：随着开源软件正在被企业广泛的使用，企业与组织也应当使用一些工具来检测可能出现在这些开源软件中的漏洞，并且管理其所使用的开源软件的方式是否符合相应的许可证规则" +目前被广泛使用的私有云平台 OpenStack 也加强了关于基于云的智能安全需求。根据 Linux 基金会发布的 [公有云指南][7]：“据 Gartner 的调研结果，尽管公有云的服务商在安全审查和提升透明度方面做的都还不错，安全问题仍然是企业考虑向公有云转移的最重要的考量之一。” -确实，随着越来越具有影响力的安全威胁出现，历史上从未有过我们目前对安全工具和实践的需求。大多数的组织已经意识到网络与系统管理员需要具有相应的较强的安全技能和安全证书。[在这篇文章中，][3] 我们给出一些具有较大影响力的工具、认证和实践。 +无论是对于组织还是个人，千里之堤毁于蚁穴，这些“蚁穴”无论是来自路由器、防火墙、VPN 或虚拟机都可能导致灾难性的后果。以下是一些免费的工具可能对于检测这些漏洞提供帮助： -Linux 基金会已经在安全方面提供了许多关于安全的信息与教育资源。比如，Linux 社区提供许多免费的用来针对一些平台的工具，其中[Linux 服务器安全检查表][4] 其中提到了很多有用的基础信息。线上的一些发表刊物也可以提升用户针对某些平台对于漏洞的保护，如：[Fedora 安全指南][5]，[Debian 安全手册][6]。 + * [Wireshark][8]，流量包分析工具 + * [KeePass Password Safe][9]，自由开源的密码管理器 + * [Malwarebytes][10]，免费的反病毒和勒索软件工具 + * [NMAP][11]，安全扫描器 + * [NIKTO][12]，开源的 web 服务器扫描器 + * [Ansible][13]，自动化的配置运维工具，可以辅助做安全基线 + * [Metasploit][14]，渗透测试工具，可辅助理解攻击向量 -目前被广泛使用的私有云平台 OpenStack 也加强了关于基于云的智能安全需求。根据 Linux 基金会发布的 [公有云指南][7]：“据 Gartner 的调研结果，尽管公有云的服务商在安全和审查方面做的都还不错，安全问题是企业考虑向公有云转移的最重要的考量之一” +这里有一些对上面工具讲解的视频。比如 [Metasploit 教学][15]、[Wireshark 教学][16]。还有一些传授安全技能的免费电子书，比如：由 Ibrahim Haddad 博士和 Linux 基金会共同出版的[并购过程中的开源审计][17]，里面阐述了多条在技术平台合并过程中，因没有较好的进行开源审计，从而引发的安全问题。当然，书中也记录了如何在这一过程中进行代码合规检查、准备以及文档编写。 -无论是对于组织还是个人，千里之堤毁于蚁穴，这些“蚁穴”无论是来自路由器、防火墙、VPNs或虚拟机都可能导致灾难性的后果。以下是一些免费的工具可能对于检测这些漏洞提供帮助： - - * [Wireshark][8], 流量包分析工具 - - * [KeePass Password Safe][9], 免费开源的密码管理器 - - * [Malwarebytes][10], 免费的反病毒和勒索软件工具 - - * [NMAP][11], 安全扫描器 - - * [NIKTO][12], 开源 web 扫描器 - - * [Ansible][13], 自动化的配置运维工具，可以辅助做安全基线 - - * [Metasploit][14], 渗透测试工具，可辅助理解攻击向量 - - - -这里有一些对上面工具讲解的视频。比如[Metasploit 教学][15]、[Wireshark 教学][16]。还有一些传授安全技能的免费电子书，比如：由 Ibrahim Haddad 博士和 Linux 基金会共同出版的[并购过程中的开源审计][17]，里面阐述了多条在技术平台合并过程中，因没有较好的进行开源审计，从而引发的安全问题。当然，书中也记录了如何在这一过程中进行代码合规检查、准备以及文档编写。 - -同时，我们 [之前提到的一个免费的电子书][18]， 由来自[The New Stack][19] 编写的“Docker与容器中的网络、安全和存储”，里面也提到了关于加强容器网络安全的最新技术，以及Docker本身可提供的关于，提升其网络的安全与效率的最佳实践。这本电子书还记录了关于如何构建安全容器集群的最佳实践。 +同时，我们 [之前提到的一个免费的电子书][18]， 由来自 [The New Stack][19] 编写的“Docker 与容器中的网络、安全和存储”，里面也提到了关于加强容器网络安全的最新技术，以及 Docker 本身可提供的关于提升其网络的安全与效率的最佳实践。这本电子书还记录了关于如何构建安全容器集群的最佳实践。 所有这些工具和资源，可以在很大的程度上预防安全问题，正如人们所说的未雨绸缪，考虑到一直存在的安全问题，现在就应该开始学习这些安全合规资料与工具。 -想要了解更多的安全、合规以及开源项目问题，点击[这里][20] + +想要了解更多的安全、合规以及开源项目问题，点击[这里][20]。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -55,8 +45,8 @@ via: https://www.linux.com/blog/2018/5/free-resources-securing-your-open-source- 作者：[Sam Dean][a] 选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/sd886393) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[sd886393](https://github.com/sd886393) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 @@ -64,7 +54,7 @@ via: https://www.linux.com/blog/2018/5/free-resources-securing-your-open-source- [1]:https://www.blackducksoftware.com/open-source-security-risk-analysis-2018 [2]:https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/synopsys-report-finds-majority-of-software-plagued-by-known-vulnerabilities-and-license-conflicts-as-open-source-adoption-soars-300648367.html [3]:https://www.linux.com/blog/sysadmin-ebook/2017/8/future-proof-your-sysadmin-career-locking-down-security -[4]:http://go.linuxfoundation.org/ebook_workstation_security +[4]:https://linux.cn/article-6753-1.html [5]:https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/Fedora/19/html/Security_Guide/index.html [6]:https://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/securing-debian-howto/index.en.html [7]:https://www.linux.com/publications/2016-guide-open-cloud From 2ccaac422b306deaf95233046a06863d516a2743 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Mon, 1 Oct 2018 12:12:48 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 063/219] PUB:20180522 Free Resources for Securing Your Open Source Code.md @sd886393 https://linux.cn/article-10069-1.html --- .../20180522 Free Resources for Securing Your Open Source Code.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20180522 Free Resources for Securing Your Open Source Code.md (100%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180522 Free Resources for Securing Your Open Source Code.md b/published/20180522 Free Resources for Securing Your Open Source Code.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/tech/20180522 Free Resources for Securing Your Open Source Code.md rename to published/20180522 Free Resources for Securing Your Open Source Code.md From 98fc86faa4a5076dd1ee6ca6e35cae43e9605e57 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: HankChow <280630620@qq.com> Date: Mon, 1 Oct 2018 13:55:41 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 064/219] translated --- ...k Bandwidth In Linux Using Wondershaper.md | 198 ------------------ ...k Bandwidth In Linux Using Wondershaper.md | 196 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 196 insertions(+), 198 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20180906 How To Limit Network Bandwidth In Linux Using Wondershaper.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20180906 How To Limit Network Bandwidth In Linux Using Wondershaper.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20180906 How To Limit Network Bandwidth In Linux Using Wondershaper.md b/sources/tech/20180906 How To Limit Network Bandwidth In Linux Using Wondershaper.md deleted file mode 100644 index bb133d6103..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20180906 How To Limit Network Bandwidth In Linux Using Wondershaper.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,198 +0,0 @@ -HankChow translating - -How To Limit Network Bandwidth In Linux Using Wondershaper -====== - -![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Wondershaper-1-720x340.jpg) - -This tutorial will help you to easily limit network bandwidth and shape your network traffic in Unix-like operating systems. By limiting the network bandwidth usage, you can save unnecessary bandwidth consumption’s by applications, such as package managers (pacman, yum, apt), web browsers, torrent clients, download managers etc., and prevent the bandwidth abuse by a single or multiple users in the network. For the purpose of this tutorial, we will be using a command line utility named **Wondershaper**. Trust me, it is not that hard as you may think. It is one of the easiest and quickest way ever I have come across to limit the Internet or local network bandwidth usage in your own Linux system. Read on. - -Please be mindful that the aforementioned utility can only limit the incoming and outgoing traffic of your local network interfaces, not the interfaces of your router or modem. In other words, Wondershaper will only limit the network bandwidth in your local system itself, not any other systems in the network. These utility is mainly designed for limiting the bandwidth of one or more network adapters in your local system. Hope you got my point. - -Let us see how to use Wondershaper to shape the network traffic. - -### Limit Network Bandwidth In Linux Using Wondershaper - -**Wondershaper** is simple script used to limit the bandwidth of your system’s network adapter(s). It limits the bandwidth iproute’s tc command, but greatly simplifies its operation. - -**Installing Wondershaper** - -To install the latest version, git clone wondershaoer repository: - -``` -$ git clone https://github.com/magnific0/wondershaper.git - -``` - -Go to the wondershaper directory and install it as show below - -``` -$ cd wondershaper - -$ sudo make install - -``` - -And, run the following command to start wondershaper service automatically on every reboot. - -``` -$ sudo systemctl enable wondershaper.service - -$ sudo systemctl start wondershaper.service - -``` - -You can also install using your distribution’s package manager (official or non-official) if you don’t mind the latest version. - -Wondershaper is available in [**AUR**][1], so you can install it in Arch-based systems using AUR helper programs such as [**Yay**][2]. - -``` -$ yay -S wondershaper-git - -``` - -On Debian, Ubuntu, Linux Mint: - -``` -$ sudo apt-get install wondershaper - -``` - -On Fedora: - -``` -$ sudo dnf install wondershaper - -``` - -On RHEL, CentOS, enable EPEL repository and install wondershaper as shown below. - -``` -$ sudo yum install epel-release - -$ sudo yum install wondershaper - -``` - -Finally, start wondershaper service automatically on every reboot. - -``` -$ sudo systemctl enable wondershaper.service - -$ sudo systemctl start wondershaper.service - -``` - -**Usage** - -First, find the name of your network interface. Here are some common ways to find the details of a network card. - -``` -$ ip addr - -$ route - -$ ifconfig - -``` - -Once you find the network card name, you can limit the bandwidth rate as shown below. - -``` -$ sudo wondershaper -a -d -u - -``` - -For instance, if your network card name is **enp0s8** and you wanted to limit the bandwidth to **1024 Kbps** for **downloads** and **512 kbps** for **uploads** , the command would be: - -``` -$ sudo wondershaper -a enp0s8 -d 1024 -u 512 - -``` - -Where, - - * **-a** : network card name - * **-d** : download rate - * **-u** : upload rate - - - -To clear the limits from a network adapter, simply run: - -``` -$ sudo wondershaper -c -a enp0s8 - -``` - -Or - -``` -$ sudo wondershaper -c enp0s8 - -``` - -Just in case, there are more than one network card available in your system, you need to manually set the download/upload rates for each network interface card as described above. - -If you have installed Wondershaper by cloning its GitHub repository, there is a configuration named **wondershaper.conf** exists in **/etc/conf.d/** location. Make sure you have set the download or upload rates by modifying the appropriate values(network card name, download/upload rate) in this file. - -``` -$ sudo nano /etc/conf.d/wondershaper.conf - -[wondershaper] -# Adapter -# -IFACE="eth0" - -# Download rate in Kbps -# -DSPEED="2048" - -# Upload rate in Kbps -# -USPEED="512" - -``` - -Here is the sample before Wondershaper: - -After enabling Wondershaper: - -As you can see, the download rate has been tremendously reduced after limiting the bandwidth using WOndershaper in my Ubuntu 18.o4 LTS server. - -For more details, view the help section by running the following command: - -``` -$ wondershaper -h - -``` - -Or, refer man pages. - -``` -$ man wondershaper - -``` - -As far as tested, Wondershaper worked just fine as described above. Give it a try and let us know what do you think about this utility. - -And, that’s all for now. Hope this was useful. More good stuffs to come. Stay tuned. - -Cheers! - - - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.ostechnix.com/how-to-limit-network-bandwidth-in-linux-using-wondershaper/ - -作者：[SK][a] -选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/ -[1]: https://aur.archlinux.org/packages/wondershaper-git/ -[2]: https://www.ostechnix.com/yay-found-yet-another-reliable-aur-helper/ diff --git a/translated/tech/20180906 How To Limit Network Bandwidth In Linux Using Wondershaper.md b/translated/tech/20180906 How To Limit Network Bandwidth In Linux Using Wondershaper.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..746e664228 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20180906 How To Limit Network Bandwidth In Linux Using Wondershaper.md @@ -0,0 +1,196 @@ +在 Linux 中使用 Wondershaper 限制网络带宽 +====== + +![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Wondershaper-1-720x340.jpg) + +以下内容将向你介绍如何轻松对网络带宽做出限制，并在类 Unix 操作系统中对网络流量进行优化。通过限制网络带宽，可以节省应用程序不必要的带宽消耗，包括软件包管理器（pacman、yum、apt）、web 浏览器、torrent 客户端、下载管理器等，并防止单个或多个用户滥用网络带宽。在本文当中，将会介绍 Wondershaper 这一个实用的命令行程序，这是我认为限制 Linux 系统 Internet 或本地网络带宽的最简单、最快捷的方式之一。 + +请注意，Wondershaper 只能限制本地网络接口的传入和传出流量，而不能限制路由器或调制解调器的接口。换句话说，Wondershaper 只会限制本地系统本身的网络带宽，而不会限制网络中的其它系统。因此 Wondershaper 主要用于限制本地系统中一个或多个网卡的带宽。 + +下面来看一下 Wondershaper 是如何优化网络流量的。 + +### 在 Linux 中使用 Wondershaper 限制网络带宽 + +`wondershaper` 是用于显示系统网卡网络带宽的简单脚本。它使用了 `iproute` 和 `tc` 命令，但大大简化了操作过程。 + +**安装 Wondershaper** + +使用 `git clone` 克隆 Wondershaper 的版本库就可以安装最新版本： + +``` +$ git clone https://github.com/magnific0/wondershaper.git + +``` + +按照以下命令进入 `wondershaper` 目录并安装： + +``` +$ cd wondershaper + +$ sudo make install + +``` + +然后执行以下命令，可以让 `wondershaper` 在每次系统启动时都自动开始服务： + +``` +$ sudo systemctl enable wondershaper.service + +$ sudo systemctl start wondershaper.service + +``` + +如果你不强求安装最新版本，也可以使用软件包管理器（官方和非官方均可）来进行安装。 + +`wondershaper` 在 [Arch 用户软件仓库][1]（Arch User Repository, AUR）中可用，所以可以使用类似 [`yay`][2] 这些 AUR 辅助软件在基于 Arch 的系统中安装 `wondershaper` 。 + +``` +$ yay -S wondershaper-git + +``` + +对于Debian、Ubuntu 和 Linux Mint 可以使用以下命令安装： + +``` +$ sudo apt-get install wondershaper + +``` + +对于 Fedora 可以使用以下命令安装： + +``` +$ sudo dnf install wondershaper + +``` + +对于 RHEL、CentOS，只需要启用 EPEL 仓库，就可以使用以下命令安装： + +``` +$ sudo yum install epel-release + +$ sudo yum install wondershaper + +``` + +在每次系统启动时都自动启动 `wondershaper` 服务。 + +``` +$ sudo systemctl enable wondershaper.service + +$ sudo systemctl start wondershaper.service + +``` + +**用法** + +首先需要找到网络接口的名称，通过以下几个命令都可以查询到网卡的详细信息： + +``` +$ ip addr + +$ route + +$ ifconfig + +``` + +在确定网卡名称以后，就可以按照以下的命令限制网络带宽： + +``` +$ sudo wondershaper -a -d -u + +``` + +例如，如果网卡名称是 `enp0s8`，并且需要把上行、下行速率分别限制为 1024 Kbps 和 512 Kbps，就可以执行以下命令： + +``` +$ sudo wondershaper -a enp0s8 -d 1024 -u 512 + +``` + +其中参数的含义是： + + * `-a`：网卡名称 + * `-d`：下行带宽 + * `-u`：上行带宽 + + + +如果要对网卡解除网络带宽的限制，只需要执行： + +``` +$ sudo wondershaper -c -a enp0s8 + +``` + +或者： + +``` +$ sudo wondershaper -c enp0s8 + +``` + +如果系统中有多个网卡，为确保稳妥，需要按照上面的方法手动设置每个网卡的上行、下行速率。 + +如果你是通过 `git clone` 克隆 GitHub 版本库的方式安装 Wondershaper，那么在 `/etc/conf.d/` 目录中会存在一个名为 `wondershaper.conf` 的配置文件，修改这个配置文件中的相应值（包括网卡名称、上行速率、下行速率），也可以设置上行或下行速率。 + +``` +$ sudo nano /etc/conf.d/wondershaper.conf + +[wondershaper] +# Adapter +# +IFACE="eth0" + +# Download rate in Kbps +# +DSPEED="2048" + +# Upload rate in Kbps +# +USPEED="512" + +``` + +Wondershaper 使用前： +![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/wondershaper-1.png) + +Wondershaper 使用后： +![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/wondershaper-2.png) + +可以看到，使用 Wondershaper 限制网络带宽之后，下行速率与限制之前相比已经大幅下降。 + +执行以下命令可以查看更多相关信息。 + +``` +$ wondershaper -h + +``` + +也可以查看 Wondershaper 的用户手册： + +``` +$ man wondershaper + +``` + +As far as tested, Wondershaper worked just fine as described above. Give it a try and let us know what do you think about this utility. +根据测试，Wondershaper 按照上面的方式可以有很好的效果。你可以试用一下，然后发表你的看法。 + + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.ostechnix.com/how-to-limit-network-bandwidth-in-linux-using-wondershaper/ + +作者：[SK][a] +选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) +译者：[HankChow](https://github.com/HankChow) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/ +[1]: https://aur.archlinux.org/packages/wondershaper-git/ +[2]: https://www.ostechnix.com/yay-found-yet-another-reliable-aur-helper/ + From 0fd32d0c4fb2a50564ef60a52957973d67ab200b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: z52527 Date: Mon, 1 Oct 2018 14:57:41 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 065/219] Update 20180831 Publishing Markdown to HTML with MDwiki.md MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 翻译中 --- sources/tech/20180831 Publishing Markdown to HTML with MDwiki.md | 1 + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20180831 Publishing Markdown to HTML with MDwiki.md b/sources/tech/20180831 Publishing Markdown to HTML with MDwiki.md index c25239b7ba..769f9ba420 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20180831 Publishing Markdown to HTML with MDwiki.md +++ b/sources/tech/20180831 Publishing Markdown to HTML with MDwiki.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +Translating by z52527 Publishing Markdown to HTML with MDwiki ====== From d2742031082b89c68882af2430042b4d1e1e4dd1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: dianbanjiu Date: Mon, 1 Oct 2018 18:09:14 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 066/219] translated --- ...ntu 18.04 and Other Linux Distributions.md | 233 ------------------ ...ntu 18.04 and Other Linux Distributions.md | 230 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 230 insertions(+), 233 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20180928 How to Install Popcorn Time on Ubuntu 18.04 and Other Linux Distributions.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20180928 How to Install Popcorn Time on Ubuntu 18.04 and Other Linux Distributions.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20180928 How to Install Popcorn Time on Ubuntu 18.04 and Other Linux Distributions.md b/sources/tech/20180928 How to Install Popcorn Time on Ubuntu 18.04 and Other Linux Distributions.md deleted file mode 100644 index 578624aba4..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20180928 How to Install Popcorn Time on Ubuntu 18.04 and Other Linux Distributions.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,233 +0,0 @@ -Translating by dianbanjiu How to Install Popcorn Time on Ubuntu 18.04 and Other Linux Distributions -====== -**Brief: This tutorial shows you how to install Popcorn Time on Ubuntu and other Linux distributions. Some handy Popcorn Time tips have also been discussed.** - -[Popcorn Time][1] is an open source [Netflix][2] inspired [torrent][3] streaming application for Linux, Mac and Windows. - -With the regular torrents, you have to wait for the download to finish before you could watch the videos. - -[Popcorn Time][4] is different. It uses torrent underneath but allows you to start watching the videos (almost) immediately. It’s like you are watching videos on streaming websites like YouTube or Netflix. You don’t have to wait for the download to finish here. - -![Popcorn Time in Ubuntu Linux][5] -Popcorn Time - -If you want to watch movies online without those creepy ads, Popcorn Time is a good alternative. Keep in mind that the streaming quality depends on the number of available seeds. - -Popcorn Time also provides a nice user interface where you can browse through available movies, tv-series and other contents. If you ever used [Netflix on Linux][6], you will find it’s somewhat a similar experience. - -Using torrent to download movies is illegal in several countries where there are strict laws against piracy. In countries like the USA, UK and West European you may even get legal notices. That said, it’s up to you to decide if you want to use it or not. You have been warned. -(If you still want to take the risk and use Popcorn Time, you should use a VPN service like [Ivacy][7] that has been specifically designed for using Torrents and protecting your identity. Even then it’s not always easy to avoid the snooping authorities.) - -Some of the main features of Popcorn Time are: - - * Watch movies and TV Series online using Torrent - * A sleek user interface lets you browse the available movies and TV series - * Change streaming quality - * Bookmark content for watching later - * Download content for offline viewing - * Ability to enable subtitles by default, change the subtitles size etc - * Keyboard shortcuts to navigate through Popcorn Time - - - -### How to install Popcorn Time on Ubuntu and other Linux Distributions - -I am using Ubuntu 18.04 in this tutorial but you can use the same instructions for other Linux distributions such as Linux Mint, Debian, Manjaro, Deepin etc. - -Let’s see how to install Popcorn time on Linux. It’s really easy actually. Simply follow the instructions and copy paste the commands I have mentioned. - -#### Step 1: Download Popcorn Time - -You can download Popcorn Time from its official website. The download link is present on the homepage itself. - -[Get Popcorn Time](https://popcorntime.sh/) - -#### Step 2: Install Popcorn Time - -Once you have downloaded Popcorn Time, it’s time to use it. The downloaded file is a tar file that consists of an executable among other files. While you can extract this tar file anywhere, the [Linux convention is to install additional software in][8] /[opt directory.][8] - -Create a new directory in /opt: - -``` -sudo mkdir /opt/popcorntime -``` - -Now go to the Downloads directory. - -``` -cd ~/Downloads -``` - -Extract the downloaded Popcorn Time files into the newly created /opt/popcorntime directory. - -``` -sudo tar Jxf Popcorn-Time-* -C /opt/popcorntime -``` - -#### Step 3: Make Popcorn Time accessible for everyone - -You would want every user on your system to be able to run Popcorn Time without sudo access, right? To do that, you need to create a [symbolic link][9] to the executable in /usr/bin directory. - -``` -ln -sf /opt/popcorntime/Popcorn-Time /usr/bin/Popcorn-Time -``` - -#### Step 4: Create desktop launcher for Popcorn Time - -So far so good. But you would also like to see Popcorn Time in the application menu, add it to your favorite application list etc. - -For that, you need to create a desktop entry. - -Open a terminal and create a new file named popcorntime.desktop in /usr/share/applications. - -You can use any [command line based text editor][10]. Ubuntu has [Nano][11] installed by default so you can use that. - -``` -sudo nano /usr/share/applications/popcorntime.desktop -``` - -Insert the following lines here: - -``` -[Desktop Entry] -Version = 1.0 -Type = Application -Terminal = false -Name = Popcorn Time -Exec = /usr/bin/Popcorn-Time -Icon = /opt/popcorntime/popcorn.png -Categories = Application; -``` - -If you used Nano editor, save it using shortcut Ctrl+X. When asked for saving, enter Y and then press enter again to save and exit. - -We are almost there. One last thing to do here is to have the correct icon for Popcorn Time. For that, you can download a Popcorn Time icon and save it as popcorn.png in /opt/popcorntime directory. - -You can do that using the command below: - -``` -sudo wget -O /opt/popcorntime/popcorn.png https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Pctlogo.png - -``` - -That’s it. Now you can search for Popcorn Time and click on it to launch it. - -![Popcorn Time installed on Ubuntu][12] -Search for Popcorn Time in Menu - -On the first launch, you’ll have to accept the terms and conditions. - -![Popcorn Time in Ubuntu Linux][13] -Accept the Terms of Service - -Once you do that, you can enjoy the movies and TV shows. - -![Watch movies on Popcorn Time][14] - -Well, that’s all you needed to install Popcorn Time on Ubuntu or any other Linux distribution. You can start watching your favorite movies straightaway. - -However, if you are interested, I would suggest reading these Popcorn Time tips to get more out of it. - -[![][15]][16] -![][17] - -### 7 Tips for using Popcorn Time effectively - -Now that you have installed Popcorn Time, I am going to tell you some nifty Popcorn Time tricks. I assure you that it will enhance your experience with Popcorn Time multiple folds. - -#### 1\. Use advanced settings - -Always have the advanced settings enabled. It gives you more options to tweak Popcorn Time. Go to the top right corner and click on the gear symbol. Click on it and check advanced settings on the next screen. - -![](https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Popcorn_Time_Tricks.jpeg) - -#### 2\. Watch the movies in VLC or other players - -Did you know that you can choose to watch a file in your preferred media player instead of the default Popcorn Time player? Of course, that media player should have been installed in the system. - -Now you may ask why would one want to use another player. And my answer is because other players like VLC has hidden features which you might not find in the Popcorn Time player. - -For example, if a file has very low volume, you can use VLC to enhance the audio by 400 percent. You can also [synchronize incoherent subtitles with VLC][18]. You can switch between media players before you start to play a file: - -![](https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Pocorn_Time_Tricks_1.png) - -#### 3\. Bookmark movies and watch it later - -Just browsing through movies and TV series but don’t have time or mood to watch those? No issues. You can add the movies to the bookmark and can access these bookmarked videos from the Favorites tab. This enables you to create a list of movies you would watch later. - -![](https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Pocorn_Time_Tricks2.png) - -#### 4\. Check torrent health and seed information - -As I had mentioned earlier, your viewing experience in Popcorn Times depends on torrent speed. Good thing is that Popcorn time shows the health of the torrent file so that you can be aware of the streaming speed. - -You will see a green/yellow/red dot on the file. Green means there are plenty of seeds and the file will stream easily. Yellow means a medium number of seeds, streaming should be okay. Red means there are very few seeds available and the streaming will be poor or won’t work at all. - -![](https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Pocorn_Time_Tricks3.jpg) - -#### 5\. Add custom subtitles - -If you need subtitles and it is not available in your preferred language, you can add custom subtitles downloaded from external websites. Get the .srt files and use it inside Popcorn Time: - -![](https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Pocporn_Time_Tricks5.png) - -This is where VLC comes handy as you can [download subtitles automatically with VLC][19]. - - -#### 6\. Save the files for offline viewing - -When Popcorn Times stream a content, it downloads it and store temporarily. When you close the app, it’s cleaned out. You can change this behavior so that the downloaded file remains there for your future use. - -In the advanced settings, scroll down a bit. Look for Cache directory. You can change this to some other directory like Downloads. This way, even if you close Popcorn Time, the file will be available for viewing. - -![](https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Popcorn_Time_Tips.jpg) - -#### 7\. Drag and drop external torrent files to play immediately - -I bet you did not know about this one. If you don’t find a certain movie on Popcorn Time, download the torrent file from your favorite torrent website. Open Popcorn Time and just drag and drop the torrent file in Popcorn Time. It will start playing the file, depending upon seeds. This way, you don’t need to download the entire file before watching it. - -When you drag and drop the torrent file in Popcorn Time, it will give you the option to choose which video file should it play. If there are subtitles in it, it will play automatically or else, you can add external subtitles. - -![](https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Pocorn_Time_Tricks4.png) - -There are plenty of other features in Popcorn Time. But I’ll stop with my list here and let you explore Popcorn Time on Ubuntu Linux. I hope you find these Popcorn Time tips and tricks useful. - -I am repeating again. Using Torrents is illegal in many countries. If you do that, take precaution and use a VPN service. If you are looking for my recommendation, you can go for [Swiss-based privacy company ProtonVPN][20] (of [ProtonMail][21] fame). Singapore based [Ivacy][7] is another good option. If you think these are expensive, you can look for [cheap VPN deals on It’s FOSS Shop][22]. - -Note: This article contains affiliate links. Please read our [affiliate policy][23]. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://itsfoss.com/popcorn-time-ubuntu-linux/ - -作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a] -选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/ -[1]: https://popcorntime.sh/ -[2]: https://netflix.com/ -[3]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torrent_file -[4]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popcorn_Time -[5]: https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/popcorn-time-linux.jpeg -[6]: https://itsfoss.com/netflix-firefox-linux/ -[7]: https://billing.ivacy.com/page/23628 -[8]: http://tldp.org/LDP/Linux-Filesystem-Hierarchy/html/opt.html -[9]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolic_link -[10]: https://itsfoss.com/command-line-text-editors-linux/ -[11]: https://itsfoss.com/nano-3-release/ -[12]: https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/popcorn-time-ubuntu-menu.jpg -[13]: https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/popcorn-time-ubuntu-license.jpeg -[14]: https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/popcorn-time-watch-movies.jpeg -[15]: https://ivacy.postaffiliatepro.com/accounts/default1/vdegzkxbw/7f82d531.png -[16]: https://billing.ivacy.com/page/23628/7f82d531 -[17]: http://ivacy.postaffiliatepro.com/scripts/vdegzkxiw?aff=23628&a_bid=7f82d531 -[18]: https://itsfoss.com/how-to-synchronize-subtitles-with-movie-quick-tip/ -[19]: https://itsfoss.com/download-subtitles-automatically-vlc-media-player-ubuntu/ -[20]: https://protonvpn.net/?aid=chmod777 -[21]: https://itsfoss.com/protonmail/ -[22]: https://shop.itsfoss.com/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93&query=vpn -[23]: https://itsfoss.com/affiliate-policy/ diff --git a/translated/tech/20180928 How to Install Popcorn Time on Ubuntu 18.04 and Other Linux Distributions.md b/translated/tech/20180928 How to Install Popcorn Time on Ubuntu 18.04 and Other Linux Distributions.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..5d7b3f772b --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20180928 How to Install Popcorn Time on Ubuntu 18.04 and Other Linux Distributions.md @@ -0,0 +1,230 @@ +# 如何在 Ubuntu 以及其他 Linux 发行版上安装 Popcorn Time + +**简要：这篇教程展示给你如何在 Ubuntu 和其他 Linux 发行版上安装 Popcorn Time，也会讨论一些 Popcorn Time 的便捷操作** + +[Popcorn Time][1] 是一个受开源 [Netflix][2] 启发的 [torrent][3] 流媒体应用，可以在 Linux，Mac上Windows 上运行。 + +传统的 torrents，在你看影片之前必须等待它下载完成。 + +[Popcorn Time][4] 有所不同。它的使用基于 torrent，但是允许你（几乎）立即开始观看影片。他跟你在 Youtube 或者 Netflix 等流媒体网页上看影片一样，无需等待它下载完成。 + +![Popcorn Time in Ubuntu Linux][5] +Popcorn Time + +如果你不想在看在线电影时被突如其来的广告吓倒的话，Popcorn Time 是一个不错的选择。不过要记得，它的播放质量依赖于当前网络中可用的种子（seeds）数。 + +Popcorn Time 还提供了一个不错的用户界面，让你能够浏览可用的电影，电视剧和其他视频内容。如果你曾经[在 Linux 上使用过 Netflix][6]，你会发现两者有一些相似之处。 + +有些国家严格打击盗版，所以使用 torrent 下载电影是违法行为。在类似美国，英国和西欧等一些国家，你或许曾经收到过法律声明。也就是说，是否使用取决于你。已经警告过你了。 +(如果你仍想要冒险使用 Popcorn Time，你应该使用像 [Ivacy][7] 这样的 VPN 服务，它为使用 Torrents 和保护隐私有特别的设计。即便这样，也不能完全避免被查到。) + +Popcorn Time 一些主要的特点： + + * 使用 Torrent 在线观看电影和电视剧 + * 有一个时尚的用户界面让你浏览可用的电影和电视剧资源 + * 调整流媒体的质量 + * 标记为稍后观看 + * 下载为离线观看 + * 可以默认开启字幕，改变字母尺寸等 + * 使用键盘快捷键浏览 + + +### 如何在 Ubuntu 和其它 Linux 发行版上安装 Popcorn Time + +这篇教程以 Ubuntu 18.04 为例，但是你可以使用类似的结构，在例如 Linux Mint，Debian，Manjaro，Deepin等 Linux 发行版上安装。 + +接下来我们看该如何在 Linux 上安装 Popcorn Time。事实上，这个过程非常简单。只需要按照说明操作复制粘贴我提到的这些命令即可。 + +#### 第一步：下载 Popcorn Time + +你可以从它的官网上安装 Popcorn Time。它主页上的下载链接是。 +[Get Popcorn Time](https://popcorntime.sh/) + +#### 第二步：安装 Popcorn Time + +下载完成之后，就该使用它了。下载下来的是一个 tar 文件，在这些文件里面包含有一个可执行文件。你可以把 tar 文件提取在任何位置，[Linux 常把附加软件安装在][8] /[opt 目录。][8] + +在 /opt 下创建一个新的目录： + +``` +sudo mkdir /opt/popcorntime +``` + +现在进入你下载文件的文件夹中，比如我把 Popcorn Time 下载到了主目录的 Downloads目录下。 + +``` +cd ~/Downloads +``` + +提取下载好的 Popcorn Time 文件到新创建的 /opt/popcorntime 目录下 + +``` +sudo tar Jxf Popcorn-Time-* -C /opt/popcorntime +``` + +#### 第三步：让所有用户可以使用 Popcorn Time + +如果你想要系统中所有的用户无需经过 sudo 就可以运行 Popcorn Time。你需要在 /usr/bin 目录下创建一个[符号链接（软链接）][9]指向这个可执行文件。 + +``` +ln -sf /opt/popcorntime/Popcorn-Time /usr/bin/Popcorn-Time +``` + +#### 第四步：为 Popcorn Time 创建桌面启动器 + +到目前为止，一切顺利，但是你也许想要在应用菜单里看到 Popcorn Time，又或是想把它添加到最喜欢的应用列表里等。 + +为此，你需要创建一个桌面入口。 + +打开一个终端窗口，在 /usr/share/applications 目录下创建一个名为 popcorntime.desktop 的文件。 + +你可以使用任何[基于命令行的文本编辑器][10]。Ubuntu 默认安装了 [Nano][11]，所以你可以直接使用这个。 + +``` +sudo nano /usr/share/applications/popcorntime.desktop +``` + +在里面插入以下内容： + +``` +[Desktop Entry] +Version = 1.0 +Type = Application +Terminal = false +Name = Popcorn-Time +Exec = /usr/bin/Popcorn-Time +Icon = /opt/popcorntime/popcorn.png +Categories = Application; +``` + +如果你使用的是 Nano 编辑器，使用 Ctrl+X 保存输入的内容，当询问是否保存时，输入 Y，然后按回车保存并退出。 + +就快要完成了。最后一件事就是为 Popcorn Time 设置一个正确的图标。你可以下载一个 Popcorn Time 图标到 /opt/popcorntime 目录下，并命名为 popcorn.png。 + +你可以使用以下命令： + +``` +sudo wget -O /opt/popcorntime/popcorn.png https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Pctlogo.png +``` + +这样就 OK 了。现在你可以搜索 Popcorn Time 然后点击启动它了。 + +![Popcorn Time installed on Ubuntu][12] +在菜单里搜索 Popcorn Time + +第一次启动时，你必须接受这些条款和条件。 + +![Popcorn Time in Ubuntu][13] +接受这些服务条款 + +一旦你完成这些，你就可以享受你的电影和电视节目了。 + +![Watch movies on Popcorn Time][14] + +好了，这就是所有你在 Ubuntu 或者其他 Linux 发行版上安装 Popcorn Time 所需要的了。你可以直接开始看你最喜欢的影视节目了。 + +当然，如果你有兴趣的话，我建议你阅读以下关于 Popcorn Time 的小贴士，可以学到更多。 + +[![][15]][16] +![][17] + +### 高效使用 Popcorn Time 的七个小贴士 + +现在你已经安装好了 Popcorn Time 了，我接下来将要告诉你一些有用的 Popcorn Time 技巧。我保证它会增强你使用 Popcorn Time 的体验。 + +#### 1\. 使用高级设置 + +始终启用高级设置。它给了你更多的选项去调整 Popcorn Time 点击右上角的齿轮标记。查看其中的高级设置。 + +![](https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Popcorn_Time_Tricks.jpeg) + +#### 2\. 在 VLC 或者其他播放器里观看影片 + +你知道你可以选择自己喜欢的播放器而不是 Popcorn Time 默认的播放器观看一个视频吗？当然，这个播放器必须已经安装在你的系统上了。 + +现在你可能会问为什么要使用其他的播放器。我的回答是：其他播放器可以弥补 Popcorn Time 默认播放器上的一些不足。 + +例如，如果一个文件的声音非常小，你可以使用 VLC 将音频声音增强 400%，你还可以[使用 VLC 同步不连贯的字幕][18]。你可以在播放文件之前在不同的媒体播放器之间进行切换。 + +![](https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Pocorn_Time_Tricks_1.png) + +#### 3\. 将影片标记为稍后观看 + +只是浏览电影和电视节目，但是却没有时间和精力去看？这不是问题。你可以添加这些影片到书签里面，稍后可以在 Faveriate 标签里面访问这些影片。这可以让你创建一个你想要稍后观看的列表。 + +![](https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Pocorn_Time_Tricks2.png) + +#### 4\. 检查 torrent 的信息和种子信息 + +像我之前提到的，你在 Popcorn Time 的观看体验依赖于 torrent 的速度。好消息是 Popcorn Time 显示了 torrent 的信息，因此你可以知道流媒体的速度。 + +你可以在文件上看到一个绿色 / 黄色 / 红色的点。绿色意味着有足够的种子，文件很容易播放。黄色意味着有中等数量的种子，应该可以播放。红色意味着只有非常少可用的种子，播放的速度会很慢甚至无法观看。 + +![](https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Pocorn_Time_Tricks3.jpg) + +#### 5\. 添加自定义字幕 + +如果你需要字幕而且它没有你想要的语言，你可以从外部网站下载自定义字幕。得到 .src 文件，然后就可以在 Popcorn Time 中使用它： + +![](https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Pocporn_Time_Tricks5.png) + +这是[用 VLC 自动下载字幕][19] + +#### 6\. 保存文件离线观看 + +用 Popcorn Time 播放内容时，它会下载并暂时存储这些内容。当你关闭 APP 时，缓存会被清理干净。你可以更改这个操作，使得下载的文件可以保存下来供你未来使用。 + +在高级设置里面，向下滚动一点。找到缓存目录，你可以把它更改到其他像是 Downloads 目录，这下你即便关闭了 Popcorn Time，这些文件依旧可以观看。 + +![](https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Popcorn_Time_Tips.jpg) + +#### 7\. 拖放外部 torrent 文件立即播放 + +我猜你不知道这个操作。如果你没有在 Popcorn Time 发现某些影片，从你最喜欢的 torrent 网站下载 torrent 文件，打开 Popcorn Time，然后拖放这个 torrent 文件到 Popcorn Time 里面。它将会立即播放文件，当然这个取决于种子。这次你不需要在观看前下载整个文件了。 + +当你拖放文件到 Popcorn Time 后，它将会给你对应的选项，选择它应该播放的。如果里面有字幕，它会自动播放，否则你需要添加外部字幕。 + +![](https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Pocorn_Time_Tricks4.png) + +在 Popcorn Time 里面有很多的功能，但是我决定就此打住，剩下的就由你自己来探索吧。我希望你能发现更多 Popcorn Time 有用的功能和技巧。 + +我再提醒一遍，使用 Torrents 在很多国家是违法的。如果你还是这样做了，请做好防护措施，并使用 VPN 服务。如果你想要我的建议，你可以去看一下（让 [ProtonMail][21] 成名的）[瑞士的隐私公司 ProtonVPN][20]。新加坡的 [Ivacy][7] 也是一个不错的选择。如果你觉得这些都太贵了，你可以看一下[在 FOSS SHOP 上廉价的 VPN][22] + +注意：这篇文章里包含了会员链接，请阅读我们的[会员隐私][23]。 + + +----------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/popcorn-time-ubuntu-linux/ + +作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a] +选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) +译者：[dianbanjiu](https://github.com/dianbanjiu) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/ +[1]: https://popcorntime.sh/ +[2]: https://netflix.com/ +[3]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torrent_file +[4]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popcorn_Time +[5]: https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/popcorn-time-linux.jpeg +[6]: https://itsfoss.com/netflix-firefox-linux/ +[7]: https://billing.ivacy.com/page/23628 +[8]: http://tldp.org/LDP/Linux-Filesystem-Hierarchy/html/opt.html +[9]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolic_link +[10]: https://itsfoss.com/command-line-text-editors-linux/ +[11]: https://itsfoss.com/nano-3-release/ +[12]: https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/popcorn-time-ubuntu-menu.jpg +[13]: https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/popcorn-time-ubuntu-license.jpeg +[14]: https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/popcorn-time-watch-movies.jpeg +[15]: https://ivacy.postaffiliatepro.com/accounts/default1/vdegzkxbw/7f82d531.png +[16]: https://billing.ivacy.com/page/23628/7f82d531 +[17]: http://ivacy.postaffiliatepro.com/scripts/vdegzkxiw?aff=23628&a_bid=7f82d531 +[18]: https://itsfoss.com/how-to-synchronize-subtitles-with-movie-quick-tip/ +[19]: https://itsfoss.com/download-subtitles-automatically-vlc-media-player-ubuntu/ +[20]: https://protonvpn.net/?aid=chmod777 +[21]: https://itsfoss.com/protonmail/ +[22]: https://shop.itsfoss.com/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93&query=vpn +[23]: https://itsfoss.com/affiliate-policy/ From a66fc2babc22e5bdfc580cae6c09d7e9482e1fc1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: HankChow <280630620@qq.com> Date: Mon, 1 Oct 2018 20:42:23 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 067/219] hankchow translating --- ...180823 How To Easily And Safely Manage Cron Jobs In Linux.md | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20180823 How To Easily And Safely Manage Cron Jobs In Linux.md b/sources/tech/20180823 How To Easily And Safely Manage Cron Jobs In Linux.md index aa4ec0a655..3f65ac7825 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20180823 How To Easily And Safely Manage Cron Jobs In Linux.md +++ b/sources/tech/20180823 How To Easily And Safely Manage Cron Jobs In Linux.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +HankChow translating + How To Easily And Safely Manage Cron Jobs In Linux ====== From 2b39f9d568e29a7c0d2af208f8b3403f7414abfb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Mon, 1 Oct 2018 21:16:27 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 068/219] PRF:20180901 5 Ways to Take Screenshot in Linux GUI and Terminal.md @HankChow --- ...ke Screenshot in Linux GUI and Terminal.md | 100 ++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 47 insertions(+), 53 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180901 5 Ways to Take Screenshot in Linux GUI and Terminal.md b/translated/tech/20180901 5 Ways to Take Screenshot in Linux GUI and Terminal.md index b8872981fe..c6618b9a52 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20180901 5 Ways to Take Screenshot in Linux GUI and Terminal.md +++ b/translated/tech/20180901 5 Ways to Take Screenshot in Linux GUI and Terminal.md @@ -1,6 +1,7 @@ -5 种在 Linux 图形界面或命令行界面截图的方法 +在 Linux 下截屏并编辑的最佳工具 ====== -下面介绍几种获取屏幕截图并对其编辑的方法，而且其中的屏幕截图工具在 Ubuntu 和其它主流 Linux 发行版中都能够使用。 + +> 有几种获取屏幕截图并对其进行添加文字、箭头等编辑的方法，这里提及的的屏幕截图工具在 Ubuntu 和其它主流 Linux 发行版中都能够使用。 ![在 Ubuntu Linux 中如何获取屏幕截图][1] @@ -8,26 +9,26 @@ 本文将会介绍在不适用第三方工具的情况下，如何通过系统自带的方法和工具获取屏幕截图，另外还会介绍一些可用于 Linux 的最佳截图工具。 -### 方法 1: 在 Linux 中截图的默认方式 +### 方法 1：在 Linux 中截图的默认方式 -你是否需要截取整个屏幕？屏幕中的某个区域？某个特定的窗口？ +你想要截取整个屏幕？屏幕中的某个区域？某个特定的窗口？ 如果只需要获取一张屏幕截图，不对其进行编辑的话，那么键盘的默认快捷键就可以满足要求了。而且不仅仅是 Ubuntu ，绝大部分的 Linux 发行版和桌面环境都支持以下这些快捷键： -**PrtSc** – 获取整个屏幕的截图并保存到 Pictures 目录。 -**Shift + PrtSc** – 获取屏幕的某个区域截图并保存到 Pictures 目录。 -**Alt + PrtSc** –获取当前窗口的截图并保存到 Pictures 目录。 -**Ctrl + PrtSc** – 获取整个屏幕的截图并存放到剪贴板。 -**Shift + Ctrl + PrtSc** – 获取屏幕的某个区域截图并存放到剪贴板。 -**Ctrl + Alt + PrtSc** – 获取当前窗口的 截图并存放到剪贴板。 +- `PrtSc` – 获取整个屏幕的截图并保存到 Pictures 目录。 +- `Shift + PrtSc` – 获取屏幕的某个区域截图并保存到 Pictures 目录。 +- `Alt + PrtSc` –获取当前窗口的截图并保存到 Pictures 目录。 +- `Ctrl + PrtSc` – 获取整个屏幕的截图并存放到剪贴板。 +- `Shift + Ctrl + PrtSc` – 获取屏幕的某个区域截图并存放到剪贴板。 +- `Ctrl + Alt + PrtSc` – 获取当前窗口的 截图并存放到剪贴板。 如上所述，在 Linux 中使用默认的快捷键获取屏幕截图是相当简单的。但如果要在不把屏幕截图导入到其它应用程序的情况下对屏幕截图进行编辑，还是使用屏幕截图工具比较方便。 -#### **方法 2: 在 Linux 中使用 Flameshot 获取屏幕截图并编辑** +### 方法 2：在 Linux 中使用 Flameshot 获取屏幕截图并编辑 ![flameshot][2] -功能概述 +功能概述： * 注释 (高亮、标示、添加文本、框选) * 图片模糊 @@ -35,66 +36,63 @@ * 上传到 Imgur * 用另一个应用打开截图 +Flameshot 在去年发布到 [GitHub][3]，并成为一个引人注目的工具。 - -Flameshot 在去年发布到 [GitHub][3]，并成为一个引人注目的工具。如果你需要的是一个能够用于标注、模糊、上传到 imgur 的新式截图工具，那么 Flameshot 是一个好的选择。 +如果你需要的是一个能够用于标注、模糊、上传到 imgur 的新式截图工具，那么 Flameshot 是一个好的选择。 下面将会介绍如何安装 Flameshot 并根据你的偏好进行配置。 如果你用的是 Ubuntu，那么只需要在 Ubuntu 软件中心上搜索，就可以找到 Flameshot 进而完成安装了。要是你想使用终端来安装，可以执行以下命令： + ``` sudo apt install flameshot - ``` -如果你在安装过程中遇到问题，可以按照[官方的安装说明][4]进行操作。安装完成后，你还需要进行配置。尽管可以通过搜索来随时启动 Flameshot，但如果想使用 PrtSc 键触发启动，则需要指定对应的键盘快捷键。以下是相关配置步骤： +如果你在安装过程中遇到问题，可以按照[官方的安装说明][4]进行操作。安装完成后，你还需要进行配置。尽管可以通过搜索来随时启动 Flameshot，但如果想使用 `PrtSc` 键触发启动，则需要指定对应的键盘快捷键。以下是相关配置步骤： - * 进入系统设置中的键盘设置 - * 页面中会列出所有现有的键盘快捷键，拉到底部就会看见一个 **+** 按钮 + * 进入系统设置中的“键盘设置” + * 页面中会列出所有现有的键盘快捷键，拉到底部就会看见一个 “+” 按钮 * 点击 “+” 按钮添加自定义快捷键并输入以下两个字段： -**名称:** 任意名称均可 -**命令:** /usr/bin/flameshot gui - * 最后将这个快捷操作绑定到 **PrtSc** 键上，可能会提示与系统的截图功能相冲突，但可以忽略掉这个警告。 - - + * “名称”： 任意名称均可。 + * “命令”： `/usr/bin/flameshot gui` + * 最后将这个快捷操作绑定到 `PrtSc` 键上，可能会提示与系统的截图功能相冲突，但可以忽略掉这个警告。 配置之后，你的自定义快捷键页面大概会是以下这样： ![][5] -将键盘快捷键映射到 Flameshot -### **方法 3: 在 Linux 中使用 Shutter 获取屏幕截图并编辑** +*将键盘快捷键映射到 Flameshot* + +### 方法 3：在 Linux 中使用 Shutter 获取屏幕截图并编辑 ![][6] -功能概述: +功能概述： * 注释 (高亮、标示、添加文本、框选) * 图片模糊 * 图片裁剪 * 上传到图片网站 - - [Shutter][7] 是一个对所有主流 Linux 发行版都适用的屏幕截图工具。尽管最近已经不太更新了，但仍然是操作屏幕截图的一个优秀工具。 -在使用过程中可能会遇到这个工具的一些缺陷。Shutter 在任何一款最新的 Linux 发行版上最常见的问题就是由于缺少了任务栏上的程序图标，导致默认禁用了编辑屏幕截图的功能。 对于这个缺陷，还是有解决方案的。下面介绍一下如何[在 Shutter 中重新打开这个功能并将程序图标在任务栏上显示出来][8]。问题修复后，就可以使用 Shutter 来快速编辑屏幕截图了。 +在使用过程中可能会遇到这个工具的一些缺陷。Shutter 在任何一款最新的 Linux 发行版上最常见的问题就是由于缺少了任务栏上的程序图标，导致默认禁用了编辑屏幕截图的功能。 对于这个缺陷，还是有解决方案的。你只需要跟随我们的教程[在 Shutter 中修复这个禁止编辑选项并将程序图标在任务栏上显示出来][8]。问题修复后，就可以使用 Shutter 来快速编辑屏幕截图了。 同样地，在软件中心搜索也可以找到进而安装 Shutter，也可以在基于 Ubuntu 的发行版中执行以下命令使用命令行安装： + ``` sudo apt install shutter - ``` -类似 Flameshot，你可以通过搜索 Shutter 手动启动它，也可以按照相似的方式设置自定义快捷方式以 **PrtSc** 键唤起 Shutter。 +类似 Flameshot，你可以通过搜索 Shutter 手动启动它，也可以按照相似的方式设置自定义快捷方式以 `PrtSc` 键唤起 Shutter。 如果要指定自定义键盘快捷键，只需要执行以下命令： + ``` shutter -f - ``` -### 方法 4: 在 Linux 中使用 GIMP 获取屏幕截图 +### 方法 4：在 Linux 中使用 GIMP 获取屏幕截图 ![][9] @@ -103,83 +101,79 @@ shutter -f * 高级图像编辑功能（缩放、添加滤镜、颜色校正、添加图层、裁剪等） * 截取某一区域的屏幕截图 - - 如果需要对屏幕截图进行一些预先编辑，GIMP 是一个不错的选择。 通过软件中心可以安装 GIMP。如果在安装时遇到问题，可以参考其[官方网站的安装说明][10]。 -要使用 GIMP 获取屏幕截图，需要先启动程序，然后通过 **File-> Create-> Screenshot** 导航。 +要使用 GIMP 获取屏幕截图，需要先启动程序，然后通过 “File-> Create-> Screenshot” 导航。 -打开 Screenshot 选项后，会看到几个控制点来控制屏幕截图范围。点击 **Snap** 截取屏幕截图，图像将自动显示在 GIMP 中可供编辑。 +打开 Screenshot 选项后，会看到几个控制点来控制屏幕截图范围。点击 “Snap” 截取屏幕截图，图像将自动显示在 GIMP 中可供编辑。 -### 方法 5: 在 Linux 中使用命令行工具获取屏幕截图 +### 方法 5：在 Linux 中使用命令行工具获取屏幕截图 -这一节内容仅适用于终端爱好者。如果你也喜欢使用终端，可以使用 **GNOME 截图工具**或 **ImageMagick** 或 **Deepin Scrot**，大部分流行的 Linux 发行版中都自带这些工具。 +这一节内容仅适用于终端爱好者。如果你也喜欢使用终端，可以使用 “GNOME 截图工具”或 “ImageMagick” 或 “Deepin Scrot”，大部分流行的 Linux 发行版中都自带这些工具。 要立即获取屏幕截图，可以执行以下命令： -#### GNOME Screenshot（可用于 GNOME 桌面） +#### GNOME 截图工具（可用于 GNOME 桌面） + ``` gnome-screenshot - ``` -GNOME Screenshot 是使用 GNOME 桌面的 Linux 发行版中都自带的一个默认工具。如果需要延时获取屏幕截图，可以执行以下命令（这里的 **5** 是需要延迟的秒数）： +GNOME 截图工具是使用 GNOME 桌面的 Linux 发行版中都自带的一个默认工具。如果需要延时获取屏幕截图，可以执行以下命令（这里的 `5` 是需要延迟的秒数）： ``` gnome-screenshot -d -5 - ``` #### ImageMagick 如果你的操作系统是 Ubuntu、Mint 或其它流行的 Linux 发行版，一般会自带 [ImageMagick][11] 这个工具。如果没有这个工具，也可以按照[官方安装说明][12]使用安装源来安装。你也可以在终端中执行这个命令： + ``` sudo apt-get install imagemagick - ``` 安装完成后，执行下面的命令就可以获取到屏幕截图（截取整个屏幕）： ``` import -window root image.png - ``` -这里的“image.png”就是屏幕截图文件保存的名称。 +这里的 “image.png” 就是屏幕截图文件保存的名称。 要获取屏幕一个区域的截图，可以执行以下命令: + ``` import image.png - ``` #### Deepin Scrot Deepin Scrot 是基于终端的一个较新的截图工具。和前面两个工具类似，一般自带于 Linux 发行版中。如果需要自行安装，可以执行以下命令： + ``` sudo apt-get install scrot - ``` 安装完成后，使用下面这些命令可以获取屏幕截图。 获取整个屏幕的截图： + ``` scrot myimage.png - ``` 获取屏幕某一区域的截图： + ``` scrot -s myimage.png - ``` ### 总结 -以上是一些在 Linux 上的优秀截图工具。当然还有很多截图工具没有提及（例如 [Spectacle][13] for KDE-distros），但相比起来还是上面几个工具更为好用。 +以上是一些在 Linux 上的优秀截图工具。当然还有很多截图工具没有提及（例如用于 KDE 发行版的 [Spectacle][13]），但相比起来还是上面几个工具更为好用。 如果你有比文章中提到的更好的截图工具，欢迎讨论！ @@ -189,8 +183,8 @@ via: https://itsfoss.com/take-screenshot-linux/ 作者：[Ankush Das][a] 选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[HankChow](https://github.com/HankChow) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 0a57a6ddac60f2f27e3b7fd59b07ecbdaae91756 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Mon, 1 Oct 2018 21:17:50 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 069/219] PUB:20180901 5 Ways to Take Screenshot in Linux GUI and Terminal.md @HankChow https://linux.cn/article-10070-1.html --- ...0180901 5 Ways to Take Screenshot in Linux GUI and Terminal.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20180901 5 Ways to Take Screenshot in Linux GUI and Terminal.md (100%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180901 5 Ways to Take Screenshot in Linux GUI and Terminal.md b/published/20180901 5 Ways to Take Screenshot in Linux GUI and Terminal.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/tech/20180901 5 Ways to Take Screenshot in Linux GUI and Terminal.md rename to published/20180901 5 Ways to Take Screenshot in Linux GUI and Terminal.md From 2e08815b78381e9c561c194c1d45061f8a54b121 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=> 201809}/20180203 API Star- Python 3 API Framework - Polyglot.Ninja().md (100%) rename published/{ => 201809}/20180226 Linux Virtual Machines vs Linux Live Images.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201809}/20180308 What is open source programming.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201809}/20180316 How to Encrypt Files From Within a File Manager.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201809}/20180324 How To Compress And Decompress Files In Linux.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201809}/20180326 Start a blog in 30 minutes with Hugo, a static site generator written in Go.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201809}/20180402 Understanding Linux filesystems- ext4 and beyond.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201809}/20180424 A gentle introduction to FreeDOS.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201809}/20180425 Understanding metrics and monitoring with Python - Opensource.com.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201809}/20180427 An Official Introduction to the Go Compiler.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201809}/20180516 How Graphics Cards Work.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201809}/20180516 Manipulating Directories in Linux.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201809}/20180518 Mastering CI-CD at OpenDev.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201809}/20180525 Getting started with the Python debugger.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201809}/20180529 How To Add Additional IP (Secondary IP) In Ubuntu System.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201809}/20180618 Twitter Sentiment Analysis using NodeJS.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201809}/20180626 How to build a professional network when you work in a bazaar.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201809}/20180702 View The Contents Of An Archive Or Compressed File Without Extracting It.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201809}/20180703 Understanding Python Dataclasses — Part 1.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201809}/20180706 Anatomy of a Linux DNS Lookup - Part III.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201809}/20180710 How To View Detailed Information About A Package In Linux.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201809}/20180717 Getting started with Etcher.io.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201809}/20180720 An Introduction to Using Git.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201809}/20180720 How to Install 2048 Game in Ubuntu and Other Linux Distributions.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201809}/20180720 How to build a URL shortener with Apache.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201809}/20180725 How do private keys work in PKI and cryptography.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201809}/20180730 7 Python libraries for more maintainable code.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201809}/20180730 How to use VS Code for your Python projects.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201809}/20180802 Distrochooser Helps Linux Beginners To Choose A Suitable Linux Distribution.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201809}/20180803 10 Popular Windows Apps That Are Also Available on Linux.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201809}/20180804 Installing Andriod on VirtualBox.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201809}/20180806 Anatomy of a Linux DNS Lookup - Part IV.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201809}/20180806 Installing and using Git and GitHub on Ubuntu Linux- A beginner-s guide.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201809}/20180808 5 applications to manage your to-do list on Fedora.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201809}/20180808 5 open source role-playing games for Linux.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201809}/20180810 6 Reasons Why Linux Users Switch to BSD.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201809}/20180810 Automatically Switch To Light - Dark Gtk Themes Based On Sunrise And Sunset Times With AutomaThemely.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201809}/20180813 MPV Player- A Minimalist Video Player for Linux.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201809}/20180815 How To Enable Hardware Accelerated Video Decoding In Chromium On Ubuntu Or Linux Mint.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201809}/20180822 How To Switch Between TTYs Without Using Function Keys In Linux.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201809}/20180822 What is a Makefile and how does it work.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201809}/20180823 An introduction to pipes and named pipes in Linux.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201809}/20180823 How to publish a WordPress blog to a static GitLab Pages site.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201809}/20180824 How to install software from the Linux command line.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201809}/20180824 Steam Makes it Easier to Play Windows Games on Linux.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201809}/20180824 [Solved] -sub process usr bin dpkg returned an error code 1- Error in Ubuntu.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201809}/20180826 How to capture and analyze packets with tcpdump command on Linux.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201809}/20180827 An introduction to diffs and patches.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201809}/20180828 15 command-line aliases to save you time.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201809}/20180828 A Cat Clone With Syntax Highlighting And Git Integration.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201809}/20180828 How to Play Windows-only Games on Linux with Steam Play.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201809}/20180829 Add GUIs to your programs and scripts easily with PySimpleGUI.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201809}/20180830 How To Reset MySQL Or MariaDB Root Password.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201809}/20180830 How to Update Firmware on Ubuntu 18.04.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201809}/20180831 6 open source tools for making your own VPN.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201809}/20180831 How to Create a Slideshow of Photos in Ubuntu 18.04 and other Linux Distributions.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201809}/20180903 Turn your vi editor into a productivity powerhouse.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201809}/20180904 8 Linux commands for effective process management.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201809}/20180904 Why I love Xonsh.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201809}/20180905 5 tips to improve productivity with zsh.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201809}/20180905 8 great Python libraries for side projects.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201809}/20180905 Find your systems easily on a LAN with mDNS.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201809}/20180906 3 top open source JavaScript chart libraries.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201809}/20180906 Two open source alternatives to Flash Player.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201809}/20180907 Autotrash - A CLI Tool To Automatically Purge Old Trashed Files.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201809}/20180907 What do open source and cooking have in common.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201809}/20180909 What is ZFS- Why People Use ZFS- [Explained for Beginners].md (100%) rename published/{ => 201809}/20180910 13 Keyboard Shortcut Every Ubuntu 18.04 User Should Know.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201809}/20180910 3 open source log aggregation tools.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201809}/20180910 Randomize your MAC address using NetworkManager.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201809}/20180911 Visualize Disk Usage On Your Linux System.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201809}/20180912 How To Configure Mouse Support For Linux Virtual Consoles.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201809}/20180917 Linux tricks that can save you time and trouble.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201809}/20180918 How To Force APT Package Manager To Use IPv4 In Ubuntu 16.04.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201809}/20180919 Understand Fedora memory usage with top.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201809}/20180924 Make The Output Of Ping Command Prettier And Easier To Read.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201809}/20180929 Getting started with the i3 window manager on Linux.md (100%) diff --git a/published/20140805 How to Install Cinnamon Desktop on Ubuntu.md b/published/201809/20140805 How to Install Cinnamon Desktop on Ubuntu.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20140805 How to Install Cinnamon Desktop on Ubuntu.md rename to published/201809/20140805 How to Install Cinnamon Desktop on Ubuntu.md diff --git a/published/20160503 Cloud Commander - A Web File Manager With Console And Editor.md b/published/201809/20160503 Cloud Commander - A Web File Manager With Console And Editor.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20160503 Cloud Commander - A Web File Manager With Console And Editor.md rename to published/201809/20160503 Cloud Commander - A Web File Manager With Console And Editor.md diff --git a/published/20170706 Docker Guide Dockerizing Python Django Application.md b/published/201809/20170706 Docker Guide Dockerizing Python Django Application.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20170706 Docker Guide Dockerizing Python Django Application.md rename to published/201809/20170706 Docker Guide Dockerizing Python Django Application.md diff --git a/published/20170709 The Extensive Guide to Creating Streams in RxJS.md b/published/201809/20170709 The Extensive Guide to Creating Streams in RxJS.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20170709 The Extensive Guide to Creating Streams in RxJS.md rename to published/201809/20170709 The Extensive Guide to Creating Streams in RxJS.md diff --git a/published/20170829 How To Set Up PF Firewall on FreeBSD to Protect a Web Server.md b/published/201809/20170829 How To Set Up PF Firewall on FreeBSD to Protect a Web Server.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20170829 How To Set Up PF Firewall on FreeBSD to Protect a Web Server.md rename to published/201809/20170829 How To Set Up PF Firewall on FreeBSD to Protect a Web Server.md diff --git a/published/20171003 Trash-Cli - A Command Line Interface For Trashcan On Linux.md b/published/201809/20171003 Trash-Cli - A Command Line Interface For Trashcan On Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20171003 Trash-Cli - A Command Line Interface For Trashcan On Linux.md rename to published/201809/20171003 Trash-Cli - A Command Line Interface For Trashcan On Linux.md diff --git a/published/20171010 Operating a Kubernetes network.md b/published/201809/20171010 Operating a Kubernetes network.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20171010 Operating a Kubernetes network.md rename to published/201809/20171010 Operating a Kubernetes network.md diff --git a/published/20171124 How do groups work on Linux.md b/published/201809/20171124 How do groups work on Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20171124 How do groups work on Linux.md rename to published/201809/20171124 How do groups work on Linux.md diff --git a/published/20171202 Scrot Linux command-line screen grabs made simple.md b/published/201809/20171202 Scrot Linux command-line screen grabs made simple.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20171202 Scrot Linux command-line screen grabs made simple.md rename to published/201809/20171202 Scrot Linux command-line screen grabs made simple.md diff --git a/published/20180102 Top 7 open source project management tools for agile teams.md b/published/201809/20180102 Top 7 open source project management tools for agile teams.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180102 Top 7 open source project management tools for agile teams.md rename to published/201809/20180102 Top 7 open source project management tools for agile teams.md diff --git a/published/20180131 What I Learned from Programming Interviews.md b/published/201809/20180131 What I Learned from Programming Interviews.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180131 What I Learned from Programming Interviews.md rename to published/201809/20180131 What I Learned from Programming Interviews.md diff --git a/published/20180201 Here are some amazing advantages of Go that you dont hear much about.md b/published/201809/20180201 Here are some amazing advantages of Go that you dont hear much about.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180201 Here are some amazing advantages of Go that you dont hear much about.md rename to published/201809/20180201 Here are some amazing advantages of Go that you dont hear much about.md diff --git a/published/20180203 API Star- Python 3 API Framework - Polyglot.Ninja().md b/published/201809/20180203 API Star- Python 3 API Framework - Polyglot.Ninja().md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180203 API Star- Python 3 API Framework - Polyglot.Ninja().md rename to published/201809/20180203 API Star- Python 3 API Framework - Polyglot.Ninja().md diff --git a/published/20180226 Linux Virtual Machines vs Linux Live Images.md b/published/201809/20180226 Linux Virtual Machines vs Linux Live Images.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180226 Linux Virtual Machines vs Linux Live Images.md rename to published/201809/20180226 Linux Virtual Machines vs Linux Live Images.md diff --git a/published/20180308 What is open source programming.md b/published/201809/20180308 What is open source programming.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180308 What is open source programming.md rename to published/201809/20180308 What is open source programming.md diff --git a/published/20180316 How to Encrypt Files From Within a File Manager.md b/published/201809/20180316 How to Encrypt Files From Within a File Manager.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180316 How to Encrypt Files From Within a File Manager.md rename to published/201809/20180316 How to Encrypt Files From Within a File Manager.md diff --git a/published/20180324 How To Compress And Decompress Files In Linux.md b/published/201809/20180324 How To Compress And Decompress Files In Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180324 How To Compress And Decompress Files In Linux.md rename to published/201809/20180324 How To Compress And Decompress Files In Linux.md diff --git a/published/20180326 Start a blog in 30 minutes with Hugo, a static site generator written in Go.md b/published/201809/20180326 Start a blog in 30 minutes with Hugo, a static site generator written in Go.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180326 Start a blog in 30 minutes with Hugo, a static site generator written in Go.md rename to published/201809/20180326 Start a blog in 30 minutes with Hugo, a static site generator written in Go.md diff --git a/published/20180402 Understanding Linux filesystems- ext4 and beyond.md b/published/201809/20180402 Understanding Linux filesystems- ext4 and beyond.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180402 Understanding Linux filesystems- ext4 and beyond.md rename to published/201809/20180402 Understanding Linux filesystems- ext4 and beyond.md diff --git a/published/20180424 A gentle introduction to FreeDOS.md b/published/201809/20180424 A gentle introduction to FreeDOS.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180424 A gentle introduction to FreeDOS.md rename to published/201809/20180424 A gentle introduction to FreeDOS.md diff --git a/published/20180425 Understanding metrics and monitoring with Python - Opensource.com.md b/published/201809/20180425 Understanding metrics and monitoring with Python - Opensource.com.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180425 Understanding metrics and monitoring with Python - Opensource.com.md rename to published/201809/20180425 Understanding metrics and monitoring with Python - Opensource.com.md diff --git a/published/20180427 An Official Introduction to the Go Compiler.md b/published/201809/20180427 An Official Introduction to the Go Compiler.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180427 An Official Introduction to the Go Compiler.md rename to published/201809/20180427 An Official Introduction to the Go Compiler.md diff --git a/published/20180516 How Graphics Cards Work.md b/published/201809/20180516 How Graphics Cards Work.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180516 How Graphics Cards Work.md rename to published/201809/20180516 How Graphics Cards Work.md diff --git a/published/20180516 Manipulating Directories in Linux.md b/published/201809/20180516 Manipulating Directories in Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180516 Manipulating Directories in Linux.md rename to published/201809/20180516 Manipulating Directories in Linux.md diff --git a/published/20180518 Mastering CI-CD at OpenDev.md b/published/201809/20180518 Mastering CI-CD at OpenDev.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180518 Mastering CI-CD at OpenDev.md rename to published/201809/20180518 Mastering CI-CD at OpenDev.md diff --git a/published/20180525 Getting started with the Python debugger.md b/published/201809/20180525 Getting started with the Python debugger.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180525 Getting started with the Python debugger.md rename to published/201809/20180525 Getting started with the Python debugger.md diff --git a/published/20180529 How To Add Additional IP (Secondary IP) In Ubuntu System.md b/published/201809/20180529 How To Add Additional IP (Secondary IP) In Ubuntu System.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180529 How To Add Additional IP (Secondary IP) In Ubuntu System.md rename to published/201809/20180529 How To Add Additional IP (Secondary IP) In Ubuntu System.md diff --git a/published/20180618 Twitter Sentiment Analysis using NodeJS.md b/published/201809/20180618 Twitter Sentiment Analysis using NodeJS.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180618 Twitter Sentiment Analysis using NodeJS.md rename to published/201809/20180618 Twitter Sentiment Analysis using NodeJS.md diff --git a/published/20180626 How to build a professional network when you work in a bazaar.md b/published/201809/20180626 How to build a professional network when you work in a bazaar.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180626 How to build a professional network when you work in a bazaar.md rename to published/201809/20180626 How to build a professional network when you work in a bazaar.md diff --git a/published/20180702 View The Contents Of An Archive Or Compressed File Without Extracting It.md b/published/201809/20180702 View The Contents Of An Archive Or Compressed File Without Extracting It.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180702 View The Contents Of An Archive Or Compressed File Without Extracting It.md rename to published/201809/20180702 View The Contents Of An Archive Or Compressed File Without Extracting It.md diff --git a/published/20180703 Understanding Python Dataclasses — Part 1.md b/published/201809/20180703 Understanding Python Dataclasses — Part 1.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180703 Understanding Python Dataclasses — Part 1.md rename to published/201809/20180703 Understanding Python Dataclasses — Part 1.md diff --git a/published/20180706 Anatomy of a Linux DNS Lookup - Part III.md b/published/201809/20180706 Anatomy of a Linux DNS Lookup - Part III.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180706 Anatomy of a Linux DNS Lookup - Part III.md rename to published/201809/20180706 Anatomy of a Linux DNS Lookup - Part III.md diff --git a/published/20180710 How To View Detailed Information About A Package In Linux.md b/published/201809/20180710 How To View Detailed Information About A Package In Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180710 How To View Detailed Information About A Package In Linux.md rename to published/201809/20180710 How To View Detailed Information About A Package In Linux.md diff --git a/published/20180717 Getting started with Etcher.io.md b/published/201809/20180717 Getting started with Etcher.io.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180717 Getting started with Etcher.io.md rename to published/201809/20180717 Getting started with Etcher.io.md diff --git a/published/20180720 An Introduction to Using Git.md b/published/201809/20180720 An Introduction to Using Git.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180720 An Introduction to Using Git.md rename to published/201809/20180720 An Introduction to Using Git.md diff --git a/published/20180720 How to Install 2048 Game in Ubuntu and Other Linux Distributions.md b/published/201809/20180720 How to Install 2048 Game in Ubuntu and Other Linux Distributions.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180720 How to Install 2048 Game in Ubuntu and Other Linux Distributions.md rename to published/201809/20180720 How to Install 2048 Game in Ubuntu and Other Linux Distributions.md diff --git a/published/20180720 How to build a URL shortener with Apache.md b/published/201809/20180720 How to build a URL shortener with Apache.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180720 How to build a URL shortener with Apache.md rename to published/201809/20180720 How to build a URL shortener with Apache.md diff --git a/published/20180725 How do private keys work in PKI and cryptography.md b/published/201809/20180725 How do private keys work in PKI and cryptography.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180725 How do private keys work in PKI and cryptography.md rename to published/201809/20180725 How do private keys work in PKI and cryptography.md diff --git a/published/20180730 7 Python libraries for more maintainable code.md b/published/201809/20180730 7 Python libraries for more maintainable code.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180730 7 Python libraries for more maintainable code.md rename to published/201809/20180730 7 Python libraries for more maintainable code.md diff --git a/published/20180730 How to use VS Code for your Python projects.md b/published/201809/20180730 How to use VS Code for your Python projects.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180730 How to use VS Code for your Python projects.md rename to published/201809/20180730 How to use VS Code for your Python projects.md diff --git a/published/20180802 Distrochooser Helps Linux Beginners To Choose A Suitable Linux Distribution.md b/published/201809/20180802 Distrochooser Helps Linux Beginners To Choose A Suitable Linux Distribution.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180802 Distrochooser Helps Linux Beginners To Choose A Suitable Linux Distribution.md rename to published/201809/20180802 Distrochooser Helps Linux Beginners To Choose A Suitable Linux Distribution.md diff --git a/published/20180803 10 Popular Windows Apps That Are Also Available on Linux.md b/published/201809/20180803 10 Popular Windows Apps That Are Also Available on Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180803 10 Popular Windows Apps That Are Also Available on Linux.md rename to published/201809/20180803 10 Popular Windows Apps That Are Also Available on Linux.md diff --git a/published/20180804 Installing Andriod on VirtualBox.md b/published/201809/20180804 Installing Andriod on VirtualBox.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180804 Installing Andriod on VirtualBox.md rename to published/201809/20180804 Installing Andriod on VirtualBox.md diff --git a/published/20180806 Anatomy of a Linux DNS Lookup - Part IV.md b/published/201809/20180806 Anatomy of a Linux DNS Lookup - Part IV.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180806 Anatomy of a Linux DNS Lookup - Part IV.md rename to published/201809/20180806 Anatomy of a Linux DNS Lookup - Part IV.md diff --git a/published/20180806 Installing and using Git and GitHub on Ubuntu Linux- A beginner-s guide.md b/published/201809/20180806 Installing and using Git and GitHub on Ubuntu Linux- A beginner-s guide.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180806 Installing and using Git and GitHub on Ubuntu Linux- A beginner-s guide.md rename to published/201809/20180806 Installing and using Git and GitHub on Ubuntu Linux- A beginner-s guide.md diff --git a/published/20180808 5 applications to manage your to-do list on Fedora.md b/published/201809/20180808 5 applications to manage your to-do list on Fedora.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180808 5 applications to manage your to-do list on Fedora.md rename to published/201809/20180808 5 applications to manage your to-do list on Fedora.md diff --git a/published/20180808 5 open source role-playing games for Linux.md b/published/201809/20180808 5 open source role-playing games for Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180808 5 open source role-playing games for Linux.md rename to published/201809/20180808 5 open source role-playing games for Linux.md diff --git a/published/20180810 6 Reasons Why Linux Users Switch to BSD.md b/published/201809/20180810 6 Reasons Why Linux Users Switch to BSD.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180810 6 Reasons Why Linux Users Switch to BSD.md rename to published/201809/20180810 6 Reasons Why Linux Users Switch to BSD.md diff --git a/published/20180810 Automatically Switch To Light - Dark Gtk Themes Based On Sunrise And Sunset Times With AutomaThemely.md b/published/201809/20180810 Automatically Switch To Light - Dark Gtk Themes Based On Sunrise And Sunset Times With AutomaThemely.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180810 Automatically Switch To Light - Dark Gtk Themes Based On Sunrise And Sunset Times With AutomaThemely.md rename to published/201809/20180810 Automatically Switch To Light - Dark Gtk Themes Based On Sunrise And Sunset Times With AutomaThemely.md diff --git a/published/20180813 MPV Player- A Minimalist Video Player for Linux.md b/published/201809/20180813 MPV Player- A Minimalist Video Player for Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180813 MPV Player- A Minimalist Video Player for Linux.md rename to published/201809/20180813 MPV Player- A Minimalist Video Player for Linux.md diff --git a/published/20180815 How To Enable Hardware Accelerated Video Decoding In Chromium On Ubuntu Or Linux Mint.md b/published/201809/20180815 How To Enable Hardware Accelerated Video Decoding In Chromium On Ubuntu Or Linux Mint.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180815 How To Enable Hardware Accelerated Video Decoding In Chromium On Ubuntu Or Linux Mint.md rename to published/201809/20180815 How To Enable Hardware Accelerated Video Decoding In Chromium On Ubuntu Or Linux Mint.md diff --git a/published/20180822 How To Switch Between TTYs Without Using Function Keys In Linux.md b/published/201809/20180822 How To Switch Between TTYs Without Using Function Keys In Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180822 How To Switch Between TTYs Without Using Function Keys In Linux.md rename to published/201809/20180822 How To Switch Between TTYs Without Using Function Keys In Linux.md diff --git a/published/20180822 What is a Makefile and how does it work.md b/published/201809/20180822 What is a Makefile and how does it work.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180822 What is a Makefile and how does it work.md rename to published/201809/20180822 What is a Makefile and how does it work.md diff --git a/published/20180823 An introduction to pipes and named pipes in Linux.md b/published/201809/20180823 An introduction to pipes and named pipes in Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180823 An introduction to pipes and named pipes in Linux.md rename to published/201809/20180823 An introduction to pipes and named pipes in Linux.md diff --git a/published/20180823 How to publish a WordPress blog to a static GitLab Pages site.md b/published/201809/20180823 How to publish a WordPress blog to a static GitLab Pages site.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180823 How to publish a WordPress blog to a static GitLab Pages site.md rename to published/201809/20180823 How to publish a WordPress blog to a static GitLab Pages site.md diff --git a/published/20180824 How to install software from the Linux command line.md b/published/201809/20180824 How to install software from the Linux command line.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180824 How to install software from the Linux command line.md rename to published/201809/20180824 How to install software from the Linux command line.md diff --git a/published/20180824 Steam Makes it Easier to Play Windows Games on Linux.md b/published/201809/20180824 Steam Makes it Easier to Play Windows Games on Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180824 Steam Makes it Easier to Play Windows Games on Linux.md rename to published/201809/20180824 Steam Makes it Easier to Play Windows Games on Linux.md diff --git a/published/20180824 [Solved] -sub process usr bin dpkg returned an error code 1- Error in Ubuntu.md b/published/201809/20180824 [Solved] -sub process usr bin dpkg returned an error code 1- Error in Ubuntu.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180824 [Solved] -sub process usr bin dpkg returned an error code 1- Error in Ubuntu.md rename to published/201809/20180824 [Solved] -sub process usr bin dpkg returned an error code 1- Error in Ubuntu.md diff --git a/published/20180826 How to capture and analyze packets with tcpdump command on Linux.md b/published/201809/20180826 How to capture and analyze packets with tcpdump command on Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180826 How to capture and analyze packets with tcpdump command on Linux.md rename to published/201809/20180826 How to capture and analyze packets with tcpdump command on Linux.md diff --git a/published/20180827 An introduction to diffs and patches.md b/published/201809/20180827 An introduction to diffs and patches.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180827 An introduction to diffs and patches.md rename to published/201809/20180827 An introduction to diffs and patches.md diff --git a/published/20180828 15 command-line aliases to save you time.md b/published/201809/20180828 15 command-line aliases to save you time.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180828 15 command-line aliases to save you time.md rename to published/201809/20180828 15 command-line aliases to save you time.md diff --git a/published/20180828 A Cat Clone With Syntax Highlighting And Git Integration.md b/published/201809/20180828 A Cat Clone With Syntax Highlighting And Git Integration.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180828 A Cat Clone With Syntax Highlighting And Git Integration.md rename to published/201809/20180828 A Cat Clone With Syntax Highlighting And Git Integration.md diff --git a/published/20180828 How to Play Windows-only Games on Linux with Steam Play.md b/published/201809/20180828 How to Play Windows-only Games on Linux with Steam Play.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180828 How to Play Windows-only Games on Linux with Steam Play.md rename to published/201809/20180828 How to Play Windows-only Games on Linux with Steam Play.md diff --git a/published/20180829 Add GUIs to your programs and scripts easily with PySimpleGUI.md b/published/201809/20180829 Add GUIs to your programs and scripts easily with PySimpleGUI.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180829 Add GUIs to your programs and scripts easily with PySimpleGUI.md rename to published/201809/20180829 Add GUIs to your programs and scripts easily with PySimpleGUI.md diff --git a/published/20180830 How To Reset MySQL Or MariaDB Root Password.md b/published/201809/20180830 How To Reset MySQL Or MariaDB Root Password.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180830 How To Reset MySQL Or MariaDB Root Password.md rename to published/201809/20180830 How To Reset MySQL Or MariaDB Root Password.md diff --git a/published/20180830 How to Update Firmware on Ubuntu 18.04.md b/published/201809/20180830 How to Update Firmware on Ubuntu 18.04.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180830 How to Update Firmware on Ubuntu 18.04.md rename to published/201809/20180830 How to Update Firmware on Ubuntu 18.04.md diff --git a/published/20180831 6 open source tools for making your own VPN.md b/published/201809/20180831 6 open source tools for making your own VPN.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180831 6 open source tools for making your own VPN.md rename to published/201809/20180831 6 open source tools for making your own VPN.md diff --git a/published/20180831 How to Create a Slideshow of Photos in Ubuntu 18.04 and other Linux Distributions.md b/published/201809/20180831 How to Create a Slideshow of Photos in Ubuntu 18.04 and other Linux Distributions.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180831 How to Create a Slideshow of Photos in Ubuntu 18.04 and other Linux Distributions.md rename to published/201809/20180831 How to Create a Slideshow of Photos in Ubuntu 18.04 and other Linux Distributions.md diff --git a/published/20180903 Turn your vi editor into a productivity powerhouse.md b/published/201809/20180903 Turn your vi editor into a productivity powerhouse.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180903 Turn your vi editor into a productivity powerhouse.md rename to published/201809/20180903 Turn your vi editor into a productivity powerhouse.md diff --git a/published/20180904 8 Linux commands for effective process management.md b/published/201809/20180904 8 Linux commands for effective process management.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180904 8 Linux commands for effective process management.md rename to published/201809/20180904 8 Linux commands for effective process management.md diff --git a/published/20180904 Why I love Xonsh.md b/published/201809/20180904 Why I love Xonsh.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180904 Why I love Xonsh.md rename to published/201809/20180904 Why I love Xonsh.md diff --git a/published/20180905 5 tips to improve productivity with zsh.md b/published/201809/20180905 5 tips to improve productivity with zsh.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180905 5 tips to improve productivity with zsh.md rename to published/201809/20180905 5 tips to improve productivity with zsh.md diff --git a/published/20180905 8 great Python libraries for side projects.md b/published/201809/20180905 8 great Python libraries for side projects.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180905 8 great Python libraries for side projects.md rename to published/201809/20180905 8 great Python libraries for side projects.md diff --git a/published/20180905 Find your systems easily on a LAN with mDNS.md b/published/201809/20180905 Find your systems easily on a LAN with mDNS.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180905 Find your systems easily on a LAN with mDNS.md rename to published/201809/20180905 Find your systems easily on a LAN with mDNS.md diff --git a/published/20180906 3 top open source JavaScript chart libraries.md b/published/201809/20180906 3 top open source JavaScript chart libraries.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180906 3 top open source JavaScript chart libraries.md rename to published/201809/20180906 3 top open source JavaScript chart libraries.md diff --git a/published/20180906 Two open source alternatives to Flash Player.md b/published/201809/20180906 Two open source alternatives to Flash Player.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180906 Two open source alternatives to Flash Player.md rename to published/201809/20180906 Two open source alternatives to Flash Player.md diff --git a/published/20180907 Autotrash - A CLI Tool To Automatically Purge Old Trashed Files.md b/published/201809/20180907 Autotrash - A CLI Tool To Automatically Purge Old Trashed Files.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180907 Autotrash - A CLI Tool To Automatically Purge Old Trashed Files.md rename to published/201809/20180907 Autotrash - A CLI Tool To Automatically Purge Old Trashed Files.md diff --git a/published/20180907 What do open source and cooking have in common.md b/published/201809/20180907 What do open source and cooking have in common.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180907 What do open source and cooking have in common.md rename to published/201809/20180907 What do open source and cooking have in common.md diff --git a/published/20180909 What is ZFS- Why People Use ZFS- [Explained for Beginners].md b/published/201809/20180909 What is ZFS- Why People Use ZFS- [Explained for Beginners].md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180909 What is ZFS- Why People Use ZFS- [Explained for Beginners].md rename to published/201809/20180909 What is ZFS- Why People Use ZFS- [Explained for Beginners].md diff --git a/published/20180910 13 Keyboard Shortcut Every Ubuntu 18.04 User Should Know.md b/published/201809/20180910 13 Keyboard Shortcut Every Ubuntu 18.04 User Should Know.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180910 13 Keyboard Shortcut Every Ubuntu 18.04 User Should Know.md rename to published/201809/20180910 13 Keyboard Shortcut Every Ubuntu 18.04 User Should Know.md diff --git a/published/20180910 3 open source log aggregation tools.md b/published/201809/20180910 3 open source log aggregation tools.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180910 3 open source log aggregation tools.md rename to published/201809/20180910 3 open source log aggregation tools.md diff --git a/published/20180910 Randomize your MAC address using NetworkManager.md b/published/201809/20180910 Randomize your MAC address using NetworkManager.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180910 Randomize your MAC address using NetworkManager.md rename to published/201809/20180910 Randomize your MAC address using NetworkManager.md diff --git a/published/20180911 Visualize Disk Usage On Your Linux System.md b/published/201809/20180911 Visualize Disk Usage On Your Linux System.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180911 Visualize Disk Usage On Your Linux System.md rename to published/201809/20180911 Visualize Disk Usage On Your Linux System.md diff --git a/published/20180912 How To Configure Mouse Support For Linux Virtual Consoles.md b/published/201809/20180912 How To Configure Mouse Support For Linux Virtual Consoles.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180912 How To Configure Mouse Support For Linux Virtual Consoles.md rename to published/201809/20180912 How To Configure Mouse Support For Linux Virtual Consoles.md diff --git a/published/20180917 Linux tricks that can save you time and trouble.md b/published/201809/20180917 Linux tricks that can save you time and trouble.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180917 Linux tricks that can save you time and trouble.md rename to published/201809/20180917 Linux tricks that can save you time and trouble.md diff --git a/published/20180918 How To Force APT Package Manager To Use IPv4 In Ubuntu 16.04.md b/published/201809/20180918 How To Force APT Package Manager To Use IPv4 In Ubuntu 16.04.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180918 How To Force APT Package Manager To Use IPv4 In Ubuntu 16.04.md rename to published/201809/20180918 How To Force APT Package Manager To Use IPv4 In Ubuntu 16.04.md diff --git a/published/20180919 Understand Fedora memory usage with top.md b/published/201809/20180919 Understand Fedora memory usage with top.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180919 Understand Fedora memory usage with top.md rename to published/201809/20180919 Understand Fedora memory usage with top.md diff --git a/published/20180924 Make The Output Of Ping Command Prettier And Easier To Read.md b/published/201809/20180924 Make The Output Of Ping Command Prettier And Easier To Read.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180924 Make The Output Of Ping Command Prettier And Easier To Read.md rename to published/201809/20180924 Make The Output Of Ping Command Prettier And Easier To Read.md diff --git a/published/20180929 Getting started with the i3 window manager on Linux.md b/published/201809/20180929 Getting started with the i3 window manager on Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180929 Getting started with the i3 window manager on Linux.md rename to published/201809/20180929 Getting started with the i3 window manager on Linux.md From 43566086175494dd1f2d5c41ccb37b42e8ee286a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: pityonline Date: Sat, 22 Sep 2018 00:37:16 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 071/219] =?UTF-8?q?PRF:=20#10300=20=E6=A0=A1=E5=AF=B9?= =?UTF-8?q?=E5=B9=B6=E5=88=9D=E6=AD=A5=E8=B0=83=E6=95=B4=E6=A0=BC=E5=BC=8F?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- .../talk/20180117 How to get into DevOps.md | 123 ++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 57 insertions(+), 66 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/talk/20180117 How to get into DevOps.md b/translated/talk/20180117 How to get into DevOps.md index ec169be76f..bd9172b468 100644 --- a/translated/talk/20180117 How to get into DevOps.md +++ b/translated/talk/20180117 How to get into DevOps.md @@ -1,43 +1,40 @@ - DevOps 实践指南 ====== ![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/rh_003784_02_os.comcareers_resume_rh1x.png?itok=S3HGxi6E) -在去年大概一年的时间里，我注意到对“Devops 实践”感兴趣的开发人员和系统管理员突然有了明显的增加。这样的变化也合理：现在开发者只要花很少的钱，调用一些 API， 就能单枪匹马地在一整套分布式基础设施上运行自己的应用， 在这个时代，开发和运维的紧密程度前所未有。我看过许多博客和文章介绍很酷的 DevOps 工具和相关思想，但是给那些希望践行 DevOps 的人以指导和建议的内容，我却很少看到。 +在去年大概一年的时间里，我注意到对“Devops 实践”感兴趣的开发人员和系统管理员突然有了明显的增加。这样的变化也合理：现在开发者只要花很少的钱，调用一些 API，就能单枪匹马地在一整套分布式基础设施上运行自己的应用，在这个时代，开发和运维的紧密程度前所未有。我看过许多博客和文章介绍很酷的 DevOps 工具和相关思想，但是给那些希望践行 DevOps 的人以指导和建议的内容，我却很少看到。 -这篇文章的目的就是描述一下如何去实践。我的想法基于 Reddit 上 [devops][1] 的一些访谈、聊天和深夜讨论，还有一些随机谈话，一般都发生在享受啤酒和美食的时候。如果你已经开始这样实践，我对你的反馈很感兴趣，请通过 [我的博客][2] 或者 [Twitter][3] 联系我，也可以直接在下面评论。我很乐意听到你们的想法和故事。 +这篇文章的目的就是描述一下如何去实践。我的想法基于 Reddit 上 [devops][1] 的一些访谈、聊天和深夜讨论，还有一些随机谈话，一般都发生在享受啤酒和美食的时候。如果你已经开始这样实践，我对你的反馈很感兴趣，请通过[我的博客][2]或者 [Twitter][3] 联系我，也可以直接在下面评论。我很乐意听到你们的想法和故事。 ### 古代的 IT 了解历史是搞清楚未来的关键，DevOps 也不例外。想搞清楚 DevOps 运动的普及和流行，去了解一下上世纪 90 年代后期和 21 世纪前十年 IT 的情况会有帮助。这是我的经验。 -我的第一份工作是在一家大型跨国金融服务公司做 Windows 系统管理员。当时给计算资源扩容需要给 Dell 打电话 (或者像我们公司那样打给 CDW )，并下一个价值数十万美元的订单，包含服务器、网络设备、电缆和软件，所有这些都要运到在线或离线的数据中心去。虽然 VMware 仍在尝试说服企业使用虚拟机运行他们的“性能敏感”型程序是更划算的，但是包括我们在内的很多公司都还忠于使用他们的物理机运行应用。 +我的第一份工作是在一家大型跨国金融服务公司做 Windows 系统管理员。当时给计算资源扩容需要给 Dell 打电话（或者像我们公司那样打给 CDW），并下一个价值数十万美元的订单，包含服务器、网络设备、电缆和软件，所有这些都要运到在线或离线的数据中心去。虽然 VMware 仍在尝试说服企业使用虚拟机运行他们的“性能敏感”型程序是更划算的，但是包括我们在内的很多公司都还忠于使用他们的物理机运行应用。 在我们技术部门，有一个专门做数据中心工程和操作的完整团队，他们的工作包括价格谈判，让荒唐的租赁月费能够下降一点点，还包括保证我们的系统能够正常冷却（如果设备太多，这个事情的难度会呈指数增长）。如果这个团队足够幸运足够有钱，境外数据中心的工作人员对我们所有的服务器型号又都有足够的了解，就能避免在盘后交易中不小心扯错东西。那时候亚马逊 AWS 和 Rackspace 逐渐开始加速扩张，但还远远没到临界规模。 -当时我们还有专门的团队来保证硬件上运行着的操作系统和软件能够按照预期工作。这些工程师负责设计可靠的架构以方便给系统打补丁，监控和报警，还要定义基础镜像 (gold image) 的内容。这些大都是通过很多手工实验完成的，很多手工实验是为了编写一个运行说明书 (runbook) 来描述要做的事情，并确保按照它执行后的结果确实在预期内。在我们这么大的组织里，这样做很重要，因为一线和二线的技术支持都是境外的，而他们的培训内容只覆盖到了这些运行说明而已。 +当时我们还有专门的团队来保证硬件上运行着的操作系统和软件能够按照预期工作。这些工程师负责设计可靠的架构以方便给系统打补丁，监控和报警，还要定义基础镜像gold image的内容。这些大都是通过很多手工实验完成的，很多手工实验是为了编写一个运行说明书runbook来描述要做的事情，并确保按照它执行后的结果确实在预期内。在我们这么大的组织里，这样做很重要，因为一线和二线的技术支持都是境外的，而他们的培训内容只覆盖到了这些运行说明而已。 (这是我职业生涯前三年的世界。我那时候的梦想是成为制定金本位制的人！) 软件发布则完全是另外一头怪兽。无可否认，我在这方面并没有积累太多经验。但是，从我收集的故事（和最近的经历）来看，当时大部分软件开发的日常大概是这样： - * 开发人员按照技术和功能需求来编写代码，这些需求来自于业务分析人员的会议，但是会议并没有邀请开发人员参加。 - * 开发人员可以选择为他们的代码编写单元测试，以确保在代码里没有任何明显的疯狂行为，比如除以 0 但不抛出异常。 - * 然后开发者会把他们的代码标记为 "Ready for QA."（准备好了接受测试），质量保障的成员会把这个版本的代码发布到他们自己的环境中，这个环境和生产环境可能相似，也可能不相似，甚至和开发环境相比也不一定相似。 - * 故障会在几天或者几个星期内反馈到开发人员那里，这个时长取决于其他业务活动和优先事项。 +* 开发人员按照技术和功能需求来编写代码，这些需求来自于业务分析人员的会议，但是会议并没有邀请开发人员参加。 +* 开发人员可以选择为他们的代码编写单元测试，以确保在代码里没有任何明显的疯狂行为，比如除以 0 但不抛出异常。 +* 然后开发者会把他们的代码标记为“Ready for QA”（准备好了接受测试），质量保障的成员会把这个版本的代码发布到他们自己的环境中，这个环境和生产环境可能相似，也可能不相似，甚至和开发环境相比也不一定相似。 +* 故障会在几天或者几个星期内反馈到开发人员那里，这个时长取决于其他业务活动和优先事项。 - - -虽然系统管理员和开发人员经常有不一致的意见，但是对“变更管理”的痛恨却是一致的。变更管理由高度规范的(就我当时的雇主而言)和非常有必要的规则和程序组成，用来管理一家公司应该什么时候做技术变更，以及如何做。很多公司都按照 [ITIL][4] 来操作, 简单的说，ITIL 问了很多和事情发生的原因、时间、地点和方式相关的问题，而且提供了一个过程，对产生最终答案的决定做审计跟踪。 +虽然系统管理员和开发人员经常有不一致的意见，但是对“变更管理”的痛恨却是一致的。变更管理由高度规范的(就我当时的雇主而言)和非常有必要的规则和程序组成，用来管理一家公司应该什么时候做技术变更，以及如何做。很多公司都按照 [ITIL][4] 来操作，简单的说，ITIL 问了很多和事情发生的原因、时间、地点和方式相关的问题，而且提供了一个过程，对产生最终答案的决定做审计跟踪。 你可能从我的简短历史课上了解到，当时 IT 的很多很多事情都是手工完成的。这导致了很多错误。错误又导致了很多财产损失。变更管理的工作就是尽量减少这些损失，它常常以这样的形式出现：不管变更的影响和规模大小，每两周才能发布部署一次。周五下午 4 点到周一早上 5 点 59 分这段时间，需要排队等候发布窗口。（讽刺的是，这种流程导致了更多错误，通常还是更严重的那种错误） ### DevOps 不是专家团 -你可能在想 "Carlos 你在讲啥啊，什么时候才能说到 Ansible playbooks? "，我热爱 Ansible, 但是请再等一会；下面这些很重要。 +你可能在想 “Carlos 你在讲啥啊，什么时候才能说到 Ansible playbooks？”，我热爱 Ansible，但是请再等一会；下面这些很重要。 -你有没有过被分配到过需要跟"DevOps"小组打交道的项目？你有没有依赖过“配置管理”或者“持续集成/持续交付”小组来保证业务流水线设置正确？你有没有在代码开发完的数周之后才参加发布部署的会议？ +你有没有过被分配到过需要跟 DevOps 小组打交道的项目？你有没有依赖过“配置管理”或者“持续集成/持续交付”小组来保证业务流水线设置正确？你有没有在代码开发完的数周之后才参加发布部署的会议？ 如果有过，那么你就是在重温历史，这个历史是由上面所有这些导致的。 @@ -45,13 +42,13 @@ DevOps 实践指南 在我工作过的很多公司里，系统管理员和开发人员不仅像这样形成了天然的筒仓，而且彼此还有激烈的对抗。开发人员的环境出问题了或者他们的权限太小了，就会对系统管理员很恼火。系统管理员怪开发者无时不刻的不在用各种方式破坏他们的环境，怪开发人员申请的计算资源严重超过他们的需要。双方都不理解对方，更糟糕的是，双方都不愿意去理解对方。 -大部分开发人员对操作系统，内核或计算机硬件都不感兴趣。同样的，大部分系统管理员，即使是 Linux 的系统管理员，也都不愿意学习编写代码，他们在大学期间学过一些 C 语言，然后就痛恨它，并且永远都不想再碰 IDE. 所以，开发人员把运行环境的问题甩给围墙外的系统管理员，系统管理员把这些问题和甩过来的其他上百个问题放在一起，做一个优先级安排。每个人都很忙，心怀怨恨的等待着。DevOps 的目的就是解决这种矛盾。 +大部分开发人员对操作系统，内核或计算机硬件都不感兴趣。同样的，大部分系统管理员，即使是 Linux 的系统管理员，也都不愿意学习编写代码，他们在大学期间学过一些 C 语言，然后就痛恨它，并且永远都不想再碰 IDE。所以，开发人员把运行环境的问题甩给围墙外的系统管理员，系统管理员把这些问题和甩过来的其他上百个问题放在一起，做一个优先级安排。每个人都很忙，心怀怨恨的等待着。DevOps 的目的就是解决这种矛盾。 DevOps 不是一个团队，CI/CD 也不是 Jira 系统的一个用户组。DevOps 是一种思考方式。根据这个运动来看，在理想的世界里，开发人员、系统管理员和业务相关人将作为一个团队工作。虽然他们可能不完全了解彼此的世界，可能没有足够的知识去了解彼此的积压任务，但他们在大多数情况下能有一致的看法。 -把所有基础设施和业务逻辑都代码化，再串到一个发布部署流水线里，就像是运行在这之上的应用一样。这个理念的基础就是 DevOps. 因为大家都理解彼此，所以人人都是赢家。聊天机器人和易用的监控工具、可视化工具的兴起，背后的基础也是 DevOps. +把所有基础设施和业务逻辑都代码化，再串到一个发布部署流水线里，就像是运行在这之上的应用一样。这个理念的基础就是 DevOps。因为大家都理解彼此，所以人人都是赢家。聊天机器人和易用的监控工具、可视化工具的兴起，背后的基础也是 DevOps。 -[Adam Jacob][6] 说的最好："DevOps 就是企业往软件导向型过渡时我们用来描述操作的词" +[Adam Jacob][6] 说的最好：“DevOps 就是企业往软件导向型过渡时我们用来描述操作的词。” ### 要实践 DevOps 我需要知道些什么 @@ -61,22 +58,20 @@ DevOps 不是一个团队，CI/CD 也不是 Jira 系统的一个用户组。DevO 也就是说，我们一般是在找对深入学习以下内容感兴趣的工程师： - * 如何管理和设计安全、可扩展的云上的平台（通常是在 AWS 上，不过微软的 Azure, 谷歌的 Cloud Platform，还有 DigitalOcean 和 Heroku 这样的 PaaS 提供商，也都很流行） - * 如何用流行的 [CI/CD][8] 工具，比如 Jenkins，Gocd，还有基于云的 Travis CI 或者 CircleCI，来构造一条优化的发布部署流水线，和发布部署策略。 - * 如何在你的系统中使用基于时间序列的工具，比如 Kibana，Grafana，Splunk，Loggly 或者 Logstash，来监控，记录，并在变化的时候报警，还有 - * 如何使用配置管理工具，例如 Chef，Puppet 或者 Ansible 做到“基础设施即代码”，以及如何使用像 Terraform 或 CloudFormation 的工具发布这些基础设施。 - - +* 如何管理和设计安全、可扩展的云上的平台（通常是在 AWS 上，不过微软的 Azure，谷歌的 Cloud Platform，还有 DigitalOcean 和 Heroku 这样的 PaaS 提供商，也都很流行） +* 如何用流行的 [CI/CD][8] 工具，比如 Jenkins，Gocd，还有基于云的 Travis CI 或者 CircleCI，来构造一条优化的发布部署流水线，和发布部署策略。 +* 如何在你的系统中使用基于时间序列的工具，比如 Kibana，Grafana，Splunk，Loggly 或者 Logstash，来监控，记录，并在变化的时候报警，还有 +* 如何使用配置管理工具，例如 Chef，Puppet 或者 Ansible 做到“基础设施即代码”，以及如何使用像 Terraform 或 CloudFormation 的工具发布这些基础设施。 容器也变得越来越受欢迎。尽管有人对大规模使用 Docker 的现状[表示不满][9]，但容器正迅速地成为一种很好的方式来实现在更少的操作系统上运行超高密度的服务和应用，同时提高它们的可靠性。（像 Kubernetes 或者 Mesos 这样的容器编排工具，能在宿主机故障的时候，几秒钟之内重新启动新的容器。）考虑到这些，掌握 Docker 或者 rkt 以及容器编排平台的知识会对你大有帮助。 -如果你是希望做 DevOps 实践的系统管理员，你还需要知道如何写代码。Python 和 Ruby 是 DevOps 领域的流行语言，因为他们是可移植的（也就是说可以在任何操作系统上运行），快速的，而且易读易学。它们还支撑着这个行业最流行的配置管理工具（Ansible 是使用 Python 写的，Chef 和 Puppet 是使用 Ruby 写的）以及云平台的 API 客户端（亚马逊 AWS, 微软 Azure, 谷歌 Cloud Platform 的客户端通常会提供 Python 和 Ruby 语言的版本）。 +如果你是希望做 DevOps 实践的系统管理员，你还需要知道如何写代码。Python 和 Ruby 是 DevOps 领域的流行语言，因为他们是可移植的（也就是说可以在任何操作系统上运行），快速的，而且易读易学。它们还支撑着这个行业最流行的配置管理工具（Ansible 是使用 Python 写的，Chef 和 Puppet 是使用 Ruby 写的）以及云平台的 API 客户端（亚马逊 AWS，微软 Azure，谷歌 Cloud Platform 的客户端通常会提供 Python 和 Ruby 语言的版本）。 如果你是开发人员，也希望做 DevOps 的实践，我强烈建议你去学习 Unix，Windows 操作系统以及网络基础知识。虽然云计算把很多系统管理的难题抽象化了，但是对慢应用的性能做 debug 的时候，你知道操作系统如何工作的就会有很大的帮助。下文包含了一些这个主题的图书。 -如果你觉得这些东西听起来内容太多，大家都是这么想的。幸运的是，有很多小项目可以让你开始探索。其中一个启动项目是 Gary Stafford 的[选举服务](https://github.com/garystafford/voter-service)， 一个基于 Java 的简单投票平台。我们要求面试候选人通过一个流水线将该服务从 GitHub 部署到生产环境基础设施上。你可以把这个服务与 Rob Mile 写的了不起的 DevOps [入门教程](https://github.com/maxamg/cd-office-hours)结合起来，学习如何编写流水线。 +如果你觉得这些东西听起来内容太多，大家都是这么想的。幸运的是，有很多小项目可以让你开始探索。其中一个启动项目是 Gary Stafford 的[选举服务](https://github.com/garystafford/voter-service)，一个基于 Java 的简单投票平台。我们要求面试候选人通过一个流水线将该服务从 GitHub 部署到生产环境基础设施上。你可以把这个服务与 Rob Mile 写的了不起的 DevOps [入门教程](https://github.com/maxamg/cd-office-hours)结合起来，学习如何编写流水线。 -还有一个熟悉这些工具的好方法，找一个流行的服务，然后只使用 AWS 和配置管理工具来搭建这个服务所需要的基础设施。第一次先手动搭建，了解清楚要做的事情，然后只用 CloudFormation (或者 Terraform) 和 Ansible 重写刚才的手动操作。令人惊讶的是，这就是我们基础设施开发人员为客户所做的大部分日常工作，我们的客户认为这样的工作非常有意义！ +还有一个熟悉这些工具的好方法，找一个流行的服务，然后只使用 AWS 和配置管理工具来搭建这个服务所需要的基础设施。第一次先手动搭建，了解清楚要做的事情，然后只用 CloudFormation（或者 Terraform）和 Ansible 重写刚才的手动操作。令人惊讶的是，这就是我们基础设施开发人员为客户所做的大部分日常工作，我们的客户认为这样的工作非常有意义！ ### 需要读的书 @@ -84,27 +79,23 @@ DevOps 不是一个团队，CI/CD 也不是 Jira 系统的一个用户组。DevO #### 理论书籍 - * Gene Kim 写的 [The Phoenix Project (凤凰项目)][10]。这是一本很不错的书，内容涵盖了我上文解释过的历史(写的更生动形象)，描述了一个运行在敏捷和 DevOps 之上的公司向精益前进的过程。 - * Terrance Ryan 写的 [Driving Technical Change (布道之道)][11]。非常好的一小本书，讲了大多数技术型组织内的常见性格特点以及如何和他们打交道。这本书对我的帮助比我想象的更多。 - * Tom DeMarco 和 Tim Lister 合著的 [Peopleware (人件)][12]。管理工程师团队的经典图书，有一点过时，但仍然很有价值。 - * Tom Limoncelli 写的 [Time Management for System Administrators (时间管理: 给系统管理员)][13]。这本书主要面向系统管理员，它对很多大型组织内的系统管理员生活做了深入的展示。如果你想了解更多系统管理员和开发人员之间的冲突，这本书可能解释了更多。 - * Eric Ries 写的 [The Lean Startup (精益创业)][14]。描述了 Eric 自己的 3D 虚拟形象公司，IMVU, 发现了如何精益工作，快速失败和更快盈利。 - * Jez Humble 和他的朋友写的[Lean Enterprise (精益企业)][15]。这本书是对精益创业做的改编，以更适应企业，两本书都很棒，都很好的解释了 DevOps 背后的商业动机。 - * Kief Morris 写的 [Infrastructure As Code (基础设施即代码)][16]。关于 "基础设施即代码" 的非常好的入门读物！很好的解释了为什么所有公司都有必要采纳这种做法。 - * Betsy Beyer, Chris Jones, Jennifer Petoff 和 Niall Richard Murphy 合著的 [Site Reliability Engineering (站点可靠性工程师)][17]。一本解释谷歌 SRE 实践的书，也因为是 "DevOps 诞生之前的 DevOps" 被人熟知。在如何处理运行时间、时延和保持工程师快乐方面提供了有趣的看法。 - - +* Gene Kim 写的 [The Phoenix Project（凤凰项目）][10]。这是一本很不错的书，内容涵盖了我上文解释过的历史（写的更生动形象），描述了一个运行在敏捷和 DevOps 之上的公司向精益前进的过程。 +* Terrance Ryan 写的 [Driving Technical Change（布道之道）][11]。非常好的一小本书，讲了大多数技术型组织内的常见性格特点以及如何和他们打交道。这本书对我的帮助比我想象的更多。 +* Tom DeMarco 和 Tim Lister 合著的 [Peopleware（人件）][12]。管理工程师团队的经典图书，有一点过时，但仍然很有价值。 +* Tom Limoncelli 写的 [Time Management for System Administrators（时间管理：给系统管理员）][13]。这本书主要面向系统管理员，它对很多大型组织内的系统管理员生活做了深入的展示。如果你想了解更多系统管理员和开发人员之间的冲突，这本书可能解释了更多。 +* Eric Ries 写的 [The Lean Startup（精益创业）][14]。描述了 Eric 自己的 3D 虚拟形象公司，IMVU，发现了如何精益工作，快速失败和更快盈利。 +* Jez Humble 和他的朋友写的[Lean Enterprise（精益企业）][15]。这本书是对精益创业做的改编，以更适应企业，两本书都很棒，都很好的解释了 DevOps 背后的商业动机。 +* Kief Morris 写的 [Infrastructure As Code（基础设施即代码）][16]。关于“基础设施即代码”的非常好的入门读物！很好的解释了为什么所有公司都有必要采纳这种做法。 +* Betsy Beyer、Chris Jones、Jennifer Petoff 和 Niall Richard Murphy 合著的 [Site Reliability Engineering（站点可靠性工程师）][17]。一本解释谷歌 SRE 实践的书，也因为是“DevOps 诞生之前的 DevOps”被人熟知。在如何处理运行时间、时延和保持工程师快乐方面提供了有趣的看法。 #### 技术书籍 如果你想找的是让你直接跟代码打交道的书，看这里就对了。 - * W. Richard Stevens 的 [TCP/IP Illustrated (TCP/IP 详解)][18]。这是一套经典的(也可以说是最全面的)讲解基本网络协议的巨著，重点介绍了 TCP/IP 协议族。如果你听说过 1，2， 3，4 层网络，而且对深入学习他们感兴趣，那么你需要这本书。 - * Evi Nemeth, Trent Hein 和 Ben Whaley 合著的 [UNIX and Linux System Administration Handbook (UNIX/Linux 系统管理员手册)][19]。一本很好的入门书，介绍 Linux/Unix 如何工作以及如何使用。 - * Don Jones 和 Jeffrey Hicks 合著的 [Learn Windows Powershell In A Month of Lunches (Windows PowerShell实战指南)][20]. 如果你在 Windows 系统下做自动化任务，你需要学习怎么使用 Powershell。这本书能够帮助你。Don Jones 是这方面著名的 MVP。 - * 几乎所有 [James Turnbull][21] 写的东西，针对流行的 DevOps 工具，他发表了很好的技术入门读物。 - - +* W. Richard Stevens 的 [TCP/IP Illustrated（TCP/IP 详解）][18]。这是一套经典的(也可以说是最全面的)讲解基本网络协议的巨著，重点介绍了 TCP/IP 协议族。如果你听说过 1，2， 3，4 层网络，而且对深入学习他们感兴趣，那么你需要这本书。 +* Evi Nemeth、Trent Hein 和 Ben Whaley 合著的 [UNIX and Linux System Administration Handbook（UNIX/Linux 系统管理员手册）][19]。一本很好的入门书，介绍 Linux/Unix 如何工作以及如何使用。 +* Don Jones 和 Jeffrey Hicks 合著的 [Learn Windows Powershell In A Month of Lunches（Windows PowerShell实战指南）][20]。如果你在 Windows 系统下做自动化任务，你需要学习怎么使用 Powershell。这本书能够帮助你。Don Jones 是这方面著名的 MVP。 +* 几乎所有 [James Turnbull][21] 写的东西，针对流行的 DevOps 工具，他发表了很好的技术入门读物。 不管是在那些把所有应用都直接部署在物理机上的公司，（现在很多公司仍然有充分的理由这样做）还是在那些把所有应用都做成 serverless 的先驱公司，DevOps 都很可能会持续下去。这部分工作很有趣，产出也很有影响力，而且最重要的是，它搭起桥梁衔接了技术和业务之间的缺口。DevOps 是一个值得期待的美好事物。 @@ -116,30 +107,30 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/18/1/getting-devops 作者：[Carlos Nunez][a] 译者：[belitex](https://github.com/belitex) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[pityonline](https://github.com/pityonline) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 -[a]:https://opensource.com/users/carlosonunez -[1]:https://www.reddit.com/r/devops/ -[2]:https://carlosonunez.wordpress.com/ -[3]:https://twitter.com/easiestnameever -[4]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITIL -[5]:https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/time-out/201401/getting-out-your-silo -[6]:https://twitter.com/adamhjk/status/572832185461428224 -[7]:https://landing.google.com/sre/interview/ben-treynor.html -[8]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CI/CD -[9]:https://thehftguy.com/2016/11/01/docker-in-production-an-history-of-failure/ -[10]:https://itrevolution.com/book/the-phoenix-project/ -[11]:https://pragprog.com/book/trevan/driving-technical-change -[12]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peopleware:_Productive_Projects_and_Teams -[13]:http://shop.oreilly.com/product/9780596007836.do -[14]:http://theleanstartup.com/ -[15]:https://info.thoughtworks.com/lean-enterprise-book.html -[16]:http://infrastructure-as-code.com/book/ -[17]:https://landing.google.com/sre/book.html -[18]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IP_Illustrated -[19]:http://www.admin.com/ -[20]:https://www.manning.com/books/learn-windows-powershell-in-a-month-of-lunches-third-edition -[21]:https://jamesturnbull.net/ -[22]:https://carlosonunez.wordpress.com/2017/03/02/getting-into-devops/ +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/carlosonunez +[1]: https://www.reddit.com/r/devops/ +[2]: https://carlosonunez.wordpress.com/ +[3]: https://twitter.com/easiestnameever +[4]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITIL +[5]: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/time-out/201401/getting-out-your-silo +[6]: https://twitter.com/adamhjk/status/572832185461428224 +[7]: https://landing.google.com/sre/interview/ben-treynor.html +[8]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CI/CD +[9]: https://thehftguy.com/2016/11/01/docker-in-production-an-history-of-failure/ +[10]: https://itrevolution.com/book/the-phoenix-project/ +[11]: https://pragprog.com/book/trevan/driving-technical-change +[12]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peopleware:_Productive_Projects_and_Teams +[13]: http://shop.oreilly.com/product/9780596007836.do +[14]: http://theleanstartup.com/ +[15]: https://info.thoughtworks.com/lean-enterprise-book.html +[16]: http://infrastructure-as-code.com/book/ +[17]: https://landing.google.com/sre/book.html +[18]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IP_Illustrated +[19]: http://www.admin.com/ +[20]: https://www.manning.com/books/learn-windows-powershell-in-a-month-of-lunches-third-edition +[21]: https://jamesturnbull.net/ +[22]: https://carlosonunez.wordpress.com/2017/03/02/getting-into-devops/ From 7873f4666803dc92997d2df0cd8643fb2e11786c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: HankChow <280630620@qq.com> Date: Tue, 2 Oct 2018 08:21:27 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 072/219] translated --- ...ly And Safely Manage Cron Jobs In Linux.md | 133 ------------------ ...ly And Safely Manage Cron Jobs In Linux.md | 126 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 126 insertions(+), 133 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20180823 How To Easily And Safely Manage Cron Jobs In Linux.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20180823 How To Easily And Safely Manage Cron Jobs In Linux.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20180823 How To Easily And Safely Manage Cron Jobs In Linux.md b/sources/tech/20180823 How To Easily And Safely Manage Cron Jobs In Linux.md deleted file mode 100644 index 3f65ac7825..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20180823 How To Easily And Safely Manage Cron Jobs In Linux.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,133 +0,0 @@ -HankChow translating - -How To Easily And Safely Manage Cron Jobs In Linux -====== - -![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Crontab-UI-720x340.jpg) - -When it comes to schedule tasks in Linux, which utility comes to your mind first? Yeah, you guessed it right. **Cron!** The cron utility helps you to schedule commands/tasks at specific time in Unix-like operating systems. We already published a [**beginners guides to Cron jobs**][1]. I have a few years experience in Linux, so setting up cron jobs is no big deal for me. But, it is not piece of cake for newbies. The noobs may unknowingly do small mistakes while editing plain text crontab and bring down all cron jobs. Just in case, if you think you might mess up with your cron jobs, there is a good alternative way. Say hello to **Crontab UI** , a web-based tool to easily and safely manage cron jobs in Unix-like operating systems. - -You don’t need to manually edit the crontab file to create, delete and manage cron jobs. Everything can be done via a web browser with a couple mouse clicks. Crontab UI allows you to easily create, edit, pause, delete, backup cron jobs, and even import, export and deploy jobs on other machines without much hassle. Error log, mailing and hooks support also possible. It is free, open source and written using NodeJS. - -### Installing Crontab UI - -Installing Crontab UI is just a one-liner command. Make sure you have installed NPM. If you haven’t install npm yet, refer the following link. - -Next, run the following command to install Crontab UI. -``` -$ npm install -g crontab-ui - -``` - -It’s that simple. Let us go ahead and see how to manage cron jobs using Crontab UI. - -### Easily And Safely Manage Cron Jobs In Linux - -To launch Crontab UI, simply run: -``` -$ crontab-ui - -``` - -You will see the following output: -``` -Node version: 10.8.0 -Crontab UI is running at http://127.0.0.1:8000 - -``` - -Now, open your web browser and navigate to ****. Make sure the port no 8000 is allowed in your firewall/router. - -Please note that you can only access Crontab UI web dashboard within the local system itself. - -If you want to run Crontab UI with your system’s IP and custom port (so you can access it from any remote system in the network), use the following command instead: -``` -$ HOST=0.0.0.0 PORT=9000 crontab-ui -Node version: 10.8.0 -Crontab UI is running at http://0.0.0.0:9000 - -``` - -Now, Crontab UI can be accessed from the any system in the nework using URL – **http:// :9000**. - -This is how Crontab UI dashboard looks like. - -![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/crontab-ui-dashboard.png) - -As you can see in the above screenshot, Crontab UI dashbaord is very simply. All options are self-explanatory. - -To exit Crontab UI, press **CTRL+C**. - -**Create, edit, run, stop, delete a cron job** - -To create a new cron job, click on “New” button. Enter your cron job details and click Save. - - 1. Name the cron job. It is optional. - 2. The full command you want to run. - 3. Choose schedule time. You can either choose the quick schedule time, (such as Startup, Hourly, Daily, Weekly, Monthly, Yearly) or set the exact time to run the command. After you choosing the schedule time, the syntax of the cron job will be shown in **Jobs** field. - 4. Choose whether you want to enable error logging for the particular job. - - - -Here is my sample cron job. - -![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/create-new-cron-job.png) - -As you can see, I have setup a cron job to clear pacman cache at every month. - -Similarly, you can create any number of jobs as you want. You will see all cron jobs in the dashboard. - -![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/crontab-ui-dashboard-1.png) - -If you wanted to change any parameter in a cron job, just click on the **Edit** button below the job and modify the parameters as you wish. To run a job immediately, click on the button that says **Run**. To stop a job, click **Stop** button. You can view the log details of any job by clicking on the **Log** button. If the job is no longer required, simply press **Delete** button. - -**Backup cron jobs** - -To backup all cron jobs, press the Backup from main dashboard and choose OK to confirm the backup. - -![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/backup-cron-jobs.png) - -You can use this backup in case you messed with the contents of the crontab file. - -**Import/Export cron jobs to other systems** - -Another notable feature of Crontab UI is you can import, export and deploy cron jobs to other systems. If you have multiple systems on your network that requires the same cron jobs, just press **Export** button and choose the location to save the file. All contents of crontab file will be saved in a file named **crontab.db**. - -Here is the contents of the crontab.db file. -``` -$ cat Downloads/crontab.db -{"name":"Remove Pacman Cache","command":"rm -rf /var/cache/pacman","schedule":"@monthly","stopped":false,"timestamp":"Thu Aug 23 2018 10:34:19 GMT+0000 (Coordinated Universal Time)","logging":"true","mailing":{},"created":1535020459093,"_id":"lcVc1nSdaceqS1ut"} - -``` - -Then you can transfer the entire crontab.db file to some other system and import its to the new system. You don’t need to manually create cron jobs in all systems. Just create them in one system and export and import all of them to every system on the network. - -**Get the contents from or save to existing crontab file** - -There are chances that you might have already created some cron jobs using **crontab** command. If so, you can retrieve contents of the existing crontab file by click on the **“Get from crontab”** button in main dashboard. - -![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/get-from-crontab.png) - -Similarly, you can save the newly created jobs using Crontab UI utility to existing crontab file in your system. To do so, just click **Save to crontab** option in the dashboard. - -See? Managing cron jobs is not that complicated. Any newbie user can easily maintain any number of jobs without much hassle using Crontab UI. Give it a try and let us know what do you think about this tool. I am all ears! - -And, that’s all for now. Hope this was useful. More good stuffs to come. Stay tuned! - -Cheers! - - - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.ostechnix.com/how-to-easily-and-safely-manage-cron-jobs-in-linux/ - -作者：[SK][a] -选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/ -[1]:https://www.ostechnix.com/a-beginners-guide-to-cron-jobs/ diff --git a/translated/tech/20180823 How To Easily And Safely Manage Cron Jobs In Linux.md b/translated/tech/20180823 How To Easily And Safely Manage Cron Jobs In Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..c556d485c3 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20180823 How To Easily And Safely Manage Cron Jobs In Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,126 @@ +在 Linux 中安全轻松地管理 Cron 定时任务 +====== + +![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Crontab-UI-720x340.jpg) + +在 Linux 中遇到计划任务的时候，你首先会想到的大概就是 Cron 定时任务了。Cron 定时任务能帮助你在类 Unix 操作系统中计划性地执行命令或者任务。也可以参考一下我们之前的一篇[《关于 Cron 定时任务的新手指导》][1]。对于有一定 Linux 经验的人来说，设置 Cron 定时任务不是什么难事，但对于新手来说就不一定了，他们在编辑 Crontab 文件的时候不知不觉中犯的一些小错误，也有可能把整个 Cron 定时任务搞挂了。如果你在处理 Cron 定时任务的时候为了以防万一，可以尝试使用 **Crontab UI**，它是一个可以在类 Unix 操作系统上安全轻松管理 Cron 定时任务的页面工具。 + +Crontab UI 是使用 NodeJS 编写的免费开源软件。有了 Crontab UI，你在创建、删除和修改 Cron 定时任务的时候就不需要手工编辑 Crontab 文件了，只需要打开浏览器稍微操作一下，就能完成上面这些工作。你可以用 Crontab UI 轻松创建、编辑、暂停、删除、备份 Cron 定时任务，甚至还可以简单做到导入、导出、部署其它机器上的 Cron 定时任务，它还支持错误日志、邮件发送和钩子。 + + +### 安装 Crontab UI + +只需要一条命令就可以安装好 Crontab UI，但前提是已经安装好 NPM。如果还没有安装 NPM，可以参考[《如何在 Linux 上安装 NodeJS》][2]这篇文章。 + +执行这一条命令来安装 Crontab UI。 +``` +$ npm install -g crontab-ui + +``` + +就是这么简单，下面继续来看看在 Crontab UI 上如何管理 Cron 定时任务。 + +### 在 Linux 上安全轻松管理 Cron 定时任务 + +执行这一条命令启动 Crontab UI： +``` +$ crontab-ui + +``` + +你会看到这样的输出： +``` +Node version: 10.8.0 +Crontab UI is running at http://127.0.0.1:8000 + +``` + +首先在你的防火墙和路由器上放开 8000 端口，然后打开浏览器访问 ****。 + +注意，默认只有在本地才能访问到 Crontab UI 的控制台页面。但如果你想让 Crontab UI 使用系统的 IP 地址和自定义端口，也就是想让其它机器也访问到本地的 Crontab UI，你需要使用以下这个命令： +``` +$ HOST=0.0.0.0 PORT=9000 crontab-ui +Node version: 10.8.0 +Crontab UI is running at http://0.0.0.0:9000 + +``` + +Crontab UI 就能够通过 :9000 这样的 URL 被远程机器访问到了。 + +Crontab UI 的控制台页面长这样： + +![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/crontab-ui-dashboard.png) + +从上面的截图就可以看到，Crontab UI 的界面非常简洁，所有选项的含义都能不言自明。 + +输入 `Ctrl + C` 就可以关闭 Crontab UI。 + +**创建、编辑、运行、停止、删除 Cron 定时任务** + +点击“New”，输入 Cron 定时任务的信息并点击“Save”保存，就可以创建一个新的 Cron 定时任务了。 + + 1. 为 Cron 定时任务命名，这是可选的； + 2. 你想要执行的完整命令； + 3. 设定计划执行的时间。你可以按照启动、每时、每日、每周、每月、每年这些指标快速指定计划任务，也可以明确指定任务执行的具体时间。指定好计划时间后，**Jobs** 区域就会显示 Cron 定时任务的句式。 + 4. 选择是否为某个 Cron 定时任务记录错误日志。 + + + +这是我的一个 Cron 定时任务样例。 + +![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/create-new-cron-job.png) + +如你所见，我设置了一个每月清理 `pacman` 缓存的 Cron 定时任务。你也可以设置多个 Cron 定时任务，都能在控制台页面看到。 + +![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/crontab-ui-dashboard-1.png) + +如果你需要更改 Cron 定时任务中的某些参数，只需要点击 **Edit** 按钮并按照你的需求更改对应的参数。点击 **Run** 按钮可以立即执行 Cron 定时任务，点击 **Stop** 则可以立即停止 Cron 定时任务。如果想要查看某个 Cron 定时任务的详细日志，可以点击 **Log** 按钮。对于不再需要的 Cron 定时任务，就可以按 **Delete** 按钮删除。 + +**备份 Cron 定时任务** + +点击控制台页面的 **Backup** 按钮并确认，就可以备份所有 Cron 定时任务。 + +![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/backup-cron-jobs.png) + +备份之后，一旦 Crontab 文件出现了错误，就可以使用备份来恢复了。 + +**导入/导出其它机器上的 Cron 定时任务** + +Crontab UI 还有一个令人注目的功能，就是导入、导出、部署其它机器上的 Cron 定时任务。如果同一个网络里的多台机器都需要执行同样的 Cron 定时任务，只需要点击 **Export** 按钮并选择文件的保存路径，所有的 Cron 定时任务都会导出到 `crontab.db` 文件中。 + +以下是 `crontab.db` 文件的内容： +``` +$ cat Downloads/crontab.db +{"name":"Remove Pacman Cache","command":"rm -rf /var/cache/pacman","schedule":"@monthly","stopped":false,"timestamp":"Thu Aug 23 2018 10:34:19 GMT+0000 (Coordinated Universal Time)","logging":"true","mailing":{},"created":1535020459093,"_id":"lcVc1nSdaceqS1ut"} + +``` + +导出成文件以后，你就可以把这个 `crontab.db` 文件放置到其它机器上并导入成 Cron 定时任务，而不需要在每一台主机上手动设置 Cron 定时任务。总之，在一台机器上设置完，导出，再导入到其他机器，就完事了。 + +**在 Crontab 文件获取/保存 Cron 定时任务** + +你可能在使用 Crontab UI 之前就已经使用 `crontab` 命令创建过 Cron 定时任务。如果是这样，你可以点击控制台页面上的 **Get from crontab** 按钮来获取已有的 Cron 定时任务。 + +![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/get-from-crontab.png) + +同样地，你也可以使用 Crontab UI 来将新的 Cron 定时任务保存到 Crontab 文件中，只需要点击 **Save to crontab** 按钮就可以了。 + +管理 Cron 定时任务并没有想象中那么难，即使是新手使用 Crontab UI 也能轻松管理 Cron 定时任务。赶快开始尝试并发表一下你的看法吧。 + + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.ostechnix.com/how-to-easily-and-safely-manage-cron-jobs-in-linux/ + +作者：[SK][a] +选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) +译者：[HankChow](https://github.com/HankChow) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/ +[1]:https://www.ostechnix.com/a-beginners-guide-to-cron-jobs/ +[2]:https://www.ostechnix.com/install-node-js-linux/ + From 84b78f07ef67243ad46548fc1491e384c20ec274 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: pityonline Date: Tue, 25 Sep 2018 23:47:00 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 073/219] =?UTF-8?q?PRF:=20#10300=20=E5=AE=8C=E6=88=90?= =?UTF-8?q?=E6=A0=A1=E5=AF=B9?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- .../talk/20180117 How to get into DevOps.md | 52 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 26 insertions(+), 26 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/talk/20180117 How to get into DevOps.md b/translated/talk/20180117 How to get into DevOps.md index bd9172b468..6efd6976d5 100644 --- a/translated/talk/20180117 How to get into DevOps.md +++ b/translated/talk/20180117 How to get into DevOps.md @@ -11,11 +11,11 @@ DevOps 实践指南 了解历史是搞清楚未来的关键，DevOps 也不例外。想搞清楚 DevOps 运动的普及和流行，去了解一下上世纪 90 年代后期和 21 世纪前十年 IT 的情况会有帮助。这是我的经验。 -我的第一份工作是在一家大型跨国金融服务公司做 Windows 系统管理员。当时给计算资源扩容需要给 Dell 打电话（或者像我们公司那样打给 CDW），并下一个价值数十万美元的订单，包含服务器、网络设备、电缆和软件，所有这些都要运到在线或离线的数据中心去。虽然 VMware 仍在尝试说服企业使用虚拟机运行他们的“性能敏感”型程序是更划算的，但是包括我们在内的很多公司都还忠于使用他们的物理机运行应用。 +我的第一份工作是在一家大型跨国金融服务公司做 Windows 系统管理员。当时给计算资源扩容需要给 Dell 打电话（或者像我们公司那样打给 CDW），并下一个价值数十万美元的订单，包含服务器、网络设备、电缆和软件，所有这些都要运到生产或线下的数据中心去。虽然 VMware 仍在尝试说服企业使用虚拟机运行他们的“性能敏感”型程序是更划算的，但是包括我们在内的很多公司都还忠于使用他们的物理机运行应用。 -在我们技术部门，有一个专门做数据中心工程和操作的完整团队，他们的工作包括价格谈判，让荒唐的租赁月费能够下降一点点，还包括保证我们的系统能够正常冷却（如果设备太多，这个事情的难度会呈指数增长）。如果这个团队足够幸运足够有钱，境外数据中心的工作人员对我们所有的服务器型号又都有足够的了解，就能避免在盘后交易中不小心扯错东西。那时候亚马逊 AWS 和 Rackspace 逐渐开始加速扩张，但还远远没到临界规模。 +在我们技术部门，有一个专门做数据中心工程和运营的团队，他们的工作包括价格谈判，让荒唐的月租能够降一点点，还包括保证我们的系统能够正常冷却（如果设备太多，这个事情的难度会呈指数增长）。如果这个团队足够幸运足够有钱，境外数据中心的工作人员对我们所有的服务器型号又都有足够的了解，就能避免在盘后交易中不小心搞错东西。那时候亚马逊 AWS 和 Rackspace 逐渐开始加速扩张，但还远远没到临界规模。 -当时我们还有专门的团队来保证硬件上运行着的操作系统和软件能够按照预期工作。这些工程师负责设计可靠的架构以方便给系统打补丁，监控和报警，还要定义基础镜像gold image的内容。这些大都是通过很多手工实验完成的，很多手工实验是为了编写一个运行说明书runbook来描述要做的事情，并确保按照它执行后的结果确实在预期内。在我们这么大的组织里，这样做很重要，因为一线和二线的技术支持都是境外的，而他们的培训内容只覆盖到了这些运行说明而已。 +当时我们还有专门的团队来保证硬件上运行着的操作系统和软件能够按照预期工作。这些工程师负责设计可靠的架构以方便给系统打补丁，监控和报警，还要定义基础镜像gold image的内容。这些大都是通过很多手工实验完成的，很多手工实验是为了编写一个运行说明书runbook来描述要做的事情，并确保按照它执行后的结果确实在预期内。在我们这么大的组织里，这样做很重要，因为一线和二线的技术支持都是境外的，而他们的培训内容只覆盖到了这些运行说明而已。 (这是我职业生涯前三年的世界。我那时候的梦想是成为制定金本位制的人！) @@ -23,28 +23,28 @@ DevOps 实践指南 * 开发人员按照技术和功能需求来编写代码，这些需求来自于业务分析人员的会议，但是会议并没有邀请开发人员参加。 * 开发人员可以选择为他们的代码编写单元测试，以确保在代码里没有任何明显的疯狂行为，比如除以 0 但不抛出异常。 -* 然后开发者会把他们的代码标记为“Ready for QA”（准备好了接受测试），质量保障的成员会把这个版本的代码发布到他们自己的环境中，这个环境和生产环境可能相似，也可能不相似，甚至和开发环境相比也不一定相似。 -* 故障会在几天或者几个星期内反馈到开发人员那里，这个时长取决于其他业务活动和优先事项。 +* 然后开发者会把他们的代码标记为“Ready for QA”（准备好了接受测试），质量保障的成员会把这个版本的代码发布到他们自己的环境中，这个环境和生产环境可能相似，也可能不，甚至和开发环境相比也不一定相似。 +* 故障会在几天或者几个星期内反馈到开发人员那里，这个时长取决于其它业务活动和优先事项。 -虽然系统管理员和开发人员经常有不一致的意见，但是对“变更管理”的痛恨却是一致的。变更管理由高度规范的(就我当时的雇主而言)和非常有必要的规则和程序组成，用来管理一家公司应该什么时候做技术变更，以及如何做。很多公司都按照 [ITIL][4] 来操作，简单的说，ITIL 问了很多和事情发生的原因、时间、地点和方式相关的问题，而且提供了一个过程，对产生最终答案的决定做审计跟踪。 +虽然系统管理员和开发人员经常有不一致的意见，但是对“变更管理”却一致痛恨。变更管理由高度规范的（就我当时的雇主而言）和非常必要的规则和程序组成，用来管理一家公司应该什么时候做技术变更，以及如何做。很多公司都按照 [ITIL][4] 来操作，简单的说，ITIL 问了很多和事情发生的原因、时间、地点和方式相关的问题，而且提供了一个过程，对产生最终答案的决定做审计跟踪。 你可能从我的简短历史课上了解到，当时 IT 的很多很多事情都是手工完成的。这导致了很多错误。错误又导致了很多财产损失。变更管理的工作就是尽量减少这些损失，它常常以这样的形式出现：不管变更的影响和规模大小，每两周才能发布部署一次。周五下午 4 点到周一早上 5 点 59 分这段时间，需要排队等候发布窗口。（讽刺的是，这种流程导致了更多错误，通常还是更严重的那种错误） ### DevOps 不是专家团 -你可能在想 “Carlos 你在讲啥啊，什么时候才能说到 Ansible playbooks？”，我热爱 Ansible，但是请再等一会；下面这些很重要。 +你可能在想 “Carlos 你在讲啥啊，什么时候才能说到 Ansible playbooks？”，我喜欢 Ansible，但是请稍等 —— 下面这些很重要。 -你有没有过被分配到过需要跟 DevOps 小组打交道的项目？你有没有依赖过“配置管理”或者“持续集成/持续交付”小组来保证业务流水线设置正确？你有没有在代码开发完的数周之后才参加发布部署的会议？ +你有没有过被分配到需要跟 DevOps 小组打交道的项目？你有没有依赖过“配置管理”或者“持续集成/持续交付”小组来保证业务流水线设置正确？你有没有在代码开发完的数周之后才参加发布部署的会议？ 如果有过，那么你就是在重温历史，这个历史是由上面所有这些导致的。 -出于本能，我们喜欢和像自己的人一起工作，这会导致[筒仓][5]的行成。很自然，这种人类特质也会在工作场所表现出来是不足为奇的。我甚至在一个 250 人的创业公司里见到过这样的现象，当时我在那里工作。刚开始的时候，开发人员都在聚在一起工作，彼此深度协作。随着代码变得复杂，开发相同功能的人自然就坐到了一起，解决他们自己的复杂问题。然后按功能划分的小组很快就正式形成了。 +出于本能，我们喜欢和像自己的人一起工作，这会导致[壁垒][5]的形成。很自然，这种人类特质也会在工作场所表现出来是不足为奇的。我甚至在曾经工作过的一个 250 人的创业公司里见到过这样的现象。刚开始的时候，开发人员都在聚在一起工作，彼此深度协作。随着代码变得复杂，开发相同功能的人自然就坐到了一起，解决他们自己的复杂问题。然后按功能划分的小组很快就正式形成了。 -在我工作过的很多公司里，系统管理员和开发人员不仅像这样形成了天然的筒仓，而且彼此还有激烈的对抗。开发人员的环境出问题了或者他们的权限太小了，就会对系统管理员很恼火。系统管理员怪开发者无时不刻的不在用各种方式破坏他们的环境，怪开发人员申请的计算资源严重超过他们的需要。双方都不理解对方，更糟糕的是，双方都不愿意去理解对方。 +在我工作过的很多公司里，系统管理员和开发人员不仅像这样形成了天然的壁垒，而且彼此还有激烈的对抗。开发人员的环境出问题了或者他们的权限太小了，就会对系统管理员很恼火。系统管理员怪开发人员无时无刻地在用各种方式破坏他们的环境，怪开发人员申请的计算资源严重超过他们的需要。双方都不理解对方，更糟糕的是，双方都不愿意去理解对方。 -大部分开发人员对操作系统，内核或计算机硬件都不感兴趣。同样的，大部分系统管理员，即使是 Linux 的系统管理员，也都不愿意学习编写代码，他们在大学期间学过一些 C 语言，然后就痛恨它，并且永远都不想再碰 IDE。所以，开发人员把运行环境的问题甩给围墙外的系统管理员，系统管理员把这些问题和甩过来的其他上百个问题放在一起，做一个优先级安排。每个人都很忙，心怀怨恨的等待着。DevOps 的目的就是解决这种矛盾。 +大部分开发人员对操作系统，内核或计算机硬件都不感兴趣。同样，大部分系统管理员，即使是 Linux 的系统管理员，也都不愿意学习编写代码，他们在大学期间学过一些 C 语言，然后就痛恨它，并且永远都不想再碰 IDE。所以，开发人员把运行环境的问题甩给围墙外的系统管理员，系统管理员把这些问题和甩过来的其它上百个问题放在一起安排优先级。每个人都忙于怨恨对方。DevOps 的目的就是解决这种矛盾。 -DevOps 不是一个团队，CI/CD 也不是 Jira 系统的一个用户组。DevOps 是一种思考方式。根据这个运动来看，在理想的世界里，开发人员、系统管理员和业务相关人将作为一个团队工作。虽然他们可能不完全了解彼此的世界，可能没有足够的知识去了解彼此的积压任务，但他们在大多数情况下能有一致的看法。 +DevOps 不是一个团队，CI/CD 也不是 JIRA 系统的一个用户组。DevOps 是一种思考方式。根据这个运动来看，在理想的世界里，开发人员、系统管理员和业务相关人将作为一个团队工作。虽然他们可能不完全了解彼此的世界，可能没有足够的知识去了解彼此的积压任务，但他们在大多数情况下能有一致的看法。 把所有基础设施和业务逻辑都代码化，再串到一个发布部署流水线里，就像是运行在这之上的应用一样。这个理念的基础就是 DevOps。因为大家都理解彼此，所以人人都是赢家。聊天机器人和易用的监控工具、可视化工具的兴起，背后的基础也是 DevOps。 @@ -52,30 +52,30 @@ DevOps 不是一个团队，CI/CD 也不是 Jira 系统的一个用户组。DevO ### 要实践 DevOps 我需要知道些什么 -我经常被问到这个问题，它的答案，和同属于开放式的其他大部分问题一样：视情况而定。 +我经常被问到这个问题，它的答案和同属于开放式的其它大部分问题一样：视情况而定。 -现在“DevOps 工程师”在不同的公司有不同的含义。在软件开发人员比较多但是很少有人懂基础设施的小公司，他们很可能是在找有更多系统管理经验的人。而其他公司，通常是大公司或老公司或又大又老的公司，已经有一个稳固的系统管理团队了，他们在向类似于谷歌 [SRE][7] 的方向做优化，也就是“设计操作功能的软件工程师”。但是，这并不是金科玉律，就像其他技术类工作一样，这个决定很大程度上取决于他的招聘经理。 +现在“DevOps 工程师”在不同的公司有不同的含义。在软件开发人员比较多但是很少有人懂基础设施的小公司，他们很可能是在找有更多系统管理经验的人。而其他公司，通常是大公司或老公司，已经有一个稳固的系统管理团队了，他们在向类似于谷歌 [SRE][7] 的方向做优化，也就是“设计操作功能的软件工程师”。但是，这并不是金科玉律，就像其它技术类工作一样，这个决定很大程度上取决于他的招聘经理。 也就是说，我们一般是在找对深入学习以下内容感兴趣的工程师： -* 如何管理和设计安全、可扩展的云上的平台（通常是在 AWS 上，不过微软的 Azure，谷歌的 Cloud Platform，还有 DigitalOcean 和 Heroku 这样的 PaaS 提供商，也都很流行） -* 如何用流行的 [CI/CD][8] 工具，比如 Jenkins，Gocd，还有基于云的 Travis CI 或者 CircleCI，来构造一条优化的发布部署流水线，和发布部署策略。 -* 如何在你的系统中使用基于时间序列的工具，比如 Kibana，Grafana，Splunk，Loggly 或者 Logstash，来监控，记录，并在变化的时候报警，还有 -* 如何使用配置管理工具，例如 Chef，Puppet 或者 Ansible 做到“基础设施即代码”，以及如何使用像 Terraform 或 CloudFormation 的工具发布这些基础设施。 +* 如何管理和设计安全、可扩展的云平台（通常是在 AWS 上，不过微软的 Azure，Google Cloud Platform，还有 DigitalOcean 和 Heroku 这样的 PaaS 提供商，也都很流行）。 +* 如何用流行的 [CI/CD][8] 工具，比如 Jenkins，GoCD，还有基于云的 Travis CI 或者 CircleCI，来构造一条优化的发布部署流水线和发布部署策略。 +* 如何在你的系统中使用基于时间序列的工具，比如 Kibana，Grafana，Splunk，Loggly 或者 Logstash 来监控，记录，并在变化的时候报警。 +* 如何使用配置管理工具，例如 Chef，Puppet 或者 Ansible 做到“基础设施即代码”，以及如何使用像 Terraform 或 CloudFormation 的工具发布这些基础设施。 容器也变得越来越受欢迎。尽管有人对大规模使用 Docker 的现状[表示不满][9]，但容器正迅速地成为一种很好的方式来实现在更少的操作系统上运行超高密度的服务和应用，同时提高它们的可靠性。（像 Kubernetes 或者 Mesos 这样的容器编排工具，能在宿主机故障的时候，几秒钟之内重新启动新的容器。）考虑到这些，掌握 Docker 或者 rkt 以及容器编排平台的知识会对你大有帮助。 -如果你是希望做 DevOps 实践的系统管理员，你还需要知道如何写代码。Python 和 Ruby 是 DevOps 领域的流行语言，因为他们是可移植的（也就是说可以在任何操作系统上运行），快速的，而且易读易学。它们还支撑着这个行业最流行的配置管理工具（Ansible 是使用 Python 写的，Chef 和 Puppet 是使用 Ruby 写的）以及云平台的 API 客户端（亚马逊 AWS，微软 Azure，谷歌 Cloud Platform 的客户端通常会提供 Python 和 Ruby 语言的版本）。 +如果你是希望做 DevOps 实践的系统管理员，你还需要知道如何写代码。Python 和 Ruby 是 DevOps 领域的流行语言，因为它们是可移植的（也就是说可以在任何操作系统上运行），快速的，而且易读易学。它们还支撑着这个行业最流行的配置管理工具（Ansible 是使用 Python 写的，Chef 和 Puppet 是使用 Ruby 写的）以及云平台的 API 客户端（亚马逊 AWS，微软 Azure，Google Cloud Platform 的客户端通常会提供 Python 和 Ruby 语言的版本）。 -如果你是开发人员，也希望做 DevOps 的实践，我强烈建议你去学习 Unix，Windows 操作系统以及网络基础知识。虽然云计算把很多系统管理的难题抽象化了，但是对慢应用的性能做 debug 的时候，你知道操作系统如何工作的就会有很大的帮助。下文包含了一些这个主题的图书。 +如果你是开发人员，也希望做 DevOps 的实践，我强烈建议你去学习 Unix，Windows 操作系统以及网络基础知识。虽然云计算把很多系统管理的难题抽象化了，但是对应用的性能做 debug 的时候，如果你知道操作系统如何工作的就会有很大的帮助。下文包含了一些这个主题的图书。 -如果你觉得这些东西听起来内容太多，大家都是这么想的。幸运的是，有很多小项目可以让你开始探索。其中一个启动项目是 Gary Stafford 的[选举服务](https://github.com/garystafford/voter-service)，一个基于 Java 的简单投票平台。我们要求面试候选人通过一个流水线将该服务从 GitHub 部署到生产环境基础设施上。你可以把这个服务与 Rob Mile 写的了不起的 DevOps [入门教程](https://github.com/maxamg/cd-office-hours)结合起来，学习如何编写流水线。 +如果你觉得这些东西听起来内容太多，没关系，大家都是这么想的。幸运的是，有很多小项目可以让你开始探索。其中一个项目是 Gary Stafford 的[选举服务](https://github.com/garystafford/voter-service)，一个基于 Java 的简单投票平台。我们要求面试候选人通过一个流水线将该服务从 GitHub 部署到生产环境基础设施上。你可以把这个服务与 Rob Mile 写的了不起的 DevOps [入门教程](https://github.com/maxamg/cd-office-hours)结合起来学习。 还有一个熟悉这些工具的好方法，找一个流行的服务，然后只使用 AWS 和配置管理工具来搭建这个服务所需要的基础设施。第一次先手动搭建，了解清楚要做的事情，然后只用 CloudFormation（或者 Terraform）和 Ansible 重写刚才的手动操作。令人惊讶的是，这就是我们基础设施开发人员为客户所做的大部分日常工作，我们的客户认为这样的工作非常有意义！ ### 需要读的书 -如果你在找 DevOps 的其他资源，下面这些理论和技术书籍值得一读。 +如果你在找 DevOps 的其它资源，下面这些理论和技术书籍值得一读。 #### 理论书籍 @@ -84,17 +84,17 @@ DevOps 不是一个团队，CI/CD 也不是 Jira 系统的一个用户组。DevO * Tom DeMarco 和 Tim Lister 合著的 [Peopleware（人件）][12]。管理工程师团队的经典图书，有一点过时，但仍然很有价值。 * Tom Limoncelli 写的 [Time Management for System Administrators（时间管理：给系统管理员）][13]。这本书主要面向系统管理员，它对很多大型组织内的系统管理员生活做了深入的展示。如果你想了解更多系统管理员和开发人员之间的冲突，这本书可能解释了更多。 * Eric Ries 写的 [The Lean Startup（精益创业）][14]。描述了 Eric 自己的 3D 虚拟形象公司，IMVU，发现了如何精益工作，快速失败和更快盈利。 -* Jez Humble 和他的朋友写的[Lean Enterprise（精益企业）][15]。这本书是对精益创业做的改编，以更适应企业，两本书都很棒，都很好的解释了 DevOps 背后的商业动机。 +* Jez Humble 和他的朋友写的 [Lean Enterprise（精益企业）][15]。这本书是对精益创业做的改编，以更适应企业，两本书都很棒，都很好地解释了 DevOps 背后的商业动机。 * Kief Morris 写的 [Infrastructure As Code（基础设施即代码）][16]。关于“基础设施即代码”的非常好的入门读物！很好的解释了为什么所有公司都有必要采纳这种做法。 -* Betsy Beyer、Chris Jones、Jennifer Petoff 和 Niall Richard Murphy 合著的 [Site Reliability Engineering（站点可靠性工程师）][17]。一本解释谷歌 SRE 实践的书，也因为是“DevOps 诞生之前的 DevOps”被人熟知。在如何处理运行时间、时延和保持工程师快乐方面提供了有趣的看法。 +* Betsy Beyer、Chris Jones、Jennifer Petoff 和 Niall Richard Murphy 合著的 [Site Reliability Engineering（站点可靠性工程师）][17]。一本解释谷歌 SRE 实践的书，也因为是“DevOps 诞生之前的 DevOps”被人熟知。在如何处理运行时间、时延和保持工程师快乐方面提供了有意思的看法。 #### 技术书籍 如果你想找的是让你直接跟代码打交道的书，看这里就对了。 -* W. Richard Stevens 的 [TCP/IP Illustrated（TCP/IP 详解）][18]。这是一套经典的(也可以说是最全面的)讲解基本网络协议的巨著，重点介绍了 TCP/IP 协议族。如果你听说过 1，2， 3，4 层网络，而且对深入学习他们感兴趣，那么你需要这本书。 +* W. Richard Stevens 的 [TCP/IP Illustrated（TCP/IP 详解）][18]。这是一套经典的（也可以说是最全面的）讲解网络协议基础的巨著，重点介绍了 TCP/IP 协议族。如果你听说过 1，2，3，4 层网络，而且对深入学习它们感兴趣，那么你需要这本书。 * Evi Nemeth、Trent Hein 和 Ben Whaley 合著的 [UNIX and Linux System Administration Handbook（UNIX/Linux 系统管理员手册）][19]。一本很好的入门书，介绍 Linux/Unix 如何工作以及如何使用。 -* Don Jones 和 Jeffrey Hicks 合著的 [Learn Windows Powershell In A Month of Lunches（Windows PowerShell实战指南）][20]。如果你在 Windows 系统下做自动化任务，你需要学习怎么使用 Powershell。这本书能够帮助你。Don Jones 是这方面著名的 MVP。 +* Don Jones 和 Jeffrey Hicks 合著的 [Learn Windows Powershell In A Month of Lunches（Windows PowerShell 实战指南）][20]。如果你在 Windows 系统下做自动化任务，你需要学习怎么使用 Powershell。这本书能够帮助你。Don Jones 是这方面著名的 MVP。 * 几乎所有 [James Turnbull][21] 写的东西，针对流行的 DevOps 工具，他发表了很好的技术入门读物。 不管是在那些把所有应用都直接部署在物理机上的公司，（现在很多公司仍然有充分的理由这样做）还是在那些把所有应用都做成 serverless 的先驱公司，DevOps 都很可能会持续下去。这部分工作很有趣，产出也很有影响力，而且最重要的是，它搭起桥梁衔接了技术和业务之间的缺口。DevOps 是一个值得期待的美好事物。 From 8c297314426f11aa7411a099bc9adbf385ee8bd9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Tue, 2 Oct 2018 12:16:46 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 074/219] PRF:20180917 Getting started with openmediavault- A home NAS solution.md MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @jamelouis 翻译完再润色一下更好 --- ...ith openmediavault- A home NAS solution.md | 45 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 23 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180917 Getting started with openmediavault- A home NAS solution.md b/translated/tech/20180917 Getting started with openmediavault- A home NAS solution.md index 833180811a..0d5d00ca74 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20180917 Getting started with openmediavault- A home NAS solution.md +++ b/translated/tech/20180917 Getting started with openmediavault- A home NAS solution.md @@ -1,52 +1,53 @@ -openmediavault入门：一个家庭NAS解决方案 +openmediavault 入门：一个家庭 NAS 解决方案 ====== -这个网络附加文件服务提供了一序列功能，并且易于安装和配置。 + +> 这个网络附属文件服务提供了一系列可靠的功能，并且易于安装和配置。 ![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/bus-cloud.png?itok=vz0PIDDS) -面对许多可供选择的云存储方案，一些人可能会质疑一个家庭网络附加存储服务的价值。毕竟，当所有你的文件存储在云上，你不需要为你自己云服务的维护，更新，和安全担忧。 +面对许多可供选择的云存储方案，一些人可能会质疑一个家庭 NAS（网络附属存储network-attached storage）服务器的价值。毕竟，当所有你的文件存储在云上，你就不需要为你自己云服务的维护、更新和安全担忧。 -但是，这不完全对，是不是？你有一个家庭网络，所以你不得不负责维护网络的健康和安全。假定你已经维护一个家庭网络，那么[一个家庭NAS][1]并不会增加额外负担。反而你能从少量的工作中得到许多的好处。 +但是，这不完全对，是不是？你有一个家庭网络，所以你已经要负责维护网络的健康和安全。假定你已经维护一个家庭网络，那么[一个家庭 NAS][1]并不会增加额外负担。反而你能从少量的工作中得到许多的好处。 -你可以为你家里所有的计算机备份(你也可以备份离线网站).构架一个存储电影，音乐和照片的媒体服务器，无需担心网络连接是否连接。在家里的多台计算机处理大型文件，不需要等待从网络其他随机的计算机传输这些文件过来。另外，可以让NAS与其他服务一起进行双重任务，如托管本地邮件或者家庭Wiki。也许最重要的是，构架家庭NAS，数据完全是你的，始终在控制下和随时可访问的。 +你可以为你家里所有的计算机进行备份（你也可以备份到其它地方）。构架一个存储电影、音乐和照片的媒体服务器，无需担心互联网连接是否连通。在家里的多台计算机上处理大型文件，不需要等待从互联网某个其它计算机传输这些文件过来。另外，可以让 NAS 与其他服务配合工作，如托管本地邮件或者家庭 Wiki。也许最重要的是，构架家庭 NAS，数据完全是你的，它始终处于在控制下，随时可访问。 -接下来的问题是如何选择NAS方案。当然，你可以购买预先建立的解决方案，并在某一天打电话购买，但是这会有什么乐趣呢？实际上，尽管拥有一个能处理一切的设备很棒，但最好还是有一个可以修复和升级的钻机。这是一个我近期发现的解决方案。我选择安装和配置[openmediavault][2]。 +接下来的问题是如何选择 NAS 方案。当然，你可以购买预先搭建好的商品，并在一天内搞定，但是这会有什么乐趣呢？实际上，尽管拥有一个能为你搞定一切的设备很棒，但是有一个可以修复和升级的钻机平台更棒。这就我近期的需求，我选择安装和配置 [openmediavault][2]。 -### 为什么选择openmediavault? +### 为什么选择 openmediavault？ -市面上有不少开源的NAS解决方案，其中有些无可争议的比openmediavault流行。当我询问周遭，例如，[freeNAS][3]最常被推荐给我。那么为什么我不采纳他们的建议呢？毕竟，它被大范围的使用，包含很多的功能，并且提供许多支持选项，[基于FreeNAS官网的一份对比数据][4]。当然这些全部是对的。但是openmediavault也不差。它是基于FreeNAS早期版本，虽然它在下载和功能方面的数量较低，但是对于我的需求而言，它已经相当足够了。 +市面上有不少开源的 NAS 解决方案，其中有些肯定比 openmediavault 流行。当我询问周遭，例如 [freeNAS][3] 这样的最常被推荐给我。那么为什么我不采纳他们的建议呢？毕竟，用它的人更多。[基于 FreeNAS 官网的一份对比数据][4]，它包含了很多的功能，并且提供许多支持选项。这当然都对。但是 openmediavault 也不差。它实际上是基于 FreeNAS 早期版本的，虽然它在下载量和功能方面较少，但是对于我的需求而言，它已经相当足够了。 -另外一个因素是它让我感到很舒适。openmediavault的底层操作系统是[Debian][5],然而FreeNAS是[FreeBSD][6]。由于我个人对FressBSD不是很熟悉，因此如果我的NAS出现故障，必定会很难在FreeBSD上修复故障。同样的，也会让我觉得很难微调配置或添加服务到机器上。当然，我可以学习FreeBSD和更熟悉它，但是我已经在家里构架了这个NAS；我发现，如果限制给定自己完成构建NAS的“学习机会”的数量，构建NAS往往会更成功。 +另外一个因素是它让我感到很舒适。openmediavault 的底层操作系统是 [Debian][5]，然而 FreeNAS 是 [FreeBSD][6]。由于我个人对 FreeBSD 不是很熟悉，因此如果我的 NAS 出现故障，必定难于在 FreeBSD 上修复故障。同样的，也会让我觉得难于优化或添加一些服务到这个机器上。当然，我可以学习 FreeBSD 以更熟悉它，但是我已经在家里构架了这个 NAS；我发现，如果完成它只需要较少的“学习机会”，那么构建 NAS 往往会更成功。 -当然，每个情况都不同，所以你要自己调研，然后作出最适合自己方案的决定。FreeNAS对于许多人似乎都是不错的解决方案。Openmediavault正是适合我的解决方案。 +当然，每个人情况都不同，所以你要自己调研，然后作出最适合自己方案的决定。FreeNAS 对于许多人似乎都是不错的解决方案。openmediavault 正是适合我的解决方案。 ### 安装与配置 -在[openmediavault文档]里详细记录了安装步骤，所以我不在这里重述了。如果你曾经安装过任何一个linux版本，大部分安装步骤都是很类似的(虽然在相对丑陋的[Ucurses][9]界面，不像你可能在现代版本的相对美观的安装界面)。我通过使用[专用驱动器][9]指令来安装它。然而，这些指令不但很好，而且相当精炼的。当你搞定这些指令，你安装了一个基本的系统，但是你还需要做很多才能真正构建好NAS来存储任何文件。例如，专用驱动器指令在硬盘驱动上安装openmediavault，但那是操作系统的驱动，而不是和网络上其他计算机共享空间的那个驱动。你需要自己把这些建立起来并且配置好。 +在 [openmediavault 文档][7]里详细记录了安装步骤，所以我不在这里重述了。如果你曾经安装过任何一个 Linux 发行版，大部分安装步骤都是很类似的（虽然是在相对丑陋的 [Ncurses][8] 界面，而不像你或许在现代发行版里见到的）。我按照 [专用的驱动器][9] 的说明来安装它。这些说明不但很好，而且相当精炼的。当你搞定这些步骤，就安装好了一个基本的系统，但是你还需要做更多才能真正构建好 NAS 来存储各种文件。例如，专用驱动器方式需要在硬盘驱动器上安装 openmediavault，但那是指你的操作系统的驱动器，而不是和网络上其他计算机共享的驱动器。你需要自己把这些建立起来并且配置好。 -你要做的第一件事是加载用来管理的网页界面和修改默认密码。这个密码和之前你安装过程设置的根密码是不同的。这是网页洁面的管理员账号，和默认的账户和密码分别是 `admin` 和 `openmediavault`，当你登入后自然而然地会修改这些配置属性。 +你要做的第一件事是加载用来管理的网页界面，并修改默认密码。这个密码和之前你安装过程设置的 root 密码是不同的。这是网页界面的管理员账号，默认的账户和密码分别是 `admin` 和 `openmediavault`，当你登入后要马上修改。 -#### 设置你的驱动 +#### 设置你的驱动器 -一旦你安装好openmediavault,你需要它为你做一些工作。逻辑上的第一个步骤是设置好你即将用来作为存储的驱动。在这里，我假定你已经物理上安装好它们了，所以接下来你要做的就是让openmediavault识别和配置它们。第一步是确保这些磁盘是可见的。侧边栏菜单有很多选项，而且被精心的归类了。选择**存储 - > 磁盘**。一旦你点击该菜单，你应该能够看到所有你已经安装到该服务器的驱动，包括那个你已经用来安装openmediavault的驱动。如果你没有在那里看到所有驱动，点击扫描按钮去看它能够接载它们。通常，这不会是一个问题。 +一旦你安装好 openmediavault，你需要它为你做一些工作。逻辑上的第一个步骤是设置好你即将用来作为存储的驱动器。在这里，我假定你已经物理上安装好它们了，所以接下来你要做的就是让 openmediavault 识别和配置它们。第一步是确保这些磁盘是可见的。侧边栏菜单有很多选项，而且被精心的归类了。选择“Storage -> Disks”。一旦你点击该菜单，你应该能够看到所有你已经安装到该服务器的驱动，包括那个你已经用来安装 openmediavault 的驱动器。如果你没有在那里看到所有驱动器，点击“Scan”按钮去看是否能够挂载它们。通常，这不会是一个问题。 -当你的文件共享时，你可以独立的挂载和设置这些驱动，但是对于一个文件服务器，你将想要一些冗余驱动。你想要能够把很多驱动当作一个单一卷和能够在某一个驱动出现故障或者空间不足下安装新驱动的情况下恢复你的数据。这意味你将需要一个[RAID][10]。你想要的什么特定类型的RAID的主题是一个深深的兔子洞，是一个值得另写一片文章专门来讲述它(而且已经有很多关于该主题的文章了)，但是简而言之是你将需要不仅仅一个驱动和最好的情况下，你的所有驱动都存储一样数量的数据。 +你可以独立的挂载和设置这些驱动器用于文件共享，但是对于一个文件服务器，你会想要一些冗余。你想要能够把很多驱动器当作一个单一卷，并能够在某一个驱动器出现故障时恢复你的数据，或者空间不足时安装新驱动器。这意味你将需要一个 [RAID][10]。你想要的什么特定类型的 RAID 的这个主题是一个大坑，值得另写一篇文章专门来讲述它（而且已经有很多关于该主题的文章了），但是简而言之是你将需要不止一个驱动器，最好的情况下，你所有的驱动都存储一样的容量。 -openmedia支持所有标准的RAID级别，所以多了解RAID对你很有好处的。可以在**存储 - > RAID管理**配置你的RAID。配置是相当简单:点击创建按钮，在你的RAID阵列里选择你想要的磁盘和你想要使用的RAID级别，和给这个阵列一个名字。openmediavault为你处理剩下的工作。没有混乱的命令行，试图记住‘mdadm'命令的一些标志参数。在我特别的例子，我有六个2TB驱动，并被设置为RAID 10. +openmediavault 支持所有标准的 RAID 级别，所以这里很简单。可以在“Storage -> RAID Management”里配置你的 RAID。配置是相当简单的：点击“Create”按钮，在你的 RAID 阵列里选择你想要的磁盘和你想要使用的 RAID 级别，并给这个阵列一个名字。openmediavault 为你处理剩下的工作。这里没有复杂的命令行，也不需要试图记住 `mdadm` 命令的一些选项参数。在我的例子，我有六个 2TB 驱动器，设置成了 RAID 10。 -当你的RAID构建好了，基本上你已经有一个地方可以存储东西了。你仅仅需要设置一个文件系统。正如你的桌面系统，一个硬盘驱动在没有格式化情况下是没什么用处的。所以下一个你要去的地方的是位于openmediavault控制面板里的 **存储 - > 文件系统**。和配置你的RAID一样，点击创建按钮，然后跟着提示操作。如果你只有一个RAID在你的服务器上，你应该可以看到一个像 `md0`的东西。你也需要选择文件系统的类别。如果你不能确定，选择标准的ext4类型即可。 +当你的 RAID 构建好了，基本上你已经有一个地方可以存储东西了。你仅仅需要设置一个文件系统。正如你的桌面系统，一个硬盘驱动器在没有格式化的情况下是没什么用处的。所以下一个你要去的地方的是位于 openmediavault 控制面板里的“Storage -> File Systems”。和配置你的 RAID 一样，点击“Create”按钮，然后跟着提示操作。如果你在你的服务器上只有一个 RAID ，你应该可以看到一个像 `md0` 的东西。你也需要选择文件系统的类别。如果你不能确定，选择标准的 ext4 类型即可。 #### 定义你的共享 -亲爱的！你有个地方可以存储文件了。现在你只需要让它在你的家庭网络中可见。可以从在openmediavault控制面板上的**服务**部分上配置。当谈到在网络上设置文件共享，有两个主要的选择:NFS或者SMB/CIFS. 根据以往经验，如果你网络上的所有计算机都是Linux系统，那么你使用NFS会更好。然而，当你家庭网络是一个混合环境，是一个包含Linux，Windows，苹果系统和嵌入式设备的组合，那么SMB/CIF可能会是你合适的选择。 +亲爱的！你有个地方可以存储文件了。现在你只需要让它在你的家庭网络中可见。可以从在 openmediavault 控制面板上的“Services”部分上配置。当谈到在网络上设置文件共享，主要有两个选择：NFS 或者 SMB/CIFS. 根据以往经验，如果你网络上的所有计算机都是 Linux 系统，那么你使用 NFS 会更好。然而，当你家庭网络是一个混合环境，是一个包含Linux、Windows、苹果系统和嵌入式设备的组合，那么 SMB/CIFS 可能会是你合适的选择。 -这些选项不是互斥的。实际上，你可以在服务器上运行这些服务和同时拥有这些服务的好处。或者你可以混合起来，如果你有一个特定的设备做特定的任务。不管你的使用场景是怎样，配置这些服务是相当简单。点击你想要的服务，从它配置中激活它，和在网络中设定你想要的共享文件夹为可见。在基于SMB/CIFS共享的情况下，相对于NFS多了一些可用的配置，但是一般用默认配置就挺好的，接着可以在默认基础上修改配置。最酷的事情是它很容易配置，同时也很容易在需要的时候修改配置。 +这些选项不是互斥的。实际上，你可以在服务器上运行这两个服务，同时拥有这些服务的好处。或者你可以混合起来，如果你有一个特定的设备做特定的任务。不管你的使用场景是怎样，配置这些服务是相当简单。点击你想要的服务，从它配置中激活它，和在网络中设定你想要的共享文件夹为可见。在基于 SMB/CIFS 共享的情况下，相对于 NFS 多了一些可用的配置，但是一般用默认配置就挺好的，接着可以在默认基础上修改配置。最酷的事情是它很容易配置，同时也很容易在需要的时候修改配置。 #### 用户配置 -基本上已将完成了。你已经在RAID配置你的驱动。你已经用一种文件系统格式化了RAID。和你已经在格式化的RAID上设定了共享文件夹。剩下来的一件事情是配置那些人可以访问这些共享和可以访问多少。这个可以在 **访问权限管理** 配置区设置。使用 **用户** 和 **群组** 选项来设定可以连接到你共享文件加的用户和设定这些共享文件的访问权限。 +基本上已将完成了。你已经在 RAID 中配置了你的驱动器。你已经用一种文件系统格式化了 RAID，并且你已经在格式化的 RAID 上设定了共享文件夹。剩下来的一件事情是配置那些人可以访问这些共享和可以访问多少。这个可以在“Access Rights Management”配置里设置。使用“User”和“Group”选项来设定可以连接到你共享文件夹的用户，并设定这些共享文件的访问权限。 -一旦你完成用户配置，你几乎准备好了。你需要从不同客户端机器访问你的共享，但是这是另外一个可以单独写个文章的话题了。 +一旦你完成用户配置，就几乎准备好了。你需要从不同客户端机器访问你的共享，但是这是另外一个可以单独写个文章的话题了。 玩得开心！ @@ -57,7 +58,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/18/9/openmediavault 作者：[Jason van Gumster][a] 选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) 译者：[jamelouis](https://github.com/jamelouis) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From ecb0f1341a054b86aee0be0fb7b0763604c4995e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Tue, 2 Oct 2018 12:17:13 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 075/219] PUB: 20180917 Getting started with openmediavault- A home NAS solution.md @jamelouis https://linux.cn/article-10071-1.html --- ...17 Getting started with openmediavault- A home NAS solution.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20180917 Getting started with openmediavault- A home NAS solution.md (100%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180917 Getting started with openmediavault- A home NAS solution.md b/published/20180917 Getting started with openmediavault- A home NAS solution.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/tech/20180917 Getting started with openmediavault- A home NAS solution.md rename to published/20180917 Getting started with openmediavault- A home NAS solution.md From 3530561194139e1a7b201bc319e681d5da8cbc11 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Tue, 2 Oct 2018 12:25:37 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 076/219] PRF:20180915 Backup Installed Packages And Restore Them On Freshly Installed Ubuntu.md @geekpi --- ...estore Them On Freshly Installed Ubuntu.md | 29 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180915 Backup Installed Packages And Restore Them On Freshly Installed Ubuntu.md b/translated/tech/20180915 Backup Installed Packages And Restore Them On Freshly Installed Ubuntu.md index 1b21607ee9..b5a74c0ea9 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20180915 Backup Installed Packages And Restore Them On Freshly Installed Ubuntu.md +++ b/translated/tech/20180915 Backup Installed Packages And Restore Them On Freshly Installed Ubuntu.md @@ -1,23 +1,21 @@ -备份安装包并在全新安装的 Ubuntu 上恢复它们 +备份安装的包并在全新安装的 Ubuntu 上恢复它们 ====== ![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/apt-clone-720x340.png) -在多个 Ubuntu 系统上安装同一组软件包是一项耗时且无聊的任务。你不会想花时间在多个系统上反复安装相同的软件包。在类似架构的 Ubuntu 系统上安装软件包时，有许多方法可以使这项任务更容易。你可以方便地通过 [**Aptik**][1] 并点击几次鼠标将以前的 Ubuntu 系统的应用程序、设置和数据迁移到新安装的系统中。或者，你可以使用软件包管理器（例如 APT）获取[**备份的已安装软件包的完整列表**][2]，然后在新安装的系统上安装它们。今天，我了解到还有另一个专用工具可以完成这项工作。来看一下 **apt-clone**，这是一个简单的工具，可以让你为 Debian/Ubuntu 系统创建一个已安装的软件包列表，这些软件包可以在新安装的系统或容器上或目录中恢复。 +在多个 Ubuntu 系统上安装同一组软件包是一项耗时且无聊的任务。你不会想花时间在多个系统上反复安装相同的软件包。在类似架构的 Ubuntu 系统上安装软件包时，有许多方法可以使这项任务更容易。你可以方便地通过 [Aptik][1] 并点击几次鼠标将以前的 Ubuntu 系统的应用程序、设置和数据迁移到新安装的系统中。或者，你可以使用软件包管理器（例如 APT）获取[备份的已安装软件包的完整列表][2]，然后在新安装的系统上安装它们。今天，我了解到还有另一个专用工具可以完成这项工作。来看一下 `apt-clone`，这是一个简单的工具，可以让你为 Debian/Ubuntu 系统创建一个已安装的软件包列表，这些软件包可以在新安装的系统或容器上或目录中恢复。 -Apt-clone 会帮助你处理你想要的情况， +`apt-clone` 会帮助你处理你想要的情况， - * 在运行类似 Ubuntu（及衍生版）的多个系统上安装一致的应用程序。 -  * 经常在多个系统上安装相同的软件包。 -  * 备份已安装的应用程序的完整列表，并在需要时随时随地恢复它们。 +* 在运行类似 Ubuntu（及衍生版）的多个系统上安装一致的应用程序。 +* 经常在多个系统上安装相同的软件包。 +* 备份已安装的应用程序的完整列表，并在需要时随时随地恢复它们。 - - -在本简要指南中，我们将讨论如何在基于 Debian 的系统上安装和使用 Apt-clone。我在 Ubuntu 18.04 LTS 上测试了这个程序，但它应该适用于所有基于 Debian 和 Ubuntu 的系统。 +在本简要指南中，我们将讨论如何在基于 Debian 的系统上安装和使用 `apt-clone`。我在 Ubuntu 18.04 LTS 上测试了这个程序，但它应该适用于所有基于 Debian 和 Ubuntu 的系统。 ### 备份已安装的软件包并在新安装的 Ubuntu 上恢复它们 -Apt-clone 在默认仓库中有。要安装它，只需在终端输入以下命令： +`apt-clone` 在默认仓库中有。要安装它，只需在终端输入以下命令： ``` $ sudo apt install apt-clone @@ -27,11 +25,10 @@ $ sudo apt install apt-clone ``` $ mkdir ~/mypackages - $ sudo apt-clone clone ~/mypackages ``` -上面的命令将我的 Ubuntu 中所有已安装的软件包保存在 **~/mypackages** 目录下名为 **apt-clone-state-ubuntuserver.tar.gz** 的文件中。 +上面的命令将我的 Ubuntu 中所有已安装的软件包保存在 `~/mypackages` 目录下名为 `apt-clone-state-ubuntuserver.tar.gz` 的文件中。 要查看备份文件的详细信息，请运行： @@ -53,7 +50,7 @@ Date: Sat Sep 15 10:23:05 2018 $ sudo apt-clone restore apt-clone-state-ubuntuserver.tar.gz ``` -请注意，此命令将覆盖你现有的 **/etc/apt/sources.list** 并将安装/删除软件包。警告过你了！此外，只需确保目标系统是相同的架构和操作系统。例如，如果源系统是 18.04 LTS 64位，那么目标系统必须也是相同的。 +请注意，此命令将覆盖你现有的 `/etc/apt/sources.list` 并将安装/删除软件包。警告过你了！此外，只需确保目标系统是相同的 CPU 架构和操作系统。例如，如果源系统是 18.04 LTS 64 位，那么目标系统必须也是相同的。 如果你不想在系统上恢复软件包，可以使用 `--destination /some/location` 选项将克隆复制到这个文件夹中。 @@ -61,7 +58,7 @@ $ sudo apt-clone restore apt-clone-state-ubuntuserver.tar.gz $ sudo apt-clone restore apt-clone-state-ubuntuserver.tar.gz --destination ~/oldubuntu ``` -在此例中，上面的命令将软件包恢复到 **~/oldubuntu** 中。 +在此例中，上面的命令将软件包恢复到 `~/oldubuntu` 中。 有关详细信息，请参阅帮助部分： @@ -75,7 +72,7 @@ $ apt-clone -h $ man apt-clone ``` -**建议阅读：** +建议阅读： + [Systemback - 将 Ubuntu 桌面版和服务器版恢复到以前的状态][3] + [Cronopete - Linux 下的苹果时间机器][4] @@ -94,7 +91,7 @@ via: https://www.ostechnix.com/backup-installed-packages-and-restore-them-on-fre 作者：[SK][a] 选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) 译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 65057bb7212a52f394a220cdff2221e30e42ed0c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Tue, 2 Oct 2018 12:25:58 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 077/219] PUB:20180915 Backup Installed Packages And Restore Them On Freshly Installed Ubuntu.md @geekpi https://linux.cn/article-10072-1.html --- ...alled Packages And Restore Them On Freshly Installed Ubuntu.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20180915 Backup Installed Packages And Restore Them On Freshly Installed Ubuntu.md (100%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180915 Backup Installed Packages And Restore Them On Freshly Installed Ubuntu.md b/published/20180915 Backup Installed Packages And Restore Them On Freshly Installed Ubuntu.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/tech/20180915 Backup Installed Packages And Restore Them On Freshly Installed Ubuntu.md rename to published/20180915 Backup Installed Packages And Restore Them On Freshly Installed Ubuntu.md From 815d5423eddf0ed0969ede9f2cf26718c51fd6d3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Tue, 2 Oct 2018 12:38:53 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 078/219] PRF:20180924 How To Find Out Which Port Number A Process Is Using In Linux.md @HankChow --- ...Port Number A Process Is Using In Linux.md | 53 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 25 insertions(+), 28 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180924 How To Find Out Which Port Number A Process Is Using In Linux.md b/translated/tech/20180924 How To Find Out Which Port Number A Process Is Using In Linux.md index ed3402e0fa..a77ee1ad62 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20180924 How To Find Out Which Port Number A Process Is Using In Linux.md +++ b/translated/tech/20180924 How To Find Out Which Port Number A Process Is Using In Linux.md @@ -1,22 +1,22 @@ 如何在 Linux 中查看进程占用的端口号 ====== + 对于 Linux 系统管理员来说，清楚某个服务是否正确地绑定或监听某个端口，是至关重要的。如果你需要处理端口相关的问题，这篇文章可能会对你有用。 端口是 Linux 系统上特定进程之间逻辑连接的标识，包括物理端口和软件端口。由于 Linux 操作系统是一个软件，因此本文只讨论软件端口。软件端口始终与主机的 IP 地址和相关的通信协议相关联，因此端口常用于区分应用程序。大部分涉及到网络的服务都必须打开一个套接字来监听传入的网络请求，而每个服务都使用一个独立的套接字。 **推荐阅读：** -**(#)** [在 Linux 上查看进程 ID 的 4 种方法][1] -**(#)** [在 Linux 上终止进程的 3 种方法][2] -套接字是和 IP 地址，软件端口和协议结合起来使用的，而端口号对传输控制协议（Transmission Control Protocol, TCP）和 用户数据报协议（User Datagram Protocol, UDP）协议都适用，TCP 和 UDP 都可以使用0到65535之间的端口号进行通信。 +- [在 Linux 上查看进程 ID 的 4 种方法][1] +- [在 Linux 上终止进程的 3 种方法][2] + +套接字是和 IP 地址、软件端口和协议结合起来使用的，而端口号对传输控制协议（TCP）和用户数据报协议（UDP）协议都适用，TCP 和 UDP 都可以使用 0 到 65535 之间的端口号进行通信。 以下是端口分配类别： - * `0-1023:` 常用端口和系统端口 - * `1024-49151:` 软件的注册端口 - * `49152-65535:` 动态端口或私有端口 - - + * 0 - 1023： 常用端口和系统端口 + * 1024 - 49151： 软件的注册端口 + * 49152 - 65535： 动态端口或私有端口 在 Linux 上的 `/etc/services` 文件可以查看到更多关于保留端口的信息。 @@ -74,29 +74,25 @@ telnet 23/udp # 24 - private mail system lmtp 24/tcp # LMTP Mail Delivery lmtp 24/udp # LMTP Mail Delivery - ``` 可以使用以下六种方法查看端口信息。 - * `ss:` ss 可以用于转储套接字统计信息。 - * `netstat:` netstat 可以显示打开的套接字列表。 - * `lsof:` lsof 可以列出打开的文件。 - * `fuser:` fuser 可以列出那些打开了文件的进程的进程 ID。 - * `nmap:` nmap 是网络检测工具和端口扫描程序。 - * `systemctl:` systemctl 是 systemd 系统的控制管理器和服务管理器。 - - + * `ss`：可以用于转储套接字统计信息。 + * `netstat`：可以显示打开的套接字列表。 + * `lsof`：可以列出打开的文件。 + * `fuser`：可以列出那些打开了文件的进程的进程 ID。 + * `nmap`：是网络检测工具和端口扫描程序。 + * `systemctl`：是 systemd 系统的控制管理器和服务管理器。 以下我们将找出 `sshd` 守护进程所使用的端口号。 -### 方法1：使用 ss 命令 +### 方法 1：使用 ss 命令 `ss` 一般用于转储套接字统计信息。它能够输出类似于 `netstat` 输出的信息，但它可以比其它工具显示更多的 TCP 信息和状态信息。 它还可以显示所有类型的套接字统计信息，包括 PACKET、TCP、UDP、DCCP、RAW、Unix 域等。 - ``` # ss -tnlp | grep ssh LISTEN 0 128 *:22 *:* users:(("sshd",pid=997,fd=3)) @@ -111,7 +107,7 @@ LISTEN 0 128 *:22 *:* users:(("sshd",pid=997,fd=3)) LISTEN 0 128 :::22 :::* users:(("sshd",pid=997,fd=4)) ``` -### 方法2：使用 netstat 命令 +### 方法 2：使用 netstat 命令 `netstat` 能够显示网络连接、路由表、接口统计信息、伪装连接以及多播成员。 @@ -131,7 +127,7 @@ tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 1208/sshd tcp6 0 0 :::22 :::* LISTEN 1208/sshd ``` -### 方法3：使用 lsof 命令 +### 方法 3：使用 lsof 命令 `lsof` 能够列出打开的文件，并列出系统上被进程打开的文件的相关信息。 @@ -153,7 +149,7 @@ sshd 1208 root 4u IPv6 20921 0t0 TCP *:ssh (LISTEN) sshd 11592 root 3u IPv4 27744 0t0 TCP vps.2daygeek.com:ssh->103.5.134.167:49902 (ESTABLISHED) ``` -### 方法4：使用 fuser 命令 +### 方法 4：使用 fuser 命令 `fuser` 工具会将本地系统上打开了文件的进程的进程 ID 显示在标准输出中。 @@ -165,7 +161,7 @@ sshd 11592 root 3u IPv4 27744 0t0 TCP vps.2daygeek.com:ssh->103.5.134.167:49902 root 49339 F.... sshd ``` -### 方法5：使用 nmap 命令 +### 方法 5：使用 nmap 命令 `nmap`（“Network Mapper”）是一款用于网络检测和安全审计的开源工具。它最初用于对大型网络进行快速扫描，但它对于单个主机的扫描也有很好的表现。 @@ -185,13 +181,14 @@ Service detection performed. Please report any incorrect results at http://nmap. Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 0.44 seconds ``` -### 方法6：使用 systemctl 命令 +### 方法 6：使用 systemctl 命令 -`systemctl` 是 systemd 系统的控制管理器和服务管理器。它取代了旧的 SysV init 系统管理，目前大多数现代 Linux 操作系统都采用了 systemd。 +`systemctl` 是 systemd 系统的控制管理器和服务管理器。它取代了旧的 SysV 初始化系统管理，目前大多数现代 Linux 操作系统都采用了 systemd。 **推荐阅读：** -**(#)** [chkservice – Linux 终端上的 systemd 单元管理工具][3] -**(#)** [如何查看 Linux 系统上正在运行的服务][4] + +- [chkservice – Linux 终端上的 systemd 单元管理工具][3] +- [如何查看 Linux 系统上正在运行的服务][4] ``` # systemctl status sshd @@ -258,7 +255,7 @@ via: https://www.2daygeek.com/how-to-find-out-which-port-number-a-process-is-usi 作者：[Prakash Subramanian][a] 选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) 译者：[HankChow](https://github.com/HankChow) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From c1d26bacc5f5b8c27703775ad6e2a9f58bb38967 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Tue, 2 Oct 2018 12:39:14 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 079/219] PUB:20180924 How To Find Out Which Port Number A Process Is Using In Linux.md @HankChow https://linux.cn/article-10073-1.html --- ...w To Find Out Which Port Number A Process Is Using In Linux.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20180924 How To Find Out Which Port Number A Process Is Using In Linux.md (100%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180924 How To Find Out Which Port Number A Process Is Using In Linux.md b/published/20180924 How To Find Out Which Port Number A Process Is Using In Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/tech/20180924 How To Find Out Which Port Number A Process Is Using In Linux.md rename to published/20180924 How To Find Out Which Port Number A Process Is Using In Linux.md From b4d429503b45b72e0eb65d83368206a064719ba9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: brifuture Date: Tue, 2 Oct 2018 13:28:28 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 080/219] pick article --- ...lt our first full-stack JavaScript web app in three weeks.md | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20170810 How we built our first full-stack JavaScript web app in three weeks.md b/sources/tech/20170810 How we built our first full-stack JavaScript web app in three weeks.md index e423386d85..566d29d768 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20170810 How we built our first full-stack JavaScript web app in three weeks.md +++ b/sources/tech/20170810 How we built our first full-stack JavaScript web app in three weeks.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +BriFuture is translating this article + The user’s home dashboard in our app, AlignHow we built our first full-stack JavaScript web app in three weeks ============================================================ From 25cc2fa2c12f6b9509c9bbbbe07a28aba7cb175f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Tue, 2 Oct 2018 23:14:39 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 081/219] PRF:20180531 How to create shortcuts in vi.md @sd886393 --- .../20180531 How to create shortcuts in vi.md | 96 ++++++++----------- 1 file changed, 38 insertions(+), 58 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180531 How to create shortcuts in vi.md b/translated/tech/20180531 How to create shortcuts in vi.md index 8616013e96..ec51ab53f7 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20180531 How to create shortcuts in vi.md +++ b/translated/tech/20180531 How to create shortcuts in vi.md @@ -1,120 +1,103 @@ 如何在 vi 中创建快捷键 ====== +> 那些常见编辑任务的快捷键可以使 Vi 编辑器更容易使用，更有效率。 + ![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/documentation-type-keys-yearbook.png?itok=Q-ELM2rn) -学习使用 [vi 文本编辑器][1] 确实得花点功夫，不过 vi 的老手们都知道，经过一小会的锻炼，就可以将基本的 vi 操作融汇贯通。我们都知道“肌肉记忆”，那么学习 vi 的过程可以称之为“手指记忆”。 +学习使用 [vi 文本编辑器][1] 确实得花点功夫，不过 vi 的老手们都知道，经过一小会儿的锻炼，就可以将基本的 vi 操作融汇贯通。我们都知道“肌肉记忆”，那么学习 vi 的过程可以称之为“手指记忆”。 -当你抓住了基础的操作窍门之后，你就可以定制化地配置 vi 的快捷键，从而让其处理的功能更为强大、流畅。 +当你抓住了基础的操作窍门之后，你就可以定制化地配置 vi 的快捷键，从而让其处理的功能更为强大、流畅。我希望下面描述的技术可以加速您的协作、编程和数据操作。 -在开始之前，我想先感谢下 Chris Hermansen（他雇佣我写了这篇文章）仔细地检查了我的另一篇关于使用 vi 增强版本[Vim][2]的文章。当然还有他那些我未采纳的建议。 +在开始之前，我想先感谢下 Chris Hermansen（是他雇佣我写了这篇文章）仔细地检查了我的另一篇关于使用 vi 增强版本 [Vim][2] 的文章。当然还有他那些我未采纳的建议。 -首先，我们来说明下面几个惯例设定。我会使用符号来代表按下 RETURN 或者 ENTER 键， 代表按下空格键，CTRL-x 表示一起按下 Control 键和 x 键 +首先，我们来说明下面几个惯例设定。我会使用符号 `` 来代表按下回车，`` 代表按下空格键，`CTRL-x` 表示一起按下 `Control` 键和 `x` 键（`x` 可以是需要的某个键）。 使用 `map` 命令来进行按键的映射。第一个例子是 `write` 命令，通常你之前保存使用这样的命令： ``` :w - ``` -虽然这里只有三个键，不过考虑到我用这个命令实在是太频繁了，我更想“一键”搞定它。在这里我选择逗号键，比如这样： +虽然这里只有三个键，不过考虑到我用这个命令实在是太频繁了，我更想“一键”搞定它。在这里我选择逗号键，它不是标准的 vi 命令集的一部分。这样设置： + ``` :map , :wCTRL-v - ``` -这里的 CTRL-v 事实上是对 做了转义的操作，如果不加这个的话，默认 会作为这条映射指令的结束信号，而非映射中的一个操作。 CTRL-v 后面所跟的操作会翻译为用户的实际操作，而非该按键平常的操作。 +这里的 `CTRL-v` 事实上是对 `` 做了转义的操作，如果不加这个的话，默认 `` 会作为这条映射指令的结束信号，而非映射中的一个操作。 `CTRL-v` 后面所跟的操作会翻译为用户的实际操作，而非该按键平常的操作。 -在上面的映射中，右边的部分会在屏幕中显示为 `:w^M`，其中 `^` 字符就是指代 `control`，完整的意思就是 CTRL-m，表示就是系统中一行的结尾 +在上面的映射中，右边的部分会在屏幕中显示为 `:w^M`，其中 `^` 字符就是指代 `control`，完整的意思就是 `CTRL-m`，表示就是系统中一行的结尾。 - -目前来说，就很不错了。如果我编辑、创建了十二次文件，这个键位映射就可以省掉了 2*12 次按键。不过这里没有计算你建立这个键位映射所花费的 11次按键（计算CTRL-v 和 冒号均为一次按键）。虽然这样已经省了很多次，但是每次打开 vi 都要重新建立这个映射也会觉得非常麻烦。 +目前来说，就很不错了。如果我编辑、创建了十二次文件，这个键位映射就可以省掉了 2*12 次按键。不过这里没有计算你建立这个键位映射所花费的 11 次按键（计算 `CTRL-v` 和 `:` 均为一次按键）。虽然这样已经省了很多次，但是每次打开 vi 都要重新建立这个映射也会觉得非常麻烦。 幸运的是，这里可以将这些键位映射放到 vi 的启动配置文件中，让其在每次启动的时候自动读取：文件为 `.exrc`，对于 vim 是 `.vimrc`。只需要将这些文件放在你的用户根目录中即可，并在文件中每行写入一个键位映射，之后就会在每次启动 vi 生效直到你删除对应的配置。 在继续说明 `map` 其他用法以及其他的缩写机制之前，这里在列举几个我常用提高文本处理效率的 map 设置： -``` -                                        Displays as +| 映射 | 显示为 | +|------|-------| +| `:map X :xCTRL-v` | `:x^M` | +| `:map X ,:qCTRL-v` | `,:q^M` | +上面的 `map` 指令的意思是写入并关闭当前的编辑文件。其中 `:x` 是 vi 原本的命令，而下面的版本说明之前的 `map` 配置可以继续用作第二个 `map` 键位映射。 -:map X :xCTRL-v                    :x^M +| 映射 | 显示为 | +|------|-------| +| `:map v :e` | `:e` | +上面的指令意思是在 vi 编辑器内部切换文件，使用这个时候，只需要按 `v` 并跟着输入文件名，之后按 `` 键。 - -or - - - -:map X ,:qCTRL-v                   ,:q^M - -``` - -上面的 map 指令的意思是写入并关闭当前的编辑文件。其中 `:x` 是 vi 原本的命令，而下面的版本说明之前的 map 配置可以继续用作第二个 map 键位映射。 -``` -:map v :e                   :e - -``` - -上面的指令意思是在 vi 编辑器内部 切换文件，使用这个时候，只需要按 `v` 并跟着输入文件名,之后按 `` 键。 -``` -:map CTRL-vCTRL-e :e#CTRL-v    :e #^M - -``` +| 映射 | 显示为 | +|------|-------| +| `:map CTRL-vCTRL-e :e#CTRL-v` | `:e #^M` | `#` 在这里是 vi 中标准的符号，意思是最后使用的文件名。所以切换当前与上一个文件的方法就使用上面的映射。 -``` -map CTRL-vCTRL-r :!spell %>err &CTRL-v     :!spell %>err&^M -``` +| 映射 | 显示为 | +|------|-------| +| `map CTRL-vCTRL-r :!spell %>err &CTRL-v` | `:!spell %>err&^M` | -（注意：在两个例子中出现的第一个 CRTL-v 在某些 vi 的版本中是不需要的）其中，`:!` 用来运行一个外部的（非 vi 内部的）命令。在这个拼写检查的例子中，`%` 是 vi 中的符号用来只带目前的文件， `>` 用来重定向拼写检查中的输出到 `err` 文件中，之后跟上 `&` 说明该命令是一个后台运行的任务，这样可以保证在拼写检查的同时还可以进行编辑文件的工作。这里我可以键入 `verr`（使用我之前定义的快捷键 `v` 跟上 `err`），进入 `spell` 输出结果的文件，之后再输入 `CTRL-e` 来回到刚才编辑的文件中。这样我就可以在拼写检查之后，使用 CTRL-r 来查看检查的错误，再通过 CTRL-e 返回刚才编辑的文件。 +（注意：在两个例子中出现的第一个 `CRTL-v` 在某些 vi 的版本中是不需要的）其中，`:!` 用来运行一个外部的（非 vi 内部的）命令。在这个拼写检查的例子中，`%` 是 vi 中的符号用来指代目前的文件， `>` 用来重定向拼写检查中的输出到 `err` 文件中，之后跟上 `&` 说明该命令是一个后台运行的任务，这样可以保证在拼写检查的同时还可以进行编辑文件的工作。这里我可以键入 `verr`（使用我之前定义的快捷键 `v` 跟上 `err`），进入 `spell` 输出结果的文件，之后再输入 `CTRL-e` 来回到刚才编辑的文件中。这样我就可以在拼写检查之后，使用 `CTRL-r` 来查看检查的错误，再通过 `CTRL-e` 返回刚才编辑的文件。 + +还用很多字符串输入的缩写，也使用了各种 `map` 命令，比如： -还用很多字符串输入的缩写，也使用了各种 map 命令，比如： ``` :map! CTRL-o \fI - :map! CTRL-k \fP - ``` -这个映射允许你使用 CTRL-o 作为 `groff` 命令的缩写，从而让让接下来书写的单词有斜体的效果，并使用 CTRL-k 进行恢复 +这个映射允许你使用 `CTRL-o` 作为 `groff` 命令的缩写，从而让让接下来书写的单词有斜体的效果，并使用 `CTRL-k` 进行恢复。 还有两个类似的映射： + ``` :map! rh rhinoceros - :map! hi hippopotamus - ``` -上面的也可以使用 `ab` 命令来替换，就像下面这样（如果想这么用的话，需要首先按顺序运行 1. `unmap! rh` 2. `umap! hi`）: +上面的也可以使用 `ab` 命令来替换，就像下面这样（如果想这么用的话，需要首先按顺序运行： 1、 `unmap! rh`，2、`umap! hi`）： + ``` :ab rh rhinoceros - :ab hi hippopotamus - ``` -在上面 `map!` 的命令中，缩写会马上的展开成原有的单词，而在 `ab` 命令中，单词展开的操作会在输入了空格和标点之后才展开（不过在Vim 和 本机使用的 vi中，展开的形式与 `map!` 类似） +在上面 `map!` 的命令中，缩写会马上的展开成原有的单词，而在 `ab` 命令中，单词展开的操作会在输入了空格和标点之后才展开（不过在 Vim 和我的 vi 中，展开的形式与 `map!` 类似）。 -想要取消刚才设定的按键映射，可以对应的输入 `:unmap`, `unmap!`, `:unab` +想要取消刚才设定的按键映射，可以对应的输入 `:unmap`、 `unmap!` 或 `:unab`。 -在我使用的 vi 版本中，比较好用的候选映射按键包括 `g, K, q, v, V, Z`，控制字符包括：`CTRL-a, CTRL-c, CTRL-k, CTRL-n, CTRL-p, CTRL-x`；还有一些其他的字符如`#, *`，当然你也可以使用那些已经在 vi 中有过定义但不经常使用的字符，比如本文选择`X`和`I`，其中`X`表示删除左边的字符，并立刻左移当前字符。 +在我使用的 vi 版本中，比较好用的候选映射按键包括 `g`、`K`、`q`、 `v`、 `V`、 `Z`，控制字符包括：`CTRL-a`、`CTRL-c`、 `CTRL-k`、`CTRL-n`、`CTRL-p`、`CTRL-x`；还有一些其他的字符如 `#`、 `*`，当然你也可以使用那些已经在 vi 中有过定义但不经常使用的字符，比如本文选择 `X` 和 `I`，其中 `X` 表示删除左边的字符，并立刻左移当前字符。 最后，下面的命令 + ``` :map - :map! - :ab - ``` 将会显示，目前所有的缩写和键位映射。 -will show all the currently defined mappings and abbreviations. 希望上面的技巧能够更好地更高效地帮助你使用 vi。 @@ -122,10 +105,7 @@ will show all the currently defined mappings and abbreviations. via: https://opensource.com/article/18/5/shortcuts-vi-text-editor -作者：[Dan Sonnenschein][a] -选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/sd886393) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +作者：[Dan Sonnenschein][a] 
选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) 
译者：[sd886393](https://github.com/sd886393) 
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From da615e60f1007e15a4e6f62cbf16d6574fcee891 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Tue, 2 Oct 2018 23:15:06 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 082/219] PUB:20180531 How to create shortcuts in vi.md @sd886393 https://linux.cn/article-10074-1.html --- .../tech => published}/20180531 How to create shortcuts in vi.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20180531 How to create shortcuts in vi.md (100%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180531 How to create shortcuts in vi.md b/published/20180531 How to create shortcuts in vi.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/tech/20180531 How to create shortcuts in vi.md rename to published/20180531 How to create shortcuts in vi.md From 7542ac2b769feed277f220af16d1d491e9f27665 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: dianbanjiu Date: Tue, 2 Oct 2018 23:17:27 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 083/219] dianbanjiu translating --- sources/tech/20170926 Managing users on Linux systems.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20170926 Managing users on Linux systems.md b/sources/tech/20170926 Managing users on Linux systems.md index e47fc572df..cc4db1e693 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20170926 Managing users on Linux systems.md +++ b/sources/tech/20170926 Managing users on Linux systems.md @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -Managing users on Linux systems +translating by dianbanjiu Managing users on Linux systems ====== Your Linux users may not be raging bulls, but keeping them happy is always a challenge as it involves managing their accounts, monitoring their access rights, tracking down the solutions to problems they run into, and keeping them informed about important changes on the systems they use. Here are some of the tasks and tools that make the job a little easier. From ebc6520b72fb04b1da6bd5f53846c9b5f109787a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Baron Hou Date: Tue, 2 Oct 2018 23:55:01 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 084/219] Translating By houbaron --- sources/tech/20140607 Five things that make Go fast.md | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140607 Five things that make Go fast.md b/sources/tech/20140607 Five things that make Go fast.md index 88db93011c..65add9552d 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140607 Five things that make Go fast.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140607 Five things that make Go fast.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +Translating By houbaron + Five things that make Go fast ============================================================ From e4930740f6fda2399d0cac813ff4d1094ef60237 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Andy Luo Date: Wed, 3 Oct 2018 00:03:08 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 085/219] Delete 20180927 How To Find And Delete Duplicate Files In Linux.md MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 删除原文 --- ...ind And Delete Duplicate Files In Linux.md | 442 ------------------ 1 file changed, 442 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20180927 How To Find And Delete Duplicate Files In Linux.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20180927 How To Find And Delete Duplicate Files In Linux.md b/sources/tech/20180927 How To Find And Delete Duplicate Files In Linux.md deleted file mode 100644 index 2b9c610f1d..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20180927 How To Find And Delete Duplicate Files In Linux.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,442 +0,0 @@ -Translating by pygmalion666 -How To Find And Delete Duplicate Files In Linux -====== - -![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Find-And-Delete-Duplicate-Files-720x340.png) - -I always backup the configuration files or any old files to somewhere in my hard disk before edit or modify them, so I can restore them from the backup if I accidentally did something wrong. But the problem is I forgot to clean up those files and my hard disk is filled with a lot of duplicate files after a certain period of time. I feel either too lazy to clean the old files or afraid that I may delete an important files. If you’re anything like me and overwhelming with multiple copies of same files in different backup directories, you can find and delete duplicate files using the tools given below in Unix-like operating systems. - -**A word of caution:** - -Please be careful while deleting duplicate files. If you’re not careful, it will lead you to [**accidental data loss**][1]. I advice you to pay extra attention while using these tools. - -### Find And Delete Duplicate Files In Linux - -For the purpose of this guide, I am going to discuss about three utilities namely, - - 1. Rdfind, - 2. Fdupes, - 3. FSlint. - - - -These three utilities are free, open source and works on most Unix-like operating systems. - -##### 1. Rdfind - -**Rdfind** , stands for **r** edundant **d** ata **find** , is a free and open source utility to find duplicate files across and/or within directories and sub-directories. It compares files based on their content, not on their file names. Rdfind uses **ranking** algorithm to classify original and duplicate files. If you have two or more equal files, Rdfind is smart enough to find which is original file, and consider the rest of the files as duplicates. Once it found the duplicates, it will report them to you. You can decide to either delete them or replace them with [**hard links** or **symbolic (soft) links**][2]. - -**Installing Rdfind** - -Rdfind is available in [**AUR**][3]. So, you can install it in Arch-based systems using any AUR helper program like [**Yay**][4] as shown below. - -``` -$ yay -S rdfind - -``` - -On Debian, Ubuntu, Linux Mint: - -``` -$ sudo apt-get install rdfind - -``` - -On Fedora: - -``` -$ sudo dnf install rdfind - -``` - -On RHEL, CentOS: - -``` -$ sudo yum install epel-release - -$ sudo yum install rdfind - -``` - -**Usage** - -Once installed, simply run Rdfind command along with the directory path to scan for the duplicate files. - -``` -$ rdfind ~/Downloads - -``` - -![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/rdfind-1.png) - -As you see in the above screenshot, Rdfind command will scan ~/Downloads directory and save the results in a file named **results.txt** in the current working directory. You can view the name of the possible duplicate files in results.txt file. - -``` -$ cat results.txt -# Automatically generated -# duptype id depth size device inode priority name -DUPTYPE_FIRST_OCCURRENCE 1469 8 9 2050 15864884 1 /home/sk/Downloads/tor-browser_en-US/Browser/TorBrowser/Tor/PluggableTransports/fte/tests/dfas/test5.regex -DUPTYPE_WITHIN_SAME_TREE -1469 8 9 2050 15864886 1 /home/sk/Downloads/tor-browser_en-US/Browser/TorBrowser/Tor/PluggableTransports/fte/tests/dfas/test6.regex -[...] -DUPTYPE_FIRST_OCCURRENCE 13 0 403635 2050 15740257 1 /home/sk/Downloads/Hyperledger(1).pdf -DUPTYPE_WITHIN_SAME_TREE -13 0 403635 2050 15741071 1 /home/sk/Downloads/Hyperledger.pdf -# end of file - -``` - -By reviewing the results.txt file, you can easily find the duplicates. You can remove the duplicates manually if you want to. - -Also, you can **-dryrun** option to find all duplicates in a given directory without changing anything and output the summary in your Terminal: - -``` -$ rdfind -dryrun true ~/Downloads - -``` - -Once you found the duplicates, you can replace them with either hardlinks or symlinks. - -To replace all duplicates with hardlinks, run: - -``` -$ rdfind -makehardlinks true ~/Downloads - -``` - -To replace all duplicates with symlinks/soft links, run: - -``` -$ rdfind -makesymlinks true ~/Downloads - -``` - -You may have some empty files in a directory and want to ignore them. If so, use **-ignoreempty** option like below. - -``` -$ rdfind -ignoreempty true ~/Downloads - -``` - -If you don’t want the old files anymore, just delete duplicate files instead of replacing them with hard or soft links. - -To delete all duplicates, simply run: - -``` -$ rdfind -deleteduplicates true ~/Downloads - -``` - -If you do not want to ignore empty files and delete them along with all duplicates, run: - -``` -$ rdfind -deleteduplicates true -ignoreempty false ~/Downloads - -``` - -For more details, refer the help section: - -``` -$ rdfind --help - -``` - -And, the manual pages: - -``` -$ man rdfind - -``` - -##### 2. Fdupes - -**Fdupes** is yet another command line utility to identify and remove the duplicate files within specified directories and the sub-directories. It is free, open source utility written in **C** programming language. Fdupes identifies the duplicates by comparing file sizes, partial MD5 signatures, full MD5 signatures, and finally performing a byte-by-byte comparison for verification. - -Similar to Rdfind utility, Fdupes comes with quite handful of options to perform operations, such as: - - * Recursively search duplicate files in directories and sub-directories - * Exclude empty files and hidden files from consideration - * Show the size of the duplicates - * Delete duplicates immediately as they encountered - * Exclude files with different owner/group or permission bits as duplicates - * And a lot more. - - - -**Installing Fdupes** - -Fdupes is available in the default repositories of most Linux distributions. - -On Arch Linux and its variants like Antergos, Manjaro Linux, install it using Pacman like below. - -``` -$ sudo pacman -S fdupes - -``` - -On Debian, Ubuntu, Linux Mint: - -``` -$ sudo apt-get install fdupes - -``` - -On Fedora: - -``` -$ sudo dnf install fdupes - -``` - -On RHEL, CentOS: - -``` -$ sudo yum install epel-release - -$ sudo yum install fdupes - -``` - -**Usage** - -Fdupes usage is pretty simple. Just run the following command to find out the duplicate files in a directory, for example **~/Downloads**. - -``` -$ fdupes ~/Downloads - -``` - -Sample output from my system: - -``` -/home/sk/Downloads/Hyperledger.pdf -/home/sk/Downloads/Hyperledger(1).pdf - -``` - -As you can see, I have a duplicate file in **/home/sk/Downloads/** directory. It shows the duplicates from the parent directory only. How to view the duplicates from sub-directories? Just use **-r** option like below. - -``` -$ fdupes -r ~/Downloads - -``` - -Now you will see the duplicates from **/home/sk/Downloads/** directory and its sub-directories as well. - -Fdupes can also be able to find duplicates from multiple directories at once. - -``` -$ fdupes ~/Downloads ~/Documents/ostechnix - -``` - -You can even search multiple directories, one recursively like below: - -``` -$ fdupes ~/Downloads -r ~/Documents/ostechnix - -``` - -The above commands searches for duplicates in “~/Downloads” directory and “~/Documents/ostechnix” directory and its sub-directories. - -Sometimes, you might want to know the size of the duplicates in a directory. If so, use **-S** option like below. - -``` -$ fdupes -S ~/Downloads -403635 bytes each: -/home/sk/Downloads/Hyperledger.pdf -/home/sk/Downloads/Hyperledger(1).pdf - -``` - -Similarly, to view the size of the duplicates in parent and child directories, use **-Sr** option. - -We can exclude empty and hidden files from consideration using **-n** and **-A** respectively. - -``` -$ fdupes -n ~/Downloads - -$ fdupes -A ~/Downloads - -``` - -The first command will exclude zero-length files from consideration and the latter will exclude hidden files from consideration while searching for duplicates in the specified directory. - -To summarize duplicate files information, use **-m** option. - -``` -$ fdupes -m ~/Downloads -1 duplicate files (in 1 sets), occupying 403.6 kilobytes - -``` - -To delete all duplicates, use **-d** option. - -``` -$ fdupes -d ~/Downloads - -``` - -Sample output: - -``` -[1] /home/sk/Downloads/Hyperledger Fabric Installation.pdf -[2] /home/sk/Downloads/Hyperledger Fabric Installation(1).pdf - -Set 1 of 1, preserve files [1 - 2, all]: - -``` - -This command will prompt you for files to preserve and delete all other duplicates. Just enter any number to preserve the corresponding file and delete the remaining files. Pay more attention while using this option. You might delete original files if you’re not be careful. - -If you want to preserve the first file in each set of duplicates and delete the others without prompting each time, use **-dN** option (not recommended). - -``` -$ fdupes -dN ~/Downloads - -``` - -To delete duplicates as they are encountered, use **-I** flag. - -``` -$ fdupes -I ~/Downloads - -``` - -For more details about Fdupes, view the help section and man pages. - -``` -$ fdupes --help - -$ man fdupes - -``` - -##### 3. FSlint - -**FSlint** is yet another duplicate file finder utility that I use from time to time to get rid of the unnecessary duplicate files and free up the disk space in my Linux system. Unlike the other two utilities, FSlint has both GUI and CLI modes. So, it is more user-friendly tool for newbies. FSlint not just finds the duplicates, but also bad symlinks, bad names, temp files, bad IDS, empty directories, and non stripped binaries etc. - -**Installing FSlint** - -FSlint is available in [**AUR**][5], so you can install it using any AUR helpers. - -``` -$ yay -S fslint - -``` - -On Debian, Ubuntu, Linux Mint: - -``` -$ sudo apt-get install fslint - -``` - -On Fedora: - -``` -$ sudo dnf install fslint - -``` - -On RHEL, CentOS: - -``` -$ sudo yum install epel-release - -``` - -$ sudo yum install fslint - -Once it is installed, launch it from menu or application launcher. - -This is how FSlint GUI looks like. - -![](http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/fslint-1.png) - -As you can see, the interface of FSlint is user-friendly and self-explanatory. In the **Search path** tab, add the path of the directory you want to scan and click **Find** button on the lower left corner to find the duplicates. Check the recurse option to recursively search for duplicates in directories and sub-directories. The FSlint will quickly scan the given directory and list out them. - -![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/fslint-2.png) - -From the list, choose the duplicates you want to clean and select any one of them given actions like Save, Delete, Merge and Symlink. - -In the **Advanced search parameters** tab, you can specify the paths to exclude while searching for duplicates. - -![](http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/fslint-3.png) - -**FSlint command line options** - -FSlint provides a collection of the following CLI utilities to find duplicates in your filesystem: - - * **findup** — find DUPlicate files - * **findnl** — find Name Lint (problems with filenames) - * **findu8** — find filenames with invalid utf8 encoding - * **findbl** — find Bad Links (various problems with symlinks) - * **findsn** — find Same Name (problems with clashing names) - * **finded** — find Empty Directories - * **findid** — find files with dead user IDs - * **findns** — find Non Stripped executables - * **findrs** — find Redundant Whitespace in files - * **findtf** — find Temporary Files - * **findul** — find possibly Unused Libraries - * **zipdir** — Reclaim wasted space in ext2 directory entries - - - -All of these utilities are available under **/usr/share/fslint/fslint/fslint** location. - -For example, to find duplicates in a given directory, do: - -``` -$ /usr/share/fslint/fslint/findup ~/Downloads/ - -``` - -Similarly, to find empty directories, the command would be: - -``` -$ /usr/share/fslint/fslint/finded ~/Downloads/ - -``` - -To get more details on each utility, for example **findup** , run: - -``` -$ /usr/share/fslint/fslint/findup --help - -``` - -For more details about FSlint, refer the help section and man pages. - -``` -$ /usr/share/fslint/fslint/fslint --help - -$ man fslint - -``` - -##### Conclusion - -You know now about three tools to find and delete unwanted duplicate files in Linux. Among these three tools, I often use Rdfind. It doesn’t mean that the other two utilities are not efficient, but I am just happy with Rdfind so far. Well, it’s your turn. Which is your favorite tool and why? Let us know them in the comment section below. - -And, that’s all for now. Hope this was useful. More good stuffs to come. Stay tuned! - -Cheers! - - - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.ostechnix.com/how-to-find-and-delete-duplicate-files-in-linux/ - -作者：[SK][a] -选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/ -[1]: https://www.ostechnix.com/prevent-files-folders-accidental-deletion-modification-linux/ -[2]: https://www.ostechnix.com/explaining-soft-link-and-hard-link-in-linux-with-examples/ -[3]: https://aur.archlinux.org/packages/rdfind/ -[4]: https://www.ostechnix.com/yay-found-yet-another-reliable-aur-helper/ -[5]: https://aur.archlinux.org/packages/fslint/ From ae65ec1eed5a16a3af40cf064b61682f434e3d40 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Andy Luo Date: Wed, 3 Oct 2018 00:03:32 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 086/219] Create 20180927 How To Find And Delete Duplicate Files In Linux.md MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 翻译完毕 --- ...ind And Delete Duplicate Files In Linux.md | 446 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 446 insertions(+) create mode 100644 translated/tech/20180927 How To Find And Delete Duplicate Files In Linux.md diff --git a/translated/tech/20180927 How To Find And Delete Duplicate Files In Linux.md b/translated/tech/20180927 How To Find And Delete Duplicate Files In Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..c831a8bc5d --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20180927 How To Find And Delete Duplicate Files In Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,446 @@ +如何在 Linux 中找到并删除重复文件 +====== + +![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Find-And-Delete-Duplicate-Files-720x340.png) + + +在编辑或修改配置文件或旧文件前，我经常会把它们备份到硬盘的某个地方，因此我如果意外地改错了这些文件，我可以从备份中恢复它们。但问题是如果我忘记清理备份文件，一段时间之后，我的磁盘会被这些大量重复文件填满。我觉得要么是懒得清理这些旧文件，要么是担心可能会删掉重要文件。如果你们像我一样，在类 Unix 操作系统中，大量多版本的相同文件放在不同的备份目录，你可以使用下面的工具找到并删除重复文件。 + +**提醒一句：** + +在删除重复文件的时请尽量小心。如果你不小心，也许会导致[**意外丢失数据**][1]。我建议你在使用这些工具的时候要特别注意。 + +### 在 Linux 中找到并删除重复文件 + + +出于本指南的目的，我将讨论下面的三个工具： + + 1. Rdfind + 2. Fdupes + 3. FSlint + + + +这三个工具是免费的、开源的，且运行在大多数类 Unix 系统中。 + +##### 1. Rdfind + +**Rdfind** 代表找到找到冗余数据，是一个通过访问目录和子目录来找出重复文件的免费、开源的工具。它是基于文件内容而不是文件名来比较。Rdfind 使用**排序**算法来区分原始文件和重复文件。如果你有两个或者更多的相同文件，Rdfind 会很智能的找到原始文件并认定剩下的文件为重复文件。一旦找到副本文件，它会向你报告。你可以决定是删除还是使用[**硬链接**或者**符号（软）链接**][2]代替它们。 + +**安装 Rdfind** + +Rdfind is available in [**AUR**][3]. So, you can install it in Arch-based systems using any AUR helper program like [**Yay**][4] as shown below. + +Rdfind 存在于 [**AUR**][3] 中。因此，在基于 Arch 的系统中，你可以像下面一样使用任一如 [**Yay**][4] AUR 程序助手安装它。 + +``` +$ yay -S rdfind + +``` + +在 Debian、Ubuntu、Linux Mint 上： + +``` +$ sudo apt-get install rdfind + +``` + +在 Fedora 上： + +``` +$ sudo dnf install rdfind + +``` + +在 RHEL、CentOS 上： + +``` +$ sudo yum install epel-release + +$ sudo yum install rdfind + +``` + +**用法** + +一旦安装完成，仅带上目录路径运行 Rdfind 命令就可以扫描重复文件。 + +``` +$ rdfind ~/Downloads + +``` + +![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/rdfind-1.png) + +As you see in the above screenshot, Rdfind command will scan ~/Downloads directory and save the results in a file named **results.txt** in the current working directory. You can view the name of the possible duplicate files in results.txt file. + +正如你看到上面的截屏，Rdfind 命令将扫描 ~/Downloads 目录，并将结果存储到当前工作目录下一个名为 **results.txt** 的文件中。你可以在 results.txt 文件中看到可能是重复文件的名字。 + +``` +$ cat results.txt +# Automatically generated +# duptype id depth size device inode priority name +DUPTYPE_FIRST_OCCURRENCE 1469 8 9 2050 15864884 1 /home/sk/Downloads/tor-browser_en-US/Browser/TorBrowser/Tor/PluggableTransports/fte/tests/dfas/test5.regex +DUPTYPE_WITHIN_SAME_TREE -1469 8 9 2050 15864886 1 /home/sk/Downloads/tor-browser_en-US/Browser/TorBrowser/Tor/PluggableTransports/fte/tests/dfas/test6.regex +[...] +DUPTYPE_FIRST_OCCURRENCE 13 0 403635 2050 15740257 1 /home/sk/Downloads/Hyperledger(1).pdf +DUPTYPE_WITHIN_SAME_TREE -13 0 403635 2050 15741071 1 /home/sk/Downloads/Hyperledger.pdf +# end of file + +``` + +通过检查 results.txt 文件，你可以很容易的找到那些重复文件。如果愿意你可以手动的删除它们。 + +此外，你可在不修改其他事情情况下使用 **-dryrun** 选项找出所有重复文件，并在终端上输出汇总信息。 + +``` +$ rdfind -dryrun true ~/Downloads + +``` + +一旦找到重复文件，你可以使用硬链接或符号链接代替他们。 + +使用硬链接代替所有重复文件，运行： + +``` +$ rdfind -makehardlinks true ~/Downloads + +``` + +使用符号链接/软链接代替所有重复文件，运行： + +``` +$ rdfind -makesymlinks true ~/Downloads + +``` + +目录中有一些空文件，也许你想忽略他们，你可以像下面一样使用 **-ignoreempty** 选项： + +``` +$ rdfind -ignoreempty true ~/Downloads + +``` + +如果你不再想要这些旧文件，删除重复文件，而不是使用硬链接或软链接代替它们。 + +删除重复文件，就运行： + +``` +$ rdfind -deleteduplicates true ~/Downloads + +``` + +如果你不想忽略空文件，并且和所哟重复文件一起删除。运行： + +``` +$ rdfind -deleteduplicates true -ignoreempty false ~/Downloads + +``` + +更多细节，参照帮助部分： + +``` +$ rdfind --help + +``` + +手册页： + +``` +$ man rdfind + +``` + +##### 2. Fdupes + +**Fdupes** 是另一个在指定目录以及子目录中识别和移除重复文件的命令行工具。这是一个使用 **C** 语言编写的免费、开源工具。Fdupes 通过对比文件大小、部分 MD5 签名、全部 MD5 签名，最后执行逐个字节对比校验来识别重复文件。 + +与 Rdfind 工具类似，Fdupes 附带非常少的选项来执行操作，如： + + * 在目录和子目录中递归的搜索重复文件 + * 从计算中排除空文件和隐藏文件 + * 显示重复文件大小 + * 出现重复文件时立即删除 + * 使用不同的拥有者/组或权限位来排除重复文件 + * 更多 + + + +**安装 Fdupes** + +Fdupes 存在于大多数 Linux 发行版的默认仓库中。 + +On Arch Linux and its variants like Antergos, Manjaro Linux, install it using Pacman like below. + +在 Arch Linux 和它的变种如 Antergos、Manjaro Linux 上，如下使用 Pacman 安装它。 + +``` +$ sudo pacman -S fdupes + +``` + +在 Debian、Ubuntu、Linux Mint 上: + +``` +$ sudo apt-get install fdupes + +``` + +在 Fedora 上： + +``` +$ sudo dnf install fdupes + +``` + +在 RHEL、CentOS 上： + +``` +$ sudo yum install epel-release + +$ sudo yum install fdupes + +``` + +**用法** + +Fdupes 用法非常简单。仅运行下面的命令就可以在目录中找到重复文件，如：**~/Downloads**. + +``` +$ fdupes ~/Downloads + +``` + +我系统中的样例输出： + +``` +/home/sk/Downloads/Hyperledger.pdf +/home/sk/Downloads/Hyperledger(1).pdf + +``` +你可以看到，在 **/home/sk/Downloads/** 目录下有一个重复文件。它仅显示了父级目录中的重复文件。如何显示子目录中的重复文件？像下面一样，使用 **-r** 选项。 + +``` +$ fdupes -r ~/Downloads + +``` + +现在你将看到 **/home/sk/Downloads/** 目录以及子目录中的重复文件。 + +Fdupes 也可用来从多个目录中迅速查找重复文件。 + +``` +$ fdupes ~/Downloads ~/Documents/ostechnix + +``` + +你甚至可以搜索多个目录，递归搜索其中一个目录，如下： + +``` +$ fdupes ~/Downloads -r ~/Documents/ostechnix + +``` + +上面的命令将搜索 “~/Downloads” 目录，“~/Documents/ostechnix” 目录和它的子目录中的重复文件。 + +有时，你可能想要知道一个目录中重复文件的大小。你可以使用 **-S** 选项，如下： + +``` +$ fdupes -S ~/Downloads +403635 bytes each: +/home/sk/Downloads/Hyperledger.pdf +/home/sk/Downloads/Hyperledger(1).pdf + +``` + +类似的，为了显示父目录和子目录中重复文件的大小，使用 **-Sr** 选项。 + +我们可以在计算时分别使用 **-n** 和 **-A** 选项排除空白文件以及排除隐藏文件。 + +``` +$ fdupes -n ~/Downloads + +$ fdupes -A ~/Downloads + +``` + +在搜索指定目录的重复文件时，第一个命令将排除零长度文件，后面的命令将排除隐藏文件。 + +汇总重复文件信息，使用 **-m** 选项。 + +``` +$ fdupes -m ~/Downloads +1 duplicate files (in 1 sets), occupying 403.6 kilobytes + +``` + +删除所有重复文件，使用 **-d** 选项。 + +``` +$ fdupes -d ~/Downloads + +``` + +样例输出： + +``` +[1] /home/sk/Downloads/Hyperledger Fabric Installation.pdf +[2] /home/sk/Downloads/Hyperledger Fabric Installation(1).pdf + +Set 1 of 1, preserve files [1 - 2, all]: + +``` + +这个命令将提示你保留还是删除所有其他重复文件。输入任一号码保留相应的文件，并删除剩下的文件。当使用这个选项的时候需要更加注意。如果不小心，你可能会删除原文件。 + +如果你想要每次保留每个重复文件集合的第一个文件，且无提示的删除其他文件，使用 **-dN** 选项（不推荐）。 + +``` +$ fdupes -dN ~/Downloads + +``` + +当遇到重复文件时删除它们，使用 **-I** 标志。 + +``` +$ fdupes -I ~/Downloads + +``` + +关于 Fdupes 的更多细节，查看帮助部分和 man 页面。 + +``` +$ fdupes --help + +$ man fdupes + +``` + +##### 3. FSlint + +**FSlint** 是另外一个查找重复文件的工具，有时我用它去掉 Linux 系统中不需要的重复文件并释放磁盘空间。不像另外两个工具，FSlint 有 GUI 和 CLI 两种模式。因此对于新手来说它更友好。FSlint 不仅仅找出重复文件，也找出坏符号链接、坏名字文件、临时文件、坏 IDS、空目录和非剥离二进制文件等等。 + +**安装 FSlint** + +FSlint 存在于 [**AUR**][5]，因此你可以使用任一 AUR 助手安装它。 + +``` +$ yay -S fslint + +``` + +在 Debian、Ubuntu、Linux Mint 上： + +``` +$ sudo apt-get install fslint + +``` + +在 Fedora 上： + +``` +$ sudo dnf install fslint + +``` + +在 RHEL，CentOS 上： + +``` +$ sudo yum install epel-release +$ sudo yum install fslint + +``` + +一旦安装完成，从菜单或者应用程序启动器启动它。 + +FSlint GUI 展示如下： + +![](http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/fslint-1.png) + +如你所见，FSlint 接口友好、一目了然。在 **Search path** 栏，添加你要扫描的目录路径，点击左下角 **Find** 按钮查找重复文件。验证递归选项可以在目录和子目录中递归的搜索重复文件。FSlint 将快速的扫描给定的目录并列出重复文件。 + +![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/fslint-2.png) + +从列表中选择那些要清理的重复文件，也可以选择 Save、Delete、Merge 和 Symlink 操作他们。 + +在 **Advanced search parameters** 栏，你可以在搜索重复文件的时候指定排除的路径。 + +![](http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/fslint-3.png) + +**FSlint 命令行选项** + +FSlint 提供下面的 CLI 工具集在你的文件系统中查找重复文件。 + + * **findup** — 查找重复文件 + * **findnl** — 查找 Lint 名称文件（有问题的文件名） + * **findu8** — 查找非法的 utf8 编码文件 + * **findbl** — 查找坏链接（有问题的符号链接） + * **findsn** — 查找同名文件（可能有冲突的文件名） + * **finded** — 查找空目录 + * **findid** — 查找死用户的文件 + * **findns** — 查找非剥离的可执行文件 + * **findrs** — 查找文件中多于的空白 + * **findtf** — 查找临时文件 + * **findul** — 查找可能未使用的库 + * **zipdir** — 回收 ext2 目录实体下浪费的空间 + + + +所有这些工具位于 **/usr/share/fslint/fslint/fslint** 下面。 + + +例如，在给定的目录中查找重复文件，运行： + +``` +$ /usr/share/fslint/fslint/findup ~/Downloads/ + +``` + +类似的，找出空目录命令是： + +``` +$ /usr/share/fslint/fslint/finded ~/Downloads/ + +``` + +获取每个工具更多细节，例如：**findup**，运行： + +``` +$ /usr/share/fslint/fslint/findup --help + +``` + +关于 FSlint 的更多细节，参照帮助部分和 man 页。 + +``` +$ /usr/share/fslint/fslint/fslint --help + +$ man fslint + +``` + +##### 总结 + +现在你知道在 Linux 中，使用三个工具来查找和删除不需要的重复文件。这三个工具中，我经常使用 Rdfind。这并不意味着其他的两个工具效率低下，因为到目前为止我更喜欢 Rdfind。好了，到你了。你的最喜欢哪一个工具呢？为什么？在下面的评论区留言让我们知道吧。 + +就到这里吧。希望这篇文章对你有帮助。更多的好东西就要来了，敬请期待。 + +谢谢！ + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.ostechnix.com/how-to-find-and-delete-duplicate-files-in-linux/ + +作者：[SK][a] +选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) +译者：[pygmalion666](https://github.com/pygmalion666) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/ +[1]: https://www.ostechnix.com/prevent-files-folders-accidental-deletion-modification-linux/ +[2]: https://www.ostechnix.com/explaining-soft-link-and-hard-link-in-linux-with-examples/ +[3]: https://aur.archlinux.org/packages/rdfind/ +[4]: https://www.ostechnix.com/yay-found-yet-another-reliable-aur-helper/ +[5]: https://aur.archlinux.org/packages/fslint/ From 9895b71cd2601806ccdd649308e4801465d0249a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Andy Luo Date: Wed, 3 Oct 2018 00:09:26 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 087/219] Create 20180927 How To Find And Delete Duplicate Files In Linux.md MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 翻译完毕 --- ...0927 How To Find And Delete Duplicate Files In Linux.md | 7 ------- 1 file changed, 7 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180927 How To Find And Delete Duplicate Files In Linux.md b/translated/tech/20180927 How To Find And Delete Duplicate Files In Linux.md index c831a8bc5d..c1b637bf2f 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20180927 How To Find And Delete Duplicate Files In Linux.md +++ b/translated/tech/20180927 How To Find And Delete Duplicate Files In Linux.md @@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ ![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Find-And-Delete-Duplicate-Files-720x340.png) - 在编辑或修改配置文件或旧文件前，我经常会把它们备份到硬盘的某个地方，因此我如果意外地改错了这些文件，我可以从备份中恢复它们。但问题是如果我忘记清理备份文件，一段时间之后，我的磁盘会被这些大量重复文件填满。我觉得要么是懒得清理这些旧文件，要么是担心可能会删掉重要文件。如果你们像我一样，在类 Unix 操作系统中，大量多版本的相同文件放在不同的备份目录，你可以使用下面的工具找到并删除重复文件。 **提醒一句：** @@ -29,8 +28,6 @@ **安装 Rdfind** -Rdfind is available in [**AUR**][3]. So, you can install it in Arch-based systems using any AUR helper program like [**Yay**][4] as shown below. - Rdfind 存在于 [**AUR**][3] 中。因此，在基于 Arch 的系统中，你可以像下面一样使用任一如 [**Yay**][4] AUR 程序助手安装它。 ``` @@ -72,8 +69,6 @@ $ rdfind ~/Downloads ![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/rdfind-1.png) -As you see in the above screenshot, Rdfind command will scan ~/Downloads directory and save the results in a file named **results.txt** in the current working directory. You can view the name of the possible duplicate files in results.txt file. - 正如你看到上面的截屏，Rdfind 命令将扫描 ~/Downloads 目录，并将结果存储到当前工作目录下一个名为 **results.txt** 的文件中。你可以在 results.txt 文件中看到可能是重复文件的名字。 ``` @@ -170,8 +165,6 @@ $ man rdfind Fdupes 存在于大多数 Linux 发行版的默认仓库中。 -On Arch Linux and its variants like Antergos, Manjaro Linux, install it using Pacman like below. - 在 Arch Linux 和它的变种如 Antergos、Manjaro Linux 上，如下使用 Pacman 安装它。 ``` From 32646794d50f1a75b83c898d49cc5dc160031b9a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Wed, 3 Oct 2018 13:28:47 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 088/219] translate done: 20180827 4 tips for better tmux sessions.md --- ...0180827 4 tips for better tmux sessions.md | 89 ------------------- ...0180827 4 tips for better tmux sessions.md | 88 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 88 insertions(+), 89 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20180827 4 tips for better tmux sessions.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20180827 4 tips for better tmux sessions.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20180827 4 tips for better tmux sessions.md b/sources/tech/20180827 4 tips for better tmux sessions.md deleted file mode 100644 index b6d6a3e4fe..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20180827 4 tips for better tmux sessions.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,89 +0,0 @@ -translating by lujun9972 -4 tips for better tmux sessions -====== - -![](https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/tmux-4-tips-816x345.jpg) - -The tmux utility, a terminal multiplexer, lets you treat your terminal as a multi-paned window into your system. You can arrange the configuration, run different processes in each, and generally make better use of your screen. We introduced some readers to this powerful tool [in this earlier article][1]. Here are some tips that will help you get more out of tmux if you’re getting started. - -This article assumes your current prefix key is Ctrl+b. If you’ve remapped that prefix, simply substitute your prefix in its place. - -### Set your terminal to automatically use tmux - -One of the biggest benefits of tmux is being able to disconnect and reconnect to sesions at wilI. This makes remote login sessions more powerful. Have you ever lost a connection and wished you could get back the work you were doing on the remote system? With tmux this problem is solved. - -However, you may sometimes find yourself doing work on a remote system, and realize you didn’t start a session. One way to avoid this is to have tmux start or attach every time you login to a system with in interactive shell. - -Add this to your remote system’s ~/.bash_profile file: - -``` -if [ -z "$TMUX" ]; then - tmux attach -t default || tmux new -s default -fi -``` - -Then logout of the remote system, and log back in with SSH. You’ll find you’re in a tmux session named default. This session will be regenerated at next login if you exit it. But more importantly, if you detach from it as normal, your work is waiting for you next time you login — especially useful if your connection is interrupted. - -Of course you can add this to your local system as well. Note that terminals inside most GUIs won’t use the default session automatically, because they aren’t login shells. While you can change that behavior, it may result in nesting that makes the session less usable, so proceed with caution. - -### Use zoom to focus on a single process - -While the point of tmux is to offer multiple windows, panes, and processes in a single session, sometimes you need to focus. If you’re in a process and need more space, or to focus on a single task, the zoom command works well. It expands the current pane to take up the entire current window space. - -Zoom can be useful in other situations too. For instance, imagine you’re using a terminal window in a graphical desktop. Panes can make it harder to copy and paste multiple lines from inside your tmux session. If you zoom the pane, you can do a clean copy/paste of multiple lines of data with ease. - -To zoom into the current pane, hit Ctrl+b, z. When you’re finished with the zoom function, hit the same key combo to unzoom the pane. - -### Bind some useful commands - -By default tmux has numerous commands available. But it’s helpful to have some of the more common operations bound to keys you can easily remember. Here are some examples you can add to your ~/.tmux.conf file to make sessions more enjoyable: - -``` -bind r source-file ~/.tmux.conf \; display "Reloaded config" -``` - -This command rereads the commands and bindings in your config file. Once you add this binding, exit any tmux sessions and then restart one. Now after you make any other future changes, simply run Ctrl+b, r and the changes will be part of your existing session. - -``` -bind V split-window -h -bind H split-window -``` - -These commands make it easier to split the current window across a vertical axis (note that’s Shift+V) or across a horizontal axis (Shift+H). - -If you want to see how all keys are bound, use Ctrl+B, ? to see a list. You may see keys bound in copy-mode first, for when you’re working with copy and paste inside tmux. The prefix mode bindings are where you’ll see ones you’ve added above. Feel free to experiment with your own! - -### Use powerline for great justice - -[As reported in a previous Fedora Magazine article][2], the powerline utility is a fantastic addition to your shell. But it also has capabilities when used with tmux. Because tmux takes over the entire terminal space, the powerline window can provide more than just a better shell prompt. - - [![Screenshot of tmux powerline in git folder](https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Screenshot-from-2018-08-25-19-36-53-1024x690.png)][3] - -If you haven’t already, follow the instructions in the [Magazine’s powerline article][4] to install that utility. Then, install the addon [using sudo][5]: - -``` -sudo dnf install tmux-powerline -``` - -Now restart your session, and you’ll see a spiffy new status line at the bottom. Depending on the terminal width, the default status line now shows your current session ID, open windows, system information, date and time, and hostname. If you change directory into a git-controlled project, you’ll see the branch and color-coded status as well. - -Of course, this status bar is highly configurable as well. Enjoy your new supercharged tmux session, and have fun experimenting with it. - - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://fedoramagazine.org/4-tips-better-tmux-sessions/ - -作者：[Paul W. Frields][a] -选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) -译者：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:https://fedoramagazine.org/author/pfrields/ -[1]:https://fedoramagazine.org/use-tmux-more-powerful-terminal/ -[2]:https://fedoramagazine.org/add-power-terminal-powerline/ -[3]:https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Screenshot-from-2018-08-25-19-36-53.png -[4]:https://fedoramagazine.org/add-power-terminal-powerline/ -[5]:https://fedoramagazine.org/howto-use-sudo/ diff --git a/translated/tech/20180827 4 tips for better tmux sessions.md b/translated/tech/20180827 4 tips for better tmux sessions.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..5e507985fb --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20180827 4 tips for better tmux sessions.md @@ -0,0 +1,88 @@ +更好利用 tmux 会话的 4 个技巧 +====== + +![](https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/tmux-4-tips-816x345.jpg) + +tmux 是一个终端多路复用工具，它可以让你系统上的终端支持多面板。你可以安排好面板配置，在每个面板用运行不同进程，这通常可以更好的地用你的屏幕。我们在 [这篇早期的文章 ][1] 中向读者介绍过这一强力工具。如果你已经开始使用 tmux 了，那么这里有一些技巧可以帮你更好地使用它。 + +本文假设你当前的前缀键是 `Ctrl+b`。如果你已重新映射该前缀，只需在相应位置替换为你定义的前缀即可。。 + +### 设置终端为自动使用 tmux + +使用 tmux 的一个最大好处就是可以随意的从会话中断开和重连。这使得远程登陆会话更加强力。你有没有遇到过丢失了与远程系统的连接，然后好希望能够恢复在远程系统上做过的那些工作的情况？tmux 能够解决这一问题。 + +然而，有时在远程系统上工作时，你可能会忘记开启一个会话。避免出现这一情况的一个方法就是每次通过交互式 shell 登陆系统时都让 tmux 启动或附加上一个会话。 + +在你远程系统上的 ~/.bash_profile 文件中加入下面内容： + +``` +if [ -z "$TMUX" ]; then + tmux attach -t default || tmux new -s default +fi +``` + +然后注销远程系统，并使用 SSH 重新登录。你会发现你处在一个名为 default 的 tmux 会话中了。如果退出该会话，则下次登录时还会重新生成此会话。但更重要的是，若您正常地从会话中分离，那么下次登录时你会发现之前工作并没有丢失 - 这在连接中断时非常有用。 + +你当然也可以将这段配置加入本地系统中。需要注意的是，大多数 GUI 界面的终端并不会自动使用这个 default 会话，因此它们并不是登陆 shell。虽然你可以修改这一行为，但它可能会导致终端嵌套执行附加到 tmux 会话这一动作从而导致会话不太可用，因此当进行此操作时请一定小心。 + +### 使用 zoom 使注意力专注于单个进程 + +然而 tmux 的目的就是在单个 session 中提供多窗口，多面板和多进程的能力，但有时候你需要专注。如果你正在与一个进程进行交互并且需要更多空间，或需要专注于某个任务，则可以使用 zoom 命令。该命令会将当前面板扩展，占据整个当前窗口的空间。 + +Zoom 在其他情况下也很有用。比如，想象你在图形桌面上运行一个终端窗口。面板会使得从 tmux 会话中拷贝和粘帖多行内容变得相对困难。但若你对面板进行用 zoom 进行了缩放，就可以很容易地对多行数据进行拷贝/粘帖。 + +要对当前面板进行缩放，按下 `Ctrl+b，z`。需要回复的话，按下相同按键组合来回复面板。 + +### 绑定一些有用的命令 + +tmux 默认有大量的命令可用。但将一些更常用的操作绑定到容易记忆的快捷键会很有有。下面一些例子可以让会话变得更好用，你可以添加到 ~/.tmux.conf 文件中： + +``` +bind r source-file ~/.tmux.conf \; display "Reloaded config" +``` + +该命令重新读取你配置文件中的命令和键绑定。添加该条绑定后，退出所有的 tmux 会话然后重启一个会话。现在你做了任何更改后，只需要简单的按下 `Ctrl+b，r` 就能将修改的内容应用到现有的会话中了。 + +``` +bind V split-window -h +bind H split-window +``` + +这些命令可以很方便地对窗口进行横向切分(按下 Shift+V) 和纵向切分 (Shift+H)。 + +若你想查看所有绑定的快捷键，按下 `Ctrl+B，？` 可以看到一个列表。你首先看到的应该是复制模式下的快捷键绑定，表示的是当你在 tmux 中进行复制粘帖时对应的快捷键。你添加的那两个键绑定会在前缀模式 (prefix mode) 中看到。请随意把玩吧！ + +### Use powerline for great justice + +[如前文所示 ][2]，powerline 工具是对 shell 的绝佳补充。而且它也兼容在 tmux 中使用。由于 tmux 接管了整个终端空间，powerline 窗口能理工的可不仅仅是更好的 shell 提示那么简单。 + + [![Screenshot of tmux powerline in git folder](https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Screenshot-from-2018-08-25-19-36-53-1024x690.png)][3] + +如果你还没有这么做，按照 [本文 ][4] 中的指示来安装该工具。然后[使用 sudo][5] 来安装附件： + +``` +sudo dnf install tmux-powerline +``` + +然后重启会话，就会在底部看到一个漂亮的新状态栏。根据终端的宽度，默认的状态栏会显示你当前会话 ID，打开的窗口，系统信息，日期和时间，以及主机名。若你进入了使用 git 进行版本控制的项目目录中还能看到分支名和用色彩标注的版本库状态。 + +当然，这个状态栏具有很好的可配置性。享受你新增强的 tmux 会话吧，玩的开心点。 + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://fedoramagazine.org/4-tips-better-tmux-sessions/ + +作者：[Paul W. Frields][a] +选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) +译者：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:https://fedoramagazine.org/author/pfrields/ +[1]:https://fedoramagazine.org/use-tmux-more-powerful-terminal/ +[2]:https://fedoramagazine.org/add-power-terminal-powerline/ +[3]:https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Screenshot-from-2018-08-25-19-36-53.png +[4]:https://fedoramagazine.org/add-power-terminal-powerline/ +[5]:https://fedoramagazine.org/howto-use-sudo/ From 4f271e8006b067a42292ebec73545c2f59e81ca2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DavidChenLiang Date: Wed, 3 Oct 2018 16:03:13 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 089/219] Update 20180823 CLI- improved.md --- sources/tech/20180823 CLI- improved.md | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20180823 CLI- improved.md b/sources/tech/20180823 CLI- improved.md index d06bb1b2aa..52edaa28c8 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20180823 CLI- improved.md +++ b/sources/tech/20180823 CLI- improved.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +Translating by DavidChenLiang + CLI: improved ====== I'm not sure many web developers can get away without visiting the command line. As for me, I've been using the command line since 1997, first at university when I felt both super cool l33t-hacker and simultaneously utterly out of my depth. From a28d2cc31318ec4ca5cfd5ca80ce5bf62e3171ca Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Wed, 3 Oct 2018 17:18:16 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 090/219] PRF:20180918 Linux firewalls- What you need to know about iptables and firewalld.md @heguangzhi --- ...ed to know about iptables and firewalld.md | 84 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 38 insertions(+), 46 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180918 Linux firewalls- What you need to know about iptables and firewalld.md b/translated/tech/20180918 Linux firewalls- What you need to know about iptables and firewalld.md index c3ecb7b1d3..2e52cabba0 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20180918 Linux firewalls- What you need to know about iptables and firewalld.md +++ b/translated/tech/20180918 Linux firewalls- What you need to know about iptables and firewalld.md @@ -1,96 +1,90 @@ -Linux 防火墙: 关于 iptables 和 firewalld，你需要知道些什么 +Linux 防火墙：关于 iptables 和 firewalld 的那些事 ====== -以下是如何使用 iptables 和 firewalld 工具来管理 Linux 防火墙规则。 +> 以下是如何使用 iptables 和 firewalld 工具来管理 Linux 防火墙规则。 ![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/openwires_fromRHT_520_0612LL.png?itok=PqZi55Ab) -这篇文章摘自我的书[Linux in Action][1]，第二 Manning project 尚未发布。 + +这篇文章摘自我的书《[Linux in Action][1]》，尚未发布的第二个曼宁出版项目。 ### 防火墙 - -防火墙是一组规则。当数据包进出受保护的网络时，进出内容(特别是关于其来源、目标和使用的协议等信息)会根据防火墙规则进行检测，以确定是否允许其通过。下面是一个简单的例子: - +防火墙是一组规则。当数据包进出受保护的网络区域时，进出内容（特别是关于其来源、目标和使用的协议等信息）会根据防火墙规则进行检测，以确定是否允许其通过。下面是一个简单的例子: ![防火墙过滤请求] [3] -防火墙可以根据协议或基于目标的规则过滤请求。 +*防火墙可以根据协议或基于目标的规则过滤请求。* 一方面， [iptables][4] 是 Linux 机器上管理防火墙规则的工具。 -另一方面，[firewalld][5]也是 Linux 机器上管理防火墙规则的工具。 +另一方面，[firewalld][5] 也是 Linux 机器上管理防火墙规则的工具。 -你有什么问题吗？如果我告诉你还有另外一种工具，叫做 [nftables][6]，这会不会糟蹋你的一天呢？ +你有什么问题吗？如果我告诉你还有另外一种工具，叫做 [nftables][6]，这会不会糟蹋你的美好一天呢？ -好吧，我承认整件事确实有点好笑，所以让我解释一下了。这一切都从 Netfilter 开始，在 Linux 内核模块级别， Netfilter 控制访问网络栈。几十年来，管理 Netfilter 钩子的主要命令行工具是 iptables 规则集。 +好吧，我承认整件事确实有点好笑，所以让我来解释一下。这一切都从 Netfilter 开始，它在 Linux 内核模块级别控制访问网络栈。几十年来，管理 Netfilter 钩子的主要命令行工具是 iptables 规则集。 -因为调用这些规则所需的语法看起来有点晦涩难懂，所以各种用户友好的实现方式，如[ufw][7] 和 firewalld 被引入作，并为更高级别的 Netfilter 解释器。然而，Ufw 和 firewalld 主要是为解决独立计算机面临的各种问题而设计的。构建全方面的网络解决方案通常需要 iptables，或者从2014年起，它的替代品 nftables (nft 命令行工具)。 - - -iptables 没有消失，仍然被广泛使用着。事实上，在未来的许多年里，作为一名管理员，你应该会使用 iptables 来保护的网络。但是nftables 通过操作经典的 Netfilter 工具集带来了一些重要的崭新的功能。 +因为调用这些规则所需的语法看起来有点晦涩难懂，所以各种用户友好的实现方式，如 [ufw][7] 和 firewalld 被引入，作为更高级别的 Netfilter 解释器。然而，ufw 和 firewalld 主要是为解决单独的计算机所面临的各种问题而设计的。构建全方面的网络解决方案通常需要 iptables，或者从 2014 年起，它的替代品 nftables (nft 命令行工具)。 +iptables 没有消失，仍然被广泛使用着。事实上，在未来的许多年里，作为一名管理员，你应该会使用 iptables 来保护的网络。但是 nftables 通过操作经典的 Netfilter 工具集带来了一些重要的崭新的功能。 从现在开始，我将通过示例展示 firewalld 和 iptables 如何解决简单的连接问题。 ### 使用 firewalld 配置 HTTP 访问 -正如你能从它的名字中猜到的，firewalld 是 [systemd][8] 家族的一部分。Firewalld 可以安装在 Debian/Ubuntu 机器上，不过， 它默认安装在 RedHat 和 CentOS 上。如果您的计算机上运行着像 Apache 这样的 web 服务器，您可以通过浏览服务器的 web 根目录来确认防火墙是否正在工作。如果网站不可访问，那么 firewalld 正在工作。 +正如你能从它的名字中猜到的，firewalld 是 [systemd][8] 家族的一部分。firewalld 可以安装在 Debian/Ubuntu 机器上，不过，它默认安装在 RedHat 和 CentOS 上。如果您的计算机上运行着像 Apache 这样的 web 服务器，您可以通过浏览服务器的 web 根目录来确认防火墙是否正在工作。如果网站不可访问，那么 firewalld 正在工作。 -你可以使用 `firewall-cmd` 工具从命令行管理 firewalld 设置。添加 `–state` 参数将返回当前防火墙的状态: +你可以使用 `firewall-cmd` 工具从命令行管理 firewalld 设置。添加 `–state` 参数将返回当前防火墙的状态: ``` # firewall-cmd --state running ``` -默认情况下，firewalld 将处于运行状态，并将拒绝所有传入流量，但有几个例外，如 SSH。这意味着你的网站不会有太多的访问者，这无疑会为你节省大量的数据传输成本。然而，这不是你对 web 服务器的要求，你希望打开 HTTP 和 HTTPS 端口，按照惯例，这两个端口分别被指定为80和443。firewalld 提供了两种方法来实现这个功能。一个是通过 `–add-port` 参数，该参数直接引用端口号及其将使用的网络协议(在本例中为TCP )。 另外一个是通过`–permanent` 参数，它告诉 firewalld 在每次服务器启动时加载此规则: - +默认情况下，firewalld 处于运行状态，并拒绝所有传入流量，但有几个例外，如 SSH。这意味着你的网站不会有太多的访问者，这无疑会为你节省大量的数据传输成本。然而，这不是你对 web 服务器的要求，你希望打开 HTTP 和 HTTPS 端口，按照惯例，这两个端口分别被指定为 80 和 443。firewalld 提供了两种方法来实现这个功能。一个是通过 `–add-port` 参数，该参数直接引用端口号及其将使用的网络协议（在本例中为TCP）。 另外一个是通过 `–permanent` 参数，它告诉 firewalld 在每次服务器启动时加载此规则： ``` # firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=80/tcp # firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=443/tcp ``` - `–reload` 参数将这些规则应用于当前会话: +`–reload` 参数将这些规则应用于当前会话： ``` # firewall-cmd --reload ``` -查看当前防火墙上的设置, 运行 `–list-services` : +查看当前防火墙上的设置，运行 `–list-services`： ``` # firewall-cmd --list-services dhcpv6-client http https ssh ``` -假设您已经如前所述添加了浏览器访问，那么 HTTP、HTTPS 和 SSH 端口现在都应该是开放的—— `dhcpv6-client` ，它允许 Linux 从本地 DHCP 服务器请求 IPv6 IP地址。 +假设您已经如前所述添加了浏览器访问，那么 HTTP、HTTPS 和 SSH 端口现在都应该是和 `dhcpv6-client` 一样开放的 —— 它允许 Linux 从本地 DHCP 服务器请求 IPv6 IP 地址。 ### 使用 iptables 配置锁定的客户信息亭 -我相信你已经看到了信息亭——它们是放在机场、图书馆和商务场所的盒子里的平板电脑、触摸屏和ATM类电脑，邀请顾客和路人浏览内容。大多数信息亭的问题是，你通常不希望用户像在自己家一样，把他们当成自己的设备。它们通常不是用来浏览、观看 YouTube 视频或对五角大楼发起拒绝服务攻击的。因此，为了确保它们没有被滥用，你需要锁定它们。 +我相信你已经看到了信息亭——它们是放在机场、图书馆和商务场所的盒子里的平板电脑、触摸屏和 ATM 类电脑，邀请顾客和路人浏览内容。大多数信息亭的问题是，你通常不希望用户像在自己家一样，把他们当成自己的设备。它们通常不是用来浏览、观看 YouTube 视频或对五角大楼发起拒绝服务攻击的。因此，为了确保它们没有被滥用，你需要锁定它们。 +一种方法是应用某种信息亭模式，无论是通过巧妙使用 Linux 显示管理器还是控制在浏览器级别。但是为了确保你已经堵塞了所有的漏洞，你可能还想通过防火墙添加一些硬性的网络控制。在下一节中，我将讲解如何使用iptables 来完成。 -一种方法是应用某种信息亭模式，无论是通过巧妙使用Linux显示管理器还是在浏览器级别。但是为了确保你已经堵塞了所有的漏洞，你可能还想通过防火墙添加一些硬网络控制。在下一节中，我将讲解如何使用iptables 来完成。 - - -关于使用iptables，有两件重要的事情需要记住:你给规则的顺序非常关键，iptables 规则本身在重新启动后将无法存活。我会一次一个地在解释这些。 +关于使用 iptables，有两件重要的事情需要记住：你给出的规则的顺序非常关键；iptables 规则本身在重新启动后将无法保持。我会一次一个地在解释这些。 ### 信息亭项目 -为了说明这一切，让我们想象一下，我们为一家名为 BigMart 的大型连锁商店工作。它们已经存在了几十年；事实上，我们想象中的祖父母可能是在那里购物并长大的。但是这些天，BigMart 公司总部的人可能只是在数着亚马逊将他们永远赶下去的时间。 +为了说明这一切，让我们想象一下，我们为一家名为 BigMart 的大型连锁商店工作。它们已经存在了几十年；事实上，我们想象中的祖父母可能是在那里购物并长大的。但是如今，BigMart 公司总部的人可能只是在数着亚马逊将他们永远赶下去的时间。 -尽管如此，BigMart 的IT部门正在尽他们最大努力提供解决方案，他们向你发放了一些具有 WiFi 功能信息亭设备，你在整个商店的战略位置使用这些设备。其想法是，登录到 BigMart.com 产品页面，允许查找商品特征、过道位置和库存水平。信息亭还允许进入 bigmart-data.com，那里储存着许多图像和视频媒体信息。 +尽管如此，BigMart 的 IT 部门正在尽他们最大努力提供解决方案，他们向你发放了一些具有 WiFi 功能信息亭设备，你在整个商店的战略位置使用这些设备。其想法是，登录到 BigMart.com 产品页面，允许查找商品特征、过道位置和库存水平。信息亭还允许进入 bigmart-data.com，那里储存着许多图像和视频媒体信息。 -除此之外，您还需要允许下载软件包更新。最后，您还希望只允许从本地工作站访问SSH，并阻止其他人登录。下图说明了它将如何工作: +除此之外，您还需要允许下载软件包更新。最后，您还希望只允许从本地工作站访问 SSH，并阻止其他人登录。下图说明了它将如何工作： ![信息亭流量IP表] [10] -信息亭业务流由 iptables 控制。 +*信息亭业务流由 iptables 控制。 * ### 脚本 -以下是 Bash 脚本内容: +以下是 Bash 脚本内容： ``` #!/bin/bash @@ -104,24 +98,24 @@ iptables -A INPUT -p tcp -s 10.0.3.1 --dport 22 -j ACCEPT iptables -A INPUT -p tcp -s 0.0.0.0/0 --dport 22 -j DROP ``` -我们从基本规则 `-A` 开始分析，它告诉iptables 我们要添加规则。`OUTPUT` 意味着这条规则应该成为输出的一部分。`-p` 表示该规则仅使用TCP协议的数据包，正如`-d` 告诉我们的，目的地址是 [bigmart.com][11]。`-j` 参数作用为数据包符合规则时要采取的操作是 `ACCEPT`。第一条规则表示允许或接受请求。但，最后一条规则表示删除或拒绝的请求。 +我们从基本规则 `-A` 开始分析，它告诉 iptables 我们要添加规则。`OUTPUT` 意味着这条规则应该成为输出链的一部分。`-p` 表示该规则仅使用 TCP 协议的数据包，正如 `-d` 告诉我们的，目的地址是 [bigmart.com][11]。`-j` 参数的作用是当数据包符合规则时要采取的操作是 `ACCEPT`。第一条规则表示允许（或接受）请求。但，往下的规则你能看到丢弃（或拒绝）的请求。 -规则顺序是很重要的。iptables 仅仅允许匹配规则的内容请求通过。一个向外发出的浏览器请求，比如访问[youtube.com][12] 是会通过的，因为这个请求匹配第四条规则，但是当它到达“dport 80”或“dport 443”规则时——取决于是HTTP还是HTTPS请求——它将被删除。iptables不再麻烦检查了，因为那是一场比赛。 +规则顺序是很重要的。因为 iptables 会对一个请求遍历每个规则，直到遇到匹配的规则。一个向外发出的浏览器请求，比如访问 bigmart.com 是会通过的，因为这个请求匹配第一条规则，但是当它到达 `dport 80` 或 `dport 443` 规则时——取决于是 HTTP 还是 HTTPS 请求——它将被丢弃。当遇到匹配时，iptables 不再继续往下检查了。（LCTT 译注：此处原文有误，径改。） -另一方面，向ubuntu.com 发出软件升级的系统请求，只要符合其适当的规则，就会通过。显然，我们在这里做的是，只允许向我们的 BigMart 或 Ubuntu 发送 HTTP 或 HTTPS 请求，而不允许向其他目的地发送。 +另一方面，向 ubuntu.com 发出软件升级的系统请求，只要符合其适当的规则，就会通过。显然，我们在这里做的是，只允许向我们的 BigMart 或 Ubuntu 发送 HTTP 或 HTTPS 请求，而不允许向其他目的地发送。 -最后两条规则将处理 SSH 请求。因为它不使用端口80或443端口，而是使用22端口，所以之前的两个丢弃规则不会拒绝它。在这种情况下，来自我的工作站的登录请求将被接受，但是对其他任何地方的请求将被拒绝。这一点很重要:确保用于端口22规则的IP地址与您用来登录的机器的地址相匹配——如果不这样做，将立即被锁定。当然，这没什么大不了的，因为按照目前的配置方式，只需重启服务器，iptables 规则就会全部丢失。如果使用 LXC 容器作为服务器并从 LXC 主机登录，则使用主机 IP 地址连接容器，而不是其公共地址。 +最后两条规则将处理 SSH 请求。因为它不使用端口 80 或 443 端口，而是使用 22 端口，所以之前的两个丢弃规则不会拒绝它。在这种情况下，来自我的工作站的登录请求将被接受，但是对其他任何地方的请求将被拒绝。这一点很重要：确保用于端口 22 规则的 IP 地址与您用来登录的机器的地址相匹配——如果不这样做，将立即被锁定。当然，这没什么大不了的，因为按照目前的配置方式，只需重启服务器，iptables 规则就会全部丢失。如果使用 LXC 容器作为服务器并从 LXC 主机登录，则使用主机 IP 地址连接容器，而不是其公共地址。 -如果机器的IP发生变化，请记住更新这个规则；否则，你会被拒绝访问。 +如果机器的 IP 发生变化，请记住更新这个规则；否则，你会被拒绝访问。 -在家玩(是在某种性虚拟机上)？太好了。创建自己的脚本。现在我可以保存脚本，使用`chmod` 使其可执行，并以`sudo` 的形式运行它。不要担心 `igmart-data.com没找到`错误——当然没找到；它不存在。 +在家玩（是在某种一次性虚拟机上）？太好了。创建自己的脚本。现在我可以保存脚本，使用 `chmod` 使其可执行，并以 `sudo` 的形式运行它。不要担心“igmart-data.com 没找到”之类的错误 —— 当然没找到；它不存在。 ``` chmod +X scriptname.sh sudo ./scriptname.sh ``` -你可以使用`cURL` 命令行测试防火墙。请求 ubuntu.com 奏效，但请求 [manning.com][13]是失败的 。 +你可以使用 `cURL` 命令行测试防火墙。请求 ubuntu.com 奏效，但请求 [manning.com][13] 是失败的 。 ``` @@ -131,24 +125,22 @@ curl manning.com ### 配置 iptables 以在系统启动时加载 -现在，我如何让这些规则在每次 kiosk 启动时自动加载？第一步是将当前规则保存。使用`iptables-save` 工具保存规则文件。将在根目录中创建一个包含规则列表的文件。管道后面跟着 tee 命令，是将我的`sudo` 权限应用于字符串的第二部分:将文件实际保存到否则受限的根目录。 +现在，我如何让这些规则在每次信息亭启动时自动加载？第一步是将当前规则保存。使用 `iptables-save` 工具保存规则文件。这将在根目录中创建一个包含规则列表的文件。管道后面跟着 `tee` 命令，是将我的`sudo` 权限应用于字符串的第二部分：将文件实际保存到否则受限的根目录。 -然后我可以告诉系统每次启动时运行一个相关的工具，叫做`iptables-restore` 。我们在上一模块中看到的常规cron 作业，因为它们在设定的时间运行，但是我们不知道什么时候我们的计算机可能会决定崩溃和重启。 +然后我可以告诉系统每次启动时运行一个相关的工具，叫做 `iptables-restore` 。我们在上一章节（LCTT 译注：指作者的书）中看到的常规 cron 任务并不适用，因为它们在设定的时间运行，但是我们不知道什么时候我们的计算机可能会决定崩溃和重启。 -有许多方法来处理这个问题。这里有一个: +有许多方法来处理这个问题。这里有一个： - -在我的 Linux 机器上，我将安装一个名为 [anacron][14] 的程序，该程序将在 /etc/ 目录中为我们提供一个名为anacrondab 的文件。我将编辑该文件并添加这个 `iptables-restore` 命令，告诉它加载该文件的当前值。引导后一分钟，规则每天(必要时)加载到 iptables 中。我会给作业一个标识符( `iptables-restore` )，然后添加命令本身。如果你在家和我一起这样，你应该通过重启系统来测试一下。 +在我的 Linux 机器上，我将安装一个名为 [anacron][14] 的程序，该程序将在 `/etc/` 目录中为我们提供一个名为 `anacrontab` 的文件。我将编辑该文件并添加这个 `iptables-restore` 命令，告诉它加载那个 .rule 文件的当前内容。当引导后，规则每天（必要时）01:01 时加载到 iptables 中（LCTT 译注：anacron 会补充执行由于机器没有运行而错过的 cron 任务，因此，即便 01:01 时机器没有启动，也会在机器启动会尽快执行该任务）。我会给该任务一个标识符（`iptables-restore`），然后添加命令本身。如果你在家和我一起这样，你应该通过重启系统来测试一下。 ``` sudo iptables-save | sudo tee /root/my.active.firewall.rules sudo apt install anacron sudo nano /etc/anacrontab 1 1 iptables-restore iptables-restore < /root/my.active.firewall.rules - ``` -我希望这些实际例子已经说明了如何使用 iptables 和 firewalld 来管理基于Linux的防火墙上的连接问题。 +我希望这些实际例子已经说明了如何使用 iptables 和 firewalld 来管理基于 Linux 的防火墙上的连接问题。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -157,7 +149,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/18/9/linux-iptables-firewalld 作者：[David Clinton][a] 选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) 译者：[heguangzhi](https://github.com/heguangzhi) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 0dc692ee68d59d5856a8dee957d91abe942398b0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Wed, 3 Oct 2018 17:18:59 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 091/219] PUB:20180918 Linux firewalls- What you need to know about iptables and firewalld.md @heguangzhi https://linux.cn/article-10075-1.html --- ...rewalls- What you need to know about iptables and firewalld.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20180918 Linux firewalls- What you need to know about iptables and firewalld.md (100%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180918 Linux firewalls- What you need to know about iptables and firewalld.md b/published/20180918 Linux firewalls- What you need to know about iptables and firewalld.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/tech/20180918 Linux firewalls- What you need to know about iptables and firewalld.md rename to published/20180918 Linux firewalls- What you need to know about iptables and firewalld.md From d00d9d4739ba473ca1ea9904761c4c936c927dfc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Wed, 3 Oct 2018 20:55:52 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 092/219] PRF:20180813 5 of the Best Linux Educational Software and Games for Kids.md @qhwdw --- ...Educational Software and Games for Kids.md | 39 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 20 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180813 5 of the Best Linux Educational Software and Games for Kids.md b/translated/tech/20180813 5 of the Best Linux Educational Software and Games for Kids.md index 3a1981f0bc..029c70b675 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20180813 5 of the Best Linux Educational Software and Games for Kids.md +++ b/translated/tech/20180813 5 of the Best Linux Educational Software and Games for Kids.md @@ -1,4 +1,5 @@ -# 5 个给孩子的非常好的 Linux 教育软件和游戏 +5 个给孩子的非常好的 Linux 游戏和教育软件 +================= ![](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2018/07/Linux-educational-programs-for-kids-featured.jpg) @@ -8,39 +9,39 @@ Linux 是一个非常强大的操作系统，因此因特网上的大多数服 **相关阅读**：[使用一个 Linux 发行版的新手指南][1] -### 1. GCompris +### 1、GCompris -如果你正在为你的孩子寻找一款最佳的教育软件，[GCompris][2] 将是你的最好的开端。这款软件专门为 2 到 10 岁的孩子所设计。作为所有的 Linux 教育软件套装的巅峰之作，GCompris 为孩子们提供了大约 100 项活动。它囊括了你期望你的孩子学习的所有内容，从阅读材料到科学、地理、绘画、代数、测验、等等。 +如果你正在为你的孩子寻找一款最佳的教育软件，[GCompris][2] 将是你的最好的开端。这款软件专门为 2 到 10 岁的孩子所设计。作为所有的 Linux 教育软件套装的巅峰之作，GCompris 为孩子们提供了大约 100 项活动。它囊括了你期望你的孩子学习的所有内容，从阅读材料到科学、地理、绘画、代数、测验等等。 ![Linux educational software and games][3] -GCompris 甚至有一项活动可以帮你的孩子学习计算机的相关知识。如果你的孩子还很小，你希望他去学习字母、颜色、和形状，GCompris 也有这方面的相关内容。更重要的是，它也为孩子们准备了一些益智类游戏，比如国际象棋、井字棋、好记性、以及猜词游戏。GCompris 并不是一个仅在 Linux 上可运行的游戏。它也可以运行在 Windows 和 Android 上。 +GCompris 甚至有一项活动可以帮你的孩子学习计算机的相关知识。如果你的孩子还很小，你希望他去学习字母、颜色和形状，GCompris 也有这方面的相关内容。更重要的是，它也为孩子们准备了一些益智类游戏，比如国际象棋、井字棋、好记性、以及猜词游戏。GCompris 并不是一个仅在 Linux 上可运行的游戏。它也可以运行在 Windows 和 Android 上。 -### 2. TuxMath +### 2、TuxMath -很多学生认为数学是们非常难的课程。你可以通过 Linux 教育软件如 [TuxMath][4] 来让你的孩子了解数学技能，从而来改变这种看法。TuxMath 是为孩子开发的顶级的数学教育辅助游戏。在这个游戏中，你的角色是在如雨点般下降的数学问题中帮助 Linux 企鹅 Tux 来保护它的星球。 +很多学生认为数学是门非常难的课程。你可以通过 Linux 教育软件如 [TuxMath][4] 来让你的孩子了解数学技能，从而来改变这种看法。TuxMath 是为孩子开发的顶级的数学教育辅助游戏。在这个游戏中，你的角色是在如雨点般下降的数学问题中帮助 Linux 企鹅 Tux 来保护它的星球。 ![linux-educational-software-tuxmath-1][5] 在它们落下来毁坏 Tux 的星球之前，找到问题的答案，就可以使用你的激光去帮助 Tux 拯救它的星球。数字问题的难度每过一关就会提升一点。这个游戏非常适合孩子，因为它可以让孩子们去开动脑筋解决问题。而且还有助他们学好数学，以及帮助他们开发智力。 -### 3. Sugar on a Stick +### 3、Sugar on a Stick -[Sugar on a Stick][6] 是献给孩子们的学习程序 —— 一个广受好评的全新教学法。这个程序为你的孩子提供一个成熟的教学平台，在那里，他们可以收获创造、探索、发现和思考方面的技能。和 GCompris 一样，Sugar on a Stick 为孩子们带来了包括游戏和谜题在内的大量学习资源。 +[Sugar on a Stick][6] 是献给孩子们的学习程序 —— 一个广受好评的全新教学法。这个程序为你的孩子提供一个成熟的教学平台，在那里，他们可以收获创造、探索、发现和思考方面的技能。和 GCompris 一样，Sugar on a Stick 为孩子们带来了包括游戏和谜题在内的大量学习资源。 ![linux-educational-software-sugar-on-a-stick][7] 关于 Sugar on a Stick 最大的一个好处是你可以将它配置在一个 U 盘上。你只要有一台 X86 的 PC，插入那个 U 盘，然后就可以从 U 盘引导这个发行版。Sugar on a Stick 是由 Sugar 实验室提供的一个项目 —— 这个实验室是一个由志愿者运作的非盈利组织。 -### 4. KDE Edu Suite +### 4、KDE Edu Suite -[KDE Edu Suite][8] 是一个用途与众不同的软件包。带来了大量不同领域的应用程序，KDE 社区已经证实，它不仅是一系列成年人授权的问题；它还关心年青一代如何适应他们周围的一切。它囊括了一系列孩子们使用的应用程序，从科学到数学、地理等等。 +[KDE Edu Suite][8] 是一个用途与众不同的软件包。带来了大量不同领域的应用程序，KDE 社区已经证实，它不仅可以给成年人授权；它还关心年青一代如何适应他们周围的一切。它囊括了一系列孩子们使用的应用程序，从科学到数学、地理等等。 ![linux-educational-software-kde-1][9] KDE Edu 套件根据长大后所必需的知识为基础，既能够用作学校的教学软件，也能够作为孩子们的学习 APP。它提供了大量的可免费下载的软件包。KDE Edu 套件在主流的 GNU/Linux 发行版都能安装。 -### 5. Tux Paint +### 5、Tux Paint ![linux-educational-software-tux-paint-2][10] @@ -61,20 +62,20 @@ via: https://www.maketecheasier.com/5-best-linux-software-packages-for-kids/ 作者：[Kenneth Kimari][a] 选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) 译者：[qhwdw](https://github.com/qhwdw) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 [a]: https://www.maketecheasier.com/author/kennkimari/ -[1]: https://www.maketecheasier.com/beginner-guide-to-using-linux-distro/ "The Beginner’s Guide to Using a Linux Distro" +[1]: https://www.maketecheasier.com/beginner-guide-to-using-linux-distro/ [2]: http://www.gcompris.net/downloads-en.html -[3]: https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2018/07/Linux-educational-software-gcompris.jpg "Linux educational software and games" +[3]: https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2018/07/Linux-educational-software-gcompris.jpg [4]: https://tuxmath.en.uptodown.com/ubuntu -[5]: https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2018/07/Linux-educational-software-tuxmath-1.jpg "linux-educational-software-tuxmath-1" +[5]: https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2018/07/Linux-educational-software-tuxmath-1.jpg [6]: http://wiki.sugarlabs.org/go/Sugar_on_a_Stick/Downloads -[7]: https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2018/07/Linux-educational-software-sugar-on-a-stick.png "linux-educational-software-sugar-on-a-stick" +[7]: https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2018/07/Linux-educational-software-sugar-on-a-stick.png [8]: https://edu.kde.org/ -[9]: https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2018/07/Linux-educational-software-kde-1.jpg "linux-educational-software-kde-1" -[10]: https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2018/07/Linux-educational-software-tux-paint-2.jpg "linux-educational-software-tux-paint-2" +[9]: https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2018/07/Linux-educational-software-kde-1.jpg +[10]: https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2018/07/Linux-educational-software-tux-paint-2.jpg [11]: http://www.tuxpaint.org/ -[12]: http://edubuntu.org/ \ No newline at end of file +[12]: http://edubuntu.org/ From 35b0acca5d201b87fcc6c8e3e0a06b60c634a78b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Wed, 3 Oct 2018 20:56:29 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 093/219] PUB:20180813 5 of the Best Linux Educational Software and Games for Kids.md @qhwdw https://linux.cn/article-10076-1.html --- ...5 of the Best Linux Educational Software and Games for Kids.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20180813 5 of the Best Linux Educational Software and Games for Kids.md (100%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180813 5 of the Best Linux Educational Software and Games for Kids.md b/published/20180813 5 of the Best Linux Educational Software and Games for Kids.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/tech/20180813 5 of the Best Linux Educational Software and Games for Kids.md rename to published/20180813 5 of the Best Linux Educational Software and Games for Kids.md From 95ed6758ab4a2b82cac59d979827b8e93f530c00 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Wed, 3 Oct 2018 21:13:40 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 094/219] translate done: 20180827 Solve -error- failed to commit transaction (conflicting files)- In Arch Linux.md --- ...tion (conflicting files)- In Arch Linux.md | 50 ------------------- ...tion (conflicting files)- In Arch Linux.md | 49 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 49 insertions(+), 50 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20180827 Solve -error- failed to commit transaction (conflicting files)- In Arch Linux.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20180827 Solve -error- failed to commit transaction (conflicting files)- In Arch Linux.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20180827 Solve -error- failed to commit transaction (conflicting files)- In Arch Linux.md b/sources/tech/20180827 Solve -error- failed to commit transaction (conflicting files)- In Arch Linux.md deleted file mode 100644 index bb0479e7fe..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20180827 Solve -error- failed to commit transaction (conflicting files)- In Arch Linux.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,50 +0,0 @@ -translating by lujun9972 -Solve "error: failed to commit transaction (conflicting files)" In Arch Linux -====== - -![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/arch_linux_wallpaper-720x340.png) - -It’s been a month since I upgraded my Arch Linux desktop. Today, I tried to update my Arch Linux system, and ran into an error that said **“error: failed to commit transaction (conflicting files) stfl: /usr/lib/libstfl.so.0 exists in filesystem”**. It looks like one library (/usr/lib/libstfl.so.0) that exists on my filesystem and pacman can’t upgrade it. If you’re encountered with the same error, here is a quick fix to resolve it. - -### Solve “error: failed to commit transaction (conflicting files)” In Arch Linux - -You have three options. - -1. Simply ignore the problematic **stfl** library from being upgraded and try to update the system again. Refer this guide to know [**how to ignore package from being upgraded**][1]. - -2. Overwrite the package using command: -``` -$ sudo pacman -Syu --overwrite /usr/lib/libstfl.so.0 -``` - -3. Remove stfl library file manually and try to upgrade the system again. Please make sure the intended package is not a dependency to any important package. and check the archlinux.org whether are mentions of this conflict. -``` -$ sudo rm /usr/lib/libstfl.so.0 -``` - -Now, try to update the system: -``` -$ sudo pacman -Syu -``` - -I chose the third option and just deleted the file and upgraded my Arch Linux system. It works now! - -Hope this helps. More good stuffs to come. Stay tuned! - -Cheers! - - - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.ostechnix.com/how-to-solve-error-failed-to-commit-transaction-conflicting-files-in-arch-linux/ - -作者：[SK][a] -选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) -译者：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/ -[1]:https://www.ostechnix.com/safely-ignore-package-upgraded-arch-linux/ diff --git a/translated/tech/20180827 Solve -error- failed to commit transaction (conflicting files)- In Arch Linux.md b/translated/tech/20180827 Solve -error- failed to commit transaction (conflicting files)- In Arch Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..d77a63be3d --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20180827 Solve -error- failed to commit transaction (conflicting files)- In Arch Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +解决 Arch Linux 中出现的 “error：failed to commit transaction (conflicting files)” +====== + +![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/arch_linux_wallpaper-720x340.png) + +自我更新 Arch Linux 桌面以来已经有一个月了。今天我试着更新我的 Arch Linux 系统，然后遇到一个错误 **“error：failed to commit transaction (conflicting files) stfl：/usr/lib/libstfl.so.0 exists in filesystem”**。看起来是 pacman 无法更新一个已经存在于文件系统上的库 (/usr/lib/libstfl.so.0)。如果你也遇到了同样的问题，下面是一个快速解决方案。 + +### 解决 Arch Linux 中出现的 “error：failed to commit transaction (conflicting files)” + +有三种方法。 + +1。简单在升级时忽略导致问题的 **stfl** 库并尝试再次更新系统。请参阅此指南以了解 [**如何在更新时忽略软件包 **][1]。 + +2。使用命令覆盖这个包： +``` +$ sudo pacman -Syu --overwrite /usr/lib/libstfl.so.0 +``` + +3。手工删掉 stfl 库然后再次升级系统。请确保目标包不被其他任何重要的包所依赖。可以通过去 archlinux.org 查看是否有这种冲突。 +``` +$ sudo rm /usr/lib/libstfl.so.0 +``` + +现在，尝试更新系统： +``` +$ sudo pacman -Syu +``` + +我选择第三种方法，直接删除该文件然后升级 Arch Linux 系统。很有效！ + +希望本文对你有所帮助。还有更多好东西。敬请期待！ + +干杯！ + + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.ostechnix.com/how-to-solve-error-failed-to-commit-transaction-conflicting-files-in-arch-linux/ + +作者：[SK][a] +选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) +译者：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/ +[1]:https://www.ostechnix.com/safely-ignore-package-upgraded-arch-linux/ From 19fef64b60bd3bfbe9a9a929b5679bcbe54ae130 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Wed, 3 Oct 2018 21:29:52 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 095/219] PRF:20180823 How To Easily And Safely Manage Cron Jobs In Linux.md @HankChow --- ...ly And Safely Manage Cron Jobs In Linux.md | 54 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 25 insertions(+), 29 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180823 How To Easily And Safely Manage Cron Jobs In Linux.md b/translated/tech/20180823 How To Easily And Safely Manage Cron Jobs In Linux.md index c556d485c3..84c37055bb 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20180823 How To Easily And Safely Manage Cron Jobs In Linux.md +++ b/translated/tech/20180823 How To Easily And Safely Manage Cron Jobs In Linux.md @@ -1,21 +1,20 @@ -在 Linux 中安全轻松地管理 Cron 定时任务 +在 Linux 中安全且轻松地管理 Cron 定时任务 ====== ![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Crontab-UI-720x340.jpg) -在 Linux 中遇到计划任务的时候，你首先会想到的大概就是 Cron 定时任务了。Cron 定时任务能帮助你在类 Unix 操作系统中计划性地执行命令或者任务。也可以参考一下我们之前的一篇[《关于 Cron 定时任务的新手指导》][1]。对于有一定 Linux 经验的人来说，设置 Cron 定时任务不是什么难事，但对于新手来说就不一定了，他们在编辑 Crontab 文件的时候不知不觉中犯的一些小错误，也有可能把整个 Cron 定时任务搞挂了。如果你在处理 Cron 定时任务的时候为了以防万一，可以尝试使用 **Crontab UI**，它是一个可以在类 Unix 操作系统上安全轻松管理 Cron 定时任务的页面工具。 - -Crontab UI 是使用 NodeJS 编写的免费开源软件。有了 Crontab UI，你在创建、删除和修改 Cron 定时任务的时候就不需要手工编辑 Crontab 文件了，只需要打开浏览器稍微操作一下，就能完成上面这些工作。你可以用 Crontab UI 轻松创建、编辑、暂停、删除、备份 Cron 定时任务，甚至还可以简单做到导入、导出、部署其它机器上的 Cron 定时任务，它还支持错误日志、邮件发送和钩子。 +在 Linux 中遇到计划任务的时候，你首先会想到的大概就是 Cron 定时任务了。Cron 定时任务能帮助你在类 Unix 操作系统中计划性地执行命令或者任务。也可以参考一下我们之前的一篇《[关于 Cron 定时任务的新手指导][1]》。对于有一定 Linux 经验的人来说，设置 Cron 定时任务不是什么难事，但对于新手来说就不一定了，他们在编辑 crontab 文件的时候不知不觉中犯的一些小错误，也有可能把整个 Cron 定时任务搞挂了。如果你在处理 Cron 定时任务的时候为了以防万一，可以尝试使用 **Crontab UI**，它是一个可以在类 Unix 操作系统上安全轻松管理 Cron 定时任务的 Web 页面工具。 +Crontab UI 是使用 NodeJS 编写的自由开源软件。有了 Crontab UI，你在创建、删除和修改 Cron 定时任务的时候就不需要手工编辑 Crontab 文件了，只需要打开浏览器稍微操作一下，就能完成上面这些工作。你可以用 Crontab UI 轻松创建、编辑、暂停、删除、备份 Cron 定时任务，甚至还可以简单地做到导入、导出、部署其它机器上的 Cron 定时任务，它还支持错误日志、邮件发送和钩子。 ### 安装 Crontab UI -只需要一条命令就可以安装好 Crontab UI，但前提是已经安装好 NPM。如果还没有安装 NPM，可以参考[《如何在 Linux 上安装 NodeJS》][2]这篇文章。 +只需要一条命令就可以安装好 Crontab UI，但前提是已经安装好 NPM。如果还没有安装 NPM，可以参考《[如何在 Linux 上安装 NodeJS][2]》这篇文章。 执行这一条命令来安装 Crontab UI。 + ``` $ npm install -g crontab-ui - ``` 就是这么简单，下面继续来看看在 Crontab UI 上如何管理 Cron 定时任务。 @@ -23,29 +22,29 @@ $ npm install -g crontab-ui ### 在 Linux 上安全轻松管理 Cron 定时任务 执行这一条命令启动 Crontab UI： + ``` $ crontab-ui - ``` 你会看到这样的输出： + ``` Node version: 10.8.0 Crontab UI is running at http://127.0.0.1:8000 - ``` -首先在你的防火墙和路由器上放开 8000 端口，然后打开浏览器访问 ****。 +首先在你的防火墙和路由器上放开 8000 端口，然后打开浏览器访问 ``。 注意，默认只有在本地才能访问到 Crontab UI 的控制台页面。但如果你想让 Crontab UI 使用系统的 IP 地址和自定义端口，也就是想让其它机器也访问到本地的 Crontab UI，你需要使用以下这个命令： + ``` $ HOST=0.0.0.0 PORT=9000 crontab-ui Node version: 10.8.0 Crontab UI is running at http://0.0.0.0:9000 - ``` -Crontab UI 就能够通过 :9000 这样的 URL 被远程机器访问到了。 +Crontab UI 就能够通过 `:9000` 这样的 URL 被远程机器访问到了。 Crontab UI 的控制台页面长这样： @@ -53,19 +52,17 @@ Crontab UI 的控制台页面长这样： 从上面的截图就可以看到，Crontab UI 的界面非常简洁，所有选项的含义都能不言自明。 -输入 `Ctrl + C` 就可以关闭 Crontab UI。 +在终端输入 `Ctrl + C` 就可以关闭 Crontab UI。 -**创建、编辑、运行、停止、删除 Cron 定时任务** - -点击“New”，输入 Cron 定时任务的信息并点击“Save”保存，就可以创建一个新的 Cron 定时任务了。 +#### 创建、编辑、运行、停止、删除 Cron 定时任务 + +点击 “New”，输入 Cron 定时任务的信息并点击 “Save” 保存，就可以创建一个新的 Cron 定时任务了。 1. 为 Cron 定时任务命名，这是可选的； 2. 你想要执行的完整命令； - 3. 设定计划执行的时间。你可以按照启动、每时、每日、每周、每月、每年这些指标快速指定计划任务，也可以明确指定任务执行的具体时间。指定好计划时间后，**Jobs** 区域就会显示 Cron 定时任务的句式。 + 3. 设定计划执行的时间。你可以按照启动、每时、每日、每周、每月、每年这些指标快速指定计划任务，也可以明确指定任务执行的具体时间。指定好计划时间后，“Jobs” 区域就会显示 Cron 定时任务的句式。 4. 选择是否为某个 Cron 定时任务记录错误日志。 - - 这是我的一个 Cron 定时任务样例。 ![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/create-new-cron-job.png) @@ -74,41 +71,40 @@ Crontab UI 的控制台页面长这样： ![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/crontab-ui-dashboard-1.png) -如果你需要更改 Cron 定时任务中的某些参数，只需要点击 **Edit** 按钮并按照你的需求更改对应的参数。点击 **Run** 按钮可以立即执行 Cron 定时任务，点击 **Stop** 则可以立即停止 Cron 定时任务。如果想要查看某个 Cron 定时任务的详细日志，可以点击 **Log** 按钮。对于不再需要的 Cron 定时任务，就可以按 **Delete** 按钮删除。 +如果你需要更改 Cron 定时任务中的某些参数，只需要点击 “Edit” 按钮并按照你的需求更改对应的参数。点击 “Run” 按钮可以立即执行 Cron 定时任务，点击 “Stop” 则可以立即停止 Cron 定时任务。如果想要查看某个 Cron 定时任务的详细日志，可以点击 “Log” 按钮。对于不再需要的 Cron 定时任务，就可以按 “Delete” 按钮删除。 -**备份 Cron 定时任务** +#### 备份 Cron 定时任务 -点击控制台页面的 **Backup** 按钮并确认，就可以备份所有 Cron 定时任务。 +点击控制台页面的 “Backup” 按钮并确认，就可以备份所有 Cron 定时任务。 ![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/backup-cron-jobs.png) 备份之后，一旦 Crontab 文件出现了错误，就可以使用备份来恢复了。 -**导入/导出其它机器上的 Cron 定时任务** +#### 导入/导出其它机器上的 Cron 定时任务 -Crontab UI 还有一个令人注目的功能，就是导入、导出、部署其它机器上的 Cron 定时任务。如果同一个网络里的多台机器都需要执行同样的 Cron 定时任务，只需要点击 **Export** 按钮并选择文件的保存路径，所有的 Cron 定时任务都会导出到 `crontab.db` 文件中。 +Crontab UI 还有一个令人注目的功能，就是导入、导出、部署其它机器上的 Cron 定时任务。如果同一个网络里的多台机器都需要执行同样的 Cron 定时任务，只需要点击 “Export” 按钮并选择文件的保存路径，所有的 Cron 定时任务都会导出到 `crontab.db` 文件中。 以下是 `crontab.db` 文件的内容： + ``` $ cat Downloads/crontab.db {"name":"Remove Pacman Cache","command":"rm -rf /var/cache/pacman","schedule":"@monthly","stopped":false,"timestamp":"Thu Aug 23 2018 10:34:19 GMT+0000 (Coordinated Universal Time)","logging":"true","mailing":{},"created":1535020459093,"_id":"lcVc1nSdaceqS1ut"} - ``` 导出成文件以后，你就可以把这个 `crontab.db` 文件放置到其它机器上并导入成 Cron 定时任务，而不需要在每一台主机上手动设置 Cron 定时任务。总之，在一台机器上设置完，导出，再导入到其他机器，就完事了。 -**在 Crontab 文件获取/保存 Cron 定时任务** +#### 在 Crontab 文件获取/保存 Cron 定时任务 -你可能在使用 Crontab UI 之前就已经使用 `crontab` 命令创建过 Cron 定时任务。如果是这样，你可以点击控制台页面上的 **Get from crontab** 按钮来获取已有的 Cron 定时任务。 +你可能在使用 Crontab UI 之前就已经使用 `crontab` 命令创建过 Cron 定时任务。如果是这样，你可以点击控制台页面上的 “Get from crontab” 按钮来获取已有的 Cron 定时任务。 ![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/get-from-crontab.png) -同样地，你也可以使用 Crontab UI 来将新的 Cron 定时任务保存到 Crontab 文件中，只需要点击 **Save to crontab** 按钮就可以了。 +同样地，你也可以使用 Crontab UI 来将新的 Cron 定时任务保存到 Crontab 文件中，只需要点击 “Save to crontab” 按钮就可以了。 管理 Cron 定时任务并没有想象中那么难，即使是新手使用 Crontab UI 也能轻松管理 Cron 定时任务。赶快开始尝试并发表一下你的看法吧。 - -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: https://www.ostechnix.com/how-to-easily-and-safely-manage-cron-jobs-in-linux/ @@ -116,7 +112,7 @@ via: https://www.ostechnix.com/how-to-easily-and-safely-manage-cron-jobs-in-linu 作者：[SK][a] 选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) 译者：[HankChow](https://github.com/HankChow) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 8b90c932c34a68173ab74841a5b9a45de7ffad6b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Wed, 3 Oct 2018 21:30:17 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 096/219] PUB:20180823 How To Easily And Safely Manage Cron Jobs In Linux.md @HankChow https://linux.cn/article-10077-1.html --- ...20180823 How To Easily And Safely Manage Cron Jobs In Linux.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20180823 How To Easily And Safely Manage Cron Jobs In Linux.md (100%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180823 How To Easily And Safely Manage Cron Jobs In Linux.md b/published/20180823 How To Easily And Safely Manage Cron Jobs In Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/tech/20180823 How To Easily And Safely Manage Cron Jobs In Linux.md rename to published/20180823 How To Easily And Safely Manage Cron Jobs In Linux.md From d0792ed447bfb0571295673fa3b4541e3f4ebf17 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Wed, 3 Oct 2018 21:39:31 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 097/219] PRF:20180927 How to Use RAR files in Ubuntu Linux.md @HankChow --- ...27 How to Use RAR files in Ubuntu Linux.md | 22 ++++++++----------- 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180927 How to Use RAR files in Ubuntu Linux.md b/translated/tech/20180927 How to Use RAR files in Ubuntu Linux.md index 3521b21a8a..0a087de8be 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20180927 How to Use RAR files in Ubuntu Linux.md +++ b/translated/tech/20180927 How to Use RAR files in Ubuntu Linux.md @@ -1,40 +1,39 @@ 如何在 Ubuntu Linux 中使用 RAR 文件 ====== + [RAR][1] 是一种非常好的归档文件格式。但相比之下 7-zip 能提供了更好的压缩率，并且默认情况下还可以在多个平台上轻松支持 Zip 文件。不过 RAR 仍然是最流行的归档格式之一。然而 [Ubuntu][2] 自带的归档管理器却不支持提取 RAR 文件，也不允许创建 RAR 文件。 -方法总比问题多。只要安装 `unrar` 这款由 [RARLAB][3] 提供的免费软件，就能在 Ubuntu 上支持提取RAR文件了。你也可以试安装 `rar` 来创建和管理 RAR 文件。 +办法总比问题多。只要安装 `unrar` 这款由 [RARLAB][3] 提供的免费软件，就能在 Ubuntu 上支持提取 RAR 文件了。你也可以安装 `rar` 试用版来创建和管理 RAR 文件。 ![RAR files in Ubuntu Linux][4] ### 提取 RAR 文件 -在未安装 unrar 的情况下，提取 RAR 文件会报出“未能提取”错误，就像下面这样（以 [Ubuntu 18.04][5] 为例）： +在未安装 `unrar` 的情况下，提取 RAR 文件会报出“未能提取”错误，就像下面这样（以 [Ubuntu 18.04][5] 为例）： ![Error in RAR extraction in Ubuntu][6] -如果要解决这个错误并提取 RAR 文件，请按照以下步骤安装 unrar： +如果要解决这个错误并提取 RAR 文件，请按照以下步骤安装 `unrar`： 打开终端并输入： ``` - sudo apt-get install unrar - +sudo apt-get install unrar ``` -安装 unrar 后，直接输入 `unrar` 就可以看到它的用法以及如何使用这个工具处理 RAR 文件。 +安装 `unrar` 后，直接输入 `unrar` 就可以看到它的用法以及如何使用这个工具处理 RAR 文件。 最常用到的功能是提取 RAR 文件。因此，可以**通过右键单击 RAR 文件并执行提取**，也可以借助此以下命令通过终端执行操作： ``` unrar x FileName.rar - ``` 结果类似以下这样： ![Using unrar in Ubuntu][7] -如果家目录中不存在对应的文件，就必须使用 `cd` 命令移动到目标目录下。例如 RAR 文件如果在 `Music` 目录下，只需要使用 `cd Music` 就可以移动到相应的目录，然后提取 RAR 文件。 +如果压缩文件没放在家目录中，就必须使用 `cd` 命令移动到目标目录下。例如 RAR 文件如果在 `Music` 目录下，只需要使用 `cd Music` 就可以移动到相应的目录，然后提取 RAR 文件。 ### 创建和管理 RAR 文件 @@ -42,18 +41,16 @@ unrar x FileName.rar `unrar` 不允许创建 RAR 文件。因此还需要安装 `rar` 命令行工具才能创建 RAR 文件。 -要创建 RAR 文件，首先需要通过以下命令安装 rar： +要创建 RAR 文件，首先需要通过以下命令安装 `rar`： ``` sudo apt-get install rar - ``` 按照下面的命令语法创建 RAR 文件： ``` rar a ArchiveName File_1 File_2 Dir_1 Dir_2 - ``` 按照这个格式输入命令时，它会将目录中的每个文件添加到 RAR 文件中。如果需要某一个特定的文件，就要指定文件确切的名称或路径。 @@ -64,7 +61,6 @@ rar a ArchiveName File_1 File_2 Dir_1 Dir_2 ``` rar u ArchiveName Filename - ``` 在终端输入 `rar` 就可以列出 RAR 工具的相关命令。 @@ -82,7 +78,7 @@ via: https://itsfoss.com/use-rar-ubuntu-linux/ 作者：[Ankush Das][a] 选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) 译者：[HankChow](https://github.com/HankChow) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From f08020750a7165bb04b74f60f63cd9bf793c241e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Wed, 3 Oct 2018 21:39:51 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 098/219] PUB:20180927 How to Use RAR files in Ubuntu Linux.md @HankChow https://linux.cn/article-10078-1.html --- .../20180927 How to Use RAR files in Ubuntu Linux.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20180927 How to Use RAR files in Ubuntu Linux.md (100%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180927 How to Use RAR files in Ubuntu Linux.md b/published/20180927 How to Use RAR files in Ubuntu Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/tech/20180927 How to Use RAR files in Ubuntu Linux.md rename to published/20180927 How to Use RAR files in Ubuntu Linux.md From 3a9c594e66be79405636f15709f8aa6d3a373aeb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Wed, 3 Oct 2018 22:12:33 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 099/219] translate done: 20180815 How to Create M3U Playlists in Linux [Quick Tip].md --- ...eate M3U Playlists in Linux [Quick Tip].md | 41 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 20 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20180815 How to Create M3U Playlists in Linux [Quick Tip].md b/sources/tech/20180815 How to Create M3U Playlists in Linux [Quick Tip].md index 3c0b63d63b..21f5bc61df 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20180815 How to Create M3U Playlists in Linux [Quick Tip].md +++ b/sources/tech/20180815 How to Create M3U Playlists in Linux [Quick Tip].md @@ -1,37 +1,36 @@ -translating by lujun9972 -How to Create M3U Playlists in Linux [Quick Tip] +Linux下如何创建 M3U 播放列表 [小建议] ====== -**Brief: A quick tip on how to create M3U playlists in Linux terminal from unordered files to play them in a sequence.** +**简介：关于如何在Linux终端中根据乱序文件创建M3U播放列表实现循序播放的小建议。** ![Create M3U playlists in Linux Terminal][1] -I am a fan of foreign tv series and it’s not always easy to get them on DVD or on streaming services like [Netflix][2]. Thankfully, you can find some of them on YouTube and [download them from YouTube][3]. +我是外国电视连续剧的粉丝，这些连续剧不太容易从DVD或像[Netflix] [2]这样的流媒体上获得。还在，您可以在YouTube上找到一些内容并[从YouTube下载][3]。 -Now there comes a problem. Your files might not be sorted in a particular order. In GNU/Linux files are not naturally sort ordered by number sequencing so I had to make a .m3u playlist so [MPV video player][4] would play the videos in sequence and not out of sequence. +现在出现了一个问题. 你的文件可能不是按顺序存储的. 在GNU / Linux中，文件不是按数字顺序自然排序的，因此我必须创建.m3u播放列表，以便[MPV视频播放器][4]可以按顺序播放视频而不是乱顺进行播放。 -Also sometimes the numbers are in the middle or the end like ‘My Web Series S01E01.mkv’ as an example. The episode information here is in the middle of the filename, the ‘S01E01’ which tells us, humans, which is the first episode and which needs to come in next. +同样的，有时候表示第几集的数字实在文件名中间或结尾的,像这样 ‘My Web Series S01E01.mkv’. 这里的剧集信息位于文件名的中间，'S01E01'告诉我们人类，哪个是第一集，下一集是哪一个文件。 -So what I did was to generate an m3u playlist in the video directory and tell MPV to play the .m3u playlist and it would take care of playing them in the sequence. +因此我要做的事情就是在视频墓中创建一个 m3u 播放列表并告诉MPV播放这个 .m3u 播放列表，MPV自然会按顺序播放这些视频. -### What is an M3U file? +### 什么是M3U 文件? -[M3U][5] is basically a text file that contains filenames in a specific order. When a player like MPV or VLC opens an M3U file, it tries to play the specified files in the given sequence. +[M3U][5] 基本上就是个按特定顺序包含文件名的文本文件. 当类似MPV或VLC这样的播放器打开M3U文件时, 它会尝试按给定的顺序播放指定文件. -### Creating M3U to play audio/video files in a sequence +### 创建M3U来按顺序播放音频/视频文件 -In my case, I used the following command: +就我而言, 我使用了下面命令: ``` $/home/shirish/Videos/web-series-video/$ ls -1v |grep .mkv > /tmp/1.m3u && mv /tmp/1.m3u . ``` -Let’s break it down a bit and see each bit as to what it means – +然我们拆分一下看看每个部分表示什么意思 – -**ls -1v** = This is using the plain ls or listing entries in the directory. The -1 means list one file per line. while -v natural sort of (version) numbers within text +**ls -1v** = 这就是用普通的 ls 来列出目录中的内容. 其中 `-1` 表示每行显示一个文件. 而 `-v` 表示根据文本中的数字(版本)进行自然排序 -**| grep .mkv** = It’s basically telling `ls` to look for files which are ending in .mkv . It could be .mp4 or any other media file format that you want. +**| grep .mkv** = 基本上就是告诉 `ls` 寻找那些以 `.mkv` 结尾的文件. 它也可以是 `.mp4` 或其他任何你想要的媒体文件格式. -It’s usually a good idea to do a dry run by running the command on the console: +通过在控制台上运行命令来进行试运行通常是个好主意： ``` ls -1v |grep .mkv My Web Series S01E01 [Episode 1 Name] Multi 480p WEBRip x264 - xRG.mkv @@ -45,25 +44,25 @@ My Web Series S01E08 [Episode 8 Name] Multi 480p WEBRip x264 - xRG.mkv ``` -This tells me that what I’m trying to do is correct. Now just have to make that the output is in the form of a .m3u playlist which is the next part. +结果显示我要做的事情是正确的. 现在下一步就是让输出以 `.m3u` 播放列表的格式输出. ``` ls -1v |grep .mkv > /tmp/web_playlist.m3u && mv /tmp/web_playlist.m3u . ``` -This makes the .m3u generate in the current directory. The .m3u playlist is nothing but a .txt file with the same contents as above with the .m3u extension. You can edit it manually as well and add the exact filenames in an order you desire. +这就在当前目录中创建了 `.m3u` 文件. 这个`.m3u`播放列表只不过是一个.txt文件，其内容与上面相同，扩展名为.m3u。 你也可以手动编辑它，并按照想要的顺序添加确切的文件名。 -After that you just have to do something like this: +之后你只需要这样做: ``` mpv web_playlist.m3u ``` -The great thing about MPV and the playlists, in general, is that you don’t have to binge-watch. You can see however much you want to do in one sitting and see the rest in the next session or the session after that. +一般来说，关于MPV和播放列表的好处在于你不需要一次性全部看完。 您可以一次看任意长时间，然后在下一次查看其余部分。 -I hope to do articles featuring MPV as well as how to make mkv files embedding subtitles in a media file but that’s in the future. +我希望写一些有关MPV的文章，以及如何制作在媒体文件中嵌入字幕的mkv文件，但这是将来的事情了。 -Note: It’s FOSS doesn’t encourage piracy. +注意: 这是开源软件，不鼓励盗版 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- From a166bd6dc3af46d410b10d852ea1b315ef79098e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Wed, 3 Oct 2018 22:17:22 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 100/219] move to translted --- .../20180815 How to Create M3U Playlists in Linux [Quick Tip].md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {sources => translated}/tech/20180815 How to Create M3U Playlists in Linux [Quick Tip].md (100%) diff --git a/sources/tech/20180815 How to Create M3U Playlists in Linux [Quick Tip].md b/translated/tech/20180815 How to Create M3U Playlists in Linux [Quick Tip].md similarity index 100% rename from sources/tech/20180815 How to Create M3U Playlists in Linux [Quick Tip].md rename to translated/tech/20180815 How to Create M3U Playlists in Linux [Quick Tip].md From 792b8112b5201492393a21ce244a4e384662a806 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: houbaron Date: Thu, 4 Oct 2018 00:54:54 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 101/219] houbaron translated --- .../20140607 Five things that make Go fast.md | 495 ------------------ .../20140607 Five things that make Go fast.md | 494 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 494 insertions(+), 495 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20140607 Five things that make Go fast.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20140607 Five things that make Go fast.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140607 Five things that make Go fast.md b/sources/tech/20140607 Five things that make Go fast.md deleted file mode 100644 index 65add9552d..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20140607 Five things that make Go fast.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,495 +0,0 @@ -Translating By houbaron - -Five things that make Go fast -============================================================ - - _Anthony Starks has remixed my original Google Present based slides using his fantastic Deck presentation tool. You can check out his remix over on his blog,[mindchunk.blogspot.com.au/2014/06/remixing-with-deck][5]._ - -* * * - -I was recently invited to give a talk at Gocon, a fantastic Go conference held semi-annually in Tokyo, Japan. [Gocon 2014][6] was an entirely community-run one day event combining training and an afternoon of presentations surrounding the theme of Go in production. - -The following is the text of my presentation. The original text was structured to force me to speak slowly and clearly, so I have taken the liberty of editing it slightly to be more readable. - -I want to thank [Bill Kennedy][7], Minux Ma, and especially [Josh Bleecher Snyder][8], for their assistance in preparing this talk. - -* * * - -Good afternoon. - -My name is David. - -I am delighted to be here at Gocon today. I have wanted to come to this conference for two years and I am very grateful to the organisers for extending me the opportunity to present to you today. - - [![Gocon 2014](https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-1.jpg)][9] -I want to begin my talk with a question. - -Why are people choosing to use Go ? - -When people talk about their decision to learn Go, or use it in their product, they have a variety of answers, but there always three that are at the top of their list - - [![Gocon 2014 ](https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-2.jpg)][10] -These are the top three. - -The first, Concurrency. - -Go’s concurrency primitives are attractive to programmers who come from single threaded scripting languages like Nodejs, Ruby, or Python, or from languages like C++ or Java with their heavyweight threading model. - -Ease of deployment. - -We have heard today from experienced Gophers who appreciate the simplicity of deploying Go applications. - - [![Gocon 2014](https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-3.jpg)][11] - -This leaves Performance. - -I believe an important reason why people choose to use Go is because it is  _fast_ . - - [![Gocon 2014 (4)](https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-4.jpg)][12] - -For my talk today I want to discuss five features that contribute to Go’s performance. - -I will also share with you the details of how Go implements these features. - - [![Gocon 2014 (5)](https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-5.jpg)][13] - -The first feature I want to talk about is Go’s efficient treatment and storage of values. - - [![Gocon 2014 (6)](https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-6.jpg)][14] - -This is an example of a value in Go. When compiled, `gocon` consumes exactly four bytes of memory. - -Let’s compare Go with some other languages - - [![Gocon 2014 (7)](https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-7.jpg)][15] - -Due to the overhead of the way Python represents variables, storing the same value using Python consumes six times more memory. - -This extra memory is used by Python to track type information, do reference counting, etc - -Let’s look at another example: - - [![Gocon 2014 (8)](https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-8.jpg)][16] - -Similar to Go, the Java `int` type consumes 4 bytes of memory to store this value. - -However, to use this value in a collection like a `List` or `Map`, the compiler must convert it into an `Integer` object. - - [![Gocon 2014 (9)](https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-9.jpg)][17] - -So an integer in Java frequently looks more like this and consumes between 16 and 24 bytes of memory. - -Why is this important ? Memory is cheap and plentiful, why should this overhead matter ? - - [![Gocon 2014 (10)](https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-10.jpg)][18] - -This is a graph showing CPU clock speed vs memory bus speed. - -Notice how the gap between CPU clock speed and memory bus speed continues to widen. - -The difference between the two is effectively how much time the CPU spends waiting for memory. - - [![Gocon 2014 (11)](https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-11.jpg)][19] - -Since the late 1960’s CPU designers have understood this problem. - -Their solution is a cache, an area of smaller, faster memory which is inserted between the CPU and main memory. - - [![Gocon 2014 (12)](https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-12.jpg)][20] - -This is a `Location` type which holds the location of some object in three dimensional space. It is written in Go, so each `Location` consumes exactly 24 bytes of storage. - -We can use this type to construct an array type of 1,000 `Location`s, which consumes exactly 24,000 bytes of memory. - -Inside the array, the `Location` structures are stored sequentially, rather than as pointers to 1,000 Location structures stored randomly. - -This is important because now all 1,000 `Location` structures are in the cache in sequence, packed tightly together. - - [![Gocon 2014 (13)](https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-13.jpg)][21] - -Go lets you create compact data structures, avoiding unnecessary indirection. - -Compact data structures utilise the cache better. - -Better cache utilisation leads to better performance. - - [![Gocon 2014 (14)](https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-14.jpg)][22] - -Function calls are not free. - - [![Gocon 2014 (15)](https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-15.jpg)][23] - -Three things happen when a function is called. - -A new stack frame is created, and the details of the caller recorded. - -Any registers which may be overwritten during the function call are saved to the stack. - -The processor computes the address of the function and executes a branch to that new address. - - [![Gocon 2014 (16)](https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-16.jpg)][24] - -Because function calls are very common operations, CPU designers have worked hard to optimise this procedure, but they cannot eliminate the overhead. - -Depending on what the function does, this overhead may be trivial or significant. - -A solution to reducing function call overhead is an optimisation technique called Inlining. - - [![Gocon 2014 (17)](https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-17.jpg)][25] - -The Go compiler inlines a function by treating the body of the function as if it were part of the caller. - -Inlining has a cost; it increases binary size. - -It only makes sense to inline when the overhead of calling a function is large relative to the work the function does, so only simple functions are candidates for inlining. - -Complicated functions are usually not dominated by the overhead of calling them and are therefore not inlined. - - [![Gocon 2014 (18)](https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-18.jpg)][26] - -This example shows the function `Double` calling `util.Max`. - -To reduce the overhead of the call to `util.Max`, the compiler can inline `util.Max` into `Double`, resulting in something like this - - [![Gocon 2014 (19)](https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-19.jpg)][27] - -After inlining there is no longer a call to `util.Max`, but the behaviour of `Double` is unchanged. - -Inlining isn’t exclusive to Go. Almost every compiled or JITed language performs this optimisation. But how does inlining in Go work? - -The Go implementation is very simple. When a package is compiled, any small function that is suitable for inlining is marked and then compiled as usual. - -Then both the source of the function and the compiled version are stored. - - [![Gocon 2014 (20)](https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-20.jpg)][28] - -This slide shows the contents of util.a. The source has been transformed a little to make it easier for the compiler to process quickly. - -When the compiler compiles Double it sees that `util.Max` is inlinable, and the source of `util.Max`is available. - -Rather than insert a call to the compiled version of `util.Max`, it can substitute the source of the original function. - -Having the source of the function enables other optimizations. - - [![Gocon 2014 (21)](https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-21.jpg)][29] - -In this example, although the function Test always returns false, Expensive cannot know that without executing it. - -When `Test` is inlined, we get something like this - - [![Gocon 2014 (22)](https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-22.jpg)][30] - -The compiler now knows that the expensive code is unreachable. - -Not only does this save the cost of calling Test, it saves compiling or running any of the expensive code that is now unreachable. - -The Go compiler can automatically inline functions across files and even across packages. This includes code that calls inlinable functions from the standard library. - - [![Gocon 2014 (23)](https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-23.jpg)][31] - -Mandatory garbage collection makes Go a simpler and safer language. - -This does not imply that garbage collection makes Go slow, or that garbage collection is the ultimate arbiter of the speed of your program. - -What it does mean is memory allocated on the heap comes at a cost. It is a debt that costs CPU time every time the GC runs until that memory is freed. - - [![Gocon 2014 (24)](https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-24.jpg)][32] - -There is however another place to allocate memory, and that is the stack. - -Unlike C, which forces you to choose if a value will be stored on the heap, via `malloc`, or on the stack, by declaring it inside the scope of the function, Go implements an optimisation called  _escape analysis_ . - - [![Gocon 2014 (25)](https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-25.jpg)][33] - -Escape analysis determines whether any references to a value escape the function in which the value is declared. - -If no references escape, the value may be safely stored on the stack. - -Values stored on the stack do not need to be allocated or freed. - -Lets look at some examples - - [![Gocon 2014 (26)](https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-26.jpg)][34] - -`Sum` adds the numbers between 1 and 100 and returns the result. This is a rather unusual way to do this, but it illustrates how Escape Analysis works. - -Because the numbers slice is only referenced inside `Sum`, the compiler will arrange to store the 100 integers for that slice on the stack, rather than the heap. - -There is no need to garbage collect `numbers`, it is automatically freed when `Sum` returns. - - [![Gocon 2014 (27)](https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-27.jpg)][35] - -This second example is also a little contrived. In `CenterCursor` we create a new `Cursor` and store a pointer to it in c. - -Then we pass `c` to the `Center()` function which moves the `Cursor` to the center of the screen. - -Then finally we print the X and Y locations of that `Cursor`. - -Even though `c` was allocated with the `new` function, it will not be stored on the heap, because no reference `c` escapes the `CenterCursor` function. - - [![Gocon 2014 (28)](https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-28.jpg)][36] - -Go’s optimisations are always enabled by default. You can see the compiler’s escape analysis and inlining decisions with the `-gcflags=-m` switch. - -Because escape analysis is performed at compile time, not run time, stack allocation will always be faster than heap allocation, no matter how efficient your garbage collector is. - -I will talk more about the stack in the remaining sections of this talk. - - [![Gocon 2014 (30)](https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-30.jpg)][37] - -Go has goroutines. These are the foundations for concurrency in Go. - -I want to step back for a moment and explore the history that leads us to goroutines. - -In the beginning computers ran one process at a time. Then in the 60’s the idea of multiprocessing, or time sharing became popular. - -In a time-sharing system the operating systems must constantly switch the attention of the CPU between these processes by recording the state of the current process, then restoring the state of another. - -This is called  _process switching_ . - - [![Gocon 2014 (29)](https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-29.jpg)][38] - -There are three main costs of a process switch. - -First is the kernel needs to store the contents of all the CPU registers for that process, then restore the values for another process. - -The kernel also needs to flush the CPU’s mappings from virtual memory to physical memory as these are only valid for the current process. - -Finally there is the cost of the operating system context switch, and the overhead of the scheduler function to choose the next process to occupy the CPU. - - [![Gocon 2014 (31)](https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-31.jpg)][39] - -There are a surprising number of registers in a modern processor. I have difficulty fitting them on one slide, which should give you a clue how much time it takes to save and restore them. - -Because a process switch can occur at any point in a process’ execution, the operating system needs to store the contents of all of these registers because it does not know which are currently in use. - - [![Gocon 2014 (32)](https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-32.jpg)][40] - -This lead to the development of threads, which are conceptually the same as processes, but share the same memory space. - -As threads share address space, they are lighter than processes so are faster to create and faster to switch between. - - [![Gocon 2014 (33)](https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-33.jpg)][41] - -Goroutines take the idea of threads a step further. - -Goroutines are cooperatively scheduled, rather than relying on the kernel to manage their time sharing. - -The switch between goroutines only happens at well defined points, when an explicit call is made to the Go runtime scheduler. - -The compiler knows the registers which are in use and saves them automatically. - - [![Gocon 2014 (34)](https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-34.jpg)][42] - -While goroutines are cooperatively scheduled, this scheduling is handled for you by the runtime. - -Places where Goroutines may yield to others are: - -* Channel send and receive operations, if those operations would block. - -* The Go statement, although there is no guarantee that new goroutine will be scheduled immediately. - -* Blocking syscalls like file and network operations. - -* After being stopped for a garbage collection cycle. - - [![Gocon 2014 (35)](https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-35.jpg)][43] - -This an example to illustrate some of the scheduling points described in the previous slide. - -The thread, depicted by the arrow, starts on the left in the `ReadFile` function. It encounters `os.Open`, which blocks the thread while waiting for the file operation to complete, so the scheduler switches the thread to the goroutine on the right hand side. - -Execution continues until the read from the `c` chan blocks, and by this time the `os.Open` call has completed so the scheduler switches the thread back the left hand side and continues to the `file.Read` function, which again blocks on file IO. - -The scheduler switches the thread back to the right hand side for another channel operation, which has unblocked during the time the left hand side was running, but it blocks again on the channel send. - -Finally the thread switches back to the left hand side as the `Read` operation has completed and data is available. - - [![Gocon 2014 (36)](https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-36.jpg)][44] - -This slide shows the low level `runtime.Syscall` function which is the base for all functions in the os package. - -Any time your code results in a call to the operating system, it will go through this function. - -The call to `entersyscall` informs the runtime that this thread is about to block. - -This allows the runtime to spin up a new thread which will service other goroutines while this current thread blocked. - -This results in relatively few operating system threads per Go process, with the Go runtime taking care of assigning a runnable Goroutine to a free operating system thread. - - [![Gocon 2014 (37)](https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-37.jpg)][45] - -In the previous section I discussed how goroutines reduce the overhead of managing many, sometimes hundreds of thousands of concurrent threads of execution. - -There is another side to the goroutine story, and that is stack management, which leads me to my final topic. - - [![Gocon 2014 (39)](https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-39.jpg)][46] - -This is a diagram of the memory layout of a process. The key thing we are interested is the location of the heap and the stack. - -Traditionally inside the address space of a process, the heap is at the bottom of memory, just above the program (text) and grows upwards. - -The stack is located at the top of the virtual address space, and grows downwards. - - [![Gocon 2014 (40)](https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-40.jpg)][47] - -Because the heap and stack overwriting each other would be catastrophic, the operating system usually arranges to place an area of unwritable memory between the stack and the heap to ensure that if they did collide, the program will abort. - -This is called a guard page, and effectively limits the stack size of a process, usually in the order of several megabytes. - - [![Gocon 2014 (41)](https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-41.jpg)][48] - -We’ve discussed that threads share the same address space, so for each thread, it must have its own stack. - -Because it is hard to predict the stack requirements of a particular thread, a large amount of memory is reserved for each thread’s stack along with a guard page. - -The hope is that this is more than will ever be needed and the guard page will never be hit. - -The downside is that as the number of threads in your program increases, the amount of available address space is reduced. - - [![Gocon 2014 (42)](https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-42.jpg)][49] - -We’ve seen that the Go runtime schedules a large number of goroutines onto a small number of threads, but what about the stack requirements of those goroutines ? - -Instead of using guard pages, the Go compiler inserts a check as part of every function call to check if there is sufficient stack for the function to run. If there is not, the runtime can allocate more stack space. - -Because of this check, a goroutines initial stack can be made much smaller, which in turn permits Go programmers to treat goroutines as cheap resources. - - [![Gocon 2014 (43)](https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-43.jpg)][50] - -This is a slide that shows how stacks are managed in Go 1.2. - -When `G` calls to `H` there is not enough space for `H` to run, so the runtime allocates a new stack frame from the heap, then runs `H` on that new stack segment. When `H` returns, the stack area is returned to the heap before returning to `G`. - - [![Gocon 2014 (44)](https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-44.jpg)][51] - -This method of managing the stack works well in general, but for certain types of code, usually recursive code, it can cause the inner loop of your program to straddle one of these stack boundaries. - -For example, in the inner loop of your program, function `G` may call `H` many times in a loop, - -Each time this will cause a stack split. This is known as the hot split problem. - - [![Gocon 2014 (45)](https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-45.jpg)][52] - -To solve hot splits, Go 1.3 has adopted a new stack management method. - -Instead of adding and removing additional stack segments, if the stack of a goroutine is too small, a new, larger, stack will be allocated. - -The old stack’s contents are copied to the new stack, then the goroutine continues with its new larger stack. - -After the first call to `H` the stack will be large enough that the check for available stack space will always succeed. - -This resolves the hot split problem. - - [![Gocon 2014 (46)](https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-46.jpg)][53] - -Values, Inlining, Escape Analysis, Goroutines, and segmented/copying stacks. - -These are the five features that I chose to speak about today, but they are by no means the only things that makes Go a fast programming language, just as there more that three reasons that people cite as their reason to learn Go. - -As powerful as these five features are individually, they do not exist in isolation. - -For example, the way the runtime multiplexes goroutines onto threads would not be nearly as efficient without growable stacks. - -Inlining reduces the cost of the stack size check by combining smaller functions into larger ones. - -Escape analysis reduces the pressure on the garbage collector by automatically moving allocations from the heap to the stack. - -Escape analysis is also provides better cache locality. - -Without growable stacks, escape analysis might place too much pressure on the stack. - - [![Gocon 2014 (47)](https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-47.jpg)][54] - -* Thank you to the Gocon organisers for permitting me to speak today -* twitter / web / email details -* thanks to @offbymany, @billkennedy_go, and Minux for their assistance in preparing this talk. - -### Related Posts: - -1. [Hear me speak about Go performance at OSCON][1] - -2. [Why is a Goroutine’s stack infinite ?][2] - -3. [A whirlwind tour of Go’s runtime environment variables][3] - -4. [Performance without the event loop][4] - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -作者简介： - -David is a programmer and author from Sydney Australia. - -Go contributor since February 2011, committer since April 2012. - -Contact information - -* dave@cheney.net -* twitter: @davecheney - ----------------------- - -via: https://dave.cheney.net/2014/06/07/five-things-that-make-go-fast - -作者：[Dave Cheney ][a] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:https://dave.cheney.net/ -[1]:https://dave.cheney.net/2015/05/31/hear-me-speak-about-go-performance-at-oscon -[2]:https://dave.cheney.net/2013/06/02/why-is-a-goroutines-stack-infinite -[3]:https://dave.cheney.net/2015/11/29/a-whirlwind-tour-of-gos-runtime-environment-variables -[4]:https://dave.cheney.net/2015/08/08/performance-without-the-event-loop -[5]:http://mindchunk.blogspot.com.au/2014/06/remixing-with-deck.html -[6]:http://ymotongpoo.hatenablog.com/entry/2014/06/01/124350 -[7]:http://www.goinggo.net/ -[8]:https://twitter.com/offbymany -[9]:https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-1.jpg -[10]:https://dave.cheney.net/2014/06/07/five-things-that-make-go-fast/gocon-2014-2 -[11]:https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-3.jpg -[12]:https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-4.jpg -[13]:https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-5.jpg -[14]:https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-6.jpg -[15]:https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-7.jpg -[16]:https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-8.jpg -[17]:https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-9.jpg -[18]:https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-10.jpg 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fast.md @@ -0,0 +1,494 @@ +五种加速 Go 的特性 +============================================================ + + _Anthony Starks 使用他出色的 Deck 演示工具重构了我原来的基于 Google Slides 的幻灯片。你可以在他的博客上查看他重构后的幻灯片, [mindchunk.blogspot.com.au/2014/06/remixing-with-deck][5]._ + +* * * + +我最近被邀请在 Gocon 发表演讲，这是一个每半年在日本东京举行的精彩 Go 的大会。[Gocon 2014][6] 是一个完全由社区驱动的为期一天的活动，由培训和一整个下午的围绕着 生产环境中的 Go 这个主题的演讲组成. + +以下是我的讲义。原文的结构能让我缓慢而清晰的演讲，因此我已经编辑了它使其更可读。 + +我要感谢 [Bill Kennedy][7] 和 Minux Ma，特别是 [Josh Bleecher Snyder][8]，感谢他们在我准备这次演讲中的帮助。 + +* * * + +大家下午好。 + +我叫 David. + +我很高兴今天能来到 Gocon。我想参加这个会议已经两年了，我很感谢主办方能提供给我向你们演讲的机会。 + + [![Gocon 2014](https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-1.jpg)][9] +我想以一个问题开始我的演讲。 + +为什么选择 Go？ + +当大家讨论学习或在生产环境中使用 Go 的原因时，答案不一而足，但因为以下三个原因的最多。 + + [![Gocon 2014 ](https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-2.jpg)][10] +这就是 TOP3 的原因。 + +第一，并发。 + +Go 的 并发原语Concurrency Primitives 对于来自 Nodejs，Ruby 或 Python 等单线程脚本语言的程序员，或者来自 C++ 或 Java 等重量级线程模型的语言都很有吸引力。 + +易于部署。 + +我们今天从经验丰富的 Gophers 那里听说过，他们非常欣赏部署 Go 应用的简单性。 + + [![Gocon 2014](https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-3.jpg)][11] + +然后是性能。 + +我相信人们选择 Go 的一个重要原因是它 _快_。 + + [![Gocon 2014 (4)](https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-4.jpg)][12] + +在今天的演讲中，我想讨论五个有助于提高 Go 性能的特性。 + +我还将与大家分享 Go 如何实现这些特性的细节。 + + [![Gocon 2014 (5)](https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-5.jpg)][13] + +我要谈的第一个特性是 Go 对于值的高效处理和存储。 + + [![Gocon 2014 (6)](https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-6.jpg)][14] + +这是 Go 中一个值的例子。编译时，`gocon` 正好消耗四个字节的内存。 + +让我们将 Go 与其他一些语言进行比较 + + [![Gocon 2014 (7)](https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-7.jpg)][15] + +由于 Python 表示变量的方式的开销，使用 Python 存储相同的值会消耗六倍的内存。 + +Python 使用额外的内存来跟踪类型信息，进行 引用计数Reference Counting 等。 + +让我们看另一个例子： + + [![Gocon 2014 (8)](https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-8.jpg)][16] + +与 Go 类似，Java 消耗 4 个字节的内存来存储 `int` 型。 + +但是，要在像 `List` 或 `Map` 这样的集合中使用此值，编译器必须将其转换为 `Integer` 对象。 + + [![Gocon 2014 (9)](https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-9.jpg)][17] + +因此，Java 中的整数通常消耗 16 到 24 个字节的内存。 + +为什么这很重要？ 内存便宜且充足，为什么这个开销很重要？ + + [![Gocon 2014 (10)](https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-10.jpg)][18] + +这是一张显示 CPU 时钟速度与内存总线速度的图表。 + +请注意 CPU 时钟速度和内存总线速度之间的差距如何继续扩大。 + +两者之间的差异实际上是 CPU 花费多少时间等待内存。 + + [![Gocon 2014 (11)](https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-11.jpg)][19] + +自 1960 年代后期以来，CPU 设计师已经意识到了这个问题。 + +他们的解决方案是一个缓存，一个更小，更快的内存区域，介入 CPU 和主存之间。 + + [![Gocon 2014 (12)](https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-12.jpg)][20] + +这是一个 `Location` 类型，它保存物体在三维空间中的位置。它是用 Go 编写的，因此每个 `Location` 只消耗 24 个字节的存储空间。 + +我们可以使用这种类型来构造一个容纳 1000 个 `Location` 的数组类型，它只消耗 24000 字节的内存。 + +在数组内部，`Location` 结构体是顺序存储的，而不是随机存储的 1000 个 `Location` 结构体的指针。 + +这很重要，因为现在所有 1000 个 `Location` 结构体都按顺序放在缓存中，紧密排列在一起。 + + [![Gocon 2014 (13)](https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-13.jpg)][21] + +Go 允许您创建紧凑的数据结构，避免不必要的填充字节。 + +紧凑的数据结构能更好地利用缓存。 + +更好的缓存利用率可带来更好的性能。 + + [![Gocon 2014 (14)](https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-14.jpg)][22] + +函数调用不是无开销的。 + + [![Gocon 2014 (15)](https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-15.jpg)][23] + +调用函数时会发生三件事。 + +创建一个新的 栈帧Stack Frame，并记录调用者的详细信息。 + +在函数调用期间可能被覆盖的任何寄存器都将保存到栈中。 + +处理器计算函数的地址并执行到该新地址的分支。 + + [![Gocon 2014 (16)](https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-16.jpg)][24] + +由于函数调用是非常常见的操作，因此 CPU 设计师一直在努力优化此过程，但他们无法消除开销。 + +函调固有开销，或重于泰山，或轻于鸿毛，这取决于函数做了什么。 + +减少函数调用开销的解决方案是 内联Inlining。 + + [![Gocon 2014 (17)](https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-17.jpg)][25] + +Go 编译器通过将函数体视为调用者的一部分来内联函数。 + +内联也有成本，它增加了二进制文件大小。 + +只有当调用开销与函数所做工作关联度的很大时内联才有意义，因此只有简单的函数才能用于内联。 + +复杂的函数通常不受调用它们的开销所支配，因此不会内联。 + + [![Gocon 2014 (18)](https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-18.jpg)][26] + +这个例子显示函数 `Double` 调用 `util.Max`。 + +为了减少调用 `util.Max` 的开销，编译器可以将 `util.Max` 内联到 `Double` 中，就象这样 + + [![Gocon 2014 (19)](https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-19.jpg)][27] + +内联后不再调用 `util.Max`，但是 `Double` 的行为没有改变。 + +内联并不是 Go 独有的。几乎每种编译或及时编译的语言都执行此优化。但是 Go 的内联是如何实现的？ + +Go 实现非常简单。编译包时，会标记任何适合内联的小函数，然后照常编译。 + +然后函数的源代码和编译后版本都会被存储。 + + [![Gocon 2014 (20)](https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-20.jpg)][28] + +此幻灯片显示了 `util.a` 的内容。源代码已经过一些转换，以便编译器更容易快速处理。 + +当编译器编译 `Double` 时，它看到 `util.Max` 可内联的，并且 `util.Max` 的源代码是可用的。 + +就会替换原函数中的代码，而不是插入对 `util.Max` 的编译版本的调用。 + +拥有该函数的源代码可以实现其他优化。 + + [![Gocon 2014 (21)](https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-21.jpg)][29] + +在这个例子中，尽管函数 `Test` 总是返回 `false`，但 `Expensive` 在不执行它的情况下无法知道结果。 + +当 `Test` 被内联时，我们得到这样的东西 + + [![Gocon 2014 (22)](https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-22.jpg)][30] + +编译器现在知道 `Expensive` 的代码无法访问。 + +这不仅节省了调用 `Test` 的成本，还节省了编译或运行任何现在无法访问的 `Expensive` 代码。 + +Go 编译器可以跨文件甚至跨包自动内联函数。还包括从标准库调用的可内联函数的代码。 + + [![Gocon 2014 (23)](https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-23.jpg)][31] + +强制垃圾回收Mandatory Garbage Collection 使 Go 成为一种更简单，更安全的语言。 + +这并不意味着垃圾回收会使 Go 变慢，或者垃圾回收是程序速度的瓶颈。 + +这意味着在堆上分配的内存是有代价的。每次 GC 运行时都会花费 CPU 时间，直到释放内存为止。 + + [![Gocon 2014 (24)](https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-24.jpg)][32] + +然而，有另一个地方分配内存，那就是栈。 + +与 C 不同，它强制您选择是否将值通过 `malloc` 将其存储在堆上，还是通过在函数范围内声明将其储存在栈上；Go 实现了一个名为 逃逸分析Escape Analysis 的优化。 + + [![Gocon 2014 (25)](https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-25.jpg)][33] + +逃逸分析决定了对一个值的任何引用是否会从被声明的函数中逃逸。 + +如果没有引用逃逸，则该值可以安全地存储在栈中。 + +存储在栈中的值不需要分配或释放。 + +让我们看一些例子 + + [![Gocon 2014 (26)](https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-26.jpg)][34] + +`Sum` 返回 1 到 100 的整数的和。这是一种相当不寻常的做法，但它说明了逃逸分析的工作原理。 + +因为切片 `numbers` 仅在 `Sum` 内引用，所以编译器将安排到栈上来存储的 100 个整数，而不是安排到堆上。 + +没有必要回收 `numbers`，它会在 `Sum` 返回时自动释放。 + + [![Gocon 2014 (27)](https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-27.jpg)][35] + +第二个例子也有点尬。在 `CenterCursor` 中，我们创建一个新的 `Cursor` 对象并在 `c` 中存储指向它的指针。 + +然后我们将 `c` 传递给 `Center()` 函数，它将 `Cursor` 移动到屏幕的中心。 + +最后我们打印出那个 'Cursor` 的 X 和 Y 坐标。 + +即使 `c` 被 `new` 函数分配了空间，它也不会存储在堆上，因为没有引用 `c` 的变量逃逸 `CenterCursor` 函数。 + + [![Gocon 2014 (28)](https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-28.jpg)][36] + +默认情况下，Go 的优化始终处于启用状态。可以使用 `-gcflags = -m` 开关查看编译器的逃逸分析和内联决策。 + +因为逃逸分析是在编译时执行的，而不是运行时，所以无论垃圾回收的效率如何，栈分配总是比堆分配快。 + +我将在本演讲的其余部分详细讨论栈。 + + [![Gocon 2014 (30)](https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-30.jpg)][37] + +Go 有 goroutines。 这是 Go 并发的基石。 + +我想退一步，探索 goroutines 的历史。 + +最初，计算机一次运行一个进程。在 60 年代，多进程或 分时Time Sharing 的想法变得流行起来。 + +在分时系统中，操作系统必须通过保护当前进程的现场，然后恢复另一个进程的现场，不断地在这些进程之间切换 CPU 的注意力。 + +这称为 _进程切换_。 + + [![Gocon 2014 (29)](https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-29.jpg)][38] + +进程切换有三个主要开销。 + +首先，内核需要保护该进程的所有 CPU 寄存器的现场，然后恢复另一个进程的现场。 + +内核还需要将 CPU 的映射从虚拟内存刷新到物理内存，因为这些映射仅对当前进程有效。 + +最后是操作系统 上下文切换Context Switch 的成本，以及 调度函数Scheduler Function 选择占用 CPU 的下一个进程的开销。 + + [![Gocon 2014 (31)](https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-31.jpg)][39] + +现代处理器中有数量惊人的寄存器。我很难在一张幻灯片上排开它们，这可以让你知道保护和恢复它们需要多少时间。 + +由于进程切换可以在进程执行的任何时刻发生，因此操作系统需要存储所有寄存器的内容，因为它不知道当前正在使用哪些寄存器。 + + [![Gocon 2014 (32)](https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-32.jpg)][40] + +这导致了线程的出生，这些线程在概念上与进程相同，但共享相同的内存空间。 + +由于线程共享地址空间，因此它们比进程更轻，因此创建速度更快，切换速度更快。 + + [![Gocon 2014 (33)](https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-33.jpg)][41] + +Goroutines 升华了线程的思想。 + +Goroutines 是 协作式调度Cooperative Scheduled +的，而不是依靠内核来调度。 + +当对 Go 运行时调度器Runtime Scheduler 进行显式调用时，goroutine 之间的切换仅发生在明确定义的点上。 + +编译器知道正在使用的寄存器并自动保存它们。 + + [![Gocon 2014 (34)](https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-34.jpg)][42] + +虽然 goroutine 是协作式调度的，但运行时会为你处理。 + +Goroutines 可能会给禅让给其他协程时刻是： + +* 阻塞式通道发送和接收。 + +* Go 声明，虽然不能保证会立即调度新的 goroutine。 + +* 文件和网络操作式的阻塞式系统调用。 + +* 在被垃圾回收循环停止后。 + + [![Gocon 2014 (35)](https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-35.jpg)][43] + +这个例子说明了上一张幻灯片中描述的一些调度点。 + +箭头所示的线程从左侧的 `ReadFile` 函数开始。遇到 `os.Open`，它在等待文件操作完成时阻塞线程，因此调度器将线程切换到右侧的 goroutine。 + +继续执行直到从通道 `c` 中读，并且此时 `os.Open` 调用已完成，因此调度器将线程切换回左侧并继续执行 `file.Read` 函数，然后又被文件 IO 阻塞。 + +调度器将线程切换回右侧以进行另一个通道操作，该操作在左侧运行期间已解锁，但在通道发送时再次阻塞。 + +最后，当 `Read` 操作完成并且数据可用时，线程切换回左侧。 + + [![Gocon 2014 (36)](https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-36.jpg)][44] + +这张幻灯片显示了低级语言描述的 `runtime.Syscall` 函数，它是 `os` 包中所有函数的基础。 + +只要你的代码调用操作系统，就会通过此函数。 + +对 `entersyscall` 的调用通知运行时该线程即将阻塞。 + +这允许运行时启动一个新线程，该线程将在当前线程被阻塞时为其他 goroutine 提供服务。 + +这导致每 Go 进程的操作系统线程相对较少，Go 运行时负责将可运行的 Goroutine 分配给空闲的操作系统线程。 + + [![Gocon 2014 (37)](https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-37.jpg)][45] + +在上一节中，我讨论了 goroutine 如何减少管理许多（有时是数十万个并发执行线程）的开销。 + +Goroutine故事还有另一面，那就是栈管理，它引导我进入我的最后一个话题。 + + [![Gocon 2014 (39)](https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-39.jpg)][46] + +这是一个进程的内存布局图。我们感兴趣的关键是堆和栈的位置。 + +传统上，在进程的地址空间内，堆位于内存的底部，位于程序（代码）的上方并向上增长。 + +栈位于虚拟地址空间的顶部，并向下增长。 + + [![Gocon 2014 (40)](https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-40.jpg)][47] + +因为堆和栈相互覆盖的结果会是灾难性的，操作系统通常会安排在栈和堆之间放置一个不可写内存区域，以确保如果它们发生碰撞，程序将中止。 + +这称为保护页，有效地限制了进程的栈大小，通常大约为几兆字节。 + + [![Gocon 2014 (41)](https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-41.jpg)][48] + +我们已经讨论过线程共享相同的地址空间，因此对于每个线程，它必须有自己的栈。 + +由于很难预测特定线程的栈需求，因此为每个线程的栈和保护页面保留了大量内存。 + +希望是这些区域永远不被使用，而且防护页永远不会被击中。 + +缺点是随着程序中线程数的增加，可用地址空间的数量会减少。 + + [![Gocon 2014 (42)](https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-42.jpg)][49] + +我们已经看到 Go 运行时将大量的 goroutine 调度到少量线程上，但那些 goroutines 的栈需求呢？ + +Go 编译器不使用保护页，而是在每个函数调用时插入一个检查，以检查是否有足够的栈来运行该函数。如果没有，运行时可以分配更多的栈空间。 + +由于这种检查，goroutines 初始栈可以做得更小，这反过来允许 Go 程序员将 goroutines 视为廉价资源。 + + [![Gocon 2014 (43)](https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-43.jpg)][50] + +这是一张显示了 Go 1.2 如何管理栈的幻灯片。 + +当 `G` 调用 `H` 时，没有足够的空间让 `H` 运行，所以运行时从堆中分配一个新的栈帧，然后在新的栈段上运行 `H`。当 `H` 返回时，栈区域返回到堆，然后返回到 `G`。 + + [![Gocon 2014 (44)](https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-44.jpg)][51] + +这种管理栈的方法通常很好用，但对于某些类型的代码，通常是递归代码，它可能导致程序的内部循环跨越这些栈边界之一。 + +例如，在程序的内部循环中，函数 `G` 可以在循环中多次调用 `H`， + +每次都会导致栈拆分。 这被称为 热分裂Hot Split 问题。 + + [![Gocon 2014 (45)](https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-45.jpg)][52] + +为了解决热分裂问题，Go 1.3 采用了一种新的栈管理方法。 + +如果 goroutine 的栈太小，则不会添加和删除其他栈段，而是分配新的更大的栈。 + +旧栈的内容被复制到新栈，然后 goroutine 使用新的更大的栈继续运行。 + +在第一次调用 `H` 之后，栈将足够大，对可用栈空间的检查将始终成功。 + +这解决了热分裂问题。 + + [![Gocon 2014 (46)](https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-46.jpg)][53] + +值，内联，逃逸分析，Goroutines 和分段/复制栈。 + +这些是我今天选择谈论的五个特性，但它们绝不是使 Go 成为快速的语言的唯一因素，就像人们引用他们学习 Go 的理由的三个原因一样。 + +这五个特性一样强大，它们不是孤立存在的。 + +例如，运行时将 goroutine 复用到线程上的方式在没有可扩展栈的情况下几乎没有效率。 + +内联通过将较小的函数组合成较大的函数来降低栈大小检查的成本。 + +逃逸分析通过自动将从实例从堆移动到栈来减少垃圾回收器的压力。 + +逃逸分析还提供了更好的 缓存局部性Cache Locality。 + +如果没有可增长的栈，逃逸分析可能会对栈施加太大的压力。 + + [![Gocon 2014 (47)](https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-47.jpg)][54] + +* 感谢 Gocon 主办方允许我今天发言 +* twitter / web / email details +* 感谢 @offbymany，@billkennedy_go 和 Minux 在准备这个演讲的过程中所提供的帮助。 + +### 相关文章： + +1. [听我在 OSCON 上关于 Go 性能的演讲][1] + +2. [为什么 Goroutine 的栈是无限大的？][2] + +3. [Go 的运行时环境变量的旋风之旅][3] + +4. [没有事件循环的性能][4] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +作者简介： + +David 是来自澳大利亚悉尼的程序员和作者。 + +自 2011 年 2 月起成为 Go 的 contributor，自 2012 年 4 月起成为 committer。 + +联系信息 + +* dave@cheney.net +* twitter: @davecheney + +---------------------- + +via: https://dave.cheney.net/2014/06/07/five-things-that-make-go-fast + +作者：[Dave Cheney ][a] +译者：[houbaron](https://github.com/houbaron) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:https://dave.cheney.net/ +[1]:https://dave.cheney.net/2015/05/31/hear-me-speak-about-go-performance-at-oscon +[2]:https://dave.cheney.net/2013/06/02/why-is-a-goroutines-stack-infinite +[3]:https://dave.cheney.net/2015/11/29/a-whirlwind-tour-of-gos-runtime-environment-variables +[4]:https://dave.cheney.net/2015/08/08/performance-without-the-event-loop +[5]:http://mindchunk.blogspot.com.au/2014/06/remixing-with-deck.html +[6]:http://ymotongpoo.hatenablog.com/entry/2014/06/01/124350 +[7]:http://www.goinggo.net/ +[8]:https://twitter.com/offbymany +[9]:https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-1.jpg +[10]:https://dave.cheney.net/2014/06/07/five-things-that-make-go-fast/gocon-2014-2 +[11]:https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-3.jpg +[12]:https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-4.jpg +[13]:https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-5.jpg +[14]:https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-6.jpg +[15]:https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-7.jpg +[16]:https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-8.jpg +[17]:https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-9.jpg +[18]:https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-10.jpg +[19]:https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-11.jpg +[20]:https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-12.jpg +[21]:https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-13.jpg +[22]:https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-14.jpg +[23]:https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-15.jpg +[24]:https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-16.jpg +[25]:https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-17.jpg +[26]:https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-18.jpg +[27]:https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-19.jpg +[28]:https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-20.jpg +[29]:https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-21.jpg +[30]:https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-22.jpg +[31]:https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-23.jpg +[32]:https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-24.jpg +[33]:https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-25.jpg +[34]:https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-26.jpg +[35]:https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-27.jpg +[36]:https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-28.jpg +[37]:https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-30.jpg +[38]:https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-29.jpg +[39]:https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-31.jpg +[40]:https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-32.jpg +[41]:https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-33.jpg +[42]:https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-34.jpg +[43]:https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-35.jpg +[44]:https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-36.jpg +[45]:https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-37.jpg +[46]:https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-39.jpg +[47]:https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-40.jpg +[48]:https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-41.jpg +[49]:https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-42.jpg +[50]:https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-43.jpg +[51]:https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-44.jpg +[52]:https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-45.jpg +[53]:https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-46.jpg +[54]:https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gocon-2014-47.jpg From 4ddd2bd166af2e0f707a6c0ca69316fd2bb39b69 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: thecyanbird <2534930703@qq.com> Date: Thu, 4 Oct 2018 09:14:16 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 102/219] Update 20180920 WinWorld - A Large Collection Of Defunct OSs, Software And Games.md --- ...d - A Large Collection Of Defunct OSs, Software And Games.md | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/talk/20180920 WinWorld - A Large Collection Of Defunct OSs, Software And Games.md b/sources/talk/20180920 WinWorld - A Large Collection Of Defunct OSs, Software And Games.md index 93c84ae43c..74b6347228 100644 --- a/sources/talk/20180920 WinWorld - A Large Collection Of Defunct OSs, Software And Games.md +++ b/sources/talk/20180920 WinWorld - A Large Collection Of Defunct OSs, Software And Games.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +thecyanbird translating + WinWorld – A Large Collection Of Defunct OSs, Software And Games ====== From 96eac58dfe0896e27429238087994785fa8dc006 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: HankChow <280630620@qq.com> Date: Thu, 4 Oct 2018 17:54:59 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 103/219] hankchow translating --- .../tech/20180803 5 Essential Tools for Linux Development.md | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20180803 5 Essential Tools for Linux Development.md b/sources/tech/20180803 5 Essential Tools for Linux Development.md index 006372ca82..7c2ab1f7d5 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20180803 5 Essential Tools for Linux Development.md +++ b/sources/tech/20180803 5 Essential Tools for Linux Development.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +HankChow translating + 5 Essential Tools for Linux Development ====== From b494dc648dda1a365ecb1445f143a620eff99704 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: dianbanjiu Date: Thu, 4 Oct 2018 19:26:21 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 104/219] translated --- ...0170926 Managing users on Linux systems.md | 223 ------------------ ...0170926 Managing users on Linux systems.md | 222 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 222 insertions(+), 223 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20170926 Managing users on Linux systems.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20170926 Managing users on Linux systems.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20170926 Managing users on Linux systems.md b/sources/tech/20170926 Managing users on Linux systems.md deleted file mode 100644 index cc4db1e693..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20170926 Managing users on Linux systems.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,223 +0,0 @@ -translating by dianbanjiu Managing users on Linux systems -====== -Your Linux users may not be raging bulls, but keeping them happy is always a challenge as it involves managing their accounts, monitoring their access rights, tracking down the solutions to problems they run into, and keeping them informed about important changes on the systems they use. Here are some of the tasks and tools that make the job a little easier. - -### Configuring accounts - -Adding and removing accounts is the easier part of managing users, but there are still a lot of options to consider. Whether you use a desktop tool or go with command line options, the process is largely automated. You can set up a new user with a command as simple as **adduser jdoe** and a number of things will happen. John 's account will be created using the next available UID and likely populated with a number of files that help to configure his account. When you run the adduser command with a single argument (the new username), it will prompt for some additional information and explain what it is doing. -``` -$ sudo adduser jdoe -Adding user `jdoe' ... -Adding new group `jdoe' (1001) ... -Adding new user `jdoe' (1001) with group `jdoe' ... -Creating home directory `/home/jdoe' ... -Copying files from `/etc/skel' … -Enter new UNIX password: -Retype new UNIX password: -passwd: password updated successfully -Changing the user information for jdoe -Enter the new value, or press ENTER for the default - Full Name []: John Doe - Room Number []: - Work Phone []: - Home Phone []: - Other []: -Is the information correct? [Y/n] Y - -``` - -As you can see, adduser adds the user's information (to the /etc/passwd and /etc/shadow files), creates the new home directory and populates it with some files from /etc/skel, prompts for you to assign the initial password and identifying information, and then verifies that it's got everything right. If you answer "n" for no at the final "Is the information correct?" prompt, it will run back through all of your previous answers, allowing you to change any that you might want to change. - -Once an account is set up, you might want to verify that it looks as you'd expect. However, a better strategy is to ensure that the choices being made "automagically" match what you want to see _before_ you add your first account. The defaults are defaults for good reason, but it 's useful to know where they're defined in case you want some to be different - for example, if you don't want home directories in /home, you don't want user UIDs to start with 1000, or you don't want the files in home directories to be readable by _everyone_ on the system. - -Some of the details of how the adduser command works are configured in the /etc/adduser.conf file. This file contains a lot of settings that determine how new accounts are configured and will look something like this. Note that the comments and blanks lines are omitted in the output below so that we can focus more easily on just the settings. -``` -$ cat /etc/adduser.conf | grep -v "^#" | grep -v "^$" -DSHELL=/bin/bash -DHOME=/home -GROUPHOMES=no -LETTERHOMES=no -SKEL=/etc/skel -FIRST_SYSTEM_UID=100 -LAST_SYSTEM_UID=999 -FIRST_SYSTEM_GID=100 -LAST_SYSTEM_GID=999 -FIRST_UID=1000 -LAST_UID=29999 -FIRST_GID=1000 -LAST_GID=29999 -USERGROUPS=yes -USERS_GID=100 -DIR_MODE=0755 -SETGID_HOME=no -QUOTAUSER="" -SKEL_IGNORE_REGEX="dpkg-(old|new|dist|save)" - -``` - -As you can see, we've got a default shell (DSHELL), the starting value for UIDs (FIRST_UID), the location for home directories (DHOME) and the source location for startup files (SKEL) that will be added to each account as it is set up - along with a number of additional settings. This file also specifies the permissions to be assigned to home directories (DIR_MODE). - -One of the more important settings is DIR_MODE, which determines the permissions that are used for each user's home directory. Given this setting, the permissions assigned to a directory that the user creates will be 755. Given this setting, home directories will be set up with rwxr-xr-x permissions. Users will be able to read other users' files, but not modify or remove them. If you want to be more restrictive, you can change this setting to 750 (no access by anyone outside the user's group) or even 700 (no access but the user himself). - -Any user account settings can be manually changed after the accounts are set up. For example, you can edit the /etc/passwd file or chmod home directory, but configuring the /etc/adduser.conf file _before_ you start adding accounts on a new server will ensure some consistency and save you some time and trouble over the long run. - -Changes to the /etc/adduser.conf file will affect all accounts that are set up subsequent to those changes. If you want to set up some specific account differently, you've also got the option of providing account configuration options as arguments with the adduser command in addition to the username. Maybe you want to assign a different shell for some user, request a specific UID, or disable logins altogether. The man page for the adduser command will display some of your choices for configuring an individual account. -``` -adduser [options] [--home DIR] [--shell SHELL] [--no-create-home] -[--uid ID] [--firstuid ID] [--lastuid ID] [--ingroup GROUP | --gid ID] -[--disabled-password] [--disabled-login] [--gecos GECOS] -[--add_extra_groups] [--encrypt-home] user - -``` - -These days probably every Linux system is, by default, going to put each user into his or her own group. As an admin, you might elect to do things differently. You might find that putting users in shared groups works better for your site, electing to use adduser's --gid option to select a specific group. Users can, of course, always be members of multiple groups, so you have some options on how to manage groups -- both primary and secondary. - -### Dealing with user passwords - -Since it's always a bad idea to know someone else's password, admins will generally use a temporary password when they set up an account and then run a command that will force the user to change his password on his first login. Here's an example: -``` -$ sudo chage -d 0 jdoe - -``` - -When the user logs in, he will see something like this: -``` -WARNING: Your password has expired. -You must change your password now and login again! -Changing password for jdoe. -(current) UNIX password: - -``` - -### Adding users to secondary groups - -To add a user to a secondary group, you might use the usermod command as shown below -- to add the user to the group and then verify that the change was made. -``` -$ sudo usermod -a -G sudo jdoe -$ sudo grep sudo /etc/group -sudo:x:27:shs,jdoe - -``` - -Keep in mind that some groups -- like the sudo or wheel group -- imply certain privileges. More on this in a moment. - -### Removing accounts, adding groups, etc. - -Linux systems also provide commands to remove accounts, add new groups, remove groups, etc. The **deluser** command, for example, will remove the user login entries from the /etc/passwd and /etc/shadow files but leave her home directory intact unless you add the --remove-home or --remove-all-files option. The **addgroup** command adds a group, but will give it the next group id in the sequence (i.e., likely in the user group range) unless you use the --gid option. -``` -$ sudo addgroup testgroup --gid=131 -Adding group `testgroup' (GID 131) ... -Done. - -``` - -### Managing privileged accounts - -Some Linux systems have a wheel group that gives members the ability to run commands as root. In this case, the /etc/sudoers file references this group. On Debian systems, this group is called sudo, but it works the same way and you'll see a reference like this in the /etc/sudoers file: -``` -%sudo ALL=(ALL:ALL) ALL - -``` - -This setting basically means that anyone in the wheel or sudo group can run all commands with the power of root once they preface them with the sudo command. - -You can also add more limited privileges to the sudoers file -- maybe to give particular users the ability to run one or two commands as root. If you do, you should also periodically review the /etc/sudoers file to gauge how much privilege users have and very that the privileges provided are still required. - -In the command shown below, we're looking at the active lines in the /etc/sudoers file. The most interesting lines in this file include the path set for commands that can be run using the sudo command and the two groups that are allowed to run commands via sudo. As was just mentioned, individuals can be given permissions by being directly included in the sudoers file, but it is generally better practice to define privileges through group memberships. -``` -# cat /etc/sudoers | grep -v "^#" | grep -v "^$" -Defaults env_reset -Defaults mail_badpass -Defaults secure_path="/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/snap/bin" -root ALL=(ALL:ALL) ALL -%admin ALL=(ALL) ALL <== admin group -%sudo ALL=(ALL:ALL) ALL <== sudo group - -``` - -### Checking on logins - -To see when a user last logged in, you can use a command like this one: -``` -# last jdoe -jdoe pts/18 192.168.0.11 Thu Sep 14 08:44 - 11:48 (00:04) -jdoe pts/18 192.168.0.11 Thu Sep 14 13:43 - 18:44 (00:00) -jdoe pts/18 192.168.0.11 Thu Sep 14 19:42 - 19:43 (00:00) - -``` - -If you want to see when each of your users last logged in, you can run the last command through a loop like this one: -``` -$ for user in `ls /home`; do last $user | head -1; done - -jdoe pts/18 192.168.0.11 Thu Sep 14 19:42 - 19:43 (00:03) - -rocket pts/18 192.168.0.11 Thu Sep 14 13:02 - 13:02 (00:00) -shs pts/17 192.168.0.11 Thu Sep 14 12:45 still logged in - - -``` - -This command will only show you users who have logged on since the current wtmp file became active. The blank lines indicate that some users have never logged in since that time, but doesn't call them out. A better command would be this one that clear displays the users who have not logged in at all in this time period: -``` -$ for user in `ls /home`; do echo -n "$user ";last $user | head -1 | awk '{print substr($0,40)}'; done -dhayes -jdoe pts/18 192.168.0.11 Thu Sep 14 19:42 - 19:43 -peanut pts/19 192.168.0.29 Mon Sep 11 09:15 - 17:11 -rocket pts/18 192.168.0.11 Thu Sep 14 13:02 - 13:02 -shs pts/17 192.168.0.11 Thu Sep 14 12:45 still logged -tsmith - -``` - -That command is a lot to type, but could be turned into a script to make it a lot easier to use. -``` -#!/bin/bash - -for user in `ls /home` -do - echo -n "$user ";last $user | head -1 | awk '{print substr($0,40)}' -done - -``` - -Sometimes this kind of information can alert you to changes in users' roles that suggest they may no longer need the accounts in question. - -### Communicating with users - -Linux systems provide a number of ways to communicate with your users. You can add messages to the /etc/motd file that will be displayed when a user logs into a server using a terminal connection. You can also message users with commands such as write (message to single user) or wall (write to all logled in users. -``` -$ wall System will go down in one hour - -Broadcast message from shs@stinkbug (pts/17) (Thu Sep 14 14:04:16 2017): - -System will go down in one hour - -``` - -Important messages should probably be delivered through multiple channels as it's difficult to predict what users will actually notice. Together, message-of-the-day (motd), wall, and email notifications might stand of chance of getting most of your users' attention. - -### Paying attention to log files - -Paying attention to log files can also help you understand user activity. In particular, the /var/log/auth.log file will show you user login and logout activity, creation of new groups, etc. The /var/log/messages or /var/log/syslog files will tell you more about system activity. - -### Tracking problems and requests - -Whether or not you install a ticketing application on your Linux system, it's important to track the problems that your users run into and the requests that they make. Your users won't be happy if some portion of their requests fall through the proverbial cracks. Even a paper log could be helpful or, better yet, a spreadsheet that allows you to notice what issues are still outstanding and what the root cause of the problems turned out to be. Ensuring that problems and requests are addressed is important and logs can also help you remember what you had to do to address a problem that re-emerges many months or even years later. - -### Wrap-up - -Managing user accounts on a busy server depends in part on starting out with well configured defaults and in part on monitoring user activities and problems encountered. Users are likely to be happy if they feel you are responsive to their concerns and know what to expect when system upgrades are needed. - - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3225109/linux/managing-users-on-linux-systems.html - -作者：[Sandra Henry-Stocker][a] -译者：[runningwater](https://github.com/runningwater) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/ diff --git a/translated/tech/20170926 Managing users on Linux systems.md b/translated/tech/20170926 Managing users on Linux systems.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..719b0575b6 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20170926 Managing users on Linux systems.md @@ -0,0 +1,222 @@ +# 管理 Linux 系统中的用户 + +也许你的 Lniux 用户并不是愤怒的公牛，但是当涉及管理他们的账户的时候，能让他们一直开心也是一种挑战。监控他们当前正在访问的东西，追踪他们他们遇到问题时的解决方案，并且保证能把他们在使用系统时出现的重要变动记录下来。这里有一些方法和工具可以使这份工作轻松一点。 + +### 配置账户 + +添加和移除账户是管理用户中最简单的一项，但是这里面仍然有很多需要考虑的选项。无论你是用桌面工具或是命令行选项，这都是一个非常自动化的过程。你可以使用命令添加一个新用户，像是 **adduser jdoe**，这同时会触发一系列的事情。使用下一个可用的 UID 可以创建 John 的账户，或许还会被许多用以配置账户的文件所填充。当你运行 adduser 命令加一个新的用户名的时候，它将会提示一些额外的信息，同时解释这是在干什么。 +``` +$ sudo adduser jdoe +Adding user 'jdoe' ... +Adding new group `jdoe' (1001) ... +Adding new user `jdoe' (1001) with group `jdoe' ... +Creating home directory `/home/jdoe' ... +Copying files from `/etc/skel' … +Enter new UNIX password: +Retype new UNIX password: +passwd: password updated successfully +Changing the user information for jdoe +Enter the new value, or press ENTER for the default + Full Name []: John Doe + Room Number []: + Work Phone []: + Home Phone []: + Other []: +Is the information correct? [Y/n] Y + +``` + +像你看到的那样，adduser 将添加用户的信息（到 /etc/passwd 和 /etc/shadow 文件中），创建新的家目录，并用 /etc/skel 里设置的文件填充家目录，提示你分配初始密码和认定信息，然后确认这些信息都是正确的，如果你在最后的提示 “Is the information correct” 处的答案是 “n”，它将回溯你之前所有的回答，允许修改任何你想要修改的地方。 + +创建好一个用户后，你可能会想要确认一下它是否是你期望的样子，更好的方法是确保在添加第一个帐户**之前**，“自动”选择与您想要查看的内容相匹配。默认有默认的好处，它对于你想知道他们定义在哪里有所用处，以防你想作出一些变动 —— 例如，你不想家目录在 /home 里，你不想用户 UIDs 从 1000 开始，或是你不想家目录下的文件被系统上的**每个人**都可读。 + +adduser 如何工作的一些细节设置在 /etc/adduser.conf 文件里。这个文件包含的一些设置决定了一个新的账户如何配置，以及它之后的样子。注意，注释和空白行将会在输出中被忽略，因此我们可以更加集中注意在设置上面。 +``` +$ cat /etc/adduser.conf | grep -v "^#" | grep -v "^$" +DSHELL=/bin/bash +DHOME=/home +GROUPHOMES=no +LETTERHOMES=no +SKEL=/etc/skel +FIRST_SYSTEM_UID=100 +LAST_SYSTEM_UID=999 +FIRST_SYSTEM_GID=100 +LAST_SYSTEM_GID=999 +FIRST_UID=1000 +LAST_UID=29999 +FIRST_GID=1000 +LAST_GID=29999 +USERGROUPS=yes +USERS_GID=100 +DIR_MODE=0755 +SETGID_HOME=no +QUOTAUSER="" +SKEL_IGNORE_REGEX="dpkg-(old|new|dist|save)" + +``` + +可以看到，我们有了一个默认的 shell（DSHELL），UIDs（FIRST_UID）的开始数值，家目录（DHOME）的位置，以及启动文件（SKEL）的来源位置。这个文件也会指定分配给家目录（DIR_HOME）的权限。 + +其中 DIR_HOME 是最重要的设置，它决定了每个家目录被使用的权限。这个设置分配给用户创建的目录权限是 755,家目录的权限将会设置为 rwxr-xr-x。用户可以读其他用户的文件，但是不能修改和移除他们。如果你想要更多的限制，你可以更改这个设置为 750（用户组外的任何人都不可访问）甚至是 700（除用户自己外的人都不可访问）。 + +任何用户账号在创建之前都可以进行手动修改。例如，你可以编辑 /etc/passwd 或者修改家目录的权限，开始在新服务器上添加用户之前配置 /etc/adduser.conf 可以确保一定的一致性，从长远来看可以节省时间和避免一些麻烦。 + +/etc/adduser.conf 的修改将会在之后创建的用户上生效。如果你想以不同的方式设置某个特定账户，除了用户名之外，你还可以选择使用 adduser 命令提供账户配置选项。或许你想为某些账户分配不同的 shell，请求特殊的 UID，完全禁用登录。adduser 的帮助页将会为你显示一些配置个人账户的选择。 + +``` +adduser [options] [--home DIR] [--shell SHELL] [--no-create-home] +[--uid ID] [--firstuid ID] [--lastuid ID] [--ingroup GROUP | --gid ID] +[--disabled-password] [--disabled-login] [--gecos GECOS] +[--add_extra_groups] [--encrypt-home] user + +``` + +每个 Linux 系统现在都会默认把每个用户放入对应的组中。作为一个管理员，你可能会选择以不同的方式去做事。你也许会发现把用户放在一个共享组中可以让你的站点工作的更好，这时，选择使用 adduser 的 --gid 选项去选择一个特定的组。当然，用户总是许多组的成员，因此也有一些选项去管理主要和次要的组。 + +### 处理用户密码 + +一直以来，知道其他人的密码都是一个不好的念头，在设置账户时，管理员通常使用一个临时的密码，然后在用户第一次登录时会运行一条命令强制他修改密码。这里是一个例子： +``` +$ sudo chage -d 0 jdoe +``` + +当用户第一次登录的时候，会看到像这样的事情： +``` +WARNING: Your password has expired. +You must change your password now and login again! +Changing password for jdoe. +(current) UNIX password: + +``` + +### 添加用户到副组 + +添加用户到副组中，你可能会用如下所示的 usermod 命令 —— 添加用户到组中并确认已经做出变动。 +``` +$ sudo usermod -a -G sudo jdoe +$ sudo grep sudo /etc/group +sudo:x:27:shs,jdoe + +``` + +记住在一些组，像是 sudo 或者 wheel 组中，意味着包含特权，一定要特别注意这一点。 + +### 移除用户，添加组等 + +Linux 系统也提供了命令去移除账户，添加新的组，移除组等。例如，**deluser** 命令，将会从 /etc/passwd 和 /etc/shadow 中移除用户登录入口，但是会完整保留他的家目录，除非你添加了 --remove-home 或者 --remove-all-files 选项。**addgroup** 命令会添加一个组，按目前组的次序给他下一个 id（在用户组范围内），除非你使用 --gid 选项指定 id。 +``` +$ sudo addgroup testgroup --gid=131 +Adding group `testgroup' (GID 131) ... +Done. + +``` + +### 管理特权账户 + +一些 Linux 系统中有一个 wheel 组，它给组中成员赋予了像 root 一样运行命令的能力。在这种情况下，/etc/sudoers 将会引用该组。在 Debian 系统中，这个组被叫做 sudo，但是以相同的方式工作，你在 /etc/sudoers 中可以看到像这样的引用： +``` +%sudo ALL=(ALL:ALL) ALL + +``` + +这个基础的设定意味着，任何在 wheel 或者 sudo 组中的成员，只要在他们运行的命令之前添加 sudo，就可以以 root 的权限去运行命令。 + +你可以向 sudoers 文件中添加更多有限的特权 —— 也许给特定用户运行一两个 root 的命令。如果这样做，您还应定期查看 /etc/sudoers 文件以评估用户拥有的权限，以及仍然需要提供的权限。 + +在下面显示的命令中，我们看到在 /etc/sudoers 中匹配到的行。在这个文件中最有趣的行是，包含能使用 sudo 运行命令的路径设置，以及两个允许通过 sudo 运行命令的组。像刚才提到的那样，单个用户可以通过包含在 sudoers 文件中来获得权限，但是更有实际意义的方法是通过组成员来定义各自的权限。 +``` +# cat /etc/sudoers | grep -v "^#" | grep -v "^$" +Defaults env_reset +Defaults mail_badpass +Defaults secure_path="/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/snap/bin" +root ALL=(ALL:ALL) ALL +%admin ALL=(ALL) ALL <== admin group +%sudo ALL=(ALL:ALL) ALL <== sudo group + +``` + +### 登录检查 + +你可以通过以下命令查看用户的上一次登录： +``` +# last jdoe +jdoe pts/18 192.168.0.11 Thu Sep 14 08:44 - 11:48 (00:04) +jdoe pts/18 192.168.0.11 Thu Sep 14 13:43 - 18:44 (00:00) +jdoe pts/18 192.168.0.11 Thu Sep 14 19:42 - 19:43 (00:00) + +``` + +如果你想查看每一个用户上一次的登录情况，你可以通过一个像这样的循环来运行 last 命令： +``` +$ for user in `ls /home`; do last $user | head -1; done + +jdoe pts/18 192.168.0.11 Thu Sep 14 19:42 - 19:43 (00:03) + +rocket pts/18 192.168.0.11 Thu Sep 14 13:02 - 13:02 (00:00) +shs pts/17 192.168.0.11 Thu Sep 14 12:45 still logged in + + +``` + +此命令仅显示自当前 wtmp 文件变为活跃状态以来已登录的用户。空白行表示用户自那以后从未登录过，但没有将其调出。一个更好的命令是过滤掉在这期间从未登录过的用户的显示： +``` +$ for user in `ls /home`; do echo -n "$user ";last $user | head -1 | awk '{print substr($0,40)}'; done +dhayes +jdoe pts/18 192.168.0.11 Thu Sep 14 19:42 - 19:43 +peanut pts/19 192.168.0.29 Mon Sep 11 09:15 - 17:11 +rocket pts/18 192.168.0.11 Thu Sep 14 13:02 - 13:02 +shs pts/17 192.168.0.11 Thu Sep 14 12:45 still logged +tsmith + +``` + +这个命令会打印很多，但是可以通过一个脚本使它更加清晰易用。 +``` +#!/bin/bash + +for user in `ls /home` +do + echo -n "$user ";last $user | head -1 | awk '{print substr($0,40)}' +done + +``` + +有时，此类信息可以提醒您用户角色的变动，表明他们可能不再需要相关帐户。 + +### 与用户沟通 + +Linux 提供了许多方法和用户沟通。你可以向 /etc/motd 文件中添加信息，当用户从终端登录到服务器时，将会显示这些信息。你也可以通过例如 write（通知单个用户）或者 wall（write 给所有已登录的用户）命令发送通知。 +``` +$ wall System will go down in one hour + +Broadcast message from shs@stinkbug (pts/17) (Thu Sep 14 14:04:16 2017): + +System will go down in one hour + +``` + +重要的通知应该通过多个管道传递，因为很难预测用户实际会注意到什么。mesage-of-the-day（motd），wall 和 email 通知可以吸引用户大部分的注意力。 + +### 注意日志文件 + +更多地注意日志文件上也可以帮你理解用户活动。事实上，/var/log/auth.log 文件将会为你显示用户的登录和注销活动，组的创建等。/var/log/message 或者 /var/log/syslog 文件将会告诉你更多有关系统活动的事情。 + +### 追踪问题和请求 + +无论你是否在 Linux 系统上安装了票务系统，跟踪用户遇到的问题以及他们提出的请求都非常重要。如果请求的一部分久久不见回应，用户必然不会高兴。即使是纸质日志也可能是有用的，或者更好的是，有一个电子表格，可以让你注意到哪些问题仍然悬而未决，以及问题的根本原因是什么。确保解决问题和请求非常重要，日志还可以帮助您记住你必须采取的措施来解决几个月甚至几年后重新出现的问题。 + +### 总结 + +在繁忙的服务器上管理用户帐户部分取决于从配置良好的默认值开始，部分取决于监控用户活动和遇到的问题。如果用户觉得你对他们的顾虑有所回应并且知道在需要系统升级时会发生什么，他们可能会很高兴。 + +----------- + +via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3225109/linux/managing-users-on-linux-systems.html + +作者：[Sandra Henry-Stocker][a] +译者：[dianbanjiu](https://github.com/dianbanjiu) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/ From ee1a98bf92b6dade718eab186098f75e95f0689e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Thu, 4 Oct 2018 21:02:02 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 105/219] PRF:20180917 4 scanning tools for the Linux desktop.md @way-ww --- ... 4 scanning tools for the Linux desktop.md | 39 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 20 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180917 4 scanning tools for the Linux desktop.md b/translated/tech/20180917 4 scanning tools for the Linux desktop.md index 89aaad3a89..b376fab108 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20180917 4 scanning tools for the Linux desktop.md +++ b/translated/tech/20180917 4 scanning tools for the Linux desktop.md @@ -1,54 +1,55 @@ -用于Linux桌面的4个扫描工具 +用于 Linux 桌面的 4 个扫描工具 ====== -使用其中一个开源软件驱动扫描仪来实现无纸化办公。 + +> 使用这些开源软件之一驱动你的扫描仪来实现无纸化办公。 ![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/osdc-photo-camera-blue.png?itok=AsIMZ9ga) 尽管无纸化世界还没有到来，但越来越多的人通过扫描文件和照片来摆脱纸张的束缚。不过，仅仅拥有一台扫描仪还不足够。你还需要软件来驱动扫描仪。 -然而问题是许多扫描仪制造商没有将Linux版本的软件与他们的设备适配在一起。不过在大多数情况下，即使没有也没多大关系。因为在linux桌面上已经有很好的扫描软件了。它们能够与许多扫描仪配合很好的完成工作。 +然而问题是许多扫描仪制造商没有与他们的设备适配在一起的软件的 Linux 版本。不过在大多数情况下，即使没有也没多大关系。因为在 Linux 桌面上已经有很好的扫描软件了。它们能够与许多扫描仪配合很好的完成工作。 -现在就让我们看看四个简单又灵活的开源Linux扫描工具。我已经使用过了下面这些工具（甚至[早在2014年][1]写过关于其中三个工具的文章）并且觉得它们非常有用。希望你也会这样认为。 +现在就让我们看看四个简单又灵活的开源 Linux 扫描工具。我已经使用过了下面这些工具（甚至[早在 2014 年][1]写过关于其中三个工具的文章）并且觉得它们非常有用。希望你也会这样认为。 ### Simple Scan -这是我最喜欢的一个软件之一，[Simple Scan][2]小巧，迅速，高效，且易于使用。如果你以前见过它，那是因为Simple Scan是GNOME桌面上的默认扫描程序应用程序，也是许多Linux发行版的默认扫描程序。 +这是我最喜欢的一个软件之一，[Simple Scan][2] 小巧、快捷、高效且易用。如果你以前见过它，那是因为 Simple Scan 是 GNOME 桌面上的默认扫描应用程序，也是许多 Linux 发行版的默认扫描程序。 -你只需单击一下就能扫描文档或照片。扫描过某些内容后，你可以旋转或裁剪它并将其另存为图像（仅限JPEG或PNG格式）或PDF格式。也就是说Simple Scan可能会很慢，即使你用较低分辨率来扫描文档。最重要的是，Simple Scan在扫描时会使用一组全局的默认值，例如150dpi用于文本，300dpi用于照片。你需要进入Simple Scan的首选项才能更改这些设置。 +你只需单击一下就能扫描文档或照片。扫描过某些内容后，你可以旋转或裁剪它并将其另存为图像（仅限 JPEG 或 PNG 格式）或 PDF 格式。也就是说 Simple Scan 可能会很慢，即使你用较低分辨率来扫描文档。最重要的是，Simple Scan 在扫描时会使用一组全局的默认值，例如 150dpi 用于文本，300dpi 用于照片。你需要进入 Simple Scan 的首选项才能更改这些设置。 -如果你扫描的内容超过了几页，还可以在保存之前重新排序页面。如果有必要的话 - 假如你正在提交已签名的表格 - 你可以使用Simple Scan来发送电子邮件。 +如果你扫描的内容超过了几页，还可以在保存之前重新排序页面。如果有必要的话 —— 假如你正在提交已签名的表格 —— 你可以使用 Simple Scan 来发送电子邮件。 ### Skanlite -从很多方面来看，[Skanlite][3]是Simple Scan在KDE世界中的表兄弟。虽然Skanlite功能很少，但它可以出色的完成工作。 +从很多方面来看，[Skanlite][3] 是 Simple Scan 在 KDE 世界中的表兄弟。虽然 Skanlite 功能很少，但它可以出色的完成工作。 -你可以自己配置这个软件的选项，包括自动保存扫描文件，设置扫描质量以及确定扫描保存位置。 Skanlite可以保存为以下图像格式：JPEG，PNG，BMP，PPM，XBM和XPM。 +你可以自己配置这个软件的选项，包括自动保存扫描文件、设置扫描质量以及确定扫描保存位置。 Skanlite 可以保存为以下图像格式：JPEG、PNG、BMP、PPM、XBM 和 XPM。 -其中一个很棒的功能是Skanlite能够将你扫描的部分内容保存到单独的文件中。当你想要从照片中删除某人或某物时，这就派上用场了。 +其中一个很棒的功能是 Skanlite 能够将你扫描的部分内容保存到单独的文件中。当你想要从照片中删除某人或某物时，这就派上用场了。 ### Gscan2pdf -这是我另一个最爱的老软件，[gscan2pdf][4]可能会显得很老旧了，但它仍然包含一些比这里提到的其他软件更好的功能。即便如此，gscan2pdf仍然显得很轻便。 +这是我另一个最爱的老软件，[gscan2pdf][4] 可能会显得很老旧了，但它仍然包含一些比这里提到的其他软件更好的功能。即便如此，gscan2pdf 仍然显得很轻便。 -除了以各种图像格式（JPEG，PNG和TIFF）保存扫描外，gscan2pdf还将它们保存为PDF或[DjVu][5]文件。你可以在单击“扫描”按钮之前设置扫描的分辨率，无论是黑白，彩色还是纸张大小，每当你想要更改任何这些设置时，这都会进入gscan2pdf的首选项。你还可以旋转，裁剪和删除页面。 +除了以各种图像格式（JPEG、PNG 和 TIFF）保存扫描外，gscan2pdf 还可以将它们保存为 PDF 或 [DjVu][5] 文件。你可以在单击“扫描”按钮之前设置扫描的分辨率，无论是黑白、彩色还是纸张大小，每当你想要更改任何这些设置时，都可以进入 gscan2pdf 的首选项。你还可以旋转、裁剪和删除页面。 虽然这些都不是真正的杀手级功能，但它们会给你带来更多的灵活性。 ### GIMP -你大概会知道[GIMP][6]是一个图像编辑工具。但是你恐怕不知道可以用它来驱动你的扫描仪吧。 +你大概会知道 [GIMP][6] 是一个图像编辑工具。但是你恐怕不知道可以用它来驱动你的扫描仪吧。 -你需要安装[XSane][7]扫描软件和GIMP XSane插件。这两个应该都可以从你的Linux发行版的包管理器中获得。在软件里，选择文件>创建>扫描仪/相机。单击扫描仪，然后单击扫描按钮即可进行扫描。 +你需要安装 [XSane][7] 扫描软件和 GIMP XSane 插件。这两个应该都可以从你的 Linux 发行版的包管理器中获得。在软件里，选择“文件>创建>扫描仪/相机”。单击“扫描仪”，然后单击“扫描”按钮即可进行扫描。 -如果这不是你想要的，或者它不起作用，你可以将GIMP和一个叫作[QuiteInsane][8]的插件结合起来。使用任一插件，都能使GIMP成为一个功能强大的扫描软件，它可以让你设置许多选项，如是否扫描彩色或黑白，扫描的分辨率，以及是否压缩结果等。你还可以使用GIMP的工具来修改或应用扫描后的效果。这使得它非常适合扫描照片和艺术品。 +如果这不是你想要的，或者它不起作用，你可以将 GIMP 和一个叫作 [QuiteInsane][8] 的插件结合起来。使用任一插件，都能使 GIMP 成为一个功能强大的扫描软件，它可以让你设置许多选项，如是否扫描彩色或黑白、扫描的分辨率，以及是否压缩结果等。你还可以使用 GIMP 的工具来修改或应用扫描后的效果。这使得它非常适合扫描照片和艺术品。 ### 它们真的能够工作吗？ -所有的这些软件在大多数时候都能够在各种硬件上运行良好。我将它们与我过去几年来拥有的多台多功能打印机一起使用 - 无论是使用USB线连接还是通过无线连接。 +所有的这些软件在大多数时候都能够在各种硬件上运行良好。我将它们与我过去几年来拥有的多台多功能打印机一起使用 —— 无论是使用 USB 线连接还是通过无线连接。 -你可能已经注意到我在前一段中写过“大多数时候运行良好”。这是因为我确实遇到过一个例外：一个便宜的canon多功能打印机。我使用的软件都没有检测到它。最后我不得不下载并安装canon的Linux扫描仪软件才使它工作。 +你可能已经注意到我在前一段中写过“大多数时候运行良好”。这是因为我确实遇到过一个例外：一个便宜的 canon 多功能打印机。我使用的软件都没有检测到它。最后我不得不下载并安装 canon 的 Linux 扫描仪软件才使它工作。 -你最喜欢的Linux开源扫描工具是什么？发表评论，分享你的选择。 +你最喜欢的 Linux 开源扫描工具是什么？发表评论，分享你的选择。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -57,7 +58,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/18/9/linux-scanner-tools 作者：[Scott Nesbitt][a] 选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) 译者：[way-ww](https://github.com/way-ww) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 44ab7c84ab6a29e9a6e12df034631afe9f81b9c7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Thu, 4 Oct 2018 21:02:35 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 106/219] PUB:20180917 4 scanning tools for the Linux desktop.md @way-ww https://linux.cn/article-10079-1.html --- .../20180917 4 scanning tools for the Linux desktop.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20180917 4 scanning tools for the Linux desktop.md (100%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180917 4 scanning tools for the Linux desktop.md b/published/20180917 4 scanning tools for the Linux desktop.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/tech/20180917 4 scanning tools for the Linux desktop.md rename to published/20180917 4 scanning tools for the Linux desktop.md From cfd67ebeff1801310026bc10e7b437b53c17eba9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Thu, 4 Oct 2018 21:30:27 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 107/219] PRF:20180918 Top 3 Python libraries for data science.md @ucasFL --- ...Top 3 Python libraries for data science.md | 19 +++++++------------ 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180918 Top 3 Python libraries for data science.md b/translated/tech/20180918 Top 3 Python libraries for data science.md index 4026b751d5..c6156e575a 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20180918 Top 3 Python libraries for data science.md +++ b/translated/tech/20180918 Top 3 Python libraries for data science.md @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ 3 个用于数据科学的顶级 Python 库 ====== ->使用这些库把 Python 变成一个科学数据分析和建模工具。 +> 使用这些库把 Python 变成一个科学数据分析和建模工具。 ![][7] @@ -49,7 +49,6 @@ matrix_two = np.arange(1,10).reshape(3,3) matrix_two ``` -Here is the output: 输出如下： ``` @@ -62,9 +61,7 @@ array([[1, 2, 3], ``` matrix_multiply = np.dot(matrix_one, matrix_two) - matrix_multiply - ``` 相乘后的输出如下： @@ -96,17 +93,15 @@ matrix_multiply ### Pandas -[Pandas][3] 是另一个可以提高你的 Python 数据科学技能的优秀库。就和 NumPy 一样，它属于 SciPy 开源软件家族，可以在 BSD 免费许可证许可下使用。 +[Pandas][3] 是另一个可以提高你的 Python 数据科学技能的优秀库。就和 NumPy 一样，它属于 SciPy 开源软件家族，可以在 BSD 自由许可证许可下使用。 -Pandas 提供了多功能并且很强大的工具用于管理数据结构和执行大量数据分析。该库能够很好的处理不完整、非结构化和无序的真实世界数据，并且提供了用于整形、聚合、分析和可视化数据集的工具 +Pandas 提供了多能而强大的工具，用于管理数据结构和执行大量数据分析。该库能够很好的处理不完整、非结构化和无序的真实世界数据，并且提供了用于整形、聚合、分析和可视化数据集的工具 Pandas 中有三种类型的数据结构： - * Series: 一维、相同数据类型的数组 - * DataFrame: 二维异型矩阵 - * Panel: 三维大小可变数组 - - + * Series：一维、相同数据类型的数组 + * DataFrame：二维异型矩阵 + * Panel：三维大小可变数组 例如，我们来看一下如何使用 Panda 库（缩写成 `pd`）来执行一些描述性统计计算。 @@ -232,7 +227,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/18/9/top-3-python-libraries-data-science 作者：[Dr.Michael J.Garbade][a] 选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) 译者：[ucasFL](https://github.com/ucasFL) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 831075cc6b0446f079b1204204eabf6606cf243a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Thu, 4 Oct 2018 21:31:34 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 108/219] PUB:20180918 Top 3 Python libraries for data science.md @ucasFL https://linux.cn/article-10080-1.html --- .../20180918 Top 3 Python libraries for data science.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20180918 Top 3 Python libraries for data science.md (100%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180918 Top 3 Python libraries for data science.md b/published/20180918 Top 3 Python libraries for data science.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/tech/20180918 Top 3 Python libraries for data science.md rename to published/20180918 Top 3 Python libraries for data science.md From ca7baad0cfb54f2eec68f03548ebf2225ccfa684 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: thecyanbird <2534930703@qq.com> Date: Thu, 4 Oct 2018 22:46:19 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 109/219] Delete 20180920 WinWorld - A Large Collection Of Defunct OSs, Software And Games.md --- ...tion Of Defunct OSs, Software And Games.md | 128 ------------------ 1 file changed, 128 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/talk/20180920 WinWorld - A Large Collection Of Defunct OSs, Software And Games.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20180920 WinWorld - A Large Collection Of Defunct OSs, Software And Games.md b/sources/talk/20180920 WinWorld - A Large Collection Of Defunct OSs, Software And Games.md deleted file mode 100644 index 74b6347228..0000000000 --- a/sources/talk/20180920 WinWorld - A Large Collection Of Defunct OSs, Software And Games.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,128 +0,0 @@ -thecyanbird translating - -WinWorld – A Large Collection Of Defunct OSs, Software And Games -====== - -![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/WinWorld-720x340.jpeg) - -The other day, I was testing **Dosbox** which is used to [**run MS-DOS games and programs in Linux**][1]. While searching for some classic programs like Turbo C++, I stumbled upon a website named **WinWorld**. I went through a few links in this site and quite surprised. WinWorld has a plenty of good-old and classic OSs, software, applications, development tools, games and a lot of other miscellaneous utilities which are abandoned by the developers a long time ago. It is an online museum run by community members, volunteers and is dedicated to the preservation and sharing of vintage, abandoned, and pre-release software. - -WinWorld was started back in 2003 and its founder claims that the idea to start this site inspired by Yahoo briefcases. The primary purpose of this site is to preserve and share old software. Over the years, many people volunteered to improve this site in numerous ways and the collection of old software in WinWorld has grown exponentially. The entire WinWorld library is free, open and available to everyone. - -### WinWorld Hosts A Huge Collection Of Defunct OSs, Software, System Applications And Games - -Like I already said, WinWorld hosts a huge collection of abandonware which are no-longer in development. - -**Linux and Unix:** - -Here, I have given the complete list of UNIX and LINUX OSs with brief summary of the each OS and the release year of first version. - - * **A/UX** – An early port of Unix to Apple’s 68k based Macintosh platform, released in 1988. - * **AIX** – A Unix port originally developed by IBM, released in 1986. - * **AT &T System V Unix** – One of the first commercial versions of the Unix OS, released in 1983. - * **Banyan VINES** – A network operating system originally designed for Unix, released in 1984. - * **Corel Linux** – A commercial Linux distro, released in 1999. - * **DEC OSF-1** – A version of UNIX developed by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), released in 1991. - * **Digital UNIX** – A renamed version of **OSF-1** , released by DEC in 1995.** -** - * **FreeBSD** **1.0** – The first release of FreeBSD, released in 1993. It is based on 4.3BSD. - * **Gentus Linux** – A distribution that failed to comply with GPL. Developed by ABIT and released in 2000. - * **HP-UX** – A UNIX variant, released in 1992. - * **IRIX** – An a operating system developed by Silicon Graphics Inc (SGI ) and it is released in 1988. - * **Lindows** – Similar to Corel Linux. It is developed for commercial purpose and released in 2002. - * **Linux Kernel** – A copy of the Linux Sourcecode, version 0.01. Released in the early 90’s. - * **Mandrake Linux** – A Linux distribution based on Red Hat Linux. It was later renamed to Mandriva. Released in 1999. - * **NEWS-OS** – A variant of BSD, developed by Sony and released in 1989. - * **NeXTStep** – A Unix based OS from NeXT computers headed by **Steve Jobs**. It is released in 1987. - * **PC/IX** – A UNIX variant created for IBM PCs. Released in 1984. - * **Red Hat Linux 5.0** – A commercial Linux distribution by Red Hat. - * **Sun Solaris** – A Unix based OS by Sun Microsystems. Released in 1992. - * **SunOS** – A Unix-based OS derived from BSD by Sun Microsystems, released in 1982. - * **Tru64 UNIX** – A formerly known OSF/1 by DEC. - * **Ubuntu 4.10** – The well-known OS based on Debian.This was a beta pre-release, prior to the very first official Ubuntu release. - * **Ultrix** – A UNIX clone developed by DEC. - * **UnixWare** – A UNIX variant from Novell. - * **Xandros Linux** – A proprietary variant of Linux. It is based on Corel Linux. The first version is released in 2003. - * **Xenix** – A UNIX variant originally published by Microsoft released in 1984. - - - -Not just Linux/Unix, you can find other operating systems including DOS, Windows, Apple/Mac, OS 2, Novell netware and other OSs and shells. - -**DOS & CP/M:** - - * 86-DOS - * Concurrent CPM-86 & Concurrent DOS - * CP/M 86 & CP/M-80 - * DOS Plus - * DR-DOS - * GEM - * MP/M - * MS-DOS - * Multitasking MS-DOS 4.00 - * Multiuser DOS - * PC-DOS - * PC-MOS - * PTS-DOS - * Real/32 - * Tandy Deskmate - * Wendin DOS - - - -**Windows:** - - * BackOffice Server - * Windows 1.0/2.x/3.0/3.1/95/98/2000/ME/NT 3.X/NT 4.0 - * Windows Whistler - * WinFrame - - - -**Apple/Mac:** - - * Mac OS 7/8/9 - * Mac OS X - * System Software (0-6) - - - -**OS/2:** - - * Citrix Multiuser - * OS/2 1.x - * OS/2 2.0 - * OS/2 3.x - * OS/2 Warp 4 - - - -Also, WinWorld hosts a huge collection of old software, system applications, development tools and games. Go and check them out as well. - -To be honest, I don’t even know the existence of most of the stuffs listed in this site. Some of the tools listed here were released years before I was born. - -Just in case, If you ever in need of or wanted to test a classic stuff (be it a game, software, OS), look nowhere, just head over to WinWorld library and download them that you want to explore. Good luck! - -**Disclaimer:** - -OSTechNix is not affiliated with WinWorld site in any way. We, at OSTechNix, don’t know the authenticity and integrity of the stuffs hosted in this site. Also, downloading software from third-party sites is not safe or may be illegal in your region. Neither the author nor OSTechNix is responsible for any kind of damage. Use this service at your own risk. - -And, that’s all for now. Hope this was useful. More good stuffs to come. Stay tuned! - -Cheers! - - - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.ostechnix.com/winworld-a-large-collection-of-defunct-oss-software-and-games/ - -作者：[SK][a] -选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/ -[1]: https://www.ostechnix.com/how-to-run-ms-dos-games-and-programs-in-linux/ From d4a336e6dd9b1509542cbae4d8dc40a7225a0be3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: thecyanbird <2534930703@qq.com> Date: Thu, 4 Oct 2018 22:47:36 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 110/219] Create A Large Collection Of Defunct OSs, Software And Games.md --- ...tion Of Defunct OSs, Software And Games.md | 84 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 84 insertions(+) create mode 100644 translated/talk/A Large Collection Of Defunct OSs, Software And Games.md diff --git a/translated/talk/A Large Collection Of Defunct OSs, Software And Games.md b/translated/talk/A Large Collection Of Defunct OSs, Software And Games.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..a0c51974b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/talk/A Large Collection Of Defunct OSs, Software And Games.md @@ -0,0 +1,84 @@ +WinWorld -- 大型废弃操作系统，软件，游戏合集网站 +===== +![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/WinWorld-720x340.jpeg) +有一天，我正在测试 **Dosbox** -- 一个[**在 Linux 平台上运行 MS-DOS 游戏与程序的软件**][1]。当我在搜索一些常用的软件，例如 Turbo C++ 时，我意外留意到了一个叫做 **WinWorld** 的网站。我查看了这个网站上的某些内容，并且着实被惊艳到了。WinWorld 收集了非常多经典的，但已经被它们的开发者所抛弃许久的操作系统，软件，应用，开发工具，游戏以及各式各样的工具。它是一个以保存和分享古老，已经被废弃的或者预发布版本程序为目的的线上博物馆，由社区成员和志愿者运营。 +WinWorld 于 2013 年开始运营。它的创始者声称是被 Yahoo birefcases 激发了灵感并以此构建了这个网站。这个网站原目标是保存并且分享古旧软件。经过许多以不同方式提供帮助的志愿者以及多年的运营，WinWorld 得以迅猛发展。作为一个非盈利网站，WinWorld 的所有内容都免费开放。 +###WinWorld 保存了大量的废弃操作系统，软件，系统应用以及游戏 +就像我刚才说的那样， WinWorld 存储了大量的被抛弃并且不再被开发的软件。 +**Linux 与 Unix:** +这里提供了完整的 UNIX 和 LINUX 操作系统列表以及它们各自的简要介绍，首次发行的年代。 +* **A/UX** - 于 1988 年推出，移植到 68k Macintosh 平台的 Unix 系统。 +* **AIX** - 于 1986 年推出，IBM 移植的 Unix 系统。 +* **AT &T System V Unix** - 于 1983 年推出，最早的商业版 Unix 之一。 +* **Banyan VINES** - 于 1984 年推出，专为 Unix 设计的网络操作系统。 +* **Corel Linux** - 于 1999 年推出，商业 Linux 发行版。 +* **DEC OSF-1** - 于 1991 年推出，由迪吉多公司（DEC）开发的 Unix 版本。 +* **Digital UNIX** - 由 DEC 于 1995 年推出，**OSF-1** 的重命名版本。 +* **FreeBSD 1.0** - 于 1993 年推出，FreeBSD 的首次发行版。这个系统是基于 4.3BSD 开发的。 +* **Gentus Linux** - 由 ABIT 于 2000 年推出，未遵守 GPL 协议的 Linux 发行版。 +* **HP-UX** - 于 1992 年推出，UNIX 的变种系统。 +* **IRIX** - 由硅谷图形公司（SGI）于1988年推出的操作系统。 +* **Lindows** - 于 2002 年推出，与 Corel Linux 类似的商业操作系统。 +* **Linux Kernel** - 0.01 版本于 90 年代早期推出，Linux 源代码的副本。 +* **Mandrake Linux** - 于 1999 年推出。基于 Red Hat Linux 的 Linux 发行版，稍后被重新命名为 Mandriva。 +* **NEWS-OS** - 由 Sony 于 1989 年推出，BSD 的变种。 +* **NeXTStep** - 由史蒂夫·乔布斯创立的 NeXT 公司于 1987 年推出，基于 Unix 的操作系统。 +* **PC/IX** - 于 1984 年推出，为 IBM 个人电脑服务的基于 Unix 的操作系统。 +* **Red Hat Linux 5.0** - 由 Red Hat 推出，商业 Linux 发行版。 +* **Sun Solaris** - 由 Sun Microsystem 于 1992 年推出，基于 Unix 的操作系统。 +* **SunOS** - 由 Sun Microsystem 于 1982 年推出，衍生自 BSD 基于 Unix 的操作系统。 +* **Tru64 UNIX** - 由 DEC 开发，旧称 OSF/1。 +* **Ubuntu 4.10** - 基于 Debian 的知名操作系统。这是早期的 beta 预发布版本，较早期 Ubuntu 正式发行版更早推出。 +* **Ultrix** - 由 DEC 开发， UNIX 克隆。 +* **UnixWare** - 由 Novell 推出， UNIX 变种。 +* **Xandros Linux** - 首个版本于 2003 年推出。基于 Corel Linux 的专有 Linux 发行版。 +* **Xenix** - 最初由 Microsoft 于 1984 推出， UNIX 变种操作系统。 +不仅仅是 Linux/Unix，你还能找到例如 DOS，Windows，Apple/Mac，OS 2，Novell netware等其他的操作系统与 shell。 +**DOS & CP/M:** + *86-DOS + *Concurrent CPM-86 & Concurrent DOS + *CP/M 86 & CP/M-80 + *DOS Plus + *DR-DOS + *GEM + *MP/M + *MS-DOS + *Multitasking MS-DOS 4.00 + *Multiuser DOS + *PC-DOS + *PC-MOS + *PTS-DOS + *Real/32 + *Tandy Deskmate + *Wendin DOS +**Windows:** + *BackOffice Server + *Windows 1.0/2.x/3.0/3.1/95/98/2000/ME/NT 3.X/NT 4.0 + *Windows Whistler + *WinFrame +**Apple/Mac:** + *Mac OS 7/8/9 + *Mac OS X + *System Software (0-6) +**OS/2:** + *Citrix Multiuser + *OS/2 1.x + *OS/2 2.0 + *OS/2 3.x + *OS/2 Warp 4 +于此同时，WinWorld 也收集了大量的旧软件，系统应用，开发工具和游戏。您在访问网站的时候也可以同时查看它们。 +说实话，我甚至不知道这个网站列出的绝大部分东西，我甚至不知道它们存在过。其中列出的某些工具发布于我出生之前。 +如果您需要或者打算去测试一个经典的程序（例如游戏，软件，操作系统），并且在其他地方找不到它们，那么来 WinWorld 资源库看看，下载它们然后开始你的探险吧。祝您好运！ +免责声明： +OSTechNix 并非隶属于 WinWorld。我们，OSTechNix，并不确保 WinWorld 站点存储数据的真实性与可靠性。而且在你所在的地区，或许从第三方站点下载软件是违法行为。本篇文章作者和 OSTechNix 都不会承担任何责任，使用此服务意味着您将自行承担风险。 +本篇文章到此为止。希望这对您有用，更多的好文章即将发布，敬请期待！ +谢谢各位的阅读！ +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +via: https://www.ostechnix.com/winworld-a-large-collection-of-defunct-oss-software-and-games/ +作者：[SK][a] +选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) +译者：[thecyanbird](https://github.com/thecyanbird) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 +[a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/ +[1]: https://www.ostechnix.com/how-to-run-ms-dos-games-and-programs-in-linux/ From 9c249cb798241b78c0b2e2808670b1a640c1bdca Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: thecyanbird <2534930703@qq.com> Date: Thu, 4 Oct 2018 22:50:28 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 111/219] Rename A Large Collection Of Defunct OSs, Software And Games.md to 20180920 WinWorld - A Large Collection Of Defunct OSs, Software And Games.md --- ...ld - A Large Collection Of Defunct OSs, Software And Games.md} | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename translated/talk/{A Large Collection Of Defunct OSs, Software And Games.md => 20180920 WinWorld - A Large Collection Of Defunct OSs, Software And Games.md} (100%) diff --git a/translated/talk/A Large Collection Of Defunct OSs, Software And Games.md b/translated/talk/20180920 WinWorld - A Large Collection Of Defunct OSs, Software And Games.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/talk/A Large Collection Of Defunct OSs, Software And Games.md rename to translated/talk/20180920 WinWorld - A Large Collection Of Defunct OSs, Software And Games.md From 705c6004e2434e6217613f716a05939471988e2a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: thecyanbird <2534930703@qq.com> Date: Thu, 4 Oct 2018 22:53:50 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 112/219] Update 20180919 Linux Has a Code of Conduct and Not Everyone is Happy With it.md --- ...x Has a Code of Conduct and Not Everyone is Happy With it.md | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/talk/20180919 Linux Has a Code of Conduct and Not Everyone is Happy With it.md b/sources/talk/20180919 Linux Has a Code of Conduct and Not Everyone is Happy With it.md index e161ec4eec..baa490ccbc 100644 --- a/sources/talk/20180919 Linux Has a Code of Conduct and Not Everyone is Happy With it.md +++ b/sources/talk/20180919 Linux Has a Code of Conduct and Not Everyone is Happy With it.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ + + Linux Has a Code of Conduct and Not Everyone is Happy With it ====== **Linux kernel has a new code of conduct (CoC). Linus Torvalds took a break from Linux kernel development just 30 minutes after signing this code of conduct. And since **the writer of this code of conduct has had a controversial past,** it has now become a point of heated discussion. With all the politics involved, not many people are happy with this new CoC.** From c8af2a415ce02128a4ba36d4dea4abfdcd98fc35 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: thecyanbird <2534930703@qq.com> Date: Thu, 4 Oct 2018 22:56:08 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 113/219] Update 20180919 Linux Has a Code of Conduct and Not Everyone is Happy With it.md --- ...x Has a Code of Conduct and Not Everyone is Happy With it.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/talk/20180919 Linux Has a Code of Conduct and Not Everyone is Happy With it.md b/sources/talk/20180919 Linux Has a Code of Conduct and Not Everyone is Happy With it.md index baa490ccbc..971a91f94f 100644 --- a/sources/talk/20180919 Linux Has a Code of Conduct and Not Everyone is Happy With it.md +++ b/sources/talk/20180919 Linux Has a Code of Conduct and Not Everyone is Happy With it.md @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ - +thecyanbird translating Linux Has a Code of Conduct and Not Everyone is Happy With it ====== From 72eff6cbc7e6ba4b6f3e0c4e16fd697366ad7d07 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Fri, 5 Oct 2018 07:40:07 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 114/219] PRF:20180928 How to Install Popcorn Time on Ubuntu 18.04 and Other Linux Distributions.md @dianbanjiu --- ...ntu 18.04 and Other Linux Distributions.md | 90 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 44 insertions(+), 46 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180928 How to Install Popcorn Time on Ubuntu 18.04 and Other Linux Distributions.md b/translated/tech/20180928 How to Install Popcorn Time on Ubuntu 18.04 and Other Linux Distributions.md index 5d7b3f772b..72763c754b 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20180928 How to Install Popcorn Time on Ubuntu 18.04 and Other Linux Distributions.md +++ b/translated/tech/20180928 How to Install Popcorn Time on Ubuntu 18.04 and Other Linux Distributions.md @@ -1,22 +1,23 @@ -# 如何在 Ubuntu 以及其他 Linux 发行版上安装 Popcorn Time +如何在 Ubuntu 18.04 上安装 Popcorn Time +====== -**简要：这篇教程展示给你如何在 Ubuntu 和其他 Linux 发行版上安装 Popcorn Time，也会讨论一些 Popcorn Time 的便捷操作** +> 简要：这篇教程展示给你如何在 Ubuntu 和其他 Linux 发行版上安装 Popcorn Time，也会讨论一些 Popcorn Time 的便捷操作。 -[Popcorn Time][1] 是一个受开源 [Netflix][2] 启发的 [torrent][3] 流媒体应用，可以在 Linux，Mac上Windows 上运行。 +[Popcorn Time][1] 是一个受 [Netflix][2] 启发的开源的 [torrent][3] 流媒体应用，可以在 Linux、Mac、Windows 上运行。 -传统的 torrents，在你看影片之前必须等待它下载完成。 +传统的 torrent，在你看影片之前必须等待它下载完成。 -[Popcorn Time][4] 有所不同。它的使用基于 torrent，但是允许你（几乎）立即开始观看影片。他跟你在 Youtube 或者 Netflix 等流媒体网页上看影片一样，无需等待它下载完成。 +[Popcorn Time][4] 有所不同。它的使用基于 torrent，但是允许你（几乎）立即开始观看影片。它跟你在 Youtube 或者 Netflix 等流媒体网页上看影片一样，无需等待它下载完成。 ![Popcorn Time in Ubuntu Linux][5] -Popcorn Time -如果你不想在看在线电影时被突如其来的广告吓倒的话，Popcorn Time 是一个不错的选择。不过要记得，它的播放质量依赖于当前网络中可用的种子（seeds）数。 +*Popcorn Time* -Popcorn Time 还提供了一个不错的用户界面，让你能够浏览可用的电影，电视剧和其他视频内容。如果你曾经[在 Linux 上使用过 Netflix][6]，你会发现两者有一些相似之处。 +如果你不想在看在线电影时被突如其来的广告吓倒的话，Popcorn Time 是一个不错的选择。不过要记得，它的播放质量依赖于当前网络中可用的种子seed数。 -有些国家严格打击盗版，所以使用 torrent 下载电影是违法行为。在类似美国，英国和西欧等一些国家，你或许曾经收到过法律声明。也就是说，是否使用取决于你。已经警告过你了。 -(如果你仍想要冒险使用 Popcorn Time，你应该使用像 [Ivacy][7] 这样的 VPN 服务，它为使用 Torrents 和保护隐私有特别的设计。即便这样，也不能完全避免被查到。) +Popcorn Time 还提供了一个不错的用户界面，让你能够浏览可用的电影、电视剧和其他视频内容。如果你曾经[在 Linux 上使用过 Netflix][6]，你会发现两者有一些相似之处。 + +有些国家严格打击盗版，所以使用 torrent 下载电影是违法行为。在类似美国、英国和西欧等一些国家，你或许曾经收到过法律声明。也就是说，是否使用取决于你。已经警告过你了。 Popcorn Time 一些主要的特点： @@ -24,39 +25,42 @@ Popcorn Time 一些主要的特点： * 有一个时尚的用户界面让你浏览可用的电影和电视剧资源 * 调整流媒体的质量 * 标记为稍后观看 - * 下载为离线观看 + * 下载为离线观看 * 可以默认开启字幕，改变字母尺寸等 * 使用键盘快捷键浏览 ### 如何在 Ubuntu 和其它 Linux 发行版上安装 Popcorn Time -这篇教程以 Ubuntu 18.04 为例，但是你可以使用类似的结构，在例如 Linux Mint，Debian，Manjaro，Deepin等 Linux 发行版上安装。 +这篇教程以 Ubuntu 18.04 为例，但是你可以使用类似的说明，在例如 Linux Mint、Debian、Manjaro、Deepin 等 Linux 发行版上安装。 + +Popcorn Time 在 Deepin Linux 的软件中心中也可用。Manjaro 和 Arch 用户也可以轻松地使用 AUR 来安装 Popcorn Time。 接下来我们看该如何在 Linux 上安装 Popcorn Time。事实上，这个过程非常简单。只需要按照说明操作复制粘贴我提到的这些命令即可。 #### 第一步：下载 Popcorn Time -你可以从它的官网上安装 Popcorn Time。它主页上的下载链接是。 -[Get Popcorn Time](https://popcorntime.sh/) +你可以从它的官网上安装 Popcorn Time。下载链接在它的主页上。 + +- [下载 Popcorn Time](https://popcorntime.sh/) #### 第二步：安装 Popcorn Time -下载完成之后，就该使用它了。下载下来的是一个 tar 文件，在这些文件里面包含有一个可执行文件。你可以把 tar 文件提取在任何位置，[Linux 常把附加软件安装在][8] /[opt 目录。][8] +下载完成之后，就该使用它了。下载下来的是一个 tar 文件，在这些文件里面包含有一个可执行文件。你可以把 tar 文件提取在任何位置，[Linux 常把附加软件安装在][8] [/opt 目录][8]。 -在 /opt 下创建一个新的目录： +在 `/opt` 下创建一个新的目录： ``` sudo mkdir /opt/popcorntime ``` -现在进入你下载文件的文件夹中，比如我把 Popcorn Time 下载到了主目录的 Downloads目录下。 +现在进入你下载文件的文件夹中，比如我把 Popcorn Time 下载到了主目录的 Downloads 目录下。 ``` cd ~/Downloads ``` -提取下载好的 Popcorn Time 文件到新创建的 /opt/popcorntime 目录下 +提取下载好的 Popcorn Time 文件到新创建的 `/opt/popcorntime` 目录下： ``` sudo tar Jxf Popcorn-Time-* -C /opt/popcorntime @@ -64,7 +68,7 @@ sudo tar Jxf Popcorn-Time-* -C /opt/popcorntime #### 第三步：让所有用户可以使用 Popcorn Time -如果你想要系统中所有的用户无需经过 sudo 就可以运行 Popcorn Time。你需要在 /usr/bin 目录下创建一个[符号链接（软链接）][9]指向这个可执行文件。 +如果你想要系统中所有的用户无需经过 `sudo` 就可以运行 Popcorn Time。你需要在 `/usr/bin` 目录下创建一个[符号链接（软链接）][9]指向这个可执行文件。 ``` ln -sf /opt/popcorntime/Popcorn-Time /usr/bin/Popcorn-Time @@ -76,13 +80,13 @@ ln -sf /opt/popcorntime/Popcorn-Time /usr/bin/Popcorn-Time 为此，你需要创建一个桌面入口。 -打开一个终端窗口，在 /usr/share/applications 目录下创建一个名为 popcorntime.desktop 的文件。 +打开一个终端窗口，在 `/usr/share/applications` 目录下创建一个名为 `popcorntime.desktop` 的文件。 你可以使用任何[基于命令行的文本编辑器][10]。Ubuntu 默认安装了 [Nano][11]，所以你可以直接使用这个。 ``` sudo nano /usr/share/applications/popcorntime.desktop -``` +``` 在里面插入以下内容： @@ -95,11 +99,11 @@ Name = Popcorn-Time Exec = /usr/bin/Popcorn-Time Icon = /opt/popcorntime/popcorn.png Categories = Application; -``` +``` -如果你使用的是 Nano 编辑器，使用 Ctrl+X 保存输入的内容，当询问是否保存时，输入 Y，然后按回车保存并退出。 +如果你使用的是 Nano 编辑器，使用 `Ctrl+X` 保存输入的内容，当询问是否保存时，输入 `Y`，然后按回车保存并退出。 -就快要完成了。最后一件事就是为 Popcorn Time 设置一个正确的图标。你可以下载一个 Popcorn Time 图标到 /opt/popcorntime 目录下，并命名为 popcorn.png。 +就快要完成了。最后一件事就是为 Popcorn Time 设置一个正确的图标。你可以下载一个 Popcorn Time 图标到 `/opt/popcorntime` 目录下，并命名为 `popcorn.png`。 你可以使用以下命令： @@ -109,13 +113,15 @@ sudo wget -O /opt/popcorntime/popcorn.png https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia 这样就 OK 了。现在你可以搜索 Popcorn Time 然后点击启动它了。 -![Popcorn Time installed on Ubuntu][12] -在菜单里搜索 Popcorn Time +![Popcorn Time installed on Ubuntu][12] + +*在菜单里搜索 Popcorn Time* 第一次启动时，你必须接受这些条款和条件。 ![Popcorn Time in Ubuntu][13] -接受这些服务条款 + +*接受这些服务条款* 一旦你完成这些，你就可以享受你的电影和电视节目了。 @@ -123,22 +129,17 @@ sudo wget -O /opt/popcorntime/popcorn.png https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia 好了，这就是所有你在 Ubuntu 或者其他 Linux 发行版上安装 Popcorn Time 所需要的了。你可以直接开始看你最喜欢的影视节目了。 -当然，如果你有兴趣的话，我建议你阅读以下关于 Popcorn Time 的小贴士，可以学到更多。 - -[![][15]][16] -![][17] - ### 高效使用 Popcorn Time 的七个小贴士 现在你已经安装好了 Popcorn Time 了，我接下来将要告诉你一些有用的 Popcorn Time 技巧。我保证它会增强你使用 Popcorn Time 的体验。 -#### 1\. 使用高级设置 +#### 1、 使用高级设置 始终启用高级设置。它给了你更多的选项去调整 Popcorn Time 点击右上角的齿轮标记。查看其中的高级设置。 ![](https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Popcorn_Time_Tricks.jpeg) -#### 2\. 在 VLC 或者其他播放器里观看影片 +#### 2、 在 VLC 或者其他播放器里观看影片 你知道你可以选择自己喜欢的播放器而不是 Popcorn Time 默认的播放器观看一个视频吗？当然，这个播放器必须已经安装在你的系统上了。 @@ -148,29 +149,29 @@ sudo wget -O /opt/popcorntime/popcorn.png https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia ![](https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Pocorn_Time_Tricks_1.png) -#### 3\. 将影片标记为稍后观看 +#### 3、 将影片标记为稍后观看 只是浏览电影和电视节目，但是却没有时间和精力去看？这不是问题。你可以添加这些影片到书签里面，稍后可以在 Faveriate 标签里面访问这些影片。这可以让你创建一个你想要稍后观看的列表。 ![](https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Pocorn_Time_Tricks2.png) -#### 4\. 检查 torrent 的信息和种子信息 +#### 4、 检查 torrent 的信息和种子信息 像我之前提到的，你在 Popcorn Time 的观看体验依赖于 torrent 的速度。好消息是 Popcorn Time 显示了 torrent 的信息，因此你可以知道流媒体的速度。 -你可以在文件上看到一个绿色 / 黄色 / 红色的点。绿色意味着有足够的种子，文件很容易播放。黄色意味着有中等数量的种子，应该可以播放。红色意味着只有非常少可用的种子，播放的速度会很慢甚至无法观看。 +你可以在文件上看到一个绿色/黄色/红色的点。绿色意味着有足够的种子，文件很容易播放。黄色意味着有中等数量的种子，应该可以播放。红色意味着只有非常少可用的种子，播放的速度会很慢甚至无法观看。 ![](https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Pocorn_Time_Tricks3.jpg) -#### 5\. 添加自定义字幕 +#### 5、 添加自定义字幕 如果你需要字幕而且它没有你想要的语言，你可以从外部网站下载自定义字幕。得到 .src 文件，然后就可以在 Popcorn Time 中使用它： ![](https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Pocporn_Time_Tricks5.png) -这是[用 VLC 自动下载字幕][19] +你可以[用 VLC 自动下载字幕][19]。 -#### 6\. 保存文件离线观看 +#### 6、 保存文件离线观看 用 Popcorn Time 播放内容时，它会下载并暂时存储这些内容。当你关闭 APP 时，缓存会被清理干净。你可以更改这个操作，使得下载的文件可以保存下来供你未来使用。 @@ -178,7 +179,7 @@ sudo wget -O /opt/popcorntime/popcorn.png https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia ![](https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Popcorn_Time_Tips.jpg) -#### 7\. 拖放外部 torrent 文件立即播放 +#### 7、 拖放外部 torrent 文件立即播放 我猜你不知道这个操作。如果你没有在 Popcorn Time 发现某些影片，从你最喜欢的 torrent 网站下载 torrent 文件，打开 Popcorn Time，然后拖放这个 torrent 文件到 Popcorn Time 里面。它将会立即播放文件，当然这个取决于种子。这次你不需要在观看前下载整个文件了。 @@ -188,10 +189,7 @@ sudo wget -O /opt/popcorntime/popcorn.png https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia 在 Popcorn Time 里面有很多的功能，但是我决定就此打住，剩下的就由你自己来探索吧。我希望你能发现更多 Popcorn Time 有用的功能和技巧。 -我再提醒一遍，使用 Torrents 在很多国家是违法的。如果你还是这样做了，请做好防护措施，并使用 VPN 服务。如果你想要我的建议，你可以去看一下（让 [ProtonMail][21] 成名的）[瑞士的隐私公司 ProtonVPN][20]。新加坡的 [Ivacy][7] 也是一个不错的选择。如果你觉得这些都太贵了，你可以看一下[在 FOSS SHOP 上廉价的 VPN][22] - -注意：这篇文章里包含了会员链接，请阅读我们的[会员隐私][23]。 - +我再提醒一遍，使用 Torrents 在很多国家是违法的。 ----------------------------------- @@ -200,7 +198,7 @@ via: https://itsfoss.com/popcorn-time-ubuntu-linux/ 作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a] 选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) 译者：[dianbanjiu](https://github.com/dianbanjiu) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From f414f68dd6696cde10caffbb8d4ed3888166b99b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Fri, 5 Oct 2018 07:40:26 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 115/219] PUB:20180928 How to Install Popcorn Time on Ubuntu 18.04 and Other Linux Distributions.md @dianbanjiu https://linux.cn/article-10081-1.html --- ... Popcorn Time on Ubuntu 18.04 and Other Linux Distributions.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20180928 How to Install Popcorn Time on Ubuntu 18.04 and Other Linux Distributions.md (100%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180928 How to Install Popcorn Time on Ubuntu 18.04 and Other Linux Distributions.md b/published/20180928 How to Install Popcorn Time on Ubuntu 18.04 and Other Linux Distributions.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/tech/20180928 How to Install Popcorn Time on Ubuntu 18.04 and Other Linux Distributions.md rename to published/20180928 How to Install Popcorn Time on Ubuntu 18.04 and Other Linux Distributions.md From 989d865cc3788bc4a24c210df8a19ae7bdc72305 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: pityonline Date: Tue, 2 Oct 2018 23:24:38 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 116/219] =?UTF-8?q?PRF:=20#10302=20=E5=88=9D=E6=AD=A5?= =?UTF-8?q?=E6=A0=A1=E5=AF=B9=E5=B9=B6=E8=B0=83=E6=95=B4=E6=A0=BC=E5=BC=8F?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...e SSH Key-based Authentication In Linux.md | 57 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 29 insertions(+), 28 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180709 How To Configure SSH Key-based Authentication In Linux.md b/translated/tech/20180709 How To Configure SSH Key-based Authentication In Linux.md index 5c69d6a92b..dc34038a6e 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20180709 How To Configure SSH Key-based Authentication In Linux.md +++ b/translated/tech/20180709 How To Configure SSH Key-based Authentication In Linux.md @@ -1,33 +1,35 @@ -如何在 Linux 中配置基于密钥认证的 SSH +如何在 Linux 中配置基于密钥认证的 SSH ====== ![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Configure-SSH-Key-based-Authentication-In-Linux-720x340.png) -### 什么是基于 SSH密钥的认证？ +### 什么是基于 SSH 密钥的认证？ -众所周知，**Secure Shell**，又称 **SSH**，是允许你通过无安全网络(例如 Internet)和远程系统之间安全访问/通信的加密网络协议。无论何时使用 SSH 在无安全网络上发送数据，它都会在源系统上自动地被加密，并且在目的系统上解密。SSH 提供了四种加密方式，**基于密码认证**，**基于密钥认证**，**基于主机认证**和**键盘认证**。最常用的认证方式是基于密码认证和基于密钥认证。 +众所周知，**Secure Shell**，又称 **SSH**，是允许你通过无安全网络（例如 Internet）和远程系统之间安全访问/通信的加密网络协议。无论何时使用 SSH 在无安全网络上发送数据，它都会在源系统上自动地被加密，并且在目的系统上解密。SSH 提供了四种加密方式，**基于密码认证**，**基于密钥认证**，**基于主机认证**和**键盘认证**。最常用的认证方式是基于密码认证和基于密钥认证。 -在基于密码认证中，你需要的仅仅是远程系统上用户的密码。如果你知道远程用户的密码，你可以使用**“ssh[[email protected]][1]”**访问各自的系统。另一方面，在基于密钥认证中，为了通过 SSH 通信，你需要生成 SSH 密钥对，并且为远程系统上传 SSH 公钥。每个 SSH 密钥对由私钥与公钥组成。私钥应该保存在客户系统上，公钥应该上传给远程系统。你不应该将私钥透露给任何人。希望你已经对 SSH 和它的认证方式有了基本的概念。 +在基于密码认证中，你需要的仅仅是远程系统上用户的密码。如果你知道远程用户的密码，你可以使用 `ssh user@remote-system-name` 访问各自的系统。另一方面，在基于密钥认证中，为了通过 SSH 通信，你需要生成 SSH 密钥对，并且为远程系统上传 SSH 公钥。每个 SSH 密钥对由私钥与公钥组成。私钥应该保存在客户系统上，公钥应该上传给远程系统。你不应该将私钥透露给任何人。希望你已经对 SSH 和它的认证方式有了基本的概念。 -这篇教程，我们将讨论如何在 linux 上配置基于密钥认证的 SSH。 +这篇教程，我们将讨论如何在 Linux 上配置基于密钥认证的 SSH。 -### 在 Linux 上配置基于密钥认证的SSH +### 在 Linux 上配置基于密钥认证的 SSH 为本篇教程起见，我将使用 Arch Linux 为本地系统，Ubuntu 18.04 LTS 为远程系统。 本地系统详情： - * **OS** : Arch Linux Desktop - * **IP address** : 192.168.225.37 /24 + +* OS: Arch Linux Desktop +* IP address: 192.168.225.37/24 远程系统详情： - * **OS** : Ubuntu 18.04 LTS Server - * **IP address** : 192.168.225.22/24 + +* OS: Ubuntu 18.04 LTS Server +* IP address: 192.168.225.22/24 ### 本地系统配置 -就像我之前所说，在基于密钥认证的方法中，想要通过 SSH 访问远程系统，就应该将公钥上传给它。公钥通常会被保存在远程系统的一个文件**~/.ssh/authorized_keys** 中。 +就像我之前所说，在基于密钥认证的方法中，想要通过 SSH 访问远程系统，就应该将公钥上传给它。公钥通常会被保存在远程系统的一个文件 `~/.ssh/authorized_keys` 中。 -**注意事项：**不要使用**root** 用户生成密钥对，这样只有 root 用户才可以使用。使用普通用户创建密钥对。 +**注意事项**：不要使用 **root** 用户生成密钥对，这样只有 root 用户才可以使用。使用普通用户创建密钥对。 现在，让我们在本地系统上创建一个 SSH 密钥对。只需要在客户端系统上运行下面的命令。 @@ -37,7 +39,7 @@ $ ssh-keygen 上面的命令将会创建一个 2048 位的 RSA 密钥对。输入两次密码。更重要的是，记住你的密码。后面将会用到它。 -**样例输出** +样例输出： ``` Generating public/private rsa key pair. @@ -62,16 +64,16 @@ The key's randomart image is: +----[SHA256]-----+ ``` -如果你已经创建了密钥对，你将看到以下信息。输入 ‘y’ 就会覆盖已存在的密钥。 +如果你已经创建了密钥对，你将看到以下信息。输入 y 就会覆盖已存在的密钥。 ``` /home/username/.ssh/id_rsa already exists. Overwrite (y/n)? ``` -请注意**密码是可选的**。如果你输入了密码，那么每次通过 SSH 访问远程系统时都要求输入密码，除非你使用了 SSH 代理保存了密码。如果你不想要密码（虽然不安全），简单地输入两次 ENTER。不过，我们建议你使用密码。从安全的角度来看，使用无密码的 ssh 密钥对大体上不是一个很好的主意。 这种方式应该限定在特殊的情况下使用，例如，没有用户介入的服务访问远程系统。（例如，用 rsync 远程备份...） +请注意**密码是可选的**。如果你输入了密码，那么每次通过 SSH 访问远程系统时都要求输入密码，除非你使用了 SSH 代理保存了密码。如果你不想要密码（虽然不安全），简单地输入两次 ENTER。不过，我们建议你使用密码。从安全的角度来看，使用无密码的 ssh 密钥对大体上不是一个很好的主意。这种方式应该限定在特殊的情况下使用，例如，没有用户介入的服务访问远程系统。（例如，用 rsync 远程备份……） -如果你已经在个人文件 **~/.ssh/id_rsa** 中有了无密码的密钥对，但想要更新为带密码的密钥。使用下面的命令： +如果你已经在个人文件 `~/.ssh/id_rsa` 中有了无密码的密钥对，但想要更新为带密码的密钥。使用下面的命令： ``` $ ssh-keygen -p -f ~/.ssh/id_rsa @@ -91,9 +93,9 @@ Your identification has been saved with the new passphrase. $ ssh-copy-id sk@192.168.225.22 ``` -在这，我把本地（Arch Linux）系统上的公钥拷贝到了远程系统（Ubuntu 18.04 LTS）上。从技术上讲，上面的命令会把本地系统 **~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub key** 文件中的内容拷贝到远程系统**~/.ssh/authorized_keys** 中。明白了吗？非常棒。 +在这，我把本地（Arch Linux）系统上的公钥拷贝到了远程系统（Ubuntu 18.04 LTS）上。从技术上讲，上面的命令会把本地系统 `~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub` 文件中的内容拷贝到远程系统 `~/.ssh/authorized_keys` 中。明白了吗？非常棒。 -输入 **yes** 来继续连接你的远程 SSH 服务端。接着，输入远程系统 root 用户的密码。 +输入 yes 来继续连接你的远程 SSH 服务端。接着，输入远程系统 root 用户的密码。 ``` /usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: attempting to log in with the new key(s), to filter out any that are already installed @@ -106,7 +108,7 @@ Now try logging into the machine, with: "ssh '[email protected]'" and check to make sure that only the key(s) you wanted were added. ``` -如果你已经拷贝了密钥，但想要替换为新的密码，使用 **-f** 选项覆盖已有的密钥。 +如果你已经拷贝了密钥，但想要替换为新的密码，使用 `-f` 选项覆盖已有的密钥。 ``` $ ssh-copy-id -f sk@192.168.225.22 @@ -118,13 +120,13 @@ $ ssh-copy-id -f sk@192.168.225.22 你需要在 root 或者 sudo 用户下执行下面的命令。 -为了禁用基于密码的认证，你需要在远程系统的控制台上编辑 **/etc/ssh/sshd_config** 配置文件： +为了禁用基于密码的认证，你需要在远程系统的控制台上编辑 `/etc/ssh/sshd_config` 配置文件： ``` $ sudo vi /etc/ssh/sshd_config ``` -找到下面这一行，去掉注释然后将值设为 **no** +找到下面这一行，去掉注释然后将值设为 `no`： ``` PasswordAuthentication no @@ -156,7 +158,7 @@ Last login: Mon Jul 9 09:59:51 2018 from 192.168.225.37 现在，你就能 SSH 你的远程系统了。如你所见，我们已经使用之前 **ssh-keygen** 创建的密码登录进了远程系统的账户，而不是使用账户实际的密码。 -如果你试图从其他客户端系统 ssh （远程系统），你将会得到这条错误信息。比如，我试图通过命令从 CentOS SSH 访问 Ubuntu 系统： +如果你试图从其它客户端系统 ssh（远程系统），你将会得到这条错误信息。比如，我试图通过命令从 CentOS SSH 访问 Ubuntu 系统： **样例输出:** @@ -168,7 +170,7 @@ Warning: Permanently added '192.168.225.22' (ECDSA) to the list of known hosts. Permission denied (publickey). ``` -如你所见，除了 CentOS （译注：根据上文，这里应该是 Arch） 系统外，我不能通过其他任何系统 SSH 访问我的远程系统 Ubuntu 18.04。 +如你所见，除了 CentOS（译注：根据上文，这里应该是 Arch）系统外，我不能通过其它任何系统 SSH 访问我的远程系统 Ubuntu 18.04。 ### 为 SSH 服务端添加更多客户端系统的密钥 @@ -180,7 +182,7 @@ Permission denied (publickey). $ ssh-keygen ``` -输入两次密码。现在， ssh 密钥对已经生成了。你需要手动把公钥（不是私钥）拷贝到远程服务端上。 +输入两次密码。现在，ssh 密钥对已经生成了。你需要手动把公钥（不是私钥）拷贝到远程服务端上。 使用命令查看公钥： @@ -194,7 +196,7 @@ $ cat ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAADAQABAAABAQCt3a9tIeK5rPx9p74/KjEVXa6/OODyRp0QLS/sLp8W6iTxFL+UgALZlupVNgFjvRR5luJ9dLHWwc+d4umavAWz708e6Na9ftEPQtC28rTFsHwmyLKvLkzcGkC5+A0NdbiDZLaK3K3wgq1jzYYKT5k+IaNS6vtrx5LDObcPNPEBDt4vTixQ7GZHrDUUk5586IKeFfwMCWguHveTN7ykmo2EyL2rV7TmYq+eY2ZqqcsoK0fzXMK7iifGXVmuqTkAmZLGZK8a3bPb6VZd7KFum3Ezbu4BXZGp7FVhnOMgau2kYeOH/ItKPzpCAn+dg3NAAziCCxnII9b4nSSGz3mMY4Y7 ostechnix@centosserver ``` -拷贝所有内容（通过 USB 驱动器或者其它任何介质），然后去你的远程服务端的控制台。像下面那样，在 home 下创建文件夹叫做 **ssh**。你需要以 root 身份执行命令。 +拷贝所有内容（通过 USB 驱动器或者其它任何介质），然后去你的远程服务端的控制台。像下面那样，在 `$HOME` 下创建文件夹叫做 `.ssh`。你需要以 root 身份执行命令。 ``` $ mkdir -p ~/.ssh @@ -227,9 +229,8 @@ via: https://www.ostechnix.com/configure-ssh-key-based-authentication-linux/ 作者：[SK][a] 选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) 译者：[LuuMing](https://github.com/LuuMing) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[pityonline](https://github.com/pityonline) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 -[a]:https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/ -[1]:https://www.ostechnix.com/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection +[a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/ From cc71cdf04c0d45d4153dc98b9b971622ee46ee8a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: pityonline Date: Fri, 5 Oct 2018 08:46:53 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 117/219] =?UTF-8?q?PRF:=20#10302=20=E5=AE=8C=E6=88=90?= =?UTF-8?q?=E6=A0=A1=E5=AF=B9?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...e SSH Key-based Authentication In Linux.md | 49 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 26 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180709 How To Configure SSH Key-based Authentication In Linux.md b/translated/tech/20180709 How To Configure SSH Key-based Authentication In Linux.md index dc34038a6e..77a4e03b35 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20180709 How To Configure SSH Key-based Authentication In Linux.md +++ b/translated/tech/20180709 How To Configure SSH Key-based Authentication In Linux.md @@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ ### 在 Linux 上配置基于密钥认证的 SSH -为本篇教程起见，我将使用 Arch Linux 为本地系统，Ubuntu 18.04 LTS 为远程系统。 +为方便演示，我将使用 Arch Linux 为本地系统，Ubuntu 18.04 LTS 为远程系统。 本地系统详情： @@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ ### 本地系统配置 -就像我之前所说，在基于密钥认证的方法中，想要通过 SSH 访问远程系统，就应该将公钥上传给它。公钥通常会被保存在远程系统的一个文件 `~/.ssh/authorized_keys` 中。 +就像我之前所说，在基于密钥认证的方法中，想要通过 SSH 访问远程系统，需要将公钥上传到远程系统。公钥通常会被保存在远程系统的一个 `~/.ssh/authorized_keys` 文件中。 **注意事项**：不要使用 **root** 用户生成密钥对，这样只有 root 用户才可以使用。使用普通用户创建密钥对。 @@ -37,9 +37,9 @@ $ ssh-keygen ``` -上面的命令将会创建一个 2048 位的 RSA 密钥对。输入两次密码。更重要的是，记住你的密码。后面将会用到它。 +上面的命令将会创建一个 2048 位的 RSA 密钥对。你需要输入两次密码。更重要的是，记住你的密码。后面将会用到它。 -样例输出： +**样例输出**： ``` Generating public/private rsa key pair. @@ -71,15 +71,15 @@ The key's randomart image is: Overwrite (y/n)? ``` -请注意**密码是可选的**。如果你输入了密码，那么每次通过 SSH 访问远程系统时都要求输入密码，除非你使用了 SSH 代理保存了密码。如果你不想要密码（虽然不安全），简单地输入两次 ENTER。不过，我们建议你使用密码。从安全的角度来看，使用无密码的 ssh 密钥对大体上不是一个很好的主意。这种方式应该限定在特殊的情况下使用，例如，没有用户介入的服务访问远程系统。（例如，用 rsync 远程备份……） +请注意**密码是可选的**。如果你输入了密码，那么每次通过 SSH 访问远程系统时都要求输入密码，除非你使用了 SSH 代理保存了密码。如果你不想要密码（虽然不安全），简单地敲两次回车。不过，我建议你使用密码。从安全的角度来看，使用无密码的 ssh 密钥对不是什么好主意。这种方式应该限定在特殊的情况下使用，例如，没有用户介入的服务访问远程系统。（例如，用 rsync 远程备份……） -如果你已经在个人文件 `~/.ssh/id_rsa` 中有了无密码的密钥对，但想要更新为带密码的密钥。使用下面的命令： +如果你已经在个人文件 `~/.ssh/id_rsa` 中有了无密码的密钥，但想要更新为带密码的密钥。使用下面的命令： ``` $ ssh-keygen -p -f ~/.ssh/id_rsa ``` -样例输出： +**样例输出**： ``` Enter new passphrase (empty for no passphrase): @@ -93,18 +93,18 @@ Your identification has been saved with the new passphrase. $ ssh-copy-id sk@192.168.225.22 ``` -在这，我把本地（Arch Linux）系统上的公钥拷贝到了远程系统（Ubuntu 18.04 LTS）上。从技术上讲，上面的命令会把本地系统 `~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub` 文件中的内容拷贝到远程系统 `~/.ssh/authorized_keys` 中。明白了吗？非常棒。 +在这里，我把本地（Arch Linux）系统上的公钥拷贝到了远程系统（Ubuntu 18.04 LTS）上。从技术上讲，上面的命令会把本地系统 `~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub` 文件中的内容拷贝到远程系统 `~/.ssh/authorized_keys` 中。明白了吗？非常棒。 -输入 yes 来继续连接你的远程 SSH 服务端。接着，输入远程系统 root 用户的密码。 +输入 yes 来继续连接你的远程 SSH 服务端。接着，输入远程系统 sk 用户的密码。 ``` /usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: attempting to log in with the new key(s), to filter out any that are already installed /usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: 1 key(s) remain to be installed -- if you are prompted now it is to install the new keys -[email protected]2.168.225.22's password: +sk@192.168.225.22's password: Number of key(s) added: 1 -Now try logging into the machine, with: "ssh '[email protected]'" +Now try logging into the machine, with: "ssh 'sk@192.168.225.22'" and check to make sure that only the key(s) you wanted were added. ``` @@ -114,13 +114,13 @@ and check to make sure that only the key(s) you wanted were added. $ ssh-copy-id -f sk@192.168.225.22 ``` -我们现在已经成功地将本地系统的 SSH 公钥添加进了远程系统。现在，让我们在远程系统上完全禁用掉基于密码认证的方式。因为，我们已经配置了密钥认证，因此我们不再需要密码认证了。 +我们现在已经成功地将本地系统的 SSH 公钥添加进了远程系统。现在，让我们在远程系统上完全禁用掉基于密码认证的方式。因为我们已经配置了密钥认证，因此不再需要密码认证了。 ### 在远程系统上禁用基于密码认证的 SSH 你需要在 root 或者 sudo 用户下执行下面的命令。 -为了禁用基于密码的认证，你需要在远程系统的控制台上编辑 `/etc/ssh/sshd_config` 配置文件： +禁用基于密码的认证，你需要在远程系统的终端里编辑 `/etc/ssh/sshd_config` 配置文件： ``` $ sudo vi /etc/ssh/sshd_config @@ -148,19 +148,19 @@ $ ssh sk@192.168.225.22 输入密码。 -**样例输出：** +**样例输出**： ``` Enter passphrase for key '/home/sk/.ssh/id_rsa': Last login: Mon Jul 9 09:59:51 2018 from 192.168.225.37 -[email protected]:~$ +sk@ubuntuserver:~$ ``` -现在，你就能 SSH 你的远程系统了。如你所见，我们已经使用之前 **ssh-keygen** 创建的密码登录进了远程系统的账户，而不是使用账户实际的密码。 +现在，你就能 SSH 你的远程系统了。如你所见，我们已经使用之前 `ssh-keygen` 创建的密码登录进了远程系统的账户，而不是使用当前账户实际的密码。 如果你试图从其它客户端系统 ssh（远程系统），你将会得到这条错误信息。比如，我试图通过命令从 CentOS SSH 访问 Ubuntu 系统： -**样例输出:** +**样例输出**： ``` The authenticity of host '192.168.225.22 (192.168.225.22)' can't be established. @@ -184,19 +184,19 @@ $ ssh-keygen 输入两次密码。现在，ssh 密钥对已经生成了。你需要手动把公钥（不是私钥）拷贝到远程服务端上。 -使用命令查看公钥： +使用以下命令查看公钥： ``` $ cat ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub ``` -应该会输出如下信息： +应该会输出类似下面的信息： ``` ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAADAQABAAABAQCt3a9tIeK5rPx9p74/KjEVXa6/OODyRp0QLS/sLp8W6iTxFL+UgALZlupVNgFjvRR5luJ9dLHWwc+d4umavAWz708e6Na9ftEPQtC28rTFsHwmyLKvLkzcGkC5+A0NdbiDZLaK3K3wgq1jzYYKT5k+IaNS6vtrx5LDObcPNPEBDt4vTixQ7GZHrDUUk5586IKeFfwMCWguHveTN7ykmo2EyL2rV7TmYq+eY2ZqqcsoK0fzXMK7iifGXVmuqTkAmZLGZK8a3bPb6VZd7KFum3Ezbu4BXZGp7FVhnOMgau2kYeOH/ItKPzpCAn+dg3NAAziCCxnII9b4nSSGz3mMY4Y7 ostechnix@centosserver ``` -拷贝所有内容（通过 USB 驱动器或者其它任何介质），然后去你的远程服务端的控制台。像下面那样，在 `$HOME` 下创建文件夹叫做 `.ssh`。你需要以 root 身份执行命令。 +拷贝所有内容（通过 USB 驱动器或者其它任何介质），然后去你的远程服务端的终端，像下面那样，在 `$HOME` 下创建文件夹叫做 `.ssh`。你需要以 root 身份执行命令（注：不一定需要 root）。 ``` $ mkdir -p ~/.ssh @@ -210,15 +210,16 @@ echo {Your_public_key_contents_here} >> ~/.ssh/authorized_keys 在远程系统上重启 ssh 服务。现在，你可以在新的客户端上 SSH 远程服务端了。 -如果觉得手动添加 ssh 公钥有些困难，在远程系统上暂时性启用密码认证，使用 “ssh-copy-id“ 命令从本地系统上拷贝密钥，最后关闭密码认证。 +如果觉得手动添加 ssh 公钥有些困难，在远程系统上暂时性启用密码认证，使用 `ssh-copy-id` 命令从本地系统上拷贝密钥，最后禁用密码认证。 **推荐阅读：** -（译者注：在原文中此处有超链接） +* [SSLH – Share A Same Port For HTTPS And SSH][1] +* [ScanSSH – Fast SSH Server And Open Proxy Scanner][2] 好了，到此为止。基于密钥认证的 SSH 提供了一层防止暴力破解的额外保护。如你所见，配置密钥认证一点也不困难。这是一个非常好的方法让你的 Linux 服务端安全可靠。 -不久我就会带来另一篇有用的文章。到那时，继续关注 OSTechNix。 +不久我会带来另一篇有用的文章。请继续关注 OSTechNix。 干杯！ @@ -234,3 +235,5 @@ via: https://www.ostechnix.com/configure-ssh-key-based-authentication-linux/ 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 [a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/ +[1]: https://www.ostechnix.com/sslh-share-port-https-ssh/ +[2]: https://www.ostechnix.com/scanssh-fast-ssh-server-open-proxy-scanner/ From 315910a15fe61752852e84f4fb19cb25efce6521 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: HankChow <280630620@qq.com> Date: Fri, 5 Oct 2018 15:04:15 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 118/219] translated --- ...5 Essential Tools for Linux Development.md | 150 ------------------ ...5 Essential Tools for Linux Development.md | 131 +++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 131 insertions(+), 150 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20180803 5 Essential Tools for Linux Development.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20180803 5 Essential Tools for Linux Development.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20180803 5 Essential Tools for Linux Development.md b/sources/tech/20180803 5 Essential Tools for Linux Development.md deleted file mode 100644 index 7c2ab1f7d5..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20180803 5 Essential Tools for Linux Development.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,150 +0,0 @@ -HankChow translating - -5 Essential Tools for Linux Development -====== - -![](https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/dev-tools.png?itok=kkDNylRg) - -Linux has become a mainstay for many sectors of work, play, and personal life. We depend upon it. With Linux, technology is expanding and evolving faster than anyone could have imagined. That means Linux development is also happening at an exponential rate. Because of this, more and more developers will be hopping on board the open source and Linux dev train in the immediate, near, and far-off future. For that, people will need tools. Fortunately, there are a ton of dev tools available for Linux; so many, in fact, that it can be a bit intimidating to figure out precisely what you need (especially if you’re coming from another platform). - -To make that easier, I thought I’d help narrow down the selection a bit for you. But instead of saying you should use Tool X and Tool Y, I’m going to narrow it down to five categories and then offer up an example for each. Just remember, for most categories, there are several available options. And, with that said, let’s get started. - -### Containers - -Let’s face it, in this day and age you need to be working with containers. Not only are they incredibly easy to deploy, they make for great development environments. If you regularly develop for a specific platform, why not do so by creating a container image that includes all of the tools you need to make the process quick and easy. With that image available, you can then develop and roll out numerous instances of whatever software or service you need. - -Using containers for development couldn’t be easier than it is with [Docker][1]. The advantages of using containers (and Docker) are: - - * Consistent development environment. - - * You can trust it will “just work” upon deployment. - - * Makes it easy to build across platforms. - - * Docker images available for all types of development environments and languages. - - * Deploying single containers or container clusters is simple. - - - - -Thanks to [Docker Hub][2], you’ll find images for nearly any platform, development environment, server, service… just about anything you need. Using images from Docker Hub means you can skip over the creation of the development environment and go straight to work on developing your app, server, API, or service. - -Docker is easily installable of most every Linux platform. For example: To install Docker on Ubuntu, you only have to open a terminal window and issue the command: -``` -sudo apt-get install docker.io - -``` - -With Docker installed, you’re ready to start pulling down specific images, developing, and deploying (Figure 1). - -![Docker images][4] - -Figure 1: Docker images ready to deploy. - -[Used with permission][5] - -### Version control system - -If you’re working on a large project or with a team on a project, you’re going to need a version control system. Why? Because you need to keep track of your code, where your code is, and have an easy means of making commits and merging code from others. Without such a tool, your projects would be nearly impossible to manage. For Linux users, you cannot beat the ease of use and widespread deployment of [Git][6] and [GitHub][7]. If you’re new to their worlds, Git is the version control system that you install on your local machine and GitHub is the remote repository you use to upload (and then manage) your projects. Git can be installed on most Linux distributions. For example, on a Debian-based system, the install is as simple as: -``` -sudo apt-get install git - -``` - -Once installed, you are ready to start your journey with version control (Figure 2). - -![Git installed][9] - -Figure 2: Git is installed and available for many important tasks. - -[Used with permission][5] - -Github requires you to create an account. You can use it for free for non-commercial projects, or you can pay for commercial project housing (for more information check out the price matrix [here][10]). - -### Text editor - -Let’s face it, developing on Linux would be a bit of a challenge without a text editor. Of course what a text editor is varies, depending upon who you ask. One person might say vim, emacs, or nano, whereas another might go full-on GUI with their editor. But since we’re talking development, we need a tool that can meet the needs of the modern day developer. And before I mention a couple of text editors, I will say this: Yes, I know that vim is a serious workhorse for serious developers and, if you know it well vim will meet and exceed all of your needs. However, getting up to speed enough that it won’t be in your way, can be a bit of a hurdle for some developers (especially those new to Linux). Considering my goal is to always help win over new users (and not just preach to an already devout choir), I’m taking the GUI route here. - -As far as text editors are concerned, you cannot go wrong with the likes of [Bluefish][11]. Bluefish can be found in most standard repositories and features project support, multi-threaded support for remote files, search and replace, open files recursively, snippets sidebar, integrates with make, lint, weblint, xmllint, unlimited undo/redo, in-line spell checker, auto-recovery, full screen editing, syntax highlighting (Figure 3), support for numerous languages, and much more. - -![Bluefish][13] - -Figure 3: Bluefish running on Ubuntu Linux 18.04. - -[Used with permission][5] - -### IDE - -Integrated Development Environment (IDE) is a piece of software that includes a comprehensive set of tools that enable a one-stop-shop environment for developing. IDEs not only enable you to code your software, but document and build them as well. There are a number of IDEs for Linux, but one in particular is not only included in the standard repositories it is also very user-friendly and powerful. That tool in question is [Geany][14]. Geany features syntax highlighting, code folding, symbol name auto-completion, construct completion/snippets, auto-closing of XML and HTML tags, call tips, many supported filetypes, symbol lists, code navigation, build system to compile and execute your code, simple project management, and a built-in plugin system. - -Geany can be easily installed on your system. For example, on a Debian-based distribution, issue the command: -``` -sudo apt-get install geany - -``` - -Once installed, you’re ready to start using this very powerful tool that includes a user-friendly interface (Figure 4) that has next to no learning curve. - -![Geany][16] - -Figure 4: Geany is ready to serve as your IDE. - -[Used with permission][5] - -### diff tool - -There will be times when you have to compare two files to find where they differ. This could be two different copies of what was the same file (only one compiles and the other doesn’t). When that happens, you don’t want to have to do that manually. Instead, you want to employ the power of tool like [Meld][17]. Meld is a visual diff and merge tool targeted at developers. With Meld you can make short shrift out of discovering the differences between two files. Although you can use a command line diff tool, when efficiency is the name of the game, you can’t beat Meld. - -Meld allows you to open a comparison between to files and it will highlight the differences between each. Meld also allows you to merge comparisons either from the right or the left (as the files are opened side by side - Figure 5). - -![Comparing two files][19] - -Figure 5: Comparing two files with a simple difference. - -[Used with permission][5] - -Meld can be installed from most standard repositories. On a Debian-based system, the installation command is: -``` -sudo apt-get install meld - -``` - -### Working with efficiency - -These five tools not only enable you to get your work done, they help to make it quite a bit more efficient. Although there are a ton of developer tools available for Linux, you’re going to want to make sure you have one for each of the above categories (maybe even starting with the suggestions I’ve made). - -Learn more about Linux through the free ["Introduction to Linux" ][20]course from The Linux Foundation and edX. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.linux.com/learn/intro-to-linux/2018/8/5-essential-tools-linux-development - -作者：[Jack Wallen][a] -选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:https://www.linux.com/users/jlwallen -[1]:https://www.docker.com/ -[2]:https://hub.docker.com/ -[3]:/files/images/5devtools1jpg -[4]:https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/5devtools_1.jpg?itok=V1Bsbkg9 (Docker images) -[5]:/licenses/category/used-permission -[6]:https://git-scm.com/ -[7]:https://github.com/ -[8]:/files/images/5devtools2jpg -[9]:https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/5devtools_2.jpg?itok=YJjhe4O6 (Git installed) -[10]:https://github.com/pricing -[11]:http://bluefish.openoffice.nl/index.html -[12]:/files/images/5devtools3jpg -[13]:https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/5devtools_3.jpg?itok=66A7Svme (Bluefish) -[14]:https://www.geany.org/ -[15]:/files/images/5devtools4jpg -[16]:https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/5devtools_4.jpg?itok=jRcA-0ue (Geany) -[17]:http://meldmerge.org/ -[18]:/files/images/5devtools5jpg -[19]:https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/5devtools_5.jpg?itok=eLkfM9oZ (Comparing two files) -[20]:https://training.linuxfoundation.org/linux-courses/system-administration-training/introduction-to-linux diff --git a/translated/tech/20180803 5 Essential Tools for Linux Development.md b/translated/tech/20180803 5 Essential Tools for Linux Development.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..dcb3b3b63e --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20180803 5 Essential Tools for Linux Development.md @@ -0,0 +1,131 @@ +Linux 开发的五大必备工具 +====== + +![](https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/dev-tools.png?itok=kkDNylRg) + +Linux 已经成为工作、娱乐和个人生活等多个领域的支柱，人们已经越来越离不开它。在 Linux 的帮助下，技术的发展速度超出了人们的想象，Linux 开发的速度也以指数规模增长。因此，越来越多的开发者也不断地加入开源和学习 Linux 开发地潮流当中。在这个过程之中，合适的工具是必不可少的，可喜的是，随着 Linux 的发展，大量适用于 Linux 的开发工具也不断成熟。甚至可以说，这样的工具已经多得有点惊人。 + +为了选择更合适自己的开发工具，缩小选择范围是很必要的。但是这篇文章并不会要求你必须使用某个工具，而只是缩小到五个工具类别，然后对每个类别提供一个例子。然而，对于大多数类别，都会有不止一种选择。下面我们来看一下。 + +### 容器 + +放眼于现实，现在已经是容器的时代了。容器既容易进行部署，又可以方便地构建开发环境。如果你针对的是特定的平台的开发，将开发流程所需要的各种工具都创建到容器映像中是一种很好的方法，只要使用这一个容器映像，就能够快速启动大量运行所需服务的实例。 + +一个使用容器的最佳范例是使用 [Docker][1]，使用容器（或 Docker）有这些好处： + + * 开发环境保持一致 + + * 部署后即可运行 + + * 易于跨平台部署 + + * Docker 映像适用于多种开发环境和语言 + + * 部署单个容器或容器集群都并不繁琐 + + + +通过 [Docker Hub][2]，几乎可以找到适用于任何平台、任何开发环境、任何服务器，任何服务的映像，几乎可以满足任何一种需求。使用 Docker Hub 中的映像，就相当于免除了搭建开发环境的步骤，可以直接开始开发应用程序、服务器、API 或服务。 + +Docker 在所有 Linux 平台上都很容易安装，例如可以通过终端输入以下命令在 Ubuntu 上安装 Docker： +``` +sudo apt-get install docker.io + +``` + +Docker 安装完毕后，就可以从 Docker 仓库中拉取映像，然后开始开发和部署了（如下图）。 + +![Docker images][4] + + + +### 版本控制工具 + +如果你正在开发一个巨大的项目，又或者参与团队开发，版本控制工具是必不可少的，它可以用于记录代码变更、提交代码以及合并代码。如果没有这样的工具，项目几乎无法妥善管理。在 Linux 系统上，[Git][6] 和 [GitHub][7] 的易用性和流行程度是其它版本控制工具无法比拟的。如果你对 Git 和 GitHub 还不太熟悉，可以简单理解为 Git 是在本地计算机上安装的版本控制系统，而 GitHub 则是用于上传和管理项目的远程存储库。 Git 可以安装在大多数的 Linux 发行版上。例如在基于 Debian 的系统上，只需要通过以下这一条简单的命令就可以安装： +``` +sudo apt-get install git + +``` + +安装完毕后，就可以使用 Git 来实施版本控制了（如下图）。 + +![Git installed][9] + + + +Github 会要求用户创建一个帐户。用户可以免费使用 GitHub 来管理非商用项目，当然也可以使用 GitHub 的付费模式（更多相关信息，可以参阅[价格矩阵][10]）。 + +### 文本编辑器 + +如果没有文本编辑器，在 Linux 上开发将会变得异常艰难。当然，文本编辑器之间孰优孰劣，具体还是要取决于开发者的需求。对于文本编辑器，有人可能会使用 vim、emacs 或 nano，也有人会使用带有 GUI 的编辑器。但由于重点在于开发，我们需要的是一种能够满足开发人员需求的工具。不过我首先要说，vim 对于开发人员来说确实是一个利器，但前提是要对 vim 非常熟悉，在这种前提下，vim 能够满足你的所有需求，甚至还能给你更好的体验。然而，对于一些开发者（尤其是刚开始接触 Linux 的新手）来说，这不仅难以帮助他们快速达成需求，甚至还会是一个需要逾越的障碍。考虑到这篇文章的目标是帮助 Linux 的新手（而不仅仅是为各种编辑器的死忠粉宣传他们拥护的编辑器），我更倾向于使用 GUI 编辑器。 + +就文本编辑器而论，选择 [Bluefish][11] 一般不会有错。 Bluefish 可以从大部分软件库中安装，它支持项目管理、远程文件多线程操作、搜索和替换、递归打开文件、侧边栏、集成 make/lint/weblint/xmllint、无限制撤销/重做、在线拼写检查、自动恢复、全屏编辑、语法高亮（如下图）、多种语言等等。 + +![Bluefish][13] + + + +### IDE + +集成开发环境（Integrated Development Environment, IDE）是包含一整套全面的工具、可以实现一站式功能的开发环境。 开发者除了可以使用 IDE 编写代码，还可以编写文档和构建软件。在 Linux 上也有很多适用的 IDE，其中 [Geany][14] 就包含在标准软件库中，它对用户非常友好，功能也相当强大。 Geany 具有语法高亮、代码折叠、自动完成，构建代码片段、自动关闭 XML 和 HTML 标签、调用提示、支持多种文件类型、符号列表、代码导航、构建编译，简单的项目管理和内置的插件系统等强大功能。 + +Geany 也能在系统上轻松安装，例如执行以下命令在基于 Debian 的 Linux 发行版上安装 Geany： +``` +sudo apt-get install geany + +``` + +安装完毕后，就可以快速上手这个易用且强大的 IDE 了（如下图）。 + +![Geany][16] + + + +### 文本比较工具 + +有时候会需要比较两个文件的内容来找到它们之间的不同之处，它们可能是同一文件的两个不同副本（有一个经过编译，而另一个没有）。这种情况下，你肯定不想要凭借肉眼来找出差异，而是想要使用像 [Meld][17] 这样的工具。 Meld 是针对开发者的文本比较和合并工具，可以使用 Meld 来发现两个文件之间的差异。虽然你可以使用命令行中的文本比较工具，但就效率而论，Meld 无疑更为优秀。 + +Meld 可以打开两个文件进行比较，并突出显示文件之间的差异之处。 Meld 还允许用户从两个文件的其中一方合并差异（下图显示了 Meld 同时打开两个文件）。 + +![Comparing two files][19] + + + +Meld 也可以通过标准软件如安装，在基于 Debian 的系统上，执行以下命令就可以安装： +``` +sudo apt-get install meld + +``` + +### 高效地工作 + +以上提到的五个工具除了帮助你完成工作，而且有助于提高效率。尽管适用于 Linux 开发者的工具有很多，但对于以上几个类别，你最好分别使用一个对应的工具。 + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.linux.com/learn/intro-to-linux/2018/8/5-essential-tools-linux-development + +作者：[Jack Wallen][a] +选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) +译者：[HankChow](https://github.com/HankChow) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:https://www.linux.com/users/jlwallen +[1]:https://www.docker.com/ +[2]:https://hub.docker.com/ +[4]:https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/5devtools_1.jpg?itok=V1Bsbkg9 "Docker images" +[6]:https://git-scm.com/ +[7]:https://github.com/ +[9]:https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/5devtools_2.jpg?itok=YJjhe4O6 "Git installed" +[10]:https://github.com/pricing +[11]:http://bluefish.openoffice.nl/index.html +[13]:https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/5devtools_3.jpg?itok=66A7Svme "Bluefish" +[14]:https://www.geany.org/ +[16]:https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/5devtools_4.jpg?itok=jRcA-0ue "Geany" +[17]:http://meldmerge.org/ +[19]:https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/5devtools_5.jpg?itok=eLkfM9oZ "Comparing two files" +[20]:https://training.linuxfoundation.org/linux-courses/system-administration-training/introduction-to-linux + From c4301766e81593987574dc6e5bb2066c73e80ba7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Fri, 5 Oct 2018 18:14:50 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 119/219] PRF:20180920 WinWorld - A Large Collection Of Defunct OSs, Software And Games.md MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @thecyanbird 恭喜您，完成了第一篇翻译贡献！ --- ...tion Of Defunct OSs, Software And Games.md | 133 +++++++++++------- 1 file changed, 82 insertions(+), 51 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/talk/20180920 WinWorld - A Large Collection Of Defunct OSs, Software And Games.md b/translated/talk/20180920 WinWorld - A Large Collection Of Defunct OSs, Software And Games.md index a0c51974b9..02bf0bdf9e 100644 --- a/translated/talk/20180920 WinWorld - A Large Collection Of Defunct OSs, Software And Games.md +++ b/translated/talk/20180920 WinWorld - A Large Collection Of Defunct OSs, Software And Games.md @@ -1,23 +1,31 @@ -WinWorld -- 大型废弃操作系统，软件，游戏合集网站 +WinWorld：大型的废弃操作系统、软件、游戏的博物馆 ===== + ![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/WinWorld-720x340.jpeg) -有一天，我正在测试 **Dosbox** -- 一个[**在 Linux 平台上运行 MS-DOS 游戏与程序的软件**][1]。当我在搜索一些常用的软件，例如 Turbo C++ 时，我意外留意到了一个叫做 **WinWorld** 的网站。我查看了这个网站上的某些内容，并且着实被惊艳到了。WinWorld 收集了非常多经典的，但已经被它们的开发者所抛弃许久的操作系统，软件，应用，开发工具，游戏以及各式各样的工具。它是一个以保存和分享古老，已经被废弃的或者预发布版本程序为目的的线上博物馆，由社区成员和志愿者运营。 -WinWorld 于 2013 年开始运营。它的创始者声称是被 Yahoo birefcases 激发了灵感并以此构建了这个网站。这个网站原目标是保存并且分享古旧软件。经过许多以不同方式提供帮助的志愿者以及多年的运营，WinWorld 得以迅猛发展。作为一个非盈利网站，WinWorld 的所有内容都免费开放。 -###WinWorld 保存了大量的废弃操作系统，软件，系统应用以及游戏 + +有一天，我正在测试 Dosbox -- 这是一个[在 Linux 平台上运行 MS-DOS 游戏与程序的软件][1]。当我在搜索一些常用的软件，例如 Turbo C++ 时，我意外留意到了一个叫做 [WinWorld][2] 的网站。我查看了这个网站上的某些内容，并且着实被惊艳到了。WinWorld 收集了非常多经典的，但已经被它们的开发者所抛弃许久的操作系统、软件、应用、开发工具、游戏以及各式各样的工具。它是一个以保存和分享古老的、已经被废弃的或者预发布版本程序为目的的线上博物馆，由社区成员和志愿者运营。 + +WinWorld 于 2013 年开始运营。它的创始者声称是被 Yahoo birefcases 激发了灵感并以此构建了这个网站。这个网站原目标是保存并且分享老旧软件。多年来，许多志愿者以不同方式提供了帮助，WinWorld 收集的老旧软件增长迅速。整个 WinWorld 仓库都是自由开源的，所有人都可以使用。 + +### WinWorld 保存了大量的废弃操作系统、软件、系统应用以及游戏 + 就像我刚才说的那样， WinWorld 存储了大量的被抛弃并且不再被开发的软件。 -**Linux 与 Unix:** -这里提供了完整的 UNIX 和 LINUX 操作系统列表以及它们各自的简要介绍，首次发行的年代。 -* **A/UX** - 于 1988 年推出，移植到 68k Macintosh 平台的 Unix 系统。 + +**Linux 与 Unix：** + +这里我给出了完整的 UNIX 和 LINUX 操作系统的列表，以及它们各自的简要介绍、首次发行的年代。 + +* **A/UX** - 于 1988 年推出，移植到苹果的 68k Macintosh 平台的 Unix 系统。 * **AIX** - 于 1986 年推出，IBM 移植的 Unix 系统。 * **AT &T System V Unix** - 于 1983 年推出，最早的商业版 Unix 之一。 * **Banyan VINES** - 于 1984 年推出，专为 Unix 设计的网络操作系统。 * **Corel Linux** - 于 1999 年推出，商业 Linux 发行版。 -* **DEC OSF-1** - 于 1991 年推出，由迪吉多公司（DEC）开发的 Unix 版本。 +* **DEC OSF-1** - 于 1991 年推出，由 DEC 公司开发的 Unix 版本。 * **Digital UNIX** - 由 DEC 于 1995 年推出，**OSF-1** 的重命名版本。 -* **FreeBSD 1.0** - 于 1993 年推出，FreeBSD 的首次发行版。这个系统是基于 4.3BSD 开发的。 +* **FreeBSD 1.0** - 于 1993 年推出，FreeBSD 的首个发行版。这个系统是基于 4.3BSD 开发的。 * **Gentus Linux** - 由 ABIT 于 2000 年推出，未遵守 GPL 协议的 Linux 发行版。 * **HP-UX** - 于 1992 年推出，UNIX 的变种系统。 -* **IRIX** - 由硅谷图形公司（SGI）于1988年推出的操作系统。 +* **IRIX** - 由硅谷图形公司（SGI）于 1988 年推出的操作系统。 * **Lindows** - 于 2002 年推出，与 Corel Linux 类似的商业操作系统。 * **Linux Kernel** - 0.01 版本于 90 年代早期推出，Linux 源代码的副本。 * **Mandrake Linux** - 于 1999 年推出。基于 Red Hat Linux 的 Linux 发行版，稍后被重新命名为 Mandriva。 @@ -28,57 +36,80 @@ WinWorld 于 2013 年开始运营。它的创始者声称是被 Yahoo birefcases * **Sun Solaris** - 由 Sun Microsystem 于 1992 年推出，基于 Unix 的操作系统。 * **SunOS** - 由 Sun Microsystem 于 1982 年推出，衍生自 BSD 基于 Unix 的操作系统。 * **Tru64 UNIX** - 由 DEC 开发，旧称 OSF/1。 -* **Ubuntu 4.10** - 基于 Debian 的知名操作系统。这是早期的 beta 预发布版本，较早期 Ubuntu 正式发行版更早推出。 +* **Ubuntu 4.10** - 基于 Debian 的知名操作系统。这是早期的 beta 预发布版本，比第一个 Ubuntu 正式发行版更早推出。 * **Ultrix** - 由 DEC 开发， UNIX 克隆。 * **UnixWare** - 由 Novell 推出， UNIX 变种。 * **Xandros Linux** - 首个版本于 2003 年推出。基于 Corel Linux 的专有 Linux 发行版。 -* **Xenix** - 最初由 Microsoft 于 1984 推出， UNIX 变种操作系统。 -不仅仅是 Linux/Unix，你还能找到例如 DOS，Windows，Apple/Mac，OS 2，Novell netware等其他的操作系统与 shell。 -**DOS & CP/M:** - *86-DOS - *Concurrent CPM-86 & Concurrent DOS - *CP/M 86 & CP/M-80 - *DOS Plus - *DR-DOS - *GEM - *MP/M - *MS-DOS - *Multitasking MS-DOS 4.00 - *Multiuser DOS - *PC-DOS - *PC-MOS - *PTS-DOS - *Real/32 - *Tandy Deskmate - *Wendin DOS -**Windows:** - *BackOffice Server - *Windows 1.0/2.x/3.0/3.1/95/98/2000/ME/NT 3.X/NT 4.0 - *Windows Whistler - *WinFrame -**Apple/Mac:** - *Mac OS 7/8/9 - *Mac OS X - *System Software (0-6) -**OS/2:** - *Citrix Multiuser - *OS/2 1.x - *OS/2 2.0 - *OS/2 3.x - *OS/2 Warp 4 -于此同时，WinWorld 也收集了大量的旧软件，系统应用，开发工具和游戏。您在访问网站的时候也可以同时查看它们。 -说实话，我甚至不知道这个网站列出的绝大部分东西，我甚至不知道它们存在过。其中列出的某些工具发布于我出生之前。 -如果您需要或者打算去测试一个经典的程序（例如游戏，软件，操作系统），并且在其他地方找不到它们，那么来 WinWorld 资源库看看，下载它们然后开始你的探险吧。祝您好运！ -免责声明： -OSTechNix 并非隶属于 WinWorld。我们，OSTechNix，并不确保 WinWorld 站点存储数据的真实性与可靠性。而且在你所在的地区，或许从第三方站点下载软件是违法行为。本篇文章作者和 OSTechNix 都不会承担任何责任，使用此服务意味着您将自行承担风险。 +* **Xenix** - 最初由微软于 1984 推出，UNIX 变种操作系统。 + +不仅仅是 Linux/Unix，你还能找到例如 DOS、Windows、Apple/Mac、OS 2、Novell netware 等其他的操作系统与 shell。 + +**DOS & CP/M：** + +* 86-DOS +* Concurrent CPM-86 & Concurrent DOS +* CP/M 86 & CP/M-80 +* DOS Plus +* DR-DOS +* GEM +* MP/M +* MS-DOS +* 多任务的 MS-DOS 4.00 +* 多用户 DOS +* PC-DOS +* PC-MOS +* PTS-DOS +* Real/32 +* Tandy Deskmate +* Wendin DOS + +**Windows：** + +* BackOffice Server +* Windows 1.0/2.x/3.0/3.1/95/98/2000/ME/NT 3.X/NT 4.0 +* Windows Whistler +* WinFrame + +**Apple/Mac：** + +* Mac OS 7/8/9 +* Mac OS X +* System Software (0-6) + +**OS/2：** + +* Citrix Multiuser +* OS/2 1.x +* OS/2 2.0 +* OS/2 3.x +* OS/2 Warp 4 + +于此同时，WinWorld 也收集了大量的旧软件、系统应用、开发工具和游戏。你也可以一起看看它们。 + +说实话，这个网站列出的绝大部分东西，我甚至都不知道它们存在过。其中列出的某些工具发布于我出生之前。 + +如果您需要或者打算去测试一个经典的程序（例如游戏、软件、操作系统），并且在其他地方找不到它们，那么来 WinWorld 资源库看看，下载它们然后开始你的探险吧。祝您好运！ + +![WinWorld – A Collection Of Defunct OSs, Software, Applications And Games](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/winworld.png) + +**免责声明：** + +OSTechNix 并非隶属于 WinWorld。我们 OSTechNix 并不确保 WinWorld 站点存储数据的真实性与可靠性。而且在你所在的地区，或许从第三方站点下载软件是违法行为。本篇文章作者和 OSTechNix 都不会承担任何责任，使用此服务意味着您将自行承担风险。（LCTT 译注：本站和译者亦同样申明。） + 本篇文章到此为止。希望这对您有用，更多的好文章即将发布，敬请期待！ + 谢谢各位的阅读！ + -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: https://www.ostechnix.com/winworld-a-large-collection-of-defunct-oss-software-and-games/ + 作者：[SK][a] 选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) 译者：[thecyanbird](https://github.com/thecyanbird) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) + 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + [a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/ [1]: https://www.ostechnix.com/how-to-run-ms-dos-games-and-programs-in-linux/ +[2]: https://winworldpc.com/library/ From 5388ff4fe6c4003bdbca0217b5cd13fce6e4cf38 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Fri, 5 Oct 2018 18:16:11 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 120/219] PUB:20180920 WinWorld - A Large Collection Of Defunct OSs, Software And Games.md MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @thecyanbird 本文首发地址：https://linux.cn/article-10082-1.html 您的 LCTT 专页地址： https://linux.cn/lctt/thecyanbird 请在 LCTT 平台注册领取您的 LCCN ： https://lctt.linux.cn/ --- ...rld - A Large Collection Of Defunct OSs, Software And Games.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translated/talk => published}/20180920 WinWorld - A Large Collection Of Defunct OSs, Software And Games.md (100%) diff --git a/translated/talk/20180920 WinWorld - A Large Collection Of Defunct OSs, Software And Games.md b/published/20180920 WinWorld - A Large Collection Of Defunct OSs, Software And Games.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/talk/20180920 WinWorld - A Large Collection Of Defunct OSs, Software And Games.md rename to published/20180920 WinWorld - A Large Collection Of Defunct OSs, Software And Games.md From c2f0789430208cc238326643af6197e4041deb28 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Fri, 5 Oct 2018 18:40:01 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 121/219] PRF:20180913 ScreenCloud- The Screenshot-- App.md @geekpi --- ...80913 ScreenCloud- The Screenshot-- App.md | 27 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 15 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180913 ScreenCloud- The Screenshot-- App.md b/translated/tech/20180913 ScreenCloud- The Screenshot-- App.md index a7002183c3..54a36dd377 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20180913 ScreenCloud- The Screenshot-- App.md +++ b/translated/tech/20180913 ScreenCloud- The Screenshot-- App.md @@ -1,43 +1,46 @@ -ScreenCloud：一个截屏程序 +ScreenCloud：一个增强的截屏程序 ====== -[ScreenCloud][1]是一个很棒的小程序，你甚至不知道你需要它。桌面 Linux 的默认屏幕截图流程很好（Prt Scr 按钮），我们甚至有一些[强大的截图工具][2]，如 [Shutter][3]。但是，ScreenCloud 有一个非常简单但非常方便的功能，让我爱上了它。在我们深入它之前，让我们先看一个背景故事。 -我截取了很多截图。远远超过平均水平。收据、注册详细信息、开发工作、文章中程序的截图等等。我接下来要做的就是打开浏览器，浏览我最喜欢的云存储并将重要的内容转储到那里，以便我可以在手机上以及 PC 上的多个操作系统上访问它们。这也让我可以轻松与我的团队分享我正在使用的程序的截图。 +[ScreenCloud][1]是一个很棒的小程序，你甚至不知道你需要它。桌面 Linux 的默认屏幕截图流程很好（`PrtScr` 按钮），我们甚至有一些[强大的截图工具][2]，如 [Shutter][3]。但是，ScreenCloud 有一个非常简单但非常方便的功能，让我爱上了它。在我们深入它之前，让我们先看一个背景故事。 + +我截取了很多截图，远超常人。收据、注册详细信息、开发工作、文章中程序的截图等等。我接下来要做的就是打开浏览器，浏览我最喜欢的云存储并将重要的内容转储到那里，以便我可以在手机上以及 PC 上的多个操作系统上访问它们。这也让我可以轻松与我的团队分享我正在使用的程序的截图。 我对这个标准的截图流程没有抱怨，打开浏览器并登录我的云，然后手动上传屏幕截图，直到我遇到 ScreenCloud。 ### ScreenCloud -ScreenCloud 是跨平台的程序，它提供简单的屏幕截图和灵活的[云备份选项][4]管理。这包括使用你自己的[ FTP 服务器][5]。 +ScreenCloud 是跨平台的程序，它提供轻松的屏幕截图功能和灵活的[云备份选项][4]管理。这包括使用你自己的 [FTP 服务器][5]。 ![][6] -ScreenCloud 很精简，投入了大量的注意力给小的东西。它为你提供了非常容易记住的热键来捕获全屏、活动窗口或捕获用鼠标选择的区域。 +ScreenCloud 很顺滑，在细节上投入了大量的精力。它为你提供了非常容易记住的热键来捕获全屏、活动窗口或鼠标选择区域。 -![][7]ScreenCloud 的默认键盘快捷键 +![][7] + +*ScreenCloud 的默认键盘快捷键* 截取屏幕截图后，你可以设置 ScreenCloud 如何处理图像或直接将其上传到你选择的云服务。它甚至支持 SFTP。截图上传后（通常在几秒钟内），图像链接就会被自动复制到剪贴板，这让你可以轻松共享。 ![][8] -你还可以使用 ScreenCloud 进行一些基本编辑。为此，你需要将 “Save to” 设置为 “Ask me”。此设置在下拉框中有并且通常是默认设置。当使用它时，当你截取屏幕截图时，你会看到编辑文件的选项。在这里，你可以在屏幕截图中添加箭头、文本和数字。 +你还可以使用 ScreenCloud 进行一些基本编辑。为此，你需要将 “Save to” 设置为 “Ask me”。此设置在应用图标菜单中有并且通常是默认设置。当使用它时，当你截取屏幕截图时，你会看到编辑文件的选项。在这里，你可以在屏幕截图中添加箭头、文本和数字。 -![Editing screenshots with ScreenCloud][9]Editing screenshots with ScreenCloud +![Editing screenshots with ScreenCloud][9] + +*用 ScreenCloud 编辑截屏* ### 在 Linux 上安装 ScreenCloud -ScreenCloud 可在[ Snap 商店][10]中找到。因此，你可以通过访问[ Snap 商店][12]或运行以下命令，轻松地将其安装在 Ubuntu 和其他[启用 Snap ][11]的发行版上。 +ScreenCloud 可在 [Snap 商店][10]中找到。因此，你可以通过访问 [Snap 商店][12]或运行以下命令，轻松地将其安装在 Ubuntu 和其他[启用 Snap][11] 的发行版上。 ``` sudo snap install screencloud - ``` 对于无法通过 Snap 安装程序的 Linux 发行版，你可以[在这里][1]下载 AppImage。进入下载文件夹，右键单击并在那里打开终端。然后运行以下命令。 ``` sudo chmod +x ScreenCloud-v1.4.0-x86_64.AppImage - ``` 然后，你可以通过双击下载的文件来启动程序。 @@ -57,7 +60,7 @@ via: https://itsfoss.com/screencloud-app/ 作者：[Aquil Roshan][a] 选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) 译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 0c380988c192d1c528b3b5cd06493525c7c24ba8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Fri, 5 Oct 2018 18:40:47 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 122/219] PUB:20180913 ScreenCloud- The Screenshot-- App.md @geekpi https://linux.cn/article-10083-1.html --- .../20180913 ScreenCloud- The Screenshot-- App.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20180913 ScreenCloud- The Screenshot-- App.md (100%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180913 ScreenCloud- The Screenshot-- App.md b/published/20180913 ScreenCloud- The Screenshot-- App.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/tech/20180913 ScreenCloud- The Screenshot-- App.md rename to published/20180913 ScreenCloud- The Screenshot-- App.md From eb05f1d1a95145b247789e39ad4e19bdf471c668 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Fri, 5 Oct 2018 18:53:14 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 123/219] PRF:20180906 How To Limit Network Bandwidth In Linux Using Wondershaper.md @HankChow --- ...k Bandwidth In Linux Using Wondershaper.md | 41 ++++--------------- 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 33 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180906 How To Limit Network Bandwidth In Linux Using Wondershaper.md b/translated/tech/20180906 How To Limit Network Bandwidth In Linux Using Wondershaper.md index 746e664228..046777e1be 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20180906 How To Limit Network Bandwidth In Linux Using Wondershaper.md +++ b/translated/tech/20180906 How To Limit Network Bandwidth In Linux Using Wondershaper.md @@ -11,101 +11,84 @@ ### 在 Linux 中使用 Wondershaper 限制网络带宽 -`wondershaper` 是用于显示系统网卡网络带宽的简单脚本。它使用了 `iproute` 和 `tc` 命令，但大大简化了操作过程。 +`wondershaper` 是用于显示系统网卡网络带宽的简单脚本。它使用了 iproute 的 `tc` 命令，但大大简化了操作过程。 -**安装 Wondershaper** +#### 安装 Wondershaper 使用 `git clone` 克隆 Wondershaper 的版本库就可以安装最新版本： ``` $ git clone https://github.com/magnific0/wondershaper.git - ``` 按照以下命令进入 `wondershaper` 目录并安装： ``` $ cd wondershaper - $ sudo make install - ``` 然后执行以下命令，可以让 `wondershaper` 在每次系统启动时都自动开始服务： ``` $ sudo systemctl enable wondershaper.service - $ sudo systemctl start wondershaper.service - ``` 如果你不强求安装最新版本，也可以使用软件包管理器（官方和非官方均可）来进行安装。 -`wondershaper` 在 [Arch 用户软件仓库][1]（Arch User Repository, AUR）中可用，所以可以使用类似 [`yay`][2] 这些 AUR 辅助软件在基于 Arch 的系统中安装 `wondershaper` 。 +`wondershaper` 在 [Arch 用户软件仓库][1]（Arch User Repository，AUR）中可用，所以可以使用类似 [yay][2] 这些 AUR 辅助软件在基于 Arch 的系统中安装 `wondershaper` 。 ``` $ yay -S wondershaper-git - ``` -对于Debian、Ubuntu 和 Linux Mint 可以使用以下命令安装： +对于 Debian、Ubuntu 和 Linux Mint 可以使用以下命令安装： ``` $ sudo apt-get install wondershaper - ``` 对于 Fedora 可以使用以下命令安装： ``` $ sudo dnf install wondershaper - ``` 对于 RHEL、CentOS，只需要启用 EPEL 仓库，就可以使用以下命令安装： ``` $ sudo yum install epel-release - $ sudo yum install wondershaper - ``` 在每次系统启动时都自动启动 `wondershaper` 服务。 ``` $ sudo systemctl enable wondershaper.service - $ sudo systemctl start wondershaper.service - ``` -**用法** +#### 用法 首先需要找到网络接口的名称，通过以下几个命令都可以查询到网卡的详细信息： ``` $ ip addr - $ route - $ ifconfig - ``` 在确定网卡名称以后，就可以按照以下的命令限制网络带宽： ``` $ sudo wondershaper -a -d -u - ``` 例如，如果网卡名称是 `enp0s8`，并且需要把上行、下行速率分别限制为 1024 Kbps 和 512 Kbps，就可以执行以下命令： ``` $ sudo wondershaper -a enp0s8 -d 1024 -u 512 - ``` 其中参数的含义是： @@ -114,20 +97,16 @@ $ sudo wondershaper -a enp0s8 -d 1024 -u 512 * `-d`：下行带宽 * `-u`：上行带宽 - - 如果要对网卡解除网络带宽的限制，只需要执行： ``` $ sudo wondershaper -c -a enp0s8 - ``` 或者： ``` $ sudo wondershaper -c enp0s8 - ``` 如果系统中有多个网卡，为确保稳妥，需要按照上面的方法手动设置每个网卡的上行、下行速率。 @@ -149,13 +128,14 @@ DSPEED="2048" # Upload rate in Kbps # USPEED="512" - ``` Wondershaper 使用前： + ![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/wondershaper-1.png) Wondershaper 使用后： + ![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/wondershaper-2.png) 可以看到，使用 Wondershaper 限制网络带宽之后，下行速率与限制之前相比已经大幅下降。 @@ -164,21 +144,16 @@ Wondershaper 使用后： ``` $ wondershaper -h - ``` 也可以查看 Wondershaper 的用户手册： ``` $ man wondershaper - ``` -As far as tested, Wondershaper worked just fine as described above. Give it a try and let us know what do you think about this utility. 根据测试，Wondershaper 按照上面的方式可以有很好的效果。你可以试用一下，然后发表你的看法。 - - -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: https://www.ostechnix.com/how-to-limit-network-bandwidth-in-linux-using-wondershaper/ @@ -186,7 +161,7 @@ via: https://www.ostechnix.com/how-to-limit-network-bandwidth-in-linux-using-won 作者：[SK][a] 选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) 译者：[HankChow](https://github.com/HankChow) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 280755d66e8d5cfe3845c20f5898a7b52a35da3a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Fri, 5 Oct 2018 18:53:36 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 124/219] PUB:20180906 How To Limit Network Bandwidth In Linux Using Wondershaper.md @HankChow https://linux.cn/article-10084-1.html --- ... How To Limit Network Bandwidth In Linux Using Wondershaper.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20180906 How To Limit Network Bandwidth In Linux Using Wondershaper.md (100%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180906 How To Limit Network Bandwidth In Linux Using Wondershaper.md b/published/20180906 How To Limit Network Bandwidth In Linux Using Wondershaper.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/tech/20180906 How To Limit Network Bandwidth In Linux Using Wondershaper.md rename to published/20180906 How To Limit Network Bandwidth In Linux Using Wondershaper.md From ab22ea0328c1485fe1cbb5767625a4d021185f6d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: HankChow <280630620@qq.com> Date: Fri, 5 Oct 2018 20:12:34 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 125/219] hankchow translating --- ...0180724 75 Most Used Essential Linux Applications of 2018.md | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20180724 75 Most Used Essential Linux Applications of 2018.md b/sources/tech/20180724 75 Most Used Essential Linux Applications of 2018.md index 919182ba1f..2b52356068 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20180724 75 Most Used Essential Linux Applications of 2018.md +++ b/sources/tech/20180724 75 Most Used Essential Linux Applications of 2018.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +HankChow translating + 75 Most Used Essential Linux Applications of 2018 ====== From efafc43cc669bd41c24817b20205503a61724438 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: LuMing <784315443@qq.com> Date: Fri, 5 Oct 2018 20:46:43 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 126/219] LuuMing Translating --- ... to improve collaboration between developers and designers.md | 1 + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) diff --git a/sources/talk/20180502 9 ways to improve collaboration between developers and designers.md b/sources/talk/20180502 9 ways to improve collaboration between developers and designers.md index 293841714d..637a54ee91 100644 --- a/sources/talk/20180502 9 ways to improve collaboration between developers and designers.md +++ b/sources/talk/20180502 9 ways to improve collaboration between developers and designers.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +LuuMing translating 9 ways to improve collaboration between developers and designers ====== From bc3422152f6f71c29712a7ee23e20f8cd103aeb8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Fri, 5 Oct 2018 21:41:30 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 127/219] PRF:20180920 8 Python packages that will simplify your life with Django.md @belitex --- ...hat will simplify your life with Django.md | 49 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 24 insertions(+), 25 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180920 8 Python packages that will simplify your life with Django.md b/translated/tech/20180920 8 Python packages that will simplify your life with Django.md index f242007433..8f914f87e0 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20180920 8 Python packages that will simplify your life with Django.md +++ b/translated/tech/20180920 8 Python packages that will simplify your life with Django.md @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ 简化 Django 开发的八个 Python 包 ====== -这个月的 Python 专栏将介绍一些 Django 包，它们有益于你的工作，以及你的个人或业余项目。 +> 这个月的 Python 专栏将介绍一些 Django 包，它们有益于你的工作，以及你的个人或业余项目。 ![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/water-stone-balance-eight-8.png?itok=1aht_V5V) @@ -11,32 +11,31 @@ Django 开发者们，在这个月的 Python 专栏中，我们会介绍一些 ### 有用又省时的工具集合：django-extensions -[Django-extensions][4] 这个 Django 包非常受欢迎，全是有用的工具，比如下面这些管理命令： +[django-extensions][4] 这个 Django 包非常受欢迎，全是有用的工具，比如下面这些管理命令： - * **shell_plus** 打开 Django 的管理 shell，这个 shell 已经自动导入了所有的数据库模型。在测试复杂的数据关系时，就不需要再从几个不同的应用里做 import 的操作了。 - * **clean_pyc** 删除项目目录下所有位置的 .pyc 文件 - * **create_template_tags** 在指定的应用下，创建模板标签的目录结构。 - * **describe_form** 输出模型的表单定义，可以粘贴到 forms.py 文件中。（需要注意的是，这种方法创建的是普通 Django 表单，而不是模型表单。） - * **notes** 输出你项目里所有带 TODO，FIXME 等标记的注释。 + * `shell_plus` 打开 Django 的管理 shell，这个 shell 已经自动导入了所有的数据库模型。在测试复杂的数据关系时，就不需要再从几个不同的应用里做导入操作了。 + * `clean_pyc` 删除项目目录下所有位置的 .pyc 文件 + * `create_template_tags` 在指定的应用下，创建模板标签的目录结构。 + * `describe_form` 输出模型的表单定义，可以粘贴到 `forms.py` 文件中。（需要注意的是，这种方法创建的是普通 Django 表单，而不是模型表单。） + * `notes` 输出你项目里所有带 TODO、FIXME 等标记的注释。 Django-extensions 还包括几个有用的抽象基类，在定义模型时，它们能满足常见的模式。当你需要以下模型时，可以继承这些基类： + * `TimeStampedModel`：这个模型的基类包含了 `created` 字段和 `modified` 字段，还有一个 `save()` 方法，在适当的场景下，该方法自动更新 `created` 和 `modified` 字段的值。 + * `ActivatorModel`：如果你的模型需要像 `status`、`activate_date` 和 `deactivate_date` 这样的字段，可以使用这个基类。它还自带了一个启用 `.active()` 和 `.inactive()` 查询集的 manager。 + * `TitleDescriptionModel` 和 `TitleSlugDescriptionModel`：这两个模型包括了 `title` 和 `description` 字段，其中 `description` 字段还包括 `slug`，它根据 `title` 字段自动产生。 - * **TimeStampedModel** : 这个模型的基类包含了 **created** 字段和 **modified** 字段，还有一个 **save()** 方法，在适当的场景下，该方法自动更新 created 和 modified 字段的值。 - * **ActivatorModel** : 如果你的模型需要像 **status**，**activate_date** 和 **deactivate_date** 这样的字段，可以使用这个基类。它还自带了一个启用 **.active()** 和 **.inactive()** 查询集的 manager。 - * **TitleDescriptionModel** 和 **TitleSlugDescriptionModel** : 这两个模型包括了 **title** 和 **description** 字段，其中 description 字段还包括 **slug**，它根据 **title** 字段自动产生。 - -Django-extensions 还有其他更多的功能，也许对你的项目有帮助，所以，去浏览一下它的[文档][5]吧！ +django-extensions 还有其他更多的功能，也许对你的项目有帮助，所以，去浏览一下它的[文档][5]吧！ ### 12 因子应用的配置：django-environ -在 Django 项目的配置方面，[Django-environ][6] 提供了符合 [12 因子应用][7] 方法论的管理方法。它是其他一些库的集合，包括 [envparse][8] 和 [honcho][9] 等。安装了 django-environ 之后，在项目的根目录创建一个 .env 文件，用这个文件去定义那些随环境不同而不同的变量，或者需要保密的变量。（比如 API keys，是否启用 debug，数据库的 URLs 等） +在 Django 项目的配置方面，[django-environ][6] 提供了符合 [12 因子应用][7] 方法论的管理方法。它是另外一些库的集合，包括 [envparse][8] 和 [honcho][9] 等。安装了 django-environ 之后，在项目的根目录创建一个 `.env` 文件，用这个文件去定义那些随环境不同而不同的变量，或者需要保密的变量。（比如 API 密钥，是否启用调试，数据库的 URL 等） -然后，在项目的 settings.py 中引入 **environ**，并参考[官方文档的例子][10]设置好 **environ.PATH()** 和 **environ.Env()**。就可以通过 **env('VARIABLE_NAME')** 来获取 .env 文件中定义的变量值了。 +然后，在项目的 `settings.py` 中引入 `environ`，并参考[官方文档的例子][10]设置好 `environ.PATH()` 和 `environ.Env()`。就可以通过 `env('VARIABLE_NAME')` 来获取 `.env` 文件中定义的变量值了。 ### 创建出色的管理命令：django-click -[Django-click][11] 是基于 [Click][12] 的， ( 我们[之前推荐过][13]… [两次][14] Click)，它对编写 Django 管理命令很有帮助。这个库没有很多文档，但是代码仓库中有个存放[测试命令][15]的目录，非常有参考价值。 Django-click 基本的 Hello World 命令是这样写的： +[django-click][11] 是基于 [Click][12] 的，（我们[之前推荐过][13]… [两次][14] Click)，它对编写 Django 管理命令很有帮助。这个库没有很多文档，但是代码仓库中有个存放[测试命令][15]的目录，非常有参考价值。 django-click 基本的 Hello World 命令是这样写的： ``` # app_name.management.commands.hello.py @@ -57,31 +56,31 @@ Hello, Lacey ### 处理有限状态机：django-fsm -[Django-fsm][16] 给 Django 的模型添加了有限状态机的支持。如果你管理一个新闻网站，想用类似于“写作中”，“编辑中”，“已发布”来流转文章的状态，django-fsm 能帮你定义这些状态，还能管理状态变化的规则与限制。 +[django-fsm][16] 给 Django 的模型添加了有限状态机的支持。如果你管理一个新闻网站，想用类似于“写作中”、“编辑中”、“已发布”来流转文章的状态，django-fsm 能帮你定义这些状态，还能管理状态变化的规则与限制。 -Django-fsm 为模型提供了 FSMField 字段，用来定义模型实例的状态。用 django-fsm 的 **@transition** 修饰符，可以定义状态变化的方法，并处理状态变化的任何副作用。 +Django-fsm 为模型提供了 FSMField 字段，用来定义模型实例的状态。用 django-fsm 的 `@transition` 修饰符，可以定义状态变化的方法，并处理状态变化的任何副作用。 -虽然 django-fsm 文档很轻量，不过 [Django 中的工作流（状态）][17] 这篇 GitHubGist 对有限状态机和 django-fsm 做了非常好的介绍。 +虽然 django-fsm 文档很轻量，不过 [Django 中的工作流（状态）][17] 这篇 GitHub Gist 对有限状态机和 django-fsm 做了非常好的介绍。 ### 联系人表单：#django-contact-form -联系人表单可以说是网站的标配。但是不要自己去写全部的样板代码，用 [django-contact-form][18] 在几分钟内就可以搞定。它带有一个可选的能过滤垃圾邮件的表单类（也有不过滤的普通表单类）和一个 **ContactFormView** 基类，基类的方法可以覆盖或自定义修改。而且它还能引导你完成模板的创建，好让表单正常工作。 +联系人表单可以说是网站的标配。但是不要自己去写全部的样板代码，用 [django-contact-form][18] 在几分钟内就可以搞定。它带有一个可选的能过滤垃圾邮件的表单类（也有不过滤的普通表单类）和一个 `ContactFormView` 基类，基类的方法可以覆盖或自定义修改。而且它还能引导你完成模板的创建，好让表单正常工作。 ### 用户注册和认证：django-allauth -[Django-allauth][19] 是一个 Django 应用，它为用户注册，登录注销，密码重置，还有第三方用户认证（比如 GitHub 或 Twitter）提供了视图，表单和 URLs，支持邮件地址作为用户名的认证方式，而且有大量的文档记录。第一次用的时候，它的配置可能会让人有点晕头转向；请仔细阅读[安装说明][20]，在[自定义你的配置][21]时要专注，确保启用某个功能的所有配置都用对了。 +[django-allauth][19] 是一个 Django 应用，它为用户注册、登录/注销、密码重置，还有第三方用户认证（比如 GitHub 或 Twitter）提供了视图、表单和 URL，支持邮件地址作为用户名的认证方式，而且有大量的文档记录。第一次用的时候，它的配置可能会让人有点晕头转向；请仔细阅读[安装说明][20]，在[自定义你的配置][21]时要专注，确保启用某个功能的所有配置都用对了。 ### 处理 Django REST 框架的用户认证：django-rest-auth -如果 Django 开发中涉及到对外提供 API，你很可能用到了 [Django REST Framework][22] (DRF)。如果你在用 DRF，那么你应该试试 django-rest-auth，它提供了用户注册，登录/注销，密码重置和社交媒体认证的 endpoints （是通过添加 django-allauth 的支持来实现的，这两个包协作得很好）。 +如果 Django 开发中涉及到对外提供 API，你很可能用到了 [Django REST Framework][22]（DRF）。如果你在用 DRF，那么你应该试试 django-rest-auth，它提供了用户注册、登录/注销，密码重置和社交媒体认证的端点（是通过添加 django-allauth 的支持来实现的，这两个包协作得很好）。 ### Django REST 框架的 API 可视化：django-rest-swagger -[Django REST Swagger][24] 提供了一个功能丰富的用户界面，用来和 Django REST 框架的 API 交互。你只需要安装 Django REST Swagger，把它添加到 Django 项目的 installed apps 中，然后在 urls.py 中添加 Swagger 的视图和 URL 模式就可以了，剩下的事情交给 API 的 docstring 处理。 +[Django REST Swagger][24] 提供了一个功能丰富的用户界面，用来和 Django REST 框架的 API 交互。你只需要安装 Django REST Swagger，把它添加到 Django 项目的已安装应用中，然后在 `urls.py` 中添加 Swagger 的视图和 URL 模式就可以了，剩下的事情交给 API 的 docstring 处理。 ![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/swagger-ui.png) -API 的用户界面按照 app 的维度展示了所有 endpoints 和可用方法，并列出了这些 endpoints 的可用操作，而且它提供了和 API 交互的功能（比如添加/删除/获取记录）。django-rest-swagger 从 API 视图中的 docstrings 生成每个 endpoint 的文档，通过这种方法，为你的项目创建了一份 API 文档，这对你，对前端开发人员和用户都很有用。 +API 的用户界面按照 app 的维度展示了所有端点和可用方法，并列出了这些端点的可用操作，而且它提供了和 API 交互的功能（比如添加/删除/获取记录）。django-rest-swagger 从 API 视图中的 docstrings 生成每个端点的文档，通过这种方法，为你的项目创建了一份 API 文档，这对你，对前端开发人员和用户都很有用。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -90,7 +89,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/18/9/django-packages 作者：[Jeff Triplett][a] 选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) 译者：[belitex](https://github.com/belitex) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 @@ -118,4 +117,4 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/18/9/django-packages [21]: https://django-allauth.readthedocs.io/en/latest/configuration.html [22]: http://www.django-rest-framework.org/ [23]: https://django-rest-auth.readthedocs.io/ -[24]: https://django-rest-swagger.readthedocs.io/en/latest/ \ No newline at end of file +[24]: https://django-rest-swagger.readthedocs.io/en/latest/ From fdb1eef5f559d62deebebfd6343578896805239d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Fri, 5 Oct 2018 21:43:36 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 128/219] PUB:20180920 8 Python packages that will simplify your life with Django.md MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @belitex 恭喜你，完成了第一篇翻译贡献。本文首发地址： https://linux.cn/article-10085-1.html 您的 LCTT 专页地址： https://linux.cn/lctt/belitex 请注册 LCTT 平台领取 LCCN https://lctt.linux.cn/ --- ... 8 Python packages that will simplify your life with Django.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20180920 8 Python packages that will simplify your life with Django.md (100%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180920 8 Python packages that will simplify your life with Django.md b/published/20180920 8 Python packages that will simplify your life with Django.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/tech/20180920 8 Python packages that will simplify your life with Django.md rename to published/20180920 8 Python packages that will simplify your life with Django.md From ada3603a9f3f64f7bce9bd45861279d32c4a3b1c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Fri, 5 Oct 2018 21:53:52 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 129/219] PRF:20180709 How To Configure SSH Key-based Authentication In Linux.md @LuuMing --- ... Configure SSH Key-based Authentication In Linux.md | 10 +++++----- 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180709 How To Configure SSH Key-based Authentication In Linux.md b/translated/tech/20180709 How To Configure SSH Key-based Authentication In Linux.md index 77a4e03b35..8fb89b943d 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20180709 How To Configure SSH Key-based Authentication In Linux.md +++ b/translated/tech/20180709 How To Configure SSH Key-based Authentication In Linux.md @@ -64,14 +64,14 @@ The key's randomart image is: +----[SHA256]-----+ ``` -如果你已经创建了密钥对，你将看到以下信息。输入 y 就会覆盖已存在的密钥。 +如果你已经创建了密钥对，你将看到以下信息。输入 `y` 就会覆盖已存在的密钥。 ``` /home/username/.ssh/id_rsa already exists. Overwrite (y/n)? ``` -请注意**密码是可选的**。如果你输入了密码，那么每次通过 SSH 访问远程系统时都要求输入密码，除非你使用了 SSH 代理保存了密码。如果你不想要密码（虽然不安全），简单地敲两次回车。不过，我建议你使用密码。从安全的角度来看，使用无密码的 ssh 密钥对不是什么好主意。这种方式应该限定在特殊的情况下使用，例如，没有用户介入的服务访问远程系统。（例如，用 rsync 远程备份……） +请注意**密码是可选的**。如果你输入了密码，那么每次通过 SSH 访问远程系统时都要求输入密码，除非你使用了 SSH 代理保存了密码。如果你不想要密码（虽然不安全），简单地敲两次回车。不过，我建议你使用密码。从安全的角度来看，使用无密码的 ssh 密钥对不是什么好主意。这种方式应该限定在特殊的情况下使用，例如，没有用户介入的服务访问远程系统。（例如，用 `rsync` 远程备份……） 如果你已经在个人文件 `~/.ssh/id_rsa` 中有了无密码的密钥，但想要更新为带密码的密钥。使用下面的命令： @@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ $ ssh-copy-id sk@192.168.225.22 在这里，我把本地（Arch Linux）系统上的公钥拷贝到了远程系统（Ubuntu 18.04 LTS）上。从技术上讲，上面的命令会把本地系统 `~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub` 文件中的内容拷贝到远程系统 `~/.ssh/authorized_keys` 中。明白了吗？非常棒。 -输入 yes 来继续连接你的远程 SSH 服务端。接着，输入远程系统 sk 用户的密码。 +输入 `yes` 来继续连接你的远程 SSH 服务端。接着，输入远程系统用户 `sk` 的密码。 ``` /usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: attempting to log in with the new key(s), to filter out any that are already installed @@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ $ ssh-copy-id -f sk@192.168.225.22 ### 在远程系统上禁用基于密码认证的 SSH -你需要在 root 或者 sudo 用户下执行下面的命令。 +你需要在 root 用户或者 `sudo` 执行下面的命令。 禁用基于密码的认证，你需要在远程系统的终端里编辑 `/etc/ssh/sshd_config` 配置文件： @@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ Warning: Permanently added '192.168.225.22' (ECDSA) to the list of known hosts. Permission denied (publickey). ``` -如你所见，除了 CentOS（译注：根据上文，这里应该是 Arch）系统外，我不能通过其它任何系统 SSH 访问我的远程系统 Ubuntu 18.04。 +如你所见，除了 CentOS（LCTT 译注：根据上文，这里应该是 Arch）系统外，我不能通过其它任何系统 SSH 访问我的远程系统 Ubuntu 18.04。 ### 为 SSH 服务端添加更多客户端系统的密钥 From f6f6a0373dec7a75de89d2ea40bacbb6d1ab52dd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Fri, 5 Oct 2018 21:54:19 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 130/219] PUB:20180709 How To Configure SSH Key-based Authentication In Linux.md @LuuMing @pityonline https://linux.cn/article-10086-1.html --- ...0709 How To Configure SSH Key-based Authentication In Linux.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20180709 How To Configure SSH Key-based Authentication In Linux.md (100%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180709 How To Configure SSH Key-based Authentication In Linux.md b/published/20180709 How To Configure SSH Key-based Authentication In Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/tech/20180709 How To Configure SSH Key-based Authentication In Linux.md rename to published/20180709 How To Configure SSH Key-based Authentication In Linux.md From fc5a2a481b06bea900e1997a9dcc6e72a9d083e5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Sat, 6 Oct 2018 19:24:15 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 131/219] PRF:20180815 How to Create M3U Playlists in Linux [Quick Tip].md @lujun9972 --- ...eate M3U Playlists in Linux [Quick Tip].md | 51 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 26 insertions(+), 25 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180815 How to Create M3U Playlists in Linux [Quick Tip].md b/translated/tech/20180815 How to Create M3U Playlists in Linux [Quick Tip].md index 21f5bc61df..1ce5ebde67 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20180815 How to Create M3U Playlists in Linux [Quick Tip].md +++ b/translated/tech/20180815 How to Create M3U Playlists in Linux [Quick Tip].md @@ -1,36 +1,38 @@ -Linux下如何创建 M3U 播放列表 [小建议] +Linux 下如何创建 M3U 播放列表 ====== -**简介：关于如何在Linux终端中根据乱序文件创建M3U播放列表实现循序播放的小建议。** + +> 简介：关于如何在Linux终端中根据乱序文件创建M3U播放列表实现循序播放的小建议。 ![Create M3U playlists in Linux Terminal][1] -我是外国电视连续剧的粉丝，这些连续剧不太容易从DVD或像[Netflix] [2]这样的流媒体上获得。还在，您可以在YouTube上找到一些内容并[从YouTube下载][3]。 +我是外国电视连续剧的粉丝，这些连续剧不太容易从 DVD 或像 [Netflix][2] 这样的流媒体上获得。好在，您可以在 YouTube 上找到一些内容并[从 YouTube 下载][3]。 -现在出现了一个问题. 你的文件可能不是按顺序存储的. 在GNU / Linux中，文件不是按数字顺序自然排序的，因此我必须创建.m3u播放列表，以便[MPV视频播放器][4]可以按顺序播放视频而不是乱顺进行播放。 +现在出现了一个问题。你的文件可能不是按顺序存储的。在 GNU/Linux中，文件不是按数字顺序自然排序的，因此我必须创建 .m3u 播放列表，以便 [MPV 视频播放器][4]可以按顺序播放视频而不是乱顺进行播放。 -同样的，有时候表示第几集的数字实在文件名中间或结尾的,像这样 ‘My Web Series S01E01.mkv’. 这里的剧集信息位于文件名的中间，'S01E01'告诉我们人类，哪个是第一集，下一集是哪一个文件。 +同样的，有时候表示第几集的数字是在文件名中间或结尾的，像这样 “My Web Series S01E01.mkv”。这里的剧集信息位于文件名的中间，“S01E01”告诉我们人类这是第一集，后面还有其它剧集。 -因此我要做的事情就是在视频墓中创建一个 m3u 播放列表并告诉MPV播放这个 .m3u 播放列表，MPV自然会按顺序播放这些视频. +因此我要做的事情就是在视频墓中创建一个 .m3u 播放列表，并告诉 MPV 播放这个 .m3u 播放列表，MPV 自然会按顺序播放这些视频. -### 什么是M3U 文件? +### 什么是 M3U 文件? -[M3U][5] 基本上就是个按特定顺序包含文件名的文本文件. 当类似MPV或VLC这样的播放器打开M3U文件时, 它会尝试按给定的顺序播放指定文件. +[M3U][5] 基本上就是个按特定顺序包含文件名的文本文件。当类似 MPV 或 VLC 这样的播放器打开 M3U 文件时，它会尝试按给定的顺序播放指定文件。 -### 创建M3U来按顺序播放音频/视频文件 +### 创建 M3U 来按顺序播放音频/视频文件 + +就我而言, 我使用了下面命令： -就我而言, 我使用了下面命令: ``` $/home/shirish/Videos/web-series-video/$ ls -1v |grep .mkv > /tmp/1.m3u && mv /tmp/1.m3u . - ``` -然我们拆分一下看看每个部分表示什么意思 – +然我们拆分一下看看每个部分表示什么意思： -**ls -1v** = 这就是用普通的 ls 来列出目录中的内容. 其中 `-1` 表示每行显示一个文件. 而 `-v` 表示根据文本中的数字(版本)进行自然排序 +`ls -1v` = 这就是用普通的 `ls` 来列出目录中的内容. 其中 `-1` 表示每行显示一个文件。而 `-v` 表示根据文本中的数字（版本）进行自然排序。 -**| grep .mkv** = 基本上就是告诉 `ls` 寻找那些以 `.mkv` 结尾的文件. 它也可以是 `.mp4` 或其他任何你想要的媒体文件格式. +`| grep .mkv` = 基本上就是告诉 `ls` 寻找那些以 `.mkv` 结尾的文件。它也可以是 `.mp4` 或其他任何你想要的媒体文件格式。 通过在控制台上运行命令来进行试运行通常是个好主意： + ``` ls -1v |grep .mkv My Web Series S01E01 [Episode 1 Name] Multi 480p WEBRip x264 - xRG.mkv @@ -41,28 +43,27 @@ My Web Series S01E05 [Episode 5 Name] Multi 480p WEBRip x264 - xRG.mkv My Web Series S01E06 [Episode 6 Name] Multi 480p WEBRip x264 - xRG.mkv My Web Series S01E07 [Episode 7 Name] Multi 480p WEBRip x264 - xRG.mkv My Web Series S01E08 [Episode 8 Name] Multi 480p WEBRip x264 - xRG.mkv - ``` -结果显示我要做的事情是正确的. 现在下一步就是让输出以 `.m3u` 播放列表的格式输出. +结果显示我要做的是正确的。现在下一步就是让输出以 `.m3u` 播放列表的格式输出。 + ``` ls -1v |grep .mkv > /tmp/web_playlist.m3u && mv /tmp/web_playlist.m3u . - ``` -这就在当前目录中创建了 `.m3u` 文件. 这个`.m3u`播放列表只不过是一个.txt文件，其内容与上面相同，扩展名为.m3u。 你也可以手动编辑它，并按照想要的顺序添加确切的文件名。 +这就在当前目录中创建了 .m3u 文件。这个 .m3u 播放列表只不过是一个 .txt 文件，其内容与上面相同，扩展名为 .m3u 而已。 你也可以手动编辑它，并按照想要的顺序添加确切的文件名。 + +之后你只需要这样做： -之后你只需要这样做: ``` mpv web_playlist.m3u - ``` -一般来说，关于MPV和播放列表的好处在于你不需要一次性全部看完。 您可以一次看任意长时间，然后在下一次查看其余部分。 +一般来说，MPV 和播放列表的好处在于你不需要一次性全部看完。 您可以一次看任意长时间，然后在下一次查看其余部分。 -我希望写一些有关MPV的文章，以及如何制作在媒体文件中嵌入字幕的mkv文件，但这是将来的事情了。 +我希望写一些有关 MPV 的文章，以及如何制作在媒体文件中嵌入字幕的 mkv 文件，但这是将来的事情了。 -注意: 这是开源软件，不鼓励盗版 +注意: 这是开源软件，不鼓励盗版。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -70,8 +71,8 @@ via: https://itsfoss.com/create-m3u-playlist-linux/ 作者：[Shirsh][a] 选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 8104d7fe74d19722aaec90dd5262bbd90bb22dd7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Sat, 6 Oct 2018 19:24:36 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 132/219] PUB:20180815 How to Create M3U Playlists in Linux [Quick Tip].md @lujun9972 https://linux.cn/article-10087-1.html --- .../20180815 How to Create M3U Playlists in Linux [Quick Tip].md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20180815 How to Create M3U Playlists in Linux [Quick Tip].md (100%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180815 How to Create M3U Playlists in Linux [Quick Tip].md b/published/20180815 How to Create M3U Playlists in Linux [Quick Tip].md similarity index 100% rename from translated/tech/20180815 How to Create M3U Playlists in Linux [Quick Tip].md rename to published/20180815 How to Create M3U Playlists in Linux [Quick Tip].md From 9e29fb35e4109bacd1d30a13400a3e670b43a333 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: bookug Date: Sat, 6 Oct 2018 20:19:40 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 133/219] =?UTF-8?q?=E3=80=90=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E4=B8=AD?= =?UTF-8?q?=E3=80=91Moving=20to=20Linux=20from=20dated=20Windows=20machine?= =?UTF-8?q?s?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- .../talk/20180123 Moving to Linux from dated Windows machines.md | 1 + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) diff --git a/sources/talk/20180123 Moving to Linux from dated Windows machines.md b/sources/talk/20180123 Moving to Linux from dated Windows machines.md index 6acd6e53f2..3a9b426a0c 100644 --- a/sources/talk/20180123 Moving to Linux from dated Windows machines.md +++ b/sources/talk/20180123 Moving to Linux from dated Windows machines.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +【bookug翻译中】 Moving to Linux from dated Windows machines ====== From 2887694de63bdf8ac5e90798f79506e1fcce1c1b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Sat, 6 Oct 2018 21:02:02 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 134/219] PRF: 20180824 5 cool music player apps.md @geekpi --- .../tech/20180824 5 cool music player apps.md | 43 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 22 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180824 5 cool music player apps.md b/translated/tech/20180824 5 cool music player apps.md index fb301ed4dd..76223f18ec 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20180824 5 cool music player apps.md +++ b/translated/tech/20180824 5 cool music player apps.md @@ -2,20 +2,21 @@ ====== ![](https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/5-cool-music-apps-816x345.jpg) -你喜欢音乐吗？那么 Fedora 中可能有你正在寻找的东西。本文介绍在 Fedora 上运行的不同音乐播放器。无论你有大量的音乐库，还是小型音乐库，或者根本没有音乐库，你都会被覆盖到。这里有四个图形程序和一个基于终端的音乐播放器，可以让你挑选。 + +你喜欢音乐吗？那么 Fedora 中可能有你正在寻找的东西。本文介绍在 Fedora 上运行的各种音乐播放器。无论你有庞大的音乐库，还是小一些的，抑或根本没有，你都可以用到音乐播放器。这里有四个图形程序和一个基于终端的音乐播放器，可以让你挑选。 ### Quod Libet -Quod Libet 是你的大型音频库的管理员。如果你有一个大量的音频库，你不想只听，但也要管理，Quod Libet 可能是一个很好的选择。 +Quod Libet 是一个完备的大型音频库管理器。如果你有一个庞大的音频库，你不想只是听，也想要管理，Quod Libet 可能是一个很好的选择。 ![][1] -Quod Libet 可以从磁盘上的多个位置导入音乐，并允许你编辑音频文件的标签 - 因此一切都在你的控制之下。额外地，它还有各种插件可用，从简单的均衡器到 [last.fm][2] 同步。你也可以直接从 [Soundcloud][3] 搜索和播放音乐。 +Quod Libet 可以从磁盘上的多个位置导入音乐，并允许你编辑音频文件的标签 —— 因此一切都在你的控制之下。此外，它还有各种插件可用，从简单的均衡器到 [last.fm][2] 同步。你也可以直接从 [Soundcloud][3] 搜索和播放音乐。 + +Quod Libet 在 HiDPI 屏幕上工作得很好，它有 Fedora 的 RPM 包，如果你运行 [Silverblue][5]，它在 [Flathub][4] 中也有。使用 Gnome Software 或命令行安装它： -Quod Libet 在 HiDPI 屏幕上工作得很好，它有 Fedora 的 RPM 包，如果你运行[Silverblue][5]，它在 [Flathub][4] 中也有。使用 Gnome Software 或命令行安装它： ``` $ sudo dnf install quodlibet - ``` ### Audacious @@ -24,14 +25,14 @@ $ sudo dnf install quodlibet ![][6] -Audacious 可能不会立即管理你的所有音乐，但你如果想将音乐组织为文件，它能做得很好。你还可以导出和导入播放列表，而无需重新组织音乐文件本身。 +Audacious 可能不直接管理你的所有音乐，但你如果想将音乐按文件组织起来，它能做得很好。你还可以导出和导入播放列表，而无需重新组织音乐文件本身。 -额外地，你可以让它看起来像 Winamp。要让它与上面的截图相同，请进入 “Settings/Appearance,”，选择顶部的 “Winamp Classic Interface”，然后选择右下方的 “Refugee” 皮肤。而鲍勃是你的叔叔！这就完成了。 +此外，你可以让它看起来像 Winamp。要让它与上面的截图相同，请进入 “Settings/Appearance”，选择顶部的 “Winamp Classic Interface”，然后选择右下方的 “Refugee” 皮肤。就这么简单。 Audacious 在 Fedora 中作为 RPM 提供，可以使用 Gnome Software 或在终端运行以下命令安装： + ``` $ sudo dnf install audacious - ``` ### Lollypop @@ -40,25 +41,25 @@ Lollypop 是一个音乐播放器，它与 GNOME 集成良好。如果你喜欢 ![][7] -除了与 GNOME Shell 的良好视觉集成之外，它还可以很好地用于 HiDPI 屏幕，并支持黑暗主题。 +除了与 GNOME Shell 的良好视觉集成之外，它还可以很好地用于 HiDPI 屏幕，并支持暗色主题。 额外地，Lollypop 有一个集成的封面下载器和一个所谓的派对模式（右上角的音符按钮），它可以自动选择和播放音乐。它还集成了 [last.fm][2] 或 [libre.fm][8] 等在线服务。 它有 Fedora 的 RPM 也有用于 [Silverblue][5] 工作站的 [Flathub][4]，使用 Gnome Software 或终端进行安装： + ``` $ sudo dnf install lollypop - ``` ### Gradio -如果你没有任何音乐但仍喜欢听怎么办？或者你只是喜欢收音机？Gradio 就是为你准备的。 +如果你没有任何音乐但仍想听怎么办？或者你只是喜欢收音机？Gradio 就是为你准备的。 ![][9] Gradio 是一个简单的收音机，它允许你搜索和播放网络电台。你可以按国家、语言或直接搜索找到它们。额外地，它可视化地集成到了 GNOME Shell 中，可以与 HiDPI 屏幕配合使用，并且可以选择黑暗主题。 -可以在 [Flathub][4] 中找到 Gradio，它同时可以运行在 Fedora Workstation 和 [Silverblue][5] 中。使用 Gnome Software 安装它 +可以在 [Flathub][4] 中找到 Gradio，它同时可以运行在 Fedora Workstation 和 [Silverblue][5] 中。使用 Gnome Software 安装它。 ### sox @@ -67,19 +68,19 @@ Gradio 是一个简单的收音机，它允许你搜索和播放网络电台。 ![][10] sox 是一个非常简单的基于终端的音乐播放器。你需要做的就是运行如下命令： + ``` $ play file.mp3 - ``` 接着 sox 就会为你播放。除了单独的音频文件外，sox 还支持 m3u 格式的播放列表。 -额外地，因为 sox 是基于终端的程序，你可以在 ssh 中运行它。你有一个带扬声器的家用服务器吗？或者你想从另一台电脑上播放音乐吗？尝试将它与 [tmux][11] 一起使用，这样即使会话关闭也可以继续听。 +此外，因为 sox 是基于终端的程序，你可以通过 ssh 运行它。你有一个带扬声器的家用服务器吗？或者你想从另一台电脑上播放音乐吗？尝试将它与 [tmux][11] 一起使用，这样即使会话关闭也可以继续听。 sox 在 Fedora 中以 RPM 提供。运行下面的命令安装： + ``` $ sudo dnf install sox - ``` @@ -90,19 +91,19 @@ via: https://fedoramagazine.org/5-cool-music-player-apps/ 作者：[Adam Šamalík][a] 选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) 译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 [a]:https://fedoramagazine.org/author/asamalik/ -[1]:https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/qodlibet-300x217.png +[1]:https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/qodlibet-768x555.png [2]:https://last.fm [3]:https://soundcloud.com/ [4]:https://flathub.org/home [5]:https://teamsilverblue.org/ -[6]:https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/audacious-300x136.png -[7]:https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/lollypop-300x172.png +[6]:https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/audacious-768x348.png +[7]:https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/lollypop-768x439.png [8]:https://libre.fm -[9]:https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/gradio.png -[10]:https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/sox-300x179.png +[9]:https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/gradio-768x499.png +[10]:https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/sox-768x457.png [11]:https://fedoramagazine.org/use-tmux-more-powerful-terminal/ From a43cb5246888093791166c510e7fec3e06db4b1c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Sat, 6 Oct 2018 21:02:32 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 135/219] PUB: 20180824 5 cool music player apps.md @geekpi https://linux.cn/article-10088-1.html --- .../tech => published}/20180824 5 cool music player apps.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20180824 5 cool music player apps.md (100%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180824 5 cool music player apps.md b/published/20180824 5 cool music player apps.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/tech/20180824 5 cool music player apps.md rename to published/20180824 5 cool music player apps.md From 8c19714c05287759ea71cfd14111e09cb190ab11 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: bookug Date: Sat, 6 Oct 2018 22:31:10 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 136/219] =?UTF-8?q?=E3=80=90=E5=AE=8C=E6=88=90=E7=BF=BB?= =?UTF-8?q?=E8=AF=91=E3=80=91Moving=20to=20Linux=20from=20dated=20Windows?= =?UTF-8?q?=20machines?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...ng to Linux from dated Windows machines.md | 51 ------------------- 1 file changed, 51 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/talk/20180123 Moving to Linux from dated Windows machines.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20180123 Moving to Linux from dated Windows machines.md b/sources/talk/20180123 Moving to Linux from dated Windows machines.md deleted file mode 100644 index 3a9b426a0c..0000000000 --- a/sources/talk/20180123 Moving to Linux from dated Windows machines.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,51 +0,0 @@ -【bookug翻译中】 -Moving to Linux from dated Windows machines -====== - -![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/1980s-computer-yearbook.png?itok=eGOYEKK-) - -Every day, while working in the marketing department at ONLYOFFICE, I see Linux users discussing our office productivity software on the internet. Our products are popular among Linux users, which made me curious about using Linux as an everyday work tool. My old Windows XP-powered computer was an obstacle to performance, so I started reading about Linux systems (particularly Ubuntu) and decided to try it out as an experiment. Two of my colleagues joined me. - -### Why Linux? - -We needed to make a change, first, because our old systems were not enough in terms of performance: we experienced regular crashes, an overload every time more than two apps were active, a 50% chance of freezing when a machine was shut down, and so forth. This was rather distracting to our work, which meant we were considerably less efficient than we could be. - -Upgrading to newer versions of Windows was an option, too, but that is an additional expense, plus our software competes against Microsoft's office suite. So that was an ideological question, too. - -Second, as I mentioned earlier, ONLYOFFICE products are rather popular within the Linux community. By reading about Linux users' experience with our software, we became interested in joining them. - -A week after we asked to change to Linux, we got our shiny new computer cases with [Kubuntu][1] inside. We chose version 16.04, which features KDE Plasma 5.5 and many KDE apps including Dolphin, as well as LibreOffice 5.1 and Firefox 45. - -### What we like about Linux - -Linux's biggest advantage, I believe, is its speed; for instance, it takes just seconds from pushing the machine's On button to starting your work. Everything seemed amazingly rapid from the very beginning: the overall responsiveness, the graphics, and even system updates. - -One other thing that surprised me compared to Windows is that Linux allows you to configure nearly everything, including the entire look of your desktop. In Settings, I found how to change the color and shape of bars, buttons, and fonts; relocate any desktop element; and build a composition of widgets, even including comics and Color Picker. I believe I've barely scratched the surface of the available options and have yet to explore most of the customization opportunities that this system is well known for. - -Linux distributions are generally a very safe environment. People rarely use antivirus apps in Linux, simply because there are so few viruses written for it. You save system speed, time, and, sure enough, money. - -In general, Linux has refreshed our everyday work lives, surprising us with a number of new options and opportunities. Even in the short time we've been using it, we'd characterize it as: - - * Fast and smooth to operate - * Highly customizable - * Relatively newcomer-friendly - * Challenging with basic components, however very rewarding in return - * Safe and secure - * An exciting experience for everyone who seeks to refresh their workplace - - - -Have you switched from Windows or MacOS to Kubuntu or another Linux variant? Or are you considering making the change? Please share your reasons for wanting to adopt Linux, as well as your impressions of going open source, in the comments. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://opensource.com/article/18/1/move-to-linux-old-windows - -作者：[Michael Korotaev][a] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:https://opensource.com/users/michaelk -[1]:https://kubuntu.org/ From 1ff539003292f3c089d1052a2a05ed2c312c6e49 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: bookug Date: Sat, 6 Oct 2018 22:35:38 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 137/219] =?UTF-8?q?=E3=80=90=E5=AE=8C=E6=88=90=E7=BF=BB?= =?UTF-8?q?=E8=AF=91=E3=80=91Moving=20to=20Linux=20from=20dated=20Windows?= =?UTF-8?q?=20machines?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...ng to Linux from dated Windows machines.md | 63 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 63 insertions(+) create mode 100644 translated/talk/20180123 Moving to Linux from dated Windows machines.md diff --git a/translated/talk/20180123 Moving to Linux from dated Windows machines.md b/translated/talk/20180123 Moving to Linux from dated Windows machines.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b90a166a4d --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/talk/20180123 Moving to Linux from dated Windows machines.md @@ -0,0 +1,63 @@ +从过时的 Windows 机器迁移到 Linux +====== + +![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/1980s-computer-yearbook.png?itok=eGOYEKK-) + +每天当我在 ONLYOFFICE 的市场部门工作的时候，我都能看到 Linux 用户在网上讨论我们的办公效率软件。 +我们的产品在 Linux 用户中很受欢迎，这使得我对使用 Linux 作为日常工具的体验非常好奇。 +我的老旧的 Windows XP 机器在性能上非常差，因此我决定了解 Linux 系统（特别是 Ubuntu ）并且决定去尝试使用它。 +我的两个同事加入了我的计划。 + +### 为何选择 Linux ？ + +我们必须做出改变，首先，我们的老系统在性能方面不够用：我们经历过频繁的崩溃，每当超过两个应用在运行机器就会负载过度，关闭机器时有一半的几率冻结等等。 +这很容易让我们从工作中分心，意味着我们没有我们应有的工作效率了。 + +升级到 Windows 更新的版本也是一种选择，但这样可能会带来额外的开销，而且我们的软件本身也是要与 Microsoft 的办公软件竞争。 +因此我们在这方面也存在意识形态的问题。 + +其次，就像我之前提过的， ONLYOFFICE 产品在 Linux 社区内非常受欢迎。 +通过阅读 Linux 用户在使用我们的软件时的体验，我们也对加入他们很感兴趣。 + +在我们要求转换到 Linux 系统一周后，我们拿到了崭新的装好了 [Kubuntu][1] 的机器。 +我们选择了 16.04 版本，因为这个版本支持 KDE Plasma 5.5 和包括 Dolphin 在内的很多 KDE 应用，同时也包括 LibreOffice 5.1 和 Firefox 45 。 + +### Linux 让人喜欢的地方 + +我相信 Linux 最大的优势是它的运行速度，比如，从按下机器的电源按钮到开始工作只需要几秒钟时间。 +从一开始，一切看起来都超乎寻常地快：总体的响应速度，图形界面，甚至包括系统更新的速度。 + +另一个使我惊奇的事情是跟 Windows 相比， Linux 几乎能让你配置任何东西，包括整个桌面的外观。 +在设置里面，我发现了如何修改各种栏目、按钮和字体的颜色和形状，也可以重新布置任意桌面组件的位置，组合桌面的小工具（甚至包括漫画和颜色选择器） +我相信我还仅仅只是了解了基本的选项，之后还需要探索这个系统更多著名的定制化选项。 + +Linux 发行版通常是一个非常安全的环境。 +人们很少在 Linux 系统中使用防病毒的软件，因为很少有人会写病毒程序来攻击 Linux 系统。 +因此你可以拥有很好的系统速度，并且节省了时间和金钱。 + +总之， Linux 已经改变了我们的日常生活，用一系列的新选项和功能大大震惊了我们。 +仅仅通过短时间的使用，我们已经可以给它总结出以下特性： + + * 操作很快很顺畅 + * 高度可定制 + * 对新手很友好 + * 了解基本组件很有挑战性，但回报丰厚 + * 安全可靠 + * 对所有想改变工作场所的人来说都是一次绝佳的体验 + +你已经从 Windows 或 MacOS 系统换到 Kubuntu 或其他 Linux 变种了么？ +或者你是否正在考虑做出改变？ +请分享你想要采用 Linux 系统的原因，连同你对开源的印象一起写在评论中。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/18/1/move-to-linux-old-windows + +作者：[Michael Korotaev][a] +译者：[bookug](https://github.com/bookug) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:https://opensource.com/users/michaelk +[1]:https://kubuntu.org/ From a941f8a3c440a04dfcc3a856274a9ef9dc73781c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: lctt9972 Date: Sun, 7 Oct 2018 02:34:29 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 138/219] Revert "translating by ljgibbslf" This reverts commit ecedd6ff13d73cb24bb562daf10f3042c943595c. --- ...se a here documents to write data to a file in bash script.md | 1 - 1 file changed, 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20171116 How to use a here documents to write data to a file in bash script.md b/sources/tech/20171116 How to use a here documents to write data to a file in bash script.md index 9c2a636b09..12d15af78f 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20171116 How to use a here documents to write data to a file in bash script.md +++ b/sources/tech/20171116 How to use a here documents to write data to a file in bash script.md @@ -1,4 +1,3 @@ -translating by ljgibbslf How to use a here documents to write data to a file in bash script ====== From 3eaf2f2fa747ef86b9f9ffbd26505b3c5cdb3057 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: lctt9972 Date: Sun, 7 Oct 2018 02:34:44 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 139/219] Revert "Update 20171130 Excellent Business Software Alternatives For Linux.md" This reverts commit b623203bf829b63371438140c16be8b0a9ea2fe1. --- ...0171130 Excellent Business Software Alternatives For Linux.md | 1 - 1 file changed, 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20171130 Excellent Business Software Alternatives For Linux.md b/sources/tech/20171130 Excellent Business Software Alternatives For Linux.md index 195b51423a..3469c62569 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20171130 Excellent Business Software Alternatives For Linux.md +++ b/sources/tech/20171130 Excellent Business Software Alternatives For Linux.md @@ -1,4 +1,3 @@ -Yoliver istranslating. Excellent Business Software Alternatives For Linux ------- From 9ff36c7a360b1673ca1ca5fc18a7d9b9663253d5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: lctt9972 Date: Sun, 7 Oct 2018 02:34:59 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 140/219] Revert "Update 20180522 How to Enable Click to Minimize On Ubuntu.md" This reverts commit 9dfa29dcc4035dc929f93ed8a79fc02606ec3a9f. --- .../tech/20180522 How to Enable Click to Minimize On Ubuntu.md | 2 -- 1 file changed, 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20180522 How to Enable Click to Minimize On Ubuntu.md b/sources/tech/20180522 How to Enable Click to Minimize On Ubuntu.md index 761138908d..50d68ad445 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20180522 How to Enable Click to Minimize On Ubuntu.md +++ b/sources/tech/20180522 How to Enable Click to Minimize On Ubuntu.md @@ -1,5 +1,3 @@ -translated by cyleft - How to Enable Click to Minimize On Ubuntu ============================================================ From 7dc00f8206de3967b845813a49ede97e9c0ead05 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: lctt9972 Date: Sun, 7 Oct 2018 02:35:10 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 141/219] Revert "add translating tag" This reverts commit e235e143387c92b9c5c2cc861c7803dcc43e51f9. --- .../20180727 How to analyze your system with perf and Python.md | 2 -- 1 file changed, 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20180727 How to analyze your system with perf and Python.md b/sources/tech/20180727 How to analyze your system with perf and Python.md index ccc66b04a7..c1be98cc0e 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20180727 How to analyze your system with perf and Python.md +++ b/sources/tech/20180727 How to analyze your system with perf and Python.md @@ -1,5 +1,3 @@ -pinewall translating - How to analyze your system with perf and Python ====== From 9910e70abd9637ea4b6aadeba66e14591f95ff4c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: lctt9972 Date: Sun, 7 Oct 2018 02:35:22 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 142/219] Revert "Update 29180329 Python ChatOps libraries- Opsdroid and Errbot.md" This reverts commit 95d2cfc61108e999145e518c512c09b269a2bf7f. --- .../29180329 Python ChatOps libraries- Opsdroid and Errbot.md | 2 -- 1 file changed, 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/29180329 Python ChatOps libraries- Opsdroid and Errbot.md b/sources/tech/29180329 Python ChatOps libraries- Opsdroid and Errbot.md index d7ef058106..5f409956f7 100644 --- a/sources/tech/29180329 Python ChatOps libraries- Opsdroid and Errbot.md +++ b/sources/tech/29180329 Python ChatOps libraries- Opsdroid and Errbot.md @@ -1,5 +1,3 @@ -Translating by shipsw - Python ChatOps libraries: Opsdroid and Errbot ====== From 886d6765c29de77dfa490a0ec276e8ecc97300cc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Sun, 7 Oct 2018 11:51:02 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 143/219] Rename 29180329 Python ChatOps libraries- Opsdroid and Errbot.md to 20180329 Python ChatOps libraries- Opsdroid and Errbot.md --- ... => 20180329 Python ChatOps libraries- Opsdroid and Errbot.md} | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename sources/tech/{29180329 Python ChatOps libraries- Opsdroid and Errbot.md => 20180329 Python ChatOps libraries- Opsdroid and Errbot.md} (100%) diff --git a/sources/tech/29180329 Python ChatOps libraries- Opsdroid and Errbot.md b/sources/tech/20180329 Python ChatOps libraries- Opsdroid and Errbot.md similarity index 100% rename from sources/tech/29180329 Python ChatOps libraries- Opsdroid and Errbot.md rename to sources/tech/20180329 Python ChatOps libraries- Opsdroid and Errbot.md From bbe95b228ff58dcbccdd9aca55a809a329acf0a2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: HankChow <280630620@qq.com> Date: Sun, 7 Oct 2018 13:21:31 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 144/219] translated --- ...ed Essential Linux Applications of 2018.md | 990 ------------------ ...ed Essential Linux Applications of 2018.md | 985 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 985 insertions(+), 990 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20180724 75 Most Used Essential Linux Applications of 2018.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20180724 75 Most Used Essential Linux Applications of 2018.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20180724 75 Most Used Essential Linux Applications of 2018.md b/sources/tech/20180724 75 Most Used Essential Linux Applications of 2018.md deleted file mode 100644 index 2b52356068..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20180724 75 Most Used Essential Linux Applications of 2018.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,990 +0,0 @@ -HankChow translating - -75 Most Used Essential Linux Applications of 2018 -====== - -**2018** has been an awesome year for a lot of applications, especially those that are both free and open source. And while various Linux distributions come with a number of default apps, users are free to take them out and use any of the free or paid alternatives of their choice. - -Today, we bring you a [list of Linux applications][3] that have been able to make it to users’ Linux installations almost all the time despite the butt-load of other alternatives. - -To simply put, any app on this list is among the most used in its category, and if you haven’t already tried it out you are probably missing out. Enjoy! - -### Backup Tools - -#### Rsync - -[Rsync][4] is an open source bandwidth-friendly utility tool for performing swift incremental file transfers and it is available for free. -``` -$ rsync [OPTION...] SRC... [DEST] - -``` - -To know more examples and usage, read our article “[10 Practical Examples of Rsync Command][5]” to learn more about it. - -#### Timeshift - -[Timeshift][6] provides users with the ability to protect their system by taking incremental snapshots which can be reverted to at a different date – similar to the function of Time Machine in Mac OS and System restore in Windows. - -![](https://www.fossmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Timeshift-Create-Linux-Mint-Snapshot.png) - -### BitTorrent Client - -![](https://www.fossmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Linux-Torrent-Clients.png) - -#### Deluge - -[Deluge][7] is a beautiful cross-platform BitTorrent client that aims to perfect the **μTorrent** experience and make it available to users for free. - -Install **Deluge** on **Ubuntu** and **Debian** , using following commands. -``` -$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:deluge-team/ppa -$ sudo apt-get update -$ sudo apt-get install deluge - -``` - -#### qBittorent - -[qBittorent][8] is an open source BitTorrent protocol client that aims to provide a free alternative to torrent apps like μTorrent. - -Install **qBittorent** on **Ubuntu** and **Debian** , using following commands. -``` -$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:qbittorrent-team/qbittorrent-stable -$ sudo apt-get update -$ sudo apt-get install qbittorrent - -``` - -#### Transmission - -[Transmission][9] is also a BitTorrent client with awesome functionalities and a major focus on speed and ease of use. It comes preinstalled with many Linux distros. - -Install **Transmission** on **Ubuntu** and **Debian** , using following commands. -``` -$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:transmissionbt/ppa -$ sudo apt-get update -$ sudo apt-get install transmission-gtk transmission-cli transmission-common transmission-daemon - -``` - -### Cloud Storage - -![](https://www.fossmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Linux-Cloud-Storage.png) - -#### Dropbox - -The [Dropbox][10] team rebranded their cloud service earlier this year to provide an even better performance and app integration for their clients. It starts with 2GB of storage for free. - -Install **Dropbox** on **Ubuntu** and **Debian** , using following commands. -``` -$ cd ~ && wget -O - "https://www.dropbox.com/download?plat=lnx.x86" | tar xzf - [On 32-Bit] -$ cd ~ && wget -O - "https://www.dropbox.com/download?plat=lnx.x86_64" | tar xzf - [On 64-Bit] -$ ~/.dropbox-dist/dropboxd - -``` - -#### Google Drive - -[Google Drive][11] is Google’s cloud service solution and my guess is that it needs no introduction. Just like with **Dropbox** , you can sync files across all your connected devices. It starts with 15GB of storage for free and this includes Gmail, Google photos, Maps, etc. - -Check out: [5 Google Drive Clients for Linux][12] - -#### Mega - -[Mega][13] stands out from the rest because apart from being extremely security-conscious, it gives free users 50GB to do as they wish! Its end-to-end encryption ensures that they can’t access your data, and if you forget your recovery key, you too wouldn’t be able to. - -[**Download MEGA Cloud Storage for Ubuntu][14] - -### Commandline Editors - -![](https://www.fossmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Commandline-Editors.png) - -#### Vim - -[Vim][15] is an open source clone of vi text editor developed to be customizable and able to work with any type of text. - -Install **Vim** on **Ubuntu** and **Debian** , using following commands. -``` -$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:jonathonf/vim -$ sudo apt update -$ sudo apt install vim - -``` - -#### Emacs - -[Emacs][16] refers to a set of highly configurable text editors. The most popular variant, GNU Emacs, is written in Lisp and C to be self-documenting, extensible, and customizable. - -Install **Emacs** on **Ubuntu** and **Debian** , using following commands. -``` -$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:kelleyk/emacs -$ sudo apt update -$ sudo apt install emacs25 - -``` - -#### Nano - -[Nano][17] is a feature-rich CLI text editor for power users and it has the ability to work with different terminals, among other functionalities. - -Install **Nano** on **Ubuntu** and **Debian** , using following commands. -``` -$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:n-muench/programs-ppa -$ sudo apt-get update -$ sudo apt-get install nano - -``` - -### Download Manager - -![](https://www.fossmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Linux-Download-Managers.png) - -#### Aria2 - -[Aria2][18] is an open source lightweight multi-source and multi-protocol command line-based downloader with support for Metalinks, torrents, HTTP/HTTPS, SFTP, etc. - -Install **Aria2** on **Ubuntu** and **Debian** , using following command. -``` -$ sudo apt-get install aria2 - -``` - -#### uGet - -[uGet][19] has earned its title as the **#1** open source download manager for Linux distros and it features the ability to handle any downloading task you can throw at it including using multiple connections, using queues, categories, etc. - -Install **uGet** on **Ubuntu** and **Debian** , using following commands. -``` -$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:plushuang-tw/uget-stable -$ sudo apt update -$ sudo apt install uget - -``` - -#### XDM - -[XDM][20], **Xtreme Download Manager** is an open source downloader written in Java. Like any good download manager, it can work with queues, torrents, browsers, and it also includes a video grabber and a smart scheduler. - -Install **XDM** on **Ubuntu** and **Debian** , using following commands. -``` -$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:noobslab/apps -$ sudo apt-get update -$ sudo apt-get install xdman - -``` - -### Email Clients - -![](https://www.fossmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Linux-Email-Clients.png) - -#### Thunderbird - -[Thunderbird][21] is among the most popular email applications. It is free, open source, customizable, feature-rich, and above all, easy to install. - -Install **Thunderbird** on **Ubuntu** and **Debian** , using following commands. -``` -$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:ubuntu-mozilla-security/ppa -$ sudo apt-get update -$ sudo apt-get install thunderbird - -``` - -#### Geary - -[Geary][22] is an open source email client based on WebKitGTK+. It is free, open-source, feature-rich, and adopted by the GNOME project. - -Install **Geary** on **Ubuntu** and **Debian** , using following commands. -``` -$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:geary-team/releases -$ sudo apt-get update -$ sudo apt-get install geary - -``` - -#### Evolution - -[Evolution][23] is a free and open source email client for managing emails, meeting schedules, reminders, and contacts. - -Install **Evolution** on **Ubuntu** and **Debian** , using following commands. -``` -$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:gnome3-team/gnome3-staging -$ sudo apt-get update -$ sudo apt-get install evolution - -``` - -### Finance Software - -![](https://www.fossmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Linux-Accounting-Software.png) - -#### GnuCash - -[GnuCash][24] is a free, cross-platform, and open source software for financial accounting tasks for personal and small to mid-size businesses. - -Install **GnuCash** on **Ubuntu** and **Debian** , using following commands. -``` -$ sudo sh -c 'echo "deb http://archive.getdeb.net/ubuntu $(lsb_release -sc)-getdeb apps" >> /etc/apt/sources.list.d/getdeb.list' -$ sudo apt-get update -$ sudo apt-get install gnucash - -``` - -#### KMyMoney - -[KMyMoney][25] is a finance manager software that provides all important features found in the commercially-available, personal finance managers. - -Install **KMyMoney** on **Ubuntu** and **Debian** , using following commands. -``` -$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:claydoh/kmymoney2-kde4 -$ sudo apt-get update -$ sudo apt-get install kmymoney - -``` - -### IDE Editors - -![](https://www.fossmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Linux-IDE-Editors.png) - -#### Eclipse IDE - -[Eclipse][26] is the most widely used Java IDE containing a base workspace and an impossible-to-overemphasize configurable plug-in system for personalizing its coding environment. - -For installation, read our article “[How to Install Eclipse Oxygen IDE in Debian and Ubuntu][27]” - -#### Netbeans IDE - -A fan-favourite, [Netbeans][28] enables users to easily build applications for mobile, desktop, and web platforms using Java, PHP, HTML5, JavaScript, and C/C++, among other languages. - -For installation, read our article “[How to Install Netbeans Oxygen IDE in Debian and Ubuntu][29]” - -#### Brackets - -[Brackets][30] is an advanced text editor developed by Adobe to feature visual tools, preprocessor support, and a design-focused user flow for web development. In the hands of an expert, it can serve as an IDE in its own right. - -Install **Brackets** on **Ubuntu** and **Debian** , using following commands. -``` -$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:webupd8team/brackets -$ sudo apt-get update -$ sudo apt-get install brackets - -``` - -#### Atom IDE - -[Atom IDE][31] is a more robust version of Atom text editor achieved by adding a number of extensions and libraries to boost its performance and functionalities. It is, in a sense, Atom on steroids. - -Install **Atom** on **Ubuntu** and **Debian** , using following commands. -``` -$ sudo apt-get install snapd -$ sudo snap install atom --classic - -``` - -#### Light Table - -[Light Table][32] is a self-proclaimed next-generation IDE developed to offer awesome features like data value flow stats and coding collaboration. - -Install **Light Table** on **Ubuntu** and **Debian** , using following commands. -``` -$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:dr-akulavich/lighttable -$ sudo apt-get update -$ sudo apt-get install lighttable-installer - -``` - -#### Visual Studio Code - -[Visual Studio Code][33] is a source code editor created by Microsoft to offer users the best-advanced features in a text editor including syntax highlighting, code completion, debugging, performance statistics and graphs, etc. - -[**Download Visual Studio Code for Ubuntu][34] - -### Instant Messaging - -![](https://www.fossmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Linux-IM-Clients.png) - -#### Pidgin - -[Pidgin][35] is an open source instant messaging app that supports virtually all chatting platforms and can have its abilities extended using extensions. - -Install **Pidgin** on **Ubuntu** and **Debian** , using following commands. -``` -$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:jonathonf/backports -$ sudo apt-get update -$ sudo apt-get install pidgin - -``` - -#### Skype - -[Skype][36] needs no introduction and its awesomeness is available for any interested Linux user. - -Install **Skype** on **Ubuntu** and **Debian** , using following commands. -``` -$ sudo apt install snapd -$ sudo snap install skype --classic - -``` - -#### Empathy - -[Empathy][37] is a messaging app with support for voice, video chat, text, and file transfers over multiple several protocols. It also allows you to add other service accounts to it and interface with all of them through it. - -Install **Empathy** on **Ubuntu** and **Debian** , using following commands. -``` -$ sudo apt-get install empathy - -``` - -### Linux Antivirus - -#### ClamAV/ClamTk - -[ClamAV][38] is an open source and cross-platform command line antivirus app for detecting Trojans, viruses, and other malicious codes. [ClamTk][39] is its GUI front-end. - -Install **ClamAV/ClamTk** on **Ubuntu** and **Debian** , using following commands. -``` -$ sudo apt-get install clamav -$ sudo apt-get install clamtk - -``` - -### Linux Desktop Environments - -#### Cinnamon - -[Cinnamon][40] is a free and open-source derivative of **GNOME3** and it follows the traditional desktop metaphor conventions. - -Install **Cinnamon** desktop on **Ubuntu** and **Debian** , using following commands. -``` -$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:embrosyn/cinnamon -$ sudo apt update -$ sudo apt install cinnamon-desktop-environment lightdm - -``` - -#### Mate - -The [Mate][41] Desktop Environment is a derivative and continuation of **GNOME2** developed to offer an attractive UI on Linux using traditional metaphors. - -Install **Mate** desktop on **Ubuntu** and **Debian** , using following commands. -``` -$ sudo apt install tasksel -$ sudo apt update -$ sudo tasksel install ubuntu-mate-desktop - -``` - -#### GNOME - -[GNOME][42] is a Desktop Environment comprised of several free and open-source applications and can run on any Linux distro and on most BSD derivatives. - -Install **Gnome** desktop on **Ubuntu** and **Debian** , using following commands. -``` -$ sudo apt install tasksel -$ sudo apt update -$ sudo tasksel install ubuntu-desktop - -``` - -#### KDE - -[KDE][43] is developed by the KDE community to provide users with a graphical solution to interfacing with their system and performing several computing tasks. - -Install **KDE** desktop on **Ubuntu** and **Debian** , using following commands. -``` -$ sudo apt install tasksel -$ sudo apt update -$ sudo tasksel install kubuntu-desktop - -``` - -### Linux Maintenance Tools - -#### GNOME Tweak Tool - -The [GNOME Tweak Tool][44] is the most popular tool for customizing and tweaking GNOME3 and GNOME Shell settings. - -Install **GNOME Tweak Tool** on **Ubuntu** and **Debian** , using following commands. -``` -$ sudo apt install gnome-tweak-tool - -``` - -#### Stacer - -[Stacer][45] is a free, open-source app for monitoring and optimizing Linux systems. - -Install **Stacer** on **Ubuntu** and **Debian** , using following commands. -``` -$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:oguzhaninan/stacer -$ sudo apt-get update -$ sudo apt-get install stacer - -``` - -#### BleachBit - -[BleachBit][46] is a free disk space cleaner that also works as a privacy manager and system optimizer. - -[**Download BleachBit for Ubuntu][47] - -### Linux Terminals - -#### GNOME Terminal - -[GNOME Terminal][48] is GNOME’s default terminal emulator. - -Install **Gnome Terminal** on **Ubuntu** and **Debian** , using following commands. -``` -$ sudo apt-get install gnome-terminal - -``` - -#### Konsole - -[Konsole][49] is a terminal emulator for KDE. - -Install **Konsole** on **Ubuntu** and **Debian** , using following commands. -``` -$ sudo apt-get install konsole - -``` - -#### Terminator - -[Terminator][50] is a feature-rich GNOME Terminal-based terminal app built with a focus on arranging terminals, among other functions. - -Install **Terminator** on **Ubuntu** and **Debian** , using following commands. -``` -$ sudo apt-get install terminator - -``` - -#### Guake - -[Guake][51] is a lightweight drop-down terminal for the GNOME Desktop Environment. - -Install **Guake** on **Ubuntu** and **Debian** , using following commands. -``` -$ sudo apt-get install guake - -``` - -### Multimedia Editors - -#### Ardour - -[Ardour][52] is a beautiful Digital Audio Workstation (DAW) for recording, editing, and mixing audio professionally. - -Install **Ardour** on **Ubuntu** and **Debian** , using following commands. -``` -$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:dobey/audiotools -$ sudo apt-get update -$ sudo apt-get install ardour - -``` - -#### Audacity - -[Audacity][53] is an easy-to-use cross-platform and open source multi-track audio editor and recorder; arguably the most famous of them all. - -Install **Audacity** on **Ubuntu** and **Debian** , using following commands. -``` -$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:ubuntuhandbook1/audacity -$ sudo apt-get update -$ sudo apt-get install audacity - -``` - -#### GIMP - -[GIMP][54] is the most popular open source Photoshop alternative and it is for a reason. It features various customization options, 3rd-party plugins, and a helpful user community. - -Install **Gimp** on **Ubuntu** and **Debian** , using following commands. -``` -$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:otto-kesselgulasch/gimp -$ sudo apt update -$ sudo apt install gimp - -``` - -#### Krita - -[Krita][55] is an open source painting app that can also serve as an image manipulating tool and it features a beautiful UI with a reliable performance. - -Install **Krita** on **Ubuntu** and **Debian** , using following commands. -``` -$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:kritalime/ppa -$ sudo apt update -$ sudo apt install krita - -``` - -#### Lightworks - -[Lightworks][56] is a powerful, flexible, and beautiful tool for editing videos professionally. It comes feature-packed with hundreds of amazing effects and presets that allow it to handle any editing task that you throw at it and it has 25 years of experience to back up its claims. - -[**Download Lightworks for Ubuntu][57] - -#### OpenShot - -[OpenShot][58] is an award-winning free and open source video editor known for its excellent performance and powerful capabilities. - -Install **Openshot** on **Ubuntu** and **Debian** , using following commands. -``` -$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:openshot.developers/ppa -$ sudo apt update -$ sudo apt install openshot-qt - -``` - -#### PiTiV - -[Pitivi][59] is a beautiful video editor that features a beautiful code base, awesome community, is easy to use, and allows for hassle-free collaboration. - -Install **PiTiV** on **Ubuntu** and **Debian** , using following commands. -``` -$ flatpak install --user https://flathub.org/repo/appstream/org.pitivi.Pitivi.flatpakref -$ flatpak install --user http://flatpak.pitivi.org/pitivi.flatpakref -$ flatpak run org.pitivi.Pitivi//stable - -``` - -### Music Players - -#### Rhythmbox - -[Rhythmbox][60] posses the ability to perform all music tasks you throw at it and has so far proved to be a reliable music player that it ships with Ubuntu. - -Install **Rhythmbox** on **Ubuntu** and **Debian** , using following commands. -``` -$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:fossfreedom/rhythmbox -$ sudo apt-get update -$ sudo apt-get install rhythmbox - -``` - -#### Lollypop - -[Lollypop][61] is a beautiful, relatively new, open source music player featuring a number of advanced options like online radio, scrubbing support and party mode. Yet, it manages to keep everything simple and easy to manage. - -Install **Lollypop** on **Ubuntu** and **Debian** , using following commands. -``` -$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:gnumdk/lollypop -$ sudo apt-get update -$ sudo apt-get install lollypop - -``` - -#### Amarok - -[Amarok][62] is a robust music player with an intuitive UI and tons of advanced features bundled into a single unit. It also allows users to discover new music based on their genre preferences. - -Install **Amarok** on **Ubuntu** and **Debian** , using following commands. -``` -$ sudo apt-get update -$ sudo apt-get install amarok - -``` - -#### Clementine - -[Clementine][63] is an Amarok-inspired music player that also features a straight-forward UI, advanced control features, and the ability to let users search for and discover new music. - -Install **Clementine** on **Ubuntu** and **Debian** , using following commands. -``` -$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:me-davidsansome/clementine -$ sudo apt-get update -$ sudo apt-get install clementine - -``` - -#### Cmus - -[Cmus][64] is arguably the most efficient CLI music player, Cmus is fast and reliable, and its functionality can be increased using extensions. - -Install **Cmus** on **Ubuntu** and **Debian** , using following commands. -``` -$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:jmuc/cmus -$ sudo apt-get update -$ sudo apt-get install cmus - -``` - -### Office Suites - -#### Calligra Suite - -The [Calligra Suite][65] provides users with a set of 8 applications which cover working with office, management, and graphics tasks. - -Install **Calligra Suite** on **Ubuntu** and **Debian** , using following commands. -``` -$ sudo apt-get install calligra - -``` - -#### LibreOffice - -[LibreOffice][66] the most actively developed office suite in the open source community, LibreOffice is known for its reliability and its functions can be increased using extensions. - -Install **LibreOffice** on **Ubuntu** and **Debian** , using following commands. -``` -$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:libreoffice/ppa -$ sudo apt update -$ sudo apt install libreoffice - -``` - -#### WPS Office - -[WPS Office][67] is a beautiful office suite alternative with a more modern UI. - -[**Download WPS Office for Ubuntu][68] - -### Screenshot Tools - -#### Shutter - -[Shutter][69] allows users to take screenshots of their desktop and then edit them using filters and other effects coupled with the option to upload and share them online. - -Install **Shutter** on **Ubuntu** and **Debian** , using following commands. -``` -$ sudo add-apt-repository -y ppa:shutter/ppa -$ sudo apt update -$ sudo apt install shutter - -``` - -#### Kazam - -[Kazam][70] screencaster captures screen content to output a video and audio file supported by any video player with VP8/WebM and PulseAudio support. - -Install **Kazam** on **Ubuntu** and **Debian** , using following commands. -``` -$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:kazam-team/unstable-series -$ sudo apt update -$ sudo apt install kazam python3-cairo python3-xlib - -``` - -#### Gnome Screenshot - -[Gnome Screenshot][71] was once bundled with Gnome utilities but is now a standalone app. It can be used to take screencasts in a format that is easily shareable. - -Install **Gnome Screenshot** on **Ubuntu** and **Debian** , using following commands. -``` -$ sudo apt-get update -$ sudo apt-get install gnome-screenshot - -``` - -### Screen Recorders - -#### SimpleScreenRecorder - -[SimpleScreenRecorder][72] was created to be better than the screen-recording apps available at the time of its creation and has now turned into one of the most efficient and easy-to-use screen recorders for Linux distros. - -Install **SimpleScreenRecorder** on **Ubuntu** and **Debian** , using following commands. -``` -$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:maarten-baert/simplescreenrecorder -$ sudo apt-get update -$ sudo apt-get install simplescreenrecorder - -``` - -#### recordMyDesktop - -[recordMyDesktop][73] is an open source session recorder that is also capable of recording desktop session audio. - -Install **recordMyDesktop** on **Ubuntu** and **Debian** , using following commands. -``` -$ sudo apt-get update -$ sudo apt-get install gtk-recordmydesktop - -``` - -### Text Editors - -#### Atom - -[Atom][74] is a modern and customizable text editor created and maintained by GitHub. It is ready for use right out of the box and can have its functionality enhanced and its UI customized using extensions and themes. - -Install **Atom** on **Ubuntu** and **Debian** , using following commands. -``` -$ sudo apt-get install snapd -$ sudo snap install atom --classic - -``` - -#### Sublime Text - -[Sublime Text][75] is easily among the most awesome text editors to date. It is customizable, lightweight (even when bulldozed with a lot of data files and extensions), flexible, and remains free to use forever. - -Install **Sublime Text** on **Ubuntu** and **Debian** , using following commands. -``` -$ sudo apt-get install snapd -$ sudo snap install sublime-text - -``` - -#### Geany - -[Geany][76] is a memory-friendly text editor with basic IDE features designed to exhibit shot load times and extensible functions using libraries. - -Install **Geany** on **Ubuntu** and **Debian** , using following commands. -``` -$ sudo apt-get update -$ sudo apt-get install geany - -``` - -#### Gedit - -[Gedit][77] is famous for its simplicity and it comes preinstalled with many Linux distros because of its function as an excellent general purpose text editor. - -Install **Gedit** on **Ubuntu** and **Debian** , using following commands. -``` -$ sudo apt-get update -$ sudo apt-get install gedit - -``` - -### To-Do List Apps - -#### Evernote - -[Evernote][78] is a cloud-based note-taking productivity app designed to work perfectly with different types of notes including to-do lists and reminders. - -There is no any official evernote app for Linux, so check out other third party [6 Evernote Alternative Clients for Linux][79]. - -#### Everdo - -[Everdo][78] is a beautiful, security-conscious, low-friction Getting-Things-Done app productivity app for handling to-dos and other note types. If Evernote comes off to you in an unpleasant way, Everdo is a perfect alternative. - -[**Download Everdo for Ubuntu][80] - -#### Taskwarrior - -[Taskwarrior][81] is an open source and cross-platform command line app for managing tasks. It is famous for its speed and distraction-free environment. - -Install **Taskwarrior** on **Ubuntu** and **Debian** , using following commands. -``` -$ sudo apt-get update -$ sudo apt-get install taskwarrior - -``` - -### Video Players - -#### Banshee - -[Banshee][82] is an open source multi-format-supporting media player that was first developed in 2005 and has only been getting better since. - -Install **Banshee** on **Ubuntu** and **Debian** , using following commands. -``` -$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:banshee-team/ppa -$ sudo apt-get update -$ sudo apt-get install banshee - -``` - -#### VLC - -[VLC][83] is my favourite video player and it’s so awesome that it can play almost any audio and video format you throw at it. You can also use it to play internet radio, record desktop sessions, and stream movies online. - -Install **VLC** on **Ubuntu** and **Debian** , using following commands. -``` -$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:videolan/stable-daily -$ sudo apt-get update -$ sudo apt-get install vlc - -``` - -#### Kodi - -[Kodi][84] is among the world’s most famous media players and it comes as a full-fledged media centre app for playing all things media whether locally or remotely. - -Install **Kodi** on **Ubuntu** and **Debian** , using following commands. -``` -$ sudo apt-get install software-properties-common -$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:team-xbmc/ppa -$ sudo apt-get update -$ sudo apt-get install kodi - -``` - -#### SMPlayer - -[SMPlayer][85] is a GUI for the award-winning **MPlayer** and it is capable of handling all popular media formats; coupled with the ability to stream from YouTube, Chromcast, and download subtitles. - -Install **SMPlayer** on **Ubuntu** and **Debian** , using following commands. -``` -$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:rvm/smplayer -$ sudo apt-get update -$ sudo apt-get install smplayer - -``` - -### Virtualization Tools - -#### VirtualBox - -[VirtualBox][86] is an open source app created for general-purpose OS virtualization and it can be run on servers, desktops, and embedded systems. - -Install **VirtualBox** on **Ubuntu** and **Debian** , using following commands. -``` -$ wget -q https://www.virtualbox.org/download/oracle_vbox_2016.asc -O- | sudo apt-key add - -$ wget -q https://www.virtualbox.org/download/oracle_vbox.asc -O- | sudo apt-key add - -$ sudo apt-get update -$ sudo apt-get install virtualbox-5.2 -$ virtualbox - -``` - -#### VMWare - -[VMware][87] is a digital workspace that provides platform virtualization and cloud computing services to customers and is reportedly the first to successfully virtualize x86 architecture systems. One of its products, VMware workstations allows users to run multiple OSes in a virtual memory. - -For installation, read our article “[How to Install VMware Workstation Pro on Ubuntu][88]“. - -### Web Browsers - -#### Chrome - -[Google Chrome][89] is undoubtedly the most popular browser. Known for its speed, simplicity, security, and beauty following Google’s Material Design trend, Chrome is a browser that web developers cannot do without. It is also free to use and open source. - -Install **Google Chrome** on **Ubuntu** and **Debian** , using following commands. -``` -$ wget -q -O - https://dl-ssl.google.com/linux/linux_signing_key.pub | sudo apt-key add - -$ sudo sh -c 'echo "deb http://dl.google.com/linux/chrome/deb/ stable main" >> /etc/apt/sources.list.d/google.list' -$ sudo apt-get update -$ sudo apt-get install google-chrome-stable - -``` - -#### Firefox - -[Firefox Quantum][90] is a beautiful, speed, task-ready, and customizable browser capable of any browsing task that you throw at it. It is also free, open source, and packed with developer-friendly tools that are easy for even beginners to get up and running with. - -Install **Firefox Quantum** on **Ubuntu** and **Debian** , using following commands. -``` -$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:mozillateam/firefox-next -$ sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade -$ sudo apt install firefox - -``` - -#### Vivaldi - -[Vivaldi][91] is a free and open source Chrome-based project that aims to perfect Chrome’s features with a couple of more feature additions. It is known for its colourful panels, memory-friendly performance, and flexibility. - -[**Download Vivaldi for Ubuntu][91] - -That concludes our list for today. Did I skip a famous title? Tell me about it in the comments section below. - -Don’t forget to share this post and to subscribe to our newsletter to get the latest publications from FossMint. - - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.fossmint.com/most-used-linux-applications/ - -作者：[Martins D. Okoi][a] -选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:https://www.fossmint.com/author/dillivine/ -[1]:https://plus.google.com/share?url=https://www.fossmint.com/most-used-linux-applications/ (Share on Google+) -[2]:https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https://www.fossmint.com/most-used-linux-applications/ (Share on LinkedIn) -[3]:https://www.fossmint.com/awesome-linux-software/ -[4]:https://rsync.samba.org/ -[5]:https://www.tecmint.com/rsync-local-remote-file-synchronization-commands/ -[6]:https://github.com/teejee2008/timeshift -[7]:https://deluge-torrent.org/ -[8]:https://www.qbittorrent.org/ -[9]:https://transmissionbt.com/ -[10]:https://www.dropbox.com/ -[11]:https://www.google.com/drive/ -[12]:https://www.fossmint.com/best-google-drive-clients-for-linux/ -[13]:https://mega.nz/ -[14]:https://mega.nz/sync!linux -[15]:https://www.vim.org/ -[16]:https://www.gnu.org/s/emacs/ -[17]:https://www.nano-editor.org/ -[18]:https://aria2.github.io/ -[19]:http://ugetdm.com/ -[20]:http://xdman.sourceforge.net/ -[21]:https://www.thunderbird.net/ -[22]:https://github.com/GNOME/geary -[23]:https://github.com/GNOME/evolution -[24]:https://www.gnucash.org/ -[25]:https://kmymoney.org/ -[26]:https://www.eclipse.org/ide/ -[27]:https://www.tecmint.com/install-eclipse-oxygen-ide-in-ubuntu-debian/ -[28]:https://netbeans.org/ -[29]:https://www.tecmint.com/install-netbeans-ide-in-ubuntu-debian-linux-mint/ -[30]:http://brackets.io/ -[31]:https://ide.atom.io/ -[32]:http://lighttable.com/ -[33]:https://code.visualstudio.com/ -[34]:https://code.visualstudio.com/download -[35]:https://www.pidgin.im/ -[36]:https://www.skype.com/ -[37]:https://wiki.gnome.org/Apps/Empathy -[38]:https://www.clamav.net/ -[39]:https://dave-theunsub.github.io/clamtk/ -[40]:https://github.com/linuxmint/cinnamon-desktop -[41]:https://mate-desktop.org/ -[42]:https://www.gnome.org/ -[43]:https://www.kde.org/plasma-desktop -[44]:https://github.com/nzjrs/gnome-tweak-tool -[45]:https://github.com/oguzhaninan/Stacer -[46]:https://www.bleachbit.org/ -[47]:https://www.bleachbit.org/download -[48]:https://github.com/GNOME/gnome-terminal -[49]:https://konsole.kde.org/ -[50]:https://gnometerminator.blogspot.com/p/introduction.html -[51]:http://guake-project.org/ -[52]:https://ardour.org/ -[53]:https://www.audacityteam.org/ -[54]:https://www.gimp.org/ -[55]:https://krita.org/en/ -[56]:https://www.lwks.com/ -[57]:https://www.lwks.com/index.php?option=com_lwks&view=download&Itemid=206 -[58]:https://www.openshot.org/ -[59]:http://www.pitivi.org/ -[60]:https://wiki.gnome.org/Apps/Rhythmbox -[61]:https://gnumdk.github.io/lollypop-web/ -[62]:https://amarok.kde.org/en -[63]:https://www.clementine-player.org/ -[64]:https://cmus.github.io/ -[65]:https://www.calligra.org/tour/calligra-suite/ -[66]:https://www.libreoffice.org/ -[67]:https://www.wps.com/ -[68]:http://wps-community.org/downloads -[69]:http://shutter-project.org/ -[70]:https://launchpad.net/kazam -[71]:https://gitlab.gnome.org/GNOME/gnome-screenshot -[72]:http://www.maartenbaert.be/simplescreenrecorder/ -[73]:http://recordmydesktop.sourceforge.net/about.php -[74]:https://atom.io/ -[75]:https://www.sublimetext.com/ -[76]:https://www.geany.org/ -[77]:https://wiki.gnome.org/Apps/Gedit -[78]:https://everdo.net/ -[79]:https://www.fossmint.com/evernote-alternatives-for-linux/ -[80]:https://everdo.net/linux/ -[81]:https://taskwarrior.org/ -[82]:http://banshee.fm/ -[83]:https://www.videolan.org/ -[84]:https://kodi.tv/ -[85]:https://www.smplayer.info/ -[86]:https://www.virtualbox.org/wiki/VirtualBox -[87]:https://www.vmware.com/ -[88]:https://www.tecmint.com/install-vmware-workstation-in-linux/ -[89]:https://www.google.com/chrome/ -[90]:https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/ -[91]:https://vivaldi.com/ diff --git a/translated/tech/20180724 75 Most Used Essential Linux Applications of 2018.md b/translated/tech/20180724 75 Most Used Essential Linux Applications of 2018.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..96ca929009 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20180724 75 Most Used Essential Linux Applications of 2018.md @@ -0,0 +1,985 @@ +2018 年 75 个最常用的 Linux 应用程序 +====== + +对于许多应用程序来说，2018年是非常好的一年，尤其是免费开源的应用程序。尽管各种 Linux 发行版都自带了很多默认的应用程序，但用户也可以自由地选择使用它们或者其它任何免费或付费替代方案。 + +下面汇总了[一系列的 Linux 应用程序][3]，这些应用程序都能够在 Linux 系统上安装，尽管还有很多其它选择。以下汇总中的任何应用程序都属于其类别中最常用的应用程序，如果你还没有用过，欢迎试用一下！ + +### 备份工具 + +#### Rsync + +[Rsync][4] 是一个开源的、带宽友好的工具，它用于执行快速的增量文件传输，而且它也是一个免费工具。 +``` +$ rsync [OPTION...] SRC... [DEST] + +``` + +想要了解更多示例和用法，可以参考《[10 个使用 Rsync 命令的实际例子][5]》。 + +#### Timeshift + +[Timeshift][6] 能够通过增量快照来保护用户的系统数据，而且可以按照日期恢复指定的快照，类似于 Mac OS 中的 Time Machine 功能和 Windows 中的系统还原功能。 + +![](https://www.fossmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Timeshift-Create-Linux-Mint-Snapshot.png) + +### BT（BitTorrent） 客户端 + +![](https://www.fossmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Linux-Torrent-Clients.png) + +#### Deluge + +[Deluge][7] 是一个漂亮的跨平台 BT 客户端，旨在优化 μTorrent 体验，并向用户免费提供服务。 + +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `Deluge`。 +``` +$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:deluge-team/ppa +$ sudo apt-get update +$ sudo apt-get install deluge + +``` + +#### qBittorent + +[qBittorent][8] 是一个开源的 BT 客户端，旨在提供类似 μTorrent 的免费替代方案。 + +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `qBittorent`。 +``` +$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:qbittorrent-team/qbittorrent-stable +$ sudo apt-get update +$ sudo apt-get install qbittorrent + +``` + +#### Transmission + +[Transmission][9] 是一个强大的 BT 客户端，它主要关注速度和易用性，一般在很多 Linux 发行版上都有预装。 + +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `Transmission`。 +``` +$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:transmissionbt/ppa +$ sudo apt-get update +$ sudo apt-get install transmission-gtk transmission-cli transmission-common transmission-daemon + +``` + +### 云存储 + +![](https://www.fossmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Linux-Cloud-Storage.png) + +#### Dropbox + +[Dropbox][10] 团队在今年早些时候给他们的云服务换了一个名字，也为客户提供了更好的性能和集成了更多应用程序。Dropbox 会向用户免费提供 2 GB 存储空间。 + +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `Dropbox`。 +``` +$ cd ~ && wget -O - "https://www.dropbox.com/download?plat=lnx.x86" | tar xzf - [On 32-Bit] +$ cd ~ && wget -O - "https://www.dropbox.com/download?plat=lnx.x86_64" | tar xzf - [On 64-Bit] +$ ~/.dropbox-dist/dropboxd + +``` + +#### Google Drive + +[Google Drive][11] 是 Google 提供的云服务解决方案，这已经是一个广为人知的服务了。与 Dropbox 一样，可以通过它在所有联网的设备上同步文件。它免费提供了 15 GB 存储空间，包括Gmail、Google 图片、Google 地图等服务。 + +参考阅读：[5 个适用于 Linux 的 Google Drive 客户端][12] + +#### Mega + +[Mega][13] 也是一个出色的云存储解决方案，它的亮点除了高度的安全性之外，还有为用户免费提供高达 50 GB 的免费存储空间。它使用端到端加密，以确保用户的数据安全，所以如果忘记了恢复密钥，用户自己也无法访问到存储的数据。 + +参考阅读：[在 Ubuntu 下载 Mega 云存储客户端][14] + +### 命令行编辑器 + +![](https://www.fossmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Commandline-Editors.png) + +#### Vim + +[Vim][15] 是 vi 文本编辑器的开源克隆版本，它的主要目的是可以高度定制化并能够处理任何类型的文本。 + +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `Vim`。 +``` +$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:jonathonf/vim +$ sudo apt update +$ sudo apt install vim + +``` + +#### Emacs + +[Emacs][16] 是一个高度可配置的文本编辑器，最流行的一个分支 GNU Emacs 是用 Lisp 和 C 编写的，它的最大特点是可以自文档化、可扩展和可自定义。 + +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `Emacs`。 +``` +$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:kelleyk/emacs +$ sudo apt update +$ sudo apt install emacs25 + +``` + +#### Nano + +[Nano][17] 是一款功能丰富的命令行文本编辑器，比较适合高级用户。它可以通过多个终端进行不同功能的操作。 + +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `Nano`。 +``` +$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:n-muench/programs-ppa +$ sudo apt-get update +$ sudo apt-get install nano + +``` + +### 下载器 + +![](https://www.fossmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Linux-Download-Managers.png) + +#### Aria2 + +[Aria2][18] 是一个开源的、轻量级的、多软件源和多协议的命令行下载器，它支持 Metalinks、torrents、HTTP/HTTPS、SFTP 等多种协议。 + +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `Aria2`。 +``` +$ sudo apt-get install aria2 + +``` + +#### uGet + +[uGet][19] 已经成为 Linux 各种发行版中排名第一的开源下载器，它可以处理任何下载任务，包括多连接、队列、类目等。 + +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `uGet`。 +``` +$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:plushuang-tw/uget-stable +$ sudo apt update +$ sudo apt install uget + +``` + +#### XDM + +[XDM][20]（Xtreme Download Manager）是一个使用 Java 编写的开源下载软件。和其它下载器一样，它可以结合队列、种子、浏览器使用，而且还带有视频采集器和智能调度器。 + +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `XDM`。 +``` +$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:noobslab/apps +$ sudo apt-get update +$ sudo apt-get install xdman + +``` + +### 电子邮件客户端 + +![](https://www.fossmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Linux-Email-Clients.png) + +#### Thunderbird + +[Thunderbird][21] 是最受欢迎的电子邮件客户端之一。它的优点包括免费、开源、可定制、功能丰富，而且最重要的是安装过程也很简便。 + +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `Thunderbird`。 +``` +$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:ubuntu-mozilla-security/ppa +$ sudo apt-get update +$ sudo apt-get install thunderbird + +``` + +#### Geary + +[Geary][22] 是一个基于 WebKitGTK+ 的开源电子邮件客户端。它是一个免费开源的功能丰富的软件，并被 GNOME 项目收录。 + +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `Geary`。 +``` +$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:geary-team/releases +$ sudo apt-get update +$ sudo apt-get install geary + +``` + +#### Evolution + +[Evolution][23] 是一个免费开源的电子邮件客户端，可以用于电子邮件、会议日程、备忘录和联系人的管理。 + +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `Evolution`。 +``` +$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:gnome3-team/gnome3-staging +$ sudo apt-get update +$ sudo apt-get install evolution + +``` + +### 财务软件 + +![](https://www.fossmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Linux-Accounting-Software.png) + +#### GnuCash + +[GnuCash][24] 是一款免费的跨平台开源软件，它适用于个人和中小型企业的财务任务。 + +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `GnuCash`。 +``` +$ sudo sh -c 'echo "deb http://archive.getdeb.net/ubuntu $(lsb_release -sc)-getdeb apps" >> /etc/apt/sources.list.d/getdeb.list' +$ sudo apt-get update +$ sudo apt-get install gnucash + +``` + +#### KMyMoney + +[KMyMoney][25] 是一个财务管理软件，它可以提供商用或个人理财所需的大部分主要功能。 + +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `KmyMoney`。 +``` +$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:claydoh/kmymoney2-kde4 +$ sudo apt-get update +$ sudo apt-get install kmymoney + +``` + +### IDE 和编辑器 + +![](https://www.fossmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Linux-IDE-Editors.png) + +#### Eclipse IDE + +[Eclipse][26] 是最广为使用的 Java IDE，它包括一个基本工作空间和一个用于自定义编程环境的强大的的插件配置系统。 + +关于 Eclipse IDE 的安装，可以参考 [如何在 Debian 和 Ubuntu 上安装 Eclipse IDE][27] 这一篇文章。 + +#### Netbeans IDE + +[Netbeans][28] 是一个相当受用户欢迎的 IDE，它支持使用 Java、PHP、HTML 5、JavaScript、C/C++ 或其他语言编写移动应用，桌面软件和 web 应用。 + +关于 Netbeans IDE 的安装，可以参考 [如何在 Debian 和 Ubuntu 上安装 Netbeans IDE][29] 这一篇文章。 + +#### Brackets + +[Brackets][30] 是由 Adobe 开发的高级文本编辑器，它带有可视化工具，支持预处理程序，以及用于 web 开发的以设计为中心的用户流程。对于熟悉它的用户，它可以发挥 IDE 的作用。 + +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `Brackets`。 +``` +$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:webupd8team/brackets +$ sudo apt-get update +$ sudo apt-get install brackets + +``` + +#### Atom IDE + +[Atom IDE][31] 是一个加强版的 Atom 编辑器，它添加了大量扩展和库以提高性能和增加功能。总之，它是各方面都变得更强大了的 Atom 。 + +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `Atom`。 +``` +$ sudo apt-get install snapd +$ sudo snap install atom --classic + +``` + +#### Light Table + +[Light Table][32] 号称下一代的 IDE，它提供了数据流量统计和协作编程等的强大功能。 + +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `Light Table`。 +``` +$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:dr-akulavich/lighttable +$ sudo apt-get update +$ sudo apt-get install lighttable-installer + +``` + +#### Visual Studio Code + +[Visual Studio Code][33] 是由微软开发的代码编辑器，它包含了文本编辑器所需要的最先进的功能，包括语法高亮、自动完成、代码调试、性能统计和图表显示等功能。 + +参考阅读：[在Ubuntu 下载 Visual Studio Code][34] + +### 即时通信工具 + +![](https://www.fossmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Linux-IM-Clients.png) + +#### Pidgin + +[Pidgin][35] 是一个开源的即时通信工具，它几乎支持所有聊天平台，还支持额外扩展功能。 + +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `Pidgin`。 +``` +$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:jonathonf/backports +$ sudo apt-get update +$ sudo apt-get install pidgin + +``` + +#### Skype + +[Skype][36] 也是一个广为人知的软件了，任何感兴趣的用户都可以在 Linux 上使用。 + +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `Skype`。 +``` +$ sudo apt install snapd +$ sudo snap install skype --classic + +``` + +#### Empathy + +[Empathy][37] 是一个支持多协议语音、视频聊天、文本和文件传输的即时通信工具。它还允许用户添加多个服务的帐户，并用其与所有服务的帐户进行交互。 + +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `Empathy`。 +``` +$ sudo apt-get install empathy + +``` + +### Linux 防病毒工具 + +#### ClamAV/ClamTk + +[ClamAV][38] 是一个开源的跨平台命令行防病毒工具，用于检测木马、病毒和其他恶意代码。而 [ClamTk][39] 则是它的前端 GUI。 + +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `ClamAV` 和 `ClamTk`。 +``` +$ sudo apt-get install clamav +$ sudo apt-get install clamtk + +``` + +### Linux 桌面环境 + +#### Cinnamon + +[Cinnamon][40] 是 GNOME 3 的免费开源衍生产品，它遵循传统的 桌面比拟desktop metaphor 约定。 + +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `Cinnamon`。 +``` +$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:embrosyn/cinnamon +$ sudo apt update +$ sudo apt install cinnamon-desktop-environment lightdm + +``` + +#### Mate + +[Mate][41] 桌面环境是 GNOME 2 的衍生和延续，目的是在 Linux 上通过使用传统的桌面比拟提供有一个吸引力的 UI。 + +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `Mate`。 +``` +$ sudo apt install tasksel +$ sudo apt update +$ sudo tasksel install ubuntu-mate-desktop + +``` + +#### GNOME + +[GNOME][42] 是由一些免费和开源应用程序组成的桌面环境，它可以运行在任何 Linux 发行版和大多数 BSD 衍生版本上。 + +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `Gnome`。 +``` +$ sudo apt install tasksel +$ sudo apt update +$ sudo tasksel install ubuntu-desktop + +``` + +#### KDE + +[KDE][43] 由 KDE 社区开发，它为用户提供图形解决方案以控制操作系统并执行不同的计算任务。 + +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `KDE`。 +``` +$ sudo apt install tasksel +$ sudo apt update +$ sudo tasksel install kubuntu-desktop + +``` + +### Linux 维护工具 + +#### GNOME Tweak Tool + +[GNOME Tweak Tool][44] 是用于自定义和调整 GNOME 3 和 GNOME Shell 设置的流行工具。 + +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `GNOME Tweak Tool`。 +``` +$ sudo apt install gnome-tweak-tool + +``` + +#### Stacer + +[Stacer][45] 是一款用于监控和优化 Linux 系统的免费开源应用程序。 + +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `Stacer`。 +``` +$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:oguzhaninan/stacer +$ sudo apt-get update +$ sudo apt-get install stacer + +``` + +#### BleachBit + +[BleachBit][46] 是一个免费的磁盘空间清理器，它也可用作隐私管理器和系统优化器。 + +参考阅读：[在 Ubuntu 下载 BleachBit][47] + +### Linux 终端工具 + +#### GNOME 终端 + +[GNOME 终端][48] 是 GNOME 的默认终端模拟器。 + +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `Gnome Terminal`。 +``` +$ sudo apt-get install gnome-terminal + +``` + +#### Konsole + +[Konsole][49] 是 KDE 的一个终端模拟器。 + +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `Konsole`。 +``` +$ sudo apt-get install konsole + +``` + +#### Terminator + +[Terminator][50] 是一个功能丰富的终端程序，它基于 GNOME 终端，并且专注于整理终端功能。 + +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `Terminator`。 +``` +$ sudo apt-get install terminator + +``` + +#### Guake + +[Guake][51] 是 GNOME 桌面环境下一个轻量级的可下拉式终端。 + +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `Guake`。 +``` +$ sudo apt-get install guake + +``` + +### 多媒体编辑工具 + +#### Ardour + +[Ardour][52] 是一款漂亮的的数字音频工作站Digital Audio Workstation，可以完成专业的录制、编辑和混音工作。 + +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `Ardour`。 +``` +$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:dobey/audiotools +$ sudo apt-get update +$ sudo apt-get install ardour + +``` + +#### Audacity + +[Audacity][53] 是最著名的音频编辑软件之一，它是一款跨平台的开源多轨音频编辑器。 + +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `Audacity`。 +``` +$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:ubuntuhandbook1/audacity +$ sudo apt-get update +$ sudo apt-get install audacity + +``` + +#### GIMP + +[GIMP][54] 是 Photoshop 的开源替代品中最受欢迎的。这是因为它有多种可自定义的选项、第三方插件以及活跃的用户社区。 + +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `Gimp`。 +``` +$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:otto-kesselgulasch/gimp +$ sudo apt update +$ sudo apt install gimp + +``` + +#### Krita + +[Krita][55] 是一款开源的绘画程序，它具有美观的 UI 和可靠的性能，也可以用作图像处理工具。 + +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `Krita`。 +``` +$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:kritalime/ppa +$ sudo apt update +$ sudo apt install krita + +``` + +#### Lightworks + +[Lightworks][56] 是一款功能强大、灵活美观的专业视频编辑工具。它拥有上百种配套的视觉效果功能，可以处理任何编辑任务，毕竟这个软件已经有长达 25 年的视频处理经验。 + +参考阅读：[在 Ubuntu 下载 Lightworks][57] + +#### OpenShot + +[OpenShot][58] 是一款屡获殊荣的免费开源视频编辑器，这主要得益于其出色的性能和强大的功能。 + +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `Openshot`。 +``` +$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:openshot.developers/ppa +$ sudo apt update +$ sudo apt install openshot-qt + +``` + +#### PiTiV + +[Pitivi][59] 也是一个美观的视频编辑器，它有优美的代码库、优质的社区，还支持优秀的协作编辑功能。 + +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `PiTiV`。 +``` +$ flatpak install --user https://flathub.org/repo/appstream/org.pitivi.Pitivi.flatpakref +$ flatpak install --user http://flatpak.pitivi.org/pitivi.flatpakref +$ flatpak run org.pitivi.Pitivi//stable + +``` + +### 音乐播放器 + +#### Rhythmbox + +[Rhythmbox][60] 支持海量种类的音乐，目前被认为是最可靠的音乐播放器，并由 Ubuntu 自带。 + +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `Rhythmbox`。 +``` +$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:fossfreedom/rhythmbox +$ sudo apt-get update +$ sudo apt-get install rhythmbox + +``` + +#### Lollypop + +[Lollypop][61] 是一款较为年轻的开源音乐播放器，它有很多高级选项，包括网络电台，滑动播放和派对模式。尽管功能繁多，它仍然尽量做到简单易管理。 + +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `Lollypop`。 +``` +$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:gnumdk/lollypop +$ sudo apt-get update +$ sudo apt-get install lollypop + +``` + +#### Amarok + +[Amarok][62] 是一款功能强大的音乐播放器，它有一个直观的 UI 和大量的高级功能，而且允许用户根据自己的偏好去发现新音乐。 + +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `Amarok`。 +``` +$ sudo apt-get update +$ sudo apt-get install amarok + +``` + +#### Clementine + +[Clementine][63] 是一款 Amarok 风格的音乐播放器，因此和 Amarok 相似，也有直观的用户界面、先进的控制模块，以及让用户搜索和发现新音乐的功能。 + +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `Clementine`。 +``` +$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:me-davidsansome/clementine +$ sudo apt-get update +$ sudo apt-get install clementine + +``` + +#### Cmus + +[Cmus][64] 可以说是最高效的的命令行界面音乐播放器了，它具有快速可靠的特点，也支持使用扩展。 + +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `Cmus`。 +``` +$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:jmuc/cmus +$ sudo apt-get update +$ sudo apt-get install cmus + +``` + +### 办公软件 + +#### Calligra 套件 + +Calligra 套件为用户提供了一套总共 8 个应用程序，涵盖办公、管理、图表等各个范畴。 + +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `Calligra` 套件。 +``` +$ sudo apt-get install calligra + +``` + +#### LibreOffice + +[LibreOffice][66] 是开源社区中开发过程最活跃的办公套件，它以可靠性著称，也可以通过扩展来添加功能。 + +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `LibreOffice`。 +``` +$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:libreoffice/ppa +$ sudo apt update +$ sudo apt install libreoffice + +``` + +#### WPS Office + +[WPS Office][67] 是一款漂亮的办公套件，它有一个很具现代感的 UI。 + +参考阅读：[在 Ubuntu 安装 WPS Office][68] + +### 屏幕截图工具 + +#### Shutter + +[Shutter][69] 允许用户截取桌面的屏幕截图，然后使用一些效果进行编辑，还支持上传和在线共享。 + +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `Shutter`。 +``` +$ sudo add-apt-repository -y ppa:shutter/ppa +$ sudo apt update +$ sudo apt install shutter + +``` + +#### Kazam + +[Kazam][70] 可以用于捕获屏幕截图，它的输出对于任何支持 VP8/WebM 和 PulseAudio 视频播放器都可用。 + +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `Kazam`。 +``` +$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:kazam-team/unstable-series +$ sudo apt update +$ sudo apt install kazam python3-cairo python3-xlib + +``` + +#### Gnome Screenshot + +[Gnome Screenshot][71] 过去曾经和 Gnome 一起捆绑，但现在已经独立出来。它以易于共享的格式进行截屏。 + +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `Gnome Screenshot`。 +``` +$ sudo apt-get update +$ sudo apt-get install gnome-screenshot + +``` + +### 录屏工具 + +#### SimpleScreenRecorder + +[SimpleScreenRecorder][72] 面世时已经是录屏工具中的佼佼者，现在已成为 Linux 各个发行版中最有效、最易用的录屏工具之一。 + +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `SimpleScreenRecorder`。 +``` +$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:maarten-baert/simplescreenrecorder +$ sudo apt-get update +$ sudo apt-get install simplescreenrecorder + +``` + +#### recordMyDesktop + +[recordMyDesktop][73] 是一个开源的会话记录器，它也能记录桌面会话的音频。 + +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `recordMyDesktop`。 +``` +$ sudo apt-get update +$ sudo apt-get install gtk-recordmydesktop + +``` + +### Text Editors + +#### Atom + +[Atom][74] 是由 GitHub 开发和维护的可定制文本编辑器。它是开箱即用的，但也可以使用扩展和主题自定义 UI 来增强其功能。 + +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `Atom`。 +``` +$ sudo apt-get install snapd +$ sudo snap install atom --classic + +``` + +#### Sublime Text + +[Sublime Text][75] 已经成为目前最棒的文本编辑器。它可定制、轻量灵活（即使打开了大量数据文件和加入了大量扩展），最重要的是可以永久免费使用。 + +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `Sublime Text`。 +``` +$ sudo apt-get install snapd +$ sudo snap install sublime-text + +``` + +#### Geany + +[Geany][76] 是一个内存友好的文本编辑器，它具有基本的IDE功能，可以显示加载时间、扩展库函数等。 + +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `Geany`。 +``` +$ sudo apt-get update +$ sudo apt-get install geany + +``` + +#### Gedit + +[Gedit][77] 以其简单著称，在很多 Linux 发行版都有预装，它具有文本编辑器都具有的优秀的功能。 + +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `Gedit`。 +``` +$ sudo apt-get update +$ sudo apt-get install gedit + +``` + +### 备忘录软件 + +#### Evernote + +[Evernote][78] 是一款云上的笔记程序，它带有待办列表和提醒功能，能够与不同类型的笔记完美配合。 + +Evernote 在 Linux 上没有官方提供的软件，但可以参考 [Linux 上的 6 个 Evernote 替代客户端][79] 这篇文章使用其它第三方工具。 + +#### Everdo + +[Everdo][78] 是一款美观，安全，易兼容的备忘软件，可以用于处理待办事项和其它笔记。如果你认为 Evernote 有所不足，相信 Everdo 会是一个好的替代。 + +参考阅读：[在 Ubuntu 下载 Everdo][80] + +#### Taskwarrior + +[Taskwarrior][81] 是一个用于管理个人任务的开源跨平台命令行应用，它的速度和无干扰的环境是它的两大特点。 + +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `Taskwarrior`。 +``` +$ sudo apt-get update +$ sudo apt-get install taskwarrior + +``` + +### 视频播放器 + +#### Banshee + +[Banshee][82] 是一个开源的支持多格式的媒体播放器，于 2005 年开始开发并逐渐成长。 + +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `Banshee`。 +``` +$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:banshee-team/ppa +$ sudo apt-get update +$ sudo apt-get install banshee + +``` + +#### VLC + +[VLC][83] 是我最喜欢的视频播放器，它几乎可以播放任何格式的音频和视频，它还可以播放网络电台、录制桌面会话以及在线播放电影。 + +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `VLC`。 +``` +$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:videolan/stable-daily +$ sudo apt-get update +$ sudo apt-get install vlc + +``` + +#### Kodi + +[Kodi][84] 是世界上最着名的媒体播放器之一，它有一个成熟的媒体中心，可以播放本地和远程的多媒体文件。 + +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `Kodi`。 +``` +$ sudo apt-get install software-properties-common +$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:team-xbmc/ppa +$ sudo apt-get update +$ sudo apt-get install kodi + +``` + +#### SMPlayer + +[SMPlayer][85] 是 MPlayer 的 GUI 版本，所有流行的媒体格式它都能够处理，并且它还有从 YouTube 和 Chromcast 和下载字幕的功能。 + +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `SMPlayer`。 +``` +$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:rvm/smplayer +$ sudo apt-get update +$ sudo apt-get install smplayer + +``` + +### 虚拟化工具 + +#### VirtualBox + +[VirtualBox][86] 是一个用于操作系统虚拟化的开源应用程序，在服务器、台式机和嵌入式系统上都可以运行。 + +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `VirtualBox`。 +``` +$ wget -q https://www.virtualbox.org/download/oracle_vbox_2016.asc -O- | sudo apt-key add - +$ wget -q https://www.virtualbox.org/download/oracle_vbox.asc -O- | sudo apt-key add - +$ sudo apt-get update +$ sudo apt-get install virtualbox-5.2 +$ virtualbox + +``` + +#### VMWare + +[VMware][87] 是一个为客户提供平台虚拟化和云计算服务的数字工作区，是第一个成功将 x86 架构系统虚拟化的工作站。 VMware 工作站的其中一个产品就允许用户在虚拟内存中运行多个操作系统。 + +参阅 [在 Ubuntu 上安装 VMWare Workstation Pro][88] 可以了解 VMWare 的安装。 + +### 浏览器 + +#### Chrome + +[Google Chrome][89] 无疑是最受欢迎的浏览器。Chrome 以其速度、简洁、安全、美观而受人喜爱，它遵循了 Google 的界面设计风格，是 web 开发人员不可缺少的浏览器，同时它也是免费开源的。 + +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `Google Chrome`。 +``` +$ wget -q -O - https://dl-ssl.google.com/linux/linux_signing_key.pub | sudo apt-key add - +$ sudo sh -c 'echo "deb http://dl.google.com/linux/chrome/deb/ stable main" >> /etc/apt/sources.list.d/google.list' +$ sudo apt-get update +$ sudo apt-get install google-chrome-stable + +``` + +#### Firefox + +[Firefox Quantum][90] 是一款漂亮、快速、完善并且可自定义的浏览器。它也是免费开源的，包含有开发人员所需要的工具，对于初学者也没有任何使用门槛。 + +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `Firefox Quantum`。 +``` +$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:mozillateam/firefox-next +$ sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade +$ sudo apt install firefox + +``` + +#### Vivaldi + +[Vivaldi][91] 是一个基于 Chrome 的免费开源项目，旨在通过添加扩展来使 Chrome 的功能更加完善。色彩丰富的界面，性能良好、灵活性强是它的几大特点。 + +参考阅读：[在 Ubuntu 下载 Vivaldi][91] + +That concludes our list for today. Did I skip a famous title? Tell me about it in the comments section below. +以上就是我的推荐，你还有更好的软件向大家分享吗？欢迎评论。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.fossmint.com/most-used-linux-applications/ + +作者：[Martins D. Okoi][a] +选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) +译者：[HankChow](https://github.com/HankChow) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:https://www.fossmint.com/author/dillivine/ +[1]:https://plus.google.com/share?url=https://www.fossmint.com/most-used-linux-applications/ "Share on Google+" +[2]:https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https://www.fossmint.com/most-used-linux-applications/ "Share on LinkedIn" +[3]:https://www.fossmint.com/awesome-linux-software/ +[4]:https://rsync.samba.org/ +[5]:https://www.tecmint.com/rsync-local-remote-file-synchronization-commands/ +[6]:https://github.com/teejee2008/timeshift +[7]:https://deluge-torrent.org/ +[8]:https://www.qbittorrent.org/ +[9]:https://transmissionbt.com/ +[10]:https://www.dropbox.com/ +[11]:https://www.google.com/drive/ +[12]:https://www.fossmint.com/best-google-drive-clients-for-linux/ +[13]:https://mega.nz/ +[14]:https://mega.nz/sync!linux +[15]:https://www.vim.org/ +[16]:https://www.gnu.org/s/emacs/ +[17]:https://www.nano-editor.org/ +[18]:https://aria2.github.io/ +[19]:http://ugetdm.com/ +[20]:http://xdman.sourceforge.net/ +[21]:https://www.thunderbird.net/ +[22]:https://github.com/GNOME/geary +[23]:https://github.com/GNOME/evolution +[24]:https://www.gnucash.org/ +[25]:https://kmymoney.org/ +[26]:https://www.eclipse.org/ide/ +[27]:https://www.tecmint.com/install-eclipse-oxygen-ide-in-ubuntu-debian/ +[28]:https://netbeans.org/ +[29]:https://www.tecmint.com/install-netbeans-ide-in-ubuntu-debian-linux-mint/ +[30]:http://brackets.io/ +[31]:https://ide.atom.io/ +[32]:http://lighttable.com/ +[33]:https://code.visualstudio.com/ +[34]:https://code.visualstudio.com/download +[35]:https://www.pidgin.im/ +[36]:https://www.skype.com/ +[37]:https://wiki.gnome.org/Apps/Empathy +[38]:https://www.clamav.net/ +[39]:https://dave-theunsub.github.io/clamtk/ +[40]:https://github.com/linuxmint/cinnamon-desktop +[41]:https://mate-desktop.org/ +[42]:https://www.gnome.org/ +[43]:https://www.kde.org/plasma-desktop +[44]:https://github.com/nzjrs/gnome-tweak-tool +[45]:https://github.com/oguzhaninan/Stacer +[46]:https://www.bleachbit.org/ +[47]:https://www.bleachbit.org/download +[48]:https://github.com/GNOME/gnome-terminal +[49]:https://konsole.kde.org/ +[50]:https://gnometerminator.blogspot.com/p/introduction.html +[51]:http://guake-project.org/ +[52]:https://ardour.org/ +[53]:https://www.audacityteam.org/ +[54]:https://www.gimp.org/ +[55]:https://krita.org/en/ +[56]:https://www.lwks.com/ +[57]:https://www.lwks.com/index.php?option=com_lwks&view=download&Itemid=206 +[58]:https://www.openshot.org/ +[59]:http://www.pitivi.org/ +[60]:https://wiki.gnome.org/Apps/Rhythmbox +[61]:https://gnumdk.github.io/lollypop-web/ +[62]:https://amarok.kde.org/en +[63]:https://www.clementine-player.org/ +[64]:https://cmus.github.io/ +[65]:https://www.calligra.org/tour/calligra-suite/ +[66]:https://www.libreoffice.org/ +[67]:https://www.wps.com/ +[68]:http://wps-community.org/downloads +[69]:http://shutter-project.org/ +[70]:https://launchpad.net/kazam +[71]:https://gitlab.gnome.org/GNOME/gnome-screenshot +[72]:http://www.maartenbaert.be/simplescreenrecorder/ +[73]:http://recordmydesktop.sourceforge.net/about.php +[74]:https://atom.io/ +[75]:https://www.sublimetext.com/ +[76]:https://www.geany.org/ +[77]:https://wiki.gnome.org/Apps/Gedit +[78]:https://everdo.net/ +[79]:https://www.fossmint.com/evernote-alternatives-for-linux/ +[80]:https://everdo.net/linux/ +[81]:https://taskwarrior.org/ +[82]:http://banshee.fm/ +[83]:https://www.videolan.org/ +[84]:https://kodi.tv/ +[85]:https://www.smplayer.info/ +[86]:https://www.virtualbox.org/wiki/VirtualBox +[87]:https://www.vmware.com/ +[88]:https://www.tecmint.com/install-vmware-workstation-in-linux/ +[89]:https://www.google.com/chrome/ +[90]:https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/ +[91]:https://vivaldi.com/ + From 64590224e4820f7cd08ea711bd4d280bf5f855a9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: brifuture Date: Sun, 7 Oct 2018 14:42:03 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 145/219] Translation completed --- ...stack JavaScript web app in three weeks.md | 202 ------------------ ...stack JavaScript web app in three weeks.md | 195 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 195 insertions(+), 202 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20170810 How we built our first full-stack JavaScript web app in three weeks.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20170810 How we built our first full-stack JavaScript web app in three weeks.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20170810 How we built our first full-stack JavaScript web app in three weeks.md b/sources/tech/20170810 How we built our first full-stack JavaScript web app in three weeks.md deleted file mode 100644 index 566d29d768..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20170810 How we built our first full-stack JavaScript web app in three weeks.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,202 +0,0 @@ -BriFuture is translating this article - -The user’s home dashboard in our app, AlignHow we built our first full-stack JavaScript web app in three weeks -============================================================ - -![](https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/2000/1*PgKBpQHRUgqpXcxtyehPZg.png) - -### A simple step-by-step guide to go from idea to deployed app - -My three months of coding bootcamp at the Grace Hopper Program have come to a close, and the title of this article is actually not quite true — I’ve now built  _three_  full-stack apps: [an e-commerce store from scratch][3], a [personal hackathon project][4] of my choice, and finally, a three-week capstone project. That capstone project was by far the most intensive— a three week journey with two teammates — and it is my proudest achievement from bootcamp. It is the first robust, complex app I have ever fully built and designed. - -As most developers know, even when you “know how to code”, it can be really overwhelming to embark on the creation of your first full-stack app. The JavaScript ecosystem is incredibly vast: with package managers, modules, build tools, transpilers, databases, libraries, and decisions to be made about all of them, it’s no wonder that so many budding coders never build anything beyond Codecademy tutorials. That’s why I want to walk you through a step-by-step guide of the decisions and steps my team took to create our live app, Align. - -* * * - -First, some context. Align is a web app that uses an intuitive timeline interface to help users set long-term goals and manage them over time.Our stack includes Firebase for back-end services and React on the front end. My teammates and I explain more in this short video: - -[video](https://youtu.be/YacM6uYP2Jo) - -Demoing Align @ Demo Day Live // July 10, 2017 - -So how did we go from Day 1, when we were assigned our teams, to the final live app? Here’s a rundown of the steps we took: - -* * * - -### Step 1: Ideate - -The first step was to figure out what exactly we wanted to build. In my past life as a consultant at IBM, I led ideation workshops with corporate leaders. Pulling from that, I suggested to my group the classic post-it brainstorming strategy, in which we all scribble out as many ideas as we can — even ‘stupid ones’ — so that people’s brains keep moving and no one avoids voicing ideas out of fear. - -![](https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/800/1*-M4xa9_HJylManvLoraqaQ.jpeg) - -After generating a few dozen app ideas, we sorted them into categories to gain a better understanding of what themes we were collectively excited about. In our group, we saw a clear trend towards ideas surrounding self-improvement, goal-setting, nostalgia, and personal development. From that, we eventually honed in on a specific idea: a personal dashboard for setting and managing long-term goals, with elements of memory-keeping and data visualization over time. - -From there, we created a set of user stories — descriptions of features we wanted to have, from an end-user perspective — to elucidate what exactly we wanted our app to do. - -### Step 2: Wireframe UX/UI - -Next, on a white board, we drew out the basic views we envisioned in our app. We incorporated our set of user stories to understand how these views would work in a skeletal app framework. - - -![](https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/400/1*r5FBoa8JsYOoJihDgrpzhg.jpeg) - - - -![](https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/400/1*0O8ZWiyUgWm0b8wEiHhuPw.jpeg) - - - -![](https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/400/1*y9Q5v-sF0PWmkhthcW338g.jpeg) - -These sketches ensured we were all on the same page, and provided a visual blueprint going forward of what exactly we were all working towards. - -### Step 3: Choose a data structure and type of database - -It was now time to design our data structure. Based on our wireframes and user stories, we created a list in a Google doc of the models we would need and what attributes each should include. We knew we needed a ‘goal’ model, a ‘user’ model, a ‘milestone’ model, and a ‘checkin’ model, as well as eventually a ‘resource’ model, and an ‘upload’ model. - - -![](https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/800/1*oA3mzyixVzsvnN_egw1xwg.png) -Our initial sketch of our data models - -After informally sketching the models out, we needed to choose a  _type _ of database: ‘relational’ vs. ‘non-relational’ (a.k.a. ‘SQL’ vs. ‘NoSQL’). Whereas SQL databases are table-based and need predefined schema, NoSQL databases are document-based and have dynamic schema for unstructured data. - -For our use case, it didn’t matter much whether we used a SQL or a No-SQL database, so we ultimately chose Google’s cloud NoSQL database Firebasefor other reasons: - -1. It could hold user image uploads in its cloud storage - -2. It included WebSocket integration for real-time updating - -3. It could handle our user authentication and offer easy OAuth integration - -Once we chose a database, it was time to understand the relations between our data models. Since Firebase is NoSQL, we couldn’t create join tables or set up formal relations like  _“Checkins belongTo Goals”_ . Instead, we needed to figure out what the JSON tree would look like, and how the objects would be nested (or not). Ultimately, we structured our model like this: - - ** 此处有Canvas,请手动处理 ** - -![](https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/800/1*py0hQy-XHZWmwff3PM6F1g.png) -Our final Firebase data scheme for the Goal object. Note that Milestones & Checkins are nested under Goals. - - _(Note: Firebase prefers shallow, normalized data structures for efficiency, but for our use case, it made most sense to nest it, since we would never be pulling a Goal from the database without its child Milestones and Checkins.)_ - -### Step 4: Set up Github and an agile workflow - -We knew from the start that staying organized and practicing agile development would serve us well. We set up a Github repo, on which weprevented merging to master to force ourselves to review each other’s code. - - -![](https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/800/1*5kDNcvJpr2GyZ0YqLauCoQ.png) - -We also created an agile board on [Waffle.io][5], which is free and has easy integration with Github. On the Waffle board, we listed our user stories as well as bugs we knew we needed to fix. Later, when we started coding, we would each create git branches for the user story we were currently working on, moving it from swim lane to swim lane as we made progress. - - -![](https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/800/1*gnWqGwQsdGtpt3WOwe0s_A.gif) - -We also began holding “stand-up” meetings each morning to discuss the previous day’s progress and any blockers each of us were encountering. This meeting often decided the day’s flow — who would be pair programming, and who would work on an issue solo. - -I highly recommend some sort of structured workflow like this, as it allowed us to clearly define our priorities and make efficient progress without any interpersonal conflict. - -### Step 5: Choose & download a boilerplate - -Because the JavaScript ecosystem is so complicated, we opted not to build our app from absolute ground zero. It felt unnecessary to spend valuable time wiring up our Webpack build scripts and loaders, and our symlink that pointed to our project directory. My team chose the [Firebones][6] skeleton because it fit our use case, but there are many open-source skeleton options available to choose from. - -### Step 6: Write back-end API routes (or Firebase listeners) - -If we weren’t using a cloud-based database, this would have been the time to start writing our back-end Express routes to make requests to our database. But since we were using Firebase, which is already in the cloud and has a different way of communicating with code, we just worked to set up our first successful database listener. - -To ensure our listener was working, we coded out a basic user form for creating a Goal, and saw that, indeed, when we filled out the form, our database was live-updating. We were connected! - -### Step 7: Build a “Proof Of Concept” - -Our next step was to create a “proof of concept” for our app, or a prototype of the most difficult fundamental features to implement, demonstrating that our app  _could _ eventuallyexist. For us, this meant finding a front-end library to satisfactorily render timelines, and connecting it to Firebase successfully to display some seed data in our database. - - -![](https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/800/1*d5Wu3fOlX8Xdqix1RPZWSA.png) -Basic Victory.JS timelines - -We found Victory.JS, a React library built on D3, and spent a day reading the documentation and putting together a very basic example of a  _VictoryLine_  component and a  _VictoryScatter_  component to visually display data from the database. Indeed, it worked! We were ready to build. - -### Step 8: Code out the features - -Finally, it was time to build out all the exciting functionality of our app. This is a giant step that will obviously vary widely depending on the app you’re personally building. We looked at our wireframes and started coding out the individual user stories in our Waffle. This often included touching both front-end and back-end code (for example, creating a front-end form and also connecting it to the database). Our features ranged from major to minor, and included things like: - -* ability to create new goals, milestones, and checkins - -* ability to delete goals, milestones, and checkins - -* ability to change a timeline’s name, color, and details - -* ability to zoom in on timelines - -* ability to add links to resources - -* ability to upload media - -* ability to bubble up resources and media from milestones and checkins to their associated goals - -* rich text editor integration - -* user signup / authentication / OAuth - -* popover to view timeline options - -* loading screens - -For obvious reasons, this step took up the bulk of our time — this phase is where most of the meaty code happened, and each time we finished a feature, there were always more to build out! - -### Step 9: Choose and code the design scheme - -Once we had an MVP of the functionality we desired in our app, it was time to clean it up and make it pretty. My team used Material-UI for components like form fields, menus, and login tabs, which ensured everything looked sleek, polished, and coherent without much in-depth design knowledge. - - -![](https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/800/1*PCRFAbsPBNPYhz6cBgWRCw.gif) -This was one of my favorite features to code out. Its beauty is so satisfying! - -We spent a while choosing a color scheme and editing the CSS, which provided us a nice break from in-the-trenches coding. We also designed alogo and uploaded a favicon. - -### Step 10: Find and squash bugs - -While we should have been using test-driven development from the beginning, time constraints left us with precious little time for anything but features. This meant that we spent the final two days simulating every user flow we could think of and hunting our app for bugs. - - -![](https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/800/1*X8JUwTeCAkIcvhKofcbIDA.png) - -This process was not the most systematic, but we found plenty of bugs to keep us busy, including a bug in which the loading screen would last indefinitely in certain situations, and one in which the resource component had stopped working entirely. Fixing bugs can be annoying, but when it finally works, it’s extremely satisfying. - -### Step 11: Deploy the live app - -The final step was to deploy our app so it would be available live! Because we were using Firebase to store our data, we deployed to Firebase Hosting, which was intuitive and simple. If your back end uses a different database, you can use Heroku or DigitalOcean. Generally, deployment directions are readily available on the hosting site. - -We also bought a cheap domain name on Namecheap.com to make our app more polished and easy to find. - -![](https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/800/1*gAuM_vWpv_U53xcV3tQINg.png) - -* * * - -And that was it — we were suddenly the co-creators of a real live full-stack app that someone could use! If we had a longer runway, Step 12 would have been to run A/B testing on users, so we could better understand how actual users interact with our app and what they’d like to see in a V2. - -For now, however, we’re happy with the final product, and with the immeasurable knowledge and understanding we gained throughout this process. Check out Align [here][7]! - - -![](https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/800/1*KbqmSW-PMjgfWYWS_vGIqg.jpeg) -Team Align: Sara Kladky (left), Melanie Mohn (center), and myself. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://medium.com/ladies-storm-hackathons/how-we-built-our-first-full-stack-javascript-web-app-in-three-weeks-8a4668dbd67c?imm_mid=0f581a&cmp=em-web-na-na-newsltr_20170816 - -作者：[Sophia Ciocca ][a] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:https://medium.com/@sophiaciocca?source=post_header_lockup -[1]:https://medium.com/@sophiaciocca?source=post_header_lockup -[2]:https://medium.com/@sophiaciocca?source=post_header_lockup -[3]:https://github.com/limitless-leggings/limitless-leggings -[4]:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qyLoInHNjoc -[5]:http://www.waffle.io/ -[6]:https://github.com/FullstackAcademy/firebones -[7]:https://align.fun/ -[8]:https://github.com/align-capstone/align -[9]:https://github.com/sophiaciocca -[10]:https://github.com/Kladky -[11]:https://github.com/melaniemohn diff --git a/translated/tech/20170810 How we built our first full-stack JavaScript web app in three weeks.md b/translated/tech/20170810 How we built our first full-stack JavaScript web app in three weeks.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..90448211c3 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20170810 How we built our first full-stack JavaScript web app in three weeks.md @@ -0,0 +1,195 @@ +三周内构建 JavaScript 全栈 web 应用 +============================================================ + +![](https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/2000/1*PgKBpQHRUgqpXcxtyehPZg.png) +应用 Align 中，用户主页的控制面板 + +### 从构思到部署应用程序的简单分步指南 + +我在 Grace Hopper Program 为期三个月的编码训练营即将结束，实际上这篇文章的标题有些纰漏 —— 现在我已经构建了 _三个_ 全栈应用：[从零开始的电子商店（an e-commerce store from scratch）][3]、我个人的 [私人黑客马拉松项目（personal hackathon project）][4]，还有这个“三周的结业项目”。这个项目是迄今为止强度最大的 —— 我和另外两名队友共同花费三周的时光 —— 而它也是我在训练营中最引以为豪的成就。这是我目前所构建和涉及的第一款稳定且复杂的应用。 + +如大多数开发者所知，即使你“知道怎么编写代码”，但真正要制作第一款全栈的应用却是非常困难的。JavaScript 生态系统出奇的大：有包管理器，模块，构建工具，转译器，数据库，库文件，还要对上述所有东西进行选择，难怪如此多的编程新手除了 Codecademy 的教程外，做不了任何东西。这就是为什么我想让你体验这个决策的分布教程，跟着我们队伍的脚印，构建可用的应用。 + +* * * + +首先，简单的说两句。Align 是一个 web 应用，它使用直观的时间线界面帮助用户管理时间、设定长期目标。我们的技术栈有：用于后端服务的 Firebase 和用于前端的 React。我和我的队友在这个短视频中解释的更详细： + +[video](https://youtu.be/YacM6uYP2Jo) + +展示 Align @ Demo Day Live // 2017 年 7 月 10 日 + +从第 1 天（我们组建团队的那天）开始，直到最终应用的完成，我们是如何做的？这里是我们采取的步骤纲要： + +* * * + +### 第 1 步：构思 + +第一步是弄清楚我们到底要构建什么东西。过去我在 IBM 中当咨询师的时候，我和合作组长一同带领着构思工作组。从那之后，我一直建议小组使用经典的头脑风暴策略，在会议中我们能够提出尽可能多的想法 —— 即使是 “愚蠢的想法” —— 这样每个人的大脑都在思考，没有人因顾虑而不敢发表意见。 + +![](https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/800/1*-M4xa9_HJylManvLoraqaQ.jpeg) + +在产生了好几个关于应用的想法时，我们把这些想法分类记录下来，以便更好的理解我们大家都感兴趣的主题。在我们这个小组中，我们看到实现想法的清晰趋势，需要自我改进、设定目标、情怀，还有个人发展。我们最后从中决定了具体的想法：做一个用于设置和管理长期目标的控制面板，有保存记忆的元素，可以根据时间将数据可视化。 + +从此，我们创作出了一系列用户故事（从一个终端用户的视角，对我们想要拥有的功能进行描述），阐明我们到底想要应用实现什么功能。 + +### 第 2 步：UX/UI 示意图 + +接下来，在一块白板上，我们画出了想象中应用的基本视图。结合了用户故事，以便理解在应用基本框架中这些视图将会如何工作。 + +![](https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/400/1*r5FBoa8JsYOoJihDgrpzhg.jpeg) + + + +![](https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/400/1*0O8ZWiyUgWm0b8wEiHhuPw.jpeg) + + + +![](https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/400/1*y9Q5v-sF0PWmkhthcW338g.jpeg) + +这些骨架确保我们意见统一，提供了可预见的蓝图，让我们向着计划的方向努力。 + +### 第 3 步：选好数据结构和数据库类型 + +到了设计数据结构的时候。基于我们的示意图和用户故事，我们在 Google doc 中制作了一个清单，它包含我们将会需要的模型和每个模型应该包含的属性。我们知道需要 “目标（goal）” 模型、“用户（user）”模型、“里程碑（milestone）”模型、“记录（checkin）”模型还有最后的“资源（resource）”模型和“上传（upload）”模型， + +![](https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/800/1*oA3mzyixVzsvnN_egw1xwg.png) +最初的数据模型结构 + +在正式确定好这些模型后，我们需要选择某种 _类型_ 的数据库：“关系型的”还是“非关系型的”（也就是“SQL”还是“NoSQL”）。由于基于表的 SQL 数据库需要预定义的格式，而基于文档的 NoSQL 数据库却可以用动态格式描述非结构化数据。 + +对于我们这个情况，用 SQL 型还是 No-SQL 型的数据库没多大影响，由于下列原因，我们最终选择了 Google 的 NoSQL 云数据库 Firebase： + +1. 它能够把用户上传的图片保存在云端并存储起来 + +2. 它包含 WebSocket 功能，能够实时更新 + +3. 它能够处理用户验证，并且提供简单的 OAuth 功能。 + +我们确定了数据库后，就要理解数据模型之间的关系了。由于 Firebase 是 NoSQL 类型，我们无法创建联合表或者设置像 _"记录 （Checkins）属于目标（Goals）"_ 的从属关系。因此我们需要弄清楚 JSON 树是什么样的，对象是怎样嵌套的（或者不是嵌套的关系）。最终，我们构建了像这样的模型： + + +![](https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/800/1*py0hQy-XHZWmwff3PM6F1g.png) +我们最终为目标（Goal）对象确定的 Firebase 数据格式。注意里程碑（Milestones）和记录（Checkins）对象嵌套在 Goals 中。 + +_(注意: 出于性能考虑，Firebase 更倾向于简单、常规的数据结构, 但对于我们这种情况，需要在数据中进行嵌套，因为我们不会从数据库中获取目标（Goal）却不获取相应的子对象里程碑（Milestones）和记录（Checkins）。)_ + +### 第 4 步：设置好 Github 和敏捷开发工作流 + +我们知道，从一开始就保持井然有序、执行敏捷开发对我们有极大好处。我们设置好 Github 上的仓库，我们无法直接将代码合并到主（master）分支，这迫使我们互相审阅代码。 + + +![](https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/800/1*5kDNcvJpr2GyZ0YqLauCoQ.png) + +我们还在 [Waffle.io][5] 网站上创建了敏捷开发的面板，它是免费的，很容易集成到 Github。我们在 Waffle 面板上罗列出所有用户故事以及需要我们去修复的 bugs。之后当我们开始编码时，我们每个人会为自己正在研究的每一个用户故事创建一个 git 分支，在完成工作后合并这一条条的分支。 + + +![](https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/800/1*gnWqGwQsdGtpt3WOwe0s_A.gif) + +我们还开始保持晨会的习惯，讨论前一天的工作和每一个人遇到的阻碍。会议常常决定了当天的流程 —— 哪些人要结对编程，哪些人要独自处理问题。 + +我认为这种类型的工作流程非常好，因为它让我们能够清楚地找到自己的定位，不用顾虑人际矛盾地高效执行工作。 + +### 第 5 步： 选择、下载样板文件 + +由于 JavaScript 的生态系统过于复杂，我们不打算从最底层开始构建应用。把宝贵的时间花在连通 Webpack 构建脚本和加载器，把符号链接指向项目工程这些事情上感觉很没必要。我的团队选择了 [Firebones][6] 框架，因为它恰好适用于我们这个情况，当然还有很多可供选择的开源框架。 + +### 第 6 步：编写后端 API 路由（或者 Firebase 监听器） + +如果我们没有用基于云的数据库，这时就应该开始编写执行数据库查询的后端高速路由了。但是由于我们用的是 Firebase，它本身就是云端的，可以用不同的方式进行代码交互，因此我们只需要设置好一个可用的数据库监听器。 + +为了确保监听器在工作，我们用代码做出了用于创建目标（Goal）的基本用户表格，实际上当我们完成表格时，就看到数据库执行可更新。数据库就成功连接了！ + +### 第 7 步：构建 “概念证明” + +接下来是为应用创建 “概念证明”，也可以说是实现起来最复杂的基本功能的原型，证明我们的应用 _可以_ 实现。对我们而言，这意味着要找个前端库来实现时间线的渲染，成功连接到 Firebase，显示数据库中的一些种子数据。 + + +![](https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/800/1*d5Wu3fOlX8Xdqix1RPZWSA.png) +Victory.JS 绘制的简单时间线 + +我们找到了基于 D3 构建的响应式库 Victory.JS，花了一天时间阅读文档，用 _VictoryLine_ 和 _VictoryScatter_ 组件实现了非常基础的示例，能够可视化地显示数据库中的数据。实际上，这很有用！我们可以开始构建了。 + +### 第 8 步：用代码实现功能 + +最后，是时候构建出应用中那些令人期待的功能了。取决于你要构建的应用，这一重要步骤会有些明显差异。我们根据所用的框架，编码出不同的用户故事并保存在 Waffle 上。常常需要同时接触前端和后端代码（比如，创建一个前端表格同时要连接到数据库）。我们实现了包含以下这些大大小小的功能： + +* 能够创建新目标（goals）、里程碑（milestones）和记录（checkins） + +* 能够删除目标，里程碑和记录 + +* 能够更改时间线的名称，颜色和详细内容 + +* 能够缩放时间线 + +* 能够为资源添加链接 + +* 能够上传视频 + +* 在达到相关目标的里程碑和记录时弹出资源和视频 + +* 集成富文本编辑器 + +* 用户注册、验证、OAuth 验证 + +* 弹出查看时间线选项 + +* 加载画面 + +有各种原因，这一步花了我们很多时间 —— 这一阶段是产生最多优质代码的阶段，每当我们实现了一个功能，就会有更多的事情要完善。 + +### 第 9 步： 选择并实现设计方案 + +当我们使用 MVP 架构实现了想要的功能，就可以开始清理，对它进行美化了。像表单，菜单和登陆栏等组件，我的团队用的是 Material-UI，不需要很多深层次的设计知识，它也能确保每个组件看上去都很圆润光滑。 + +![](https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/800/1*PCRFAbsPBNPYhz6cBgWRCw.gif) +这是我制作的最喜爱功能之一了。它美得令人心旷神怡。 + +我们花了一点时间来选择颜色方案和编写 CSS ，这让我们在编程中休息了一段美妙的时间。期间我们还设计了 logo 图标，还上传了网站图标。 + +### 第 10 步： 找出并减少 bug + +我们一开始就应该使用测试驱动开发的模式，但时间有限，我们那点时间只够用来实现功能。这意味着最后的两天时间我们花在了模拟我们能够想到的每一种用户流，并从应用中找出 bug。 + +![](https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/800/1*X8JUwTeCAkIcvhKofcbIDA.png) + +这一步是最不具系统性的，但是我们发现了一堆够我们忙乎的 bug，其中一个是在某些情况下加载动画不会结束的 bug，还有一个是资源组件会完全停止运行的 bug。修复 bug 是件令人恼火的事情，但当软件可以运行时，又特别令人满足。 + +### 第 11 步：应用上线 + +最后一步是上线应用，这样才可以让用户使用它！由于我们使用 Firebase 存储数据，因此我们使用了 Firebase Hosting，它很直观也很简单。如果你要选择其它的数据库，你可以使用 Heroku 或者 DigitalOcean。一般来讲，可以在主机网站中查看使用说明。 + +我们还在 Namecheap.com 上购买了一个便宜的域名，这让我们的应用更加完善，很容易被找到。 + +![](https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/800/1*gAuM_vWpv_U53xcV3tQINg.png) + +* * * + +好了，这就是全部的过程 —— 我们都是这款实用的全栈应用的合作开发者。如果要继续讲，那么第 12 步将会是对用户进行 A/B 测试，这样我们才能更好地理解：实际用户与这款应用交互的方式和他们想在 V2 版本中看到的新功能。 + +但是，现在我们感到非常开心，不仅是因为成品，还因为我们从这个过程中获得了难以估量的知识和理解。点击 [这里][7] 查看 Align 应用！ + +![](https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/800/1*KbqmSW-PMjgfWYWS_vGIqg.jpeg) +Align 团队：Sara Kladky (左), Melanie Mohn (中), 还有我自己. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://medium.com/ladies-storm-hackathons/how-we-built-our-first-full-stack-javascript-web-app-in-three-weeks-8a4668dbd67c?imm_mid=0f581a&cmp=em-web-na-na-newsltr_20170816 + +作者：[Sophia Ciocca ][a] +译者：[BriFuture](https://github.com/BriFuture) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:https://medium.com/@sophiaciocca?source=post_header_lockup +[1]:https://medium.com/@sophiaciocca?source=post_header_lockup +[2]:https://medium.com/@sophiaciocca?source=post_header_lockup +[3]:https://github.com/limitless-leggings/limitless-leggings +[4]:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qyLoInHNjoc +[5]:http://www.waffle.io/ +[6]:https://github.com/FullstackAcademy/firebones +[7]:https://align.fun/ +[8]:https://github.com/align-capstone/align +[9]:https://github.com/sophiaciocca +[10]:https://github.com/Kladky +[11]:https://github.com/melaniemohn From 7c6c5353ba62944a8a7b8dadbff9bef1642323e0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Sun, 7 Oct 2018 20:45:15 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 146/219] PRF:20180827 4 tips for better tmux sessions.md @lujun9972 --- ...0180827 4 tips for better tmux sessions.md | 42 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 21 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180827 4 tips for better tmux sessions.md b/translated/tech/20180827 4 tips for better tmux sessions.md index 5e507985fb..979568a171 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20180827 4 tips for better tmux sessions.md +++ b/translated/tech/20180827 4 tips for better tmux sessions.md @@ -3,17 +3,17 @@ ![](https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/tmux-4-tips-816x345.jpg) -tmux 是一个终端多路复用工具，它可以让你系统上的终端支持多面板。你可以安排好面板配置，在每个面板用运行不同进程，这通常可以更好的地用你的屏幕。我们在 [这篇早期的文章 ][1] 中向读者介绍过这一强力工具。如果你已经开始使用 tmux 了，那么这里有一些技巧可以帮你更好地使用它。 +tmux 是一个终端多路复用工具，它可以让你系统上的终端支持多面板。你可以排列面板位置，在每个面板运行不同进程，这通常可以更好的地利用你的屏幕。我们在 [这篇早期的文章][1] 中向读者介绍过这一强力工具。如果你已经开始使用 tmux 了，那么这里有一些技巧可以帮你更好地使用它。 -本文假设你当前的前缀键是 `Ctrl+b`。如果你已重新映射该前缀，只需在相应位置替换为你定义的前缀即可。。 +本文假设你当前的前缀键是 `Ctrl+b`。如果你已重新映射该前缀，只需在相应位置替换为你定义的前缀即可。 ### 设置终端为自动使用 tmux -使用 tmux 的一个最大好处就是可以随意的从会话中断开和重连。这使得远程登陆会话更加强力。你有没有遇到过丢失了与远程系统的连接，然后好希望能够恢复在远程系统上做过的那些工作的情况？tmux 能够解决这一问题。 +使用 tmux 的一个最大好处就是可以随意的从会话中断开和重连。这使得远程登录会话功能更加强大。你有没有遇到过丢失了与远程系统的连接，然后好希望能够恢复在远程系统上做过的那些工作的情况？tmux 能够解决这一问题。 -然而，有时在远程系统上工作时，你可能会忘记开启一个会话。避免出现这一情况的一个方法就是每次通过交互式 shell 登陆系统时都让 tmux 启动或附加上一个会话。 +然而，有时在远程系统上工作时，你可能会忘记开启会话。避免出现这一情况的一个方法就是每次通过交互式 shell 登录系统时都让 tmux 启动或附加上一个会话。 -在你远程系统上的 ~/.bash_profile 文件中加入下面内容： +在你远程系统上的 `~/.bash_profile` 文件中加入下面内容： ``` if [ -z "$TMUX" ]; then @@ -21,50 +21,50 @@ if [ -z "$TMUX" ]; then fi ``` -然后注销远程系统，并使用 SSH 重新登录。你会发现你处在一个名为 default 的 tmux 会话中了。如果退出该会话，则下次登录时还会重新生成此会话。但更重要的是，若您正常地从会话中分离，那么下次登录时你会发现之前工作并没有丢失 - 这在连接中断时非常有用。 +然后注销远程系统，并使用 SSH 重新登录。你会发现你处在一个名为 `default` 的 tmux 会话中了。如果退出该会话，则下次登录时还会重新生成此会话。但更重要的是，若您正常地从会话中分离，那么下次登录时你会发现之前工作并没有丢失 - 这在连接中断时非常有用。 -你当然也可以将这段配置加入本地系统中。需要注意的是，大多数 GUI 界面的终端并不会自动使用这个 default 会话，因此它们并不是登陆 shell。虽然你可以修改这一行为，但它可能会导致终端嵌套执行附加到 tmux 会话这一动作从而导致会话不太可用，因此当进行此操作时请一定小心。 +你当然也可以将这段配置加入本地系统中。需要注意的是，大多数 GUI 界面的终端并不会自动使用这个 `default` 会话，因此它们并不是登录 shell。虽然你可以修改这一行为，但它可能会导致终端嵌套执行附加到 tmux 会话这一动作，从而导致会话不太可用，因此当进行此操作时请一定小心。 -### 使用 zoom 使注意力专注于单个进程 +### 使用缩放功能使注意力专注于单个进程 -然而 tmux 的目的就是在单个 session 中提供多窗口，多面板和多进程的能力，但有时候你需要专注。如果你正在与一个进程进行交互并且需要更多空间，或需要专注于某个任务，则可以使用 zoom 命令。该命令会将当前面板扩展，占据整个当前窗口的空间。 +虽然 tmux 的目的就是在单个会话中提供多窗口、多面板和多进程的能力，但有时候你需要专注。如果你正在与一个进程进行交互并且需要更多空间，或需要专注于某个任务，则可以使用缩放命令。该命令会将当前面板扩展，占据整个当前窗口的空间。 -Zoom 在其他情况下也很有用。比如，想象你在图形桌面上运行一个终端窗口。面板会使得从 tmux 会话中拷贝和粘帖多行内容变得相对困难。但若你对面板进行用 zoom 进行了缩放，就可以很容易地对多行数据进行拷贝/粘帖。 +缩放在其他情况下也很有用。比如，想象你在图形桌面上运行一个终端窗口。面板会使得从 tmux 会话中拷贝和粘帖多行内容变得相对困难。但若你缩放了面板，就可以很容易地对多行数据进行拷贝/粘帖。 -要对当前面板进行缩放，按下 `Ctrl+b，z`。需要回复的话，按下相同按键组合来回复面板。 +要对当前面板进行缩放，按下 `Ctrl+b, z`。需要恢复的话，按下相同按键组合来恢复面板。 ### 绑定一些有用的命令 -tmux 默认有大量的命令可用。但将一些更常用的操作绑定到容易记忆的快捷键会很有有。下面一些例子可以让会话变得更好用，你可以添加到 ~/.tmux.conf 文件中： +tmux 默认有大量的命令可用。但将一些更常用的操作绑定到容易记忆的快捷键会很有用。下面一些例子可以让会话变得更好用，你可以添加到 `~/.tmux.conf` 文件中： ``` bind r source-file ~/.tmux.conf \; display "Reloaded config" ``` -该命令重新读取你配置文件中的命令和键绑定。添加该条绑定后，退出所有的 tmux 会话然后重启一个会话。现在你做了任何更改后，只需要简单的按下 `Ctrl+b，r` 就能将修改的内容应用到现有的会话中了。 +该命令重新读取你配置文件中的命令和键绑定。添加该条绑定后，退出任意一个 tmux 会话然后重启一个会话。现在你做了任何更改后，只需要简单的按下 `Ctrl+b, r` 就能将修改的内容应用到现有的会话中了。 ``` bind V split-window -h bind H split-window ``` -这些命令可以很方便地对窗口进行横向切分(按下 Shift+V) 和纵向切分 (Shift+H)。 +这些命令可以很方便地对窗口进行横向切分（按下 `Shift+V`）和纵向切分（`Shift+H`）。 -若你想查看所有绑定的快捷键，按下 `Ctrl+B，？` 可以看到一个列表。你首先看到的应该是复制模式下的快捷键绑定，表示的是当你在 tmux 中进行复制粘帖时对应的快捷键。你添加的那两个键绑定会在前缀模式 (prefix mode) 中看到。请随意把玩吧！ +若你想查看所有绑定的快捷键，按下 `Ctrl+B, ?` 可以看到一个列表。你首先看到的应该是复制模式下的快捷键绑定，表示的是当你在 tmux 中进行复制粘帖时对应的快捷键。你添加的那两个键绑定会在前缀模式prefix mode中看到。请随意把玩吧！ -### Use powerline for great justice +### 使用 powerline 更清晰 -[如前文所示 ][2]，powerline 工具是对 shell 的绝佳补充。而且它也兼容在 tmux 中使用。由于 tmux 接管了整个终端空间，powerline 窗口能理工的可不仅仅是更好的 shell 提示那么简单。 +[如前文所示][2]，powerline 工具是对 shell 的绝佳补充。而且它也兼容在 tmux 中使用。由于 tmux 接管了整个终端空间，powerline 窗口能提供的可不仅仅是更好的 shell 提示那么简单。 - [![Screenshot of tmux powerline in git folder](https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Screenshot-from-2018-08-25-19-36-53-1024x690.png)][3] +[![Screenshot of tmux powerline in git folder](https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Screenshot-from-2018-08-25-19-36-53-1024x690.png)][3] -如果你还没有这么做，按照 [本文 ][4] 中的指示来安装该工具。然后[使用 sudo][5] 来安装附件： +如果你还没有这么做，按照 [这篇文章][4] 中的指示来安装该工具。然后[使用 sudo][5] 来安装附件： ``` sudo dnf install tmux-powerline ``` -然后重启会话，就会在底部看到一个漂亮的新状态栏。根据终端的宽度，默认的状态栏会显示你当前会话 ID，打开的窗口，系统信息，日期和时间，以及主机名。若你进入了使用 git 进行版本控制的项目目录中还能看到分支名和用色彩标注的版本库状态。 +接着重启会话，就会在底部看到一个漂亮的新状态栏。根据终端的宽度，默认的状态栏会显示你当前会话 ID、打开的窗口、系统信息、日期和时间，以及主机名。若你进入了使用 git 进行版本控制的项目目录中还能看到分支名和用色彩标注的版本库状态。 当然，这个状态栏具有很好的可配置性。享受你新增强的 tmux 会话吧，玩的开心点。 @@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ via: https://fedoramagazine.org/4-tips-better-tmux-sessions/ 作者：[Paul W. Frields][a] 选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) 译者：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 9345060ad302ba0d4deaa92c4957956e95806018 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Sun, 7 Oct 2018 20:46:00 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 147/219] PUB:20180827 4 tips for better tmux sessions.md @lujun9972 https://linux.cn/article-10089-1.html --- .../20180827 4 tips for better tmux sessions.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20180827 4 tips for better tmux sessions.md (100%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180827 4 tips for better tmux sessions.md b/published/20180827 4 tips for better tmux sessions.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/tech/20180827 4 tips for better tmux sessions.md rename to published/20180827 4 tips for better tmux sessions.md From f70973a3a3dee0ca28278904d7a325b02aafa294 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Sun, 7 Oct 2018 21:21:16 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 148/219] PRF:20180201 Conditional Rendering in React using Ternaries and.md @GraveAccent --- ... Rendering in React using Ternaries and.md | 64 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 31 insertions(+), 33 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180201 Conditional Rendering in React using Ternaries and.md b/translated/tech/20180201 Conditional Rendering in React using Ternaries and.md index aa7ba0017e..92b2ae79ff 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20180201 Conditional Rendering in React using Ternaries and.md +++ b/translated/tech/20180201 Conditional Rendering in React using Ternaries and.md @@ -1,16 +1,15 @@ 在 React 条件渲染中使用三元表达式和 “&&” -============================================================ +======= ![](https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/2000/1*eASRJrCIVgsy5VbNMAzD9w.jpeg) -Photo by [Brendan Church][1] on [Unsplash][2] -React 组件可以通过多种方式决定渲染内容。你可以使用传统的 if 语句或 switch 语句。在本文中，我们将探讨一些替代方案。但要注意，如果你不小心，有些方案会带来自己的陷阱。 +React 组件可以通过多种方式决定渲染内容。你可以使用传统的 `if` 语句或 `switch` 语句。在本文中，我们将探讨一些替代方案。但要注意，如果你不小心，有些方案会带来自己的陷阱。 ### 三元表达式 vs if/else -假设我们有一个组件被传进来一个 `name` prop。 如果这个字符串非空，我们会显示一个问候语。否则，我们会告诉用户他们需要登录。 +假设我们有一个组件被传进来一个 `name` 属性。 如果这个字符串非空，我们会显示一个问候语。否则，我们会告诉用户他们需要登录。 -这是一个只实现了如上功能的无状态函数式组件。 +这是一个只实现了如上功能的无状态函数式组件（SFC）。 ``` const MyComponent = ({ name }) => { @@ -29,7 +28,7 @@ const MyComponent = ({ name }) => { }; ``` -这个很简单但是我们可以做得更好。这是使用三元运算符编写的相同组件。 +这个很简单但是我们可以做得更好。这是使用三元运算符conditional ternary operator编写的相同组件。 ``` const MyComponent = ({ name }) => ( @@ -41,86 +40,85 @@ const MyComponent = ({ name }) => ( 请注意这段代码与上面的例子相比是多么简洁。 -有几点需要注意。因为我们使用了箭头函数的单语句形式，所以隐含了return语句。另外，使用三元运算符允许我们省略掉重复的 `
` 标记。🎉 +有几点需要注意。因为我们使用了箭头函数的单语句形式，所以隐含了`return` 语句。另外，使用三元运算符允许我们省略掉重复的 `
` 标记。 ### 三元表达式 vs && -正如您所看到的，三元表达式用于表达 if/else 条件式非常好。但是对于简单的 if 条件式怎么样呢？ +正如您所看到的，三元表达式用于表达 `if`/`else` 条件式非常好。但是对于简单的 `if` 条件式怎么样呢？ -让我们看另一个例子。如果 isPro（一个布尔值）为真，我们将显示一个奖杯表情符号。我们也要渲染星星的数量（如果不是0）。我们可以这样写。 +让我们看另一个例子。如果 `isPro`（一个布尔值）为真，我们将显示一个奖杯表情符号。我们也要渲染星星的数量（如果不是 0）。我们可以这样写。 ``` const MyComponent = ({ name, isPro, stars}) => (
Hello {name} - {isPro ? '🏆' : null} + {isPro ? '♨' : null}
{stars ? (
- Stars:{'⭐️'.repeat(stars)} + Stars:{'☆'.repeat(stars)}
) : null}
); ``` -请注意 “else” 条件返回 null 。 这是因为三元表达式要有"否则"条件。 +请注意 `else` 条件返回 `null` 。 这是因为三元表达式要有“否则”条件。 -对于简单的 “if” 条件式，我们可以使用更合适的东西：&& 运算符。这是使用 “&&” 编写的相同代码。 +对于简单的 `if` 条件式，我们可以使用更合适的东西：`&&` 运算符。这是使用 `&&` 编写的相同代码。 ``` const MyComponent = ({ name, isPro, stars}) => (
Hello {name} - {isPro && '🏆'} + {isPro && '♨'}
{stars && (
- Stars:{'⭐️'.repeat(stars)} + Stars:{'☆'.repeat(stars)}
)}
); ``` -没有太多区别，但是注意我们消除了每个三元表达式最后面的 `: null` （else 条件式）。一切都应该像以前一样渲染。 +没有太多区别，但是注意我们消除了每个三元表达式最后面的 `: null` （`else` 条件式）。一切都应该像以前一样渲染。 +嘿！约翰得到了什么？当什么都不应该渲染时，只有一个 `0`。这就是我上面提到的陷阱。这里有解释为什么： -嘿！约翰得到了什么？当什么都不应该渲染时，只有一个0。这就是我上面提到的陷阱。这里有解释为什么。 - -[根据 MDN][3]，一个逻辑运算符“和”（也就是`&&`）： +[根据 MDN][3]，一个逻辑运算符“和”（也就是 `&&`）： > `expr1 && expr2` -> 如果 `expr1` 可以被转换成 `false` ，返回 `expr1`；否则返回 `expr2`。 如此，当与布尔值一起使用时，如果两个操作数都是 true，`&&` 返回 `true` ；否则，返回 `false`。 +> 如果 `expr1` 可以被转换成 `false` ，返回 `expr1`；否则返回 `expr2`。 如此，当与布尔值一起使用时，如果两个操作数都是 `true`，`&&` 返回 `true` ；否则，返回 `false`。 好的，在你开始拔头发之前，让我为你解释它。 -在我们这个例子里， `expr1` 是变量 `stars`，它的值是 `0`，因为0是 falsey 的值, `0` 会被返回和渲染。看，这还不算太坏。 +在我们这个例子里， `expr1` 是变量 `stars`，它的值是 `0`，因为 0 是假值，`0` 会被返回和渲染。看，这还不算太坏。 我会简单地这么写。 -> 如果 `expr1` 是 falsey，返回 `expr1` ，否则返回 `expr2` +> 如果 `expr1` 是假值，返回 `expr1` ，否则返回 `expr2`。 -所以，当对非布尔值使用 “&&” 时，我们必须让 falsy 的值返回 React 无法渲染的东西，比如说，`false` 这个值。 +所以，当对非布尔值使用 `&&` 时，我们必须让这个假值返回 React 无法渲染的东西，比如说，`false` 这个值。 我们可以通过几种方式实现这一目标。让我们试试吧。 ``` {!!stars && (
- {'⭐️'.repeat(stars)} + {'☆'.repeat(stars)}
)} ``` -注意 `stars` 前的双感叹操作符（ `!!`）（呃，其实没有双感叹操作符。我们只是用了感叹操作符两次）。 +注意 `stars` 前的双感叹操作符（`!!`）（呃，其实没有双感叹操作符。我们只是用了感叹操作符两次）。 -第一个感叹操作符会强迫 `stars` 的值变成布尔值并且进行一次“非”操作。如果 `stars` 是 `0` ，那么 `!stars` 会 是 `true`。 +第一个感叹操作符会强迫 `stars` 的值变成布尔值并且进行一次“非”操作。如果 `stars` 是 `0` ，那么 `!stars` 会是 `true`。 -然后我们执行第二个`非`操作，所以如果 `stars` 是0，`!!stars` 会是 `false`。正好是我们想要的。 +然后我们执行第二个`非`操作，所以如果 `stars` 是 `0`，`!!stars` 会是 `false`。正好是我们想要的。 如果你不喜欢 `!!`，那么你也可以强制转换出一个布尔数比如这样（这种方式我觉得有点冗长）。 @@ -136,11 +134,11 @@ const MyComponent = ({ name, isPro, stars}) => ( #### 关于字符串 -空字符串与数字有一样的毛病。但是因为渲染后的空字符串是不可见的，所以这不是那种你很可能会去处理的难题，甚至可能不会注意到它。然而，如果你是完美主义者并且不希望DOM上有空字符串，你应采取我们上面对数字采取的预防措施。 +空字符串与数字有一样的毛病。但是因为渲染后的空字符串是不可见的，所以这不是那种你很可能会去处理的难题，甚至可能不会注意到它。然而，如果你是完美主义者并且不希望 DOM 上有空字符串，你应采取我们上面对数字采取的预防措施。 ### 其它解决方案 -一种可能的将来可扩展到其他变量的解决方案，是创建一个单独的 `shouldRenderStars` 变量。然后你用“&&”处理布尔值。 +一种可能的将来可扩展到其他变量的解决方案，是创建一个单独的 `shouldRenderStars` 变量。然后你用 `&&` 处理布尔值。 ``` const shouldRenderStars = stars > 0; @@ -151,7 +149,7 @@ return (
{shouldRenderStars && (
- {'⭐️'.repeat(stars)} + {'☆'.repeat(stars)}
)}
@@ -170,7 +168,7 @@ return (
{shouldRenderStars && (
- {'⭐️'.repeat(stars)} + {'☆'.repeat(stars)}
)}
@@ -181,7 +179,7 @@ return ( 我认为你应该充分利用这种语言。对于 JavaScript，这意味着为 `if/else` 条件式使用三元表达式，以及为 `if` 条件式使用 `&&` 操作符。 -我们可以回到每处都使用三元运算符的舒适区，但你现在消化了这些知识和力量，可以继续前进 && 取得成功了。 +我们可以回到每处都使用三元运算符的舒适区，但你现在消化了这些知识和力量，可以继续前进 `&&` 取得成功了。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -195,7 +193,7 @@ via: https://medium.freecodecamp.org/conditional-rendering-in-react-using-ternar 作者：[Donavon West][a] 译者：[GraveAccent](https://github.com/GraveAccent) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 46ea7b7dc27d85bcc01ce2c2992d02de34280433 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Sun, 7 Oct 2018 21:22:20 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 149/219] PUB: 20180201 Conditional Rendering in React using Ternaries and.md @GraveAccent https://linux.cn/article-10090-1.html --- ...20180201 Conditional Rendering in React using Ternaries and.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20180201 Conditional Rendering in React using Ternaries and.md (100%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180201 Conditional Rendering in React using Ternaries and.md b/published/20180201 Conditional Rendering in React using Ternaries and.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/tech/20180201 Conditional Rendering in React using Ternaries and.md rename to published/20180201 Conditional Rendering in React using Ternaries and.md From 26118991d966da00d99d747224ca925c624f95ac Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Sun, 7 Oct 2018 22:46:52 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 150/219] PRF:20171129 How to Install and Use Wireshark on Debian and Ubuntu 16.04_17.10.md @MjSeven --- ...eshark on Debian and Ubuntu 16.04_17.10.md | 35 ++++++++----------- 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20171129 How to Install and Use Wireshark on Debian and Ubuntu 16.04_17.10.md b/translated/tech/20171129 How to Install and Use Wireshark on Debian and Ubuntu 16.04_17.10.md index 0bcbe0d3e5..c482cd05e5 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20171129 How to Install and Use Wireshark on Debian and Ubuntu 16.04_17.10.md +++ b/translated/tech/20171129 How to Install and Use Wireshark on Debian and Ubuntu 16.04_17.10.md @@ -1,27 +1,20 @@ -在 Debian 9 / Ubuntu 16.04 / 17.10 中如何安装并使用 Wireshark +如何安装并使用 Wireshark ====== -作者 [Pradeep Kumar][1]，首发于 2017 年 11 月 29 日，更新于 2017 年 11 月 29 日 - [![wireshark-Debian-9-Ubuntu 16.04 -17.10](https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/wireshark-Debian-9-Ubuntu-16.04-17.10.jpg)][2] -Wireshark 是免费的，开源的，跨平台的基于 GUI 的网络数据包分析器，可用于 Linux, Windows, MacOS, Solaris 等。它可以实时捕获网络数据包，并以人性化的格式呈现。Wireshark 允许我们监控网络数据包上升到微观层面。Wireshark 还有一个名为 `tshark` 的命令行实用程序，它与 Wireshark 执行相同的功能，但它是通过终端而不是 GUI。 +Wireshark 是自由开源的、跨平台的基于 GUI 的网络数据包分析器，可用于 Linux、Windows、MacOS、Solaris 等。它可以实时捕获网络数据包，并以人性化的格式呈现。Wireshark 允许我们监控网络数据包直到其微观层面。Wireshark 还有一个名为 `tshark` 的命令行实用程序，它与 Wireshark 执行相同的功能，但它是通过终端而不是 GUI。 -Wireshark 可用于网络故障排除，分析，软件和通信协议开发以及用于教育目的。Wireshark 使用 `pcap` 库来捕获网络数据包。 +Wireshark 可用于网络故障排除、分析、软件和通信协议开发以及用于教育目的。Wireshark 使用 `pcap` 库来捕获网络数据包。 Wireshark 具有许多功能： * 支持数百项协议检查 - * 能够实时捕获数据包并保存，以便以后进行离线分析 - * 许多用于分析数据的过滤器 - -* 捕获的数据可以被压缩和解压缩（to 校正：on the fly 什么意思？） - -* 支持各种文件格式的数据分析，输出也可以保存为 XML, CSV 和纯文本格式 - -* 数据可以从以太网，wifi，蓝牙，USB，帧中继，令牌环等多个接口中捕获 +* 捕获的数据可以即时压缩和解压缩 +* 支持各种文件格式的数据分析，输出也可以保存为 XML、CSV 和纯文本格式 +* 数据可以从以太网、wifi、蓝牙、USB、帧中继、令牌环等多个接口中捕获 在本文中，我们将讨论如何在 Ubuntu/Debian 上安装 Wireshark，并将学习如何使用 Wireshark 捕获网络数据包。 @@ -102,7 +95,7 @@ linuxtechi@nixhome:/tmp/wireshark-2.4.2$ sudo make install linuxtechi@nixhome:/tmp/wireshark-2.4.2$ sudo ldconfig ``` -在安装后，它将创建一个单独的 Wireshark 组，我们现在将我们的用户添加到组中，以便它可以与 Wireshark 一起使用，否则在启动 wireshark 时可能会出现 `permission denied（权限被拒绝）`错误。 +在安装后，它将创建一个单独的 Wireshark 组，我们现在将我们的用户添加到组中，以便它可以与 Wireshark 一起使用，否则在启动 wireshark 时可能会出现 “permission denied（权限被拒绝）”错误。 要将用户添加到 wireshark 组，执行以下命令： @@ -120,7 +113,7 @@ linuxtechi@nixhome:~$ wireshark [![Access-wireshark-debian9](https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Access-wireshark-debian9-1024x664.jpg)][4] -点击 Wireshark 图标 +点击 Wireshark 图标。 [![Wireshark-window-debian9](https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Wireshark-window-debian9-1024x664.jpg)][5] @@ -128,7 +121,7 @@ linuxtechi@nixhome:~$ wireshark [![Access-wireshark-Ubuntu](https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Access-wireshark-Ubuntu-1024x664.jpg)][6] -点击 Wireshark 图标 +点击 Wireshark 图标。 [![Wireshark-window-Ubuntu](https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Wireshark-window-Ubuntu-1024x664.jpg)][7] @@ -138,7 +131,7 @@ linuxtechi@nixhome:~$ wireshark [![wireshark-Linux-system](https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/wireshark-Linux-system.jpg)][8] -所有这些都是我们可以捕获网络数据包的接口。根据你系统上的界面，此屏幕可能与你的不同。 +所有这些都是我们可以捕获网络数据包的接口。根据你系统上的接口，此屏幕可能与你的不同。 我们选择 `enp0s3` 来捕获该接口的网络流量。选择接口后，在我们网络上所有设备的网络数据包开始填充（参考下面的屏幕截图）： @@ -146,11 +139,11 @@ linuxtechi@nixhome:~$ wireshark 第一次看到这个屏幕，我们可能会被这个屏幕上显示的数据所淹没，并且可能已经想过如何整理这些数据，但不用担心，Wireshark 的最佳功能之一就是它的过滤器。 -我们可以根据 IP 地址，端口号，也可以使用来源和目标过滤器，数据包大小等对数据进行排序和过滤，也可以将两个或多个过滤器组合在一起以创建更全面的搜索。我们也可以在 `Apply a Display Filter(应用显示过滤器)`选项卡中编写过滤规则，也可以选择已创建的规则。要选择之前构建的过滤器，请单击 `Apply a Display Filter(应用显示过滤器)`选项卡旁边的 `flag` 图标。 +我们可以根据 IP 地址、端口号，也可以使用来源和目标过滤器、数据包大小等对数据进行排序和过滤，也可以将两个或多个过滤器组合在一起以创建更全面的搜索。我们也可以在 “Apply a Display Filter（应用显示过滤器）”选项卡中编写过滤规则，也可以选择已创建的规则。要选择之前构建的过滤器，请单击 “Apply a Display Filter（应用显示过滤器）”选项卡旁边的旗帜图标。 [![Filter-in-wireshark-Ubuntu](https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Filter-in-wireshark-Ubuntu-1024x727.jpg)][10] -我们还可以根据颜色编码过滤数据，默认情况下，浅紫色是 TCP 流量，浅蓝色是 UDP 流量，黑色标识有错误的数据包，看看这些编码是什么意思，点击 `View -> Coloring Rules`，我们也可以改变这些编码。 +我们还可以根据颜色编码过滤数据，默认情况下，浅紫色是 TCP 流量，浅蓝色是 UDP 流量，黑色标识有错误的数据包，看看这些编码是什么意思，点击 “View -> Coloring Rules”，我们也可以改变这些编码。 [![Packet-Colouring-Wireshark](https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Packet-Colouring-Wireshark-1024x682.jpg)][11] @@ -161,11 +154,11 @@ Wireshark 是一个非常强大的工具，需要一些时间来习惯并对其 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -via: https://www.linuxtechi.com +via: https://www.linuxtechi.com/install-use-wireshark-debian-9-ubuntu/ 作者：[Pradeep Kumar][a] 译者：[MjSeven](https://github.com/MjSeven) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 6588202308cc1aa3fd76af0fb3b84bdefad2163b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Sun, 7 Oct 2018 22:47:14 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 151/219] PUB:20171129 How to Install and Use Wireshark on Debian and Ubuntu 16.04_17.10.md @MjSeven https://linux.cn/article-10091-1.html --- ... Install and Use Wireshark on Debian and Ubuntu 16.04_17.10.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20171129 How to Install and Use Wireshark on Debian and Ubuntu 16.04_17.10.md (100%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20171129 How to Install and Use Wireshark on Debian and Ubuntu 16.04_17.10.md b/published/20171129 How to Install and Use Wireshark on Debian and Ubuntu 16.04_17.10.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/tech/20171129 How to Install and Use Wireshark on Debian and Ubuntu 16.04_17.10.md rename to published/20171129 How to Install and Use Wireshark on Debian and Ubuntu 16.04_17.10.md From 4e1bd9418cd8f59fc22758cbb67e6466cc8aec29 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Sun, 7 Oct 2018 23:23:00 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 152/219] PRF:20180117 How to get into DevOps.md @belitex @pityonline --- .../talk/20180117 How to get into DevOps.md | 45 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 23 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/talk/20180117 How to get into DevOps.md b/translated/talk/20180117 How to get into DevOps.md index 6efd6976d5..f55824538f 100644 --- a/translated/talk/20180117 How to get into DevOps.md +++ b/translated/talk/20180117 How to get into DevOps.md @@ -1,5 +1,6 @@ DevOps 实践指南 ====== +> 这些技巧或许对那些想要践行 DevOps 的系统运维和开发者能有所帮助。 ![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/rh_003784_02_os.comcareers_resume_rh1x.png?itok=S3HGxi6E) @@ -11,19 +12,19 @@ DevOps 实践指南 了解历史是搞清楚未来的关键，DevOps 也不例外。想搞清楚 DevOps 运动的普及和流行，去了解一下上世纪 90 年代后期和 21 世纪前十年 IT 的情况会有帮助。这是我的经验。 -我的第一份工作是在一家大型跨国金融服务公司做 Windows 系统管理员。当时给计算资源扩容需要给 Dell 打电话（或者像我们公司那样打给 CDW），并下一个价值数十万美元的订单，包含服务器、网络设备、电缆和软件，所有这些都要运到生产或线下的数据中心去。虽然 VMware 仍在尝试说服企业使用虚拟机运行他们的“性能敏感”型程序是更划算的，但是包括我们在内的很多公司都还忠于使用他们的物理机运行应用。 +我的第一份工作是在一家大型跨国金融服务公司做 Windows 系统管理员。当时给计算资源扩容需要给 Dell 打电话（或者像我们公司那样打给 CDW），并下一个价值数十万美元的订单，包含服务器、网络设备、电缆和软件，所有这些都要运到生产或线下的数据中心去。虽然 VMware 仍在尝试说服企业使用虚拟机运行他们的“性能敏感”型程序是更划算的，但是包括我们在内的很多公司都还是愿意使用他们的物理机运行应用。 在我们技术部门，有一个专门做数据中心工程和运营的团队，他们的工作包括价格谈判，让荒唐的月租能够降一点点，还包括保证我们的系统能够正常冷却（如果设备太多，这个事情的难度会呈指数增长）。如果这个团队足够幸运足够有钱，境外数据中心的工作人员对我们所有的服务器型号又都有足够的了解，就能避免在盘后交易中不小心搞错东西。那时候亚马逊 AWS 和 Rackspace 逐渐开始加速扩张，但还远远没到临界规模。 -当时我们还有专门的团队来保证硬件上运行着的操作系统和软件能够按照预期工作。这些工程师负责设计可靠的架构以方便给系统打补丁，监控和报警，还要定义基础镜像gold image的内容。这些大都是通过很多手工实验完成的，很多手工实验是为了编写一个运行说明书runbook来描述要做的事情，并确保按照它执行后的结果确实在预期内。在我们这么大的组织里，这样做很重要，因为一线和二线的技术支持都是境外的，而他们的培训内容只覆盖到了这些运行说明而已。 +当时我们还有专门的团队来保证硬件上运行着的操作系统和软件能够按照预期工作。这些工程师负责设计可靠的架构以方便给系统打补丁、监控和报警，还要定义基础镜像gold image的内容。这些大都是通过很多手工实验完成的，很多手工实验是为了编写一个运行说明书runbook来描述要做的事情，并确保按照它执行后的结果确实在预期内。在我们这么大的组织里，这样做很重要，因为一线和二线的技术支持都是境外的，而他们的培训内容只覆盖到了这些运行说明而已。 -(这是我职业生涯前三年的世界。我那时候的梦想是成为制定金本位制的人！) +（这是我职业生涯前三年的世界。我那时候的梦想是成为制定最高标准的人！） 软件发布则完全是另外一头怪兽。无可否认，我在这方面并没有积累太多经验。但是，从我收集的故事（和最近的经历）来看，当时大部分软件开发的日常大概是这样： * 开发人员按照技术和功能需求来编写代码，这些需求来自于业务分析人员的会议，但是会议并没有邀请开发人员参加。 * 开发人员可以选择为他们的代码编写单元测试，以确保在代码里没有任何明显的疯狂行为，比如除以 0 但不抛出异常。 -* 然后开发者会把他们的代码标记为“Ready for QA”（准备好了接受测试），质量保障的成员会把这个版本的代码发布到他们自己的环境中，这个环境和生产环境可能相似，也可能不，甚至和开发环境相比也不一定相似。 +* 然后开发者会把他们的代码标记为 “Ready for QA”（准备好了接受测试），质量保障的成员会把这个版本的代码发布到他们自己的环境中，这个环境和生产环境可能相似，也可能不，甚至和开发环境相比也不一定相似。 * 故障会在几天或者几个星期内反馈到开发人员那里，这个时长取决于其它业务活动和优先事项。 虽然系统管理员和开发人员经常有不一致的意见，但是对“变更管理”却一致痛恨。变更管理由高度规范的（就我当时的雇主而言）和非常必要的规则和程序组成，用来管理一家公司应该什么时候做技术变更，以及如何做。很多公司都按照 [ITIL][4] 来操作，简单的说，ITIL 问了很多和事情发生的原因、时间、地点和方式相关的问题，而且提供了一个过程，对产生最终答案的决定做审计跟踪。 @@ -54,20 +55,20 @@ DevOps 不是一个团队，CI/CD 也不是 JIRA 系统的一个用户组。DevO 我经常被问到这个问题，它的答案和同属于开放式的其它大部分问题一样：视情况而定。 -现在“DevOps 工程师”在不同的公司有不同的含义。在软件开发人员比较多但是很少有人懂基础设施的小公司，他们很可能是在找有更多系统管理经验的人。而其他公司，通常是大公司或老公司，已经有一个稳固的系统管理团队了，他们在向类似于谷歌 [SRE][7] 的方向做优化，也就是“设计操作功能的软件工程师”。但是，这并不是金科玉律，就像其它技术类工作一样，这个决定很大程度上取决于他的招聘经理。 +现在“DevOps 工程师”在不同的公司有不同的含义。在软件开发人员比较多但是很少有人懂基础设施的小公司，他们很可能是在找有更多系统管理经验的人。而其他公司，通常是大公司或老公司，已经有一个稳固的系统管理团队了，他们在向类似于谷歌 [SRE][7] 的方向做优化，也就是“设计运维功能的软件工程师”。但是，这并不是金科玉律，就像其它技术类工作一样，这个决定很大程度上取决于他的招聘经理。 也就是说，我们一般是在找对深入学习以下内容感兴趣的工程师： -* 如何管理和设计安全、可扩展的云平台（通常是在 AWS 上，不过微软的 Azure，Google Cloud Platform，还有 DigitalOcean 和 Heroku 这样的 PaaS 提供商，也都很流行）。 -* 如何用流行的 [CI/CD][8] 工具，比如 Jenkins，GoCD，还有基于云的 Travis CI 或者 CircleCI，来构造一条优化的发布部署流水线和发布部署策略。 -* 如何在你的系统中使用基于时间序列的工具，比如 Kibana，Grafana，Splunk，Loggly 或者 Logstash 来监控，记录，并在变化的时候报警。 -* 如何使用配置管理工具，例如 Chef，Puppet 或者 Ansible 做到“基础设施即代码”，以及如何使用像 Terraform 或 CloudFormation 的工具发布这些基础设施。 +* 如何管理和设计安全、可扩展的云平台（通常是在 AWS 上，不过微软的 Azure、Google Cloud Platform，还有 DigitalOcean 和 Heroku 这样的 PaaS 提供商，也都很流行）。 +* 如何用流行的 [CI/CD][8] 工具，比如 Jenkins、GoCD，还有基于云的 Travis CI 或者 CircleCI，来构造一条优化的发布部署流水线和发布部署策略。 +* 如何在你的系统中使用基于时间序列的工具，比如 Kibana、Grafana、Splunk、Loggly 或者 Logstash 来监控、记录，并在变化的时候报警。 +* 如何使用配置管理工具，例如 Chef、Puppet 或者 Ansible 做到“基础设施即代码”，以及如何使用像 Terraform 或 CloudFormation 的工具发布这些基础设施。 容器也变得越来越受欢迎。尽管有人对大规模使用 Docker 的现状[表示不满][9]，但容器正迅速地成为一种很好的方式来实现在更少的操作系统上运行超高密度的服务和应用，同时提高它们的可靠性。（像 Kubernetes 或者 Mesos 这样的容器编排工具，能在宿主机故障的时候，几秒钟之内重新启动新的容器。）考虑到这些，掌握 Docker 或者 rkt 以及容器编排平台的知识会对你大有帮助。 -如果你是希望做 DevOps 实践的系统管理员，你还需要知道如何写代码。Python 和 Ruby 是 DevOps 领域的流行语言，因为它们是可移植的（也就是说可以在任何操作系统上运行），快速的，而且易读易学。它们还支撑着这个行业最流行的配置管理工具（Ansible 是使用 Python 写的，Chef 和 Puppet 是使用 Ruby 写的）以及云平台的 API 客户端（亚马逊 AWS，微软 Azure，Google Cloud Platform 的客户端通常会提供 Python 和 Ruby 语言的版本）。 +如果你是希望做 DevOps 实践的系统管理员，你还需要知道如何写代码。Python 和 Ruby 是 DevOps 领域的流行语言，因为它们是可移植的（也就是说可以在任何操作系统上运行）、快速的，而且易读易学。它们还支撑着这个行业最流行的配置管理工具（Ansible 是使用 Python 写的，Chef 和 Puppet 是使用 Ruby 写的）以及云平台的 API 客户端（亚马逊 AWS、微软 Azure、Google Cloud Platform 的客户端通常会提供 Python 和 Ruby 语言的版本）。 -如果你是开发人员，也希望做 DevOps 的实践，我强烈建议你去学习 Unix，Windows 操作系统以及网络基础知识。虽然云计算把很多系统管理的难题抽象化了，但是对应用的性能做 debug 的时候，如果你知道操作系统如何工作的就会有很大的帮助。下文包含了一些这个主题的图书。 +如果你是开发人员，也希望做 DevOps 的实践，我强烈建议你去学习 Unix、Windows 操作系统以及网络基础知识。虽然云计算把很多系统管理的难题抽象化了，但是对应用的性能做调试的时候，如果你知道操作系统如何工作的就会有很大的帮助。下文包含了一些这个主题的图书。 如果你觉得这些东西听起来内容太多，没关系，大家都是这么想的。幸运的是，有很多小项目可以让你开始探索。其中一个项目是 Gary Stafford 的[选举服务](https://github.com/garystafford/voter-service)，一个基于 Java 的简单投票平台。我们要求面试候选人通过一个流水线将该服务从 GitHub 部署到生产环境基础设施上。你可以把这个服务与 Rob Mile 写的了不起的 DevOps [入门教程](https://github.com/maxamg/cd-office-hours)结合起来学习。 @@ -79,22 +80,22 @@ DevOps 不是一个团队，CI/CD 也不是 JIRA 系统的一个用户组。DevO #### 理论书籍 -* Gene Kim 写的 [The Phoenix Project（凤凰项目）][10]。这是一本很不错的书，内容涵盖了我上文解释过的历史（写的更生动形象），描述了一个运行在敏捷和 DevOps 之上的公司向精益前进的过程。 -* Terrance Ryan 写的 [Driving Technical Change（布道之道）][11]。非常好的一小本书，讲了大多数技术型组织内的常见性格特点以及如何和他们打交道。这本书对我的帮助比我想象的更多。 -* Tom DeMarco 和 Tim Lister 合著的 [Peopleware（人件）][12]。管理工程师团队的经典图书，有一点过时，但仍然很有价值。 -* Tom Limoncelli 写的 [Time Management for System Administrators（时间管理：给系统管理员）][13]。这本书主要面向系统管理员，它对很多大型组织内的系统管理员生活做了深入的展示。如果你想了解更多系统管理员和开发人员之间的冲突，这本书可能解释了更多。 -* Eric Ries 写的 [The Lean Startup（精益创业）][14]。描述了 Eric 自己的 3D 虚拟形象公司，IMVU，发现了如何精益工作，快速失败和更快盈利。 -* Jez Humble 和他的朋友写的 [Lean Enterprise（精益企业）][15]。这本书是对精益创业做的改编，以更适应企业，两本书都很棒，都很好地解释了 DevOps 背后的商业动机。 -* Kief Morris 写的 [Infrastructure As Code（基础设施即代码）][16]。关于“基础设施即代码”的非常好的入门读物！很好的解释了为什么所有公司都有必要采纳这种做法。 -* Betsy Beyer、Chris Jones、Jennifer Petoff 和 Niall Richard Murphy 合著的 [Site Reliability Engineering（站点可靠性工程师）][17]。一本解释谷歌 SRE 实践的书，也因为是“DevOps 诞生之前的 DevOps”被人熟知。在如何处理运行时间、时延和保持工程师快乐方面提供了有意思的看法。 +* Gene Kim 写的 《[凤凰项目][10]The Phoenix Project》。这是一本很不错的书，内容涵盖了我上文解释过的历史（写的更生动形象），描述了一个运行在敏捷和 DevOps 之上的公司向精益前进的过程。 +* Terrance Ryan 写的 《[布道之道][11]Driving Technical Change》。非常好的一小本书，讲了大多数技术型组织内的常见性格特点以及如何和他们打交道。这本书对我的帮助比我想象的更多。 +* Tom DeMarco 和 Tim Lister 合著的 《[人件][12]Peopleware》。管理工程师团队的经典图书，有一点过时，但仍然很有价值。 +* Tom Limoncelli 写的 《[时间管理：给系统管理员][13]Time Management for System Administrators》。这本书主要面向系统管理员，它对很多大型组织内的系统管理员生活做了深入的展示。如果你想了解更多系统管理员和开发人员之间的冲突，这本书可能解释了更多。 +* Eric Ries 写的 《[精益创业][14]The Lean Startup》。描述了 Eric 自己的 3D 虚拟形象公司，IMVU，发现了如何精益工作，快速失败和更快盈利。 +* Jez Humble 和他的朋友写的 《[精益企业][15]Lean Enterprise》。这本书是对精益创业做的改编，以更适应企业，两本书都很棒，都很好地解释了 DevOps 背后的商业动机。 +* Kief Morris 写的 《[基础设施即代码][16]Infrastructure As Code》。关于“基础设施即代码”的非常好的入门读物！很好的解释了为什么所有公司都有必要采纳这种做法。 +* Betsy Beyer、Chris Jones、Jennifer Petoff 和 Niall Richard Murphy 合著的 《[站点可靠性工程师][17]Site Reliability Engineering》。一本解释谷歌 SRE 实践的书，也因为是“DevOps 诞生之前的 DevOps”被人熟知。在如何处理运行时间、时延和保持工程师快乐方面提供了有意思的看法。 #### 技术书籍 如果你想找的是让你直接跟代码打交道的书，看这里就对了。 -* W. Richard Stevens 的 [TCP/IP Illustrated（TCP/IP 详解）][18]。这是一套经典的（也可以说是最全面的）讲解网络协议基础的巨著，重点介绍了 TCP/IP 协议族。如果你听说过 1，2，3，4 层网络，而且对深入学习它们感兴趣，那么你需要这本书。 -* Evi Nemeth、Trent Hein 和 Ben Whaley 合著的 [UNIX and Linux System Administration Handbook（UNIX/Linux 系统管理员手册）][19]。一本很好的入门书，介绍 Linux/Unix 如何工作以及如何使用。 -* Don Jones 和 Jeffrey Hicks 合著的 [Learn Windows Powershell In A Month of Lunches（Windows PowerShell 实战指南）][20]。如果你在 Windows 系统下做自动化任务，你需要学习怎么使用 Powershell。这本书能够帮助你。Don Jones 是这方面著名的 MVP。 +* W. Richard Stevens 的 《[TCP/IP 详解][18]TCP/IP Illustrated》。这是一套经典的（也可以说是最全面的）讲解网络协议基础的巨著，重点介绍了 TCP/IP 协议族。如果你听说过 1、2、3、4 层网络，而且对深入学习它们感兴趣，那么你需要这本书。 +* Evi Nemeth、Trent Hein 和 Ben Whaley 合著的 《[UNIX/Linux 系统管理员手册][19]UNIX and Linux System Administration Handbook》。一本很好的入门书，介绍 Linux/Unix 如何工作以及如何使用。 +* Don Jones 和 Jeffrey Hicks 合著的 《[Windows PowerShell 实战指南][20]Learn Windows Powershell In A Month of Lunches》。如果你在 Windows 系统下做自动化任务，你需要学习怎么使用 Powershell。这本书能够帮助你。Don Jones 是这方面著名的 MVP。 * 几乎所有 [James Turnbull][21] 写的东西，针对流行的 DevOps 工具，他发表了很好的技术入门读物。 不管是在那些把所有应用都直接部署在物理机上的公司，（现在很多公司仍然有充分的理由这样做）还是在那些把所有应用都做成 serverless 的先驱公司，DevOps 都很可能会持续下去。这部分工作很有趣，产出也很有影响力，而且最重要的是，它搭起桥梁衔接了技术和业务之间的缺口。DevOps 是一个值得期待的美好事物。 From 1d1c5b35416be6f9eae1cbbb08264240a4f7fedb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Sun, 7 Oct 2018 23:23:20 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 153/219] PUB:20180117 How to get into DevOps.md @belitex https://linux.cn/article-10092-1.html --- {translated/talk => published}/20180117 How to get into DevOps.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translated/talk => published}/20180117 How to get into DevOps.md (100%) diff --git a/translated/talk/20180117 How to get into DevOps.md b/published/20180117 How to get into DevOps.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/talk/20180117 How to get into DevOps.md rename to published/20180117 How to get into DevOps.md From e6d9cd8b4ddae8cb96be3021b17c591e32a840df Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: dianbanjiu Date: Mon, 8 Oct 2018 00:51:40 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 154/219] dianbanjiu translating --- sources/tech/20180105 The Best Linux Distributions for 2018.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20180105 The Best Linux Distributions for 2018.md b/sources/tech/20180105 The Best Linux Distributions for 2018.md index 3be92638c5..cc60350641 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20180105 The Best Linux Distributions for 2018.md +++ b/sources/tech/20180105 The Best Linux Distributions for 2018.md @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -The Best Linux Distributions for 2018 +[translating by dianbanjiu] The Best Linux Distributions for 2018 ============================================================ ![Linux distros 2018](https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/linux-distros-2018.jpg?itok=Z8sdx4Zu "Linux distros 2018") From abada09660586aaebca335e1eaf902f14f830582 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Mon, 8 Oct 2018 09:08:32 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 155/219] translated --- ...s And Latest Headlines From Commandline.md | 138 ------------------ 1 file changed, 138 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20180921 Clinews - Read News And Latest Headlines From Commandline.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20180921 Clinews - Read News And Latest Headlines From Commandline.md b/sources/tech/20180921 Clinews - Read News And Latest Headlines From Commandline.md deleted file mode 100644 index b7082ea141..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20180921 Clinews - Read News And Latest Headlines From Commandline.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,138 +0,0 @@ -translating----geekpi - -Clinews – Read News And Latest Headlines From Commandline -====== - -![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/clinews-720x340.jpeg) - -A while ago, we have written about a CLI news client named [**InstantNews**][1] that helps you to read news and latest headlines from commandline instantly. Today, I stumbled upon a similar utility named **Clinews** which serves the same purpose – reading news and latest headlines from popular websites, blogs from Terminal. You don’t need to install GUI applications or mobile apps. You can read what’s happening in the world right from your Terminal. It is free, open source utility written using **NodeJS**. - -### Installing Clinews - -Since Clinews is written using NodeJS, you can install it using NPM package manager. If you haven’t install NodeJS, install it as described in the following link. - -Once node installed, run the following command to install Clinews: - -``` -$ npm i -g clinews -``` - -You can also install Clinews using **Yarn** : - -``` -$ yarn global add clinews -``` - -Yarn itself can installed using npm - -``` -$ npm -i yarn -``` - -### Configure News API - -Clinews retrieves all news headlines from [**News API**][2]. News API is a simple and easy-to-use API that returns JSON metadata for the headlines currently published on a range of news sources and blogs. It currently provides live headlines from 70 popular sources, including Ars Technica, BBC, Blooberg, CNN, Daily Mail, Engadget, ESPN, Financial Times, Google News, hacker News, IGN, Mashable, National Geographic, Reddit r/all, Reuters, Speigel Online, Techcrunch, The Guardian, The Hindu, The Huffington Post, The Newyork Times, The Next Web, The Wall street Journal, USA today and [**more**][3]. - -First, you need an API key from News API. Go to [**https://newsapi.org/register**][4] URL and register a free account to get the API key. - -Once you got the API key from News API site, edit your **.bashrc** file: - -``` -$ vi ~/.bashrc - -``` - -Add newsapi API key at the end like below: - -``` -export IN_API_KEY="Paste-API-key-here" - -``` - -Please note that you need to paste the key inside the double quotes. Save and close the file. - -Run the following command to update the changes. - -``` -$ source ~/.bashrc - -``` - -Done. Now let us go ahead and fetch the latest headlines from new sources. - -### Read News And Latest Headlines From Commandline - -To read news and latest headlines from specific new source, for example **The Hindu** , run: - -``` -$ news fetch the-hindu - -``` - -Here, **“the-hindu”** is the new source id (fetch id). - -The above command will fetch latest 10 headlines from The Hindu news portel and display them in the Terminal. Also, it displays a brief description of the news, the published date and time, and the actual link to the source. - -**Sample output:** - -![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/clinews-1.png) - -To read a news in your browser, hold Ctrl key and click on the URL. It will open in your default web browser. - -To view all the sources you can get news from, run: - -``` -$ news sources - -``` - -**Sample output:** - -![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/clinews-2.png) - -As you see in the above screenshot, Clinews lists all news sources including the name of the news source, fetch id, description of the site, website URL and the country where it is located. As of writing this guide, Clinews currently supports 70+ news sources. - -Clinews can also able to search for news stories across all sources matching search criteria/term. Say for example, to list all news stories with titles containing the words **“Tamilnadu”** , use the following command: - -``` -$ news search "Tamilnadu" -``` - -This command will scrap all news sources for stories that match term **Tamilnadu**. - -Clinews has some extra flags that helps you to - - * limit the amount of news stories you want to see, - * sort news stories (top, latest, popular), - * display news stories category wise (E.g. business, entertainment, gaming, general, music, politics, science-and-nature, sport, technology) - - - -For more details, see the help section: - -``` -$ clinews -h -``` - -And, that’s all for now. Hope this was useful. More good stuffs to come. Stay tuned! - -Cheers! - - - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.ostechnix.com/clinews-read-news-and-latest-headlines-from-commandline/ - -作者：[SK][a] -选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/ -[1]: https://www.ostechnix.com/get-news-instantly-commandline-linux/ -[2]: https://newsapi.org/ -[3]: https://newsapi.org/sources -[4]: https://newsapi.org/register From 9f7c145be773058ba8a2addbb5f36945ad7f0f85 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Mon, 8 Oct 2018 09:12:34 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 156/219] =?UTF-8?q?=E8=B6=85=E6=9C=9F=E5=9B=9E=E6=94=B6?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @sober-wang --- ...ources For Linux - -BSD - Unix Documentation On the Web.md | 4 ---- 1 file changed, 4 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20111221 30 Best Sources For Linux - -BSD - Unix Documentation On the Web.md b/sources/tech/20111221 30 Best Sources For Linux - -BSD - Unix Documentation On the Web.md index 81e3acacdb..6a4d1f4828 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20111221 30 Best Sources For Linux - -BSD - Unix Documentation On the Web.md +++ b/sources/tech/20111221 30 Best Sources For Linux - -BSD - Unix Documentation On the Web.md @@ -1,7 +1,3 @@ -# sober-wang 翻译中 - - - 30 Best Sources For Linux / *BSD / Unix Documentation On the We ====== From df817067ff1d9f0fbf6f58bdc8a69fe38c288395 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Mon, 8 Oct 2018 09:14:32 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 157/219] translating --- ...an 9 Server in Rescue (Single User mode) - Emergency Mode.md | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20180925 How to Boot Ubuntu 18.04 - Debian 9 Server in Rescue (Single User mode) - Emergency Mode.md b/sources/tech/20180925 How to Boot Ubuntu 18.04 - Debian 9 Server in Rescue (Single User mode) - Emergency Mode.md index ff33e7c175..7a3702a124 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20180925 How to Boot Ubuntu 18.04 - Debian 9 Server in Rescue (Single User mode) - Emergency Mode.md +++ b/sources/tech/20180925 How to Boot Ubuntu 18.04 - Debian 9 Server in Rescue (Single User mode) - Emergency Mode.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +translating---geekpi + How to Boot Ubuntu 18.04 / Debian 9 Server in Rescue (Single User mode) / Emergency Mode ====== Booting a Linux Server into a single user mode or **rescue mode** is one of the important troubleshooting that a Linux admin usually follow while recovering the server from critical conditions. In Ubuntu 18.04 and Debian 9, single user mode is known as a rescue mode. From 8e889b95cf33b92204c3c9ac458e7ea9471f5de1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Mon, 8 Oct 2018 09:15:27 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 158/219] add translated article --- ...s And Latest Headlines From Commandline.md | 137 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 137 insertions(+) create mode 100644 translated/tech/20180921 Clinews - Read News And Latest Headlines From Commandline.md diff --git a/translated/tech/20180921 Clinews - Read News And Latest Headlines From Commandline.md b/translated/tech/20180921 Clinews - Read News And Latest Headlines From Commandline.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..892d6ca1c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20180921 Clinews - Read News And Latest Headlines From Commandline.md @@ -0,0 +1,137 @@ +Clinews - 从命令行阅读新闻和最新头条 +====== + +![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/clinews-720x340.jpeg) + +不久前，我们写了一个名为 [**InstantNews**][1] 的命令行新闻客户端，它可以帮助你立即在命令行阅读新闻和最新头条新闻。今天，我偶然发现了一个名为 **Clinews** 的类似，它的其功能与此相同 - 在终端阅读来自热门网站的新闻和最新头条，还有博客。你无需安装 GUI 应用或移动应用。你可以直接从终端阅读世界上正在发生的事情。它是使用 **NodeJS** 编写的免费开源程序。 + + +### 安装 Clinews + +由于 Clinews 是使用 NodeJS 编写的，因此你可以使用 NPM 包管理器安装。如果尚未安装 NodeJS，请按照以下链接中的说明进行安装。 + +安装 node 后，运行以下命令安装 Clinews： + +``` +$ npm i -g clinews +``` + +你也可以使用 **Yarn** 安装 Clinews： + +``` +$ yarn global add clinews +``` + +Yarn 本身可以使用 npm 安装 + +``` +$ npm -i yarn +``` + +### 配置 News API + +Clinews 从 [**News API**][2] 中检索所有新闻标题。News API 是一个简单易用的API，它返回当前在一系列新闻源和博客上发布的头条的 JSON 元数据。它目前提供来自 70 个热门源的实时头条，包括 Ars Technica、BBC、Blooberg、CNN、每日邮报、Engadget、ESPN、金融时报、谷歌新闻、hacker News，IGN、Mashable、国家地理、Reddit r/all、路透社、 Speigel Online、Techcrunch、The Guardian、The Hindu、赫芬顿邮报、纽约时报、The Next Web、华尔街日报，今日美国和[**等等**][3]。 + +首先，你需要 News API 的 API 密钥。进入 [**https://newsapi.org/register**][4] 并注册一个免费帐户来获取 API 密钥。 + +从 News API 获得 API 密钥后，编辑 **.bashrc**： + +``` +$ vi ~/.bashrc + +``` + +在最后添加 newsapi API 密钥，如下所示： + +``` +export IN_API_KEY="Paste-API-key-here" + +``` + +请注意，你需要将密钥粘贴在双引号内。保存并关闭文件。 + +运行以下命令以更新更改。 + +``` +$ source ~/.bashrc + +``` + +完成。现在继续并从新闻源获取最新的头条新闻。 + +### 在命令行阅读新闻和最新头条 + +要阅读特定新闻源的新闻和最新头条，例如 **The Hindu**，请运行： + +``` +$ news fetch the-hindu + +``` + +这里，**“the-hindu”** 是新闻源的源id（获取 id）。 + +上述命令将从 The Hindu 新闻站获取最新的 10 个头条，并将其显示在终端中。此外，它还显示新闻的简要描述、发布的日期和时间以及到源的实际链接。 + +**示例输出：** + +![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/clinews-1.png) + +要在浏览器中阅读新闻，请按住 Ctrl 键并单击 URL。它将在你的默认 Web 浏览器中打开。 + +要查看所有的新闻源，请运行： + +``` +$ news sources + +``` + +**示例输出：** + +![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/clinews-2.png) + +正如你在上面的截图中看到的，Clinews 列出了所有新闻源，包括新闻源的名称、获取 ID、网站描述、网站 URL 以及它所在的国家/地区。在撰写本指南时，Clinews 目前支持 70 多个新闻源。 + +Clinews 还可以搜索符合搜索条件/术语的所有源的新闻报道。例如，要列出包含单词 **“Tamilnadu”** 的所有新闻报道，请使用以下命令： + +``` +$ news search "Tamilnadu" +``` + +此命令将会筛选所有新闻源中含有 **Tamilnadu** 的报道。 + +Clinews有一些额外的标志可以帮助你 + + * 限制你想看的新闻报道的数量， +  * 排序新闻报道（热门、最新）， +  * 智能显示新闻报道分类（例如商业、娱乐、游戏、大众、音乐、政治、科学和自然、体育、技术） + + + +更多详细信息，请参阅帮助部分： + +``` +$ clinews -h +``` + +就是这些了。希望这篇对你有用。还有更多好东西。敬请关注！ + +干杯！ + + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.ostechnix.com/clinews-read-news-and-latest-headlines-from-commandline/ + +作者：[SK][a] +选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/ +[1]: https://www.ostechnix.com/get-news-instantly-commandline-linux/ +[2]: https://newsapi.org/ +[3]: https://newsapi.org/sources +[4]: https://newsapi.org/register From c4f673280334a1671777ec711c1078905937b312 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: GraveAccent <39041505+GraveAccent@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Mon, 8 Oct 2018 09:27:32 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 159/219] Update 20180201 Rock Solid React.js Foundations A Beginners Guide.md --- ...80201 Rock Solid React.js Foundations A Beginners Guide.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20180201 Rock Solid React.js Foundations A Beginners Guide.md b/sources/tech/20180201 Rock Solid React.js Foundations A Beginners Guide.md index b3252dfb75..98a1a8f392 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20180201 Rock Solid React.js Foundations A Beginners Guide.md +++ b/sources/tech/20180201 Rock Solid React.js Foundations A Beginners Guide.md @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -Rock Solid React.js Foundations: A Beginner’s Guide +GraveAccent翻译中 Rock Solid React.js Foundations: A Beginner’s Guide ============================================================ ** 此处有Canvas,请手动处理 ** @@ -289,4 +289,4 @@ via: https://medium.freecodecamp.org/rock-solid-react-js-foundations-a-beginners [9]:https://codepen.io/raynesax/pen/QaROqK [10]:https://twitter.com/rajat1saxena [11]:mailto:rajat@raynstudios.com -[12]:https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCUmQhjjF9bsIaVDJUHSIIKw \ No newline at end of file +[12]:https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCUmQhjjF9bsIaVDJUHSIIKw From d9e6b52ade824cb4f470949620f17be1706e52d2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: HankChow <280630620@qq.com> Date: Mon, 8 Oct 2018 09:56:21 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 160/219] hankchow translating --- ...Replace one Linux Distro With Another in Dual Boot -Guide.md | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20180925 How to Replace one Linux Distro With Another in Dual Boot -Guide.md b/sources/tech/20180925 How to Replace one Linux Distro With Another in Dual Boot -Guide.md index ab9fa8acc3..0e473dbc59 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20180925 How to Replace one Linux Distro With Another in Dual Boot -Guide.md +++ b/sources/tech/20180925 How to Replace one Linux Distro With Another in Dual Boot -Guide.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +HankChow translating + How to Replace one Linux Distro With Another in Dual Boot [Guide] ====== **If you have a Linux distribution installed, you can replace it with another distribution in the dual boot. You can also keep your personal documents while switching the distribution.** From e7c51f9d3c45bfad6b680c57011cea9f00da99e4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 8 Oct 2018 11:08:42 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 161/219] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=20Open=20Source=20L?= =?UTF-8?q?ogging=20Tools=20for=20Linux?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...005 Open Source Logging Tools for Linux.md | 188 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 188 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20181005 Open Source Logging Tools for Linux.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20181005 Open Source Logging Tools for Linux.md b/sources/tech/20181005 Open Source Logging Tools for Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..723488008a --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20181005 Open Source Logging Tools for Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,188 @@ +Open Source Logging Tools for Linux +====== + +![](https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/logs-main.jpg?itok=voNrSz4H) + +If you’re a Linux systems administrator, one of the first tools you will turn to for troubleshooting are log files. These files hold crucial information that can go a long way to help you solve problems affecting your desktops and servers. For many sysadmins (especially those of an old-school sort), nothing beats the command line for checking log files. But for those who’d rather have a more efficient (and possibly modern) approach to troubleshooting, there are plenty of options. + +In this article, I’ll highlight a few such tools available for the Linux platform. I won’t be getting into logging tools that might be specific to a certain service (such as Kubernetes or Apache), and instead will focus on tools that work to mine the depths of all that magical information written into /var/log. + +Speaking of which… + +### What is /var/log? + +If you’re new to Linux, you might not know what the /var/log directory contains. However, the name is very telling. Within this directory is housed all of the log files from the system and any major service (such as Apache, MySQL, MariaDB, etc.) installed on the operating system. Open a terminal window and issue the command cd /var/log. Follow that with the command ls and you’ll see all of the various systems that have log files you can view (Figure 1). + +![/var/log/][2] + +Figure 1: Our ls command reveals the logs available in /var/log/. + +[Used with permission][3] + +Say, for instance, you want to view the syslog log file. Issue the command less syslog and you can scroll through all of the gory details of that particular log. But what if the standard terminal isn’t for you? What options do you have? Plenty. Let’s take a look at few such options. + +### Logs + +If you use the GNOME desktop (or other, as Logs can be installed on more than just GNOME), you have at your fingertips a log viewer that mainly just adds the slightest bit of GUI goodness over the log files to create something as simple as it is effective. Once installed (from the standard repositories), open Logs from the desktop menu, and you’ll be treated to an interface (Figure 2) that allows you to select from various types of logs (Important, All, System, Security, and Hardware), as well as select a boot period (from the top center drop-down), and even search through all of the available logs. + +![Logs tool][5] + +Figure 2: The GNOME Logs tool is one of the easiest GUI log viewers you’ll find for Linux. + +[Used with permission][3] + +Logs is a great tool, especially if you’re not looking for too many bells and whistles getting in the way of you viewing crucial log entries, so you can troubleshoot your systems. + +### KSystemLog + +KSystemLog is to KDE what Logs is to GNOME, but with a few more features to add into the mix. Although both make it incredibly simple to view your system log files, only KSystemLog includes colorized log lines, tabbed viewing, copy log lines to the desktop clipboard, built-in capability for sending log messages directly to the system, read detailed information for each log line, and more. KSystemLog views all the same logs found in GNOME Logs, only with a different layout. + +From the main window (Figure 3), you can view any of the different log (from System Log, Authentication Log, X.org Log, Journald Log), search the logs, filter by Date, Host, Process, Message, and select log priorities. + +![KSystemLog][7] + +Figure 3: The KSystemLog main window. + +[Used with permission][3] + +If you click on the Window menu, you can open a new tab, where you can select a different log/filter combination to view. From that same menu, you can even duplicate the current tab. If you want to manually add a log to a file, do the following: + + 1. Open KSystemLog. + + 2. Click File > Add Log Entry. + + 3. Create your log entry (Figure 4). + + 4. Click OK + + +![log entry][9] + +Figure 4: Creating a manual log entry with KSystemLog. + +[Used with permission][3] + +KSystemLog makes viewing logs in KDE an incredibly easy task. + +### Logwatch + +Logwatch isn’t a fancy GUI tool. Instead, logwatch allows you to set up a logging system that will email you important alerts. You can have those alerts emailed via an SMTP server or you can simply view them on the local machine. Logwatch can be found in the standard repositories for almost every distribution, so installation can be done with a single command, like so: + +``` +sudo apt-get install logwatch +``` + +Or: + +``` +sudo dnf install logwatch +``` + +During the installation, you will be required to select the delivery method for alerts (Figure 5). If you opt to go the local mail delivery only, you’ll need to install the mailutils app (so you can view mail locally, via the mail command). + +![ Logwatch][11] + +Figure 5: Configuring Logwatch alert sending method. + +[Used with permission][3] + +All Logwatch configurations are handled in a single file. To edit that file, issue the command sudo nano /usr/share/logwatch/default.conf/logwatch.conf. You’ll want to edit the MailTo = option. If you’re viewing this locally, set that to the Linux username you want the logs sent to (such as MailTo = jack). If you are sending these logs to an external email address, you’ll also need to change the MailFrom = option to a legitimate email address. From within that same configuration file, you can also set the detail level and the range of logs to send. Save and close that file. +Once configured, you can send your first mail with a command like: + +``` +logwatch --detail Med --mailto ADDRESS --service all --range today +Where ADDRESS is either the local user or an email address. + +``` + +For more information on using Logwatch, issue the command man logwatch. Read through the manual page to see the different options that can be used with the tool. + +### Rsyslog + +Rsyslog is a convenient way to send remote client logs to a centralized server. Say you have one Linux server you want to use to collect the logs from other Linux servers in your data center. With Rsyslog, this is easily done. Rsyslog has to be installed on all clients and the centralized server (by issuing a command like sudo apt-get install rsyslog). Once installed, create the /etc/rsyslog.d/server.conf file on the centralized server, with the contents: + +``` +# Provide UDP syslog reception +$ModLoad imudp +$UDPServerRun 514 + +# Provide TCP syslog reception +$ModLoad imtcp +$InputTCPServerRun 514 + +# Use custom filenaming scheme +$template FILENAME,"/var/log/remote/%HOSTNAME%.log" +*.* ?FILENAME + +$PreserveFQDN on + +``` + +Save and close that file. Now, on every client machine, create the file /etc/rsyslog.d/client.conf with the contents: + +``` +$PreserveFQDN on +$ActionQueueType LinkedList +$ActionQueueFileName srvrfwd +$ActionResumeRetryCount -1 +$ActionQueueSaveOnShutdown on +*.* @@SERVER_IP:514 + +``` + +Where SERVER_IP is the IP address of your centralized server. Save and close that file. Restart rsyslog on all machines with the command: + +``` +sudo systemctl restart rsyslog + +``` + +You can now view the centralized log files with the command (run on the centralized server): + +``` +tail -f /var/log/remote/*.log + +``` + +The tail command allows you to view those files as they are written to, in real time. You should see log entries appear that include the client hostname (Figure 6). + +![Rsyslog][13] + +Figure 6: Rsyslog showing entries for a connected client. + +[Used with permission][3] + +Rsyslog is a great tool for creating a single point of entry for viewing the logs of all of your Linux servers. + +### More where that came from + +This article only scratched the surface of the logging tools to be found on the Linux platform. And each of the above tools is capable of more than what is outlined here. However, this overview should give you a place to start your long day's journey into the Linux log file. + +Learn more about Linux through the free ["Introduction to Linux" ][14]course from The Linux Foundation and edX. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.linux.com/learn/intro-to-linux/2018/10/open-source-logging-tools-linux + +作者：[JACK WALLEN][a] +选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.linux.com/users/jlwallen +[1]: /files/images/logs1jpg +[2]: https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/logs_1.jpg?itok=8yO2q1rW (/var/log/) +[3]: /licenses/category/used-permission +[4]: /files/images/logs2jpg +[5]: https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/logs_2.jpg?itok=kF6V46ZB (Logs tool) +[6]: /files/images/logs3jpg +[7]: https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/logs_3.jpg?itok=PhrIzI1N (KSystemLog) +[8]: /files/images/logs4jpg +[9]: https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/logs_4.jpg?itok=OxsGJ-TJ (log entry) +[10]: /files/images/logs5jpg +[11]: https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/logs_5.jpg?itok=GeAR551e (Logwatch) +[12]: /files/images/logs6jpg +[13]: https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/logs_6.jpg?itok=ira8UZOr (Rsyslog) +[14]: https://training.linuxfoundation.org/linux-courses/system-administration-training/introduction-to-linux From bcd0ca1b3908133e26800283fe4cc80644fe402a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 8 Oct 2018 11:14:32 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 162/219] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=20How=20to=20use=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Kolibri=20to=20access=20educational=20material=20offline?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... to access educational material offline.md | 107 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 107 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20181005 How to use Kolibri to access educational material offline.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20181005 How to use Kolibri to access educational material offline.md b/sources/tech/20181005 How to use Kolibri to access educational material offline.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..f856a497cd --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20181005 How to use Kolibri to access educational material offline.md @@ -0,0 +1,107 @@ +How to use Kolibri to access educational material offline +====== +Kolibri makes digital educational materials available to students without internet access. + +![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/EDU_OSDC_BYU_520x292_FINAL.png?itok=NVY7vR8o) + +While the internet has thoroughly transformed the availability of educational content for much of the world, many people still live in places where online access is poor or even nonexistent. [Kolibri][1] is a great solution for these communities. It's an app that creates an offline server to deliver high-quality educational resources to learners. You can set up Kolibri on a wide range of [hardware][2], including low-cost Windows, MacOS, and Linux (including Raspberry Pi) computers. A version for Android tablets is in the works. + +Because it's open source, free to use, works without broadband access (after initial setup), and includes a wide range of educational content, it gives students in rural schools, refugee camps, orphanages, informal schools, prisons, and other places without reliable internet service access to many of the same resources used by students all over the world. + +In addition to being simple to install, it's easy to customize Kolibri for various educational missions and needs, including literacy building, general reference materials, and life skills training. Kolibri includes content from sources including [OpenStax,][3] [CK-12][4], [Khan Academy][5], and [EngageNY][6]; once these packages are "seeded" by connecting the Kolibri serving device to a robust internet connection, they are immediately available for offline access on client devices through a compatible browser. + +### Installation and setup + +I installed Kolibri on an Intel i3-based laptop running Fedora 28. I chose the **pip install** method, which is very easy. Here's how to do it. + +Open a terminal and enter: + +``` +$ sudo pip install kolibri + +``` + +Start Kolibri by entering **$** **kolibri** **start** in the terminal. + +Find your Kolibri installation's URL in the terminal. + +![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/kolibri_url.png) + +Open your browser and point it to that URL, being sure to append port **8080**. + +Select the default language—options include English, Spanish, French, Arabic, Portuguese, Hindi, Farsi, Burmese, and Bengali. (I chose English.) + +Name your facility, i.e., your classroom, library, or home. (I named mine Test.) + +![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/kolibri_name.png) + +Tell Kolibri what type of facility you're setting up—self-managed, admin-managed, or informal. (I chose self-managed.) + +![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/kolibri_facility-type.png) + +Create an admin account. + +![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/kolibri_admin.png) + +### Add content + +You can add Kolibri-curated content channels while you are connected to broadband service. Explore and add content from the menu at the top-left of the browser. + +![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/kolibri_menu.png) + +Choose Device and Import. + +![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/kolibri_import.png) + +Selecting English as the default language provides access to 29 content channels including Touchable Earth, Global Digital Library, Khan Academy, OpenStax, CK-12, EngageNY, Blockly games, and more. + +Select a channel you're interested in. You have the option to download the entire channel (which might take a long time) or to select the specific content you want to download. + +![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/kolibri_select-content.png) + +To access your content, return to the top-left menu and select Learn. + +![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/kolibri_content.png) + +### Add users + +User accounts can be set up as learners, coaches, or admins. Users can access the Kolibri server from most web browsers on any Linux, MacOS, Windows, Android, or iOS device on the same network, even if the network isn't connected to the internet. Admins can set up classes on the device, assign coaches and learners to classes, and see every user's interaction and how much time they spend with the content. + +If your Kolibri server is set up as self-managed, users can create their own accounts by entering the Kolibri URL in their browser and following the prompts. For information on setting up users on an admin-managed server, check out Kolibri's [documentation][7]. + +![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/kolibri_user-account.png) + +After logging in, the user can access content right away to begin learning. + +### Learn more + +Kolibri is a very powerful learning resource, especially for people who don't have a robust connection to the internet. Its [documentation][8] is very complete, and a [demo][9] site maintained by the project allows you to try it out. + +Kolibri is open source under the [MIT License][10]. The project, which is managed by the nonprofit organization Learning Equality, is looking for developers—if you would like to get involved, be sure to check out them on [GitHub][11]. To learn more, follow Learning Equality and Kolibri on its [blog][12], [Twitter][13], and [Facebook][14] pages. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/18/10/getting-started-kolibri + +作者：[Don Watkins][a] +选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/don-watkins +[1]: https://learningequality.org/kolibri/ +[2]: https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B9ZzDms8cSNgVWRKdUlPc2lkTkk/view +[3]: https://openstax.org/ +[4]: https://www.ck12.org/ +[5]: https://www.khanacademy.org/ +[6]: https://www.engageny.org/ +[7]: https://kolibri.readthedocs.io/en/latest/manage.html#create-a-new-user-account +[8]: https://learningequality.org/documentation/ +[9]: http://kolibridemo.learningequality.org/learn/#/topics +[10]: https://github.com/learningequality/kolibri/blob/develop/LICENSE +[11]: https://github.com/learningequality/ +[12]: https://blog.learningequality.org/ +[13]: https://twitter.com/LearnEQ/ +[14]: https://www.facebook.com/learningequality From f2ad6e269fa08393b7b93217e27a45ed84358eee Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 8 Oct 2018 11:18:51 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 163/219] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=20Dbxfs=20=E2=80=93?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Mount=20Dropbox=20Folder=20Locally=20As=20Virtual=20File=20S?= =?UTF-8?q?ystem=20In=20Linux?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...Locally As Virtual File System In Linux.md | 133 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 133 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20181005 Dbxfs - Mount Dropbox Folder Locally As Virtual File System In Linux.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20181005 Dbxfs - Mount Dropbox Folder Locally As Virtual File System In Linux.md b/sources/tech/20181005 Dbxfs - Mount Dropbox Folder Locally As Virtual File System In Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..691600a4cc --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20181005 Dbxfs - Mount Dropbox Folder Locally As Virtual File System In Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,133 @@ +Dbxfs – Mount Dropbox Folder Locally As Virtual File System In Linux +====== + +![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/dbxfs-720x340.png) + +A while ago, we summarized all the possible ways to **[mount Google drive locally][1]** as a virtual file system and access the files stored in the google drive from your Linux operating system. Today, we are going to learn to mount Dropbox folder in your local file system using **dbxfs** utility. The dbxfs is used to mount your Dropbox folder locally as a virtual filesystem in Unix-like operating systems. While it is easy to [**install Dropbox client**][2] in Linux, this approach slightly differs from the official method. It is a command line dropbox client and requires no disk space for access. The dbxfs application is free, open source and written for Python 3.5+. + +### Installing dbxfs + +The dbxfs officially supports Linux and Mac OS. However, it should work on any POSIX system that provides a **FUSE-compatible library** or has the ability to mount **SMB** shares. Since it is written for Python 3.5, it can installed using **pip3** package manager. Refer the following guide if you haven’t installed PIP yet. + +And, install FUSE library as well. + +On Debian-based systems, run the following command to install FUSE: + +``` +$ sudo apt install libfuse2 + +``` + +On Fedora: + +``` +$ sudo dnf install fuse + +``` + +Once you installed all required dependencies, run the following command to install dbxfs utility: + +``` +$ pip3 install dbxfs + +``` + +### Mount Dropbox folder locally + +Create a mount point to mount your dropbox folder in your local file system. + +``` +$ mkdir ~/mydropbox + +``` + +Then, mount the dropbox folder locally using dbxfs utility as shown below: + +``` +$ dbxfs ~/mydropbox + +``` + +You will be asked to generate an access token: + +![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Generate-access-token-1.png) + +To generate an access token, just navigate to the URL given in the above output from your web browser and click **Allow** to authenticate Dropbox access. You need to log in to your dropbox account to complete authorization process. + +A new authorization code will be generated in the next screen. Copy the code and head back to your Terminal and paste it into cli-dbxfs prompt to finish the process. + +You will be then asked to save the credentials for future access. Type **Y** or **N** whether you want to save or decline. And then, you need to enter a passphrase twice for the new access token. + +Finally, click **Y** to accept **“/home/username/mydropbox”** as the default mount point. If you want to set different path, type **N** and enter the location of your choice. + +[![Generate access token 2][3]][4] + +All done! From now on, you can see your Dropbox folder is locally mounted in your filesystem. + +![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Dropbox-in-file-manager.png) + +### Change Access Token Storage Path + +By default, the dbxfs application will store your Dropbox access token in the system keyring or an encrypted file. However, you might want to store it in a **gpg** encrypted file or something else. If so, get an access token by creating a personal app on the [Dropbox developers app console][5]. + +![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/access-token.png) + +Once the app is created, click **Generate** button in the next button. This access token can be used to access your Dropbox account via the API. Don’t share your access token with anyone. + +![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Create-a-new-app.png) + +Once you created an access token, encrypt it using any encryption tools of your choice, such as [**Cryptomater**][6], [**Cryptkeeper**][7], [**CryptGo**][8], [**Cryptr**][9], [**Tomb**][10], [**Toplip**][11] and [**GnuPG**][12] etc., and store it in your preferred location. + +Next edit the dbxfs configuration file and add the following line in it: + +``` +"access_token_command": ["gpg", "--decrypt", "/path/to/access/token/file.gpg"] + +``` + +You can find the dbxfs configuration file by running the following command: + +``` +$ dbxfs --print-default-config-file + +``` + +For more details, refer dbxfs help section: + +``` +$ dbxfs -h + +``` + +As you can see, mounting Dropfox folder locally in your file system using Dbxfs utility is no big deal. As far tested, dbxfs just works fine as expected. Give it a try if you’re interested to see how it works and let us know about your experience in the comment section below. + +And, that’s all for now. Hope this was useful. More good stuff to come. Stay tuned! + +Cheers! + + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.ostechnix.com/dbxfs-mount-dropbox-folder-locally-as-virtual-file-system-in-linux/ + +作者：[SK][a] +选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/ +[1]: https://www.ostechnix.com/how-to-mount-google-drive-locally-as-virtual-file-system-in-linux/ +[2]: https://www.ostechnix.com/install-dropbox-in-ubuntu-18-04-lts-desktop/ +[3]: data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7 +[4]: http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Generate-access-token-2.png +[5]: https://dropbox.com/developers/apps +[6]: https://www.ostechnix.com/cryptomator-open-source-client-side-encryption-tool-cloud/ +[7]: https://www.ostechnix.com/how-to-encrypt-your-personal-foldersdirectories-in-linux-mint-ubuntu-distros/ +[8]: https://www.ostechnix.com/cryptogo-easy-way-encrypt-password-protect-files/ +[9]: https://www.ostechnix.com/cryptr-simple-cli-utility-encrypt-decrypt-files/ +[10]: https://www.ostechnix.com/tomb-file-encryption-tool-protect-secret-files-linux/ +[11]: https://www.ostechnix.com/toplip-strong-file-encryption-decryption-cli-utility/ +[12]: https://www.ostechnix.com/an-easy-way-to-encrypt-and-decrypt-files-from-commandline-in-linux/ From 99ddaac250f755cd05183f7b6c8f403f99390d89 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ezio Date: Mon, 8 Oct 2018 11:34:03 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 164/219] =?UTF-8?q?20181008-1=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...p to JavaScript From Scratch in 350 LOC.md | 635 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 635 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20161014 Compiling Lisp to JavaScript From Scratch in 350 LOC.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20161014 Compiling Lisp to JavaScript From Scratch in 350 LOC.md b/sources/tech/20161014 Compiling Lisp to JavaScript From Scratch in 350 LOC.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..6d3040626b --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20161014 Compiling Lisp to JavaScript From Scratch in 350 LOC.md @@ -0,0 +1,635 @@ +# Compiling Lisp to JavaScript From Scratch in 350 + +In this article we will look at a from-scratch implementation of a compiler from a simple LISP-like calculator language to JavaScript. The complete source code can be found [here][7]. + +We will: + +1. Define our language and write a simple program in it + +2. Implement a simple parser combinator library + +3. Implement a parser for our language + +4. Implement a pretty printer for our language + +5. Define a subset of JavaScript for our usage + +6. Implement a code translator to the JavaScript subset we defined + +7. Glue it all together + +Let's start! + +### 1\. Defining the language + +The main attraction of lisps is that their syntax already represent a tree, this is why they are so easy to parse. We'll see that soon. But first let's define our language. Here's a BNF description of our language's syntax: + +``` +program ::= expr +expr ::= | | ([]) +``` + +Basically, our language let's us define one expression at the top level which it will evaluate. An expression is composed of either an integer, for example `5`, a variable, for example `x`, or a list of expressions, for example `(add x 1)`. + +An integer evaluate to itself, a variable evaluates to what it's bound in the current environment, and a list evaluates to a function call where the first argument is the function and the rest are the arguments to the function. + +We have some built-in special forms in our language so we can do more interesting stuff: + +* let expression let's us introduce new variables in the environment of the body of the let. The syntax is: + +``` +let ::= (let ([]) ) +letargs ::= ( ) +body ::= +``` + +* lambda expression: evaluates to an anonymous function definition. The syntax is: + +``` +lambda ::= (lambda ([]) ) +``` + +We also have a few built in functions: `add`, `mul`, `sub`, `div` and `print`. + +Let's see a quick example of a program written in our language: + +``` +(let + ((compose + (lambda (f g) + (lambda (x) (f (g x))))) + (square + (lambda (x) (mul x x))) + (add1 + (lambda (x) (add x 1)))) + (print ((compose square add1) 5))) +``` + +This program defines 3 functions: `compose`, `square` and `add1`. And then prints the result of the computation:`((compose square add1) 5)` + +I hope this is enough information about the language. Let's start implementing it! + +We can define the language in Haskell like this: + +``` +type Name = String + +data Expr + = ATOM Atom + | LIST [Expr] + deriving (Eq, Read, Show) + +data Atom + = Int Int + | Symbol Name + deriving (Eq, Read, Show) +``` + +We can parse programs in the language we defined to an `Expr`. Also, we are giving the new data types `Eq`, `Read`and `Show` instances to aid in testing and debugging. You'll be able to use those in the REPL for example to verify all this actually works. + +The reason we did not define `lambda`, `let` and the other built-in functions as part of the syntax is because we can get away with it in this case. These functions are just a more specific case of a `LIST`. So I decided to leave this to a later phase. + +Usually, you would like to define these special cases in the abstract syntax - to improve error messages, to unable static analysis and optimizations and such, but we won't do that here so this is enough for us. + +Another thing you would like to do usually is add some annotation to the syntax. For example the location: Which file did this `Expr` come from and which row and col in the file. You can use this in later stages to print the location of errors, even if they are not in the parser stage. + +* _Exercise 1_ : Add a `Program` data type to include multiple `Expr` sequentially + +* _Exercise 2_ : Add location annotation to the syntax tree. + +### 2\. Implement a simple parser combinator library + +First thing we are going to do is define an Embedded Domain Specific Language (or EDSL) which we will use to define our languages' parser. This is often referred to as parser combinator library. The reason we are doing it is strictly for learning purposes, Haskell has great parsing libraries and you should definitely use them when building real software, or even when just experimenting. One such library is [megaparsec][8]. + +First let's talk about the idea behind our parser library implementation. In it's essence, our parser is a function that takes some input, might consume some or all of the input, and returns the value it managed to parse and the rest of the input it didn't parse yet, or throws an error if it failed. Let's write that down. + +``` +newtype Parser a + = Parser (ParseString -> Either ParseError (a, ParseString)) + +data ParseString + = ParseString Name (Int, Int) String + +data ParseError + = ParseError ParseString Error + +type Error = String + +``` + +Here we defined three main new types. + +First, `Parser a`, is the parsing function we described before. + +Second, `ParseString` is our input or state we carry along. It has three significant parts: + +* `Name`: This is the name of the source + +* `(Int, Int)`: This is the current location in the source + +* `String`: This is the remaining string left to parse + +Third, `ParseError` contains the current state of the parser and an error message. + +Now we want our parser to be flexible, so we will define a few instances for common type classes for it. These instances will allow us to combine small parsers to make bigger parsers (hence the name 'parser combinators'). + +The first one is a `Functor` instance. We want a `Functor` instance because we want to be able to define a parser using another parser simply by applying a function on the parsed value. We will see an example of this when we define the parser for our language. + +``` +instance Functor Parser where + fmap f (Parser parser) = + Parser (\str -> first f <$> parser str) +``` + +The second instance is an `Applicative` instance. One common use case for this instance instance is to lift a pure function on multiple parsers. + +``` +instance Applicative Parser where + pure x = Parser (\str -> Right (x, str)) + (Parser p1) <*> (Parser p2) = + Parser $ + \str -> do + (f, rest) <- p1 str + (x, rest') <- p2 rest + pure (f x, rest') + +``` + +(Note:  _We will also implement a Monad instance so we can use do notation here._ ) + +The third instance is an `Alternative` instance. We want to be able to supply an alternative parser in case one fails. + +``` +instance Alternative Parser where + empty = Parser (`throwErr` "Failed consuming input") + (Parser p1) <|> (Parser p2) = + Parser $ + \pstr -> case p1 pstr of + Right result -> Right result + Left _ -> p2 pstr +``` + +The forth instance is a `Monad` instance. So we'll be able to chain parsers. + +``` +instance Monad Parser where + (Parser p1) >>= f = + Parser $ + \str -> case p1 str of + Left err -> Left err + Right (rs, rest) -> + case f rs of + Parser parser -> parser rest + +``` + +Next, let's define a way to run a parser and a utility function for failure: + +``` + +runParser :: String -> String -> Parser a -> Either ParseError (a, ParseString) +runParser name str (Parser parser) = parser $ ParseString name (0,0) str + +throwErr :: ParseString -> String -> Either ParseError a +throwErr ps@(ParseString name (row,col) _) errMsg = + Left $ ParseError ps $ unlines + [ "*** " ++ name ++ ": " ++ errMsg + , "* On row " ++ show row ++ ", column " ++ show col ++ "." + ] + +``` + +Now we'll start implementing the combinators which are the API and heart of the EDSL. + +First, we'll define `oneOf`. `oneOf` will succeed if one of the characters in the list supplied to it is the next character of the input and will fail otherwise. + +``` +oneOf :: [Char] -> Parser Char +oneOf chars = + Parser $ \case + ps@(ParseString name (row, col) str) -> + case str of + [] -> throwErr ps "Cannot read character of empty string" + (c:cs) -> + if c `elem` chars + then Right (c, ParseString name (row, col+1) cs) + else throwErr ps $ unlines ["Unexpected character " ++ [c], "Expecting one of: " ++ show chars] +``` + +`optional` will stop a parser from throwing an error. It will just return `Nothing` on failure. + +``` +optional :: Parser a -> Parser (Maybe a) +optional (Parser parser) = + Parser $ + \pstr -> case parser pstr of + Left _ -> Right (Nothing, pstr) + Right (x, rest) -> Right (Just x, rest) +``` + +`many` will try to run a parser repeatedly until it fails. When it does, it'll return a list of successful parses. `many1`will do the same, but will throw an error if it fails to parse at least once. + +``` +many :: Parser a -> Parser [a] +many parser = go [] + where go cs = (parser >>= \c -> go (c:cs)) <|> pure (reverse cs) + +many1 :: Parser a -> Parser [a] +many1 parser = + (:) <$> parser <*> many parser + +``` + +These next few parsers use the combinators we defined to make more specific parsers: + +``` +char :: Char -> Parser Char +char c = oneOf [c] + +string :: String -> Parser String +string = traverse char + +space :: Parser Char +space = oneOf " \n" + +spaces :: Parser String +spaces = many space + +spaces1 :: Parser String +spaces1 = many1 space + +withSpaces :: Parser a -> Parser a +withSpaces parser = + spaces *> parser <* spaces + +parens :: Parser a -> Parser a +parens parser = + (withSpaces $ char '(') + *> withSpaces parser + <* (spaces *> char ')') + +sepBy :: Parser a -> Parser b -> Parser [b] +sepBy sep parser = do + frst <- optional parser + rest <- many (sep *> parser) + pure $ maybe rest (:rest) frst + +``` + +Now we have everything we need to start defining a parser for our language. + +* _Exercise_ : implement an EOF (end of file/input) parser combinator. + +### 3\. Implementing a parser for our language + +To define our parser, we'll use the top-bottom method. + +``` +parseExpr :: Parser Expr +parseExpr = fmap ATOM parseAtom <|> fmap LIST parseList + +parseList :: Parser [Expr] +parseList = parens $ sepBy spaces1 parseExpr + +parseAtom :: Parser Atom +parseAtom = parseSymbol <|> parseInt + +parseSymbol :: Parser Atom +parseSymbol = fmap Symbol parseName + +``` + +Notice that these four function are a very high-level description of our language. This demonstrate why Haskell is so nice for parsing. Still, after defining the high-level parts, we still need to define the lower-level `parseName` and `parseInt`. + +What characters can we use as names in our language? Let's decide to use lowercase letters, digits and underscores, where the first character must be a letter. + +``` +parseName :: Parser Name +parseName = do + c <- oneOf ['a'..'z'] + cs <- many $ oneOf $ ['a'..'z'] ++ "0123456789" ++ "_" + pure (c:cs) +``` + +For integers, we want a sequence of digits optionally preceding by '-': + +``` +parseInt :: Parser Atom +parseInt = do + sign <- optional $ char '-' + num <- many1 $ oneOf "0123456789" + let result = read $ maybe num (:num) sign of + pure $ Int result +``` + +Lastly, we'll define a function to run a parser and get back an `Expr` or an error message. + +``` +runExprParser :: Name -> String -> Either String Expr +runExprParser name str = + case runParser name str (withSpaces parseExpr) of + Left (ParseError _ errMsg) -> Left errMsg + Right (result, _) -> Right result +``` + +* _Exercise 1_ : Write a parser for the `Program` type you defined in the first section + +* _Exercise 2_ : Rewrite `parseName` in Applicative style + +* _Exercise 3_ : Find a way to handle the overflow case in `parseInt` instead of using `read`. + +### 4\. Implement a pretty printer for our language + +One more thing we'd like to do is be able to print our programs as source code. This is useful for better error messages. + +``` +printExpr :: Expr -> String +printExpr = printExpr' False 0 + +printAtom :: Atom -> String +printAtom = \case + Symbol s -> s + Int i -> show i + +printExpr' :: Bool -> Int -> Expr -> String +printExpr' doindent level = \case + ATOM a -> indent (bool 0 level doindent) (printAtom a) + LIST (e:es) -> + indent (bool 0 level doindent) $ + concat + [ "(" + , printExpr' False (level + 1) e + , bool "\n" "" (null es) + , intercalate "\n" $ map (printExpr' True (level + 1)) es + , ")" + ] + +indent :: Int -> String -> String +indent tabs e = concat (replicate tabs " ") ++ e +``` + +* _Exercise_ : Write a pretty printer for the `Program` type you defined in the first section + +Okay, we wrote around 200 lines so far of what's typically called the front-end of the compiler. We have around 150 more lines to go and three more tasks: We need to define a subset of JS for our usage, define the translator from our language to that subset, and glue the whole thing together. Let's go! + +### 5\. Define a subset of JavaScript for our usage + +First, we'll define the subset of JavaScript we are going to use: + +``` +data JSExpr + = JSInt Int + | JSSymbol Name + | JSBinOp JSBinOp JSExpr JSExpr + | JSLambda [Name] JSExpr + | JSFunCall JSExpr [JSExpr] + | JSReturn JSExpr + deriving (Eq, Show, Read) + +type JSBinOp = String +``` + +This data type represent a JavaScript expression. We have two atoms - `JSInt` and `JSSymbol` to which we'll translate our languages' `Atom`, We have `JSBinOp` to represent a binary operation such as `+` or `*`, we have `JSLambda`for anonymous functions same as our `lambda expression`, We have `JSFunCall` which we'll use both for calling functions and introducing new names as in `let`, and we have `JSReturn` to return values from functions as that's required in JavaScript. + +This `JSExpr` type is an **abstract representation** of a JavaScript expression. We will translate our own `Expr`which is an abstract representation of our languages' expression to `JSExpr` and from there to JavaScript. But in order to do that we need to take this `JSExpr` and produce JavaScript code from it. We'll do that by pattern matching on `JSExpr` recursively and emit JS code as a `String`. This is basically the same thing we did in `printExpr`. We'll also track the scoping of elements so we can indent the generated code in a nice way. + +``` +printJSOp :: JSBinOp -> String +printJSOp op = op + +printJSExpr :: Bool -> Int -> JSExpr -> String +printJSExpr doindent tabs = \case + JSInt i -> show i + JSSymbol name -> name + JSLambda vars expr -> (if doindent then indent tabs else id) $ unlines + ["function(" ++ intercalate ", " vars ++ ") {" + ,indent (tabs+1) $ printJSExpr False (tabs+1) expr + ] ++ indent tabs "}" + JSBinOp op e1 e2 -> "(" ++ printJSExpr False tabs e1 ++ " " ++ printJSOp op ++ " " ++ printJSExpr False tabs e2 ++ ")" + JSFunCall f exprs -> "(" ++ printJSExpr False tabs f ++ ")(" ++ intercalate ", " (fmap (printJSExpr False tabs) exprs) ++ ")" + JSReturn expr -> (if doindent then indent tabs else id) $ "return " ++ printJSExpr False tabs expr ++ ";" +``` + +* _Exercise 1_ : Add a `JSProgram` type that will hold multiple `JSExpr` and create a function `printJSExprProgram` to generate code for it. + +* _Exercise 2_ : Add a new type of `JSExpr` - `JSIf`, and generate code for it. + +### 6\. Implement a code translator to the JavaScript subset we defined + +We are almost there. In this section we'll create a function to translate `Expr` to `JSExpr`. + +The basic idea is simple, we'll translate `ATOM` to `JSSymbol` or `JSInt` and `LIST` to either a function call or a special case we'll translate later. + +``` +type TransError = String + +translateToJS :: Expr -> Either TransError JSExpr +translateToJS = \case + ATOM (Symbol s) -> pure $ JSSymbol s + ATOM (Int i) -> pure $ JSInt i + LIST xs -> translateList xs + +translateList :: [Expr] -> Either TransError JSExpr +translateList = \case + [] -> Left "translating empty list" + ATOM (Symbol s):xs + | Just f <- lookup s builtins -> + f xs + f:xs -> + JSFunCall <$> translateToJS f <*> traverse translateToJS xs + +``` + +`builtins` is a list of special cases to translate, like `lambda` and `let`. Every case gets the list of arguments for it, verify that its syntactically valid and translates it to the equivalent `JSExpr`. + +``` +type Builtin = [Expr] -> Either TransError JSExpr +type Builtins = [(Name, Builtin)] + +builtins :: Builtins +builtins = + [("lambda", transLambda) + ,("let", transLet) + ,("add", transBinOp "add" "+") + ,("mul", transBinOp "mul" "*") + ,("sub", transBinOp "sub" "-") + ,("div", transBinOp "div" "/") + ,("print", transPrint) + ] + +``` + +In our case, we treat built-in special forms as special and not first class, so will not be able to use them as first class functions and such. + +We'll translate a Lambda to an anonymous function: + +``` +transLambda :: [Expr] -> Either TransError JSExpr +transLambda = \case + [LIST vars, body] -> do + vars' <- traverse fromSymbol vars + JSLambda vars' <$> (JSReturn <$> translateToJS body) + + vars -> + Left $ unlines + ["Syntax error: unexpected arguments for lambda." + ,"expecting 2 arguments, the first is the list of vars and the second is the body of the lambda." + ,"In expression: " ++ show (LIST $ ATOM (Symbol "lambda") : vars) + ] + +fromSymbol :: Expr -> Either String Name +fromSymbol (ATOM (Symbol s)) = Right s +fromSymbol e = Left $ "cannot bind value to non symbol type: " ++ show e + +``` + +We'll translate let to a definition of a function with the relevant named arguments and call it with the values, Thus introducing the variables in that scope: + +``` +transLet :: [Expr] -> Either TransError JSExpr +transLet = \case + [LIST binds, body] -> do + (vars, vals) <- letParams binds + vars' <- traverse fromSymbol vars + JSFunCall . JSLambda vars' <$> (JSReturn <$> translateToJS body) <*> traverse translateToJS vals + where + letParams :: [Expr] -> Either Error ([Expr],[Expr]) + letParams = \case + [] -> pure ([],[]) + LIST [x,y] : rest -> ((x:) *** (y:)) <$> letParams rest + x : _ -> Left ("Unexpected argument in let list in expression:\n" ++ printExpr x) + + vars -> + Left $ unlines + ["Syntax error: unexpected arguments for let." + ,"expecting 2 arguments, the first is the list of var/val pairs and the second is the let body." + ,"In expression:\n" ++ printExpr (LIST $ ATOM (Symbol "let") : vars) + ] +``` + +We'll translate an operation that can work on multiple arguments to a chain of binary operations. For example: `(add 1 2 3)` will become `1 + (2 + 3)` + +``` +transBinOp :: Name -> Name -> [Expr] -> Either TransError JSExpr +transBinOp f _ [] = Left $ "Syntax error: '" ++ f ++ "' expected at least 1 argument, got: 0" +transBinOp _ _ [x] = translateToJS x +transBinOp _ f list = foldl1 (JSBinOp f) <$> traverse translateToJS list +``` + +And we'll translate a `print` as a call to `console.log` + +``` +transPrint :: [Expr] -> Either TransError JSExpr +transPrint [expr] = JSFunCall (JSSymbol "console.log") . (:[]) <$> translateToJS expr +transPrint xs = Left $ "Syntax error. print expected 1 arguments, got: " ++ show (length xs) + +``` + +Notice that we could have skipped verifying the syntax if we'd parse those as special cases of `Expr`. + +* _Exercise 1_ : Translate `Program` to `JSProgram` + +* _Exercise 2_ : add a special case for `if Expr Expr Expr` and translate it to the `JSIf` case you implemented in the last exercise + +### 7\. Glue it all together + +Finally, we are going to glue this all together. We'll: + +1. Read a file + +2. Parse it to `Expr` + +3. Translate it to `JSExpr` + +4. Emit JavaScript code to the standard output + +We'll also enable a few flags for testing: + +* `--e` will parse and print the abstract representation of the expression (`Expr`) + +* `--pp` will parse and pretty print + +* `--jse` will parse, translate and print the abstract representation of the resulting JS (`JSExpr`) + +* `--ppc` will parse, pretty print and compile + +``` +main :: IO () +main = getArgs >>= \case + [file] -> + printCompile =<< readFile file + ["--e",file] -> + either putStrLn print . runExprParser "--e" =<< readFile file + ["--pp",file] -> + either putStrLn (putStrLn . printExpr) . runExprParser "--pp" =<< readFile file + ["--jse",file] -> + either print (either putStrLn print . translateToJS) . runExprParser "--jse" =<< readFile file + ["--ppc",file] -> + either putStrLn (either putStrLn putStrLn) . fmap (compile . printExpr) . runExprParser "--ppc" =<< readFile file + _ -> + putStrLn $ unlines + ["Usage: runghc Main.hs [ --e, --pp, --jse, --ppc ] " + ,"--e print the Expr" + ,"--pp pretty print Expr" + ,"--jse print the JSExpr" + ,"--ppc pretty print Expr and then compile" + ] + +printCompile :: String -> IO () +printCompile = either putStrLn putStrLn . compile + +compile :: String -> Either Error String +compile str = printJSExpr False 0 <$> (translateToJS =<< runExprParser "compile" str) + +``` + +That's it. We have a compiler from our language to JS. Again, you can view the full source file [here][9]. + +Running our compiler with the example from the first section yields this JavaScript code: + +``` +$ runhaskell Lisp.hs example.lsp +(function(compose, square, add1) { + return (console.log)(((compose)(square, add1))(5)); +})(function(f, g) { + return function(x) { + return (f)((g)(x)); + }; +}, function(x) { + return (x * x); +}, function(x) { + return (x + 1); +}) +``` + +If you have node.js installed on your computer, you can run this code by running: + +``` +$ runhaskell Lisp.hs example.lsp | node -p +36 +undefined +``` + +* _Final exercise_ : instead of compiling an expression, compile a program of multiple expressions. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://gilmi.me/blog/post/2016/10/14/lisp-to-js + +作者：[ Gil Mizrahi ][a] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:https://gilmi.me/home +[1]:https://gilmi.me/blog/authors/Gil +[2]:https://gilmi.me/blog/tags/compilers +[3]:https://gilmi.me/blog/tags/fp +[4]:https://gilmi.me/blog/tags/haskell +[5]:https://gilmi.me/blog/tags/lisp +[6]:https://gilmi.me/blog/tags/parsing +[7]:https://gist.github.com/soupi/d4ff0727ccb739045fad6cdf533ca7dd +[8]:https://mrkkrp.github.io/megaparsec/ +[9]:https://gist.github.com/soupi/d4ff0727ccb739045fad6cdf533ca7dd +[10]:https://gilmi.me/blog/post/2016/10/14/lisp-to-js From 03693b1e9b4624fd9b37ba4af7804279306af000 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ezio Date: Mon, 8 Oct 2018 11:37:58 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 165/219] =?UTF-8?q?20181008-2=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- .../tech/20180715 Why is Python so slow.md | 203 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 203 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20180715 Why is Python so slow.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20180715 Why is Python so slow.md b/sources/tech/20180715 Why is Python so slow.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..2e2af0f74e --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20180715 Why is Python so slow.md @@ -0,0 +1,203 @@ +Why is Python so slow? +============================================================ + +Python is booming in popularity. It is used in DevOps, Data Science, Web Development and Security. + +It does not, however, win any medals for speed. + + +![](https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1200/0*M2qZQsVnDS-4i5zc.jpg) + +> How does Java compare in terms of speed to C or C++ or C# or Python? The answer depends greatly on the type of application you’re running. No benchmark is perfect, but The Computer Language Benchmarks Game is [a good starting point][5]. + +I’ve been referring to the Computer Language Benchmarks Game for over a decade; compared with other languages like Java, C#, Go, JavaScript, C++, Python is [one of the slowest][6]. This includes [JIT][7] (C#, Java) and [AOT][8] (C, C++) compilers, as well as interpreted languages like JavaScript. + + _NB: When I say “Python”, I’m talking about the reference implementation of the language, CPython. I will refer to other runtimes in this article._ + +> I want to answer this question: When Python completes a comparable application 2–10x slower than another language,  _why is it slow_  and can’t we  _make it faster_ ? + +Here are the top theories: + +* “ _It’s the GIL (Global Interpreter Lock)_ ” + +* “ _It’s because its interpreted and not compiled_ ” + +* “ _It’s because its a dynamically typed language_ ” + +Which one of these reasons has the biggest impact on performance? + +### “It’s the GIL” + +Modern computers come with CPU’s that have multiple cores, and sometimes multiple processors. In order to utilise all this extra processing power, the Operating System defines a low-level structure called a thread, where a process (e.g. Chrome Browser) can spawn multiple threads and have instructions for the system inside. That way if one process is particularly CPU-intensive, that load can be shared across the cores and this effectively makes most applications complete tasks faster. + +My Chrome Browser, as I’m writing this article, has 44 threads open. Keep in mind that the structure and API of threading are different between POSIX-based (e.g. Mac OS and Linux) and Windows OS. The operating system also handles the scheduling of threads. + +IF you haven’t done multi-threaded programming before, a concept you’ll need to quickly become familiar with locks. Unlike a single-threaded process, you need to ensure that when changing variables in memory, multiple threads don’t try and access/change the same memory address at the same time. + +When CPython creates variables, it allocates the memory and then counts how many references to that variable exist, this is a concept known as reference counting. If the number of references is 0, then it frees that piece of memory from the system. This is why creating a “temporary” variable within say, the scope of a for loop, doesn’t blow up the memory consumption of your application. + +The challenge then becomes when variables are shared within multiple threads, how CPython locks the reference count. There is a “global interpreter lock” that carefully controls thread execution. The interpreter can only execute one operation at a time, regardless of how many threads it has. + +#### What does this mean to the performance of Python application? + +If you have a single-threaded, single interpreter application. It will make no difference to the speed. Removing the GIL would have no impact on the performance of your code. + +If you wanted to implement concurrency within a single interpreter (Python process) by using threading, and your threads were IO intensive (e.g. Network IO or Disk IO), you would see the consequences of GIL-contention. + +![](https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1600/0*S_iSksY5oM5H1Qf_.png) +From David Beazley’s GIL visualised post [http://dabeaz.blogspot.com/2010/01/python-gil-visualized.html][1] + +If you have a web-application (e.g. Django) and you’re using WSGI, then each request to your web-app is a separate Python interpreter, so there is only 1 lock  _per_  request. Because the Python interpreter is slow to start, some WSGI implementations have a “Daemon Mode” [which keep Python process(es) on the go for you.][9] + +#### What about other Python runtimes? + +[PyPy has a GIL][10] and it is typically >3x faster than CPython. + +[Jython does not have a GIL][11] because a Python thread in Jython is represented by a Java thread and benefits from the JVM memory-management system. + +#### How does JavaScript do this? + +Well, firstly all Javascript engines [use mark-and-sweep Garbage Collection][12]. As stated, the primary need for the GIL is CPython’s memory-management algorithm. + +JavaScript does not have a GIL, but it’s also single-threaded so it doesn’t require one. JavaScript’s event-loop and Promise/Callback pattern are how asynchronous-programming is achieved in place of concurrency. Python has a similar thing with the asyncio event-loop. + +### “It’s because its an interpreted language” + +I hear this a lot and I find it a gross-simplification of the way CPython actually works. If at a terminal you wrote `python myscript.py` then CPython would start a long sequence of reading, lexing, parsing, compiling, interpreting and executing that code. + +If you’re interested in how that process works, I’ve written about it before: + +[Modifying the Python language in 6 minutes +This week I raised my first pull-request to the CPython core project, which was declined :-( but as to not completely…hackernoon.com][13][][14] + +An important point in that process is the creation of a `.pyc` file, at the compiler stage, the bytecode sequence is written to a file inside `__pycache__/`on Python 3 or in the same directory in Python 2\. This doesn’t just apply to your script, but all of the code you imported, including 3rd party modules. + +So most of the time (unless you write code which you only ever run once?), Python is interpreting bytecode and executing it locally. Compare that with Java and C#.NET: + +> Java compiles to an “Intermediate Language” and the Java Virtual Machine reads the bytecode and just-in-time compiles it to machine code. The .NET CIL is the same, the .NET Common-Language-Runtime, CLR, uses just-in-time compilation to machine code. + +So, why is Python so much slower than both Java and C# in the benchmarks if they all use a virtual machine and some sort of Bytecode? Firstly, .NET and Java are JIT-Compiled. + +JIT or Just-in-time compilation requires an intermediate language to allow the code to be split into chunks (or frames). Ahead of time (AOT) compilers are designed to ensure that the CPU can understand every line in the code before any interaction takes place. + +The JIT itself does not make the execution any faster, because it is still executing the same bytecode sequences. However, JIT enables optimizations to be made at runtime. A good JIT optimizer will see which parts of the application are being executed a lot, call these “hot spots”. It will then make optimizations to those bits of code, by replacing them with more efficient versions. + +This means that when your application does the same thing again and again, it can be significantly faster. Also, keep in mind that Java and C# are strongly-typed languages so the optimiser can make many more assumptions about the code. + +PyPy has a JIT and as mentioned in the previous section, is significantly faster than CPython. This performance benchmark article goes into more detail — + +[Which is the fastest version of Python? +Of course, “it depends”, but what does it depend on and how can you assess which is the fastest version of Python for…hackernoon.com][15][][16] + +#### So why doesn’t CPython use a JIT? + +There are downsides to JITs: one of those is startup time. CPython startup time is already comparatively slow, PyPy is 2–3x slower to start than CPython. The Java Virtual Machine is notoriously slow to boot. The .NET CLR gets around this by starting at system-startup, but the developers of the CLR also develop the Operating System on which the CLR runs. + +If you have a single Python process running for a long time, with code that can be optimized because it contains “hot spots”, then a JIT makes a lot of sense. + +However, CPython is a general-purpose implementation. So if you were developing command-line applications using Python, having to wait for a JIT to start every time the CLI was called would be horribly slow. + +CPython has to try and serve as many use cases as possible. There was the possibility of [plugging a JIT into CPython][17] but this project has largely stalled. + +> If you want the benefits of a JIT and you have a workload that suits it, use PyPy. + +### “It’s because its a dynamically typed language” + +In a “Statically-Typed” language, you have to specify the type of a variable when it is declared. Those would include C, C++, Java, C#, Go. + +In a dynamically-typed language, there are still the concept of types, but the type of a variable is dynamic. + +``` +a = 1 +a = "foo" +``` + +In this toy-example, Python creates a second variable with the same name and a type of `str` and deallocates the memory created for the first instance of `a` + +Statically-typed languages aren’t designed as such to make your life hard, they are designed that way because of the way the CPU operates. If everything eventually needs to equate to a simple binary operation, you have to convert objects and types down to a low-level data structure. + +Python does this for you, you just never see it, nor do you need to care. + +Not having to declare the type isn’t what makes Python slow, the design of the Python language enables you to make almost anything dynamic. You can replace the methods on objects at runtime, you can monkey-patch low-level system calls to a value declared at runtime. Almost anything is possible. + +It’s this design that makes it incredibly hard to optimise Python. + +To illustrate my point, I’m going to use a syscall tracing tool that works in Mac OS called Dtrace. CPython distributions do not come with DTrace builtin, so you have to recompile CPython. I’m using 3.6.6 for my demo + +``` +wget https://github.com/python/cpython/archive/v3.6.6.zip +unzip v3.6.6.zip +cd v3.6.6 +./configure --with-dtrace +make +``` + +Now `python.exe` will have Dtrace tracers throughout the code. [Paul Ross wrote an awesome Lightning Talk on Dtrace][19]. You can [download DTrace starter files][20] for Python to measure function calls, execution time, CPU time, syscalls, all sorts of fun. e.g. + +`sudo dtrace -s toolkit/.d -c ‘../cpython/python.exe script.py’` + +The `py_callflow` tracer shows all the function calls in your application + + +![](https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1600/1*Lz4UdUi4EwknJ0IcpSJ52g.gif) + +So, does Python’s dynamic typing make it slow? + +* Comparing and converting types is costly, every time a variable is read, written to or referenced the type is checked + +* It is hard to optimise a language that is so dynamic. The reason many alternatives to Python are so much faster is that they make compromises to flexibility in the name of performance + +* Looking at [Cython][2], which combines C-Static Types and Python to optimise code where the types are known[ can provide ][3]an 84x performanceimprovement. + +### Conclusion + +> Python is primarily slow because of its dynamic nature and versatility. It can be used as a tool for all sorts of problems, where more optimised and faster alternatives are probably available. + +There are, however, ways of optimising your Python applications by leveraging async, understanding the profiling tools, and consider using multiple-interpreters. + +For applications where startup time is unimportant and the code would benefit a JIT, consider PyPy. + +For parts of your code where performance is critical and you have more statically-typed variables, consider using [Cython][4]. + +#### Further reading + +Jake VDP’s excellent article (although slightly dated) [https://jakevdp.github.io/blog/2014/05/09/why-python-is-slow/][21] + +Dave Beazley’s talk on the GIL [http://www.dabeaz.com/python/GIL.pdf][22] + +All about JIT compilers [https://hacks.mozilla.org/2017/02/a-crash-course-in-just-in-time-jit-compilers/][23] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://hackernoon.com/why-is-python-so-slow-e5074b6fe55b + +作者：[Anthony Shaw][a] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:https://hackernoon.com/@anthonypjshaw?source=post_header_lockup +[1]:http://dabeaz.blogspot.com/2010/01/python-gil-visualized.html +[2]:http://cython.org/ +[3]:http://notes-on-cython.readthedocs.io/en/latest/std_dev.html +[4]:http://cython.org/ +[5]:http://algs4.cs.princeton.edu/faq/ +[6]:https://benchmarksgame-team.pages.debian.net/benchmarksgame/faster/python.html +[7]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just-in-time_compilation +[8]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahead-of-time_compilation +[9]:https://www.slideshare.net/GrahamDumpleton/secrets-of-a-wsgi-master +[10]:http://doc.pypy.org/en/latest/faq.html#does-pypy-have-a-gil-why +[11]:http://www.jython.org/jythonbook/en/1.0/Concurrency.html#no-global-interpreter-lock +[12]:https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Memory_Management +[13]:https://hackernoon.com/modifying-the-python-language-in-7-minutes-b94b0a99ce14 +[14]:https://hackernoon.com/modifying-the-python-language-in-7-minutes-b94b0a99ce14 +[15]:https://hackernoon.com/which-is-the-fastest-version-of-python-2ae7c61a6b2b +[16]:https://hackernoon.com/which-is-the-fastest-version-of-python-2ae7c61a6b2b +[17]:https://www.slideshare.net/AnthonyShaw5/pyjion-a-jit-extension-system-for-cpython +[18]:https://github.com/python/cpython/archive/v3.6.6.zip +[19]:https://github.com/paulross/dtrace-py#the-lightning-talk +[20]:https://github.com/paulross/dtrace-py/tree/master/toolkit +[21]:https://jakevdp.github.io/blog/2014/05/09/why-python-is-slow/ +[22]:http://www.dabeaz.com/python/GIL.pdf +[23]:https://hacks.mozilla.org/2017/02/a-crash-course-in-just-in-time-jit-compilers/ From 67ae09583747725407380ffe39ba64cd0a1ca0ed Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 8 Oct 2018 12:53:55 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 166/219] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=20Tips=20for=20list?= =?UTF-8?q?ing=20files=20with=20ls=20at=20the=20Linux=20command=20line?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...files with ls at the Linux command line.md | 73 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 73 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20181003 Tips for listing files with ls at the Linux command line.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20181003 Tips for listing files with ls at the Linux command line.md b/sources/tech/20181003 Tips for listing files with ls at the Linux command line.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..d04e94a541 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20181003 Tips for listing files with ls at the Linux command line.md @@ -0,0 +1,73 @@ +Tips for listing files with ls at the Linux command line +====== +Learn some of the Linux 'ls' command's most useful variations. +![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/button_push_open_keyboard_file_organize.png?itok=KlAsk1gx) + +One of the first commands I learned in Linux was `ls`. Knowing what’s in a directory where a file on your system resides is important. Being able to see and modify not just some but all of the files is also important. + +My first LInux cheat sheet was the [One Page Linux Manual][1] , which was released in1999 and became my go-to reference. I taped it over my desk and referred to it often as I began to explore Linux. Listing files with `ls -l` is introduced on the first page, at the bottom of the first column. + +Later, I would learn other iterations of this most basic command. Through the `ls` command, I began to learn about the complexity of the Linux file permissions and what was mine and what required root or sudo permission to change. I became very comfortable on the command line over time, and while I still use `ls -l` to find files in the directory, I frequently use `ls -al` so I can see hidden files that might need to be changed, like configuration files. + +According to an article by Eric Fischer about the `ls` command in the [Linux Documentation Project][2], the command's roots go back to the `listf` command on MIT’s Compatible Time Sharing System in 1961. When CTSS was replaced by [Multics][3], the command became `list`, with switches like `list -all`. According to [Wikipedia][4], `ls` appeared in the original version of AT&T Unix. The `ls` command we use today on Linux systems comes from the [GNU Core Utilities][5]. + +Most of the time, I use only a couple of iterations of the command. Looking inside a directory with `ls` or `ls -al` is how I generally use the command, but there are many other options that you should be familiar with. + +`$ ls -l` provides a simple list of the directory: + +![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/linux_ls_1_0.png) + +Using the man pages of my Fedora 28 system, I find that there are many other options to `ls`, all of which provide interesting and useful information about the Linux file system. By entering `man ls` at the command prompt, we can begin to explore some of the other options: + +![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/linux_ls_2_0.png) + +To sort the directory by file sizes, use `ls -lS`: + +![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/linux_ls_3_0.png) + +To list the contents in reverse order, use `ls -lr`: + +![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/linux_ls_4.png) + +To list contents by columns, use `ls -c`: + +![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/linux_ls_5.png) + +`ls -al` provides a list of all the files in the same directory: + +![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/linux_ls_6.png) + +Here are some additional options that I find useful and interesting: + + * List only the .txt files in the directory: `ls *.txt` + * List by file size: `ls -s` + * Sort by time and date: `ls -d` + * Sort by extension: `ls -X` + * Sort by file size: `ls -S` + * Long format with file size: `ls -ls` + * List only the .txt files in a directory: `ls *.txt` + + + +To generate a directory list in the specified format and send it to a file for later viewing, enter `ls -al > mydirectorylist`. Finally, one of the more exotic commands I found is `ls -R`, which provides a recursive list of all the directories on your computer and their contents. + +For a complete list of the all the iterations of the `ls` command, refer to the [GNU Core Utilities][6]. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/18/10/ls-command + +作者：[Don Watkins][a] +选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/don-watkins +[1]: http://hackerspace.cs.rutgers.edu/library/General/One_Page_Linux_Manual.pdf +[2]: http://www.tldp.org/LDP/LG/issue48/fischer.html +[3]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multics +[4]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ls +[5]: http://www.gnu.org/s/coreutils/ +[6]: https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/manual/html_node/ls-invocation.html#ls-invocation From 954873c55469b385326524c9cb606a73f901779c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 8 Oct 2018 12:55:27 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 167/219] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=20PyTorch=201.0=20P?= =?UTF-8?q?review=20Release:=20Facebook=E2=80=99s=20newest=20Open=20Source?= =?UTF-8?q?=20AI?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...lease- Facebook-s newest Open Source AI.md | 181 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 181 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20181004 PyTorch 1.0 Preview Release- Facebook-s newest Open Source AI.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20181004 PyTorch 1.0 Preview Release- Facebook-s newest Open Source AI.md b/sources/tech/20181004 PyTorch 1.0 Preview Release- Facebook-s newest Open Source AI.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..6418db9444 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20181004 PyTorch 1.0 Preview Release- Facebook-s newest Open Source AI.md @@ -0,0 +1,181 @@ +PyTorch 1.0 Preview Release: Facebook’s newest Open Source AI +====== +Facebook already uses its own Open Source AI, PyTorch quite extensively in its own artificial intelligence projects. Recently, they have gone a league ahead by releasing a pre-release preview version 1.0. + +For those who are not familiar, [PyTorch][1] is a Python-based library for Scientific Computing. + +PyTorch harnesses the [superior computational power of Graphical Processing Units (GPUs)][2] for carrying out complex [Tensor][3] computations and implementing [deep neural networks][4]. So, it is used widely across the world by numerous researchers and developers. + +This new ready-to-use [Preview Release][5] was announced at the [PyTorch Developer Conference][6] at [The Midway][7], San Francisco, CA on Tuesday, October 2, 2018. + +### Highlights of PyTorch 1.0 Release Candidate + +![PyTorhc is Python based open source AI framework from Facebook][8] + +Some of the main new features in the release candidate are: + +#### 1\. JIT + +JIT is a set of compiler tools to bring research close to production. It includes a Python-based language called Torch Script and also ways to make existing code compatible with itself. + +#### 2\. New torch.distributed library: “C10D” + +“C10D” enables asynchronous operation on different backends with performance improvements on slower networks and more. + +#### 3\. C++ frontend (experimental) + +Though it has been specifically mentioned as an unstable API (expected in a pre-release), this is a pure C++ interface to the PyTorch backend that follows the API and architecture of the established Python frontend to enable research in high performance, low latency and C++ applications installed directly on hardware. + +To know more, you can take a look at the complete [update notes][9] on GitHub. + +The first stable version PyTorch 1.0 will be released in summer. + +### Installing PyTorch on Linux + +To install PyTorch v1.0rc0, the developers recommend using [conda][10] while there also other ways to do that as shown on their [local installation page][11] where they have documented everything necessary in detail. + +#### Prerequisites + + * Linux + * Pip + * Python + * [CUDA][12] (For Nvidia GPU owners) + + + +As we recently showed you [how to install and use Pip][13], let’s get to know how we can install PyTorch with it. + +Note that PyTorch has GPU and CPU-only variants. You should install the one that suits your hardware. + +#### Installing old and stable version of PyTorch + +If you want the stable release (version 0.4) for your GPU, use: + +``` +pip install torch torchvision + +``` + +Use these two commands in succession for a CPU-only stable release: + +``` +pip install http://download.pytorch.org/whl/cpu/torch-0.4.1-cp27-cp27mu-linux_x86_64.whl +pip install torchvision + +``` + +#### Installing PyTorch 1.0 Release Candidate + +You install PyTorch 1.0 RC GPU version with this command: + +``` +pip install torch_nightly -f https://download.pytorch.org/whl/nightly/cu92/torch_nightly.html + +``` + +If you do not have a GPU and would prefer a CPU-only version, use: + +``` +pip install torch_nightly -f https://download.pytorch.org/whl/nightly/cpu/torch_nightly.html + +``` + +#### Verifying your PyTorch installation + +Startup the python console on a terminal with the following simple command: + +``` +python + +``` + +Now enter the following sample code line by line to verify your installation: + +``` +from __future__ import print_function +import torch +x = torch.rand(5, 3) +print(x) + +``` + +You should get an output like: + +``` +tensor([[0.3380, 0.3845, 0.3217], + [0.8337, 0.9050, 0.2650], + [0.2979, 0.7141, 0.9069], + [0.1449, 0.1132, 0.1375], + [0.4675, 0.3947, 0.1426]]) + +``` + +To check whether you can use PyTorch’s GPU capabilities, use the following sample code: + +``` +import torch +torch.cuda.is_available() + +``` + +The resulting output should be: + +``` +True + +``` + +Support for AMD GPUs for PyTorch is still under development, so complete test coverage is not yet provided as reported [here][14], suggesting this [resource][15] in case you have an AMD GPU. + +Lets now look into some research projects that extensively use PyTorch: + +### Ongoing Research Projects based on PyTorch + + * [Detectron][16]: Facebook AI Research’s software system to intelligently detect and classify objects. It is based on Caffe2. Earlier this year, Caffe2 and PyTorch [joined forces][17] to create a Research + Production enabled PyTorch 1.0 we talk about. + * [Unsupervised Sentiment Discovery][18]: Such methods are extensively used with social media algorithms. + * [vid2vid][19]: Photorealistic video-to-video translation + * [DeepRecommender][20] (We covered how such systems work on our past [Netflix AI article][21]) + + + +Nvidia, leading GPU manufacturer covered more on this with their own [update][22] on this recent development where you can also read about ongoing collaborative research endeavours. + +### How should we react to such PyTorch capabilities? + +To think Facebook applies such amazingly innovative projects and more in its social media algorithms, should we appreciate all this or get alarmed? This is almost [Skynet][23]! This newly improved production-ready pre-release of PyTorch will certainly push things further ahead! Feel free to share your thoughts with us in the comments below! + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/pytorch-open-source-ai-framework/ + +作者：[Avimanyu Bandyopadhyay][a] +选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/avimanyu/ +[1]: https://pytorch.org/ +[2]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General-purpose_computing_on_graphics_processing_units +[3]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensor +[4]: https://www.techopedia.com/definition/32902/deep-neural-network +[5]: https://code.fb.com/ai-research/facebook-accelerates-ai-development-with-new-partners-and-production-capabilities-for-pytorch-1-0 +[6]: https://pytorch.fbreg.com/ +[7]: https://www.themidwaysf.com/ +[8]: https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/pytorch.jpeg +[9]: https://github.com/pytorch/pytorch/releases/tag/v1.0rc0 +[10]: https://conda.io/ +[11]: https://pytorch.org/get-started/locally/ +[12]: https://www.pugetsystems.com/labs/hpc/How-to-install-CUDA-9-2-on-Ubuntu-18-04-1184/ +[13]: https://itsfoss.com/install-pip-ubuntu/ +[14]: https://github.com/pytorch/pytorch/issues/10657#issuecomment-415067478 +[15]: https://rocm.github.io/install.html#installing-from-amd-rocm-repositories +[16]: https://github.com/facebookresearch/Detectron +[17]: https://caffe2.ai/blog/2018/05/02/Caffe2_PyTorch_1_0.html +[18]: https://github.com/NVIDIA/sentiment-discovery +[19]: https://github.com/NVIDIA/vid2vid +[20]: https://github.com/NVIDIA/DeepRecommender/ +[21]: https://itsfoss.com/netflix-open-source-ai/ +[22]: https://news.developer.nvidia.com/pytorch-1-0-accelerated-on-nvidia-gpus/ +[23]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skynet_(Terminator) From 70a556232a4e96f36643f748973ff63ec1ff6f3a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 8 Oct 2018 12:59:29 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 168/219] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=20Functional=20prog?= =?UTF-8?q?ramming=20in=20Python:=20Immutable=20data=20structures?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...ng in Python- Immutable data structures.md | 190 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 190 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20181004 Functional programming in Python- Immutable data structures.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20181004 Functional programming in Python- Immutable data structures.md b/sources/tech/20181004 Functional programming in Python- Immutable data structures.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b831ff726f --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20181004 Functional programming in Python- Immutable data structures.md @@ -0,0 +1,190 @@ +Functional programming in Python: Immutable data structures +====== +Immutability can help us better understand our code. Here's how to achieve it without sacrificing performance. + +![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/metrics_graph_stats_blue.png?itok=OKCc_60D) + +In this two-part series, I will discuss how to import ideas from the functional programming methodology into Python in order to have the best of both worlds. + +This first post will explore how immutable data structures can help. The second part will explore higher-level functional programming concepts in Python using the **toolz** library. + +Why functional programming? Because mutation is hard to reason about. If you are already convinced that mutation is problematic, great. If you're not convinced, you will be by the end of this post. + +Let's begin by considering squares and rectangles. If we think in terms of interfaces, neglecting implementation details, are squares a subtype of rectangles? + +The definition of a subtype rests on the [Liskov substitution principle][1]. In order to be a subtype, it must be able to do everything the supertype does. + +How would we define an interface for a rectangle? + +``` +from zope.interface import Interface + +class IRectangle(Interface): +    def get_length(self): +        """Squares can do that""" +    def get_width(self): +        """Squares can do that""" +    def set_dimensions(self, length, width): +        """Uh oh""" +``` + +If this is the definition, then squares cannot be a subtype of rectangles; they cannot respond to a `set_dimensions` method if the length and width are different. + +A different approach is to choose to make rectangles immutable. + +``` +class IRectangle(Interface): +    def get_length(self): +        """Squares can do that""" +    def get_width(self): +        """Squares can do that""" +    def with_dimensions(self, length, width): +        """Returns a new rectangle""" +``` + +Now, a square can be a rectangle. It can return a new rectangle (which would not usually be a square) when `with_dimensions` is called, but it would not stop being a square. + +This might seem like an academic problem—until we consider that squares and rectangles are, in a sense, a container for their sides. After we understand this example, the more realistic case this comes into play with is more traditional containers. For example, consider random-access arrays. + +We have `ISquare` and `IRectangle`, and `ISquare` is a subtype of `IRectangle`. + +We want to put rectangles in a random-access array: + +``` +class IArrayOfRectangles(Interface): +    def get_element(self, i): +        """Returns Rectangle""" +    def set_element(self, i, rectangle): +        """'rectangle' can be any IRectangle""" +``` + +We want to put squares in a random-access array too: + +``` +class IArrayOfSquare(Interface): +    def get_element(self, i): +        """Returns Square""" +    def set_element(self, i, square): +        """'square' can be any ISquare""" +``` + +Even though `ISquare` is a subtype of `IRectangle`, no array can implement both `IArrayOfSquare` and `IArrayOfRectangle`. + +Why not? Assume `bucket` implements both. + +``` +>>> rectangle = make_rectangle(3, 4) +>>> bucket.set_element(0, rectangle) # This is allowed by IArrayOfRectangle +>>> thing = bucket.get_element(0) # That has to be a square by IArrayOfSquare +>>> assert thing.height == thing.width +Traceback (most recent call last): +  File "", line 1, in +AssertionError +``` + +Being unable to implement both means that neither is a subtype of the other, even though `ISquare` is a subtype of `IRectangle`. The problem is the `set_element` method: If we had a read-only array, `IArrayOfSquare` would be a subtype of `IArrayOfRectangle`. + +Mutability, in both the mutable `IRectangle` interface and the mutable `IArrayOf*` interfaces, has made thinking about types and subtypes much more difficult—and giving up on the ability to mutate meant that the intuitive relationships we expected to have between the types actually hold. + +Mutation can also have non-local effects. This happens when a shared object between two places is mutated by one. The classic example is one thread mutating a shared object with another thread, but even in a single-threaded program, sharing between places that are far apart is easy. Consider that in Python, most objects are reachable from many places: as a module global, or in a stack trace, or as a class attribute. + +If we cannot constrain the sharing, we might think about constraining the mutability. + +Here is an immutable rectangle, taking advantage of the [attrs][2] library: + +``` +@attr.s(frozen=True) +class Rectange(object): +    length = attr.ib() +    width = attr.ib() +    @classmethod +    def with_dimensions(cls, length, width): +        return cls(length, width) +``` + +Here is a square: + +``` +@attr.s(frozen=True) +class Square(object): +    side = attr.ib() +    @classmethod +    def with_dimensions(cls, length, width): +        return Rectangle(length, width) +``` + +Using the `frozen` argument, we can easily have `attrs`-created classes be immutable. All the hard work of writing `__setitem__` correctly has been done by others and is completely invisible to us. + +It is still easy to modify objects; it's just nigh impossible to mutate them. + +``` +too_long = Rectangle(100, 4) +reasonable = attr.evolve(too_long, length=10) +``` + +The [Pyrsistent][3] package allows us to have immutable containers. + +``` +# Vector of integers +a = pyrsistent.v(1, 2, 3) +# Not a vector of integers +b = a.set(1, "hello") +``` + +While `b` is not a vector of integers, nothing will ever stop `a` from being one. + +What if `a` was a million elements long? Is `b` going to copy 999,999 of them? Pyrsistent comes with "big O" performance guarantees: All operations take `O(log n)` time. It also comes with an optional C extension to improve performance beyond the big O. + +For modifying nested objects, it comes with a concept of "transformers:" + +``` +blog = pyrsistent.m( +    title="My blog", +    links=pyrsistent.v("github", "twitter"), +    posts=pyrsistent.v( +        pyrsistent.m(title="no updates", +                     content="I'm busy"), +        pyrsistent.m(title="still no updates", +                     content="still busy"))) +new_blog = blog.transform(["posts", 1, "content"], +                          "pretty busy") +``` + +`new_blog` will now be the immutable equivalent of + +``` +{'links': ['github', 'twitter'], + 'posts': [{'content': "I'm busy", +            'title': 'no updates'}, +           {'content': 'pretty busy', +            'title': 'still no updates'}], + 'title': 'My blog'} +``` + +But `blog` is still the same. This means anyone who had a reference to the old object has not been affected: The transformation had only local effects. + +This is useful when sharing is rampant. For example, consider default arguments: + +``` +def silly_sum(a, b, extra=v(1, 2)): +    extra = extra.extend([a, b]) +    return sum(extra) +``` + +In this post, we have learned why immutability can be useful for thinking about our code, and how to achieve it without an extravagant performance price. Next time, we will learn how immutable objects allow us to use powerful programming constructs. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/18/10/functional-programming-python-immutable-data-structures + +作者：[Moshe Zadka][a] +选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/moshez +[1]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liskov_substitution_principle +[2]: https://www.attrs.org/en/stable/ +[3]: https://pyrsistent.readthedocs.io/en/latest/ From 12d2af39c44cbe2c64b606d095d553a597a0930e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 8 Oct 2018 13:10:53 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 169/219] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2013=20tools=20to?= =?UTF-8?q?=20measure=20DevOps=20success?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...1003 13 tools to measure DevOps success.md | 84 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 84 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20181003 13 tools to measure DevOps success.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20181003 13 tools to measure DevOps success.md b/sources/talk/20181003 13 tools to measure DevOps success.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..26abb21f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20181003 13 tools to measure DevOps success.md @@ -0,0 +1,84 @@ +13 tools to measure DevOps success +====== +How's your DevOps initiative really going? Find out with open source tools +![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/metrics_data_dashboard_system_computer_analytics.png?itok=oxAeIEI-) + +In today's enterprise, business disruption is all about agility with quality. Traditional processes and methods of developing software are challenged to keep up with the complexities that come with these new environments. Modern DevOps initiatives aim to help organizations use collaborations among different IT teams to increase agility and accelerate software application deployment. + +How is the DevOps initiative going in your organization? Whether or not it's going as well as you expected, you need to do assessments to verify your impressions. Measuring DevOps success is very important because these initiatives target the very processes that determine how IT works. DevOps also values measuring behavior, although measurements are more about your business processes and less about your development and IT systems. + +A metrics-oriented mindset is critical to ensuring DevOps initiatives deliver the intended results. Data-driven decisions and focused improvement activities lead to increased quality and efficiency. Also, the use of feedback to accelerate delivery is one reason DevOps creates a successful IT culture. + +With DevOps, as with any IT initiative, knowing what to measure is always the first step. Let's examine how to use continuous delivery improvement and open source tools to assess your DevOps program on three key metrics: team efficiency, business agility, and security. These will also help you identify what challenges your organization has and what problems you are trying to solve with DevOps. + +### 3 tools for measuring team efficiency + +Measuring team efficiency—in terms of how the DevOps initiative fits into your organization and how well it works for cultural innovation—is the hardest area to measure. The key metrics that enable the DevOps team to work more effectively on culture and organization are all about agile software development, such as knowledge sharing, prioritizing tasks, resource utilization, issue tracking, cross-functional teams, and collaboration. The following open source tools can help you improve and measure team efficiency: + + * [FunRetro][1] is a simple, intuitive tool that helps you collaborate across teams and improve what you do. + * [Kanboard][2] is a [kanban][3] board that helps you visualize your work in progress to focus on your goal. + * [Bugzilla][4] is a popular development tool with issue-tracking capabilities. + + + +### 6 tools for measuring business agility + +Speed is all that matters for accelerating business agility. Because DevOps gives organizations capabilities to deliver software faster with fewer failures, it's fast gaining acceptance. The key metrics are deployment time, change lead time, release frequency, and failover time. Puppet's [2017 State of DevOps Report][5] shows that high-performing DevOps practitioners deploy code updates 46x more frequently and high performers experience change lead times of under an hour, or 440x faster than average. Following are some open source tools to help you measure business agility: + + * [Kubernetes][6] is a container-orchestration system for automating deployment, scaling, and management of containerized applications. (Read more about [Kubernetes][7] on Opensource.com.) + * [CRI-O][8] is a Kubernetes orchestrator used to manage and launch containerized workloads without relying on a traditional container engine. + * [Ansible][9] is a popular automation engine used to automate apps and IT infrastructure and run tasks including installing and configuring applications. + * [Jenkins][10] is an automation tool used to automate the software development process with continuous integration. It facilitates the technical aspects of continuous delivery. + * [Spinnaker][11] is a multi-cloud continuous delivery platform for releasing software changes with high velocity and confidence. It combines a powerful and flexible pipeline management system with integrations to the major cloud providers. + * [Istio][12] is a service mesh that helps reduce the complexity of deployments and eases the strain on your development teams. + + + +### 4 tools for measuring security + +Security is always the last phase of measuring your DevOps initiative's success. Enterprises that have combined development and operations teams under a DevOps model are generally successful in releasing code at a much faster rate. But this has increased the need for integrating security in the DevOps process (this is known as DevSecOps), because the faster you release code, the faster you release any vulnerabilities in it. + +Measuring security vulnerabilities early ensures that builds are stable before they pass to the next stage in the release pipeline. In addition, measuring security can help overcome resistance to DevOps adoption. You need tools that can help your dev and ops teams identify and prioritize vulnerabilities as they are using software, and teams must ensure they don't introduce vulnerabilities when making changes. These open source tools can help you measure security: + + * [Gauntlt][13] is a ruggedization framework that enables security testing by devs, ops, and security. + * [Vault][14] securely manages secrets and encrypts data in transit, including storing credentials and API keys and encrypting passwords for user signups. + * [Clair][15] is a project for static analysis of vulnerabilities in appc and Docker containers. + * [SonarQube][16] is a platform for continuous inspection of code quality. It performs automatic reviews with static analysis of code to detect bugs, code smells, and security vulnerabilities. + + + +**[See our related security article,[7 open source tools for rugged DevOps][17].]** + +Many DevOps initiatives start small. DevOps requires a commitment to a new culture and process rather than new technologies. That's why organizations looking to implement DevOps will likely need to adopt open source tools for collecting data and using it to optimize business success. In that case, highly visible, useful measurements will become an essential part of every DevOps initiative's success + +### What to read next + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/18/10/devops-measurement-tools + +作者：[Daniel Oh][a] +选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/daniel-oh +[1]: https://funretro.io/ +[2]: http://kanboard.net/ +[3]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanban +[4]: https://www.bugzilla.org/ +[5]: https://puppet.com/resources/whitepaper/state-of-devops-report +[6]: https://kubernetes.io/ +[7]: https://opensource.com/resources/what-is-kubernetes +[8]: https://github.com/kubernetes-incubator/cri-o +[9]: https://github.com/ansible +[10]: https://jenkins.io/ +[11]: https://www.spinnaker.io/ +[12]: https://istio.io/ +[13]: http://gauntlt.org/ +[14]: https://www.hashicorp.com/blog/vault.html +[15]: https://github.com/coreos/clair +[16]: https://www.sonarqube.org/ +[17]: https://opensource.com/article/18/9/open-source-tools-rugged-devops From ab63aba0a918c079896a7e1baec8240075245672 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 8 Oct 2018 17:04:58 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 170/219] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=20Archiving=20web?= =?UTF-8?q?=20sites?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- sources/tech/20181004 Archiving web sites.md | 119 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 119 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20181004 Archiving web sites.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20181004 Archiving web sites.md b/sources/tech/20181004 Archiving web sites.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..558c057913 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20181004 Archiving web sites.md @@ -0,0 +1,119 @@ +Archiving web sites +====== + +I recently took a deep dive into web site archival for friends who were worried about losing control over the hosting of their work online in the face of poor system administration or hostile removal. This makes web site archival an essential instrument in the toolbox of any system administrator. As it turns out, some sites are much harder to archive than others. This article goes through the process of archiving traditional web sites and shows how it falls short when confronted with the latest fashions in the single-page applications that are bloating the modern web. + +### Converting simple sites + +The days of handcrafted HTML web sites are long gone. Now web sites are dynamic and built on the fly using the latest JavaScript, PHP, or Python framework. As a result, the sites are more fragile: a database crash, spurious upgrade, or unpatched vulnerability might lose data. In my previous life as web developer, I had to come to terms with the idea that customers expect web sites to basically work forever. This expectation matches poorly with "move fast and break things" attitude of web development. Working with the [Drupal][2] content-management system (CMS) was particularly challenging in that regard as major upgrades deliberately break compatibility with third-party modules, which implies a costly upgrade process that clients could seldom afford. The solution was to archive those sites: take a living, dynamic web site and turn it into plain HTML files that any web server can serve forever. This process is useful for your own dynamic sites but also for third-party sites that are outside of your control and you might want to safeguard. + +For simple or static sites, the venerable [Wget][3] program works well. The incantation to mirror a full web site, however, is byzantine: + +``` + $ nice wget --mirror --execute robots=off --no-verbose --convert-links \ + --backup-converted --page-requisites --adjust-extension \ + --base=./ --directory-prefix=./ --span-hosts \ + --domains=www.example.com,example.com http://www.example.com/ + +``` + +The above downloads the content of the web page, but also crawls everything within the specified domains. Before you run this against your favorite site, consider the impact such a crawl might have on the site. The above command line deliberately ignores [`robots.txt`][] rules, as is now [common practice for archivists][4], and hammer the website as fast as it can. Most crawlers have options to pause between hits and limit bandwidth usage to avoid overwhelming the target site. + +The above command will also fetch "page requisites" like style sheets (CSS), images, and scripts. The downloaded page contents are modified so that links point to the local copy as well. Any web server can host the resulting file set, which results in a static copy of the original web site. + +That is, when things go well. Anyone who has ever worked with a computer knows that things seldom go according to plan; all sorts of things can make the procedure derail in interesting ways. For example, it was trendy for a while to have calendar blocks in web sites. A CMS would generate those on the fly and make crawlers go into an infinite loop trying to retrieve all of the pages. Crafty archivers can resort to regular expressions (e.g. Wget has a `--reject-regex` option) to ignore problematic resources. Another option, if the administration interface for the web site is accessible, is to disable calendars, login forms, comment forms, and other dynamic areas. Once the site becomes static, those will stop working anyway, so it makes sense to remove such clutter from the original site as well. + +### JavaScript doom + +Unfortunately, some web sites are built with much more than pure HTML. In single-page sites, for example, the web browser builds the content itself by executing a small JavaScript program. A simple user agent like Wget will struggle to reconstruct a meaningful static copy of those sites as it does not support JavaScript at all. In theory, web sites should be using [progressive enhancement][5] to have content and functionality available without JavaScript but those directives are rarely followed, as anyone using plugins like [NoScript][6] or [uMatrix][7] will confirm. + +Traditional archival methods sometimes fail in the dumbest way. When trying to build an offsite backup of a local newspaper ([pamplemousse.ca][8]), I found that WordPress adds query strings (e.g. `?ver=1.12.4`) at the end of JavaScript includes. This confuses content-type detection in the web servers that serve the archive, which rely on the file extension to send the right `Content-Type` header. When such an archive is loaded in a web browser, it fails to load scripts, which breaks dynamic websites. + +As the web moves toward using the browser as a virtual machine to run arbitrary code, archival methods relying on pure HTML parsing need to adapt. The solution for such problems is to record (and replay) the HTTP headers delivered by the server during the crawl and indeed professional archivists use just such an approach. + +### Creating and displaying WARC files + +At the [Internet Archive][9], Brewster Kahle and Mike Burner designed the [ARC][10] (for "ARChive") file format in 1996 to provide a way to aggregate the millions of small files produced by their archival efforts. The format was eventually standardized as the WARC ("Web ARChive") [specification][11] that was released as an ISO standard in 2009 and revised in 2017. The standardization effort was led by the [International Internet Preservation Consortium][12] (IIPC), which is an "international organization of libraries and other organizations established to coordinate efforts to preserve internet content for the future", according to Wikipedia; it includes members such as the US Library of Congress and the Internet Archive. The latter uses the WARC format internally in its Java-based [Heritrix crawler][13]. + +A WARC file aggregates multiple resources like HTTP headers, file contents, and other metadata in a single compressed archive. Conveniently, Wget actually supports the file format with the `--warc` parameter. Unfortunately, web browsers cannot render WARC files directly, so a viewer or some conversion is necessary to access the archive. The simplest such viewer I have found is [pywb][14], a Python package that runs a simple webserver to offer a Wayback-Machine-like interface to browse the contents of WARC files. The following set of commands will render a WARC file on `http://localhost:8080/`: + +``` + $ pip install pywb + $ wb-manager init example + $ wb-manager add example crawl.warc.gz + $ wayback + +``` + +This tool was, incidentally, built by the folks behind the [Webrecorder][15] service, which can use a web browser to save dynamic page contents. + +Unfortunately, pywb has trouble loading WARC files generated by Wget because it [followed][16] an [inconsistency in the 1.0 specification][17], which was [fixed in the 1.1 specification][18]. Until Wget or pywb fix those problems, WARC files produced by Wget are not reliable enough for my uses, so I have looked at other alternatives. A crawler that got my attention is simply called [crawl][19]. Here is how it is invoked: + +``` + $ crawl https://example.com/ + +``` + +(It does say "very simple" in the README.) The program does support some command-line options, but most of its defaults are sane: it will fetch page requirements from other domains (unless the `-exclude-related` flag is used), but does not recurse out of the domain. By default, it fires up ten parallel connections to the remote site, a setting that can be changed with the `-c` flag. But, best of all, the resulting WARC files load perfectly in pywb. + +### Future work and alternatives + +There are plenty more [resources][20] for using WARC files. In particular, there's a Wget drop-in replacement called [Wpull][21] that is specifically designed for archiving web sites. It has experimental support for [PhantomJS][22] and [youtube-dl][23] integration that should allow downloading more complex JavaScript sites and streaming multimedia, respectively. The software is the basis for an elaborate archival tool called [ArchiveBot][24], which is used by the "loose collective of rogue archivists, programmers, writers and loudmouths" at [ArchiveTeam][25] in its struggle to "save the history before it's lost forever". It seems that PhantomJS integration does not work as well as the team wants, so ArchiveTeam also uses a rag-tag bunch of other tools to mirror more complex sites. For example, [snscrape][26] will crawl a social media profile to generate a list of pages to send into ArchiveBot. Another tool the team employs is [crocoite][27], which uses the Chrome browser in headless mode to archive JavaScript-heavy sites. + +This article would also not be complete without a nod to the [HTTrack][28] project, the "website copier". Working similarly to Wget, HTTrack creates local copies of remote web sites but unfortunately does not support WARC output. Its interactive aspects might be of more interest to novice users unfamiliar with the command line. + +In the same vein, during my research I found a full rewrite of Wget called [Wget2][29] that has support for multi-threaded operation, which might make it faster than its predecessor. It is [missing some features][30] from Wget, however, most notably reject patterns, WARC output, and FTP support but adds RSS, DNS caching, and improved TLS support. + +Finally, my personal dream for these kinds of tools would be to have them integrated with my existing bookmark system. I currently keep interesting links in [Wallabag][31], a self-hosted "read it later" service designed as a free-software alternative to [Pocket][32] (now owned by Mozilla). But Wallabag, by design, creates only a "readable" version of the article instead of a full copy. In some cases, the "readable version" is actually [unreadable][33] and Wallabag sometimes [fails to parse the article][34]. Instead, other tools like [bookmark-archiver][35] or [reminiscence][36] save a screenshot of the page along with full HTML but, unfortunately, no WARC file that would allow an even more faithful replay. + +The sad truth of my experiences with mirrors and archival is that data dies. Fortunately, amateur archivists have tools at their disposal to keep interesting content alive online. For those who do not want to go through that trouble, the Internet Archive seems to be here to stay and Archive Team is obviously [working on a backup of the Internet Archive itself][37]. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://anarc.at/blog/2018-10-04-archiving-web-sites/ + +作者：[Anarcat][a] +选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://anarc.at +[1]: https://anarc.at/blog +[2]: https://drupal.org +[3]: https://www.gnu.org/software/wget/ +[4]: https://blog.archive.org/2017/04/17/robots-txt-meant-for-search-engines-dont-work-well-for-web-archives/ +[5]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_enhancement +[6]: https://noscript.net/ +[7]: https://github.com/gorhill/uMatrix +[8]: https://pamplemousse.ca/ +[9]: https://archive.org +[10]: http://www.archive.org/web/researcher/ArcFileFormat.php +[11]: https://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/ +[12]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Internet_Preservation_Consortium +[13]: https://github.com/internetarchive/heritrix3/wiki +[14]: https://github.com/webrecorder/pywb +[15]: https://webrecorder.io/ +[16]: https://github.com/webrecorder/pywb/issues/294 +[17]: https://github.com/iipc/warc-specifications/issues/23 +[18]: https://github.com/iipc/warc-specifications/pull/24 +[19]: https://git.autistici.org/ale/crawl/ +[20]: https://archiveteam.org/index.php?title=The_WARC_Ecosystem +[21]: https://github.com/chfoo/wpull +[22]: http://phantomjs.org/ +[23]: http://rg3.github.io/youtube-dl/ +[24]: https://www.archiveteam.org/index.php?title=ArchiveBot +[25]: https://archiveteam.org/ +[26]: https://github.com/JustAnotherArchivist/snscrape +[27]: https://github.com/PromyLOPh/crocoite +[28]: http://www.httrack.com/ +[29]: https://gitlab.com/gnuwget/wget2 +[30]: https://gitlab.com/gnuwget/wget2/wikis/home +[31]: https://wallabag.org/ +[32]: https://getpocket.com/ +[33]: https://github.com/wallabag/wallabag/issues/2825 +[34]: https://github.com/wallabag/wallabag/issues/2914 +[35]: https://pirate.github.io/bookmark-archiver/ +[36]: https://github.com/kanishka-linux/reminiscence +[37]: http://iabak.archiveteam.org From 451ec5e7bc42b3bb352e5779a2ed3d0549770be9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: dianbanjiu Date: Mon, 8 Oct 2018 17:54:32 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 171/219] dianbanjiu translated --- ...5 The Best Linux Distributions for 2018.md | 134 +++++++++++++++++ ...5 The Best Linux Distributions for 2018.md | 140 ------------------ 2 files changed, 134 insertions(+), 140 deletions(-) create mode 100644 20180105 The Best Linux Distributions for 2018.md delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20180105 The Best Linux Distributions for 2018.md diff --git a/20180105 The Best Linux Distributions for 2018.md b/20180105 The Best Linux Distributions for 2018.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..a01a4a60ab --- /dev/null +++ b/20180105 The Best Linux Distributions for 2018.md @@ -0,0 +1,134 @@ +# 2018 年最好的 Linux 发行版 + +![Linux distros 2018](https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/linux-distros-2018.jpg?itok=Z8sdx4Zu "Linux distros 2018") +Jack Wallen 分享他挑选的 2018 年最好的 Linux 发行版。 + +这是新的一年，Linux仍有无限可能。而且许多 Linux 在 2017 年都带来了许多重大的改变，我相信在 2018 年它在服务器和桌面上将会带来更加稳定的系统和市场份额的增长。 + +对于那些期待迁移到开源平台（或是那些想要切换到）的人对于即将到来的一年，什么是最好的选择？如果你去 [Distrowatch][14] 找一下，你可能会因为众多的发行版而感到头晕，其中一些的排名在上升，而还有一些则恰恰相反。 + +因此，哪个 Linux 发行版将在 2018 年得到偏爱？我有我的看法。事实上，我现在就要和你们分享它。 + +跟我做的 [去年清单][15] 相似，我将会打破那张清单，使任务更加轻松。普通的 Linux 用户，至少包含以下几个类别：系统管理员，轻量级发行版，桌面，为物联网和服务器发行的版本。 + +根据这些，让我们开始 2018 年最好的 Linux 发行版清单吧。 + +### 对系统管理员最好的发行版 + +[Debian][16] 不常出现在“最好的”列表中。但他应该出现，为什么呢？如果了解到 Ubuntu 是基于 Debian 构建的（其实有很多的发行版都基于 Debian），你就很容易理解为什么这个发行版应该在许多“最好”清单中。但为什么是对管理员最好的呢？我想这是由于两个非常重要的原因： + +* 容易使用 +* 非常稳定 + +因为 Debain 使用 dpkg 和 apt 包管理，它使得使用环境非常简单。而且因为 Debian 提供了最稳定的 Linux 平台之一，它为许多事物提供了理想的环境：桌面，服务器，测试，开发。虽然 Debian 可能不包括去年获奖者发现的大量应用程序，但添加完成任务所需的任何/所有必要应用程序都非常容易。而且因为 Debian 可以根据你的选择安装桌面（Cinnamon, GNOME, KDE, LXDE, Mate, 或者 Xfce），你可以确定满足你需要的桌面。 + +![debian](https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/debian.jpg?itok=XkHHG692 "debian") +图1：在 Debian 9.3 上运行的 GNOME 桌面。[使用][1] + +同时，Debain 在 Distrowatch 上名列第二。下载，安装，然后让它为你的工作而服务吧。Debain 尽管不那么华丽，但是对于管理员的工作来说十分有用。 + +### 最轻量级的发行版 + +轻量级的发行版对于一些老旧或是性能底下的机器有很好的支持。但是这不意味着这些发行版仅仅只为了老旧的硬件机器而生。如果你想要的是运行速度，你可能会想知道在你的现代机器上，这类发行版的运行速度。 + +在 2018 年上榜的最轻量级的发行版是 [Lubuntu][18]。尽管在这个类别里还有很多选择，而且尽管 Lubuntu 的大小与 Puppy Linux 相接近，但得益于它是 Ubuntu 家庭的一员，这弥补了它在易用性上的一些不足。但是不要担心，Lubuntu 对于硬件的要求并不高： + ++ CPU：奔腾 4 或者 奔腾 M 或者 AMD K8 以上 ++ 对于本地应用，512 MB 的内存就可以了，对于网络使用（Youtube，Google+，Google Drive， Facebook），建议 1 GB 以上。 + +Lubuntu 使用的是 LXDE 桌面，这意味着用户在初次使用这个 Linux 发行版时不会有任何问题。这份短清单中包含的应用（例如：Abiword, Gnumeric, 和 Firefox）都是非常轻量，且对用户友好的。 + +### [lubuntu,jpg][8] +![Lubuntu](https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/lubuntu_2.jpg?itok=BkTnh7hU "Lubuntu") +图2：LXDE桌面。[使用][2] + +Lubuntu 能让十年以上的电脑如获新生。 + +### 最好的桌面发行版 + +[Elementary OS][19] 连续两年都是我清单中最好的桌面发行版。对于许多人，[Linux Mint][20] 都是桌面发行版的领导。但是，与我来说，它在易用性和稳定性上很难打败 Elementary OS。例如，我确信 [Ubuntu][21] 17.10 的发布会让我迁移回 Canonical 的发行版。不久之后我会迁移到 新的使用 GNOME 桌面的 Ubuntu，但是我发现我少了 Elementary OS 外观，可用性和感觉。在使用 Ubuntu 两周以后，我又换回了 Elementary OS。 + +### [elementaros.jpg][9] + +![Elementary OS](https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/elementaros.jpg?itok=SRZC2vkg "Elementary OS") +图3：Pantheon 桌面是一件像艺术品一样的桌面。[使用][3] + +任何使用 Elementary OS 的感觉很好。Pantheon 桌面是缺省和用户友好做的最完美的桌面。每次更新，它都会变得更好。 + +尽管 Elementary OS 在 Distrowatch 中排名第六，但我预计到 2018 年第，它将至少上升至第三名。Elementary 开发人员非常关注用户的需求。他们倾听并且改进，他们目前的状态是如此之好，似乎所有他们都可以做的更好。 如果您需要一个具有出色可靠性和易用性的桌面，Elementary OS 就是你的发行版。 + +### 能够证明自己的最好的发行版 + +很长一段时间内，[Gentoo][22]都稳坐“展现你技能”的发行版的首座。但是，我认为现在 Gentoo 是时候让出“证明自己”的宝座给 [Linux From Svratch][23]。你可能认为这不公平，因为 LFS 实际上不是一个发行版，而是一个帮助用户创建自己的 Linux 发行版的项目。但是，有什么能比你自己创建一个自己的发行版更能证明自己所学的 Linux 知识的呢？在 LFS 项目中，你可以从头开始构建自定义的 Linux 系统。 所以，如果你真的有需要证明的东西，请下载 [Linux From Scratch Book][24] 并开始构建。 + +### 对于物联网最好的发行版 + +[Ubuntu Core][25] 已经是第二年赢得了该项的冠军。Ubuntu Core 是 Ubuntu 的一个小型版本，专为嵌入式和物联网设备而构建。使Ubuntu Core 如此完美的物联网的原因在于它将重点放在快照包 - 通用包上，可以安装到平台上，而不会干扰基本系统。这些快照包包含它们运行所需的所有内容（包括依赖项），因此不必担心安装会破坏操作系统（或任何其他已安装的软件）。 此外，快照非常容易升级并在隔离的沙箱中运行，这使它们成为物联网的理想解决方案。 + +Ubuntu Core 内置的另一个安全领域是登录机制。Ubuntu Core使用Ubuntu One ssh密钥，这样登录系统的唯一方法是通过上传的ssh密钥到[Ubuntu One帐户][26]。这为你的物联网设备提供了更高的安全性。 + +### [ubuntucore.jpg][10] +![ Ubuntu Core](https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/ubuntucore.jpg?itok=Ydfq8NKH " Ubuntu Core") +图4：Ubuntu Core屏幕指示通过Ubuntu One用户启用远程访问。[使用][3] + +### 最好的服务器发行版 + +这让事情变得有些混乱。 主要原因是支持。 如果你需要商业支持，乍一看，你最好的选择可能是 [Red Hat Enterprise Linux][27]。红帽年复一年地证明了自己不仅是全球最强大的企业服务器平台之一，而且是单一最赚钱的开源业务（年收入超过20亿美元）。 + +但是，Red Hat 并不是唯一的服务器发行版。 实际上，Red Hat 甚至不支持企业服务器计算的各个方面。如果你关注亚马逊 Elastic Compute Cloud 上的云统计数据，Ubuntu 就会打败红帽企业Linux。根据[云市场][28]，EC2 统计数据显示 RHEL 的部署率低于 10 万，而 Ubuntu 的部署量超过 20 万。 + +最终的结果是，Ubuntu 几乎已经成为云计算的领导者。如果你将它与 Ubuntu 易于使用和管理容器结合起来，就会发现 Ubuntu Server 是服务器类别的明显赢家。而且，如果你需要商业支持，Canonical 将为你提供 [Ubuntu Advantage][29]。 + +对使用 Ubuntu Server 的一个警告是它默认为纯文本界面。如果需要，你可以安装 GUI，但使用Ubuntu Server 命令行非常简单（每个Linux管理员都应该知道）。 + +### [ubuntuserver.jpg][11] + +![Ubuntu server](https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/ubuntuserver_1.jpg?itok=qtFSUlee "Ubuntu server") +图5：Ubuntu 服务器登录，通知更新。[使用][3] + +### 你最好的选择 + +正如我之前所说，这些选择都非常主观，但如果你正在寻找一个好的开始，那就试试这些发行版。每一个都可以用于非常特定的目的，并且比大多数做得更好。虽然你可能不同意我的特定选择，但你可能会同意 Linux 在每个方面都提供了惊人的可能性。并且，请继续关注下周更多“最佳发行版”选秀。 + +通过 Linux 基金会和 edX 的免费[“Linux 简介”][13]课程了解有关Linux的更多信息。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.linux.com/blog/learn/intro-to-linux/2018/1/best-linux-distributions-2018 + +作者：[JACK WALLEN ][a] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:https://www.linux.com/users/jlwallen +[1]:https://www.linux.com/licenses/category/used-permission +[2]:https://www.linux.com/licenses/category/used-permission +[3]:https://www.linux.com/licenses/category/used-permission +[4]:https://www.linux.com/licenses/category/used-permission +[5]:https://www.linux.com/licenses/category/used-permission +[6]:https://www.linux.com/licenses/category/creative-commons-zero +[7]:https://www.linux.com/files/images/debianjpg +[8]:https://www.linux.com/files/images/lubuntujpg-2 +[9]:https://www.linux.com/files/images/elementarosjpg +[10]:https://www.linux.com/files/images/ubuntucorejpg +[11]:https://www.linux.com/files/images/ubuntuserverjpg-1 +[12]:https://www.linux.com/files/images/linux-distros-2018jpg +[13]:https://training.linuxfoundation.org/linux-courses/system-administration-training/introduction-to-linux +[14]:https://distrowatch.com/ +[15]:https://www.linux.com/news/learn/sysadmin/best-linux-distributions-2017 +[16]:https://www.debian.org/ +[17]:https://www.parrotsec.org/ +[18]:http://lubuntu.me/ +[19]:https://elementary.io/ +[20]:https://linuxmint.com/ +[21]:https://www.ubuntu.com/ +[22]:https://www.gentoo.org/ +[23]:http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/ +[24]:http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/download.html +[25]:https://www.ubuntu.com/core +[26]:https://login.ubuntu.com/ +[27]:https://www.redhat.com/en/technologies/linux-platforms/enterprise-linux +[28]:http://thecloudmarket.com/stats#/by_platform_definition +[29]:https://buy.ubuntu.com/?_ga=2.177313893.113132429.1514825043-1939188204.1510782993 diff --git a/sources/tech/20180105 The Best Linux Distributions for 2018.md b/sources/tech/20180105 The Best Linux Distributions for 2018.md deleted file mode 100644 index cc60350641..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20180105 The Best Linux Distributions for 2018.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,140 +0,0 @@ -[translating by dianbanjiu] The Best Linux Distributions for 2018 -============================================================ - -![Linux distros 2018](https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/linux-distros-2018.jpg?itok=Z8sdx4Zu "Linux distros 2018") -Jack Wallen shares his picks for the best Linux distributions for 2018.[Creative Commons Zero][6]Pixabay - -It’s a new year and the landscape of possibility is limitless for Linux. Whereas 2017 brought about some big changes to a number of Linux distributions, I believe 2018 will bring serious stability and market share growth—for both the server and the desktop. - -For those who might be looking to migrate to the open source platform (or those looking to switch it up), what are the best choices for the coming year? If you hop over to [Distrowatch][14], you’ll find a dizzying array of possibilities, some of which are on the rise, and some that are seeing quite the opposite effect. - -So, which Linux distributions will 2018 favor? I have my thoughts. In fact, I’m going to share them with you now. - -Similar to what I did for[ last year’s list][15], I’m going to make this task easier and break down the list, as follows: sysadmin, lightweight distribution, desktop, distro with more to prove, IoT, and server. These categories should cover the needs of any type of Linux user. - -With that said, let’s get to the list of best Linux distributions for 2018. - -### Best distribution for sysadmins - -[Debian][16] isn’t often seen on “best of” lists. It should be. Why? If you consider that Debian is the foundation for Ubuntu (which is, in turn, the foundation for so many distributions), it’s pretty easy to understand why this distribution should find its way on many a list. But why for administrators? I’ve considered this for two very important reasons: - -* Ease of use - -* Extreme stability - -Because Debian uses the dpkg and apt package managers, it makes for an incredibly easy to use environment. And because Debian offers one of the the most stable Linux platforms, it makes for an ideal environment for so many things: Desktops, servers, testing, development. Although Debian may not include the plethora of applications found in last years winner (for this category), [Parrot Linux][17], it is very easy to add any/all the necessary applications you need to get the job done. And because Debian can be installed with your choice of desktop (Cinnamon, GNOME, KDE, LXDE, Mate, or Xfce), you can be sure the interface will meet your needs. - - -![debian](https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/debian.jpg?itok=XkHHG692 "debian") -Figure 1: The GNOME desktop running on top of Debian 9.3.[Used with permission][1] - -At the moment, Debian is listed at #2 on Distrowatch. Download it, install it, and then make it serve a specific purpose. It may not be flashy, but Debian is a sysadmin dream come true. - -### Best lightweight distribution - -Lightweight distribution serve a very specific purpose—giving new life to older, lesser-powered machines. But that doesn’t mean these particular distributions should only be considered for your older hardware. If speed is your ultimate need, you might want to see just how fast this category of distribution will run on your modern machine. - -Topping the list of lightweight distributions for 2018 is [Lubuntu][18]. Although there are plenty of options in this category, few come even close to the next-to-zero learning curve found on this distribution. And although Lubuntu’s footprint isn’t quite as small as Puppy Linux, thanks to it being a member of the Ubuntu family, the ease of use gained with this distribution makes up for it. But fear not, Lubuntu won’t bog down your older hardware.The requirements are: - -* CPU: Pentium 4 or Pentium M or AMD K8 - -* For local applications, Lubuntu can function with 512MB of RAM. For online usage (Youtube, Google+, Google Drive, and Facebook),  1GB of RAM is recommended. - -Lubuntu makes use of the LXDE desktop (Figure 2), which means users new to Linux won’t have the slightest problem working with this distribution. The short list of included apps (such as Abiword, Gnumeric, and Firefox) are all lightning fast and user-friendly. - -### [lubuntu.jpg][8] - -![Lubuntu](https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/lubuntu_2.jpg?itok=BkTnh7hU "Lubuntu") -Figure 2: The Lubuntu LXDE desktop in action.[Used with permission][2] - -Lubntu can make short and easy work of breathing life into hardware that is up to ten years old. - -### Best desktop distribution - -For the second year in a row, [Elementary OS][19] tops my list of best Desktop distribution. For many, the leader on the Desktop is [Linux Mint][20] (which is a very fine flavor). However, for my money, it’s hard to beat the ease of use and stability of Elementary OS. Case in point, I was certain the release of [Ubuntu][21] 17.10 would have me migrating back to Canonical’s distribution. Very soon after migrating to the new GNOME-Friendly Ubuntu, I found myself missing the look, feel, and reliability of Elementary OS (Figure 3). After two weeks with Ubuntu, I was back to Elementary OS. - -### [elementaros.jpg][9] - -![Elementary OS](https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/elementaros.jpg?itok=SRZC2vkg "Elementary OS") -Figure 3: The Pantheon desktop is a work of art as a desktop.[Used with permission][3] - -Anyone that has given Elementary OS a go immediately feels right at home. The Pantheon desktop is a perfect combination of slickness and user-friendliness. And with each update, it only gets better. - -Although Elementary OS stands at #6 on the Distrowatch page hit ranking, I predict it will find itself climbing to at least the third spot by the end of 2018\. The Elementary developers are very much in tune with what users want. They listen and they evolve. However, the current state of this distribution is so good, it seems all they could do to better it is a bit of polish here and there. Anyone looking for a desktop that offers a unified look and feel throughout the UI, Elementary OS is hard to beat. If you need a desktop that offers an outstanding ratio of reliability and ease of use, Elementary OS is your distribution. - -### Best distro for those with something to prove - -For the longest time [Gentoo][22] sat on top of the “show us your skills” distribution list. However, I think it’s time Gentoo took a backseat to the true leader of “something to prove”: [Linux From Scratch][23]. You may not think this fair, as LFS isn’t actually a distribution, but a project that helps users create their own Linux distribution. But, seriously, if you want to go a very long way to proving your Linux knowledge, what better way than to create your own distribution? From the LFS project, you can build a custom Linux system, from the ground up... entirely from source code. So, if you really have something to prove, download the [Linux From Scratch Book][24] and start building. - -### Best distribution for IoT - -For the second year in a row [Ubuntu Core][25] wins, hands down. Ubuntu Core is a tiny, transactional version of Ubuntu, built specifically for embedded and IoT devices. What makes Ubuntu Core so perfect for IoT is that it places the focus on snap packages—universal packages that can be installed onto a platform, without interfering with the base system. These snap packages contain everything they need to run (including dependencies), so there is no worry the installation will break the operating system (or any other installed software). Also, snaps are very easy to upgrade and run in an isolated sandbox, making them a great solution for IoT. - -Another area of security built into Ubuntu Core is the login mechanism. Ubuntu Core works with Ubuntu One ssh keys, such that the only way to log into the system is via uploaded ssh keys to a [Ubuntu One account][26] (Figure 4). This makes for a heightened security for your IoT devices. - -### [ubuntucore.jpg][10] - -![ Ubuntu Core](https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/ubuntucore.jpg?itok=Ydfq8NKH " Ubuntu Core") -Figure 4:The Ubuntu Core screen indicating a remote access enabled via Ubuntu One user.[Used with permission][4] - -### Best server distribution - -This where things get a bit confusing. The primary reason is support. If you need commercial support your best choice might be, at first blush, [Red Hat Enterprise Linux][27]. Red Hat has proved itself, year after year, to not only be one of the strongest enterprise server platforms on the planet, but the single most profitable open source businesses (with over $2 billion in annual revenue). - -However, Red Hat isn’t far and away the only server distribution. In fact, Red Hat doesn’t even dominate every aspect of Enterprise server computing. If you look at cloud statistics on Amazon’s Elastic Compute Cloud alone, Ubuntu blows away Red Hat Enterprise Linux. According to [The Cloud Market][28], EC2 statistics show RHEL at under 100k deployments, whereas Ubuntu is over 200k deployments. That’s significant. - -The end result is that Ubuntu has pretty much taken over as the leader in the cloud. And if you combine that with Ubuntu’s ease of working with and managing containers, it starts to become clear that Ubuntu Server is the clear winner for the Server category. And, if you need commercial support, Canonical has you covered, with [Ubuntu Advantage][29]. - -The one caveat to Ubuntu Server is that it defaults to a text-only interface (Figure 5). You can install a GUI, if needed, but working with the Ubuntu Server command line is pretty straightforward (and something every Linux administrator should know). - -### [ubuntuserver.jpg][11] - -![Ubuntu server](https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/ubuntuserver_1.jpg?itok=qtFSUlee "Ubuntu server") -Figure 5: The Ubuntu server login, informing of updates.[Used with permission][5] - -### The choice is yours - -As I said before, these choices are all very subjective … but if you’re looking for a great place to start, give these distributions a try. Each one can serve a very specific purpose and do it better than most. Although you may not agree with my particular picks, chances are you’ll agree that Linux offers amazing possibilities on every front. And, stay tuned for more “best distro” picks next week. - - _Learn more about Linux through the free ["Introduction to Linux" ][13]course from The Linux Foundation and edX._ - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.linux.com/blog/learn/intro-to-linux/2018/1/best-linux-distributions-2018 - -作者：[JACK WALLEN ][a] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:https://www.linux.com/users/jlwallen -[1]:https://www.linux.com/licenses/category/used-permission -[2]:https://www.linux.com/licenses/category/used-permission -[3]:https://www.linux.com/licenses/category/used-permission -[4]:https://www.linux.com/licenses/category/used-permission -[5]:https://www.linux.com/licenses/category/used-permission -[6]:https://www.linux.com/licenses/category/creative-commons-zero -[7]:https://www.linux.com/files/images/debianjpg -[8]:https://www.linux.com/files/images/lubuntujpg-2 -[9]:https://www.linux.com/files/images/elementarosjpg -[10]:https://www.linux.com/files/images/ubuntucorejpg -[11]:https://www.linux.com/files/images/ubuntuserverjpg-1 -[12]:https://www.linux.com/files/images/linux-distros-2018jpg -[13]:https://training.linuxfoundation.org/linux-courses/system-administration-training/introduction-to-linux -[14]:https://distrowatch.com/ -[15]:https://www.linux.com/news/learn/sysadmin/best-linux-distributions-2017 -[16]:https://www.debian.org/ -[17]:https://www.parrotsec.org/ -[18]:http://lubuntu.me/ -[19]:https://elementary.io/ -[20]:https://linuxmint.com/ -[21]:https://www.ubuntu.com/ -[22]:https://www.gentoo.org/ -[23]:http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/ -[24]:http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/download.html -[25]:https://www.ubuntu.com/core -[26]:https://login.ubuntu.com/ -[27]:https://www.redhat.com/en/technologies/linux-platforms/enterprise-linux -[28]:http://thecloudmarket.com/stats#/by_platform_definition -[29]:https://buy.ubuntu.com/?_ga=2.177313893.113132429.1514825043-1939188204.1510782993 From bdef266f85241a459a9ca2cee14cdde9dc50ec4d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: dianbanjiu Date: Mon, 8 Oct 2018 18:40:08 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 172/219] dianbanjiu translated --- .../tech/20180105 The Best Linux Distributions for 2018.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename 20180105 The Best Linux Distributions for 2018.md => translated/tech/20180105 The Best Linux Distributions for 2018.md (100%) diff --git a/20180105 The Best Linux Distributions for 2018.md b/translated/tech/20180105 The Best Linux Distributions for 2018.md similarity index 100% rename from 20180105 The Best Linux Distributions for 2018.md rename to translated/tech/20180105 The Best Linux Distributions for 2018.md From 8396b13862ec23c4177df9c3940aa95580c70350 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: dianbanjiu Date: Mon, 8 Oct 2018 18:47:54 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 173/219] dianbanjiu translated --- .../tech/20180105 The Best Linux Distributions for 2018.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180105 The Best Linux Distributions for 2018.md b/translated/tech/20180105 The Best Linux Distributions for 2018.md index a01a4a60ab..ed373a6f6e 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20180105 The Best Linux Distributions for 2018.md +++ b/translated/tech/20180105 The Best Linux Distributions for 2018.md @@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ Ubuntu Core 内置的另一个安全领域是登录机制。Ubuntu Core使用Ubu via: https://www.linux.com/blog/learn/intro-to-linux/2018/1/best-linux-distributions-2018 作者：[JACK WALLEN ][a] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +译者：[dianbanjiu](https://github.com/dianbanjiu) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 2d1fb18a7047f3f463299a86b5722bf6722a927e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: heguangzhi <7731226@qq.com> Date: Mon, 8 Oct 2018 22:02:52 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 174/219] translated An introduction to swap space on Linux systems --- ...oduction to swap space on Linux systems.md | 302 ----------------- ...oduction to swap space on Linux systems.md | 315 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 315 insertions(+), 302 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20180926 An introduction to swap space on Linux systems.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20180926 An introduction to swap space on Linux systems.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20180926 An introduction to swap space on Linux systems.md b/sources/tech/20180926 An introduction to swap space on Linux systems.md deleted file mode 100644 index da50208533..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20180926 An introduction to swap space on Linux systems.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,302 +0,0 @@ -heguangzhi Translating - -An introduction to swap space on Linux systems -====== - -![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/fail_progress_cycle_momentum_arrow.png?itok=q-ZFa_Eh) - -Swap space is a common aspect of computing today, regardless of operating system. Linux uses swap space to increase the amount of virtual memory available to a host. It can use one or more dedicated swap partitions or a swap file on a regular filesystem or logical volume. - -There are two basic types of memory in a typical computer. The first type, random access memory (RAM), is used to store data and programs while they are being actively used by the computer. Programs and data cannot be used by the computer unless they are stored in RAM. RAM is volatile memory; that is, the data stored in RAM is lost if the computer is turned off. - -Hard drives are magnetic media used for long-term storage of data and programs. Magnetic media is nonvolatile; the data stored on a disk remains even when power is removed from the computer. The CPU (central processing unit) cannot directly access the programs and data on the hard drive; it must be copied into RAM first, and that is where the CPU can access its programming instructions and the data to be operated on by those instructions. During the boot process, a computer copies specific operating system programs, such as the kernel and init or systemd, and data from the hard drive into RAM, where it is accessed directly by the computer’s processor, the CPU. - -### Swap space - -Swap space is the second type of memory in modern Linux systems. The primary function of swap space is to substitute disk space for RAM memory when real RAM fills up and more space is needed. - -For example, assume you have a computer system with 8GB of RAM. If you start up programs that don’t fill that RAM, everything is fine and no swapping is required. But suppose the spreadsheet you are working on grows when you add more rows, and that, plus everything else that's running, now fills all of RAM. Without swap space available, you would have to stop working on the spreadsheet until you could free up some of your limited RAM by closing down some other programs. - -The kernel uses a memory management program that detects blocks, aka pages, of memory in which the contents have not been used recently. The memory management program swaps enough of these relatively infrequently used pages of memory out to a special partition on the hard drive specifically designated for “paging,” or swapping. This frees up RAM and makes room for more data to be entered into your spreadsheet. Those pages of memory swapped out to the hard drive are tracked by the kernel’s memory management code and can be paged back into RAM if they are needed. - -The total amount of memory in a Linux computer is the RAM plus swap space and is referred to as virtual memory. - -### Types of Linux swap - -Linux provides for two types of swap space. By default, most Linux installations create a swap partition, but it is also possible to use a specially configured file as a swap file. A swap partition is just what its name implies—a standard disk partition that is designated as swap space by the `mkswap` command. - -A swap file can be used if there is no free disk space in which to create a new swap partition or space in a volume group where a logical volume can be created for swap space. This is just a regular file that is created and preallocated to a specified size. Then the `mkswap` command is run to configure it as swap space. I don’t recommend using a file for swap space unless absolutely necessary. - -### Thrashing - -Thrashing can occur when total virtual memory, both RAM and swap space, become nearly full. The system spends so much time paging blocks of memory between swap space and RAM and back that little time is left for real work. The typical symptoms of this are obvious: The system becomes slow or completely unresponsive, and the hard drive activity light is on almost constantly. - -If you can manage to issue a command like `free` that shows CPU load and memory usage, you will see that the CPU load is very high, perhaps as much as 30 to 40 times the number of CPU cores in the system. Another symptom is that both RAM and swap space are almost completely allocated. - -After the fact, looking at SAR (system activity report) data can also show these symptoms. I install SAR on every system I work on and use it for post-repair forensic analysis. - -### What is the right amount of swap space? - -Many years ago, the rule of thumb for the amount of swap space that should be allocated on the hard drive was 2X the amount of RAM installed in the computer (of course, that was when most computers' RAM was measured in KB or MB). So if a computer had 64KB of RAM, a swap partition of 128KB would be an optimum size. This rule took into account the facts that RAM sizes were typically quite small at that time and that allocating more than 2X RAM for swap space did not improve performance. With more than twice RAM for swap, most systems spent more time thrashing than actually performing useful work. - -RAM has become an inexpensive commodity and most computers these days have amounts of RAM that extend into tens of gigabytes. Most of my newer computers have at least 8GB of RAM, one has 32GB, and my main workstation has 64GB. My older computers have from 4 to 8 GB of RAM. - -When dealing with computers having huge amounts of RAM, the limiting performance factor for swap space is far lower than the 2X multiplier. The Fedora 28 online Installation Guide, which can be found online at [Fedora Installation Guide][1], defines current thinking about swap space allocation. I have included below some discussion and the table of recommendations from that document. - -The following table provides the recommended size of a swap partition depending on the amount of RAM in your system and whether you want sufficient memory for your system to hibernate. The recommended swap partition size is established automatically during installation. To allow for hibernation, however, you will need to edit the swap space in the custom partitioning stage. - -_Table 1: Recommended system swap space in Fedora 28 documentation_ - -| **Amount of system RAM** | **Recommended swap space** | **Recommended swap with hibernation** | -|--------------------------|-----------------------------|---------------------------------------| -| less than 2 GB | 2 times the amount of RAM | 3 times the amount of RAM | -| 2 GB - 8 GB | Equal to the amount of RAM | 2 times the amount of RAM | -| 8 GB - 64 GB | 0.5 times the amount of RAM | 1.5 times the amount of RAM | -| more than 64 GB | workload dependent | hibernation not recommended | - -At the border between each range listed above (for example, a system with 2 GB, 8 GB, or 64 GB of system RAM), use discretion with regard to chosen swap space and hibernation support. If your system resources allow for it, increasing the swap space may lead to better performance. - -Of course, most Linux administrators have their own ideas about the appropriate amount of swap space—as well as pretty much everything else. Table 2, below, contains my recommendations based on my personal experiences in multiple environments. These may not work for you, but as with Table 1, they may help you get started. - -_Table 2: Recommended system swap space per the author_ - -| Amount of RAM | Recommended swap space | -|---------------|------------------------| -| ≤ 2GB | 2X RAM | -| 2GB – 8GB | = RAM | -| >8GB | 8GB | - -One consideration in both tables is that as the amount of RAM increases, beyond a certain point adding more swap space simply leads to thrashing well before the swap space even comes close to being filled. If you have too little virtual memory while following these recommendations, you should add more RAM, if possible, rather than more swap space. As with all recommendations that affect system performance, use what works best for your specific environment. This will take time and effort to experiment and make changes based on the conditions in your Linux environment. - -#### Adding more swap space to a non-LVM disk environment - -Due to changing requirements for swap space on hosts with Linux already installed, it may become necessary to modify the amount of swap space defined for the system. This procedure can be used for any general case where the amount of swap space needs to be increased. It assumes sufficient available disk space is available. This procedure also assumes that the disks are partitioned in “raw” EXT4 and swap partitions and do not use logical volume management (LVM). - -The basic steps to take are simple: - - 1. Turn off the existing swap space. - - 2. Create a new swap partition of the desired size. - - 3. Reread the partition table. - - 4. Configure the partition as swap space. - - 5. Add the new partition/etc/fstab. - - 6. Turn on swap. - - - - -A reboot should not be necessary. - -For safety's sake, before turning off swap, at the very least you should ensure that no applications are running and that no swap space is in use. The `free` or `top` commands can tell you whether swap space is in use. To be even safer, you could revert to run level 1 or single-user mode. - -Turn off the swap partition with the command which turns off all swap space: - -``` -swapoff -a - -``` - -Now display the existing partitions on the hard drive. - -``` -fdisk -l - -``` - -This displays the current partition tables on each drive. Identify the current swap partition by number. - -Start `fdisk` in interactive mode with the command: - -``` -fdisk /dev/ - -``` - -For example: - -``` -fdisk /dev/sda - -``` - -At this point, `fdisk` is now interactive and will operate only on the specified disk drive. - -Use the fdisk `p` sub-command to verify that there is enough free space on the disk to create the new swap partition. The space on the hard drive is shown in terms of 512-byte blocks and starting and ending cylinder numbers, so you may have to do some math to determine the available space between and at the end of allocated partitions. - -Use the `n` sub-command to create a new swap partition. fdisk will ask you the starting cylinder. By default, it chooses the lowest-numbered available cylinder. If you wish to change that, type in the number of the starting cylinder. - -The `fdisk` command now allows you to enter the size of the partitions in a number of formats, including the last cylinder number or the size in bytes, KB or MB. Type in 4000M, which will give about 4GB of space on the new partition (for example), and press Enter. - -Use the `p` sub-command to verify that the partition was created as you specified it. Note that the partition will probably not be exactly what you specified unless you used the ending cylinder number. The `fdisk` command can only allocate disk space in increments on whole cylinders, so your partition may be a little smaller or larger than you specified. If the partition is not what you want, you can delete it and create it again. - -Now it is necessary to specify that the new partition is to be a swap partition. The sub-command `t` allows you to specify the type of partition. So enter `t`, specify the partition number, and when it asks for the hex code partition type, type 82, which is the Linux swap partition type, and press Enter. - -When you are satisfied with the partition you have created, use the `w` sub-command to write the new partition table to the disk. The `fdisk` program will exit and return you to the command prompt after it completes writing the revised partition table. You will probably receive the following message as `fdisk` completes writing the new partition table: - -``` -The partition table has been altered! -Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table. -WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy. -The kernel still uses the old table. -The new table will be used at the next reboot. -Syncing disks. -``` - -At this point, you use the `partprobe` command to force the kernel to re-read the partition table so that it is not necessary to perform a reboot. - -``` -partprobe -``` - -Now use the command `fdisk -l` to list the partitions and the new swap partition should be among those listed. Be sure that the new partition type is “Linux swap”. - -It will be necessary to modify the /etc/fstab file to point to the new swap partition. The existing line may look like this: - -``` -LABEL=SWAP-sdaX   swap        swap    defaults        0 0 - -``` - -where `X` is the partition number. Add a new line that looks similar this, depending upon the location of your new swap partition: - -``` -/dev/sdaY         swap        swap    defaults        0 0 - -``` - -Be sure to use the correct partition number. Now you can perform the final step in creating the swap partition. Use the `mkswap` command to define the partition as a swap partition. - -``` -mkswap /dev/sdaY - -``` - -The final step is to turn swap on using the command: - -``` -swapon -a - -``` - -Your new swap partition is now online along with the previously existing swap partition. You can use the `free` or `top` commands to verify this. - -#### Adding swap to an LVM disk environment - -If your disk setup uses LVM, changing swap space will be fairly easy. Again, this assumes that space is available in the volume group in which the current swap volume is located. By default, the installation procedures for Fedora Linux in an LVM environment create the swap partition as a logical volume. This makes it easy because you can simply increase the size of the swap volume. - -Here are the steps required to increase the amount of swap space in an LVM environment: - - 1. Turn off all swap. - - 2. Increase the size of the logical volume designated for swap. - - 3. Configure the resized volume as swap space. - - 4. Turn on swap. - - - - -First, let’s verify that swap exists and is a logical volume using the `lvs` command (list logical volume). - -``` -[root@studentvm1 ~]# lvs -  LV     VG                Attr       LSize  Pool   Origin Data%  Meta%  Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert -  home   fedora_studentvm1 -wi-ao----  2.00g                                                       -  pool00 fedora_studentvm1 twi-aotz--  2.00g               8.17   2.93                             -  root   fedora_studentvm1 Vwi-aotz--  2.00g pool00        8.17                                   -  swap   fedora_studentvm1 -wi-ao----  8.00g                                                       -  tmp    fedora_studentvm1 -wi-ao----  5.00g                                                       -  usr    fedora_studentvm1 -wi-ao---- 15.00g                                                       -  var    fedora_studentvm1 -wi-ao---- 10.00g                                                       -[root@studentvm1 ~]# -``` - -You can see that the current swap size is 8GB. In this case, we want to add 2GB to this swap volume. First, stop existing swap. You may have to terminate running programs if swap space is in use. - -``` -swapoff -a - -``` - -Now increase the size of the logical volume. - -``` -[root@studentvm1 ~]# lvextend -L +2G /dev/mapper/fedora_studentvm1-swap -  Size of logical volume fedora_studentvm1/swap changed from 8.00 GiB (2048 extents) to 10.00 GiB (2560 extents). -  Logical volume fedora_studentvm1/swap successfully resized. -[root@studentvm1 ~]# -``` - -Run the `mkswap` command to make this entire 10GB partition into swap space. - -``` -[root@studentvm1 ~]# mkswap /dev/mapper/fedora_studentvm1-swap -mkswap: /dev/mapper/fedora_studentvm1-swap: warning: wiping old swap signature. -Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 10 GiB (10737414144 bytes) -no label, UUID=3cc2bee0-e746-4b66-aa2d-1ea15ef1574a -[root@studentvm1 ~]# -``` - -Turn swap back on. - -``` -[root@studentvm1 ~]# swapon -a -[root@studentvm1 ~]# -``` - -Now verify the new swap space is present with the list block devices command. Again, a reboot is not required. - -``` -[root@studentvm1 ~]# lsblk -NAME                                 MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT -sda                                    8:0    0   60G  0 disk -|-sda1                                 8:1    0    1G  0 part /boot -`-sda2                                 8:2    0   59G  0 part -  |-fedora_studentvm1-pool00_tmeta   253:0    0    4M  0 lvm   -  | `-fedora_studentvm1-pool00-tpool 253:2    0    2G  0 lvm   -  |   |-fedora_studentvm1-root       253:3    0    2G  0 lvm  / -  |   `-fedora_studentvm1-pool00     253:6    0    2G  0 lvm   -  |-fedora_studentvm1-pool00_tdata   253:1    0    2G  0 lvm   -  | `-fedora_studentvm1-pool00-tpool 253:2    0    2G  0 lvm   -  |   |-fedora_studentvm1-root       253:3    0    2G  0 lvm  / -  |   `-fedora_studentvm1-pool00     253:6    0    2G  0 lvm   -  |-fedora_studentvm1-swap           253:4    0   10G  0 lvm  [SWAP] -  |-fedora_studentvm1-usr            253:5    0   15G  0 lvm  /usr -  |-fedora_studentvm1-home           253:7    0    2G  0 lvm  /home -  |-fedora_studentvm1-var            253:8    0   10G  0 lvm  /var -  `-fedora_studentvm1-tmp            253:9    0    5G  0 lvm  /tmp -sr0                                   11:0    1 1024M  0 rom   -[root@studentvm1 ~]# -``` - -You can also use the `swapon -s` command, or `top`, `free`, or any of several other commands to verify this. - -``` -[root@studentvm1 ~]# free -              total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available -Mem:        4038808      382404     2754072        4152      902332     3404184 -Swap:      10485756           0    10485756 -[root@studentvm1 ~]# -``` - -Note that the different commands display or require as input the device special file in different forms. There are a number of ways in which specific devices are accessed in the /dev directory. My article, [Managing Devices in Linux][2], includes more information about the /dev directory and its contents. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://opensource.com/article/18/9/swap-space-linux-systems - -作者：[David Both][a] -选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://opensource.com/users/dboth -[1]: https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/fedora/f28/install-guide/ -[2]: https://opensource.com/article/16/11/managing-devices-linux diff --git a/translated/tech/20180926 An introduction to swap space on Linux systems.md b/translated/tech/20180926 An introduction to swap space on Linux systems.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..0a36a44e9f --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20180926 An introduction to swap space on Linux systems.md @@ -0,0 +1,315 @@ + +Linux 系统上 swap 空间的介绍 +====== + +![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/fail_progress_cycle_momentum_arrow.png?itok=q-ZFa_Eh) + +当今无论什么操作系统 Swap 空间是非常常见的。Linux 使用 Swap 空间来增加主机可用的虚拟内存。它可以是常规文件或逻辑卷上使用一个或多个专用swap 分区或 swap 文件。 + +典型计算机中有两种基本类型的内存。第一种类型，随机存取存储器 (RAM)，用于存储计算机使用的数据和程序。只有程序和数据存储在 RAM 中，计算机才能使用它们。随机存储器是易失性存储器；也就是说，如果计算机关闭了，存储在 RAM 中的数据就会丢失。 + + +硬盘是用于长期存储数据和程序的磁性介质。该磁介质可以很好的保存数据；即使计算机断电，存储在磁盘上的数据也会保留下来。CPU (中央处理器)不能直接访问硬盘上的程序和数据；他们必须首先复制到 RAM 中，RAM 是 CPU 访问代码指令和操作数据的地方。在引导过程中，计算机将特定的操作系统程序(如内核、init 或 systemd )以及硬盘上的数据复制到 RAM 中，在 RAM 中，计算机的处理器 CPU 可以直接访问这些数据。 + +### Swap 空间 + +Swap 空间是现代 Linux 系统中的第二种内存类型。Swap 空间的主要功能是当全部的 RAM 被占用并且需要更多内存时，用磁盘空间代替 RAM 内存。 + +例如，假设你有一个 8GB RAM 的计算机。如果你启动的程序没有填满 RAM，一切好，不需要 Swap。假设你在处理电子表格，当添加更多的行时，你电子表格会增长，加上所有正在运行的程序，将会占用全部的 RAM 。如果这时没有可用的 Swap 空间，你将不得不停止处理电子表格，直到关闭一些其他程序来释放一些 RAM 。 + +内核使用一个内存管理程序来检测最近没有使用的内存块，也就是内存页面。内存管理程序将这些相对不经常使用的内存页交换到硬盘上专门指定用于“分页”或 swap 的特殊分区。释放 RAM ，为输入电子表格更多数据腾出了空间。那些换出到硬盘的内存页面被内核的内存管理代码跟踪，如果需要，可以被分页回 RAM。 + +Linux 计算机中的内存总量是 RAM + swap 分区，swap 分区被称为虚拟内存. + +### Linux swap 分区类型 + +Linux 提供了两种类型的 swap 空间。默认情况下，大多数 Linux 在安装时都会创建一个 swap 分区，但是也可以使用一个特殊配置的文件作为 swap 文件。swap 分区顾名思义就是一个标准磁盘分区，由 `mkswap` 命令指定 swap 空间。 + +如果没有可用磁盘空间来创建新的 swap 分区，或者卷组中没有空间为 swap 空间创建逻辑卷，则可以使用 swap 文件。这只是一个创建并预分配指定大小的常规文件。然后运行 `mkswap` 命令将其配置为 swap 空间。除非绝对必要，否则我不建议使用文件来做 swap 空间。 + +### 频繁交换 + +当总虚拟内存( RAM 和 swap 空间 )变得快满时，可能会发生频繁交换 。系统花了太多时间在 swap 空间和 RAM 之间做内存块页面切换，以至于几乎没有时间用于实际工作。这种情况是显而易见的:系统变得缓慢或完全无反应，硬盘指示灯几乎持续亮起。 + +使用 `free` 的命令来显示 CPU 负载和内存使用情况，你会发现 CPU 负载非常高，可能达到系统中 CPU 内核数量的30到40倍。另一个情况是 RAM 和 swap 空间几乎完全被分配了。 + + +事实上，查看 SAR (系统活动报告)数据也可以显示这些内容。在我的每个系统上都安装 SAR ，并将这些用于数据分析。 + + +### swap 空间的正确大小是多少？ + +许多年前，硬盘上分配给 swap 空间大小是计算机上的 RAM 的两倍(当然，这是大多数计算机的 RAM 以 KB 或 MB 为单位的时候)。因此，如果一台计算机有 64KB 的 RAM，应该分配 128KB 的 swap 分区。该规则考虑到了这样的事实情况，即 RAM 大小在当时非常小，分配超过2倍的 RAM 用于 swap 空间并不能提高性能。使用超过两倍的 RAM 进行交换，比实际执行有用的工作的时候，大多数系统将花费更多的时间。 + + +RAM 现在已经很便宜了，如今大多数计算机的 RAM 都达到了几十亿字节。我的大多数新电脑至少有 8GB 内存，一台有32GB 内存，我的主工作站有 64GB 内存。我的旧电脑有4到 8GB 的内存。 + + +当操作具有大 RAM 的计算机时，swap 空间的限制性能系数远低于 2倍。[Fedora 28在线安装指南][1] 定义了当前关于 swap 空间分配的方法。下面内容是我提出的建议。 + +下表根据系统中的 RAM 大小以及是否有足够的内存让系统休眠，提供了交换分区的推荐大小。建议的 swap 分区大小是在安装过程中自动建立的。但是，为了满足系统休眠，您需要在自定义分区阶段编辑 swap 空间。 + +_表 1: Fedora 28文档中推荐的系统 swap 空间_ + +| **系统内存大小 ** | **推荐 swap 空间 ** | **建议 swap 大小用休眠模式 ** | +|--------------------------|-----------------------------|---------------------------------------| +| 小于 2 GB | 2倍 RAM | 3 倍 RAM | +| 2 GB - 8 GB | 等于 RAM 大小 | 2 倍 RAM | +| 8 GB - 64 GB | 0.5 倍 RAM | 1.5 倍 RAM | +| 大于 64 GB | 工作量相关 | 不建议休眠模式 | + + +在上面列出的每个范围之间的边界(例如，具有 2GB、8GB 或 64GB 的系统 RAM)，请根据所选 swap 空间和支持休眠功能请谨慎使用。如果你的系统资源允许，增加 swap 空间可能会带来更好的性能。 + +当然，大多数 Linux 管理员对多大的 swap 空间量有自己的想法。下面的表2包含了基于我在多种环境中的个人经历所做出的建议。这些可能不适合你，但是和表1一样，它们可能对你有所帮助。 + + +_表 2: 作者推荐的系统 swap 空间_ + +| RAM 大小 | 推荐 swap 空间 | +|---------------|------------------------| +| ≤ 2GB | 2X RAM | +| 2GB – 8GB | = RAM | +| >8GB | 8GB | + + +这两个表中共同点，随着 RAM 数量的增加，超过某一点增加更多 swap 空间只会导致在 swap 空间几乎被全部使用之前就发生频繁交换。根据以上建议，则应尽可能添加更多 RAM，而不是增加更多 swap 空间。如类似影响系统性能的情况一样，请使用最适合你的建议。根据 Linux 环境中的条件进行测试和更改是需要时间和精力的。 + + +### 向非 LVM 磁盘环境添加更多 swap 空间 + +面对已安装 Linux 的主机并对 swap 空间的需求不断变化，有时有必要修改系统定义的 swap 空间的大小。此过程可用于需要增加 swap 空间大小的任何情况。它假设有足够的可用磁盘空间。此过程还假设磁盘在 “raw” EXT4 和 swap 分区中分区，并且不使用逻辑卷 (LVM)。 + + + +要基本步骤很简单: + + 1. 关闭现有的 swap 空间。 + + 2. 创建所需大小的新 swap 分区。 + + 3. 重读分区表。 + + 4. 将分区配置为 swap 空间。 + + 5. 添加新分区到 /etc/fstab。 + + 6. 打开 swap 空间。 + + +不应需要重新启动机器。 + + +为了安全起见，在关闭 swap 空间前，至少你应该确保没有应用程序在运行，也没有 swap 空间在使用。`free` 或 `top` 命令可以告诉你 swap 空间是否在使用中。为了更安全，您可以恢复到运行级别1或单用户模式。 + +使用关闭所有 swap 空间的命令关闭 swap 分区: + +``` +swapoff -a + +``` + +现在查看硬盘上的现有分区。 + +``` +fdisk -l + +``` + +这将显示每个驱动器上的分区表。按编号标识当前的 swap 分区。 + + +使用以下命令在交互模式下启动 `fdisk`: + +``` +fdisk /dev/ + +``` + +例如: + +``` +fdisk /dev/sda + +``` + +此时，`fdisk` 是交互方式的，只在指定的磁盘驱动器上进行操作。 + +使用 fdisk `p` 子命令验证磁盘上是否有足够的可用空间来创建新的 swap 分区。硬盘上的空间以 512字节 以及起始和结束柱面编号的形式显示，因此您可能需要做一些计算来确定分配分区之间和末尾的可用空间。 + +使用 `n` 子命令创建新的交换分区。fdisk 会问你开始柱面。默认情况下，它选择编号最低的可用柱面。如果你想改变这一点，输入开始柱面的编号。 + +`fdisk` 命令允许你以多种格式输入分区的大小，包括最后一个柱面号或字节、KB 或 MB 的大小。键入 4000M ，这将在新分区上提供大约 4GB 的空间(例如)，然后按 Enter 键。 + +使用 `p` 子命令来验证分区是否按照指定的方式创建的。请注意，除非使用结束柱面编号，否则分区可能与你指定的不完全相同。`fdisk` 命令只能在整个柱面上增量的分配磁盘空间，因此你的分区可能比你指定的稍小或稍大。如果分区不是您想要的，你可以删除它并重新创建它。 + +现在指定新分区是 swap 分区了 。子命令 `t` 允许你指定定分区的类型。所以输入 `t`，指定分区号，当它要求十六进制分区类型时，输入82，这是Linux swap 分区类型，然后按 Enter。 + + +当你对创建的分区感到满意时，使用 `w` 子命令将新的分区表写入磁盘。`fdisk` 程序将退出，并在完成修改后的分区表的编写后返回命令提示符。当`fdisk` 完成写入新分区表时，会收到以下消息: + +``` +The partition table has been altered! +Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table. +WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy. +The kernel still uses the old table. +The new table will be used at the next reboot. +Syncing disks. +``` + + +此时，你使用 `partprobe` 命令强制内核重新读取分区表，这样就不需要执行重新启动机器。 + +``` +partprobe +``` + + +使用命令 `fdisk -l` 列出分区，新 swap 分区应该在列出的分区中。确保新的分区类型是 “Linux swap”。 + +修改 /etc/fstab 文件以指向新的 swap 分区。如下所示: + +``` +LABEL=SWAP-sdaX   swap        swap    defaults        0 0 + +``` + +其中 `X` 是分区号。根据新 swap 分区的位置，添加以下内容: + +``` +/dev/sdaY         swap        swap    defaults        0 0 + +``` + +请确保使用正确的分区号。现在，可以执行创建 swap 分区的最后一步。使用 `mkswap` 命令将分区定义为 swap 分区。 + +``` +mkswap /dev/sdaY + +``` + +最后一步是使用以下命令启用 swap 空间: + +``` +swapon -a + +``` + +你的新 swap 分区现在与以前存在的 swap 分区一起在线。您可以使用 `free` 或`top` 命令来验证这一点。 + +#### 在 LVM 磁盘环境中添加 swap 空间 + +如果你的磁盘使用 LVM ，更改 swap 空间将相当容易。同样，假设当前 swap 卷所在的卷组中有可用空间。默认情况下，LVM 环境中的 Fedora Linux 在安装过程将 swap 分区创建为逻辑卷。您可以非常简单地增加 swap 卷的大小。 + +以下是在 LVM 环境中增加 swap 空间大小的步骤: + + 1. 关闭所有 swap 。 + + 2. 增加指定用于 swap 的逻辑卷的大小。 + + 3. 为 swap 空间调整大小的卷配置。 + + 4. 启用 swap。 + + + +首先，让我们使用 `lvs` 命令(列出逻辑卷)来验证 swap 是否存在以及 swap 是否是逻辑卷。 + +``` +[root@studentvm1 ~]# lvs +  LV     VG                Attr       LSize  Pool   Origin Data%  Meta%  Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert +  home   fedora_studentvm1 -wi-ao----  2.00g                                                       +  pool00 fedora_studentvm1 twi-aotz--  2.00g               8.17   2.93                             +  root   fedora_studentvm1 Vwi-aotz--  2.00g pool00        8.17                                   +  swap   fedora_studentvm1 -wi-ao----  8.00g                                                       +  tmp    fedora_studentvm1 -wi-ao----  5.00g                                                       +  usr    fedora_studentvm1 -wi-ao---- 15.00g                                                       +  var    fedora_studentvm1 -wi-ao---- 10.00g                                                       +[root@studentvm1 ~]# +``` + +你可以看到当前的 swap 大小为 8GB。在这种情况下，我们希望将 2GB 添加到此 swap 卷中。首先，停止现有的 swap 。如果 swap 空间正在使用，终止正在运行的程序。 + + +``` +swapoff -a + +``` + +现在增加逻辑卷的大小。 + +``` +[root@studentvm1 ~]# lvextend -L +2G /dev/mapper/fedora_studentvm1-swap +  Size of logical volume fedora_studentvm1/swap changed from 8.00 GiB (2048 extents) to 10.00 GiB (2560 extents). +  Logical volume fedora_studentvm1/swap successfully resized. +[root@studentvm1 ~]# +``` + +运行 `mkswap` 命令将整个 10GB 分区变成 swap 空间。 + +``` +[root@studentvm1 ~]# mkswap /dev/mapper/fedora_studentvm1-swap +mkswap: /dev/mapper/fedora_studentvm1-swap: warning: wiping old swap signature. +Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 10 GiB (10737414144 bytes) +no label, UUID=3cc2bee0-e746-4b66-aa2d-1ea15ef1574a +[root@studentvm1 ~]# +``` + +重新启用 swap 。 + +``` +[root@studentvm1 ~]# swapon -a +[root@studentvm1 ~]# +``` + +现在，使用 `lsblk ` 命令验证新 swap 空间是否存在。同样，不需要重新启动机器。 + +``` +[root@studentvm1 ~]# lsblk +NAME                                 MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT +sda                                    8:0    0   60G  0 disk +|-sda1                                 8:1    0    1G  0 part /boot +`-sda2                                 8:2    0   59G  0 part +  |-fedora_studentvm1-pool00_tmeta   253:0    0    4M  0 lvm   +  | `-fedora_studentvm1-pool00-tpool 253:2    0    2G  0 lvm   +  |   |-fedora_studentvm1-root       253:3    0    2G  0 lvm  / +  |   `-fedora_studentvm1-pool00     253:6    0    2G  0 lvm   +  |-fedora_studentvm1-pool00_tdata   253:1    0    2G  0 lvm   +  | `-fedora_studentvm1-pool00-tpool 253:2    0    2G  0 lvm   +  |   |-fedora_studentvm1-root       253:3    0    2G  0 lvm  / +  |   `-fedora_studentvm1-pool00     253:6    0    2G  0 lvm   +  |-fedora_studentvm1-swap           253:4    0   10G  0 lvm  [SWAP] +  |-fedora_studentvm1-usr            253:5    0   15G  0 lvm  /usr +  |-fedora_studentvm1-home           253:7    0    2G  0 lvm  /home +  |-fedora_studentvm1-var            253:8    0   10G  0 lvm  /var +  `-fedora_studentvm1-tmp            253:9    0    5G  0 lvm  /tmp +sr0                                   11:0    1 1024M  0 rom   +[root@studentvm1 ~]# +``` + +您也可以使用`swapon -s` 命令或 `top` 、`free` 或其他几个命令来验证这一点。 + +``` +[root@studentvm1 ~]# free +              total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available +Mem:        4038808      382404     2754072        4152      902332     3404184 +Swap:      10485756           0    10485756 +[root@studentvm1 ~]# +``` + +请注意，不同的命令以不同的形式显示或要求输入设备文件。在 /dev 目录中访问特定设备有多种方式。在我的文章[Managing Devices in Linux][2] 中有更多关于 /dev 目录及其内容说明。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/18/9/swap-space-linux-systems + +作者：[David Both][a] +选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) +译者：[heguangzhi](https://github.com/heguangzhi) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/dboth +[1]: https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/fedora/f28/install-guide/ +[2]: https://opensource.com/article/16/11/managing-devices-linux From 36a2767495c2ae363913c247e72de0435c9385f1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Mon, 8 Oct 2018 22:03:54 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 175/219] PRF:20180123 Moving to Linux from dated Windows machines.md MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @bookug 恭喜你完成了第一篇翻译贡献！ --- ...ng to Linux from dated Windows machines.md | 38 ++++++------------- 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 26 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/talk/20180123 Moving to Linux from dated Windows machines.md b/translated/talk/20180123 Moving to Linux from dated Windows machines.md index b90a166a4d..a9e187ecc3 100644 --- a/translated/talk/20180123 Moving to Linux from dated Windows machines.md +++ b/translated/talk/20180123 Moving to Linux from dated Windows machines.md @@ -1,42 +1,30 @@ 从过时的 Windows 机器迁移到 Linux ====== +> 这是一个当老旧的 Windows 机器退役时，决定迁移到 Linux 的故事。 ![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/1980s-computer-yearbook.png?itok=eGOYEKK-) -每天当我在 ONLYOFFICE 的市场部门工作的时候，我都能看到 Linux 用户在网上讨论我们的办公效率软件。 -我们的产品在 Linux 用户中很受欢迎，这使得我对使用 Linux 作为日常工具的体验非常好奇。 -我的老旧的 Windows XP 机器在性能上非常差，因此我决定了解 Linux 系统（特别是 Ubuntu ）并且决定去尝试使用它。 -我的两个同事加入了我的计划。 +我在 ONLYOFFICE 的市场部门工作的每一天，我都能看到 Linux 用户在网上讨论我们的办公软件。我们的产品在 Linux 用户中很受欢迎，这使得我对使用 Linux 作为日常工具的体验非常好奇。我的老旧的 Windows XP 机器在性能上非常差，因此我决定了解 Linux 系统（特别是 Ubuntu）并且决定去尝试使用它。我的两个同事也加入了我的计划。 ### 为何选择 Linux ？ -我们必须做出改变，首先，我们的老系统在性能方面不够用：我们经历过频繁的崩溃，每当超过两个应用在运行机器就会负载过度，关闭机器时有一半的几率冻结等等。 -这很容易让我们从工作中分心，意味着我们没有我们应有的工作效率了。 +我们必须做出改变，首先，我们的老系统在性能方面不够用：我们经历过频繁的崩溃，每当运行超过两个应用时，机器就会负载过度，关闭机器时有一半的几率冻结等等。这很容易让我们从工作中分心，意味着我们没有我们应有的工作效率了。 -升级到 Windows 更新的版本也是一种选择，但这样可能会带来额外的开销，而且我们的软件本身也是要与 Microsoft 的办公软件竞争。 -因此我们在这方面也存在意识形态的问题。 +升级到 Windows 的新版本也是一种选择，但这样可能会带来额外的开销，而且我们的软件本身也是要与 Microsoft 的办公软件竞争。因此我们在这方面也存在意识形态的问题。 -其次，就像我之前提过的， ONLYOFFICE 产品在 Linux 社区内非常受欢迎。 -通过阅读 Linux 用户在使用我们的软件时的体验，我们也对加入他们很感兴趣。 +其次，就像我之前提过的， ONLYOFFICE 产品在 Linux 社区内非常受欢迎。通过阅读 Linux 用户在使用我们的软件时的体验，我们也对加入他们很感兴趣。 -在我们要求转换到 Linux 系统一周后，我们拿到了崭新的装好了 [Kubuntu][1] 的机器。 -我们选择了 16.04 版本，因为这个版本支持 KDE Plasma 5.5 和包括 Dolphin 在内的很多 KDE 应用，同时也包括 LibreOffice 5.1 和 Firefox 45 。 +在我们要求转换到 Linux 系统一周后，我们拿到了崭新的装好了 [Kubuntu][1] 的机器。我们选择了 16.04 版本，因为这个版本支持 KDE Plasma 5.5 和包括 Dolphin 在内的很多 KDE 应用，同时也包括 LibreOffice 5.1 和 Firefox 45 。 ### Linux 让人喜欢的地方 -我相信 Linux 最大的优势是它的运行速度，比如，从按下机器的电源按钮到开始工作只需要几秒钟时间。 -从一开始，一切看起来都超乎寻常地快：总体的响应速度，图形界面，甚至包括系统更新的速度。 +我相信 Linux 最大的优势是它的运行速度，比如，从按下机器的电源按钮到开始工作只需要几秒钟时间。从一开始，一切看起来都超乎寻常地快：总体的响应速度，图形界面，甚至包括系统更新的速度。 -另一个使我惊奇的事情是跟 Windows 相比， Linux 几乎能让你配置任何东西，包括整个桌面的外观。 -在设置里面，我发现了如何修改各种栏目、按钮和字体的颜色和形状，也可以重新布置任意桌面组件的位置，组合桌面的小工具（甚至包括漫画和颜色选择器） -我相信我还仅仅只是了解了基本的选项，之后还需要探索这个系统更多著名的定制化选项。 +另一个使我惊奇的事情是跟 Windows 相比， Linux 几乎能让你配置任何东西，包括整个桌面的外观。在设置里面，我发现了如何修改各种栏目、按钮和字体的颜色和形状，也可以重新布置任意桌面组件的位置，组合桌面小工具（甚至包括漫画和颜色选择器）。我相信我还仅仅只是了解了基本的选项，之后还需要探索这个系统更多著名的定制化选项。 -Linux 发行版通常是一个非常安全的环境。 -人们很少在 Linux 系统中使用防病毒的软件，因为很少有人会写病毒程序来攻击 Linux 系统。 -因此你可以拥有很好的系统速度，并且节省了时间和金钱。 +Linux 发行版通常是一个非常安全的环境。人们很少在 Linux 系统中使用防病毒的软件，因为很少有人会写病毒程序来攻击 Linux 系统。因此你可以拥有很好的系统速度，并且节省了时间和金钱。 -总之， Linux 已经改变了我们的日常生活，用一系列的新选项和功能大大震惊了我们。 -仅仅通过短时间的使用，我们已经可以给它总结出以下特性： +总之， Linux 已经改变了我们的日常生活，用一系列的新选项和功能大大震惊了我们。仅仅通过短时间的使用，我们已经可以给它总结出以下特性： * 操作很快很顺畅 * 高度可定制 @@ -45,9 +33,7 @@ Linux 发行版通常是一个非常安全的环境。 * 安全可靠 * 对所有想改变工作场所的人来说都是一次绝佳的体验 -你已经从 Windows 或 MacOS 系统换到 Kubuntu 或其他 Linux 变种了么？ -或者你是否正在考虑做出改变？ -请分享你想要采用 Linux 系统的原因，连同你对开源的印象一起写在评论中。 +你已经从 Windows 或 MacOS 系统换到 Kubuntu 或其他 Linux 变种了么？或者你是否正在考虑做出改变？请分享你想要采用 Linux 系统的原因，连同你对开源的印象一起写在评论中。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -55,7 +41,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/18/1/move-to-linux-old-windows 作者：[Michael Korotaev][a] 译者：[bookug](https://github.com/bookug) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From c101336d1f5e938ef4f0bf2cb052226131e1021e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Mon, 8 Oct 2018 22:04:59 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 176/219] PUB:20180123 Moving to Linux from dated Windows machines.md MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @bookug 本文首发地址： https://linux.cn/article-10093-1.html 您的 LCTT 专页地址： https://linux.cn/lctt/bookug 请到 LCTT 平台注册领取 LCCN ： https://lctt.linux.cn/ --- .../20180123 Moving to Linux from dated Windows machines.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translated/talk => published}/20180123 Moving to Linux from dated Windows machines.md (100%) diff --git a/translated/talk/20180123 Moving to Linux from dated Windows machines.md b/published/20180123 Moving to Linux from dated Windows machines.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/talk/20180123 Moving to Linux from dated Windows machines.md rename to published/20180123 Moving to Linux from dated Windows machines.md From e0bb162d4fc03f3969849b5336bc79c6b244eb6b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Mon, 8 Oct 2018 22:49:09 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 177/219] PRF:20180803 5 Essential Tools for Linux Development.md @HankChow --- ...5 Essential Tools for Linux Development.md | 38 ++++++++----------- 1 file changed, 16 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180803 5 Essential Tools for Linux Development.md b/translated/tech/20180803 5 Essential Tools for Linux Development.md index dcb3b3b63e..0f2f26c18a 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20180803 5 Essential Tools for Linux Development.md +++ b/translated/tech/20180803 5 Essential Tools for Linux Development.md @@ -1,57 +1,52 @@ Linux 开发的五大必备工具 ====== +> Linux 上的开发工具如此之多，以至于会担心找不到恰好适合你的。 ![](https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/dev-tools.png?itok=kkDNylRg) -Linux 已经成为工作、娱乐和个人生活等多个领域的支柱，人们已经越来越离不开它。在 Linux 的帮助下，技术的发展速度超出了人们的想象，Linux 开发的速度也以指数规模增长。因此，越来越多的开发者也不断地加入开源和学习 Linux 开发地潮流当中。在这个过程之中，合适的工具是必不可少的，可喜的是，随着 Linux 的发展，大量适用于 Linux 的开发工具也不断成熟。甚至可以说，这样的工具已经多得有点惊人。 +Linux 已经成为工作、娱乐和个人生活等多个领域的支柱，人们已经越来越离不开它。在 Linux 的帮助下，技术的变革速度超出了人们的想象，Linux 开发的速度也以指数规模增长。因此，越来越多的开发者也不断地加入开源和学习 Linux 开发地潮流当中。在这个过程之中，合适的工具是必不可少的，可喜的是，随着 Linux 的发展，大量适用于 Linux 的开发工具也不断成熟。甚至可以说，这样的工具已经多得有点惊人。 为了选择更合适自己的开发工具，缩小选择范围是很必要的。但是这篇文章并不会要求你必须使用某个工具，而只是缩小到五个工具类别，然后对每个类别提供一个例子。然而，对于大多数类别，都会有不止一种选择。下面我们来看一下。 ### 容器 -放眼于现实，现在已经是容器的时代了。容器既容易进行部署，又可以方便地构建开发环境。如果你针对的是特定的平台的开发，将开发流程所需要的各种工具都创建到容器映像中是一种很好的方法，只要使用这一个容器映像，就能够快速启动大量运行所需服务的实例。 +放眼于现实，现在已经是容器的时代了。容器既及其容易部署，又可以方便地构建开发环境。如果你针对的是特定的平台的开发，将开发流程所需要的各种工具都创建到容器映像中是一种很好的方法，只要使用这一个容器映像，就能够快速启动大量运行所需服务的实例。 一个使用容器的最佳范例是使用 [Docker][1]，使用容器（或 Docker）有这些好处： * 开发环境保持一致 - * 部署后即可运行 - * 易于跨平台部署 - * Docker 映像适用于多种开发环境和语言 - * 部署单个容器或容器集群都并不繁琐 - - -通过 [Docker Hub][2]，几乎可以找到适用于任何平台、任何开发环境、任何服务器，任何服务的映像，几乎可以满足任何一种需求。使用 Docker Hub 中的映像，就相当于免除了搭建开发环境的步骤，可以直接开始开发应用程序、服务器、API 或服务。 +通过 [Docker Hub][2]，几乎可以找到适用于任何平台、任何开发环境、任何服务器、任何服务的映像，几乎可以满足任何一种需求。使用 Docker Hub 中的映像，就相当于免除了搭建开发环境的步骤，可以直接开始开发应用程序、服务器、API 或服务。 Docker 在所有 Linux 平台上都很容易安装，例如可以通过终端输入以下命令在 Ubuntu 上安装 Docker： + ``` sudo apt-get install docker.io - ``` Docker 安装完毕后，就可以从 Docker 仓库中拉取映像，然后开始开发和部署了（如下图）。 ![Docker images][4] - +*图 1： Docker 镜像准备部署* ### 版本控制工具 -如果你正在开发一个巨大的项目，又或者参与团队开发，版本控制工具是必不可少的，它可以用于记录代码变更、提交代码以及合并代码。如果没有这样的工具，项目几乎无法妥善管理。在 Linux 系统上，[Git][6] 和 [GitHub][7] 的易用性和流行程度是其它版本控制工具无法比拟的。如果你对 Git 和 GitHub 还不太熟悉，可以简单理解为 Git 是在本地计算机上安装的版本控制系统，而 GitHub 则是用于上传和管理项目的远程存储库。 Git 可以安装在大多数的 Linux 发行版上。例如在基于 Debian 的系统上，只需要通过以下这一条简单的命令就可以安装： +如果你正在开发一个大型项目，又或者参与团队开发，版本控制工具是必不可少的，它可以用于记录代码变更、提交代码以及合并代码。如果没有这样的工具，项目几乎无法妥善管理。在 Linux 系统上，[Git][6] 和 [GitHub][7] 的易用性和流行程度是其它版本控制工具无法比拟的。如果你对 Git 和 GitHub 还不太熟悉，可以简单理解为 Git 是在本地计算机上安装的版本控制系统，而 GitHub 则是用于上传和管理项目的远程存储库。 Git 可以安装在大多数的 Linux 发行版上。例如在基于 Debian 的系统上，只需要通过以下这一条简单的命令就可以安装： + ``` sudo apt-get install git - ``` 安装完毕后，就可以使用 Git 来实施版本控制了（如下图）。 ![Git installed][9] - +*图 2：Git 已经安装，可以用于很多重要任务* Github 会要求用户创建一个帐户。用户可以免费使用 GitHub 来管理非商用项目，当然也可以使用 GitHub 的付费模式（更多相关信息，可以参阅[价格矩阵][10]）。 @@ -63,23 +58,23 @@ Github 会要求用户创建一个帐户。用户可以免费使用 GitHub 来 ![Bluefish][13] - +*图 3：运行在 Ubuntu 18.04 上的 Bluefish* ### IDE -集成开发环境（Integrated Development Environment, IDE）是包含一整套全面的工具、可以实现一站式功能的开发环境。 开发者除了可以使用 IDE 编写代码，还可以编写文档和构建软件。在 Linux 上也有很多适用的 IDE，其中 [Geany][14] 就包含在标准软件库中，它对用户非常友好，功能也相当强大。 Geany 具有语法高亮、代码折叠、自动完成，构建代码片段、自动关闭 XML 和 HTML 标签、调用提示、支持多种文件类型、符号列表、代码导航、构建编译，简单的项目管理和内置的插件系统等强大功能。 +集成开发环境Integrated Development Environment（IDE）是包含一整套全面的工具、可以实现一站式功能的开发环境。 开发者除了可以使用 IDE 编写代码，还可以编写文档和构建软件。在 Linux 上也有很多适用的 IDE，其中 [Geany][14] 就包含在标准软件库中，它对用户非常友好，功能也相当强大。 Geany 具有语法高亮、代码折叠、自动完成，构建代码片段、自动关闭 XML 和 HTML 标签、调用提示、支持多种文件类型、符号列表、代码导航、构建编译，简单的项目管理和内置的插件系统等强大功能。 Geany 也能在系统上轻松安装，例如执行以下命令在基于 Debian 的 Linux 发行版上安装 Geany： + ``` sudo apt-get install geany - ``` 安装完毕后，就可以快速上手这个易用且强大的 IDE 了（如下图）。 ![Geany][16] - +*图 4：Geany 可以作为你的 IDE* ### 文本比较工具 @@ -89,19 +84,18 @@ Meld 可以打开两个文件进行比较，并突出显示文件之间的差异 ![Comparing two files][19] +*图 5： 以简单差异的模式比较两个文件* +Meld 也可以通过大多数标准的软件库安装，在基于 Debian 的系统上，执行以下命令就可以安装： -Meld 也可以通过标准软件如安装，在基于 Debian 的系统上，执行以下命令就可以安装： ``` sudo apt-get install meld - ``` ### 高效地工作 以上提到的五个工具除了帮助你完成工作，而且有助于提高效率。尽管适用于 Linux 开发者的工具有很多，但对于以上几个类别，你最好分别使用一个对应的工具。 - -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: https://www.linux.com/learn/intro-to-linux/2018/8/5-essential-tools-linux-development @@ -109,7 +103,7 @@ via: https://www.linux.com/learn/intro-to-linux/2018/8/5-essential-tools-linux-d 作者：[Jack Wallen][a] 选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) 译者：[HankChow](https://github.com/HankChow) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 5282d11aa156d0a1a8048badda6805602bf5e5e5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Mon, 8 Oct 2018 22:49:45 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 178/219] PUB:20180803 5 Essential Tools for Linux Development.md @HankChow https://linux.cn/article-10094-1.html --- .../20180803 5 Essential Tools for Linux Development.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20180803 5 Essential Tools for Linux Development.md (100%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180803 5 Essential Tools for Linux Development.md b/published/20180803 5 Essential Tools for Linux Development.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/tech/20180803 5 Essential Tools for Linux Development.md rename to published/20180803 5 Essential Tools for Linux Development.md From 0b9de23fbe6a829819446b903df1f087fa12e11e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Liang Chen Date: Mon, 8 Oct 2018 23:39:01 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 179/219] translated by Flowsnow --- ...eautiful And Cross-platform Podcast App.md | 114 ------------------ ...eautiful And Cross-platform Podcast App.md | 108 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 108 insertions(+), 114 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20180924 A Simple, Beautiful And Cross-platform Podcast App.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20180924 A Simple, Beautiful And Cross-platform Podcast App.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20180924 A Simple, Beautiful And Cross-platform Podcast App.md b/sources/tech/20180924 A Simple, Beautiful And Cross-platform Podcast App.md deleted file mode 100644 index 628a805144..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20180924 A Simple, Beautiful And Cross-platform Podcast App.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,114 +0,0 @@ -translating by Flowsnow - -A Simple, Beautiful And Cross-platform Podcast App -====== - -![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/cpod-720x340.png) - -Podcasts have become very popular in the last few years. Podcasts are what’s called “infotainment”, they are generally light-hearted, but they generally give you valuable information. Podcasts have blown up in the last few years, and if you like something, chances are there is a podcast about it. There are a lot of podcast players out there for the Linux desktop, but if you want something that is visually beautiful, has slick animations, and works on every platform, there aren’t a lot of alternatives to **CPod**. CPod (formerly known as **Cumulonimbus** ) is an open source and slickest podcast app that works on Linux, MacOS and Windows. - -CPod runs on something called **Electron** – a tool that allows developers to build cross-platform (E.g Windows, MacOs and Linux) desktop GUI applications. In this brief guide, we will be discussing – how to install and use CPod podcast app in Linux. - -### Installing CPod - -Go to the [**releases page**][1] of CPod. Download and Install the binary for your platform of choice. If you use Ubuntu/Debian, you can just download and install the .deb file from the releases page as shown below. - -``` -$ wget https://github.com/z-------------/CPod/releases/download/v1.25.7/CPod_1.25.7_amd64.deb - -$ sudo apt update - -$ sudo apt install gdebi - -$ sudo gdebi CPod_1.25.7_amd64.deb -``` - -If you use any other distribution, you probably should use the **AppImage** in the releases page. - -Download the AppImage file from the releases page. - -Open your terminal, and go to the directory where the AppImage file has been stored. Change the permissions to allow execution: - -``` -$ chmod +x CPod-1.25.7-x86_64.AppImage -``` - -Execute the AppImage File: - -``` -$ ./CPod-1.25.7-x86_64.AppImage -``` - -You’ll be presented a dialog asking whether to integrate the app with the system. Click **Yes** if you want to do so. - -### Features - -**Explore Tab** - -![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/CPod-features-tab.png) - -CPod uses the Apple iTunes database to find podcasts. This is good, because the iTunes database is the biggest one out there. If there is a podcast out there, chances are it’s on iTunes. To find podcasts, just use the top search bar in the Explore section. The Explore Section also shows a few popular podcasts. - -**Home Tab** - -![](http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/CPod-home-tab.png) - -The Home Tab is the tab that opens by default when you open the app. The Home Tab shows a chronological list of all the episodes of all the podcasts that you have subscribed to. - -From the home tab, you can: - - 1. Mark episodes read. - 2. Download them for offline playing - 3. Add them to the queue. - -![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/The-podcasts-queue.png) - -**Subscriptions Tab** - -![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/CPod-subscriptions-tab.png) - -You can of course, subscribe to podcasts that you like. A few other things you can do in the Subscriptions Tab is: - - 1. Refresh Podcast Artwork - 2. Export and Import Subscriptions to/from an .OPML file. - - - -**The Player** - -![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/CPod-Podcast-Player.png) - -The player is perhaps the most beautiful part of CPod. The app changes the overall look and feel according to the banner of the podcast. There’s a sound visualiser at the bottom. To the right, you can see and search for other episodes of this podcast. - -**Cons/Missing Features** - -While I love this app, there are a few features and disadvantages that CPod does have: - - 1. Poor MPRIS Integration – You can play/pause the podcast from the media player dialog of your desktop environment, but not much more. The name of the podcast is not shown, and you can go to the next/previous episode. - 2. No support for chapters. - 3. No auto-downloading – you have to manually download episodes. - 4. CPU usage during use is pretty high (even for an Electron app). - - - -### Verdict - -While it does have its cons, CPod is clearly the most aesthetically pleasing podcast player app out there, and it has most basic features down. If you love using visually beautiful apps, and don’t need the advanced features, this is the perfect app for you. I know for a fact that I’m going to use it. - -Do you like CPod? Please put your opinions on the comments below! - - - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.ostechnix.com/cpod-a-simple-beautiful-and-cross-platform-podcast-app/ - -作者：[EDITOR][a] -选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/editor/ -[1]: https://github.com/z-------------/CPod/releases diff --git a/translated/tech/20180924 A Simple, Beautiful And Cross-platform Podcast App.md b/translated/tech/20180924 A Simple, Beautiful And Cross-platform Podcast App.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..1fdba14a5f --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20180924 A Simple, Beautiful And Cross-platform Podcast App.md @@ -0,0 +1,108 @@ +一个简单，美观和跨平台的播客应用程序 +====== + +![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/cpod-720x340.png) + +播客在过去几年中变得非常流行。 播客就是所谓的“信息娱乐”，它们通常是轻松的，但它通常会为你提供有价值的信息。 播客在过去几年中已经非常火爆了，如果你喜欢某些东西，很可能存在一个相关的播客。 Linux 桌面版上有很多播客播放器，但是如果你想要一些视觉上美观，有光滑动画并且可以在每个平台上运行的东西，那就并没有很多替代品可以替代 **CPod** 了。 CPod（以前称为 **Cumulonimbus**）是一个开源的最简单的播客应用程序，适用于 Linux，MacOS 和 Windows。 + +CPod 运行在一个名为 **Electron** 的东西上 - 这个工具允许开发人员构建跨平台（例如 Windows，MacOs 和 Linux）的桌面图形化应用程序。 在本简要指南中，我们将讨论如何在 Linux 中安装和使用 CPod 播客应用程序。 + +### 安装 CPod + +转到 CPod 的[**发布页面**][1]。 下载并安装所选平台的二进制文件。 如果你使用 Ubuntu / Debian，你只需从发布页面下载并安装 .deb 文件，如下所示。 + +``` +$ wget https://github.com/z-------------/CPod/releases/download/v1.25.7/CPod_1.25.7_amd64.deb + +$ sudo apt update + +$ sudo apt install gdebi + +$ sudo gdebi CPod_1.25.7_amd64.deb +``` + +如果你使用任何其他发行版，你可能需要在发行版页面中使用 **AppImage**。 + +从发布页面下载 AppImage 文件。 + +打开终端，然后转到存储 AppImage 文件的目录。 更改权限以允许执行： + +``` +$ chmod +x CPod-1.25.7-x86_64.AppImage +``` + +执行 AppImage 文件： + +``` +$ ./CPod-1.25.7-x86_64.AppImage +``` + +你将看到一个对话框询问是否将应用程序与系统集成。 如果要执行此操作，请单击**是**。 + +### 特征 + +**探索标签页** + +![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/CPod-features-tab.png) + +CPod 使用 Apple iTunes 数据库查找播客。 这很好，因为 iTunes 数据库是最大的数据库。 如果那里有一个播客，很可能是在 iTunes 上。 要查找播客，只需使用探索部分中的顶部搜索栏即可。 探索部分还展示了一些受欢迎的播客。 + +**主标签页** + +![](http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/CPod-home-tab.png) + +主标签页在打开应用程序时是默认打开的。 主标签页显示你已订阅的所有播客的所有剧集的时间顺序列表。 + +在主页选项卡中，你可以： + +1. 标记剧集阅读。 +2. 下载它们进行离线播放 +3. 将它们添加到播放队列中。 + +![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/The-podcasts-queue.png) + +**订阅标签页** + +![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/CPod-subscriptions-tab.png) + +你当然可以订阅你喜欢的播客。 你可以在订阅标签页中执行的其他一些操作是： + +1.刷新播客艺术作品 +2.导出订阅到 .OPML 文件中，从 .OPML 文件中导入订阅。 + + +**播放器** + +![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/CPod-Podcast-Player.png) + +播放器可能是 CPod 最美观的部分。 该应用程序根据播客的横幅更改整体外观。 底部有一个声音可视化器。 在右侧，你可以查看和搜索此播客的其他剧集。 + +**缺点/缺失功能** + +虽然我喜欢这个应用程序，但 CPod 确实有一些特性和缺点： + +1. 可怜的 MPRIS 集成 - 你可以从桌面环境的媒体播放器对话框中播放或者暂停播客，但这是不够的。 播客的名称未显示，你可以转到下一个或者上一个剧集。 +2. 不支持章节。 +3. 没有自动下载 - 你必须手动下载剧集。 +4. 使用过程中的 CPU 使用率非常高（即使对于 Electron 应用程序）。 + + +### Verdict + +虽然它确实有它的缺点，但 CPod 显然是最美观的播客播放器应用程序，并且它具有最基本的功能。 如果你喜欢使用视觉上美观的应用程序，并且不需要高级功能，那么这就是你的完美款 app。 我知道我马上就要使用它。 + +你喜欢 CPod 吗？ 请将你的意见发表在下面的评论中。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.ostechnix.com/cpod-a-simple-beautiful-and-cross-platform-podcast-app/ + +作者：[EDITOR][a] +选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) +译者：[Flowsnow](https://github.com/Flowsnow) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/editor/ +[1]: https://github.com/z-------------/CPod/releases \ No newline at end of file From 4b520853d3395164f40791d48eb7a8de5bed549b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Liang Chen Date: Tue, 9 Oct 2018 00:37:22 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 180/219] translated by Flowsnow --- ...ython library for data science projects.md | 260 ------------------ ...ython library for data science projects.md | 238 ++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 238 insertions(+), 260 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20180926 How to use the Scikit-learn Python library for data science projects.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20180926 How to use the Scikit-learn Python library for data science projects.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20180926 How to use the Scikit-learn Python library for data science projects.md b/sources/tech/20180926 How to use the Scikit-learn Python library for data science projects.md deleted file mode 100644 index e8b108720e..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20180926 How to use the Scikit-learn Python library for data science projects.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,260 +0,0 @@ -translating by Flowsnow - -How to use the Scikit-learn Python library for data science projects -====== - -![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/brain_data.png?itok=RH6NA32X) - -The Scikit-learn Python library, initially released in 2007, is commonly used in solving machine learning and data science problems—from the beginning to the end. The versatile library offers an uncluttered, consistent, and efficient API and thorough online documentation. - -### What is Scikit-learn? - -[Scikit-learn][1] is an open source Python library that has powerful tools for data analysis and data mining. It's available under the BSD license and is built on the following machine learning libraries: - - * **NumPy** , a library for manipulating multi-dimensional arrays and matrices. It also has an extensive compilation of mathematical functions for performing various calculations. - * **SciPy** , an ecosystem consisting of various libraries for completing technical computing tasks. - * **Matplotlib** , a library for plotting various charts and graphs. - - - -Scikit-learn offers an extensive range of built-in algorithms that make the most of data science projects. - -Here are the main ways the Scikit-learn library is used. - -#### 1. Classification - -The [classification][2] tools identify the category associated with provided data. For example, they can be used to categorize email messages as either spam or not. - - * Support vector machines (SVMs) - * Nearest neighbors - * Random forest - - - -#### 2. Regression - -Classification algorithms in Scikit-learn include: - -Regression involves creating a model that tries to comprehend the relationship between input and output data. For example, regression tools can be used to understand the behavior of stock prices. - -Regression algorithms include: - - * SVMs - * Ridge regression - * Lasso - - - -#### 3. Clustering - -The Scikit-learn clustering tools are used to automatically group data with the same characteristics into sets. For example, customer data can be segmented based on their localities. - -Clustering algorithms include: - - * K-means - * Spectral clustering - * Mean-shift - - - -#### 4. Dimensionality reduction - -Dimensionality reduction lowers the number of random variables for analysis. For example, to increase the efficiency of visualizations, outlying data may not be considered. - -Dimensionality reduction algorithms include: - - * Principal component analysis (PCA) - * Feature selection - * Non-negative matrix factorization - - - -#### 5. Model selection - -Model selection algorithms offer tools to compare, validate, and select the best parameters and models to use in your data science projects. - -Model selection modules that can deliver enhanced accuracy through parameter tuning include: - - * Grid search - * Cross-validation - * Metrics - - - -#### 6. Preprocessing - -The Scikit-learn preprocessing tools are important in feature extraction and normalization during data analysis. For example, you can use these tools to transform input data—such as text—and apply their features in your analysis. - -Preprocessing modules include: - - * Preprocessing - * Feature extraction - - - -### A Scikit-learn library example - -Let's use a simple example to illustrate how you can use the Scikit-learn library in your data science projects. - -We'll use the [Iris flower dataset][3], which is incorporated in the Scikit-learn library. The Iris flower dataset contains 150 details about three flower species: - - * Setosa—labeled 0 - * Versicolor—labeled 1 - * Virginica—labeled 2 - - - -The dataset includes the following characteristics of each flower species (in centimeters): - - * Sepal length - * Sepal width - * Petal length - * Petal width - - - -#### Step 1: Importing the library - -Since the Iris dataset is included in the Scikit-learn data science library, we can load it into our workspace as follows: - -``` -from sklearn import datasets -iris = datasets.load_iris() -``` - -These commands import the **datasets** module from **sklearn** , then use the **load_digits()** method from **datasets** to include the data in the workspace. - -#### Step 2: Getting dataset characteristics - -The **datasets** module contains several methods that make it easier to get acquainted with handling data. - -In Scikit-learn, a dataset refers to a dictionary-like object that has all the details about the data. The data is stored using the **.data** key, which is an array list. - -For instance, we can utilize **iris.data** to output information about the Iris flower dataset. - -``` -print(iris.data) -``` - -Here is the output (the results have been truncated): - -``` -[[5.1 3.5 1.4 0.2] - [4.9 3.  1.4 0.2] - [4.7 3.2 1.3 0.2] - [4.6 3.1 1.5 0.2] - [5.  3.6 1.4 0.2] - [5.4 3.9 1.7 0.4] - [4.6 3.4 1.4 0.3] - [5.  3.4 1.5 0.2] - [4.4 2.9 1.4 0.2] - [4.9 3.1 1.5 0.1] - [5.4 3.7 1.5 0.2] - [4.8 3.4 1.6 0.2] - [4.8 3.  1.4 0.1] - [4.3 3.  1.1 0.1] - [5.8 4.  1.2 0.2] - [5.7 4.4 1.5 0.4] - [5.4 3.9 1.3 0.4] - [5.1 3.5 1.4 0.3] -``` - -Let's also use **iris.target** to give us information about the different labels of the flowers. - -``` -print(iris.target) -``` - -Here is the output: - -``` -[0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - 2 2] - -``` - -If we use **iris.target_names** , we'll output an array of the names of the labels found in the dataset. - -``` -print(iris.target_names) -``` - -Here is the result after running the Python code: - -``` -['setosa' 'versicolor' 'virginica'] -``` - -#### Step 3: Visualizing the dataset - -We can use the [box plot][4] to produce a visual depiction of the Iris flower dataset. The box plot illustrates how the data is distributed over the plane through their quartiles. - -Here's how to achieve this: - -``` -import seaborn as sns -box_data = iris.data #variable representing the data array -box_target = iris.target #variable representing the labels array -sns.boxplot(data = box_data,width=0.5,fliersize=5) -sns.set(rc={'figure.figsize':(2,15)}) -``` - -Let's see the result: - -![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/scikit_boxplot.png) - -On the horizontal axis: - - * 0 is sepal length - * 1 is sepal width - * 2 is petal length - * 3 is petal width - - - -The vertical axis is dimensions in centimeters. - -### Wrapping up - -Here is the entire code for this simple Scikit-learn data science tutorial. - -``` -from sklearn import datasets -iris = datasets.load_iris() -print(iris.data) -print(iris.target) -print(iris.target_names) -import seaborn as sns -box_data = iris.data #variable representing the data array -box_target = iris.target #variable representing the labels array -sns.boxplot(data = box_data,width=0.5,fliersize=5) -sns.set(rc={'figure.figsize':(2,15)}) -``` - -Scikit-learn is a versatile Python library you can use to efficiently complete data science projects. - -If you want to learn more, check out the tutorials on [LiveEdu][5], such as Andrey Bulezyuk's video on using the Scikit-learn library to create a [machine learning application][6]. - -Do you have any questions or comments? Feel free to share them below. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://opensource.com/article/18/9/how-use-scikit-learn-data-science-projects - -作者：[Dr.Michael J.Garbade][a] -选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://opensource.com/users/drmjg -[1]: http://scikit-learn.org/stable/index.html -[2]: https://blog.liveedu.tv/regression-versus-classification-machine-learning-whats-the-difference/ -[3]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iris_flower_data_set -[4]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_plot -[5]: https://www.liveedu.tv/guides/data-science/ -[6]: https://www.liveedu.tv/andreybu/REaxr-machine-learning-model-python-sklearn-kera/oPGdP-machine-learning-model-python-sklearn-kera/ diff --git a/translated/tech/20180926 How to use the Scikit-learn Python library for data science projects.md b/translated/tech/20180926 How to use the Scikit-learn Python library for data science projects.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..6f94cb8327 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20180926 How to use the Scikit-learn Python library for data science projects.md @@ -0,0 +1,238 @@ +如何将Scikit-learn Python库用于数据科学项目 +====== + +![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/brain_data.png?itok=RH6NA32X) + +Scikit-learn Python库最初于2007年发布，从头到尾都通常用于解决机器学习和数据科学问题。 多功能库提供整洁，一致，高效的API和全面的在线文档。 + +### 什么是Scikit-learn？ + +[Scikit-learn][1]是一个开源Python库，拥有强大的数据分析和数据挖掘工具。 在BSD许可下可用，并建立在以下机器学习库上： + +- **NumPy**，一个用于操作多维数组和矩阵的库。 它还具有广泛的数学函数汇集，可用于执行各种计算。 +- **SciPy**，一个由各种库组成的生态系统，用于完成技术计算任务。 +- **Matplotlib**，一个用于绘制各种图表和图形的库。 + +Scikit-learn提供了广泛的内置算法，可以充分用于数据科学项目。 + +以下是使用Scikit-learn库的主要方法。 + +#### 1. 分类 + +[分类][2]工具识别与提供的数据相关联的类别。 例如，它们可用于将电子邮件分类为垃圾邮件或非垃圾邮件。 + +Scikit-learn中的分类算法包括： + +- 支持向量机（SVM） +- 最邻近 +- 随机森林 + +#### 2. 回归 + +回归涉及到创建一个模型去试图理解输入和输出数据之间的关系。 例如，回归工具可用于了解股票价格的行为。 + +回归算法包括： + +- SVM +- 岭回归Ridge regression +- Lasso（LCTT译者注：Lasso 即 least absolute shrinkage and selection operator，又译最小绝对值收敛和选择算子、套索算法） + +#### 3. 聚类 + +Scikit-learn聚类工具用于自动将具有相同特征的数据分组。 例如，可以根据客户数据的地点对客户数据进行细分。 + +聚类算法包括： + +- K-means +- 谱聚类Spectral clustering +- Mean-shift + +#### 4. 降维 + +降维降低了用于分析的随机变量的数量。 例如，为了提高可视化效率，可能不会考虑外围数据。 + +降维算法包括： + +- 主成分分析Principal component analysis（PCA） +- 功能选择Feature selection +- 非负矩阵分解Non-negative matrix factorization + +#### 5. 模型选择 + +模型选择算法提供了用于比较，验证和选择要在数据科学项目中使用的最佳参数和模型的工具。 + +通过参数调整能够增强精度的模型选择模块包括： + +- 网格搜索Grid search +- 交叉验证Cross-validation +- 指标Metrics + +#### 6. 预处理 + +Scikit-learn预处理工具在数据分析期间的特征提取和规范化中非常重要。 例如，您可以使用这些工具转换输入数据（如文本）并在分析中应用其特征。 + +预处理模块包括： + +- 预处理 +- 特征提取 + +### Scikit-learn库示例 + +让我们用一个简单的例子来说明如何在数据科学项目中使用Scikit-learn库。 + +我们将使用[鸢尾花花卉数据集][3]，该数据集包含在Scikit-learn库中。 鸢尾花数据集包含有关三种花种的150个细节，三种花种分别为： + +- Setosa-标记为0 +- Versicolor-标记为1 +- Virginica-标记为2 + +数据集包括每种花种的以下特征（以厘米为单位）： + +- 萼片长度 +- 萼片宽度 +- 花瓣长度 +- 花瓣宽度 + +#### 第1步：导入库 + +由于Iris数据集包含在Scikit-learn数据科学库中，我们可以将其加载到我们的工作区中，如下所示： + +``` +from sklearn import datasets +iris = datasets.load_iris() +``` + +这些命令从**sklearn**导入数据集**datasets**模块，然后使用**datasets**中的**load_iris()**方法将数据包含在工作空间中。 + +#### 第2步：获取数据集特征 + +数据集**datasets**模块包含几种方法，使您更容易熟悉处理数据。 + +在Scikit-learn中，数据集指的是类似字典的对象，其中包含有关数据的所有详细信息。 使用**.data**键存储数据，该数据列是一个数组列表。 + +例如，我们可以利用**iris.data**输出有关Iris花卉数据集的信息。 + +``` +print(iris.data) +``` + +这是输出（结果已被截断）： + +``` +[[5.1 3.5 1.4 0.2] + [4.9 3.  1.4 0.2] + [4.7 3.2 1.3 0.2] + [4.6 3.1 1.5 0.2] + [5.  3.6 1.4 0.2] + [5.4 3.9 1.7 0.4] + [4.6 3.4 1.4 0.3] + [5.  3.4 1.5 0.2] + [4.4 2.9 1.4 0.2] + [4.9 3.1 1.5 0.1] + [5.4 3.7 1.5 0.2] + [4.8 3.4 1.6 0.2] + [4.8 3.  1.4 0.1] + [4.3 3.  1.1 0.1] + [5.8 4.  1.2 0.2] + [5.7 4.4 1.5 0.4] + [5.4 3.9 1.3 0.4] + [5.1 3.5 1.4 0.3] +``` + +我们还使用**iris.target**向我们提供有关花朵不同标签的信息。 + +``` +print(iris.target) +``` + +这是输出： + +``` +[0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 + 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 + 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 + 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 + 2 2] + +``` + +如果我们使用**iris.target_names**，我们将输出数据集中找到的标签名称的数组。 + +``` +print(iris.target_names) +``` + +以下是运行Python代码后的结果： + +``` +['setosa' 'versicolor' 'virginica'] +``` + +#### 第3步：可视化数据集 + +我们可以使用[箱形图][4]来生成鸢尾花数据集的视觉描绘。 箱形图说明了数据如何通过四分位数在平面上分布的。 + +以下是如何实现这一目标： + +``` +import seaborn as sns +box_data = iris.data # 表示数据数组的变量 +box_target = iris.target # 表示标签数组的变量 +sns.boxplot(data = box_data,width=0.5,fliersize=5) +sns.set(rc={'figure.figsize':(2,15)}) +``` + +让我们看看结果： + +![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/scikit_boxplot.png) + +在横轴上： + + * 0是萼片长度 + * 1是萼片宽度 + * 2是花瓣长度 + * 3是花瓣宽度 + +垂直轴的尺寸以厘米为单位。 + +### 总结 + +以下是这个简单的Scikit-learn数据科学教程的完整代码。 + +``` +from sklearn import datasets +iris = datasets.load_iris() +print(iris.data) +print(iris.target) +print(iris.target_names) +import seaborn as sns +box_data = iris.data # 表示数据数组的变量 +box_target = iris.target # 表示标签数组的变量 +sns.boxplot(data = box_data,width=0.5,fliersize=5) +sns.set(rc={'figure.figsize':(2,15)}) +``` + +Scikit-learn是一个多功能的Python库，可用于高效完成数据科学项目。 + +如果您想了解更多信息，请查看[LiveEdu][5]上的教程，例如Andrey Bulezyuk关于使用Scikit-learn库创建[机器学习应用程序][6]的视频。 + +有什么评价或者疑问吗？ 欢迎在下面分享。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/18/9/how-use-scikit-learn-data-science-projects + +作者：[Dr.Michael J.Garbade][a] +选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) +译者：[Flowsnow](https://github.com/Flowsnow) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/drmjg +[1]: http://scikit-learn.org/stable/index.html +[2]: https://blog.liveedu.tv/regression-versus-classification-machine-learning-whats-the-difference/ +[3]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iris_flower_data_set +[4]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_plot +[5]: https://www.liveedu.tv/guides/data-science/ +[6]: https://www.liveedu.tv/andreybu/REaxr-machine-learning-model-python-sklearn-kera/oPGdP-machine-learning-model-python-sklearn-kera/ \ No newline at end of file From 5d2e506e94539b1dfd6e7774fcff6c74db0be7e3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Tue, 9 Oct 2018 08:52:13 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 181/219] translated --- ...tem Monitor Application Written In Rust.md | 80 ------------------- ...tem Monitor Application Written In Rust.md | 78 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 78 insertions(+), 80 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20180925 Hegemon - A Modular System Monitor Application Written In Rust.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20180925 Hegemon - A Modular System Monitor Application Written In Rust.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20180925 Hegemon - A Modular System Monitor Application Written In Rust.md b/sources/tech/20180925 Hegemon - A Modular System Monitor Application Written In Rust.md deleted file mode 100644 index a75c1f3e9a..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20180925 Hegemon - A Modular System Monitor Application Written In Rust.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,80 +0,0 @@ -translating---geekpi - -Hegemon – A Modular System Monitor Application Written In Rust -====== - -![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/hegemon-720x340.png) - -When it comes to monitor running processes in Unix-like systems, the most commonly used applications are **top** and **htop** , which is an enhanced version of top. My personal favorite is htop. However, the developers are releasing few alternatives to these applications every now and then. One such alternative to top and htop utilities is **Hegemon**. It is a modular system monitor application written using **Rust** programming language. - -Concerning about the features of Hegemon, we can list the following: - - * Hegemon will monitor the usage of CPU, memory and Swap. - * It monitors the system’s temperature and fan speed. - * The update interval time can be adjustable. The default value is 3 seconds. - * We can reveal more detailed graph and additional information by expanding the data streams. - * Unit tests - * Clean interface - * Free and open source. - - - -### Installing Hegemon - -Make sure you have installed **Rust 1.26** or later version. To install Rust in your Linux distribution, refer the following guide: - -[Install Rust Programming Language In Linux][2] - -Also, install [libsensors][1] library. It is available in the default repositories of most Linux distributions. For example, you can install it in RPM based systems such as Fedora using the following command: - -``` -$ sudo dnf install lm_sensors-devel -``` - -On Debian-based systems like Ubuntu, Linux Mint, it can be installed using command: - -``` -$ sudo apt-get install libsensors4-dev -``` - -Once you installed Rust and libsensors, install Hegemon using command: - -``` -$ cargo install hegemon -``` - -Once hegemon installed, start monitoring the running processes in your Linux system using command: - -``` -$ hegemon -``` - -Here is the sample output from my Arch Linux desktop. - -![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Hegemon-in-action.gif) - -To exit, press **Q**. - - -Please be mindful that hegemon is still in its early development stage and it is not complete replacement for **top** command. There might be bugs and missing features. If you came across any bugs, report them in the project’s github page. The developer is planning to bring more features in the upcoming versions. So, keep an eye on this project. - -And, that’s all for now. Hope this helps. More good stuffs to come. Stay tuned! - -Cheers! - - - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.ostechnix.com/hegemon-a-modular-system-monitor-application-written-in-rust/ - -作者：[SK][a] -选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/ -[1]: https://github.com/lm-sensors/lm-sensors -[2]: https://www.ostechnix.com/install-rust-programming-language-in-linux/ diff --git a/translated/tech/20180925 Hegemon - A Modular System Monitor Application Written In Rust.md b/translated/tech/20180925 Hegemon - A Modular System Monitor Application Written In Rust.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..71aace4ce4 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20180925 Hegemon - A Modular System Monitor Application Written In Rust.md @@ -0,0 +1,78 @@ +Hegemon - 使用 Rust 编写的模块化系统监视程序 +====== + +![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/hegemon-720x340.png) + +在类 Unix 系统中监视运行进程时，最常用的程序是 **top** 和 top 的增强版 **htop**。我个人最喜欢的是 htop。但是，开发人员不时会发布这些程序的替代品。top 和 htop 工具的一个替代品是 **Hegemon**。它是使用 **Rust** 语言编写的模块化系统监视程序。 + +关于 Hegemon 的功能，我们可以列出以下这些： + + * Hegemon 会监控 CPU、内存和交换页的使用情况。 +  * 它监控系统的温度和风扇速度。 +  * 更新间隔时间可以调整。默认值为 3 秒。 +  * 我们可以通过扩展数据流来展示更详细的图表和其他信息。 +  * 单元测试 +  * 干净的界面 +  * 免费且开源。 + + + +### 安装 Hegemon + +确保已安装 **Rust 1.26** 或更高版本。要在 Linux 发行版中安装 Rust，请参阅以下指南： + +[Install Rust Programming Language In Linux][2] + +另外要安装 [libsensors][1] 库。它在大多数 Linux 发行版的默认仓库中都有。例如，你可以使用以下命令将其安装在基于 RPM 的系统（如 Fedora）中： + +``` +$ sudo dnf install lm_sensors-devel +``` + +在像 Ubuntu、Linux Mint 这样的基于 Debian 的系统上，可以使用这个命令安装它： + +``` +$ sudo apt-get install libsensors4-dev +``` + +在安装 Rust 和 libsensors 后，使用命令安装 Hegemon： + +``` +$ cargo install hegemon +``` + +安装 hegemon 后，使用以下命令开始监视 Linux 系统中正在运行的进程： + +``` +$ hegemon +``` + +以下是 Arch Linux 桌面的示例输出。 + +![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Hegemon-in-action.gif) + +要退出，请按 **Q**。 + + +请注意，hegemon 仍处于早期开发阶段，并不能完全取代 **top** 命令。它可能存在 bug 和功能缺失。如果你遇到任何 bug，请在项目的 github 页面中报告它们。开发人员计划在即将推出的版本中引入更多功能。所以，请关注这个项目。 + +就是这些了。希望这篇文章有用。还有更多的好东西。敬请关注！ + +干杯! + + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.ostechnix.com/hegemon-a-modular-system-monitor-application-written-in-rust/ + +作者：[SK][a] +选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/ +[1]: https://github.com/lm-sensors/lm-sensors +[2]: https://www.ostechnix.com/install-rust-programming-language-in-linux/ From ba79fbe9809a926087866c629780670ab13ba6e7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Tue, 9 Oct 2018 08:59:15 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 182/219] translating --- sources/tech/20180412 A Desktop GUI Application For NPM.md | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20180412 A Desktop GUI Application For NPM.md b/sources/tech/20180412 A Desktop GUI Application For NPM.md index 4eabc40672..5c87aad3c0 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20180412 A Desktop GUI Application For NPM.md +++ b/sources/tech/20180412 A Desktop GUI Application For NPM.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +translating---geekpi + A Desktop GUI Application For NPM ====== From ca17f21198361ab3e3c51b72ac967c57626fad76 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Tue, 9 Oct 2018 09:30:03 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 183/219] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=20Play=20Windows=20?= =?UTF-8?q?games=20on=20Fedora=20with=20Steam=20Play=20and=20Proton?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...es on Fedora with Steam Play and Proton.md | 103 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 103 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20181008 Play Windows games on Fedora with Steam Play and Proton.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20181008 Play Windows games on Fedora with Steam Play and Proton.md b/sources/tech/20181008 Play Windows games on Fedora with Steam Play and Proton.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..22b4cc8558 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20181008 Play Windows games on Fedora with Steam Play and Proton.md @@ -0,0 +1,103 @@ +Play Windows games on Fedora with Steam Play and Proton +====== + +![](https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/steam-proton-816x345.jpg) + +Some weeks ago, Steam [announced][1] a new addition to Steam Play with Linux support for Windows games using Proton, a fork from WINE. This capability is still in beta, and not all games work. Here are some more details about Steam and Proton. + +According to the Steam website, there are new features in the beta release: + + * Windows games with no Linux version currently available can now be installed and run directly from the Linux Steam client, complete with native Steamworks and OpenVR support. + * DirectX 11 and 12 implementations are now based on Vulkan, which improves game compatibility and reduces performance impact. + * Fullscreen support has been improved. Fullscreen games seamlessly stretch to the desired display without interfering with the native monitor resolution or requiring the use of a virtual desktop. + * Improved game controller support. Games automatically recognize all controllers supported by Steam. Expect more out-of-the-box controller compatibility than even the original version of the game. + * Performance for multi-threaded games has been greatly improved compared to vanilla WINE. + + + +### Installation + +If you’re interested in trying Steam with Proton out, just follow these easy steps. (Note that you can ignore the first steps to enable the Steam Beta if you have the [latest updated version of Steam installed][2]. In that case you no longer need Steam Beta to use Proton.) + +Open up Steam and log in to your account. This example screenshot shows support for only 22 games before enabling Proton. + +![][3] + +Now click on Steam option on top of the client. This displays a drop down menu. Then select Settings. + +![][4] + +Now the settings window pops up. Select the Account option and next to Beta participation, click on change. + +![][5] + +Now change None to Steam Beta Update. + +![][6] + +Click on OK and a prompt asks you to restart. + +![][7] + +Let Steam download the update. This can take a while depending on your internet speed and computer resources. + +![][8] + +After restarting, go back to the Settings window. This time you’ll see a new option. Make sure the check boxes for Enable Steam Play for supported titles, Enable Steam Play for all titles and Use this tool instead of game-specific selections from Steam are enabled. The compatibility tool should be Proton. + +![][9] + +The Steam client asks you to restart. Do so, and once you log back into your Steam account, your game library for Linux should be extended. + +![][10] + +### Installing a Windows game using Steam Play + +Now that you have Proton enabled, install a game. Select the title you want and you’ll find the process is similar to installing a normal game on Steam, as shown in these screenshots. + +![][11] + +![][12] + +![][13] + +![][14] + +After the game is done downloading and installing, you can play it. + +![][15] + +![][16] + +Some games may be affected by the beta nature of Proton. The game in this example, Chantelise, had no audio and a low frame rate. Keep in mind this capability is still in beta and Fedora is not responsible for results. If you’d like to read further, the community has created a [Google doc][17] with a list of games that have been tested. + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://fedoramagazine.org/play-windows-games-steam-play-proton/ + +作者：[Francisco J. Vergara Torres][a] +选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/author/patxi/ +[1]: https://steamcommunity.com/games/221410/announcements/detail/1696055855739350561 +[2]: https://fedoramagazine.org/third-party-repositories-fedora/ +[3]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/listOfGamesLinux-300x197.png +[4]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/1-300x169.png +[5]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/2-300x196.png +[6]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/4-300x272.png +[7]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/6-300x237.png +[8]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/7-300x126.png +[9]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/10-300x237.png +[10]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/12-300x196.png +[11]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/13-300x196.png +[12]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/14-300x195.png +[13]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/15-300x196.png +[14]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/16-300x195.png +[15]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Screenshot-from-2018-08-30-15-14-59-300x169.png +[16]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Screenshot-from-2018-08-30-15-19-34-300x169.png +[17]: https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1DcZZQ4HL_Ol969UbXJmFG8TzOHNnHoj8Q1f8DIFe8-8/edit#gid=1003113831 From 7137fce86dc0f40b371ab6e8e7d4615a79815969 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Tue, 9 Oct 2018 09:32:09 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 184/219] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=20Terminalizer=20?= =?UTF-8?q?=E2=80=93=20A=20Tool=20To=20Record=20Your=20Terminal=20And=20Ge?= =?UTF-8?q?nerate=20Animated=20Gif=20Images?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...rminal And Generate Animated Gif Images.md | 171 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 171 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20181005 Terminalizer - A Tool To Record Your Terminal And Generate Animated Gif Images.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20181005 Terminalizer - A Tool To Record Your Terminal And Generate Animated Gif Images.md b/sources/tech/20181005 Terminalizer - A Tool To Record Your Terminal And Generate Animated Gif Images.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..26d1941cc1 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20181005 Terminalizer - A Tool To Record Your Terminal And Generate Animated Gif Images.md @@ -0,0 +1,171 @@ +Terminalizer – A Tool To Record Your Terminal And Generate Animated Gif Images +====== +This is know topic for most of us and i don’t want to give you the detailed information about this flow. Also, we had written many article under this topics. + +Script command is the one of the standard command to record Linux terminal sessions. Today we are going to discuss about same kind of tool called Terminalizer. + +This tool will help us to record the users terminal activity, also will help us to identify other useful information from the output. + +### What Is Terminalizer + +Terminalizer allow users to record their terminal activity and allow them to generate animated gif images. It’s highly customizable CLI tool that user can share a link for an online player, web player for a recording file. + +**Suggested Read :** +**(#)** [Script – A Simple Command To Record Your Terminal Session Activity][1] +**(#)** [Automatically Record/Capture All Users Terminal Sessions Activity In Linux][2] +**(#)** [Teleconsole – A Tool To Share Your Terminal Session Instantly To Anyone In Seconds][3] +**(#)** [tmate – Instantly Share Your Terminal Session To Anyone In Seconds][4] +**(#)** [Peek – Create a Animated GIF Recorder in Linux][5] +**(#)** [Kgif – A Simple Shell Script to Create a Gif File from Active Window][6] +**(#)** [Gifine – Quickly Create An Animated GIF Video In Ubuntu/Debian][7] + +There is no distribution official package to install this utility and we can easily install it by using Node.js. + +### How To Install Noje.js in Linux + +Node.js can be installed in multiple ways. Here, we are going to teach you the standard method. + +For Ubuntu/LinuxMint use [APT-GET Command][8] or [APT Command][9] to install Node.js + +``` +$ curl -sL https://deb.nodesource.com/setup_8.x | sudo -E bash - +$ sudo apt-get install -y nodejs + +``` + +For Debian use [APT-GET Command][8] or [APT Command][9] to install Node.js + +``` +# curl -sL https://deb.nodesource.com/setup_8.x | bash - +# apt-get install -y nodejs + +``` + +For **`RHEL/CentOS`** , use [YUM Command][10] to install tmux. + +``` +$ sudo curl --silent --location https://rpm.nodesource.com/setup_8.x | sudo bash - +$ sudo yum install epel-release +$ sudo yum -y install nodejs + +``` + +For **`Fedora`** , use [DNF Command][11] to install tmux. + +``` +$ sudo dnf install nodejs + +``` + +For **`Arch Linux`** , use [Pacman Command][12] to install tmux. + +``` +$ sudo pacman -S nodejs npm + +``` + +For **`openSUSE`** , use [Zypper Command][13] to install tmux. + +``` +$ sudo zypper in nodejs6 + +``` + +### How to Install Terminalizer + +As you have already installed prerequisite package called Node.js, now it’s time to install Terminalizer on your system. Simple run the below npm command to install Terminalizer. + +``` +$ sudo npm install -g terminalizer + +``` + +### How to Use Terminalizer + +To record your session activity using Terminalizer, just run the following Terminalizer command. Once you started the recording then play around it and finally hit `CTRL+D` to exit and save the recording. + +``` +# terminalizer record 2g-session + +defaultConfigPath +The recording session is started +Press CTRL+D to exit and save the recording + +``` + +This will save your recording session as a YAML file, in this case my filename would be 2g-session-activity.yml. +![][15] + +Just type few commands to verify this and finally hit `CTRL+D` to exit the current capture. When you hit `CTRL+D` on the terminal and you will be getting the below output. + +``` +# logout +Successfully Recorded +The recording data is saved into the file: +/home/daygeek/2g-session.yml +You can edit the file and even change the configurations. + +``` + +![][16] + +### How to Play the Recorded File + +Use the below command format to paly your recorded YAML file. Make sure, you have to input your recorded file instead of us. + +``` +# terminalizer play 2g-session + +``` + +Render a recording file as an animated gif image. + +``` +# terminalizer render 2g-session + +``` + +`Note:` Below two commands are not implemented yet in the current version and will be available in the next version. + +If you would like to share your recording to others then upload a recording file and get a link for an online player and share it. + +``` +terminalizer share 2g-session + +``` + +Generate a web player for a recording file + +``` +# terminalizer generate 2g-session + +``` + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.2daygeek.com/terminalizer-a-tool-to-record-your-terminal-and-generate-animated-gif-images/ + +作者：[Prakash Subramanian][a] +选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.2daygeek.com/author/prakash/ +[1]: https://www.2daygeek.com/script-command-record-save-your-terminal-session-activity-linux/ +[2]: https://www.2daygeek.com/automatically-record-all-users-terminal-sessions-activity-linux-script-command/ +[3]: https://www.2daygeek.com/teleconsole-share-terminal-session-instantly-to-anyone-in-seconds/ +[4]: https://www.2daygeek.com/tmate-instantly-share-your-terminal-session-to-anyone-in-seconds/ +[5]: https://www.2daygeek.com/peek-create-animated-gif-screen-recorder-capture-arch-linux-mint-fedora-ubuntu/ +[6]: https://www.2daygeek.com/kgif-create-animated-gif-file-active-window-screen-recorder-capture-arch-linux-mint-fedora-ubuntu-debian-opensuse-centos/ +[7]: https://www.2daygeek.com/gifine-create-animated-gif-vedio-recorder-linux-mint-debian-ubuntu/ +[8]: https://www.2daygeek.com/apt-get-apt-cache-command-examples-manage-packages-debian-ubuntu-systems/ +[9]: https://www.2daygeek.com/apt-command-examples-manage-packages-debian-ubuntu-systems/ +[10]: https://www.2daygeek.com/yum-command-examples-manage-packages-rhel-centos-systems/ +[11]: https://www.2daygeek.com/dnf-command-examples-manage-packages-fedora-system/ +[12]: https://www.2daygeek.com/pacman-command-examples-manage-packages-arch-linux-system/ +[13]: https://www.2daygeek.com/zypper-command-examples-manage-packages-opensuse-system/ +[14]: data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7 +[15]: https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/terminalizer-record-2g-session-1.gif +[16]: https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/terminalizer-play-2g-session.gif From 9c1ba66792f1589c6f0ca7c93de97c7d7aa75075 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Tue, 9 Oct 2018 09:35:03 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 185/219] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=20KeeWeb=20?= =?UTF-8?q?=E2=80=93=20An=20Open=20Source,=20Cross=20Platform=20Password?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Manager?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...Source, Cross Platform Password Manager.md | 110 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 110 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20181008 KeeWeb - An Open Source, Cross Platform Password Manager.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20181008 KeeWeb - An Open Source, Cross Platform Password Manager.md b/sources/tech/20181008 KeeWeb - An Open Source, Cross Platform Password Manager.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..a9b20ac54d --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20181008 KeeWeb - An Open Source, Cross Platform Password Manager.md @@ -0,0 +1,110 @@ +KeeWeb – An Open Source, Cross Platform Password Manager +====== + +![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/keeweb-720x340.png) + +If you’ve been using the internet for any amount of time, chances are, you have a lot of accounts on a lot of websites. All of those accounts must have passwords, and you have to remember all those passwords. Either that, or write them down somewhere. Writing down passwords on paper may not be secure, and remembering them won’t be practically possible if you have more than a few passwords. This is why Password Managers have exploded in popularity in the last few years. A password Manager is like a central repository where you store all your passwords for all your accounts, and you lock it with a master password. With this approach, the only thing you need to remember is the Master password. + +**KeePass** is one such open source password manager. KeePass has an official client, but it’s pretty barebones. But there are a lot of other apps, both for your computer and for your phone, that are compatible with the KeePass file format for storing encrypted passwords. One such app is **KeeWeb**. + +KeeWeb is an open source, cross platform password manager with features like cloud sync, keyboard shortcuts and plugin support. KeeWeb uses Electron, which means it runs on Windows, Linux, and Mac OS. + +### Using KeeWeb Password Manager + +When it comes to using KeeWeb, you actually have 2 options. You can either use KeeWeb webapp without having to install it on your system and use it on the fly or simply install KeeWeb client in your local system. + +**Using the KeeWeb webapp** + +If you don’t want to bother installing a desktop app, you can just go to [**https://app.keeweb.info/**][1] and use it as a password manager. + +![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/KeeWeb-webapp.png) + +It has all the features of the desktop app. Obviously, this requires you to be online when using the app. + +**Installing KeeWeb on your Desktop** + +If you like the comfort and offline availability of using a desktop app, you can also install it on your desktop. + +If you use Ubuntu/Debian, you can just go to [**releases pages**][2] and download KeeWeb latest **.deb** file, which you can install via this command: + +``` +$ sudo dpkg -i KeeWeb-1.6.3.linux.x64.deb + +``` + +If you’re on Arch, it is available in the [**AUR**][3], so you can install using any helper programs like [**Yay**][4]: + +``` +$ yay -S keeweb + +``` + +Once installed, launch it from Menu or application launcher. This is how KeeWeb default interface looks like: + +![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/KeeWeb-desktop-client.png) + +### General Layout + +KeeWeb basically shows a list of all your passwords, along with all your tags to the left. Clicking on a tag will filter the list to only passwords of that tag. To the right, all the fields for the selected account are shown. You can set username, password, website, or just add a custom note. You can even create your own fields and mark them as secure fields, which is great when storing things like credit card information. You can copy passwords by just clicking on them. KeeWeb also shows the date when an account was created and modified. Deleted passwords are kept in the trash, where they can be restored or permanently deleted. + +![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/KeeWeb-general-layout.png) + +### KeeWeb Features + +**Cloud Sync** + +One of the main features of KeeWeb is the support for a wide variety of remote locations and cloud services. +Other than loading local files, you can open files from: + + 1. WebDAV Servers + 2. Google Drive + 3. Dropbox + 4. OneDrive + + + +This means that if you use multiple computers, you can synchronize the password files between them, so you don’t have to worry about not having all the passwords available on all devices. + +**Password Generator** + +![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/KeeWeb-password-generator.png) + +Along with encrypting your passwords, it’s also important to create new, strong passwords for every single account. This means that if one of your account gets hacked, the attacker won’t be able to get in to your other accounts using the same password. + +To achieve this, KeeWeb has a built-in password generator, that lets you generate a custom password of a specific length, including specific type of characters. + +**Plugins** + +![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/KeeWeb-plugins.png) + +You can extend KeeWeb functionality with plugins. Some of these plugins are translations for other languages, while others add new functionality, like checking **** for exposed passwords. + +**Local Backups** + +![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/KeeWeb-backup.png) + +Regardless of where your password file is stored, you should probably keep local backups of the file on your computer. Luckily, KeeWeb has this feature built-in. You can backup to a specific path, and set it to backup periodically, or just whenever the file is changed. + + +### Verdict + +I have actually been using KeeWeb for several years now. It completely changed the way I store my passwords. The cloud sync is basically the feature that makes it a done deal for me. I don’t have to worry about keeping multiple unsynchronized files on multiple devices. If you want a great looking password manager that has cloud sync, KeeWeb is something you should look at. + + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.ostechnix.com/keeweb-an-open-source-cross-platform-password-manager/ + +作者：[EDITOR][a] +选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/editor/ +[1]: https://app.keeweb.info/ +[2]: https://github.com/keeweb/keeweb/releases/latest +[3]: https://aur.archlinux.org/packages/keeweb/ +[4]: https://www.ostechnix.com/yay-found-yet-another-reliable-aur-helper/ From 03655e66325e40f05864203e774fe620a4eb8f9b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Tue, 9 Oct 2018 09:36:12 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 186/219] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=20Interview=20With?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Peter=20Ganten,=20CEO=20of=20Univention=20GmbH?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...th Peter Ganten, CEO of Univention GmbH.md | 97 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 97 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20181004 Interview With Peter Ganten, CEO of Univention GmbH.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20181004 Interview With Peter Ganten, CEO of Univention GmbH.md b/sources/talk/20181004 Interview With Peter Ganten, CEO of Univention GmbH.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..5a0c1aabdd --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20181004 Interview With Peter Ganten, CEO of Univention GmbH.md @@ -0,0 +1,97 @@ +Interview With Peter Ganten, CEO of Univention GmbH +====== +I have been asking the Univention team to share the behind-the-scenes story of [**Univention**][1] for a couple of months. Finally, today we got the interview of **Mr. Peter H. Ganten** , CEO of Univention GmbH. Despite his busy schedule, in this interview, he shares what he thinks of the Univention project and its impact on open source ecosystem, what open source developers and companies will need to do to keep thriving and what are the biggest challenges for open source projects. + +**OSTechNix: What’s your background and why have you founded Univention?** + +**Peter Ganten:** I studied physics and psychology. In psychology I was a research assistant and coded evaluation software. I realized how important it is that results have to be disclosed in order to verify or falsify them. The same goes for the code that leads to the results. This brought me into contact with Open Source Software (OSS) and Linux. + +![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/peter-ganten-interview.jpg) + +I was a kind of technical lab manager and I had the opportunity to try out a lot, which led to my book about Debian. That was still in the New Economy era where the first business models emerged on how to make money with Open Source. When the bubble burst, I had the plan to make OSS a solid business model without venture capital but with Hanseatic business style – seriously, steadily, no bling bling. + +**What were the biggest challenges at the beginning?** + +When I came from the university, the biggest challenge clearly was to gain entrepreneurial and business management knowledge. I quickly learned that it’s not about Open Source software as an end to itself but always about customer value, and the benefits OSS offers its customers. We all had to learn a lot. + +In the beginning, we expected that Linux on the desktop would become established in a similar way as Linux on the server. However, this has not yet been proven true. The replacement has happened with Android and the iPhone. Our conclusion then was to change our offerings towards ID management and enterprise servers. + +**Why does UCS matter? And for whom makes it sense to use it?** + +There is cool OSS in all areas, but many organizations are not capable to combine it all together and make it manageable. For the basic infrastructure (Windows desktops, users, user rights, roles, ID management, apps) we need a central instance to which groupware, CRM etc. is connected. Without Univention this would have to be laboriously assembled and maintained manually. This is possible for very large companies, but far too complex for many other organizations. + +[**UCS**][2] can be used out of the box and is scalable. That’s why it’s becoming more and more popular – more than 10,000 organizations are using UCS already today. + +**Who are your users and most important clients? What do they love most about UCS?** + +The Core Edition is free of charge and used by organizations from all sectors and industries such as associations, micro-enterprises, universities or large organizations with thousands of users. In the enterprise environment, where Long Term Servicing (LTS) and professional support are particularly important, we have organizations ranging in size from 30-50 users to several thousand users. One of the target groups is the education system in Germany. In many large cities and within their school administrations UCS is used, for example, in Cologne, Hannover, Bremen, Kassel and in several federal states. They are looking for manageable IT and apps for schools. That’s what we offer, because we can guarantee these authorities full control over their users’ identities. + +Also, more and more cloud service providers and MSPs want to take UCS to deliver a selection of cloud-based app solutions. + +**Is UCS 100% Open Source? If so, how can you run a profitable business selling it?** + +Yes, UCS is 100% Open Source, every line, the whole code is OSS. You can download and use UCS Core Edition for **FREE!** + +We know that in large, complex organizations, vendor support and liability is needed for LTS, SLAs, and we offer that with our Enterprise subscriptions and consulting services. We don’t offer these in the Core Edition. + +**And what are you giving back to the OS community?** + +A lot. We are involved in the Debian team and co-finance the LTS maintenance for Debian. For important OS components in UCS like [**OpenLDAP**][3], Samba or KVM we co-finance the development or have co-developed them ourselves. We make it all freely available. + +We are also involved on the political level in ensuring that OSS is used. We are engaged, for example, in the [**Free Software Foundation Europe (FSFE)**][4] and the [**German Open Source Business Alliance**][5], of which I am the chairman. We are working hard to make OSS more successful. + +**How can I get started with UCS?** + +It’s easy to get started with the Core Edition, which, like the Enterprise Edition, has an App Center and can be easily installed on your own hardware or as an appliance in a virtual machine. Just [**download Univention ISO**][6] and install it as described in the below link. + +Alternatively, you can try the [**UCS Online Demo**][7] to get a first impression of Univention Corporate Server without actually installing it on your system. + +**What do you think are the biggest challenges for Open Source?** + +There is a certain attitude you can see over and over again even in bigger projects: OSS alone is viewed as an almost mandatory prerequisite for a good, sustainable, secure and trustworthy IT solution – but just having decided to use OSS is no guarantee for success. You have to carry out projects professionally and cooperate with the manufacturers. A danger is that in complex projects people think: “Oh, OSS is free, I just put it all together by myself”. But normally you do not have the know-how to successfully implement complex software solutions. You would never proceed like this with Closed Source. There people think: “Oh, the software costs 3 $ millions, so it’s okay if I have to spend another 300,000 Dollars on consultants.” + +At OSS this is different. If such projects fail and leave burnt ground behind, we have to explain again and again that the failure of such projects is not due to the nature of OSS but to its poor implementation and organization in a specific project: You have to conclude reasonable contracts and involve partners as in the proprietary world, but you’ll gain a better solution. + +Another challenge: We must stay innovative, move forward, attract new people who are enthusiastic about working on projects. That’s sometimes a challenge. For example, there are a number of proprietary cloud services that are good but lead to extremely high dependency. There are approaches to alternatives in OSS, but no suitable business models yet. So it’s hard to find and fund developers. For example, I can think of Evernote and OneNote for which there is no reasonable OSS alternative. + +**And what will the future bring for Univention?** + +I don’t have a crystal ball, but we are extremely optimistic. We see a very high growth potential in the education market. More OSS is being made in the public sector, because we have repeatedly experienced the dead ends that can be reached if we solely rely on Closed Source. + +Overall, we will continue our organic growth at double-digit rates year after year. + +UCS and its core functionalities of identity management, infrastructure management and app center will increasingly be offered and used from the cloud as a managed service. We will support our technology in this direction, e.g., through containers, so that a hypervisor or bare metal is not always necessary for operation. + +**You have been the CEO of Univention for a long time. What keeps you motivated?** + +I have been the CEO of Univention for more than 16 years now. My biggest motivation is to realize that something is moving. That we offer the better way for IT. That the people who go this way with us are excited to work with us. I go home satisfied in the evening (of course not every evening). It’s totally cool to work with the team I have. It motivates and pushes you every time I need it myself. + +I’m a techie and nerd at heart, I enjoy dealing with technology. So I’m totally happy at this place and I’m grateful to the world that I can do whatever I want every day. Not everyone can say that. + +**Who gives you inspiration?** + +My employees, the customers and the Open Source projects. The exchange with other people. + +The motivation behind everything is that we want to make sure that mankind will be able to influence and change the IT that surrounds us today and in the future just the way we want it and we thinks it’s good. We want to make a contribution to this. That is why Univention is there. That is important to us every day. + + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.ostechnix.com/interview-with-peter-ganten-ceo-of-univention-gmbh/ + +作者：[SK][a] +选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/ +[1]: https://www.ostechnix.com/introduction-univention-corporate-server/ +[2]: https://www.univention.com/products/ucs/ +[3]: https://www.ostechnix.com/redhat-and-suse-announced-to-withdraw-support-for-openldap/ +[4]: https://fsfe.org/ +[5]: https://osb-alliance.de/ +[6]: https://www.univention.com/downloads/download-ucs/ +[7]: https://www.univention.com/downloads/ucs-online-demo/ From 5b6ded10b26c9ef1af920c8475c5aebe4e347bd3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Tue, 9 Oct 2018 09:38:38 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 187/219] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=20Taking=20notes=20?= =?UTF-8?q?with=20Laverna,=20a=20web-based=20information=20organizer?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...erna, a web-based information organizer.md | 128 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 128 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20181008 Taking notes with Laverna, a web-based information organizer.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20181008 Taking notes with Laverna, a web-based information organizer.md b/sources/tech/20181008 Taking notes with Laverna, a web-based information organizer.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..27616a9f6e --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20181008 Taking notes with Laverna, a web-based information organizer.md @@ -0,0 +1,128 @@ +Taking notes with Laverna, a web-based information organizer +====== + +![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/notebook-writing-pen.jpg?itok=uA3dCfu_) + +I don’t know anyone who doesn’t take notes. Most of the people I know use an online note-taking application like Evernote, Simplenote, or Google Keep. + +All of those are good tools, but they’re proprietary. And you have to wonder about the privacy of your information—especially in light of [Evernote’s great privacy flip-flop of 2016][1]. If you want more control over your notes and your data, you need to turn to an open source tool—preferably one that you can host yourself. + +And there are a number of good [open source alternatives to Evernote][2]. One of these is Laverna. Let’s take a look at it. + +### Getting Laverna + +You can [host Laverna yourself][3] or use the [web version][4] + +Since I have nowhere to host the application, I’ll focus here on using the web version of Laverna. Aside from the installation and setting up storage (more on that below), I’m told that the experience with a self-hosted version of Laverna is the same. + +### Setting up Laverna + +To start using Laverna right away, click the **Start using now** button on the front page of [Laverna.cc][5]. + +On the welcome screen, click **Next**. You’ll be asked to enter an encryption password to secure your notes and get to them when you need to. You’ll also be asked to choose a way to synchronize your notes. I’ll discuss synchronization in a moment, so just enter a password and click **Next**. + +![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/laverna-set-password.png) + +When you log in, you'll see a blank canvas: + +![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/laverna-main-window.png) + +### Storing your notes + +Before diving into how to use Laverna, let’s walk through how to store your notes. + +Out of the box, Laverna stores your notes in your browser’s cache. The problem with that is when you clear the cache, you lose your notes. You can also store your notes using: + + * Dropbox, a popular and proprietary web-based file syncing and storing service + * [remoteStorage][6], which offers a way for web applications to store information in the cloud. + + + +Using Dropbox is convenient, but it’s proprietary. There are also concerns about [privacy and surveillance][7]. Laverna encrypts your notes before saving them, but not all encryption is foolproof. Even if you don’t have anything illegal or sensitive in your notes, they’re no one’s business but your own. + +remoteStorage, on the other hand, is kind of techie to set up. There are few hosted storage services out there. I use [5apps][8]. + +To change how Laverna stores your notes, click the hamburger menu in the top-left corner. Click **Settings** and then **Sync**. + +![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/laverna-sync.png) + +Select the service you want to use, then click **Save**. After that, click the left arrow in the top-left corner. You’ll be asked to authorize Laverna with the service you chose. + +### Using Laverna + +With that out of the way, let’s get down to using Laverna. Create a new note by clicking the **New Note** icon, which opens the note editor: + +![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/laverna-new-note.png) + +Type a title for your note, then start typing the note in the left pane of the editor. The right pane displays a preview of your note: + +![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/laverna-writing-note.png) + +You can format your notes using Markdown; add formatting using your keyboard or the toolbar at the top of the window. + +You can also embed an image or file from your computer into a note, or link to one on the web. When you embed an image, it’s stored with your note. + +When you’re done, click **Save**. + +### Organizing your notes + +Like some other note-taking tools, Laverna lists the last note that you created or edited at the top. If you have a lot of notes, it can take a bit of work to find the one you're looking for. + +To better organize your notes, you can group them into notebooks, where you can quickly filter them based on a topic or a grouping. + +When you’re creating or editing a note, you can select a notebook from the **Select notebook** list in the top-left corner of the window. If you don’t have any notebooks, select **Add a new notebook** from the list and type the notebook’s name. + +You can also make that notebook a child of another notebook. Let’s say, for example, you maintain three blogs. You can create a notebook called **Blog Post Notes** and name children for each blog. + +To filter your notes by notebook, click the hamburger menu, followed by the name of a notebook. Only the notes in the notebook you choose will appear in the list. + +![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/laverna-notebook.png) + +### Using Laverna across devices + +I use Laverna on my laptop and on an eight-inch tablet running [LineageOS][9]. Getting the two devices to use the same storage and display the same notes takes a little work. + +First, you’ll need to export your settings. Log into wherever you’re using Laverna and click the hamburger menu. Click **Settings** , then **Import & Export**. Under **Settings** , click **Export settings**. Laverna saves a file named laverna-settings.json to your device. + +Copy that file to the other device or devices on which you want to use Laverna. You can do that by emailing it to yourself or by syncing the file across devices using an application like [ownCloud][10] or [Nextcloud][11]. + +On the other device, click **Import** on the splash screen. Otherwise, click the hamburger menu and then **Settings > Import & Export**. Click **Import settings**. Find the JSON file with your settings, click **Open** and then **Save**. + +Laverna will ask you to: + + * Log back in using your password. + * Register with the storage service you’re using. + + + +Repeat this process for each device that you want to use. It’s cumbersome, I know. I’ve done it. You should need to do it only once per device, though. + +### Final thoughts + +Once you set up Laverna, it’s easy to use and has just the right features for what I need to do. I’m hoping that the developers can expand the storage and syncing options to include open source applications like Nextcloud and ownCloud. + +While Laverna doesn’t have all the bells and whistles of a note-taking application like Evernote, it does a great job of letting you take and organize your notes. The fact that Laverna is open source and supports Markdown are two additional great reasons to use it. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/18/10/taking-notes-laverna + +作者：[Scott Nesbitt][a] +选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/scottnesbitt +[1]: https://blog.evernote.com/blog/2016/12/15/evernote-revisits-privacy-policy/ +[2]: https://opensource.com/life/16/8/open-source-alternatives-evernote +[3]: https://github.com/Laverna/laverna +[4]: https://laverna.cc/ +[5]: http://laverna.cc/ +[6]: https://remotestorage.io/ +[7]: https://www.zdnet.com/article/dropbox-faces-questions-over-claims-of-improper-data-sharing/ +[8]: https://5apps.com/storage/beta +[9]: https://lineageos.org/ +[10]: https://owncloud.com/ +[11]: https://nextcloud.com/ From 57eeb7ba3a93dc1092145858a2b0c447ed50d9e0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Tue, 9 Oct 2018 09:44:48 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 188/219] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=20Python=20at=20the?= =?UTF-8?q?=20pump:=20A=20script=20for=20filling=20your=20gas=20tank?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...ump- A script for filling your gas tank.md | 101 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 101 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20181008 Python at the pump- A script for filling your gas tank.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20181008 Python at the pump- A script for filling your gas tank.md b/sources/tech/20181008 Python at the pump- A script for filling your gas tank.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..493a906b3f --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20181008 Python at the pump- A script for filling your gas tank.md @@ -0,0 +1,101 @@ +Python at the pump: A script for filling your gas tank +====== +Here's how I used Python to discover a strategy for cost-effective fill-ups. + +![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/bulb-light-energy-power-idea.png?itok=zTEEmTZB) + +I recently began driving a car that had traditionally used premium gas (93 octane). According to the maker, though, it requires only 91 octane. The thing is, in the US, you can buy only 87, 89, or 93 octane. Where I live, gas prices jump 30 cents per gallon jump from one grade to the next, so premium costs 60 cents more than regular. So why not try to save some money? + +It’s easy enough to wait until the gas gauge shows that the tank is half full and then fill it with 89 octane, and there you have 91 octane. But it gets tricky to know what to do next—half a tank of 91 octane plus half a tank of 93 ends up being 92, and where do you go from there? You can make continuing calculations, but they get increasingly messy. This is where Python came into the picture. + +I wanted to come up with a simple scheme in which I could fill the tank at some level with 93 octane, then at the same or some other level with 89 octane, with the primary goal to never get below 91 octane with the final mixture. What I needed to do was create some recurring calculation that uses the previous octane value for the preceding fill-up. I suppose there would be some polynomial equation that would solve this, but in Python, this sounds like a loop. + +``` +#!/usr/bin/env python +# octane.py + +o = 93.0 +newgas = 93.0   # this represents the octane of the last fillup +i = 1 +while i < 21:                   # 20 iterations (trips to the pump) +    if newgas == 89.0:          # if the last fillup was with 89 octane +                                # switch to 93 +        newgas = 93.0 +        o = newgas/2 + o/2      # fill when gauge is 1/2 full +    else:                       # if it wasn't 89 octane, switch to that +        newgas = 89.0 +        o = newgas/2 + o/2      # fill when gauge says 1/2 full +    print str(i) + ': '+ str(o) +    i += 1 +``` + +As you can see, I am initializing the variable o (the current octane mixture in the tank) and the variable newgas (what I last filled the tank with) at the same value of 93. The loop then will repeat 20 times, for 20 fill-ups, switching from 89 octane and 93 octane for every other trip to the station. + +``` +1: 91.0 +2: 92.0 +3: 90.5 +4: 91.75 +5: 90.375 +6: 91.6875 +7: 90.34375 +8: 91.671875 +9: 90.3359375 +10: 91.66796875 +11: 90.333984375 +12: 91.6669921875 +13: 90.3334960938 +14: 91.6667480469 +15: 90.3333740234 +16: 91.6666870117 +17: 90.3333435059 +18: 91.6666717529 +19: 90.3333358765 +20: 91.6666679382 +``` + +This shows is that I probably need only 10 or 15 loops to see stabilization. It also shows that soon enough, I undershoot my 91 octane target. It’s also interesting to see this stabilization of the alternating mixture values, and it turns out this happens with any scheme where you choose the same amounts each time. In fact, it is true even if the amount of the fill-up is different for 89 and 93 octane. + +So at this point, I began playing with fractions, reasoning that I would probably need a bigger 93 octane fill-up than the 89 fill-up. I also didn’t want to make frequent trips to the gas station. What I ended up with (which seemed pretty good to me) was to wait until the tank was about 7⁄12 full and fill it with 89 octane, then wait until it was ¼ full and fill it with 93 octane. + +Here is what the changes in the loop look like: + +``` +    if newgas == 89.0:             +                                  +        newgas = 93.0 +        o = 3*newgas/4 + o/4       +    else:                         +        newgas = 89.0 +        o = 5*newgas/12 + 7*o/12 +``` + +Here are the numbers, starting with the tenth fill-up: + +``` +10: 92.5122272978 +11: 91.0487992571 +12: 92.5121998143 +13: 91.048783225 +14: 92.5121958062 +15: 91.048780887 +``` + +As you can see, this keeps the final octane very slightly above 91 all the time. Of course, my gas gauge isn’t marked in twelfths, but 7⁄12 is slightly less than 5⁄8, and I can handle that. + +An alternative simple solution might have been run the tank to empty and fill with 93 octane, then next time only half-fill it for 89—and perhaps this will be my default plan. Personally, I’m not a fan of running the tank all the way down since this isn’t always convenient. On the other hand, it could easily work on a long trip. And sometimes I buy gas because of a sudden drop in prices. So in the end, this scheme is one of a series of options that I can consider. + +The most important thing for Python users: Don’t code while driving! + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/18/10/python-gas-pump + +作者：[Greg Pittman][a] +选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/greg-p From 386b3d4c2de5d05c90c06bd911e155ab572fa3f3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Tue, 9 Oct 2018 09:46:31 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 189/219] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=20How=20to=20use=20?= =?UTF-8?q?the=20SSH=20and=20SFTP=20protocols=20on=20your=20home=20network?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...and SFTP protocols on your home network.md | 76 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 76 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20181002 How to use the SSH and SFTP protocols on your home network.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20181002 How to use the SSH and SFTP protocols on your home network.md b/sources/tech/20181002 How to use the SSH and SFTP protocols on your home network.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..5c24e87901 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20181002 How to use the SSH and SFTP protocols on your home network.md @@ -0,0 +1,76 @@ +How to use the SSH and SFTP protocols on your home network +====== + +Use the SSH and SFTP protocols to access other devices, efficiently and securely transfer files, and more. + +![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/openwires_fromRHT_520_0612LL.png?itok=PqZi55Ab) + +Years ago, I decided to set up an extra computer (I always have extra computers) so that I could access it from work to transfer files I might need. To do this, the basic first step is to have your ISP assign a fixed IP address. + +The not-so-basic but much more important next step is to set up your accessible system safely. In this particular case, I was planning to access it only from work, so I could restrict access to that IP address. Even so, you want to use all possible security features. What is amazing—and scary—is that as soon as you set this up, people from all over the world will immediately attempt to access your system. You can discover this by checking the logs. I presume there are bots constantly searching for open doors wherever they can find them. + +Not long after I set up my computer, I decided my access was more a toy than a need, so I turned it off and gave myself one less thing to worry about. Nonetheless, there is another use for SSH and SFTP inside your home network, and it is more or less already set up for you. + +One requirement, of course, is that the other computer in your home must be turned on, although it doesn’t matter whether someone is logged on or not. You also need to know its IP address. There are two ways to find this out. One is to get access to the router, which you can do through a browser. Typically, its address is something like **192.168.1.254**. With some searching, it should be easy enough to find out what is currently on and hooked up to the system by eth0 or WiFi. What can be challenging is recognizing the computer you’re interested in. + +I find it easier to go to the computer in question, bring up a shell, and type: + +``` +ifconfig + +``` + +This spits out a lot of information, but the bit you want is right after `inet` and might look something like **192.168.1.234**. After you find that, go back to the client computer you want to access this host, and on the command line, type: + +``` +ssh gregp@192.168.1.234 + +``` + +For this to work, **gregp** must be a valid user on that system. You will then be asked for his password, and if you enter it correctly, you will be connected to that other computer in a shell environment. I confess that I don’t use SSH in this way very often. I have used it at times so I can run `dnf` to upgrade some other computer than the one I’m sitting at. Usually, I use SFTP: + +``` +sftp gregp@192.168.1.234 + +``` + +because I have a greater need for an easy method of transferring files from one computer to another. It’s certainly more convenient and less time-consuming than using a USB stick or an external drive. + +`get`, to receive files from the host; and `put`, to send files to the host. I usually migrate to the directory on my client where I either want to save files I will get from the host or send to the host before I connect. When you connect, you will be in the top-level directory—in this example, **home/gregp**. Once connected, you can then use `cd` just as you would in your client, except now you’re changing your working directory on the host. You may need to use `ls` to make sure you know where you are. + +Once you’re connected, the two basic commands for SFTP are, to receive files from the host; and, to send files to the host. I usually migrate to the directory on my client where I either want to save files I will get from the host or send to the host before I connect. When you connect, you will be in the top-level directory—in this example,. Once connected, you can then usejust as you would in your client, except now you’re changing your working directory on the host. You may need to useto make sure you know where you are. + +If you need to change the working directory on your client, use the command `lcd` (as in **local change directory** ). Similarly, use `lls` to show the working directory contents on your client system. + +What if the host doesn’t have a directory with the name you would like? Use `mkdir` to make a new directory on it. Or you might copy a whole directory of files to the host with this: + +``` +put -r ThisDir/ + +``` + +which creates the directory and then copies all of its files and subdirectories to the host. These transfers are extremely fast, as fast as your hardware allows, and have none of the bottlenecks you might encounter on the internet. To see a list of commands you can use in an SFTP session, check: + +``` +man sftp + +``` + +I have also been able to put SFTP to use on a Windows VM on my computer, yet another advantage of setting up a VM rather than a dual-boot system. This lets me move files to or from the Linux part of the system. So far I have only done this using a client in Windows. + +You can also use SSH and SFTP to access any devices connected to your router by wire or WiFi. For a while, I used an app called [SSHDroid][1], which runs SSH in a passive mode. In other words, you use your computer to access the Android device that is the host. Recently I found another app, [Admin Hands][2], where the tablet or phone is the client and can be used for either SSH or SFTP operations. This app is great for backing up or sharing photos from your phone. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/18/10/ssh-sftp-home-network + +作者：[Geg Pittman][a] +选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/greg-p +[1]: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=berserker.android.apps.sshdroid +[2]: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.arpaplus.adminhands&hl=en_US From 44c9651f4ba06ebf57370feca296522122945b5c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Tue, 9 Oct 2018 09:49:32 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 190/219] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=20Oomox=20=E2=80=93?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Customize=20And=20Create=20Your=20Own=20GTK2,=20GTK3=20Theme?= =?UTF-8?q?s?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...e And Create Your Own GTK2, GTK3 Themes.md | 128 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 128 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20181003 Oomox - Customize And Create Your Own GTK2, GTK3 Themes.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20181003 Oomox - Customize And Create Your Own GTK2, GTK3 Themes.md b/sources/tech/20181003 Oomox - Customize And Create Your Own GTK2, GTK3 Themes.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e45d96470f --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20181003 Oomox - Customize And Create Your Own GTK2, GTK3 Themes.md @@ -0,0 +1,128 @@ +Oomox – Customize And Create Your Own GTK2, GTK3 Themes +====== + +![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Oomox-720x340.png) + +Theming and Visual customization is one of the main advantages of Linux. Since all the code is open, you can change how your Linux system looks and behaves to a greater degree than you ever could with Windows/Mac OS. GTK theming is perhaps the most popular way in which people customize their Linux desktops. The GTK toolkit is used by a wide variety of desktop environments like Gnome, Cinnamon, Unity, XFCE, and budgie. This means that a single theme made for GTK can be applied to any of these Desktop Environments with little changes. + +There are a lot of very high quality popular GTK themes out there, such as **Arc** , **Numix** , and **Adapta**. But if you want to customize these themes and create your own visual design, you can use **Oomox**. + +The Oomox is a graphical app for customizing and creating your own GTK theme complete with your own color, icon and terminal style. It comes with several presets, which you can apply on a Numix, Arc, or Materia style theme to create your own GTK theme. + +### Installing Oomox + +On Arch Linux and its variants: + +Oomox is available on [**AUR**][1], so you can install it using any AUR helper programs like [**Yay**][2]. + +``` +$ yay -S oomox + +``` + +On Debian/Ubuntu/Linux Mint, download `oomox.deb`package from [**here**][3] and install it as shown below. As of writing this guide, the latest version was **oomox_1.7.0.5.deb**. + +``` +$ sudo dpkg -i oomox_1.7.0.5.deb +$ sudo apt install -f + +``` + +On Fedora, Oomox is available in third-party **COPR** repository. + +``` +$ sudo dnf copr enable tcg/themes +$ sudo dnf install oomox + +``` + +Oomox is also available as a [**Flatpak app**][4]. Make sure you have installed Flatpak as described in [**this guide**][5]. And then, install and run Oomox using the following commands: + +``` +$ flatpak install flathub com.github.themix_project.Oomox + +$ flatpak run com.github.themix_project.Oomox + +``` + +For other Linux distributions, go to the Oomox project page (Link is given at the end of this guide) on Github and compile and install it manually from source. + +### Customize And Create Your Own GTK2, GTK3 Themes + +**Theme Customization** + +![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Oomox-1-1.png) + +You can change the colour of practically every UI element, like: + + 1. Headers + 2. Buttons + 3. Buttons inside Headers + 4. Menus + 5. Selected Text + + + +To the left, there are a number of presets, like the Cars theme, modern themes like Materia, and Numix, and retro themes. Then, at the top of the main window, there’s an option called **Theme Style** , that lets you set the overall visual style of the theme. You can choose from between Numix, Arc, and Materia. + +With certain styles like Numix, you can even change things like the Header Gradient, Outline Width and Panel Opacity. You can also add a Dark Mode for your theme that will be automatically created from the default theme. + +![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Oomox-2.png) + +**Iconset Customization** + +You can customize the iconset that will be used for the theme icons. There are 2 options – Gnome Colors and Archdroid. You an change the base, and stroke colours of the iconset. + +**Terminal Customization** + +You can also customize the terminal colours. The app has several presets for this, but you can customize the exact colour code for each colour value like red, green,black, and so on. You can also auto swap the foreground and background colours. + +**Spotify Theme** + +A unique feature this app has is that you can theme the spotify app to your liking. You can change the foreground, background, and accent color of the spotify app to match the overall GTK theme. + +Then, just press the **Apply Spotify Theme** button, and you’ll get this window: + +![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Oomox-3.png) + +Just hit apply, and you’re done. + +**Exporting your Theme** + +Once you’re done customizing the theme to your liking, you can rename it by clicking the rename button at the top left: + +![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Oomox-4.png) + +And then, just hit **Export Theme** to export the theme to your system. + +![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Oomox-5.png) + +You can also just export just the Iconset or the terminal theme. + +After this, you can open any Visual Customization app for your Desktop Environment, like Tweaks for Gnome based DEs, or the **XFCE Appearance Settings** , and select your exported GTK and Shell theme. + +### Verdict + +If you are a Linux theme junkie, and you know exactly how each button, how each header in your system should look like, Oomox is worth a look. For extreme customizers, it lets you change virtually everything about how your system looks. For people who just want to tweak an existing theme a little bit, it has many, many presets so you can get what you want without a lot of effort. + +Have you tried it? What are your thoughts on Oomox? Put them in the comments below! + + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.ostechnix.com/oomox-customize-and-create-your-own-gtk2-gtk3-themes/ + +作者：[EDITOR][a] +选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/editor/ +[1]: https://aur.archlinux.org/packages/oomox/ +[2]: https://www.ostechnix.com/yay-found-yet-another-reliable-aur-helper/ +[3]: https://github.com/themix-project/oomox/releases +[4]: https://flathub.org/apps/details/com.github.themix_project.Oomox +[5]: https://www.ostechnix.com/flatpak-new-framework-desktop-applications-linux/ From 9f3d9e84fb74a9f5250f8c1338bfb8cec67d8702 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Tue, 9 Oct 2018 09:51:20 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 191/219] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=20Introducing=20Swi?= =?UTF-8?q?ft=20on=20Fedora?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- .../20181003 Introducing Swift on Fedora.md | 70 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 70 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20181003 Introducing Swift on Fedora.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20181003 Introducing Swift on Fedora.md b/sources/tech/20181003 Introducing Swift on Fedora.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..6b975be8f6 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20181003 Introducing Swift on Fedora.md @@ -0,0 +1,70 @@ +Introducing Swift on Fedora +====== + +![](https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/swift-816x345.jpg) + +Swift is a general-purpose programming language built using a modern approach to safety, performance, and software design patterns. It aims to be the best language for a variety of programming projects, ranging from systems programming to desktop applications and scaling up to cloud services. Read more about it and how to try it out in Fedora. + +### Safe, Fast, Expressive + +Like many modern programming languages, Swift was designed to be safer than C-based languages. For example, variables are always initialized before they can be used. Arrays and integers are checked for overflow. Memory is automatically managed. + +Swift puts intent right in the syntax. To declare a variable, use the var keyword. To declare a constant, use let. + +Swift also guarantees that objects can never be nil; in fact, trying to use an object known to be nil will cause a compile-time error. When using a nil value is appropriate, it supports a mechanism called **optionals**. An optional may contain nil, but is safely unwrapped using the **?** operator. + +Some additional features include: + + * Closures unified with function pointers + * Tuples and multiple return values + * Generics + * Fast and concise iteration over a range or collection + * Structs that support methods, extensions, and protocols + * Functional programming patterns, e.g., map and filter + * Powerful error handling built-in + * Advanced control flow with do, guard, defer, and repeat keywords + + + +### Try Swift out + +Swift is available in Fedora 28 under then package name **swift-lang**. Once installed, run swift and the REPL console starts up. + +``` +$ swift +Welcome to Swift version 4.2 (swift-4.2-RELEASE). Type :help for assistance. + 1> let greeting="Hello world!" +greeting: String = "Hello world!" + 2> print(greeting) +Hello world! + 3> greeting = "Hello universe!" +error: repl.swift:3:10: error: cannot assign to value: 'greeting' is a 'let' constant +greeting = "Hello universe!" +~~~~~~~~ ^ + + + 3> + +``` + +Swift has a growing community, and in particular, a [work group][1] dedicated to making it an efficient and effective server-side programming language. Be sure to visit [its home page][2] for more ways to get involved. + +Photo by [Uillian Vargas][3] on [Unsplash][4]. + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://fedoramagazine.org/introducing-swift-fedora/ + +作者：[Link Dupont][a] +选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/author/linkdupont/ +[1]: https://swift.org/server/ +[2]: http://swift.org +[3]: https://unsplash.com/photos/7oJpVR1inGk?utm_source=unsplash&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=creditCopyText +[4]: https://unsplash.com/search/photos/fast?utm_source=unsplash&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=creditCopyText From 5faeab123a946a94ed4d27d771316759e80ff7f1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Tue, 9 Oct 2018 09:58:49 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 192/219] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=204=20open=20source?= =?UTF-8?q?=20invoicing=20tools=20for=20small=20businesses?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...ce invoicing tools for small businesses.md | 76 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 76 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20181002 4 open source invoicing tools for small businesses.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20181002 4 open source invoicing tools for small businesses.md b/sources/tech/20181002 4 open source invoicing tools for small businesses.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..29589a6ad1 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20181002 4 open source invoicing tools for small businesses.md @@ -0,0 +1,76 @@ +4 open source invoicing tools for small businesses +====== +Manage your billing and get paid with easy-to-use, web-based invoicing software. + +![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/BUS_lovemoneyglory2.png?itok=AvneLxFp) + +No matter what your reasons for starting a small business, the key to keeping that business going is getting paid. Getting paid usually means sending a client an invoice. + +It's easy enough to whip up an invoice using LibreOffice Writer or LibreOffice Calc, but sometimes you need a bit more. A more professional look. A way of keeping track of your invoices. Reminders about when to follow up on the invoices you've sent. + +There's a wide range of commercial and closed-source invoicing tools out there. But the offerings on the open source side of the fence are just as good, and maybe even more flexible, than their closed source counterparts. + +Let's take a look at four web-based open source invoicing tools that are great choices for freelancers and small businesses on a tight budget. I reviewed two of them in 2014, in an [earlier version][1] of this article. These four picks are easy to use and you can use them on just about any device. + +### Invoice Ninja + +I've never been a fan of the term ninja. Despite that, I like [Invoice Ninja][2]. A lot. It melds a simple interface with a set of features that let you create, manage, and send invoices to clients and customers. + +You can easily configure multiple clients, track payments and outstanding invoices, generate quotes, and email invoices. What sets Invoice Ninja apart from its competitors is its [integration with][3] over 40 online popular payment gateways, including PayPal, Stripe, WePay, and Apple Pay. + +[Download][4] a version that you can install on your own server or get an account with the [hosted version][5] of Invoice Ninja. There's a free version and a paid tier that will set you back US$ 8 a month. + +### InvoicePlane + +Once upon a time, there was a nifty open source invoicing tool called FusionInvoice. One day, its creators took the latest version of the code proprietary. That didn't end happily, as FusionInvoice's doors were shut for good in 2018. But that wasn't the end of the application. An old version of the code stayed open source and morphed into [InvoicePlane][6], which packs all of FusionInvoice's goodness. + +Creating an invoice takes just a couple of clicks. You can make them as minimal or detailed as you need. When you're ready, you can email your invoices or output them as PDFs. You can also create recurring invoices for clients or customers you regularly bill. + +InvoicePlane does more than generate and track invoices. You can also create quotes for jobs or goods, track products you sell, view and enter payments, and run reports on your invoices. + +[Grab the code][7] and install it on your web server. Or, if you're not quite ready to do that, [take the demo][8] for a spin. + +### OpenSourceBilling + +Described by its developer as "beautifully simple billing software," [OpenSourceBilling][9] lives up to the description. It has one of the cleanest interfaces I've seen, which makes configuring and using the tool a breeze. + +OpenSourceBilling stands out because of its dashboard, which tracks your current and past invoices, as well as any outstanding amounts. Your information is broken up into graphs and tables, which makes it easy to follow. + +You do much of the configuration on the invoice itself. You can add items, tax rates, clients, and even payment terms with a click and a few keystrokes. OpenSourceBilling saves that information across all of your invoices, both new and old. + +As with some of the other tools we've looked at, OpenSourceBilling has a [demo][10] you can try. + +### BambooInvoice + +When I was a full-time freelance writer and consultant, I used [BambooInvoice][11] to bill my clients. When its original developer stopped working on the software, I was a bit disappointed. But BambooInvoice is back, and it's as good as ever. + +What attracted me to BambooInvoice is its simplicity. It does one thing and does it well. You can create and edit invoices, and BambooInvoice keeps track of them by client and by the invoice numbers you assign to them. It also lets you know which invoices are open or overdue. You can email the invoices from within the application or generate PDFs. You can also run reports to keep tabs on your income. + +To [install][12] and use BambooInvoice, you'll need a web server running PHP 5 or newer as well as a MySQL database. Chances are you already have access to one, so you're good to go. + +Do you have a favorite open source invoicing tool? Feel free to share it by leaving a comment. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/18/10/open-source-invoicing-tools + +作者：[Scott Nesbitt][a] +选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/scottnesbitt +[1]: https://opensource.com/business/14/9/4-open-source-invoice-tools +[2]: https://www.invoiceninja.org/ +[3]: https://www.invoiceninja.com/integrations/ +[4]: https://github.com/invoiceninja/invoiceninja +[5]: https://www.invoiceninja.com/invoicing-pricing-plans/ +[6]: https://invoiceplane.com/ +[7]: https://wiki.invoiceplane.com/en/1.5/getting-started/installation +[8]: https://demo.invoiceplane.com/ +[9]: http://www.opensourcebilling.org/ +[10]: http://demo.opensourcebilling.org/ +[11]: https://www.bambooinvoice.net/ +[12]: https://sourceforge.net/projects/bambooinvoice/ From ab8c4289a06ef682321cd3a2be8dabccf54fb677 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Tue, 9 Oct 2018 10:04:35 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 193/219] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=20Turn=20your=20boo?= =?UTF-8?q?k=20into=20a=20website=20and=20an=20ePub=20using=20Pandoc?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...into a website and an ePub using Pandoc.md | 263 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 263 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20181001 Turn your book into a website and an ePub using Pandoc.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20181001 Turn your book into a website and an ePub using Pandoc.md b/sources/tech/20181001 Turn your book into a website and an ePub using Pandoc.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..bd79cb3c04 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20181001 Turn your book into a website and an ePub using Pandoc.md @@ -0,0 +1,263 @@ +Turn your book into a website and an ePub using Pandoc +====== +Write once, publish twice using Markdown and Pandoc. + +![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/email_paper_envelope_document.png?itok=uPj_kouJ) + +Pandoc is a command-line tool for converting files from one markup language to another. In my [introduction to Pandoc][1], I explained how to convert text written in Markdown into a website, a slideshow, and a PDF. + +In this follow-up article, I'll dive deeper into [Pandoc][2], showing how to produce a website and an ePub book from the same Markdown source file. I'll use my upcoming e-book, [GRASP Principles for the Object-Oriented Mind][3], which I created using this process, as an example. + +First I will explain the file structure used for the book, then how to use Pandoc to generate a website and deploy it in GitHub. Finally, I demonstrate how to generate its companion ePub book. + +You can find the code in my [Programming Fight Club][4] GitHub repository. + +### Setting up the writing structure + +I do all of my writing in Markdown syntax. You can also use HTML, but the more HTML you introduce the highest risk that problems arise when Pandoc converts Markdown to an ePub document. My books follow the one-chapter-per-file pattern. Declare chapters using the Markdown heading H1 ( **#** ). You can put more than one chapter in each file, but putting them in separate files makes it easier to find content and do updates later. + +The meta-information follows a similar pattern: each output format has its own meta-information file. Meta-information files define information about your documents, such as text to add to your HTML or the license of your ePub. I store all of my Markdown documents in a folder named parts (this is important for the Makefile that generates the website and ePub). As an example, let's take the table of contents, the preface, and the about chapters (divided into the files toc.md, preface.md, and about.md) and, for clarity, we will leave out the remaining chapters. + +My about file might begin like: + +``` +# About this book {-} + +## Who should read this book {-} + +Before creating a complex software system one needs to create a solid foundation. +General Responsibility Assignment Software Principles (GRASP) are guidelines to assign +responsibilities to software classes in object-oriented programming. +``` + +Once the chapters are finished, the next step is to add meta-information to setup the format for the website and the ePub. + +### Generating the website + +#### Create the HTML meta-information file + +The meta-information file (web-metadata.yaml) for my website is a simple YAML file that contains information about the author, title, rights, content for the **< head>** tag, and content for the beginning and end of the HTML file. + +I recommend (at minimum) including the following fields in the web-metadata.yaml file: + +``` +--- +title: GRASP principles for the Object-oriented mind +author: Kiko Fernandez-Reyes +rights: 2017 Kiko Fernandez-Reyes, CC-BY-NC-SA 4.0 International +header-includes: +- | +  \```{=html} +  +  +  \``` +include-before: +- | +  \```{=html} + 

If you like this book, please consider +      spreading the word or +      +        buying me a coffee +      + 

+  \``` +include-after: +- | +  ```{=html} + 
+   
+   
+        +   
+ 
+  \``` +--- +``` + +Some variables to note: + + * The **header-includes** variable contains HTML that will be embedded inside the **< head>** tag. + * The line after calling a variable must be **\- |**. The next line must begin with triple backquotes that are aligned with the **|** or Pandoc will reject it. **{=html}** tells Pandoc that this is raw text and should not be processed as Markdown. (For this to work, you need to check that the **raw_attribute** extension in Pandoc is enabled. To check, type **pandoc --list-extensions | grep raw** and make sure the returned list contains an item named **+raw_html** ; the plus sign indicates it is enabled.) + * The variable **include-before** adds some HTML at the beginning of your website, and I ask readers to consider spreading the word or buying me a coffee. + * The **include-after** variable appends raw HTML at the end of the website and shows my book's license. + + + +These are only some of the fields available; take a look at the template variables in HTML (my article [introduction to Pandoc][1] covered this for LaTeX but the process is the same for HTML) to learn about others. + +#### Split the website into chapters + +The website can be generated as a whole, resulting in a long page with all the content, or split into chapters, which I think is easier to read. I'll explain how to divide the website into chapters so the reader doesn't get intimidated by a long website. + +To make the website easy to deploy on GitHub Pages, we need to create a root folder called docs (which is the root folder that GitHub Pages uses by default to render a website). Then we need to create folders for each chapter under docs, place the HTML chapters in their own folders, and the file content in a file named index.html. + +For example, the about.md file is converted to a file named index.html that is placed in a folder named about (about/index.html). This way, when users type **http:// /about/**, the index.html file from the folder about will be displayed in their browser. + +The following Makefile does all of this: + +``` +# Your book files +DEPENDENCIES= toc preface about + +# Placement of your HTML files +DOCS=docs + +all: web + +web: setup $(DEPENDENCIES) +        @cp $(DOCS)/toc/index.html $(DOCS) + + +# Creation and copy of stylesheet and images into +# the assets folder. This is important to deploy the +# website to Github Pages. +setup: +        @mkdir -p $(DOCS) +        @cp -r assets $(DOCS) + + +# Creation of folder and index.html file on a +# per-chapter basis + +$(DEPENDENCIES): +        @mkdir -p $(DOCS)/$@ +        @pandoc -s --toc web-metadata.yaml parts/$@.md \ +        -c /assets/pandoc.css -o $(DOCS)/$@/index.html + +clean: +        @rm -rf $(DOCS) + +.PHONY: all clean web setup +``` + +The option **-c /assets/pandoc.css** declares which CSS stylesheet to use; it will be fetched from **/assets/pandoc.css**. In other words, inside the **< head>** HTML tag, Pandoc adds the following line: + +``` + +``` + +To generate the website, type: + +``` +make +``` + +The root folder should contain now the following structure and files: + +``` +.---parts +|    |--- toc.md +|    |--- preface.md +|    |--- about.md +| +|---docs +    |--- assets/ +    |--- index.html +    |--- toc +    |     |--- index.html +    | +    |--- preface +    |     |--- index.html +    | +    |--- about +          |--- index.html +    +``` + +#### Deploy the website + +To deploy the website on GitHub, follow these steps: + + 1. Create a new repository + 2. Push your content to the repository + 3. Go to the GitHub Pages section in the repository's Settings and select the option for GitHub to use the content from the Master branch + + + +You can get more details on the [GitHub Pages][5] site. + +Check out [my book's website][6], generated using this process, to see the result. + +### Generating the ePub book + +#### Create the ePub meta-information file + +The ePub meta-information file, epub-meta.yaml, is similar to the HTML meta-information file. The main difference is that ePub offers other template variables, such as **publisher** and **cover-image**. Your ePub book's stylesheet will probably differ from your website's; mine uses one named epub.css. + +``` +--- +title: 'GRASP principles for the Object-oriented Mind' +publisher: 'Programming Language Fight Club' +author: Kiko Fernandez-Reyes +rights: 2017 Kiko Fernandez-Reyes, CC-BY-NC-SA 4.0 International +cover-image: assets/cover.png +stylesheet: assets/epub.css +... +``` + +Add the following content to the previous Makefile: + +``` +epub: +        @pandoc -s --toc epub-meta.yaml \ +        $(addprefix parts/, $(DEPENDENCIES:=.md)) -o $(DOCS)/assets/book.epub +``` + +The command for the ePub target takes all the dependencies from the HTML version (your chapter names), appends to them the Markdown extension, and prepends them with the path to the folder chapters' so Pandoc knows how to process them. For example, if **$(DEPENDENCIES)** was only **preface about** , then the Makefile would call: + +``` +@pandoc -s --toc epub-meta.yaml \ +parts/preface.md parts/about.md -o $(DOCS)/assets/book.epub +``` + +Pandoc would take these two chapters, combine them, generate an ePub, and place the book under the Assets folder. + +Here's an [example][7] of an ePub created using this process. + +### Summarizing the process + +The process to create a website and an ePub from a Markdown file isn't difficult, but there are a lot of details. The following outline may make it easier for you to follow. + + * HTML book: + * Write chapters in Markdown + * Add metadata + * Create a Makefile to glue pieces together + * Set up GitHub Pages + * Deploy + * ePub book: + * Reuse chapters from previous work + * Add new metadata file + * Create a Makefile to glue pieces together + * Set up GitHub Pages + * Deploy + + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/18/10/book-to-website-epub-using-pandoc + +作者：[Kiko Fernandez-Reyes][a] +选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/kikofernandez +[1]: https://opensource.com/article/18/9/intro-pandoc +[2]: https://pandoc.org/ +[3]: https://www.programmingfightclub.com/ +[4]: https://github.com/kikofernandez/programmingfightclub +[5]: https://pages.github.com/ +[6]: https://www.programmingfightclub.com/grasp-principles/ +[7]: https://github.com/kikofernandez/programmingfightclub/raw/master/docs/web_assets/demo.epub From b6f2c585ab996e0c2b447a86e73717b31e269823 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Tue, 9 Oct 2018 10:07:41 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 194/219] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2016=20iptables=20t?= =?UTF-8?q?ips=20and=20tricks=20for=20sysadmins?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... iptables tips and tricks for sysadmins.md | 261 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 261 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20181001 16 iptables tips and tricks for sysadmins.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20181001 16 iptables tips and tricks for sysadmins.md b/sources/tech/20181001 16 iptables tips and tricks for sysadmins.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..9e07971c81 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20181001 16 iptables tips and tricks for sysadmins.md @@ -0,0 +1,261 @@ +16 iptables tips and tricks for sysadmins +====== +Iptables provides powerful capabilities to control traffic coming in and out of your system. + +![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/command_line_prompt.png?itok=wbGiJ_yg) + +Modern Linux kernels come with a packet-filtering framework named [Netfilter][1]. Netfilter enables you to allow, drop, and modify traffic coming in and going out of a system. The **iptables** userspace command-line tool builds upon this functionality to provide a powerful firewall, which you can configure by adding rules to form a firewall policy. [iptables][2] can be very daunting with its rich set of capabilities and baroque command syntax. Let's explore some of them and develop a set of iptables tips and tricks for many situations a system administrator might encounter. + +### Avoid locking yourself out + +Scenario: You are going to make changes to the iptables policy rules on your company's primary server. You want to avoid locking yourself—and potentially everybody else—out. (This costs time and money and causes your phone to ring off the wall.) + +#### Tip #1: Take a backup of your iptables configuration before you start working on it. + +Back up your configuration with the command: + +``` +/sbin/iptables-save > /root/iptables-works + +``` +#### Tip #2: Even better, include a timestamp in the filename. + +Add the timestamp with the command: + +``` +/sbin/iptables-save > /root/iptables-works-`date +%F` + +``` + +You get a file with a name like: + +``` +/root/iptables-works-2018-09-11 + +``` + +If you do something that prevents your system from working, you can quickly restore it: + +``` +/sbin/iptables-restore < /root/iptables-works-2018-09-11 + +``` + +#### Tip #3: Every time you create a backup copy of the iptables policy, create a link to the file with 'latest' in the name. + +``` +ln –s /root/iptables-works-`date +%F` /root/iptables-works-latest + +``` + +#### Tip #4: Put specific rules at the top of the policy and generic rules at the bottom. + +Avoid generic rules like this at the top of the policy rules: + +``` +iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 22 -j DROP + +``` + +The more criteria you specify in the rule, the less chance you will have of locking yourself out. Instead of the very generic rule above, use something like this: + +``` +iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 22 –s 10.0.0.0/8 –d 192.168.100.101 -j DROP + +``` + +This rule appends ( **-A** ) to the **INPUT** chain a rule that will **DROP** any packets originating from the CIDR block **10.0.0.0/8** on TCP ( **-p tcp** ) port 22 ( **\--dport 22** ) destined for IP address 192.168.100.101 ( **-d 192.168.100.101** ). + +There are plenty of ways you can be more specific. For example, using **-i eth0** will limit the processing to a single NIC in your server. This way, the filtering actions will not apply the rule to **eth1**. + +#### Tip #5: Whitelist your IP address at the top of your policy rules. + +This is a very effective method of not locking yourself out. Everybody else, not so much. + +``` +iptables -I INPUT -s -j ACCEPT + +``` + +You need to put this as the first rule for it to work properly. Remember, **-I** inserts it as the first rule; **-A** appends it to the end of the list. + +#### Tip #6: Know and understand all the rules in your current policy. + +Not making a mistake in the first place is half the battle. If you understand the inner workings behind your iptables policy, it will make your life easier. Draw a flowchart if you must. Also remember: What the policy does and what it is supposed to do can be two different things. + +### Set up a workstation firewall policy + +Scenario: You want to set up a workstation with a restrictive firewall policy. + +#### Tip #1: Set the default policy as DROP. + +``` +# Set a default policy of DROP +*filter +:INPUT DROP [0:0] +:FORWARD DROP [0:0] +:OUTPUT DROP [0:0] +``` + +#### Tip #2: Allow users the minimum amount of services needed to get their work done. + +The iptables rules need to allow the workstation to get an IP address, netmask, and other important information via DHCP ( **-p udp --dport 67:68 --sport 67:68** ). For remote management, the rules need to allow inbound SSH ( **\--dport 22** ), outbound mail ( **\--dport 25** ), DNS ( **\--dport 53** ), outbound ping ( **-p icmp** ), Network Time Protocol ( **\--dport 123 --sport 123** ), and outbound HTTP ( **\--dport 80** ) and HTTPS ( **\--dport 443** ). + +``` +# Set a default policy of DROP +*filter +:INPUT DROP [0:0] +:FORWARD DROP [0:0] +:OUTPUT DROP [0:0] + +# Accept any related or established connections +-I INPUT  1 -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT +-I OUTPUT 1 -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT + +# Allow all traffic on the loopback interface +-A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT +-A OUTPUT -o lo -j ACCEPT + +# Allow outbound DHCP request +-A OUTPUT –o eth0 -p udp --dport 67:68 --sport 67:68 -j ACCEPT + +# Allow inbound SSH +-A INPUT -i eth0 -p tcp -m tcp --dport 22 -m state --state NEW  -j ACCEPT + +# Allow outbound email +-A OUTPUT -i eth0 -p tcp -m tcp --dport 25 -m state --state NEW  -j ACCEPT + +# Outbound DNS lookups +-A OUTPUT -o eth0 -p udp -m udp --dport 53 -j ACCEPT + +# Outbound PING requests +-A OUTPUT –o eth0 -p icmp -j ACCEPT + +# Outbound Network Time Protocol (NTP) requests +-A OUTPUT –o eth0 -p udp --dport 123 --sport 123 -j ACCEPT + +# Outbound HTTP +-A OUTPUT -o eth0 -p tcp -m tcp --dport 80 -m state --state NEW -j ACCEPT +-A OUTPUT -o eth0 -p tcp -m tcp --dport 443 -m state --state NEW -j ACCEPT + +COMMIT +``` + +### Restrict an IP address range + +Scenario: The CEO of your company thinks the employees are spending too much time on Facebook and not getting any work done. The CEO tells the CIO to do something about the employees wasting time on Facebook. The CIO tells the CISO to do something about employees wasting time on Facebook. Eventually, you are told the employees are wasting too much time on Facebook, and you have to do something about it. You decide to block all access to Facebook. First, find out Facebook's IP address by using the **host** and **whois** commands. + +``` +host -t a www.facebook.com +www.facebook.com is an alias for star.c10r.facebook.com. +star.c10r.facebook.com has address 31.13.65.17 +whois 31.13.65.17 | grep inetnum +inetnum:        31.13.64.0 - 31.13.127.255 +``` + +Then convert that range to CIDR notation by using the [CIDR to IPv4 Conversion][3] page. You get **31.13.64.0/18**. To prevent outgoing access to [www.facebook.com][4], enter: + +``` +iptables -A OUTPUT -p tcp -i eth0 –o eth1 –d 31.13.64.0/18 -j DROP +``` + +### Regulate by time + +Scenario: The backlash from the company's employees over denying access to Facebook access causes the CEO to relent a little (that and his administrative assistant's reminding him that she keeps HIS Facebook page up-to-date). The CEO decides to allow access to Facebook.com only at lunchtime (12PM to 1PM). Assuming the default policy is DROP, use iptables' time features to open up access. + +``` +iptables –A OUTPUT -p tcp -m multiport --dport http,https -i eth0 -o eth1 -m time --timestart 12:00 --timestart 12:00 –timestop 13:00 –d +31.13.64.0/18  -j ACCEPT +``` + +This command sets the policy to allow ( **-j ACCEPT** ) http and https ( **-m multiport --dport http,https** ) between noon ( **\--timestart 12:00** ) and 13PM ( **\--timestop 13:00** ) to Facebook.com ( **–d[31.13.64.0/18][5]** ). + +### Regulate by time—Take 2 + +Scenario: During planned downtime for system maintenance, you need to deny all TCP and UDP traffic between the hours of 2AM and 3AM so maintenance tasks won't be disrupted by incoming traffic. This will take two iptables rules: + +``` +iptables -A INPUT -p tcp -m time --timestart 02:00 --timestop 03:00 -j DROP +iptables -A INPUT -p udp -m time --timestart 02:00 --timestop 03:00 -j DROP +``` + +With these rules, TCP and UDP traffic ( **-p tcp and -p udp** ) are denied ( **-j DROP** ) between the hours of 2AM ( **\--timestart 02:00** ) and 3AM ( **\--timestop 03:00** ) on input ( **-A INPUT** ). + +### Limit connections with iptables + +Scenario: Your internet-connected web servers are under attack by bad actors from around the world attempting to DoS (Denial of Service) them. To mitigate these attacks, you restrict the number of connections a single IP address can have to your web server: + +``` +iptables –A INPUT –p tcp –syn -m multiport -–dport http,https –m connlimit -–connlimit-above 20 –j REJECT -–reject-with-tcp-reset +``` + +Let's look at what this rule does. If a host makes more than 20 ( **-–connlimit-above 20** ) new connections ( **–p tcp –syn** ) in a minute to the web servers ( **-–dport http,https** ), reject the new connection ( **–j REJECT** ) and tell the connecting host you are rejecting the connection ( **-–reject-with-tcp-reset** ). + +### Monitor iptables rules + +Scenario: Since iptables operates on a "first match wins" basis as packets traverse the rules in a chain, frequently matched rules should be near the top of the policy and less frequently matched rules should be near the bottom. How do you know which rules are traversed the most or the least so they can be ordered nearer the top or the bottom? + +#### Tip #1: See how many times each rule has been hit. + +Use this command: + +``` +iptables -L -v -n –line-numbers +``` + +The command will list all the rules in the chain ( **-L** ). Since no chain was specified, all the chains will be listed with verbose output ( **-v** ) showing packet and byte counters in numeric format ( **-n** ) with line numbers at the beginning of each rule corresponding to that rule's position in the chain. + +Using the packet and bytes counts, you can order the most frequently traversed rules to the top and the least frequently traversed rules towards the bottom. + +#### Tip #2: Remove unnecessary rules. + +Which rules aren't getting any matches at all? These would be good candidates for removal from the policy. You can find that out with this command: + +``` +iptables -nvL | grep -v "0     0" +``` + +Note: that's not a tab between the zeros; there are five spaces between the zeros. + +#### Tip #3: Monitor what's going on. + +You would like to monitor what's going on with iptables in real time, like with **top**. Use this command to monitor the activity of iptables activity dynamically and show only the rules that are actively being traversed: + +``` +watch --interval=5 'iptables -nvL | grep -v "0     0"' +``` + +**watch** runs **'iptables -nvL | grep -v "0 0"'** every five seconds and displays the first screen of its output. This allows you to watch the packet and byte counts change over time. + +### Report on iptables + +Scenario: Your manager thinks this iptables firewall stuff is just great, but a daily activity report would be even better. Sometimes it's more important to write a report than to do the work. + +Use the packet filter/firewall/IDS log analyzer [FWLogwatch][6] to create reports based on the iptables firewall logs. FWLogwatch supports many log formats and offers many analysis options. It generates daily and monthly summaries of the log files, allowing the security administrator to free up substantial time, maintain better control over network security, and reduce unnoticed attacks. + +Here is sample output from FWLogwatch: + +![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/fwlogwatch.png) + +### More than just ACCEPT and DROP + +We've covered many facets of iptables, all the way from making sure you don't lock yourself out when working with iptables to monitoring iptables to visualizing the activity of an iptables firewall. These will get you started down the path to realizing even more iptables tips and tricks. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/18/10/iptables-tips-and-tricks + +作者：[Gary Smith][a] +选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/greptile +[1]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netfilter +[2]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iptables +[3]: http://www.ipaddressguide.com/cidr +[4]: http://www.facebook.com +[5]: http://31.13.64.0/18 +[6]: http://fwlogwatch.inside-security.de/ From d57f939300d537f9af0b090983136a6143d0f29c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Tue, 9 Oct 2018 10:20:09 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 195/219] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=20How=20to=20Instal?= =?UTF-8?q?l=20Pip=20on=20Ubuntu?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- .../20181001 How to Install Pip on Ubuntu.md | 179 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 179 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20181001 How to Install Pip on Ubuntu.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20181001 How to Install Pip on Ubuntu.md b/sources/tech/20181001 How to Install Pip on Ubuntu.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..8751dc50f9 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20181001 How to Install Pip on Ubuntu.md @@ -0,0 +1,179 @@ +How to Install Pip on Ubuntu +====== +**Pip is a command line tool that allows you to install software packages written in Python. Learn how to install Pip on Ubuntu and how to use it for installing Python applications.** + +There are numerous ways to [install software on Ubuntu][1]. You can install applications from the software center, from downloaded DEB files, from PPA, from [Snap packages][2], [using Flatpak][3], using [AppImage][4] and even from the good old source code. + +There is one more way to install packages in [Ubuntu][5]. It’s called Pip and you can use it to install Python-based applications. + +### What is Pip + +[Pip][6] stands for “Pip Installs Packages”. [Pip][7] is a command line based package management system. It is used to install and manage software written in [Python language][8]. + +You can use Pip to install packages listed in the Python Package Index ([PyPI][9]). + +As a software developer, you can use pip to install various Python module and packages for your own Python projects. + +As an end user, you may need pip in order to install some applications that are developed using Python and can be installed easily using pip. One such example is [Stress Terminal][10] application that you can easily install with pip. + +Let’s see how you can install pip on Ubuntu and other Ubuntu-based distributions. + +### How to install Pip on Ubuntu + +![Install pip on Ubuntu Linux][11] + +Pip is not installed on Ubuntu by default. You’ll have to install it. Installing pip on Ubuntu is really easy. I’ll show it to you in a moment. + +Ubuntu 18.04 has both Python 2 and Python 3 installed by default. And hence, you should install pip for both Python versions. + +Pip, by default, refers to the Python 2. Pip in Python 3 is referred by pip3. + +Note: I am using Ubuntu 18.04 in this tutorial. But the instructions here should be valid for other versions like Ubuntu 16.04, 18.10 etc. You may also use the same commands on other Linux distributions based on Ubuntu such as Linux Mint, Linux Lite, Xubuntu, Kubuntu etc. + +#### Install pip for Python 2 + +First, make sure that you have Python 2 installed. On Ubuntu, use the command below to verify. + +``` +python2 --version + +``` + +If there is no error and a valid output that shows the Python version, you have Python 2 installed. So now you can install pip for Python 2 using this command: + +``` +sudo apt install python-pip + +``` + +It will install pip and a number of other dependencies with it. Once installed, verify that you have pip installed correctly. + +``` +pip --version + +``` + +It should show you a version number, something like this: + +``` +pip 9.0.1 from /usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages (python 2.7) + +``` + +This mans that you have successfully installed pip on Ubuntu. + +#### Install pip for Python 3 + +You have to make sure that Python 3 is installed on Ubuntu. To check that, use this command: + +``` +python3 --version + +``` + +If it shows you a number like Python 3.6.6, Python 3 is installed on your Linux system. + +Now, you can install pip3 using the command below: + +``` +sudo apt install python3-pip + +``` + +You should verify that pip3 has been installed correctly using this command: + +``` +pip3 --version + +``` + +It should show you a number like this: + +``` +pip 9.0.1 from /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages (python 3.6) + +``` + +It means that pip3 is successfully installed on your system. + +### How to use Pip command + +Now that you have installed pip, let’s quickly see some of the basic pip commands. These commands will help you use pip commands for searching, installing and removing Python packages. + +To search packages from the Python Package Index, you can use the following pip command: + +``` +pip search + +``` + +For example, if you search or stress, it will show all the packages that have the string ‘stress’ in its name or description. + +``` +pip search stress +stress (1.0.0) - A trivial utility for consuming system resources. +s-tui (0.8.2) - Stress Terminal UI stress test and monitoring tool +stressypy (0.0.12) - A simple program for calling stress and/or stress-ng from python +fuzzing (0.3.2) - Tools for stress testing applications. +stressant (0.4.1) - Simple stress-test tool +stressberry (0.1.7) - Stress tests for the Raspberry Pi +mobbage (0.2) - A HTTP stress test and benchmark tool +stresser (0.2.1) - A large-scale stress testing framework. +cyanide (1.3.0) - Celery stress testing and integration test support. +pysle (1.5.7) - An interface to ISLEX, a pronunciation dictionary with stress markings. +ggf (0.3.2) - global geometric factors and corresponding stresses of the optical stretcher +pathod (0.17) - A pathological HTTP/S daemon for testing and stressing clients. +MatPy (1.0) - A toolbox for intelligent material design, and automatic yield stress determination +netblow (0.1.2) - Vendor agnostic network testing framework to stress network failures +russtress (0.1.3) - Package that helps you to put lexical stress in russian text +switchy (0.1.0a1) - A fast FreeSWITCH control library purpose-built on traffic theory and stress testing. +nx4_selenium_test (0.1) - Provides a Python class and apps which monitor and/or stress-test the NoMachine NX4 web interface +physical_dualism (1.0.0) - Python library that approximates the natural frequency from stress via physical dualism, and vice versa. +fsm_effective_stress (1.0.0) - Python library that uses the rheological-dynamical analogy (RDA) to compute damage and effective buckling stress in prismatic shell structures. +processpathway (0.3.11) - A nifty little toolkit to create stress-free, frustrationless image processing pathways from your webcam for computer vision experiments. Or observing your cat. + +``` + +If you want to install an application using pip, you can use it in the following manner: + +``` +pip install + +``` + +Pip doesn’t support tab completion so the package name should be exact. It will download all the necessary files and installed that package. + +If you want to remove a Python package installed via pip, you can use the remove option in pip. + +``` +pip uninstall + +``` + +You can use pip3 instead of pip in the above commands. + +I hope this quick tip helped you to install pip on Ubuntu. If you have any questions or suggestions, please let me know in the comment section below. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/install-pip-ubuntu/ + +作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a] +选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/ +[1]: https://itsfoss.com/how-to-add-remove-programs-in-ubuntu/ +[2]: https://itsfoss.com/use-snap-packages-ubuntu-16-04/ +[3]: https://itsfoss.com/flatpak-guide/ +[4]: https://itsfoss.com/use-appimage-linux/ +[5]: https://www.ubuntu.com/ +[6]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pip_(package_manager) +[7]: https://pypi.org/project/pip/ +[8]: https://www.python.org/ +[9]: https://pypi.org/ +[10]: https://itsfoss.com/stress-terminal-ui/ +[11]: https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/install-pip-ubuntu.png From 98ed397ccfe93cb9df1345b59d8a44be35552873 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Tue, 9 Oct 2018 10:21:26 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 196/219] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=20Troubleshooting?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Node.js=20Issues=20with=20llnode?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...ubleshooting Node.js Issues with llnode.md | 75 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 75 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20180925 Troubleshooting Node.js Issues with llnode.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20180925 Troubleshooting Node.js Issues with llnode.md b/sources/talk/20180925 Troubleshooting Node.js Issues with llnode.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3565b0270d --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20180925 Troubleshooting Node.js Issues with llnode.md @@ -0,0 +1,75 @@ +Troubleshooting Node.js Issues with llnode +====== + +![](https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/node_1920.jpg?itok=Cwd2YtPd) + +The llnode plugin lets you inspect Node.js processes and core dumps; it adds the ability to inspect JavaScript stack frames, objects, source code and more. At [Node+JS Interactive][1], Matheus Marchini, Node.js Collaborator and Lead Software Engineer at Sthima, will host a [workshop][2] on how to use llnode to find and fix issues quickly and reliably, without bloating your application with logs or compromising performance. He explains more in this interview. + +**Linux.com: What are some common issues that happen with a Node.js application in production?** + +**Matheus Marchini:** One of the most common issues Node.js developers might experience -- either in production or during development -- are unhandled exceptions. They happen when your code throws an error, and this error is not properly handled. There's a variation of this issue with Promises, although in this case, the problem is worse: if a Promise is rejected but there's no handler for that rejection, the application might enter into an undefined state and it can start to misbehave. + +The application might also crash when it's using too much memory. This usually happens when there's a memory leak in the application, although we usually don't have classic memory leaks in Node.js. Instead of unreferenced objects, we might have objects that are not used anymore but are still retained by another object, leading the Garbage Collector to ignore them. If this happens with several objects, we can quickly exhaust our available memory. + +Memory is not the only resource that might get exhausted. Given the asynchronous nature of Node.js and how it scales for a large number of requests, the application might start to run out on other resources such as opened file descriptions and a number of concurrent connections to a database. + +Infinite loops are not that common because we usually catch those during development, but every once in a while one manages to slip through our tests and get into our production servers. These are pretty catastrophic because they will block the main thread, rendering the entire application unresponsive. + +The last issues I'd like to point out are performance issues. Those can happen for a variety of reasons, ranging from unoptimized function to I/O latency. + +**Linux.com: Are there any quick tests you can do to determine what might be happening with your Node.js application?** + +**Marchini:** Node.js and V8 have several tools and features built-in which developers can use to find issues faster. For example, if you're facing performance issues, you might want to use the built-in [V8 CpuProfiler][3]. Memory issues can be tracked down with [V8 Sampling Heap Profiler][4]. All of these options are interesting because you can open their results in Chrome DevTools and get some nice graphical visualizations by default. + +If you are using native modules on your project, V8 built-in tools might not give you enough insights, since they focus only on JavaScript metrics. As an alternative to V8 CpuProfiler, you can use system profiler tools, such as [perf for Linux][5] and Dtrace for FreeBSD / OS X. You can grab the result from these tools and turn them into flamegraphs, making it easier to find which functions are taking more time to process. + +You can use third-party tools as well: [node-report][6] is an amazing first failure data capture which doesn't introduce a significant overhead. When your application crashes, it will generate a report with detailed information about the state of the system, including environment variables, flags used, operating system details, etc. You can also generate this report on demand, and it is extremely useful when asking for help in forums, for example. The best part is that, after installing it through npm, you can enable it with a flag -- no need to make changes in your code! + +But one of the tools I'm most amazed by is [llnode][7]. + +**Linux.com: When would you want to use something like llnode; and what exactly is it?** + +**Marchini:** **** llnode is useful when debugging infinite loops, uncaught exceptions or out of memory issues since it allows you to inspect the state of your application when it crashed. How does llnode do this? You can tell Node.js and your operating system to take a core dump of your application when it crashes and load it into llnode. llnode will analyze this core dump and give you useful information such as how many objects were allocated in the heap, the complete stack trace for the process (including native calls and V8 internals), pending requests and handlers in the event loop queue, etc. + +The most impressive feature llnode has is its ability to inspect objects and functions: you can see which variables are available for a given function, look at the function's code and inspect which properties your objects have with their respective values. For example, you can look up which variables are available for your HTTP handler function and which parameters it received. You can also look at headers and the payload of a given request. + +llnode is a plugin for [lldb][8], and it uses lldb features alongside hints provided by V8 and Node.js to recreate the process heap. It uses a few heuristics, too, so results might not be entirely correct sometimes. But most of the times the results are good enough -- and way better than not using any tool. + +This technique -- which is called post-mortem debugging -- is not something new, though, and it has been part of the Node.js project since 2012. This is a common technique used by C and C++ developers, but not many dynamic runtimes support it. I'm happy we can say Node.js is one of those runtimes. + +**Linux.com: What are some key items folks should know before adding llnode to their environment?** + +**Marchini:** To install and use llnode you'll need to have lldb installed on your system. If you're on OS X, lldb is installed as part of Xcode. On Linux, you can install it from your distribution's repository. We recommend using LLDB 3.9 or later. + +You'll also have to set up your environment to generate core dumps. First, remember to set the flag --abort-on-uncaught-exception when running a Node.js application, otherwise, Node.js won't generate a core dump when an uncaught exception happens. You'll also need to tell your operating system to generate core dumps when an application crashes. The most common way to do that is by running `ulimit -c unlimited`, but this will only apply to your current shell session. If you're using a process manager such as systemd I suggest looking at the process manager docs. You can also generate on-demand core dumps of a running process with tools such as gcore. + +**Linux.com: What can we expect from llnode in the future?** + +**Marchini:** llnode collaborators are working on several features and improvements to make the project more accessible for developers less familiar with native debugging tools. To accomplish that, we're improving the overall user experience as well as the project's documentation and installation process. Future versions will include colorized output, more reliable output for some commands and a simplified mode focused on JavaScript information. We are also working on a JavaScript API which can be used to automate some analysis, create graphical user interfaces, etc. + +If this project sounds interesting to you, and you would like to get involved, feel free join the conversation in [our issues tracker][9] or contact me on social [@mmarkini][10]. I would love to help you get started! + +Learn more at [Node+JS Interactive][1], coming up October 10-12, 2018 in Vancouver, Canada. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.linux.com/blog/2018/9/troubleshooting-nodejs-issues-llnode + +作者：[The Linux Foundation][a] +选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.linux.com/users/ericstephenbrown +[1]: https://events.linuxfoundation.org/events/node-js-interactive-2018/?utm_source=Linux.com&utm_medium=article&utm_campaign=jsint18 +[2]: http://sched.co/G285 +[3]: https://nodejs.org/api/inspector.html#inspector_cpu_profiler +[4]: https://github.com/v8/sampling-heap-profiler +[5]: http://www.brendangregg.com/blog/2014-09-17/node-flame-graphs-on-linux.html +[6]: https://github.com/nodejs/node-report +[7]: https://github.com/nodejs/llnode +[8]: https://lldb.llvm.org/ +[9]: https://github.com/nodejs/llnode/issues +[10]: https://twitter.com/mmarkini From c9c96f794bed6ffa9267a917872074515037e714 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Tue, 9 Oct 2018 10:24:17 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 197/219] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=20Creator=20of=20th?= =?UTF-8?q?e=20World=20Wide=20Web=20is=20Creating=20a=20New=20Decentralize?= =?UTF-8?q?d=20Web?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...Web is Creating a New Decentralized Web.md | 44 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 44 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20180930 Creator of the World Wide Web is Creating a New Decentralized Web.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20180930 Creator of the World Wide Web is Creating a New Decentralized Web.md b/sources/talk/20180930 Creator of the World Wide Web is Creating a New Decentralized Web.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..df8804cbac --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20180930 Creator of the World Wide Web is Creating a New Decentralized Web.md @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +Creator of the World Wide Web is Creating a New Decentralized Web +====== +**Creator of the world wide web, Tim Berners-Lee has unveiled his plans to create a new decentralized web where the data will be controlled by the users.** + +[Tim Berners-Lee][1] is known for creating the world wide web, i.e., the internet you know today. More than two decades later, Tim is working to free the internet from the clutches of corporate giants and give the power back to the people via a decentralized web. + +Berners-Lee was unhappy with the way ‘powerful forces’ of the internet handle data of the users for their own agenda. So he [started working on his own open source project][2] Solid “to restore the power and agency of individuals on the web.” + +> Solid changes the current model where users have to hand over personal data to digital giants in exchange for perceived value. As we’ve all discovered, this hasn’t been in our best interests. Solid is how we evolve the web in order to restore balance — by giving every one of us complete control over data, personal or not, in a revolutionary way. + +![Tim Berners-Lee is creating a decentralized web with open source project Solid][3] + +Basically, [Solid][4] is a platform built using the existing web where you create own ‘pods’ (personal data store). You decide where this pod will be hosted, who will access which data element and how the data will be shared through this pod. + +Berners-Lee believes that Solid “will empower individuals, developers and businesses with entirely new ways to conceive, build and find innovative, trusted and beneficial applications and services.” + +Developers need to integrate Solid into their apps and sites. Solid is still in the early stages so there are no apps for now but the project website claims that “the first wave of Solid apps are being created now.” + +Berners-Lee has created a startup called [Inrupt][5] and has taken a sabbatical from MIT to work full-time on Solid and to take it “from the vision of a few to the reality of many.” + +If you are interested in Solid, [learn how to create apps][6] or [contribute to the project][7] in your own way. Of course, it will take a lot of effort to build and drive the broad adoption of Solid so every bit of contribution will count to the success of a decentralized web. + +Do you think a [decentralized web][8] will be a reality? What do you think of decentralized web in general and project Solid in particular? + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/solid-decentralized-web/ + +作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a] +选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/ +[1]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee +[2]: https://medium.com/@timberners_lee/one-small-step-for-the-web-87f92217d085 +[3]: https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/tim-berners-lee-solid-project.jpeg +[4]: https://solid.inrupt.com/ +[5]: https://www.inrupt.com/ +[6]: https://solid.inrupt.com/docs/getting-started +[7]: https://solid.inrupt.com/community +[8]: https://tech.co/decentralized-internet-guide-2018-02 From 1754895a48b425cfaeb1f9eeafd68878655c621a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: qhwdw Date: Tue, 9 Oct 2018 10:52:04 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 198/219] Translating by qhwdw --- ...180413 The df Command Tutorial With Examples For Beginners.md | 1 + ...lete Sed Command Guide [Explained with Practical Examples].md | 1 + ...tall Oracle VirtualBox On Ubuntu 18.04 LTS Headless Server.md | 1 + ...adless Virtualization Server Using KVM In Ubuntu 18.04 LTS.md | 1 + ...1 A checklist for submitting your first Linux kernel patch.md | 1 + sources/tech/20180824 What Stable Kernel Should I Use.md | 1 + 6 files changed, 6 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20180413 The df Command Tutorial With Examples For Beginners.md b/sources/tech/20180413 The df Command Tutorial With Examples For Beginners.md index e72be14659..bb368b3958 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20180413 The df Command Tutorial With Examples For Beginners.md +++ b/sources/tech/20180413 The df Command Tutorial With Examples For Beginners.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +Translating by qhwdw The df Command Tutorial With Examples For Beginners ====== diff --git a/sources/tech/20180615 Complete Sed Command Guide [Explained with Practical Examples].md b/sources/tech/20180615 Complete Sed Command Guide [Explained with Practical Examples].md index e548213483..d2c50b6029 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20180615 Complete Sed Command Guide [Explained with Practical Examples].md +++ b/sources/tech/20180615 Complete Sed Command Guide [Explained with Practical Examples].md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +Translating by qhwdw Complete Sed Command Guide [Explained with Practical Examples] ====== In a previous article, I showed the [basic usage of Sed][1], the stream editor, on a practical use case. Today, be prepared to gain more insight about Sed as we will take an in-depth tour of the sed execution model. This will be also an opportunity to make an exhaustive review of all Sed commands and to dive into their details and subtleties. So, if you are ready, launch a terminal, [download the test files][2] and sit comfortably before your keyboard: we will start our exploration right now! diff --git a/sources/tech/20180703 Install Oracle VirtualBox On Ubuntu 18.04 LTS Headless Server.md b/sources/tech/20180703 Install Oracle VirtualBox On Ubuntu 18.04 LTS Headless Server.md index dd8c3cdb13..20ce979026 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20180703 Install Oracle VirtualBox On Ubuntu 18.04 LTS Headless Server.md +++ b/sources/tech/20180703 Install Oracle VirtualBox On Ubuntu 18.04 LTS Headless Server.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +Translating by qhwdw Install Oracle VirtualBox On Ubuntu 18.04 LTS Headless Server ====== diff --git a/sources/tech/20180704 Setup Headless Virtualization Server Using KVM In Ubuntu 18.04 LTS.md b/sources/tech/20180704 Setup Headless Virtualization Server Using KVM In Ubuntu 18.04 LTS.md index a85a637830..3125a1a4ee 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20180704 Setup Headless Virtualization Server Using KVM In Ubuntu 18.04 LTS.md +++ b/sources/tech/20180704 Setup Headless Virtualization Server Using KVM In Ubuntu 18.04 LTS.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +Translating by qhwdw Setup Headless Virtualization Server Using KVM In Ubuntu 18.04 LTS ====== diff --git a/sources/tech/20180821 A checklist for submitting your first Linux kernel patch.md b/sources/tech/20180821 A checklist for submitting your first Linux kernel patch.md index 1fc4677491..b6974cde0b 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20180821 A checklist for submitting your first Linux kernel patch.md +++ b/sources/tech/20180821 A checklist for submitting your first Linux kernel patch.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +Translating by qhwdw A checklist for submitting your first Linux kernel patch ====== diff --git a/sources/tech/20180824 What Stable Kernel Should I Use.md b/sources/tech/20180824 What Stable Kernel Should I Use.md index bfd64a2ec2..52b77498c5 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20180824 What Stable Kernel Should I Use.md +++ b/sources/tech/20180824 What Stable Kernel Should I Use.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +Translating by qhwdw What Stable Kernel Should I Use? ====== I get a lot of questions about people asking me about what stable kernel should they be using for their product/device/laptop/server/etc. all the time. Especially given the now-extended length of time that some kernels are being supported by me and others, this isn’t always a very obvious thing to determine. So this post is an attempt to write down my opinions on the matter. Of course, you are free to use what ever kernel version you want, but here’s what I recommend. From 81843eeee0b4f8a24c4679cf7bd5914d9e768f32 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Tue, 9 Oct 2018 12:14:54 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 199/219] PRF:20180907 How to Use the Netplan Network Configuration Tool on Linux.md @LuuMing --- ...lan Network Configuration Tool on Linux.md | 128 +++++++----------- 1 file changed, 47 insertions(+), 81 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180907 How to Use the Netplan Network Configuration Tool on Linux.md b/translated/tech/20180907 How to Use the Netplan Network Configuration Tool on Linux.md index 0027aafb6f..c4691e9651 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20180907 How to Use the Netplan Network Configuration Tool on Linux.md +++ b/translated/tech/20180907 How to Use the Netplan Network Configuration Tool on Linux.md @@ -1,21 +1,17 @@ 如何在 Linux 上使用网络配置工具 Netplan ====== +> netplan 是一个命令行工具，用于在某些 Linux 发行版上配置网络。 ![](https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/netplan.jpg?itok=Gu_ZfNGa) -多年以来 Linux 管理员和用户们使用相同的方式配置他们的网络接口。例如，如果你是 Ubuntu 用户，你能够用桌面 GUI 配置网络连接，也可以在 /etc/network/interfaces 文件里配置。配置相当简单且从未失败。在文件中配置看起来就像这样： +多年以来 Linux 管理员和用户们以相同的方式配置他们的网络接口。例如，如果你是 Ubuntu 用户，你能够用桌面 GUI 配置网络连接，也可以在 `/etc/network/interfaces` 文件里配置。配置相当简单且可以奏效。在文件中配置看起来就像这样： ``` auto enp10s0 - iface enp10s0 inet static - address 192.168.1.162 - netmask 255.255.255.0 - gateway 192.168.1.100 - dns-nameservers 1.0.0.1,1.1.1.1 ``` @@ -25,7 +21,7 @@ dns-nameservers 1.0.0.1,1.1.1.1 sudo systemctl restart networking ``` -或者，如果你使用不带systemd 的发行版，你可以通过老办法来重启网络： +或者，如果你使用不带 systemd 的发行版，你可以通过老办法来重启网络： ``` sudo /etc/init.d/networking restart @@ -33,13 +29,13 @@ sudo /etc/init.d/networking restart 你的网络将会重新启动，新的配置将会生效。 -这就是多年以来的做法。但是现在，在某些发行版上（例如 Ubuntu Linux 18.04），网络的配置与控制发生了很大的变化。不需要那个 interfaces 文件和 /etc/init.d/networking 脚本，我们现在转向使用 [Netplan][1]。Netplan 是一个在某些 Linux 发行版上配置网络连接的命令行工具。Netplan 使用 YAML 描述文件来配置网络接口，然后，通过这些描述为任何给定的呈现工具生成必要的配置选项。 +这就是多年以来的做法。但是现在，在某些发行版上（例如 Ubuntu Linux 18.04），网络的配置与控制发生了很大的变化。不需要那个 `interfaces` 文件和 `/etc/init.d/networking` 脚本，我们现在转向使用 [Netplan][1]。Netplan 是一个在某些 Linux 发行版上配置网络连接的命令行工具。Netplan 使用 YAML 描述文件来配置网络接口，然后，通过这些描述为任何给定的呈现工具生成必要的配置选项。 -我将向你展示如何在 Linux 上使用 Netplan 配置静态 IP 地址和 DHCP 地址。我会在 Ubuntu Server 18.04 上演示。有句忠告，你创建的 .yaml 文件中的间距必须保持一致，否则将会失败。你不用为每行使用特定的间距，只需保持一致就行了。 +我将向你展示如何在 Linux 上使用 Netplan 配置静态 IP 地址和 DHCP 地址。我会在 Ubuntu Server 18.04 上演示。有句忠告，你创建的 .yaml 文件中的缩进必须保持一致，否则将会失败。你不用为每行使用特定的缩进间距，只需保持一致就行了。 ### 新的配置文件 -打开终端窗口（或者通过 SSH 登录进 Ubuntu 服务器）。你会在 /etc/netplan 文件夹下发现 Netplan 的新配置文件。使用 cd/etc/netplan 命令进入到那个文件夹下。一旦进到了那个文件夹，也许你就能够看到一个文件： +打开终端窗口（或者通过 SSH 登录进 Ubuntu 服务器）。你会在 `/etc/netplan` 文件夹下发现 Netplan 的新配置文件。使用 `cd /etc/netplan` 命令进入到那个文件夹下。一旦进到了那个文件夹，也许你就能够看到一个文件： ``` 01-netcfg.yaml @@ -55,13 +51,11 @@ sudo cp /etc/netplan/01-netcfg.yaml /etc/netplan/01-netcfg.yaml.bak ### 网络设备名称 -在你开始配置静态 IP 之前，你需要知道设备名称。要做到这一点，你可以使用命令 ip a，然后找出哪一个设备将会被用到（图 1）。 +在你开始配置静态 IP 之前，你需要知道设备名称。要做到这一点，你可以使用命令 `ip a`，然后找出哪一个设备将会被用到（图 1）。 ![netplan][3] -图 1：使用 ip a 命令找出设备名称 - -[Used with permission][4] （译注：这是什么鬼？） +*图 1：使用 ip a 命令找出设备名称* 我将为 ens5 配置一个静态的 IP。 @@ -75,67 +69,46 @@ sudo nano /etc/netplan/01-netcfg.yaml 文件的布局看起来就像这样： +``` network: - -Version: 2 - -Renderer: networkd - -ethernets: - -DEVICE_NAME: - -Dhcp4: yes/no - -Addresses: [IP/NETMASK] - -Gateway: GATEWAY - -Nameservers: - -Addresses: [NAMESERVER, NAMESERVER] + Version: 2 + Renderer: networkd + ethernets: + DEVICE_NAME: + Dhcp4: yes/no + Addresses: [IP/NETMASK] + Gateway: GATEWAY + Nameservers: + Addresses: [NAMESERVER, NAMESERVER] +``` 其中： - * DEVICE_NAME 是需要配置设备的实际名称。 - - * yes/no 代表是否启用 dhcp4。 - - * IP 是设备的 IP 地址。 - - * NETMASK 是 IP 地址的掩码。 - - * GATEWAY 是网关的地址。 - - * NAMESERVER 是由逗号分开的 DNS 服务器列表。 + * `DEVICE_NAME` 是需要配置设备的实际名称。 + * `yes`/`no` 代表是否启用 dhcp4。 + * `IP` 是设备的 IP 地址。 + * `NETMASK` 是 IP 地址的掩码。 + * `GATEWAY` 是网关的地址。 + * `NAMESERVER` 是由逗号分开的 DNS 服务器列表。 这是一份 .yaml 文件的样例： ``` network: - - version: 2 - - renderer: networkd - - ethernets: - - ens5: - - dhcp4: no - - addresses: [192.168.1.230/24] - - gateway4: 192.168.1.254 - - nameservers: - - addresses: [8.8.4.4,8.8.8.8] + version: 2 + renderer: networkd + ethernets: + ens5: + dhcp4: no + addresses: [192.168.1.230/24] + gateway4: 192.168.1.254 + nameservers: + addresses: [8.8.4.4,8.8.8.8] ``` 编辑上面的文件以达到你想要的效果。保存并关闭文件。 -注意，掩码已经不用再配置为 255.255.255.0 这种形式。取而代之的是，掩码已被添加进了 IP 地址中。 +注意，掩码已经不用再配置为 `255.255.255.0` 这种形式。取而代之的是，掩码已被添加进了 IP 地址中。 ### 测试配置 @@ -165,20 +138,13 @@ sudo netplan apply ``` network: - - version: 2 - - renderer: networkd - - ethernets: - - ens5: - - Addresses: [] - - dhcp4: true - - optional: true + version: 2 + renderer: networkd + ethernets: + ens5: + Addresses: [] + dhcp4: true + optional: true ``` 保存并退出。用下面命令来测试文件： @@ -187,15 +153,15 @@ network: sudo netplan try ``` -Netplan 应该会成功配置 DHCP 服务。这时你可以使用 ip a 命令得到动态分配的地址，然后重新配置静态地址。或者，你可以直接使用 DHCP 分配的地址（但看看这是一个服务器，你可能不想这样做）。 +Netplan 应该会成功配置 DHCP 服务。这时你可以使用 `ip a` 命令得到动态分配的地址，然后重新配置静态地址。或者，你可以直接使用 DHCP 分配的地址（但看看这是一个服务器，你可能不想这样做）。 -也许你有不只一个的网络接口，你可以命名第二个 .yaml 文件为 02-netcfg.yaml 。Netplan 会按照数字顺序应用配置文件，因此 01 会在 02 之前使用。根据你的需要创建多个配置文件。 +也许你有不只一个的网络接口，你可以命名第二个 .yaml 文件为 `02-netcfg.yaml` 。Netplan 会按照数字顺序应用配置文件，因此 01 会在 02 之前使用。根据你的需要创建多个配置文件。 ### 就是这些了 -不管你信不信，那些就是所有关于使用 Netplan 的东西了。虽然它对于我们习惯性的配置网络地址来说是一个相当大的改变，但并不是所有人都用的惯。但这种配置方式值得一提...因此你会适应的。 +不管怎样，那些就是所有关于使用 Netplan 的东西了。虽然它对于我们习惯性的配置网络地址来说是一个相当大的改变，但并不是所有人都用的惯。但这种配置方式值得一提……因此你会适应的。 -在 Linux Foundation 和 edX 上通过 ["Introduction to Linux"] 课程学习更多关于 Linux 的内容。 +在 Linux Foundation 和 edX 上通过 [“Introduction to Linux”][5] 课程学习更多关于 Linux 的内容。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -204,7 +170,7 @@ via: https://www.linux.com/learn/intro-to-linux/2018/9/how-use-netplan-network-c 作者：[Jack Wallen][a] 选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) 译者：[LuuMing](https://github.com/LuuMing) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 952ef866611261e8cdc34baba4239e9a735d3cf1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Tue, 9 Oct 2018 12:15:15 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 200/219] PUB:20180907 How to Use the Netplan Network Configuration Tool on Linux.md @LuuMing https://linux.cn/article-10095-1.html --- ... How to Use the Netplan Network Configuration Tool on Linux.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20180907 How to Use the Netplan Network Configuration Tool on Linux.md (100%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180907 How to Use the Netplan Network Configuration Tool on Linux.md b/published/20180907 How to Use the Netplan Network Configuration Tool on Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/tech/20180907 How to Use the Netplan Network Configuration Tool on Linux.md rename to published/20180907 How to Use the Netplan Network Configuration Tool on Linux.md From 62ec04ddfccf3543a4fb238e7851e078da0eb2d1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ezio Date: Tue, 9 Oct 2018 13:49:09 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 201/219] Update 20161014 Compiling Lisp to JavaScript From Scratch in 350 LOC.md --- ...1014 Compiling Lisp to JavaScript From Scratch in 350 LOC.md | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20161014 Compiling Lisp to JavaScript From Scratch in 350 LOC.md b/sources/tech/20161014 Compiling Lisp to JavaScript From Scratch in 350 LOC.md index 6d3040626b..7c315546fa 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20161014 Compiling Lisp to JavaScript From Scratch in 350 LOC.md +++ b/sources/tech/20161014 Compiling Lisp to JavaScript From Scratch in 350 LOC.md @@ -617,12 +617,14 @@ undefined via: https://gilmi.me/blog/post/2016/10/14/lisp-to-js 作者：[ Gil Mizrahi ][a] +选题：[oska874][b] 译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 [a]:https://gilmi.me/home +[b]:https://github.com/oska874 [1]:https://gilmi.me/blog/authors/Gil [2]:https://gilmi.me/blog/tags/compilers [3]:https://gilmi.me/blog/tags/fp From 02e360e1be88d5e22b2a2493aa1ce35607e9d15c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ezio Date: Tue, 9 Oct 2018 13:50:00 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 202/219] Update 20180715 Why is Python so slow.md --- sources/tech/20180715 Why is Python so slow.md | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20180715 Why is Python so slow.md b/sources/tech/20180715 Why is Python so slow.md index 2e2af0f74e..931d32a4b2 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20180715 Why is Python so slow.md +++ b/sources/tech/20180715 Why is Python so slow.md @@ -172,12 +172,14 @@ All about JIT compilers [https://hacks.mozilla.org/2017/02/a-crash-course-in-ju via: https://hackernoon.com/why-is-python-so-slow-e5074b6fe55b 作者：[Anthony Shaw][a] +选题：[oska874][b] 译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 [a]:https://hackernoon.com/@anthonypjshaw?source=post_header_lockup +[b]:https://github.com/oska874 [1]:http://dabeaz.blogspot.com/2010/01/python-gil-visualized.html [2]:http://cython.org/ [3]:http://notes-on-cython.readthedocs.io/en/latest/std_dev.html From bf034bce79e4837e0836bd69574bfc5831d4f418 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: qhwdw Date: Tue, 9 Oct 2018 17:07:17 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 203/219] Translated by qhwdw --- ...nd Tutorial With Examples For Beginners.md | 75 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 38 insertions(+), 37 deletions(-) rename {sources => translated}/tech/20180413 The df Command Tutorial With Examples For Beginners.md (52%) diff --git a/sources/tech/20180413 The df Command Tutorial With Examples For Beginners.md b/translated/tech/20180413 The df Command Tutorial With Examples For Beginners.md similarity index 52% rename from sources/tech/20180413 The df Command Tutorial With Examples For Beginners.md rename to translated/tech/20180413 The df Command Tutorial With Examples For Beginners.md index bb368b3958..08f3860661 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20180413 The df Command Tutorial With Examples For Beginners.md +++ b/translated/tech/20180413 The df Command Tutorial With Examples For Beginners.md @@ -1,22 +1,22 @@ -Translating by qhwdw -The df Command Tutorial With Examples For Beginners +df 命令的新手教程 ====== ![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/df-command-1-720x340.png) -In this guide, we are going to learn to use **df** command. The df command, stands for **D** isk **F** ree, reports file system disk space usage. It displays the amount of disk space available on the file system in a Linux system. The df command is not to be confused with **du** command. Both serves different purposes. The df command reports **how much disk space we have** (i.e free space) whereas the du command reports **how much disk space is being consumed** by the files and folders. Hope I made myself clear. Let us go ahead and see some practical examples of df command, so you can understand it better. +在本指南中，我们将学习如何使用 **df** 命令。df 命令是 `Disk Free` 的首字母组合，它报告文件系统磁盘空间的使用情况。它显示一个 Linux 系统中文件系统上可用磁盘空间的数量。df 命令很容易与 **du** 命令混淆。它们的用途不同。df 命令报告 **我们拥有多少磁盘空间**（空闲磁盘空间），而 du 命令报告 **被文件和目录占用了多少磁盘空间**。希望我这样的解释你能更清楚。在继续之前，我们来看一些 df 命令的实例，以便于你更好地理解它。 -### The df Command Tutorial With Examples +### df 命令使用举例 -**1\. View entire file system disk space usage** +**1、查看整个文件系统磁盘空间使用情况** -Run df command without any arguments to display the entire file system disk space. +无需任何参数来运行 df 命令，以显示整个文件系统磁盘空间使用情况。 ``` $ df ``` -**Sample output:** +**示例输出：** + ``` Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on dev 4033216 0 4033216 0% /dev @@ -33,20 +33,20 @@ tmpfs 807776 28 807748 1% /run/user/1000 ![][2] -As you can see, the result is divided into six columns. Let us see what each column means. +正如你所见，输出结果分为六列。我们来看一下每一列的含义。 - * **Filesystem** – the filesystem on the system. - * **1K-blocks** – the size of the filesystem, measured in 1K blocks. - * **Used** – the amount of space used in 1K blocks. - * **Available** – the amount of available space in 1K blocks. - * **Use%** – the percentage that the filesystem is in use. - * **Mounted on** – the mount point where the filesystem is mounted. + * **Filesystem** – Linux 系统中的文件系统 + * **1K-blocks** – 文件系统的大小，用 1K 大小的块来表示。 + * **Used** – 以 1K 大小的块所表示的已使用数量。 + * **Available** – 以 1K 大小的块所表示的可用空间的数量。 + * **Use%** – 文件系统中已使用的百分比。 + * **Mounted on** – 已挂载的文件系统的挂载点。 -**2\. Display file system disk usage in human readable format** +**2、以人类友好格式显示文件系统硬盘空间使用情况** -As you may noticed in the above examples, the usage is showed in 1k blocks. If you want to display them in human readable format, use **-h** flag. +在上面的示例中你可能已经注意到了，它使用 1K 大小的块为单位来表示使用情况，如果你以人类友好格式来显示它们，可以使用 **-h** 标志。 ``` $ df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on @@ -62,11 +62,11 @@ tmpfs 789M 28K 789M 1% /run/user/1000 ``` -Now look at the **Size** and **Avail** columns, the usage is shown in GB and MB. +现在，在 **Size** 列和 **Avail** 列，使用情况是以 GB 和 MB 为单位来显示的。 **3\. Display disk space usage only in MB** -To view file system disk space usage only in Megabytes, use **-m** flag. +如果仅以 MB 为单位来显示文件系统磁盘空间使用情况，使用 **-m** 标志。 ``` $ df -m Filesystem 1M-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on @@ -82,9 +82,9 @@ tmpfs 789 1 789 1% /run/user/1000 ``` -**4\. List inode information instead of block usage** +**4、列出节点而不是块的使用情况** -We can list inode information instead of block usage by using **-i** flag as shown below. +如下所示，我们可以通过使用 **-i** 标记来列出节点而不是块的使用情况。 ``` $ df -i Filesystem Inodes IUsed IFree IUse% Mounted on @@ -100,9 +100,9 @@ tmpfs 1009720 29 1009691 1% /run/user/1000 ``` -**5\. Display the file system type** +**5、显示文件系统类型** -To display the file system type, use **-T** flag. +使用 **-T** 标志显示文件系统类型。 ``` $ df -T Filesystem Type 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on @@ -118,11 +118,11 @@ tmpfs tmpfs 807776 28 807748 1% /run/user/1000 ``` -As you see, there is an extra column (second from left) that shows the file system type. +正如你所见，现在出现了显示文件系统类型的额外的列（从左数的第二列）。 -**6\. Display only the specific file system type** +**6、仅显示指定类型的文件系统** -We can limit the listing to a certain file systems. for example **ext4**. To do so, we use **-t** flag. +我们可以限制仅列出某些文件系统。比如，只列出 **ext4** 文件系统。我们使用 **-t** 标志。 ``` $ df -t ext4 Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on @@ -131,11 +131,11 @@ Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on ``` -See? This command shows only the ext4 file system disk space usage. +看到了吗？这个命令仅显示了 ext4 文件系统的磁盘空间使用情况。 -**7\. Exclude specific file system type** +**7、不列出指定类型的文件系统** -Some times, you may want to exclude a specific file system from the result. This can be achieved by using **-x** flag. +有时，我们可能需要从结果中去排除指定类型的文件系统。我们可以使用 **-x** 标记达到我们的目的。 ``` $ df -x ext4 Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on @@ -149,11 +149,11 @@ tmpfs 807776 28 807748 1% /run/user/1000 ``` -The above command will display all file systems usage, except **ext4**. +上面的命令列出了除 **ext4** 类型以外的全部文件系统。 -**8\. Display usage for a folder** +**8、显示一个目录的磁盘使用情况** -To display the disk space available and where it is mounted for a folder, for example **/home/sk/** , use this command: +去显示某个目录的硬盘空间使用情况以及它的挂载点，例如 **/home/sk/** 目录，可以使用如下的命令： ``` $ df -hT /home/sk/ Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on @@ -161,19 +161,19 @@ Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on ``` -This command shows the file system type, used and available space in human readable form and where it is mounted. If you don’t to display the file system type, just ignore the **-t** flag. +这个命令显示文件系统类型、以人类友好格式显示已使用和可用磁盘空间、以及它的挂载点。如果你不想去显示文件系统类型，只需要忽略 **-t** 标志即可。 -For more details, refer the man pages. +更详细的使用情况，请参阅 man 手册页。 ``` $ man df ``` -**Recommended read:** +**建议阅读：** -And, that’s all for today! I hope this was useful. More good stuffs to come. Stay tuned! +今天就到此这止！我希望对你有用。还有更多更好玩的东西即将奉上。请继续关注！ -Cheers! +再见！ @@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ Cheers! via: https://www.ostechnix.com/the-df-command-tutorial-with-examples-for-beginners/ 作者：[SK][a] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +译者：[qhwdw](https://github.com/qhwdw) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) @@ -191,3 +191,4 @@ via: https://www.ostechnix.com/the-df-command-tutorial-with-examples-for-beginne [a]:https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/ [1]:data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7 [2]:http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/df-command.png + From c757358df6a3a86ab001a04ed3263015772ad332 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: jrg Date: Tue, 9 Oct 2018 22:34:13 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 204/219] Update 20180724 Building a network attached storage device with a Raspberry Pi.md --- ...ing a network attached storage device with a Raspberry Pi.md | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20180724 Building a network attached storage device with a Raspberry Pi.md b/sources/tech/20180724 Building a network attached storage device with a Raspberry Pi.md index 3144efd4ee..7c039e8238 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20180724 Building a network attached storage device with a Raspberry Pi.md +++ b/sources/tech/20180724 Building a network attached storage device with a Raspberry Pi.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +[翻译中]translating by jrg + Building a network attached storage device with a Raspberry Pi ====== From be8ae00165d0a570a56aada177fcf348f52b862e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: qhwdw Date: Tue, 9 Oct 2018 22:40:27 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 205/219] Translated by qhwdw --- ...ubmitting your first Linux kernel patch.md | 171 ----------------- ...ubmitting your first Linux kernel patch.md | 173 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 173 insertions(+), 171 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20180821 A checklist for submitting your first Linux kernel patch.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20180821 A checklist for submitting your first Linux kernel patch.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20180821 A checklist for submitting your first Linux kernel patch.md b/sources/tech/20180821 A checklist for submitting your first Linux kernel patch.md deleted file mode 100644 index b6974cde0b..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20180821 A checklist for submitting your first Linux kernel patch.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,171 +0,0 @@ -Translating by qhwdw -A checklist for submitting your first Linux kernel patch -====== - -![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/linux_penguin_green.png?itok=ENdVzW22) - -One of the biggest—and the fastest moving—open source projects, the Linux kernel, is composed of about 53,600 files and nearly 20-million lines of code. With more than 15,600 programmers contributing to the project worldwide, the Linux kernel follows a maintainer model for collaboration. - -![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/karnik_figure1.png) - -In this article, I'll provide a quick checklist of steps involved with making your first kernel contribution, and look at what you should know before submitting a patch. For a more in-depth look at the submission process for contributing your first patch, read the [KernelNewbies First Kernel Patch tutorial][1]. - -### Contributing to the kernel - -#### Step 1: Prepare your system. - -Steps in this article assume you have the following tools on your system: - -+ Text editor -+ Email client -+ Version control system (e.g., git) - -#### Step 2: Download the Linux kernel code repository`:` -``` -git clone -b staging-testing - -git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/gregkh/staging.git - -``` - -### Copy your current config: ```` -``` -cp /boot/config-`uname -r`* .config - -``` - -### Step 3: Build/install your kernel. -``` -make -jX - -sudo make modules_install install - -``` - -### Step 4: Make a branch and switch to it. -``` -git checkout -b first-patch - -``` - -### Step 5: Update your kernel to point to the latest code base. -``` -git fetch origin - -git rebase origin/staging-testing - -``` - -### Step 6: Make a change to the code base. - -Recompile using `make` command to ensure that your change does not produce errors. - -### Step 7: Commit your changes and create a patch. -``` -git add - -git commit -s -v - -git format-patch -o /tmp/ HEAD^ - -``` - -![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/karnik_figure2.png) - -The subject consists of the path to the file name separated by colons, followed by what the patch does in the imperative tense. After a blank line comes the description of the patch and the mandatory signed off tag and, lastly, a diff of your patch. - -Here is another example of a simple patch: - -![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/karnik_figure3.png) - -Next, send the patch [using email from the command line][2] (in this case, Mutt): `` -``` -mutt -H /tmp/0001- - -``` - -To know the list of maintainers to whom to send the patch, use the [get_maintainer.pl script][11]. - - -### What to know before submitting your first patch - - * [Greg Kroah-Hartman][3]'s [staging tree][4] is a good place to submit your [first patch][1] as he accepts easy patches from new contributors. When you get familiar with the patch-sending process, you could send subsystem-specific patches with increased complexity. - - * You also could start with correcting coding style issues in the code. To learn more, read the [Linux kernel coding style documentation][5]. - - * The script [checkpatch.pl][6] detects coding style errors for you. For example, run: - ``` - perl scripts/checkpatch.pl -f drivers/staging/android/* | less - - ``` - - * You could complete TODOs left incomplete by developers: - ``` - find drivers/staging -name TODO - ``` - - * [Coccinelle][7] is a helpful tool for pattern matching. - - * Read the [kernel mailing archives][8]. - - * Go through the [linux.git log][9] to see commits by previous authors for inspiration. - - * Note: Do not top-post to communicate with the reviewer of your patch! Here's an example: - -**Wrong way:** - -Chris, -_Yes let’s schedule the meeting tomorrow, on the second floor._ -> On Fri, Apr 26, 2013 at 9:25 AM, Chris wrote: -> Hey John, I had some questions: -> 1\. Do you want to schedule the meeting tomorrow? -> 2\. On which floor in the office? -> 3\. What time is suitable to you? - -(Notice that the last question was unintentionally left unanswered in the reply.) - -**Correct way:** - -Chris, -See my answers below... -> On Fri, Apr 26, 2013 at 9:25 AM, Chris wrote: -> Hey John, I had some questions: -> 1\. Do you want to schedule the meeting tomorrow? -_Yes tomorrow is fine._ -> 2\. On which floor in the office? -_Let's keep it on the second floor._ -> 3\. What time is suitable to you? -_09:00 am would be alright._ - -(All questions were answered, and this way saves reading time.) - - * The [Eudyptula challenge][10] is a great way to learn kernel basics. - - -To learn more, read the [KernelNewbies First Kernel Patch tutorial][1]. After that, if you still have any questions, ask on the [kernelnewbies mailing list][12] or in the [#kernelnewbies IRC channel][13]. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://opensource.com/article/18/8/first-linux-kernel-patch - -作者：[Sayli Karnik][a] -选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:https://opensource.com/users/sayli -[1]:https://kernelnewbies.org/FirstKernelPatch -[2]:https://opensource.com/life/15/8/top-4-open-source-command-line-email-clients -[3]:https://twitter.com/gregkh -[4]:https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/v4.15/process/2.Process.html -[5]:https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/v4.10/process/coding-style.html -[6]:https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/master/scripts/checkpatch.pl -[7]:http://coccinelle.lip6.fr/ -[8]:linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org -[9]:https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/log/ -[10]:http://eudyptula-challenge.org/ -[11]:https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/master/scripts/get_maintainer.pl -[12]:https://kernelnewbies.org/MailingList -[13]:https://kernelnewbies.org/IRC diff --git a/translated/tech/20180821 A checklist for submitting your first Linux kernel patch.md b/translated/tech/20180821 A checklist for submitting your first Linux kernel patch.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..bf23f20674 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20180821 A checklist for submitting your first Linux kernel patch.md @@ -0,0 +1,173 @@ +提交你的第一个 Linux 内核补丁时的一个检查列表 +====== + +![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/linux_penguin_green.png?itok=ENdVzW22) + +Linux 内核是最大的且变动最快的开源项目之一，它由大约 53,600 个文件和近 2,000 万行代码组成。在全世界范围内超过 15,600 位程序员为它贡献代码，Linux 内核项目的维护者使用了如下的协作模型。 + +![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/karnik_figure1.png) + +本文中，为了便于在 Linux 内核中提交你的第一个贡献，我将为你提供一个必需的快速检查列表，以告诉你在提交补丁时，应该去查看和了解的内容。对于你贡献的第一个补丁的提交流程方面的更多内容，请阅读 [KernelNewbies 第一个内核补丁教程][1]。 + +### 为内核作贡献 + +#### 第 1 步：准备你的系统 + +本文开始之前，假设你的系统已经具备了如下的工具： + ++ 文本编辑器 ++ Email 客户端 ++ 版本控制系统（即：git） + +#### 第 2 步：下载 Linux 内核代码仓库： +``` +git clone -b staging-testing + +git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/gregkh/staging.git + +``` + +### 复制你的当前配置： +``` +cp /boot/config-`uname -r`* .config + +``` + +### 第 3 步：构建/安装你的内核 +``` +make -jX + +sudo make modules_install install + +``` + +### 第 4 步：创建一个分支并切换到它 +``` +git checkout -b first-patch + +``` + +### 第 5 步：更新你的内核并指向到最新的代码 +``` +git fetch origin + +git rebase origin/staging-testing + +``` + +### 第 6 步：在最新的代码基础上产生一个变更 + +使用 `make` 命令重新编译，确保你的变更没有错误。 + +### 第 7 步：提交你的变更并创建一个补丁 +``` +git add + +git commit -s -v + +git format-patch -o /tmp/ HEAD^ + +``` + +![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/karnik_figure2.png) + +主题是由冒号分隔的文件名组成，接下来是使用祈使语态来描述补丁做了什么。空行之后是强制规定的 `off` 标记，最后是你的补丁的 `diff` 信息。 + +下面是另外一个简单补丁的示例： + +![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/karnik_figure3.png) + +接下来，[使用 email 从命令行][2]（在本例子中使用的是 Mutt）发送这个补丁： +``` +mutt -H /tmp/0001- + +``` + +使用 [get_maintainer.pl 脚本][11]，去了解你的补丁应该发送给哪位维护者的列表。 + + +### 提交你的第一个补丁之前，你应该知道的事情 + + * [Greg Kroah-Hartman](3) 的 [staging tree][4] 是提交你的 [第一个补丁][1] 的最好的地方，因为他更容易接受新贡献者的补丁。在你熟悉了补丁发送流程以后，你就可以去发送复杂度更高的子系统专用的补丁。 + + * 你也可以从纠正代码中的编码风格开始。想学习更多关于这方面的内容，请阅读 [Linux 内核编码风格文档][5]。 + + * [checkpatch.pl][6] 脚本可以检测你的编码风格方面的错误。例如，运行如下的命令： + + ``` + perl scripts/checkpatch.pl -f drivers/staging/android/* | less + + ``` + + * 你可以去补全开发者留下的 TODO 注释中未完成的内容： + ``` + find drivers/staging -name TODO + ``` + + * [Coccinelle][7] 是一个模式匹配的有用工具。 + + * 阅读 [归档的内核邮件][8]。 + + * 为找到灵感，你可以去遍历 [linux.git log][9] 查看以前的作者的提交内容。 + + * 注意：不要为了评估你的补丁而在社区置顶帖子！下面就是一个这样的例子： + +**错误的方式：** + +Chris, +_Yes let’s schedule the meeting tomorrow, on the second floor._ + +> On Fri, Apr 26, 2013 at 9:25 AM, Chris wrote: +> Hey John, I had some questions: +> 1\. Do you want to schedule the meeting tomorrow? +> 2\. On which floor in the office? +> 3\. What time is suitable to you? + +（注意那最后一个问题，在回复中无意中落下了。） + +**正确的方式：** + +Chris, +See my answers below... + +> On Fri, Apr 26, 2013 at 9:25 AM, Chris wrote: +> Hey John, I had some questions: +> 1\. Do you want to schedule the meeting tomorrow? +_Yes tomorrow is fine._ +> 2\. On which floor in the office? +_Let's keep it on the second floor._ +> 3\. What time is suitable to you? +_09:00 am would be alright._ + +（所有问题全部回复，并且这种方式还保存了阅读的时间。） + + * [Eudyptula challenge][10] 是学习内核基础知识的非常好的方式。 + + +想学习更多内容，阅读 [KernelNewbies 第一个内核补丁教程][1]。之后如果你还有任何问题，可以在 [kernelnewbies 邮件列表][12] 或者 [#kernelnewbies IRC channel][13] 中提问。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/18/8/first-linux-kernel-patch + +作者：[Sayli Karnik][a] +选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) +译者：[qhwdw](https://github.com/qhwdw) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:https://opensource.com/users/sayli +[1]:https://kernelnewbies.org/FirstKernelPatch +[2]:https://opensource.com/life/15/8/top-4-open-source-command-line-email-clients +[3]:https://twitter.com/gregkh +[4]:https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/v4.15/process/2.Process.html +[5]:https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/v4.10/process/coding-style.html +[6]:https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/master/scripts/checkpatch.pl +[7]:http://coccinelle.lip6.fr/ +[8]:linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org +[9]:https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/log/ +[10]:http://eudyptula-challenge.org/ +[11]:https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/master/scripts/get_maintainer.pl +[12]:https://kernelnewbies.org/MailingList +[13]:https://kernelnewbies.org/IRC From 6539e94d0579394cd6e04d89da821d677fc71baf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: jrg Date: Wed, 10 Oct 2018 00:03:07 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 206/219] Create 20180724 Building a network attached storage device with a Raspberry Pi.md --- ...ched storage device with a Raspberry Pi.md | 298 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 298 insertions(+) create mode 100644 translated/tech/20180724 Building a network attached storage device with a Raspberry Pi.md diff --git a/translated/tech/20180724 Building a network attached storage device with a Raspberry Pi.md b/translated/tech/20180724 Building a network attached storage device with a Raspberry Pi.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..21c0c20cd5 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20180724 Building a network attached storage device with a Raspberry Pi.md @@ -0,0 +1,298 @@ +树莓派自建 NAS 云盘之-树莓派搭建网络存储盘 +====== + +![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/bus-storage.png?itok=95-zvHYl) + +我将在接下来的三篇文章中讲述如何搭建一个简便、实用的 NAS 云盘系统。我在这个中心化的存储系统中存储数据，并且让它每晚都会自动的备份增量数据。本系列文章将利用 NFS 文件系统将磁盘挂载到同一网络下的不同设备上，使用 [Nextcloud][1] 来离线访问数据、分享数据。 + +本文主要讲述将数据盘挂载到远程设备上的软硬件步骤。本系列第二篇文章将讨论数据备份策略、如何添加定时备份数据任务。最后一篇文章中我们将会安装 Nextcloud 软件，用户通过Nextcloud 提供的 web 接口可以方便的离线或在线访问数据。本系列教程最终搭建的 NAS 云盘支持多用户操作、文件共享等功能，所以你可以通过它方便的分享数据，比如说你可以发送一个加密链接，跟朋友分享你的照片等等。 + +最终的系统架构如下图所示： + + +![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/nas_part1.png) + +### 硬件 + +首先需要准备硬件。本文所列方案只是其中一种示例，你也可以按不同的硬件方案进行采购。 + +最主要的就是[树莓派3][2]，它带有四核 CPU，1G RAM，以及（有些）快速的网络接口。数据将存储在两个 USB 磁盘驱动器上（这里使用 1TB 磁盘）；其中一个磁盘用于每天数据存储，另一个用于数据备份。请务必使用有源 USB 磁盘驱动器或者带附加电源的 USB 集线器，因为树莓派无法为两个 USB 磁盘驱动器供电。 + +### 软件 + +社区中最活跃的操作系统当属 [Raspbian][3]，便于定制个性化项目。已经有很多 [操作指南][4] 讲述如何在树莓派中安装 Raspbian 系统，所以这里不再赘述。在撰写本文时，最新的官方支持版本是 [Raspbian Stretch][5]，它对我来说很好使用。 + +到此，我将假设你已经配置好了基本的 Raspbian 系统并且可以通过 `ssh` 访问到你的树莓派。 + +### 准备 USB 磁盘驱动器 + +为了更好地读写数据，我建议使用 ext4 文件系统去格式化磁盘。首先，你必须先找到连接到树莓派的磁盘。你可以在 `/dev/sd/` 中找到磁盘设备。使用命令 `fdisk -l`，你可以找到刚刚连接的两块 USB 磁盘驱动器。请注意，操作下面的步骤将会清除 USB 磁盘驱动器上的所有数据，请做好备份。 + +``` +pi@raspberrypi:~ $ sudo fdisk -l + + + +<...> + + + +Disk /dev/sda: 931.5 GiB, 1000204886016 bytes, 1953525168 sectors + +Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes + +Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes + +I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes + +Disklabel type: dos + +Disk identifier: 0xe8900690 + + + +Device     Boot Start        End    Sectors   Size Id Type + +/dev/sda1        2048 1953525167 1953523120 931.5G 83 Linux + + + + + +Disk /dev/sdb: 931.5 GiB, 1000204886016 bytes, 1953525168 sectors + +Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes + +Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes + +I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes + +Disklabel type: dos + +Disk identifier: 0x6aa4f598 + + + +Device     Boot Start        End    Sectors   Size Id Type + +/dev/sdb1  *     2048 1953521663 1953519616 931.5G  83 Linux + +``` + +由于这些设备是连接到树莓派的唯一的 1TB 的磁盘，所以我们可以很容易的辨别出 `/dev/sda` 和 `/dev/sdb` 就是那两个 USB 磁盘驱动器。每个磁盘末尾的分区表提示了在执行以下的步骤后如何查看，这些步骤将会格式化磁盘并创建分区表。为每个 USB 磁盘驱动器按以下步骤进行操作（假设你的磁盘也是 `/dev/sda` 和 `/dev/sdb`，第二次操作你只要替换命令中的 `sda` 为 `sdb` 即可）。 + +首先，删除磁盘分区表，创建一个新的并且只包含一个分区的新分区表。在 `fdisk` 中，你可以使用交互单字母命令来告诉程序你想要执行的操作。只需要在提示符 `Command(m for help):` 后输入相应的字母即可（可以使用 `m` 命令获得更多详细信息）： + +``` +pi@raspberrypi:~ $ sudo fdisk /dev/sda + + + +Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.29.2). + +Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them. + +Be careful before using the write command. + + + + + +Command (m for help): o + +Created a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x9c310964. + + + +Command (m for help): n + +Partition type + +   p   primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free) + +   e   extended (container for logical partitions) + +Select (default p): p + +Partition number (1-4, default 1): + +First sector (2048-1953525167, default 2048): + +Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (2048-1953525167, default 1953525167): + + + +Created a new partition 1 of type 'Linux' and of size 931.5 GiB. + + + +Command (m for help): p + + + +Disk /dev/sda: 931.5 GiB, 1000204886016 bytes, 1953525168 sectors + +Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes + +Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes + +I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes + +Disklabel type: dos + +Disk identifier: 0x9c310964 + + + +Device     Boot Start        End    Sectors   Size Id Type + +/dev/sda1        2048 1953525167 1953523120 931.5G 83 Linux + + + +Command (m for help): w + +The partition table has been altered. + +Syncing disks. + +``` + +现在，我们将用 ext4 文件系统格式化新创建的分区 `/dev/sda1`： + +``` +pi@raspberrypi:~ $ sudo mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda1 + +mke2fs 1.43.4 (31-Jan-2017) + +Discarding device blocks: done + + + +<...> + + + +Allocating group tables: done + +Writing inode tables: done + +Creating journal (1024 blocks): done + +Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done + +``` + +重复以上步骤后，让我们根据用途来对它们建立标签： + +``` +pi@raspberrypi:~ $ sudo e2label /dev/sda1 data + +pi@raspberrypi:~ $ sudo e2label /dev/sdb1 backup + +``` + +现在，让我们安装这些磁盘并存储一些数据。以我运营该系统超过一年的经验来看，当树莓派启动时（例如在断电后），USB 磁盘驱动器并不是总被安装，因此我建议使用 autofs 在需要的时候进行安装。 + +首先，安装 autofs 并创建挂载点： + +``` +pi@raspberrypi:~ $ sudo apt install autofs + +pi@raspberrypi:~ $ sudo mkdir /nas + +``` + +然后添加下面这行来挂载设备 +`/etc/auto.master`: +``` +/nas    /etc/auto.usb + +``` + +如果不存在以下内容，则创建 `/etc/auto.usb`，然后重新启动 autofs 服务： + +``` +data -fstype=ext4,rw :/dev/disk/by-label/data + +backup -fstype=ext4,rw :/dev/disk/by-label/backup + +pi@raspberrypi3:~ $ sudo service autofs restart + +``` + +现在你应该可以分别访问 `/nas/data` 以及 `/nas/backup` 磁盘了。显然，到此还不会令人太兴奋，因为你只是擦除了磁盘中的数据。不过，你可以执行以下命令来确认设备是否已经挂载成功： + +``` +pi@raspberrypi3:~ $ cd /nas/data + +pi@raspberrypi3:/nas/data $ cd /nas/backup + +pi@raspberrypi3:/nas/backup $ mount + +<...> + +/etc/auto.usb on /nas type autofs (rw,relatime,fd=6,pgrp=463,timeout=300,minproto=5,maxproto=5,indirect) + +<...> + +/dev/sda1 on /nas/data type ext4 (rw,relatime,data=ordered) + +/dev/sdb1 on /nas/backup type ext4 (rw,relatime,data=ordered) + +``` + +首先进入对应目录以确保 autofs 能够挂载设备。Autofs 会跟踪文件系统的访问记录，并随时挂载所需要的设备。然后 `mount` 命令会显示这两个 USB 磁盘驱动器已经挂载到我们想要的位置了。 + +设置 autofs 的过程容易出错，如果第一次尝试失败，请不要沮丧。你可以上网搜索有关教程。 + +### 挂载网络存储 + +现在你已经设置了基本的网络存储，我们希望将它安装到远程 Linux 机器上。这里使用 NFS 文件系统，首先在树莓派上安装 NFS 服务器： + +``` +pi@raspberrypi:~ $ sudo apt install nfs-kernel-server + +``` + +然后，需要告诉 NFS 服务器公开 `/nas/data` 目录，这是从树莓派外部可以访问的唯一设备（另一个用于备份）。编辑 `/etc/exports` 添加如下内容以允许所有可以访问 NAS 云盘的设备挂载存储： + +``` +/nas/data *(rw,sync,no_subtree_check) + +``` + +更多有关限制挂载到单个设备的详细信息，请参阅 `man exports`。经过上面的配置，任何人都可以访问数据，只要他们可以访问 NFS 所需的端口：`111`和`2049`。我通过上面的配置，只允许通过路由器防火墙访问到我的家庭网络的 22 和 443 端口。这样，只有在家庭网络中的设备才能访问 NFS 服务器。 + +如果要在 Linux 计算机挂载存储，运行以下命令： + +``` +you@desktop:~ $ sudo mkdir /nas/data + +you@desktop:~ $ sudo mount -t nfs :/nas/data /nas/data + +``` + +同样，我建议使用 autofs 来挂载该网络设备。如果需要其他帮助，请参看 [如何使用 Autofs 来挂载 NFS 共享][6]。 + +现在你可以在远程设备上通过 NFS 系统访问位于你树莓派 NAS 云盘上的数据了。在后面一篇文章中，我将介绍如何使用 `rsync` 自动将数据备份到第二个 USB 磁盘驱动器。你将会学到如何使用 `rsync` 创建增量备份，在进行日常备份的同时还能节省设备空间。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/18/7/network-attached-storage-Raspberry-Pi + +作者：[Manuel Dewald][a] +选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) +译者：[jrg](https://github.com/jrglinux) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/ntlx +[1]: https://nextcloud.com/ +[2]: https://www.raspberrypi.org/products/raspberry-pi-3-model-b/ +[3]: https://www.raspbian.org/ +[4]: https://www.raspberrypi.org/documentation/installation/installing-images/ +[5]: https://www.raspberrypi.org/blog/raspbian-stretch/ +[6]: https://opensource.com/article/18/6/using-autofs-mount-nfs-shares + From ffc851b34b031e32cbb32f272b7a1f27a45b1b8f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: jrg Date: Wed, 10 Oct 2018 00:04:08 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 207/219] Delete 20180724 Building a network attached storage device with a Raspberry Pi.md --- ...ched storage device with a Raspberry Pi.md | 286 ------------------ 1 file changed, 286 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20180724 Building a network attached storage device with a Raspberry Pi.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20180724 Building a network attached storage device with a Raspberry Pi.md b/sources/tech/20180724 Building a network attached storage device with a Raspberry Pi.md deleted file mode 100644 index 7c039e8238..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20180724 Building a network attached storage device with a Raspberry Pi.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,286 +0,0 @@ -[翻译中]translating by jrg - -Building a network attached storage device with a Raspberry Pi -====== - -![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/bus-storage.png?itok=95-zvHYl) - -In this three-part series, I'll explain how to set up a simple, useful NAS (network attached storage) system. I use this kind of setup to store my files on a central system, creating incremental backups automatically every night. To mount the disk on devices that are located in the same network, NFS is installed. To access files offline and share them with friends, I use [Nextcloud][1]. - -This article will cover the basic setup of software and hardware to mount the data disk on a remote device. In the second article, I will discuss a backup strategy and set up a cron job to create daily backups. In the third and last article, we will install Nextcloud, a tool for easy file access to devices synced offline as well as online using a web interface. It supports multiple users and public file-sharing so you can share pictures with friends, for example, by sending a password-protected link. - -The target architecture of our system looks like this: -![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/nas_part1.png) - -### Hardware - -Let's get started with the hardware you need. You might come up with a different shopping list, so consider this one an example. - -The computing power is delivered by a [Raspberry Pi 3][2], which comes with a quad-core CPU, a gigabyte of RAM, and (somewhat) fast ethernet. Data will be stored on two USB hard drives (I use 1-TB disks); one is used for the everyday traffic, the other is used to store backups. Be sure to use either active USB hard drives or a USB hub with an additional power supply, as the Raspberry Pi will not be able to power two USB drives. - -### Software - -The operating system with the highest visibility in the community is [Raspbian][3] , which is excellent for custom projects. There are plenty of [guides][4] that explain how to install Raspbian on a Raspberry Pi, so I won't go into details here. The latest official supported version at the time of this writing is [Raspbian Stretch][5] , which worked fine for me. - -At this point, I will assume you have configured your basic Raspbian and are able to connect to the Raspberry Pi by `ssh`. - -### Prepare the USB drives - -To achieve good performance reading from and writing to the USB hard drives, I recommend formatting them with ext4. To do so, you must first find out which disks are attached to the Raspberry Pi. You can find the disk devices in `/dev/sd/`. Using the command `fdisk -l`, you can find out which two USB drives you just attached. Please note that all data on the USB drives will be lost as soon as you follow these steps. -``` -pi@raspberrypi:~ $ sudo fdisk -l - - - -<...> - - - -Disk /dev/sda: 931.5 GiB, 1000204886016 bytes, 1953525168 sectors - -Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes - -Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes - -I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes - -Disklabel type: dos - -Disk identifier: 0xe8900690 - - - -Device     Boot Start        End    Sectors   Size Id Type - -/dev/sda1        2048 1953525167 1953523120 931.5G 83 Linux - - - - - -Disk /dev/sdb: 931.5 GiB, 1000204886016 bytes, 1953525168 sectors - -Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes - -Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes - -I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes - -Disklabel type: dos - -Disk identifier: 0x6aa4f598 - - - -Device     Boot Start        End    Sectors   Size Id Type - -/dev/sdb1  *     2048 1953521663 1953519616 931.5G  83 Linux - -``` - -As those devices are the only 1TB disks attached to the Raspberry Pi, we can easily see that `/dev/sda` and `/dev/sdb` are the two USB drives. The partition table at the end of each disk shows how it should look after the following steps, which create the partition table and format the disks. To do this, repeat the following steps for each of the two devices by replacing `sda` with `sdb` the second time (assuming your devices are also listed as `/dev/sda` and `/dev/sdb` in `fdisk`). - -First, delete the partition table of the disk and create a new one containing only one partition. In `fdisk`, you can use interactive one-letter commands to tell the program what to do. Simply insert them after the prompt `Command (m for help):` as follows (you can also use the `m` command anytime to get more information): -``` -pi@raspberrypi:~ $ sudo fdisk /dev/sda - - - -Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.29.2). - -Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them. - -Be careful before using the write command. - - - - - -Command (m for help): o - -Created a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x9c310964. - - - -Command (m for help): n - -Partition type - -   p   primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free) - -   e   extended (container for logical partitions) - -Select (default p): p - -Partition number (1-4, default 1): - -First sector (2048-1953525167, default 2048): - -Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (2048-1953525167, default 1953525167): - - - -Created a new partition 1 of type 'Linux' and of size 931.5 GiB. - - - -Command (m for help): p - - - -Disk /dev/sda: 931.5 GiB, 1000204886016 bytes, 1953525168 sectors - -Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes - -Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes - -I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes - -Disklabel type: dos - -Disk identifier: 0x9c310964 - - - -Device     Boot Start        End    Sectors   Size Id Type - -/dev/sda1        2048 1953525167 1953523120 931.5G 83 Linux - - - -Command (m for help): w - -The partition table has been altered. - -Syncing disks. - -``` - -Now we will format the newly created partition `/dev/sda1` using the ext4 filesystem: -``` -pi@raspberrypi:~ $ sudo mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda1 - -mke2fs 1.43.4 (31-Jan-2017) - -Discarding device blocks: done - - - -<...> - - - -Allocating group tables: done - -Writing inode tables: done - -Creating journal (1024 blocks): done - -Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done - -``` - -After repeating the above steps, let's label the new partitions according to their usage in your system: -``` -pi@raspberrypi:~ $ sudo e2label /dev/sda1 data - -pi@raspberrypi:~ $ sudo e2label /dev/sdb1 backup - -``` - -Now let's get those disks mounted to store some data. My experience, based on running this setup for over a year now, is that USB drives are not always available to get mounted when the Raspberry Pi boots up (for example, after a power outage), so I recommend using autofs to mount them when needed. - -First install autofs and create the mount point for the storage: -``` -pi@raspberrypi:~ $ sudo apt install autofs - -pi@raspberrypi:~ $ sudo mkdir /nas - -``` - -Then mount the devices by adding the following line to `/etc/auto.master`: -``` -/nas    /etc/auto.usb - -``` - -Create the file `/etc/auto.usb` if not existing with the following content, and restart the autofs service: -``` -data -fstype=ext4,rw :/dev/disk/by-label/data - -backup -fstype=ext4,rw :/dev/disk/by-label/backup - -pi@raspberrypi3:~ $ sudo service autofs restart - -``` - -Now you should be able to access the disks at `/nas/data` and `/nas/backup`, respectively. Clearly, the content will not be too thrilling, as you just erased all the data from the disks. Nevertheless, you should be able to verify the devices are mounted by executing the following commands: -``` -pi@raspberrypi3:~ $ cd /nas/data - -pi@raspberrypi3:/nas/data $ cd /nas/backup - -pi@raspberrypi3:/nas/backup $ mount - -<...> - -/etc/auto.usb on /nas type autofs (rw,relatime,fd=6,pgrp=463,timeout=300,minproto=5,maxproto=5,indirect) - -<...> - -/dev/sda1 on /nas/data type ext4 (rw,relatime,data=ordered) - -/dev/sdb1 on /nas/backup type ext4 (rw,relatime,data=ordered) - -``` - -First move into the directories to make sure autofs mounts the devices. Autofs tracks access to the filesystems and mounts the needed devices on the go. Then the `mount` command shows that the two devices are actually mounted where we wanted them. - -Setting up autofs is a bit fault-prone, so do not get frustrated if mounting doesn't work on the first try. Give it another chance, search for more detailed resources (there is plenty of documentation online), or leave a comment. - -### Mount network storage - -Now that you have set up the basic network storage, we want it to be mounted on a remote Linux machine. We will use the network file system (NFS) for this. First, install the NFS server on the Raspberry Pi: -``` -pi@raspberrypi:~ $ sudo apt install nfs-kernel-server - -``` - -Next we need to tell the NFS server to expose the `/nas/data` directory, which will be the only device accessible from outside the Raspberry Pi (the other one will be used for backups only). To export the directory, edit the file `/etc/exports` and add the following line to allow all devices with access to the NAS to mount your storage: -``` -/nas/data *(rw,sync,no_subtree_check) - -``` - -For more information about restricting the mount to single devices and so on, refer to `man exports`. In the configuration above, anyone will be able to mount your data as long as they have access to the ports needed by NFS: `111` and `2049`. I use the configuration above and allow access to my home network only for ports 22 and 443 using the routers firewall. That way, only devices in the home network can reach the NFS server. - -To mount the storage on a Linux computer, run the commands: -``` -you@desktop:~ $ sudo mkdir /nas/data - -you@desktop:~ $ sudo mount -t nfs :/nas/data /nas/data - -``` - -Again, I recommend using autofs to mount this network device. For extra help, check out [How to use autofs to mount NFS shares][6]. - -Now you are able to access files stored on your own RaspberryPi-powered NAS from remote devices using the NFS mount. In the next part of this series, I will cover how to automatically back up your data to the second hard drive using `rsync`. To save space on the device while still doing daily backups, you will learn how to create incremental backups with `rsync`. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://opensource.com/article/18/7/network-attached-storage-Raspberry-Pi - -作者：[Manuel Dewald][a] -选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:https://opensource.com/users/ntlx -[1]:https://nextcloud.com/ -[2]:https://www.raspberrypi.org/products/raspberry-pi-3-model-b/ -[3]:https://www.raspbian.org/ -[4]:https://www.raspberrypi.org/documentation/installation/installing-images/ -[5]:https://www.raspberrypi.org/blog/raspbian-stretch/ -[6]:https://opensource.com/article/18/6/using-autofs-mount-nfs-shares From 31720c7daadf80866064802a87244fb8ae3e92e3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Wed, 10 Oct 2018 08:55:58 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 208/219] translated --- ...0180928 10 handy Bash aliases for Linux.md | 118 ------------------ ...0180928 10 handy Bash aliases for Linux.md | 115 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 115 insertions(+), 118 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20180928 10 handy Bash aliases for Linux.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20180928 10 handy Bash aliases for Linux.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20180928 10 handy Bash aliases for Linux.md b/sources/tech/20180928 10 handy Bash aliases for Linux.md deleted file mode 100644 index 7ae1070997..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20180928 10 handy Bash aliases for Linux.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,118 +0,0 @@ -translating---geekpi - -10 handy Bash aliases for Linux -====== -Get more efficient by using condensed versions of long Bash commands. - -![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/bash_command_line.png?itok=k4z94W2U) - -How many times have you repeatedly typed out a long command on the command line and wished there was a way to save it for later? This is where Bash aliases come in handy. They allow you to condense long, cryptic commands down to something easy to remember and use. Need some examples to get you started? No problem! - -To use a Bash alias you've created, you need to add it to your .bash_profile file, which is located in your home folder. Note that this file is hidden and accessible only from the command line. The easiest way to work with this file is to use something like Vi or Nano. - -### 10 handy Bash aliases - - 1. How many times have you needed to unpack a .tar file and couldn't remember the exact arguments needed? Aliases to the rescue! Just add the following to your .bash_profile file and then use **untar FileName** to unpack any .tar file. - - - -``` -alias untar='tar -zxvf ' - -``` - - 2. Want to download something but be able to resume if something goes wrong? - - - -``` -alias wget='wget -c ' - -``` - - 3. Need to generate a random, 20-character password for a new online account? No problem. - - - -``` -alias getpass="openssl rand -base64 20" - -``` - - 4. Downloaded a file and need to test the checksum? We've got that covered too. - - - -``` -alias sha='shasum -a 256 ' - -``` - - 5. A normal ping will go on forever. We don't want that. Instead, let's limit that to just five pings. - - - -``` -alias ping='ping -c 5' - -``` - - 6. Start a web server in any folder you'd like. - - - -``` -alias www='python -m SimpleHTTPServer 8000' - -``` - - 7. Want to know how fast your network is? Just download Speedtest-cli and use this alias. You can choose a server closer to your location by using the **speedtest-cli --list** command. - - - -``` -alias speed='speedtest-cli --server 2406 --simple' - -``` - - 8. How many times have you needed to know your external IP address and had no idea how to get that info? Yeah, me too. - - - -``` -alias ipe='curl ipinfo.io/ip' - -``` - - 9. Need to know your local IP address? - - - -``` -alias ipi='ipconfig getifaddr en0' - -``` - - 10. Finally, let's clear the screen. - - - -``` -alias c='clear' - -``` - -As you can see, Bash aliases are a super-easy way to simplify your life on the command line. Want more info? I recommend a quick Google search for "Bash aliases" or a trip to GitHub. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://opensource.com/article/18/9/handy-bash-aliases - -作者：[Patrick H.Mullins][a] -选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://opensource.com/users/pmullins diff --git a/translated/tech/20180928 10 handy Bash aliases for Linux.md b/translated/tech/20180928 10 handy Bash aliases for Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..8706e56e8a --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20180928 10 handy Bash aliases for Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,115 @@ +10 个 Linux 中方便的 Bash 别名 +====== +对 Bash 长命令使用压缩的版本来更有效率。 + +![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/bash_command_line.png?itok=k4z94W2U) + +你有多少次在命令行上输入一个长命令，并希望有一种方法可以保存它以供日后使用？这就是 Bash 别名派上用场的地方。它们允许你将长而神秘的命令压缩为易于记忆和使用的东西。需要一些例子来帮助你入门吗？没问题！ + +要使用你创建的 Bash 别名，你需要将其添加到 .bash_profile 中，该文件位于你的主文件夹中。请注意，此文件是隐藏的，并只能从命令行访问。编辑此文件的最简单方法是使用 Vi 或 Nano 之类的东西。 + +### 10 个方便的 Bash 别名 + + 1. 你有几次遇到需要解压 .tar 文件但无法记住所需的确切参数？别名可以帮助你！只需将以下内容添加到 .bash_profile 中，然后使用 **untar FileName** 解压缩任何 .tar 文件。 + + +``` +alias untar='tar -zxvf ' + +``` + + 2. 想要下载的东西，但如果出现问题可以恢复吗？ + + + +``` +alias wget='wget -c ' + +``` + + 3. 是否需要为新的网络帐户生成随机的 20 个字符的密码？没问题。 + + + +``` +alias getpass="openssl rand -base64 20" + +``` + + 4. 下载文件并需要测试校验和？我们也可做到。 + + + +``` +alias sha='shasum -a 256 ' + +``` + + 5. 普通的 ping 将永远持续下去。我们不希望这样。相反，让我们将其限制在五个 ping。 + + + +``` +alias ping='ping -c 5' + +``` + + 6. 在任何你想要的文件夹中启动 Web 服务器。 + + + +``` +alias www='python -m SimpleHTTPServer 8000' + +``` + + 7. 想知道你的网络有多快？只需下载 Speedtest-cli 并使用此别名即可。你可以使用 **speedtest-cli --list** 命令选择离你所在位置更近的服务器。 + + + +``` +alias speed='speedtest-cli --server 2406 --simple' + +``` + + 8. 你有多少次需要知道你的外部 IP 地址，但是不知道如何获取？我也是。 + + + +``` +alias ipe='curl ipinfo.io/ip' + +``` + + 9. 需要知道你的本地 IP 地址？ + + + +``` +alias ipi='ipconfig getifaddr en0' + +``` + + 10. 最后，让我们清空屏幕。 + + + +``` +alias c='clear' + +``` + +如你所见，Bash 别名是一种在命令行上简化生活的超级简便方法。想了解更多信息？我建议你 Google 搜索“Bash 别名”或在 Github 中看下。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/18/9/handy-bash-aliases + +作者：[Patrick H.Mullins][a] +选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/pmullins From 21b04f244713b0f99868f833edf3ab9d671ed8bc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Wed, 10 Oct 2018 09:01:33 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 209/219] translating --- sources/tech/20181003 Introducing Swift on Fedora.md | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20181003 Introducing Swift on Fedora.md b/sources/tech/20181003 Introducing Swift on Fedora.md index 6b975be8f6..186117cd7c 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20181003 Introducing Swift on Fedora.md +++ b/sources/tech/20181003 Introducing Swift on Fedora.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +translating---geekpi + Introducing Swift on Fedora ====== From 38f0b05e8f8adef2125cccc26e1cdc9a563edae1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: qhwdw Date: Wed, 10 Oct 2018 09:33:28 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 210/219] Translated by qhwdw --- ...Box On Ubuntu 18.04 LTS Headless Server.md | 321 ------------------ ...Box On Ubuntu 18.04 LTS Headless Server.md | 319 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 319 insertions(+), 321 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20180703 Install Oracle VirtualBox On Ubuntu 18.04 LTS Headless Server.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20180703 Install Oracle VirtualBox On Ubuntu 18.04 LTS Headless Server.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20180703 Install Oracle VirtualBox On Ubuntu 18.04 LTS Headless Server.md b/sources/tech/20180703 Install Oracle VirtualBox On Ubuntu 18.04 LTS Headless Server.md deleted file mode 100644 index 20ce979026..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20180703 Install Oracle VirtualBox On Ubuntu 18.04 LTS Headless Server.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,321 +0,0 @@ -Translating by qhwdw -Install Oracle VirtualBox On Ubuntu 18.04 LTS Headless Server -====== - -![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Install-Oracle-VirtualBox-On-Ubuntu-18.04-720x340.png) - -This step by step tutorial walk you through how to install **Oracle VirtualBox** on Ubuntu 18.04 LTS headless server. And, this guide also describes how to manage the VirtualBox headless instances using **phpVirtualBox** , a web-based front-end tool for VirtualBox. The steps described below might also work on Debian, and other Ubuntu derivatives such as Linux Mint. Let us get started. - -### Prerequisites - -Before installing Oracle VirtualBox, we need to do the following prerequisites in our Ubuntu 18.04 LTS server. - -First of all, update the Ubuntu server by running the following commands one by one. -``` -$ sudo apt update - -$ sudo apt upgrade - -$ sudo apt dist-upgrade - -``` - -Next, install the following necessary packages: -``` -$ sudo apt install build-essential dkms unzip wget - -``` - -After installing all updates and necessary prerequisites, restart the Ubuntu server. -``` -$ sudo reboot - -``` - -### Install Oracle VirtualBox on Ubuntu 18.04 LTS server - -Add Oracle VirtualBox official repository. To do so, edit **/etc/apt/sources.list** file: -``` -$ sudo nano /etc/apt/sources.list - -``` - -Add the following lines. - -Here, I will be using Ubuntu 18.04 LTS, so I have added the following repository. -``` -deb http://download.virtualbox.org/virtualbox/debian bionic contrib - -``` - -![][2] - -Replace the word **‘bionic’** with your Ubuntu distribution’s code name, such as ‘xenial’, ‘vivid’, ‘utopic’, ‘trusty’, ‘raring’, ‘quantal’, ‘precise’, ‘lucid’, ‘jessie’, ‘wheezy’, or ‘squeeze**‘.** - -Then, run the following command to add the Oracle public key: -``` -$ wget -q https://www.virtualbox.org/download/oracle_vbox_2016.asc -O- | sudo apt-key add - - -``` - -For VirtualBox older versions, add the following key: -``` -$ wget -q https://www.virtualbox.org/download/oracle_vbox.asc -O- | sudo apt-key add - - -``` - -Next, update the software sources using command: -``` -$ sudo apt update - -``` - -Finally, install latest Oracle VirtualBox latest version using command: -``` -$ sudo apt install virtualbox-5.2 - -``` - -### Adding users to VirtualBox group - -We need to create and add our system user to the **vboxusers** group. You can either create a separate user and assign it to vboxusers group or use the existing user. I don’t want to create a new user, so I added my existing user to this group. Please note that if you use a separate user for virtualbox, you must log out and log in to that particular user and do the rest of the steps. - -I am going to use my username named **sk** , so, I ran the following command to add it to the vboxusers group. -``` -$ sudo usermod -aG vboxusers sk - -``` - -Now, run the following command to check if virtualbox kernel modules are loaded or not. -``` -$ sudo systemctl status vboxdrv - -``` - -![][3] - -As you can see in the above screenshot, the vboxdrv module is loaded and running! - -For older Ubuntu versions, run: -``` -$ sudo /etc/init.d/vboxdrv status - -``` - -If the virtualbox module doesn’t start, run the following command to start it. -``` -$ sudo /etc/init.d/vboxdrv setup - -``` - -Great! We have successfully installed VirtualBox and started virtualbox module. Now, let us go ahead and install Oracle VirtualBox extension pack. - -### Install VirtualBox Extension pack - -The VirtualBox Extension pack provides the following functionalities to the VirtualBox guests. - - * The virtual USB 2.0 (EHCI) device - * VirtualBox Remote Desktop Protocol (VRDP) support - * Host webcam passthrough - * Intel PXE boot ROM - * Experimental support for PCI passthrough on Linux hosts - - - -Download the latest Extension pack for VirtualBox 5.2.x from [**here**][4]. -``` -$ wget https://download.virtualbox.org/virtualbox/5.2.14/Oracle_VM_VirtualBox_Extension_Pack-5.2.14.vbox-extpack - -``` - -Install Extension pack using command: -``` -$ sudo VBoxManage extpack install Oracle_VM_VirtualBox_Extension_Pack-5.2.14.vbox-extpack - -``` - -Congratulations! We have successfully installed Oracle VirtualBox with extension pack in Ubuntu 16.04 LTS server. It is time to deploy virtual machines. Refer the [**virtualbox official guide**][5] to start creating and managing virtual machines in command line. - -Not everyone is command line expert. Some of you might want to create and use virtual machines graphically. No worries! Here is where **phpVirtualBox** comes in handy!! - -### About phpVirtualBox - -**phpVirtualBox** is a free, web-based front-end to Oracle VirtualBox. It is written using PHP language. Using phpVirtualBox, we can easily create, delete, manage and administer virtual machines via a web browser from any remote system on the network. - -### Install phpVirtualBox in Ubuntu 18.04 LTS - -Since it is a web-based tool, we need to install Apache web server, PHP and some php modules. - -To do so, run: -``` -$ sudo apt install apache2 php php-mysql libapache2-mod-php php-soap php-xml - -``` - -Then, Download the phpVirtualBox 5.2.x version from the [**releases page**][6]. Please note that we have installed VirtualBox 5.2, so we must install phpVirtualBox version 5.2 as well. - -To download it, run: -``` -$ wget https://github.com/phpvirtualbox/phpvirtualbox/archive/5.2-0.zip - -``` - -Extract the downloaded archive with command: -``` -$ unzip 5.2-0.zip - -``` - -This command will extract the contents of 5.2.0.zip file into a folder named “phpvirtualbox-5.2-0”. Now, copy or move the contents of this folder to your apache web server root folder. -``` -$ sudo mv phpvirtualbox-5.2-0/ /var/www/html/phpvirtualbox - -``` - -Assign the proper permissions to the phpvirtualbox folder. -``` -$ sudo chmod 777 /var/www/html/phpvirtualbox/ - -``` - -Next, let us configure phpVirtualBox. - -Copy the sample config file as shown below. -``` -$ sudo cp /var/www/html/phpvirtualbox/config.php-example /var/www/html/phpvirtualbox/config.php - -``` - -Edit phpVirtualBox **config.php** file: -``` -$ sudo nano /var/www/html/phpvirtualbox/config.php - -``` - -Find the following lines and replace the username and password with your system user (The same username that we used in “Adding users to VirtualBox group” section). - -In my case, my Ubuntu system username is **sk** , and its password is **ubuntu**. -``` -var $username = 'sk'; -var $password = 'ubuntu'; - -``` - -![][7] - -Save and close the file. - -Next, create a new file called **/etc/default/virtualbox** : -``` -$ sudo nano /etc/default/virtualbox - -``` - -Add the following line. Replace ‘sk’ with your own username. -``` -VBOXWEB_USER=sk - -``` - -Finally, Reboot your system or simply restart the following services to complete the configuration. -``` -$ sudo systemctl restart vboxweb-service - -$ sudo systemctl restart vboxdrv - -$ sudo systemctl restart apache2 - -``` - -### Adjust firewall to allow Apache web server - -By default, the apache web browser can’t be accessed from remote systems if you have enabled the UFW firewall in Ubuntu 18.04 LTS. You must allow the http and https traffic via UFW by following the below steps. - -First, let us view which applications have installed a profile using command: -``` -$ sudo ufw app list -Available applications: -Apache -Apache Full -Apache Secure -OpenSSH - -``` - -As you can see, Apache and OpenSSH applications have installed UFW profiles. - -If you look into the **“Apache Full”** profile, you will see that it enables traffic to the ports **80** and **443** : -``` -$ sudo ufw app info "Apache Full" -Profile: Apache Full -Title: Web Server (HTTP,HTTPS) -Description: Apache v2 is the next generation of the omnipresent Apache web -server. - -Ports: -80,443/tcp - -``` - -Now, run the following command to allow incoming HTTP and HTTPS traffic for this profile: -``` -$ sudo ufw allow in "Apache Full" -Rules updated -Rules updated (v6) - -``` - -If you want to allow https traffic, but only http (80) traffic, run: -``` -$ sudo ufw app info "Apache" - -``` - -### Access phpVirtualBox Web console - -Now, go to any remote system that has graphical web browser. - -In the address bar, type: ****. - -In my case, I navigated to this link – **** - -You should see the following screen. Enter the phpVirtualBox administrative user credentials. - -The default username and phpVirtualBox is **admin** / **admin**. - -![][8] - -Congratulations! You will now be greeted with phpVirtualBox dashboard. - -![][9] - -Now, start creating your VMs and manage them from phpvirtualbox dashboard. As I mentioned earlier, You can access the phpVirtualBox from any system in the same network. All you need is a web browser and the username and password of phpVirtualBox. - -If you haven’t enabled virtualization support in the BISO of host system (not the guest), phpVirtualBox allows you to create 32-bit guests only. To install 64-bit guest systems, you must enable virtualization in your host system’s BIOS. Look for an option that is something like “virtualization” or “hypervisor” in your bios and make sure it is enabled. - -That’s it. Hope this helps. If you find this guide useful, please share it on your social networks and support us. - -More good stuffs to come. Stay tuned! - - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.ostechnix.com/install-oracle-virtualbox-ubuntu-16-04-headless-server/ - -作者：[SK][a] -选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/ -[1]:data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7 -[2]:http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Add-VirtualBox-repository.png -[3]:http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/vboxdrv-service.png -[4]:https://www.virtualbox.org/wiki/Downloads -[5]:http://www.virtualbox.org/manual/ch08.html -[6]:https://github.com/phpvirtualbox/phpvirtualbox/releases -[7]:http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/phpvirtualbox-config.png -[8]:http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/phpvirtualbox-1.png -[9]:http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/phpvirtualbox-2.png diff --git a/translated/tech/20180703 Install Oracle VirtualBox On Ubuntu 18.04 LTS Headless Server.md b/translated/tech/20180703 Install Oracle VirtualBox On Ubuntu 18.04 LTS Headless Server.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3a9f28e2c3 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20180703 Install Oracle VirtualBox On Ubuntu 18.04 LTS Headless Server.md @@ -0,0 +1,319 @@ +在 Ubuntu 18.04 LTS 无头服务器上安装 Oracle VirtualBox +====== + +![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Install-Oracle-VirtualBox-On-Ubuntu-18.04-720x340.png) + +本教程将指导你在 Ubuntu 18.04 LTS 无头服务器上，一步一步地安装 **Oracle VirtualBox**。同时，本教程也将介绍如何使用 **phpVirtualBox** 去管理安装在无头服务器上的 **VirtualBox** 实例。**phpVirtualBox** 是 VirtualBox 的一个基于 Web 的后端工具。这个教程也可以工作在 Debian 和其它 Ubuntu 衍生版本上，如 Linux Mint。现在，我们开始。 + +### 前提条件 + +在安装 Oracle VirtualBox 之前，我们的 Ubuntu 18.04 LTS 服务器上需要满足如下的前提条件。 + +首先，逐个运行如下的命令来更新 Ubuntu 服务器。 +``` +$ sudo apt update + +$ sudo apt upgrade + +$ sudo apt dist-upgrade + +``` + +接下来，安装如下的必需的包： +``` +$ sudo apt install build-essential dkms unzip wget + +``` + +安装完成所有的更新和必需的包之后，重启动 Ubuntu 服务器。 +``` +$ sudo reboot + +``` + +### 在 Ubuntu 18.04 LTS 服务器上安装 VirtualBox + +添加 Oracle VirtualBox 官方仓库。为此你需要去编辑 **/etc/apt/sources.list** 文件： +``` +$ sudo nano /etc/apt/sources.list + +``` + +添加下列的行。 + +在这里，我将使用 Ubuntu 18.04 LTS，因此我添加下列的仓库。 +``` +deb http://download.virtualbox.org/virtualbox/debian bionic contrib + +``` + +![][2] + +用你的 Ubuntu 发行版的代码名字替换关键字 **‘bionic’**，比如，**‘xenial’、‘vivid’、‘utopic’、‘trusty’、‘raring’、‘quantal’、‘precise’、‘lucid’、‘jessie’、‘wheezy’、或 ‘squeeze‘**。 + +然后，运行下列的命令去添加 Oracle 公钥： +``` +$ wget -q https://www.virtualbox.org/download/oracle_vbox_2016.asc -O- | sudo apt-key add - + +``` + +对于 VirtualBox 的老版本，添加如下的公钥： +``` +$ wget -q https://www.virtualbox.org/download/oracle_vbox.asc -O- | sudo apt-key add - + +``` + +接下来，使用如下的命令去更新软件源： +``` +$ sudo apt update + +``` + +最后，使用如下的命令去安装最新版本的 Oracle VirtualBox： +``` +$ sudo apt install virtualbox-5.2 + +``` + +### 添加用户到 VirtualBox 组 + +我们需要去创建并添加我们的系统用户到 **vboxusers** 组中。你也可以单独创建用户，然后将它分配到 **vboxusers** 组中，也可以使用已有的用户。我不想去创建新用户，因此，我添加已存在的用户到这个组中。请注意，如果你为 virtualbox 使用一个单独的用户，那么你必须注销当前用户，并使用那个特定的用户去登入，来完成剩余的步骤。 + +我使用的是我的用户名 **sk**，因此，我运行如下的命令将它添加到 **vboxusers** 组中。 +``` +$ sudo usermod -aG vboxusers sk + +``` + +现在，运行如下的命令去检查 virtualbox 内核模块是否已加载。 +``` +$ sudo systemctl status vboxdrv + +``` + +![][3] + +正如你在上面的截屏中所看到的，vboxdrv 模块已加载，并且是已运行的状态！ + +对于老的 Ubuntu 版本，运行： +``` +$ sudo /etc/init.d/vboxdrv status + +``` + +如果 virtualbox 模块没有启动，运行如下的命令去启动它。 +``` +$ sudo /etc/init.d/vboxdrv setup + +``` + +很好！我们已经成功安装了 VirtualBox 并启动了 virtualbox 模块。现在，我们继续来安装 Oracle VirtualBox 的扩展包。 + +### 安装 VirtualBox 扩展包 + +VirtualBox 扩展包为 VirtualBox 访客系统提供了如下的功能。 + + * 虚拟的 USB 2.0 (EHCI) 驱动 + * VirtualBox 远程桌面协议（VRDP）支持 + * 宿主机网络摄像头直通 + * Intel PXE 引导 ROM + * 对 Linux 宿主机上的 PCI 直通提供支持 + + + +从[**这里**][4]为 VirtualBox 5.2.x 下载最新版的扩展包。 +``` +$ wget https://download.virtualbox.org/virtualbox/5.2.14/Oracle_VM_VirtualBox_Extension_Pack-5.2.14.vbox-extpack + +``` + +使用如下的命令去安装扩展包： +``` +$ sudo VBoxManage extpack install Oracle_VM_VirtualBox_Extension_Pack-5.2.14.vbox-extpack + +``` + +恭喜！我们已经成功地在 Ubuntu 18.04 LTS 服务器上安装了 Oracle VirtualBox 的扩展包。现在已经可以去部署虚拟机了。参考 [**virtualbox 官方指南**][5]，在命令行中开始创建和管理虚拟机。 + +然而，并不是每个人都擅长使用命令行。有些人可能希望在图形界面中去创建和使用虚拟机。不用担心！下面我们为你带来非常好用的 **phpVirtualBox** 工具！ + +### 关于 phpVirtualBox + +**phpVirtualBox** 是一个免费的、基于 web 的 Oracle VirtualBox 后端。它是使用 PHP 开发的。用 phpVirtualBox 我们可以通过 web 浏览器从网络上的任意一个系统上，很轻松地创建、删除、管理、和执行虚拟机。 + +### 在 Ubuntu 18.04 LTS 上安装 phpVirtualBox + +由于它是基于 web 的工具，我们需要安装 Apache web 服务器、PHP 和一些 php 模块。 + +为此，运行如下命令： +``` +$ sudo apt install apache2 php php-mysql libapache2-mod-php php-soap php-xml + +``` + +然后，从 [**下载页面**][6] 上下载 phpVirtualBox 5.2.x 版。请注意，由于我们已经安装了 VirtualBox 5.2 版，因此，同样的我们必须去安装 phpVirtualBox 的 5.2 版本。 + +运行如下的命令去下载它： +``` +$ wget https://github.com/phpvirtualbox/phpvirtualbox/archive/5.2-0.zip + +``` + +使用如下命令解压下载的安装包： +``` +$ unzip 5.2-0.zip + +``` + +这个命令将解压 5.2.0.zip 文件的内容到一个命名为 “phpvirtualbox-5.2-0” 的文件夹中。现在，复制或移动这个文件夹的内容到你的 apache web 服务器的根文件夹中。 +``` +$ sudo mv phpvirtualbox-5.2-0/ /var/www/html/phpvirtualbox + +``` + +给 phpvirtualbox 文件夹分配适当的权限。 +``` +$ sudo chmod 777 /var/www/html/phpvirtualbox/ + +``` + +接下来，我们开始配置 phpVirtualBox。 + +像下面这样复制示例配置文件。 +``` +$ sudo cp /var/www/html/phpvirtualbox/config.php-example /var/www/html/phpvirtualbox/config.php + +``` + +编辑 phpVirtualBox 的 **config.php** 文件： +``` +$ sudo nano /var/www/html/phpvirtualbox/config.php + +``` + +找到下列行，并且用你的系统用户名和密码去替换它（就是前面的“添加用户到 VirtualBox 组中”节中使用的用户名）。 + +在我的案例中，我的 Ubuntu 系统用户名是 **sk** ，它的密码是 **ubuntu**。 +``` +var $username = 'sk'; +var $password = 'ubuntu'; + +``` + +![][7] + +保存并关闭这个文件。 + +接下来，创建一个名为 **/etc/default/virtualbox** 的新文件： +``` +$ sudo nano /etc/default/virtualbox + +``` + +添加下列行。用你自己的系统用户替换 ‘sk’。 +``` +VBOXWEB_USER=sk + +``` + +最后，重引导你的系统或重启下列服务去完成整个配置工作。 +``` +$ sudo systemctl restart vboxweb-service + +$ sudo systemctl restart vboxdrv + +$ sudo systemctl restart apache2 + +``` + +### 调整防火墙允许连接 Apache web 服务器 + +如果你在 Ubuntu 18.04 LTS 上启用了 UFW，那么在默认情况下，apache web 服务器是不能被任何远程系统访问的。你必须通过下列的步骤让 http 和 https 流量允许通过 UFW。 + +首先，我们使用如下的命令来查看在策略中已经安装了哪些应用： +``` +$ sudo ufw app list +Available applications: +Apache +Apache Full +Apache Secure +OpenSSH + +``` + +正如你所见，Apache 和 OpenSSH 应该已经在 UFW 的策略文件中安装了。 + +如果你在策略中看到的是 **“Apache Full”**，说明它允许流量到达 **80** 和 **443** 端口： +``` +$ sudo ufw app info "Apache Full" +Profile: Apache Full +Title: Web Server (HTTP,HTTPS) +Description: Apache v2 is the next generation of the omnipresent Apache web +server. + +Ports: +80,443/tcp + +``` + +现在，运行如下的命令去启用这个策略中的 HTTP 和 HTTPS 的入站流量： +``` +$ sudo ufw allow in "Apache Full" +Rules updated +Rules updated (v6) + +``` + +如果你希望允许 https 流量，但是仅是 http (80) 的流量，运行如下的命令： +``` +$ sudo ufw app info "Apache" + +``` + +### 访问 phpVirtualBox 的 Web 控制台 + +现在，用任意一台远程系统的 web 浏览器来访问。 + +在地址栏中，输入：****。 + +在我的案例中，我导航到这个链接 – **** + +你将看到如下的屏幕输出。输入 phpVirtualBox 管理员用户凭据。 + +phpVirtualBox 的默认管理员用户名和密码是 **admin** / **admin**。 + +![][8] + +恭喜！你现在已经进入了 phpVirtualBox 管理面板了。 + +![][9] + +现在，你可以从 phpvirtualbox 的管理面板上，开始去创建你的 VM 了。正如我在前面提到的，你可以从同一网络上的任意一台系统上访问 phpVirtualBox 了，而所需要的仅仅是一个 web 浏览器和 phpVirtualBox 的用户名和密码。 + +如果在你的宿主机系统（不是访客机）的 BIOS 中没有启用虚拟化支持，phpVirtualBox 将只允许你去创建 32 位的访客系统。要安装 64 位的访客系统，你必须在你的宿主机的 BIOS 中启用虚拟化支持。在你的宿主机的 BIOS 中你可以找到一些类似于 “virtualization” 或 “hypervisor” 字眼的选项，然后确保它是启用的。 + +本文到此结束了，希望能帮到你。如果你找到了更有用的指南，共享出来吧。 + +还有一大波更好玩的东西即将到来，请继续关注！ + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.ostechnix.com/install-oracle-virtualbox-ubuntu-16-04-headless-server/ + +作者：[SK][a] +选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) +译者：[qhwdw](https://github.com/qhwdw) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/ +[1]:data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7 +[2]:http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Add-VirtualBox-repository.png +[3]:http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/vboxdrv-service.png +[4]:https://www.virtualbox.org/wiki/Downloads +[5]:http://www.virtualbox.org/manual/ch08.html +[6]:https://github.com/phpvirtualbox/phpvirtualbox/releases +[7]:http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/phpvirtualbox-config.png +[8]:http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/phpvirtualbox-1.png +[9]:http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/phpvirtualbox-2.png From 1af6fbeb0bed0be363189dfb588a0b95c44bafa5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: qhwdw Date: Wed, 10 Oct 2018 10:39:16 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 211/219] Translated by qhwdw --- ...on Server Using KVM In Ubuntu 18.04 LTS.md | 333 ----------------- ...on Server Using KVM In Ubuntu 18.04 LTS.md | 346 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 346 insertions(+), 333 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20180704 Setup Headless Virtualization Server Using KVM In Ubuntu 18.04 LTS.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20180704 Setup Headless Virtualization Server Using KVM In Ubuntu 18.04 LTS.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20180704 Setup Headless Virtualization Server Using KVM In Ubuntu 18.04 LTS.md b/sources/tech/20180704 Setup Headless Virtualization Server Using KVM In Ubuntu 18.04 LTS.md deleted file mode 100644 index 3125a1a4ee..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20180704 Setup Headless Virtualization Server Using KVM In Ubuntu 18.04 LTS.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,333 +0,0 @@ -Translating by qhwdw -Setup Headless Virtualization Server Using KVM In Ubuntu 18.04 LTS -====== - -![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/kvm-720x340.jpg) - -We already have covered [**setting up Oracle VirtualBox on Ubuntu 18.04**][1] headless server. In this tutorial, we will be discussing how to setup headless virtualization server using **KVM** and how to manage the guest machines from a remote client. As you may know already, KVM ( **K** ernel-based **v** irtual **m** achine) is an open source, full virtualization for Linux. Using KVM, we can easily turn any Linux server in to a complete virtualization environment in minutes and deploy different kind of VMs such as GNU/Linux, *BSD, Windows etc. - -### Setup Headless Virtualization Server Using KVM - -I tested this guide on Ubuntu 18.04 LTS server, however this tutorial will work on other Linux distributions such as Debian, CentOS, RHEL and Scientific Linux. This method will be perfectly suitable for those who wants to setup a simple virtualization environment in a Linux server that doesn’t have any graphical environment. - -For the purpose of this guide, I will be using two systems. - -**KVM virtualization server:** - - * **Host OS** – Ubuntu 18.04 LTS minimal server (No GUI) - * **IP Address of Host OS** : 192.168.225.22/24 - * **Guest OS** (Which we are going to host on Ubuntu 18.04) : Ubuntu 16.04 LTS server - - - -**Remote desktop client :** - - * **OS** – Arch Linux - - - -### Install KVM - -First, let us check if our system supports hardware virtualization. To do so, run the following command from the Terminal: -``` -$ egrep -c '(vmx|svm)' /proc/cpuinfo - -``` - -If the result is **zero (0)** , the system doesn’t support hardware virtualization or the virtualization is disabled in the Bios. Go to your bios and check for the virtualization option and enable it. - -if the result is **1** or **more** , the system will support hardware virtualization. However, you still need to enable the virtualization option in Bios before running the above commands. - -Alternatively, you can use the following command to verify it. You need to install kvm first as described below, in order to use this command. -``` -$ kvm-ok - -``` - -**Sample output:** -``` -INFO: /dev/kvm exists -KVM acceleration can be used - -``` - -If you got the following error instead, you still can run guest machines in KVM, but the performance will be very poor. -``` -INFO: Your CPU does not support KVM extensions -INFO: For more detailed results, you should run this as root -HINT: sudo /usr/sbin/kvm-ok - -``` - -Also, there are other ways to find out if your CPU supports Virtualization or not. Refer the following guide for more details. - -Next, Install KVM and other required packages to setup a virtualization environment in Linux. - -On Ubuntu and other DEB based systems, run: -``` -$ sudo apt-get install qemu-kvm libvirt-bin virtinst bridge-utils cpu-checker - -``` - -Once KVM installed, start libvertd service (If it is not started already): -``` -$ sudo systemctl enable libvirtd - -$ sudo systemctl start libvirtd - -``` - -### Create Virtual machines - -All virtual machine files and other related files will be stored under **/var/lib/libvirt/**. The default path of ISO images is **/var/lib/libvirt/boot/**. - -First, let us see if there is any virtual machines. To view the list of available virtual machines, run: -``` -$ sudo virsh list --all - -``` - -**Sample output:** -``` -Id Name State ----------------------------------------------------- - -``` - -![][3] - -As you see above, there is no virtual machine available right now. - -Now, let us crate one. - -For example, let us create Ubuntu 16.04 Virtual machine with 512 MB RAM, 1 CPU core, 8 GB Hdd. -``` -$ sudo virt-install --name Ubuntu-16.04 --ram=512 --vcpus=1 --cpu host --hvm --disk path=/var/lib/libvirt/images/ubuntu-16.04-vm1,size=8 --cdrom /var/lib/libvirt/boot/ubuntu-16.04-server-amd64.iso --graphics vnc - -``` - -Please make sure you have Ubuntu 16.04 ISO image in path **/var/lib/libvirt/boot/** or any other path you have given in the above command. - -**Sample output:** -``` -WARNING Graphics requested but DISPLAY is not set. Not running virt-viewer. -WARNING No console to launch for the guest, defaulting to --wait -1 - -Starting install... -Creating domain... | 0 B 00:00:01 -Domain installation still in progress. Waiting for installation to complete. -Domain has shutdown. Continuing. -Domain creation completed. -Restarting guest. - -``` - -![][4] - -Let us break down the above command and see what each option do. - - * **–name** : This option defines the name of the virtual name. In our case, the name of VM is **Ubuntu-16.04**. - * **–ram=512** : Allocates 512MB RAM to the VM. - * **–vcpus=1** : Indicates the number of CPU cores in the VM. - * **–cpu host** : Optimizes the CPU properties for the VM by exposing the host’s CPU’s configuration to the guest. - * **–hvm** : Request the full hardware virtualization. - * **–disk path** : The location to save VM’s hdd and it’s size. In our example, I have allocated 8GB hdd size. - * **–cdrom** : The location of installer ISO image. Please note that you must have the actual ISO image in this location. - * **–graphics vnc** : Allows VNC access to the VM from a remote client. - - - -### Access Virtual machines using VNC client - -Now, go to the remote Desktop system. SSH to the Ubuntu server(Virtualization server) as shown below. - -Here, **sk** is my Ubuntu server’s user name and **192.168.225.22** is its IP address. - -Run the following command to find out the VNC port number. We need this to access the Vm from a remote system. -``` -$ sudo virsh dumpxml Ubuntu-16.04 | grep vnc - -``` - -**Sample output:** -``` - - -``` - -![][5] - -Note down the port number **5900**. Install any VNC client application. For this guide, I will be using TigerVnc. TigerVNC is available in the Arch Linux default repositories. To install it on Arch based systems, run: -``` -$ sudo pacman -S tigervnc - -``` - -Type the following SSH port forwarding command from your remote client system that has VNC client application installed. - -Again, **192.168.225.22** is my Ubuntu server’s (virtualization server) IP address. - -Then, open the VNC client from your Arch Linux (client). - -Type **localhost:5900** in the VNC server field and click **Connect** button. - -![][6] - -Then start installing the Ubuntu VM as the way you do in the physical system. - -![][7] - -![][8] - -Similarly, you can setup as many as virtual machines depending upon server hardware specifications. - -Alternatively, you can use **virt-viewer** utility in order to install operating system in the guest machines. virt-viewer is available in the most Linux distribution’s default repositories. After installing virt-viewer, run the following command to establish VNC access to the VM. -``` -$ sudo virt-viewer --connect=qemu+ssh://192.168.225.22/system --name Ubuntu-16.04 - -``` - -### Manage virtual machines - -Managing VMs from the command-line using virsh management user interface is very interesting and fun. The commands are very easy to remember. Let us see some examples. - -To view the list of running VMs, run: -``` -$ sudo virsh list - -``` - -Or, -``` -$ sudo virsh list --all - -``` - -**Sample output:** -``` - Id Name State ----------------------------------------------------- - 2 Ubuntu-16.04 running - -``` - -![][9] - -To start a VM, run: -``` -$ sudo virsh start Ubuntu-16.04 - -``` - -Alternatively, you can use the VM id to start it. - -![][10] - -As you see in the above output, Ubuntu 16.04 virtual machine’s Id is 2. So, in order to start it, just specify its Id like below. -``` -$ sudo virsh start 2 - -``` - -To restart a VM, run: -``` -$ sudo virsh reboot Ubuntu-16.04 - -``` - -**Sample output:** -``` -Domain Ubuntu-16.04 is being rebooted - -``` - -![][11] - -To pause a running VM, run: -``` -$ sudo virsh suspend Ubuntu-16.04 - -``` - -**Sample output:** -``` -Domain Ubuntu-16.04 suspended - -``` - -To resume the suspended VM, run: -``` -$ sudo virsh resume Ubuntu-16.04 - -``` - -**Sample output:** -``` -Domain Ubuntu-16.04 resumed - -``` - -To shutdown a VM, run: -``` -$ sudo virsh shutdown Ubuntu-16.04 - -``` - -**Sample output:** -``` -Domain Ubuntu-16.04 is being shutdown - -``` - -To completely remove a VM, run: -``` -$ sudo virsh undefine Ubuntu-16.04 - -$ sudo virsh destroy Ubuntu-16.04 - -``` - -**Sample output:** -``` -Domain Ubuntu-16.04 destroyed - -``` - -![][12] - -For more options, I recommend you to look into the man pages. -``` -$ man virsh - -``` - -That’s all for now folks. Start playing with your new virtualization environment. KVM virtualization will be opt for research & development and testing purposes, but not limited to. If you have sufficient hardware, you can use it for large production environments. Have fun and don’t forget to leave your valuable comments in the comment section below. - -Cheers! - - - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.ostechnix.com/setup-headless-virtualization-server-using-kvm-ubuntu/ - -作者：[SK][a] -选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/ -[1]:https://www.ostechnix.com/install-oracle-virtualbox-ubuntu-16-04-headless-server/ -[2]:data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7 -[3]:http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/sk@ubuntuserver-_001.png -[4]:http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/sk@ubuntuserver-_008-1.png -[5]:http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/sk@ubuntuserver-_002.png -[6]:http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/VNC-Viewer-Connection-Details_005.png -[7]:http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/QEMU-Ubuntu-16.04-TigerVNC_006.png -[8]:http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/QEMU-Ubuntu-16.04-TigerVNC_007.png -[9]:http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/sk@ubuntuserver-_010-1.png -[10]:http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/sk@ubuntuserver-_010-2.png -[11]:http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/sk@ubuntuserver-_011-1.png -[12]:http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/sk@ubuntuserver-_012.png diff --git a/translated/tech/20180704 Setup Headless Virtualization Server Using KVM In Ubuntu 18.04 LTS.md b/translated/tech/20180704 Setup Headless Virtualization Server Using KVM In Ubuntu 18.04 LTS.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..c65e756ff4 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20180704 Setup Headless Virtualization Server Using KVM In Ubuntu 18.04 LTS.md @@ -0,0 +1,346 @@ +在 Ubuntu 18.04 LTS 上使用 KVM 配置无头虚拟化服务器 +====== + +![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/kvm-720x340.jpg) + +我们已经讲解了 [在 Ubuntu 18.04 上配置 Oracle VirtualBox][1] 无头服务器。在本教程中，我们将讨论如何使用 **KVM** 去配置无头虚拟化服务器，以及如何从一个远程客户端去管理访客系统。正如你所知道的，KVM（**K** ernel-based **v** irtual **m** achine）是开源的，是对 Linux 的完全虚拟化。使用 KVM，我们可以在几分钟之内，很轻松地将任意 Linux 服务器转换到一个完全的虚拟化环境中，以及部署不同种类的虚拟机，比如 GNU/Linux、*BSD、Windows 等等。 + +### 使用 KVM 配置无头虚拟化服务器 + +我在 Ubuntu 18.04 LTS 服务器上测试了本指南，但是它在其它的 Linux 发行版上也可以使用，比如，Debian、CentOS、RHEL 以及 Scientific Linux。这个方法完全适合哪些希望在没有任何图形环境的 Linux 服务器上，去配置一个简单的虚拟化环境。 + +基于本指南的目的，我将使用两个系统。 + +**KVM 虚拟化服务器：** + + * **宿主机操作系统** – 最小化安装的 Ubuntu 18.04 LTS（没有 GUI） + * **宿主机操作系统的 IP 地址**：192.168.225.22/24 + * **访客操作系统**（它将运行在 Ubuntu 18.04 的宿主机上）：Ubuntu 16.04 LTS server + + + +**远程桌面客户端：** + + * **操作系统** – Arch Linux + + + +### 安装 KVM + +首先，我们先检查一下我们的系统是否支持硬件虚拟化。为此，需要在终端中运行如下的命令： +``` +$ egrep -c '(vmx|svm)' /proc/cpuinfo + +``` + +假如结果是 **zero (0)**，说明系统不支持硬件虚拟化，或者在 BIOS 中禁用了虚拟化。进入你的系统 BIOS 并检查虚拟化选项，然后启用它。 + +假如结果是 **1** 或者 **更大的数**，说明系统将支持硬件虚拟化。然而，在你运行上面的命令之前，你需要始终保持 BIOS 中的虚拟化选项是启用的。 + +或者，你也可以使用如下的命令去验证它。但是为了使用这个命令你需要先安装 KVM。 +``` +$ kvm-ok + +``` + +**示例输出：** + +``` +INFO: /dev/kvm exists +KVM acceleration can be used + +``` + +如果输出的是如下这样的错误，你仍然可以在 KVM 中运行访客虚拟机，但是它的性能将非常差。 +``` +INFO: Your CPU does not support KVM extensions +INFO: For more detailed results, you should run this as root +HINT: sudo /usr/sbin/kvm-ok + +``` + +当然，还有其它的方法来检查你的 CPU 是否支持虚拟化。更多信息参考接下来的指南。 + +接下来，安装 KVM 和在 Linux 中配置虚拟化环境所需要的其它包。 + +在 Ubuntu 和其它基于 DEB 的系统上，运行如下命令： +``` +$ sudo apt-get install qemu-kvm libvirt-bin virtinst bridge-utils cpu-checker + +``` + +KVM 安装完成后，启动 libvertd 服务（如果它没有启动的话）： +``` +$ sudo systemctl enable libvirtd + +$ sudo systemctl start libvirtd + +``` + +### 创建虚拟机 + +所有的虚拟机文件和其它的相关文件都保存在 **/var/lib/libvirt/** 下。ISO 镜像的默认路径是 **/var/lib/libvirt/boot/**。 + +首先，我们先检查一下是否有虚拟机。查看可用的虚拟机列表，运行如下的命令： +``` +$ sudo virsh list --all + +``` + +**示例输出：** + +``` +Id Name State +---------------------------------------------------- + +``` + +![][3] + +正如上面的截屏，现在没有可用的虚拟机。 + +现在，我们来创建一个。 + +例如，我们来创建一个有 512 MB 内存、1 个 CPU 核心、8 GB 硬盘的 Ubuntu 16.04 虚拟机。 +``` +$ sudo virt-install --name Ubuntu-16.04 --ram=512 --vcpus=1 --cpu host --hvm --disk path=/var/lib/libvirt/images/ubuntu-16.04-vm1,size=8 --cdrom /var/lib/libvirt/boot/ubuntu-16.04-server-amd64.iso --graphics vnc + +``` + +请确保在路径 **/var/lib/libvirt/boot/** 中有一个 Ubuntu 16.04 的 ISO 镜像文件，或者在上面命令中给定的其它路径中有相应的镜像文件。 + +**示例输出：** + +``` +WARNING Graphics requested but DISPLAY is not set. Not running virt-viewer. +WARNING No console to launch for the guest, defaulting to --wait -1 + +Starting install... +Creating domain... | 0 B 00:00:01 +Domain installation still in progress. Waiting for installation to complete. +Domain has shutdown. Continuing. +Domain creation completed. +Restarting guest. + +``` + +![][4] + +我们来分别讲解以上的命令和看到的每个选项的作用。 + + * **–name** : 这个选项定义虚拟机名字。在我们的案例中，这个虚拟机的名字是 **Ubuntu-16.04**。 + * **–ram=512** : 给虚拟机分配 512MB 内存。 + * **–vcpus=1** : 指明虚拟机中 CPU 核心的数量。 + * **–cpu host** : 通过暴露宿主机 CPU 的配置给访客系统来优化 CPU 属性。 + * **–hvm** : 要求完整的硬件虚拟化。 + * **–disk path** : 虚拟机硬盘的位置和大小。在我们的示例中，我分配了 8GB 的硬盘。 + * **–cdrom** : 安装 ISO 镜像的位置。请注意你必须在这个位置真的有一个 ISO 镜像。 + * **–graphics vnc** : 允许 VNC 从远程客户端访问虚拟机。 + + + +### 使用 VNC 客户端访问虚拟机 + +现在，我们在远程桌面系统上使用 SSH 登入到 Ubuntu 服务器上（虚拟化服务器），如下所示。 + +在这里，**sk** 是我的 Ubuntu 服务器的用户名，而 **192.168.225.22** 是它的 IP 地址。 + +运行如下的命令找出 VNC 的端口号。我们从一个远程系统上访问虚拟机需要它。 +``` +$ sudo virsh dumpxml Ubuntu-16.04 | grep vnc + +``` + +**示例输出：** + +``` + + +``` + +![][5] + +记下那个端口号 **5900**。安装任意的 VNC 客户端应用程序。在本指南中，我们将使用 TigerVnc。TigerVNC 是 Arch Linux 默认仓库中可用的客户端。在 Arch 上安装它，运行如下命令： +``` +$ sudo pacman -S tigervnc + +``` + +在安装有 VNC 客户端的远程客户端系统上输入如下的 SSH 端口转发命令。 + +``` +$ ssh sk@192.168.225.22 -L 5900:127.0.0.1:5900 +``` + +再强调一次，**192.168.225.22** 是我的 Ubuntu 服务器（虚拟化服务器）的 IP 地址。 + +然后，从你的 Arch Linux（客户端）打开 VNC 客户端。 + +在 VNC 服务器框中输入 **localhost:5900**，然后点击 **Connect** 按钮。 + +![][6] + +然后就像你在物理机上安装系统一样的方法开始安装 Ubuntu 虚拟机。 + +![][7] + +![][8] + +同样的，你可以根据你的服务器的硬件情况配置多个虚拟机。 + +或者，你可以使用 **virt-viewer** 实用程序在访客机器中安装操作系统。virt-viewer 在大多数 Linux 发行版的默认仓库中都可以找到。安装完 virt-viewer 之后，运行下列的命令去建立到虚拟机的访问连接。 +``` +$ sudo virt-viewer --connect=qemu+ssh://192.168.225.22/system --name Ubuntu-16.04 + +``` + +### 管理虚拟机 + +使用管理用户接口 virsh 从命令行去管理虚拟机是非常有趣的。命令非常容易记。我们来看一些例子。 + +查看运行的虚拟机，运行如下命令： +``` +$ sudo virsh list + +``` + +或者， +``` +$ sudo virsh list --all + +``` + +**示例输出：** + +``` + Id Name State +---------------------------------------------------- + 2 Ubuntu-16.04 running + +``` + +![][9] + +启动一个虚拟机，运行如下命令： +``` +$ sudo virsh start Ubuntu-16.04 + +``` + +或者，也可以使用虚拟机 id 去启动它。 + +![][10] + +正如在上面的截图所看到的，Ubuntu 16.04 虚拟机的 Id 是 2。因此，启动它时，你也可以像下面一样只指定它的 ID。 +``` +$ sudo virsh start 2 + +``` + +重启动一个虚拟机，运行如下命令： +``` +$ sudo virsh reboot Ubuntu-16.04 + +``` + +**示例输出：** + +``` +Domain Ubuntu-16.04 is being rebooted + +``` + +![][11] + +暂停一个运行中的虚拟机，运行如下命令： +``` +$ sudo virsh suspend Ubuntu-16.04 + +``` + +**示例输出：** + +``` +Domain Ubuntu-16.04 suspended + +``` + +让一个暂停的虚拟机重新运行，运行如下命令： +``` +$ sudo virsh resume Ubuntu-16.04 + +``` + +**示例输出：** + +``` +Domain Ubuntu-16.04 resumed + +``` + +关闭一个虚拟机，运行如下命令： +``` +$ sudo virsh shutdown Ubuntu-16.04 + +``` + +**示例输出：** + +``` +Domain Ubuntu-16.04 is being shutdown + +``` + +完全移除一个虚拟机，运行如下的命令： +``` +$ sudo virsh undefine Ubuntu-16.04 + +$ sudo virsh destroy Ubuntu-16.04 + +``` + +**示例输出：** + +``` +Domain Ubuntu-16.04 destroyed + +``` + +![][12] + +关于它的更多选项，建议你去查看 man 手册页： +``` +$ man virsh + +``` + +今天就到这里吧。开始在你的新的虚拟化环境中玩吧。对于研究和开发者、以及测试目的，KVM 虚拟化将是很好的选择，但它能做的远不止这些。如果你有充足的硬件资源，你可以将它用于大型的生产环境中。如果你还有其它好玩的发现，不要忘记在下面的评论区留下你的高见。 + +谢谢！ + + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.ostechnix.com/setup-headless-virtualization-server-using-kvm-ubuntu/ + +作者：[SK][a] +选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) +译者：[qhwdw](https://github.com/qhwdw) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/ +[1]:https://www.ostechnix.com/install-oracle-virtualbox-ubuntu-16-04-headless-server/ +[2]:data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7 +[3]:http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/sk@ubuntuserver-_001.png +[4]:http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/sk@ubuntuserver-_008-1.png +[5]:http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/sk@ubuntuserver-_002.png +[6]:http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/VNC-Viewer-Connection-Details_005.png +[7]:http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/QEMU-Ubuntu-16.04-TigerVNC_006.png +[8]:http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/QEMU-Ubuntu-16.04-TigerVNC_007.png +[9]:http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/sk@ubuntuserver-_010-1.png +[10]:http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/sk@ubuntuserver-_010-2.png +[11]:http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/sk@ubuntuserver-_011-1.png +[12]:http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/sk@ubuntuserver-_012.png From ad04b594a596e77841b1394ba01dc2a690b616fe Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Wed, 10 Oct 2018 13:00:47 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 212/219] PRF:20180413 The df Command Tutorial With Examples For Beginners.md @qhwdw --- ...nd Tutorial With Examples For Beginners.md | 79 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 38 insertions(+), 41 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180413 The df Command Tutorial With Examples For Beginners.md b/translated/tech/20180413 The df Command Tutorial With Examples For Beginners.md index 08f3860661..7a46f07032 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20180413 The df Command Tutorial With Examples For Beginners.md +++ b/translated/tech/20180413 The df Command Tutorial With Examples For Beginners.md @@ -1,21 +1,21 @@ -df 命令的新手教程 +df 命令新手教程 ====== ![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/df-command-1-720x340.png) -在本指南中，我们将学习如何使用 **df** 命令。df 命令是 `Disk Free` 的首字母组合，它报告文件系统磁盘空间的使用情况。它显示一个 Linux 系统中文件系统上可用磁盘空间的数量。df 命令很容易与 **du** 命令混淆。它们的用途不同。df 命令报告 **我们拥有多少磁盘空间**（空闲磁盘空间），而 du 命令报告 **被文件和目录占用了多少磁盘空间**。希望我这样的解释你能更清楚。在继续之前，我们来看一些 df 命令的实例，以便于你更好地理解它。 +在本指南中，我们将学习如何使用 `df` 命令。df 命令是 “Disk Free” 的首字母组合，它报告文件系统磁盘空间的使用情况。它显示一个 Linux 系统中文件系统上可用磁盘空间的数量。`df` 命令很容易与 `du` 命令混淆。它们的用途不同。`df` 命令报告我们拥有多少磁盘空间（空闲磁盘空间），而 `du` 命令报告被文件和目录占用了多少磁盘空间。希望我这样的解释你能更清楚。在继续之前，我们来看一些 `df` 命令的实例，以便于你更好地理解它。 ### df 命令使用举例 -**1、查看整个文件系统磁盘空间使用情况** +#### 1、查看整个文件系统磁盘空间使用情况 + +无需任何参数来运行 `df` 命令，以显示整个文件系统磁盘空间使用情况。 -无需任何参数来运行 df 命令，以显示整个文件系统磁盘空间使用情况。 ``` $ df - ``` -**示例输出：** +示例输出： ``` Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on @@ -28,25 +28,23 @@ tmpfs 4038880 11636 4027244 1% /tmp /dev/loop0 84096 84096 0 100% /var/lib/snapd/snap/core/4327 /dev/sda1 95054 55724 32162 64% /boot tmpfs 807776 28 807748 1% /run/user/1000 - ``` ![][2] 正如你所见，输出结果分为六列。我们来看一下每一列的含义。 - * **Filesystem** – Linux 系统中的文件系统 - * **1K-blocks** – 文件系统的大小，用 1K 大小的块来表示。 - * **Used** – 以 1K 大小的块所表示的已使用数量。 - * **Available** – 以 1K 大小的块所表示的可用空间的数量。 - * **Use%** – 文件系统中已使用的百分比。 - * **Mounted on** – 已挂载的文件系统的挂载点。 + * `Filesystem` – Linux 系统中的文件系统 + * `1K-blocks` – 文件系统的大小，用 1K 大小的块来表示。 + * `Used` – 以 1K 大小的块所表示的已使用数量。 + * `Available` – 以 1K 大小的块所表示的可用空间的数量。 + * `Use%` – 文件系统中已使用的百分比。 + * `Mounted on` – 已挂载的文件系统的挂载点。 +#### 2、以人类友好格式显示文件系统硬盘空间使用情况 +在上面的示例中你可能已经注意到了，它使用 1K 大小的块为单位来表示使用情况，如果你以人类友好格式来显示它们，可以使用 `-h` 标志。 -**2、以人类友好格式显示文件系统硬盘空间使用情况** - -在上面的示例中你可能已经注意到了，它使用 1K 大小的块为单位来表示使用情况，如果你以人类友好格式来显示它们，可以使用 **-h** 标志。 ``` $ df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on @@ -62,11 +60,12 @@ tmpfs 789M 28K 789M 1% /run/user/1000 ``` -现在，在 **Size** 列和 **Avail** 列，使用情况是以 GB 和 MB 为单位来显示的。 +现在，在 `Size` 列和 `Avail` 列，使用情况是以 GB 和 MB 为单位来显示的。 -**3\. Display disk space usage only in MB** +#### 3、仅以 MB 为单位来显示文件系统磁盘空间使用情况 + +如果仅以 MB 为单位来显示文件系统磁盘空间使用情况，使用 `-m` 标志。 -如果仅以 MB 为单位来显示文件系统磁盘空间使用情况，使用 **-m** 标志。 ``` $ df -m Filesystem 1M-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on @@ -79,12 +78,12 @@ tmpfs 3945 12 3933 1% /tmp /dev/loop0 83 83 0 100% /var/lib/snapd/snap/core/4327 /dev/sda1 93 55 32 64% /boot tmpfs 789 1 789 1% /run/user/1000 - ``` -**4、列出节点而不是块的使用情况** +#### 4、列出节点而不是块的使用情况 + +如下所示，我们可以通过使用 `-i` 标记来列出节点而不是块的使用情况。 -如下所示，我们可以通过使用 **-i** 标记来列出节点而不是块的使用情况。 ``` $ df -i Filesystem Inodes IUsed IFree IUse% Mounted on @@ -97,12 +96,12 @@ tmpfs 1009720 3008 1006712 1% /tmp /dev/loop0 12829 12829 0 100% /var/lib/snapd/snap/core/4327 /dev/sda1 25688 390 25298 2% /boot tmpfs 1009720 29 1009691 1% /run/user/1000 - ``` -**5、显示文件系统类型** +#### 5、显示文件系统类型 + +使用 `-T` 标志显示文件系统类型。 -使用 **-T** 标志显示文件系统类型。 ``` $ df -T Filesystem Type 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on @@ -115,27 +114,27 @@ tmpfs tmpfs 4038880 11984 4026896 1% /tmp /dev/loop0 squashfs 84096 84096 0 100% /var/lib/snapd/snap/core/4327 /dev/sda1 ext4 95054 55724 32162 64% /boot tmpfs tmpfs 807776 28 807748 1% /run/user/1000 - ``` 正如你所见，现在出现了显示文件系统类型的额外的列（从左数的第二列）。 -**6、仅显示指定类型的文件系统** +#### 6、仅显示指定类型的文件系统 + +我们可以限制仅列出某些文件系统。比如，只列出 ext4 文件系统。我们使用 `-t` 标志。 -我们可以限制仅列出某些文件系统。比如，只列出 **ext4** 文件系统。我们使用 **-t** 标志。 ``` $ df -t ext4 Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on /dev/sda2 478425016 428790896 25308436 95% / /dev/sda1 95054 55724 32162 64% /boot - ``` 看到了吗？这个命令仅显示了 ext4 文件系统的磁盘空间使用情况。 -**7、不列出指定类型的文件系统** +#### 7、不列出指定类型的文件系统 + +有时，我们可能需要从结果中去排除指定类型的文件系统。我们可以使用 `-x` 标记达到我们的目的。 -有时，我们可能需要从结果中去排除指定类型的文件系统。我们可以使用 **-x** 标记达到我们的目的。 ``` $ df -x ext4 Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on @@ -146,30 +145,28 @@ tmpfs 4038880 0 4038880 0% /sys/fs/cgroup tmpfs 4038880 11984 4026896 1% /tmp /dev/loop0 84096 84096 0 100% /var/lib/snapd/snap/core/4327 tmpfs 807776 28 807748 1% /run/user/1000 - ``` -上面的命令列出了除 **ext4** 类型以外的全部文件系统。 +上面的命令列出了除 ext4 类型以外的全部文件系统。 -**8、显示一个目录的磁盘使用情况** +#### 8、显示一个目录的磁盘使用情况 + +去显示某个目录的硬盘空间使用情况以及它的挂载点，例如 `/home/sk/` 目录，可以使用如下的命令： -去显示某个目录的硬盘空间使用情况以及它的挂载点，例如 **/home/sk/** 目录，可以使用如下的命令： ``` $ df -hT /home/sk/ Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/sda2 ext4 457G 409G 25G 95% / - ``` -这个命令显示文件系统类型、以人类友好格式显示已使用和可用磁盘空间、以及它的挂载点。如果你不想去显示文件系统类型，只需要忽略 **-t** 标志即可。 +这个命令显示文件系统类型、以人类友好格式显示已使用和可用磁盘空间、以及它的挂载点。如果你不想去显示文件系统类型，只需要忽略 `-t` 标志即可。 更详细的使用情况，请参阅 man 手册页。 + ``` $ man df - ``` -**建议阅读：** 今天就到此这止！我希望对你有用。还有更多更好玩的东西即将奉上。请继续关注！ @@ -182,9 +179,9 @@ $ man df via: https://www.ostechnix.com/the-df-command-tutorial-with-examples-for-beginners/ 作者：[SK][a] -译者：[qhwdw](https://github.com/qhwdw) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) +译者：[qhwdw](https://github.com/qhwdw) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From ad81dfde5cbf9afaaf894813c63e22aa22984edc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Wed, 10 Oct 2018 13:01:08 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 213/219] PUB:20180413 The df Command Tutorial With Examples For Beginners.md @qhwdw https://linux.cn/article-10096-1.html --- ...0180413 The df Command Tutorial With Examples For Beginners.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20180413 The df Command Tutorial With Examples For Beginners.md (100%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180413 The df Command Tutorial With Examples For Beginners.md b/published/20180413 The df Command Tutorial With Examples For Beginners.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/tech/20180413 The df Command Tutorial With Examples For Beginners.md rename to published/20180413 The df Command Tutorial With Examples For Beginners.md From dcaaf918e663fc991e613f8eac1705fffe3800c0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Wed, 10 Oct 2018 13:12:43 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 214/219] PRF:20170926 Managing users on Linux systems.md @dianbanjiu --- ...0170926 Managing users on Linux systems.md | 77 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 39 insertions(+), 38 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20170926 Managing users on Linux systems.md b/translated/tech/20170926 Managing users on Linux systems.md index 719b0575b6..aeb6e2904b 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20170926 Managing users on Linux systems.md +++ b/translated/tech/20170926 Managing users on Linux systems.md @@ -1,10 +1,13 @@ -# 管理 Linux 系统中的用户 +管理 Linux 系统中的用户 +====== +![](https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2017/09/charging-bull-100735753-large.jpg) 也许你的 Lniux 用户并不是愤怒的公牛，但是当涉及管理他们的账户的时候，能让他们一直开心也是一种挑战。监控他们当前正在访问的东西，追踪他们他们遇到问题时的解决方案，并且保证能把他们在使用系统时出现的重要变动记录下来。这里有一些方法和工具可以使这份工作轻松一点。 ### 配置账户 -添加和移除账户是管理用户中最简单的一项，但是这里面仍然有很多需要考虑的选项。无论你是用桌面工具或是命令行选项，这都是一个非常自动化的过程。你可以使用命令添加一个新用户，像是 **adduser jdoe**，这同时会触发一系列的事情。使用下一个可用的 UID 可以创建 John 的账户，或许还会被许多用以配置账户的文件所填充。当你运行 adduser 命令加一个新的用户名的时候，它将会提示一些额外的信息，同时解释这是在干什么。 +添加和移除账户是管理用户中最简单的一项，但是这里面仍然有很多需要考虑的选项。无论你是用桌面工具或是命令行选项，这都是一个非常自动化的过程。你可以使用命令添加一个新用户，像是 `adduser jdoe`，这同时会触发一系列的事情。使用下一个可用的 UID 可以创建 John 的账户，或许还会被许多用以配置账户的文件所填充。当你运行 `adduser` 命令加一个新的用户名的时候，它将会提示一些额外的信息，同时解释这是在干什么。 + ``` $ sudo adduser jdoe Adding user 'jdoe' ... @@ -23,14 +26,14 @@ Enter the new value, or press ENTER for the default Home Phone []: Other []: Is the information correct? [Y/n] Y - ``` -像你看到的那样，adduser 将添加用户的信息（到 /etc/passwd 和 /etc/shadow 文件中），创建新的家目录，并用 /etc/skel 里设置的文件填充家目录，提示你分配初始密码和认定信息，然后确认这些信息都是正确的，如果你在最后的提示 “Is the information correct” 处的答案是 “n”，它将回溯你之前所有的回答，允许修改任何你想要修改的地方。 +像你看到的那样，`adduser` 将添加用户的信息（到 `/etc/passwd` 和 `/etc/shadow` 文件中），创建新的家目录，并用 `/etc/skel` 里设置的文件填充家目录，提示你分配初始密码和认定信息，然后确认这些信息都是正确的，如果你在最后的提示 “Is the information correct” 处的答案是 “n”，它将回溯你之前所有的回答，允许修改任何你想要修改的地方。 -创建好一个用户后，你可能会想要确认一下它是否是你期望的样子，更好的方法是确保在添加第一个帐户**之前**，“自动”选择与您想要查看的内容相匹配。默认有默认的好处，它对于你想知道他们定义在哪里有所用处，以防你想作出一些变动 —— 例如，你不想家目录在 /home 里，你不想用户 UIDs 从 1000 开始，或是你不想家目录下的文件被系统上的**每个人**都可读。 +创建好一个用户后，你可能会想要确认一下它是否是你期望的样子，更好的方法是确保在添加第一个帐户**之前**，“自动”选择与您想要查看的内容相匹配。默认有默认的好处，它对于你想知道他们定义在哪里有所用处，以防你想作出一些变动 —— 例如，你不想家目录在 `/home` 里，你不想用户 UID 从 1000 开始，或是你不想家目录下的文件被系统上的**每个人**都可读。 + +`adduser` 如何工作的一些细节设置在 `/etc/adduser.conf` 文件里。这个文件包含的一些设置决定了一个新的账户如何配置，以及它之后的样子。注意，注释和空白行将会在输出中被忽略，因此我们可以更加集中注意在设置上面。 -adduser 如何工作的一些细节设置在 /etc/adduser.conf 文件里。这个文件包含的一些设置决定了一个新的账户如何配置，以及它之后的样子。注意，注释和空白行将会在输出中被忽略，因此我们可以更加集中注意在设置上面。 ``` $ cat /etc/adduser.conf | grep -v "^#" | grep -v "^$" DSHELL=/bin/bash @@ -52,78 +55,78 @@ DIR_MODE=0755 SETGID_HOME=no QUOTAUSER="" SKEL_IGNORE_REGEX="dpkg-(old|new|dist|save)" - ``` -可以看到，我们有了一个默认的 shell（DSHELL），UIDs（FIRST_UID）的开始数值，家目录（DHOME）的位置，以及启动文件（SKEL）的来源位置。这个文件也会指定分配给家目录（DIR_HOME）的权限。 +可以看到，我们有了一个默认的 shell（`DSHELL`），UID（`FIRST_UID`）的开始数值，家目录（`DHOME`）的位置，以及启动文件（`SKEL`）的来源位置。这个文件也会指定分配给家目录（`DIR_HOME`）的权限。 -其中 DIR_HOME 是最重要的设置，它决定了每个家目录被使用的权限。这个设置分配给用户创建的目录权限是 755,家目录的权限将会设置为 rwxr-xr-x。用户可以读其他用户的文件，但是不能修改和移除他们。如果你想要更多的限制，你可以更改这个设置为 750（用户组外的任何人都不可访问）甚至是 700（除用户自己外的人都不可访问）。 +其中 `DIR_HOME` 是最重要的设置，它决定了每个家目录被使用的权限。这个设置分配给用户创建的目录权限是 `755`,家目录的权限将会设置为 `rwxr-xr-x`。用户可以读其他用户的文件，但是不能修改和移除他们。如果你想要更多的限制，你可以更改这个设置为 `750`（用户组外的任何人都不可访问）甚至是 `700`（除用户自己外的人都不可访问）。 -任何用户账号在创建之前都可以进行手动修改。例如，你可以编辑 /etc/passwd 或者修改家目录的权限，开始在新服务器上添加用户之前配置 /etc/adduser.conf 可以确保一定的一致性，从长远来看可以节省时间和避免一些麻烦。 +任何用户账号在创建之前都可以进行手动修改。例如，你可以编辑 `/etc/passwd` 或者修改家目录的权限，开始在新服务器上添加用户之前配置 `/etc/adduser.conf` 可以确保一定的一致性，从长远来看可以节省时间和避免一些麻烦。 -/etc/adduser.conf 的修改将会在之后创建的用户上生效。如果你想以不同的方式设置某个特定账户，除了用户名之外，你还可以选择使用 adduser 命令提供账户配置选项。或许你想为某些账户分配不同的 shell，请求特殊的 UID，完全禁用登录。adduser 的帮助页将会为你显示一些配置个人账户的选择。 +`/etc/adduser.conf` 的修改将会在之后创建的用户上生效。如果你想以不同的方式设置某个特定账户，除了用户名之外，你还可以选择使用 `adduser` 命令提供账户配置选项。或许你想为某些账户分配不同的 shell，请求特殊的 UID，完全禁用登录。`adduser` 的帮助页将会为你显示一些配置个人账户的选择。 ``` adduser [options] [--home DIR] [--shell SHELL] [--no-create-home] [--uid ID] [--firstuid ID] [--lastuid ID] [--ingroup GROUP | --gid ID] [--disabled-password] [--disabled-login] [--gecos GECOS] [--add_extra_groups] [--encrypt-home] user - ``` -每个 Linux 系统现在都会默认把每个用户放入对应的组中。作为一个管理员，你可能会选择以不同的方式去做事。你也许会发现把用户放在一个共享组中可以让你的站点工作的更好，这时，选择使用 adduser 的 --gid 选项去选择一个特定的组。当然，用户总是许多组的成员，因此也有一些选项去管理主要和次要的组。 +每个 Linux 系统现在都会默认把每个用户放入对应的组中。作为一个管理员，你可能会选择以不同的方式去做事。你也许会发现把用户放在一个共享组中可以让你的站点工作的更好，这时，选择使用 `adduser` 的 `--gid` 选项去选择一个特定的组。当然，用户总是许多组的成员，因此也有一些选项去管理主要和次要的组。 ### 处理用户密码 一直以来，知道其他人的密码都是一个不好的念头，在设置账户时，管理员通常使用一个临时的密码，然后在用户第一次登录时会运行一条命令强制他修改密码。这里是一个例子： + ``` $ sudo chage -d 0 jdoe ``` 当用户第一次登录的时候，会看到像这样的事情： + ``` WARNING: Your password has expired. You must change your password now and login again! Changing password for jdoe. (current) UNIX password: - ``` ### 添加用户到副组 -添加用户到副组中，你可能会用如下所示的 usermod 命令 —— 添加用户到组中并确认已经做出变动。 +添加用户到副组中，你可能会用如下所示的 `usermod` 命令 —— 添加用户到组中并确认已经做出变动。 + ``` $ sudo usermod -a -G sudo jdoe $ sudo grep sudo /etc/group sudo:x:27:shs,jdoe - ``` -记住在一些组，像是 sudo 或者 wheel 组中，意味着包含特权，一定要特别注意这一点。 +记住在一些组，像是 `sudo` 或者 `wheel` 组中，意味着包含特权，一定要特别注意这一点。 ### 移除用户，添加组等 -Linux 系统也提供了命令去移除账户，添加新的组，移除组等。例如，**deluser** 命令，将会从 /etc/passwd 和 /etc/shadow 中移除用户登录入口，但是会完整保留他的家目录，除非你添加了 --remove-home 或者 --remove-all-files 选项。**addgroup** 命令会添加一个组，按目前组的次序给他下一个 id（在用户组范围内），除非你使用 --gid 选项指定 id。 +Linux 系统也提供了命令去移除账户、添加新的组、移除组等。例如，`deluser` 命令，将会从 `/etc/passwd` 和 `/etc/shadow` 中移除用户登录入口，但是会完整保留他的家目录，除非你添加了 `--remove-home` 或者 `--remove-all-files` 选项。`addgroup` 命令会添加一个组，按目前组的次序给他下一个 ID（在用户组范围内），除非你使用 `--gid` 选项指定 ID。 + ``` $ sudo addgroup testgroup --gid=131 Adding group `testgroup' (GID 131) ... Done. - ``` ### 管理特权账户 -一些 Linux 系统中有一个 wheel 组，它给组中成员赋予了像 root 一样运行命令的能力。在这种情况下，/etc/sudoers 将会引用该组。在 Debian 系统中，这个组被叫做 sudo，但是以相同的方式工作，你在 /etc/sudoers 中可以看到像这样的引用： +一些 Linux 系统中有一个 wheel 组，它给组中成员赋予了像 root 一样运行命令的能力。在这种情况下，`/etc/sudoers` 将会引用该组。在 Debian 系统中，这个组被叫做 `sudo`，但是以相同的方式工作，你在 `/etc/sudoers` 中可以看到像这样的引用： + ``` %sudo ALL=(ALL:ALL) ALL - ``` -这个基础的设定意味着，任何在 wheel 或者 sudo 组中的成员，只要在他们运行的命令之前添加 sudo，就可以以 root 的权限去运行命令。 +这个基础的设定意味着，任何在 wheel 或者 sudo 组中的成员，只要在他们运行的命令之前添加 `sudo`，就可以以 root 的权限去运行命令。 -你可以向 sudoers 文件中添加更多有限的特权 —— 也许给特定用户运行一两个 root 的命令。如果这样做，您还应定期查看 /etc/sudoers 文件以评估用户拥有的权限，以及仍然需要提供的权限。 +你可以向 `sudoers` 文件中添加更多有限的特权 —— 也许给特定用户运行一两个 root 的命令。如果这样做，您还应定期查看 `/etc/sudoers` 文件以评估用户拥有的权限，以及仍然需要提供的权限。 + +在下面显示的命令中，我们看到在 `/etc/sudoers` 中匹配到的行。在这个文件中最有趣的行是，包含能使用 `sudo` 运行命令的路径设置，以及两个允许通过 `sudo` 运行命令的组。像刚才提到的那样，单个用户可以通过包含在 `sudoers` 文件中来获得权限，但是更有实际意义的方法是通过组成员来定义各自的权限。 -在下面显示的命令中，我们看到在 /etc/sudoers 中匹配到的行。在这个文件中最有趣的行是，包含能使用 sudo 运行命令的路径设置，以及两个允许通过 sudo 运行命令的组。像刚才提到的那样，单个用户可以通过包含在 sudoers 文件中来获得权限，但是更有实际意义的方法是通过组成员来定义各自的权限。 ``` # cat /etc/sudoers | grep -v "^#" | grep -v "^$" Defaults env_reset @@ -132,21 +135,21 @@ Defaults secure_path="/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/b root ALL=(ALL:ALL) ALL %admin ALL=(ALL) ALL <== admin group %sudo ALL=(ALL:ALL) ALL <== sudo group - ``` ### 登录检查 你可以通过以下命令查看用户的上一次登录： + ``` # last jdoe jdoe pts/18 192.168.0.11 Thu Sep 14 08:44 - 11:48 (00:04) jdoe pts/18 192.168.0.11 Thu Sep 14 13:43 - 18:44 (00:00) jdoe pts/18 192.168.0.11 Thu Sep 14 19:42 - 19:43 (00:00) - ``` -如果你想查看每一个用户上一次的登录情况，你可以通过一个像这样的循环来运行 last 命令： +如果你想查看每一个用户上一次的登录情况，你可以通过一个像这样的循环来运行 `last` 命令： + ``` $ for user in `ls /home`; do last $user | head -1; done @@ -154,11 +157,10 @@ jdoe pts/18 192.168.0.11 Thu Sep 14 19:42 - 19:43 (00:03) rocket pts/18 192.168.0.11 Thu Sep 14 13:02 - 13:02 (00:00) shs pts/17 192.168.0.11 Thu Sep 14 12:45 still logged in - - ``` -此命令仅显示自当前 wtmp 文件变为活跃状态以来已登录的用户。空白行表示用户自那以后从未登录过，但没有将其调出。一个更好的命令是过滤掉在这期间从未登录过的用户的显示： +此命令仅显示自当前 `wtmp` 文件变为活跃状态以来已登录的用户。空白行表示用户自那以后从未登录过，但没有将其调出。一个更好的命令是过滤掉在这期间从未登录过的用户的显示： + ``` $ for user in `ls /home`; do echo -n "$user ";last $user | head -1 | awk '{print substr($0,40)}'; done dhayes @@ -167,39 +169,38 @@ peanut pts/19 192.168.0.29 Mon Sep 11 09:15 - 17:11 rocket pts/18 192.168.0.11 Thu Sep 14 13:02 - 13:02 shs pts/17 192.168.0.11 Thu Sep 14 12:45 still logged tsmith - ``` 这个命令会打印很多，但是可以通过一个脚本使它更加清晰易用。 + ``` #!/bin/bash for user in `ls /home` do - echo -n "$user ";last $user | head -1 | awk '{print substr($0,40)}' + echo -n "$user ";last $user | head -1 | awk '{print substr($0,40)}' done - ``` 有时，此类信息可以提醒您用户角色的变动，表明他们可能不再需要相关帐户。 ### 与用户沟通 -Linux 提供了许多方法和用户沟通。你可以向 /etc/motd 文件中添加信息，当用户从终端登录到服务器时，将会显示这些信息。你也可以通过例如 write（通知单个用户）或者 wall（write 给所有已登录的用户）命令发送通知。 +Linux 提供了许多方法和用户沟通。你可以向 `/etc/motd` 文件中添加信息，当用户从终端登录到服务器时，将会显示这些信息。你也可以通过例如 `write`（通知单个用户）或者 `wall`（`write` 给所有已登录的用户）命令发送通知。 + ``` $ wall System will go down in one hour Broadcast message from shs@stinkbug (pts/17) (Thu Sep 14 14:04:16 2017): System will go down in one hour - ``` -重要的通知应该通过多个管道传递，因为很难预测用户实际会注意到什么。mesage-of-the-day（motd），wall 和 email 通知可以吸引用户大部分的注意力。 +重要的通知应该通过多个管道传递，因为很难预测用户实际会注意到什么。mesage-of-the-day（motd），`wall` 和 email 通知可以吸引用户大部分的注意力。 ### 注意日志文件 -更多地注意日志文件上也可以帮你理解用户活动。事实上，/var/log/auth.log 文件将会为你显示用户的登录和注销活动，组的创建等。/var/log/message 或者 /var/log/syslog 文件将会告诉你更多有关系统活动的事情。 +更多地注意日志文件上也可以帮你理解用户活动。事实上，`/var/log/auth.log` 文件将会为你显示用户的登录和注销活动，组的创建等。`/var/log/message` 或者 `/var/log/syslog` 文件将会告诉你更多有关系统活动的事情。 ### 追踪问题和请求 @@ -215,7 +216,7 @@ via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3225109/linux/managing-users-on-linux- 作者：[Sandra Henry-Stocker][a] 译者：[dianbanjiu](https://github.com/dianbanjiu) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 88a359c9726634527d2331a3152f2a0949fe5d16 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Wed, 10 Oct 2018 13:13:05 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 215/219] PUB:20170926 Managing users on Linux systems.md @dianbanjiu https://linux.cn/article-10097-1.html --- .../20170926 Managing users on Linux systems.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20170926 Managing users on Linux systems.md (100%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20170926 Managing users on Linux systems.md b/published/20170926 Managing users on Linux systems.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/tech/20170926 Managing users on Linux systems.md rename to published/20170926 Managing users on Linux systems.md From 1738a1234e1f72423ab63857c562e42f89cde2a7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Wed, 10 Oct 2018 13:20:00 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 216/219] PRF:20180928 10 handy Bash aliases for Linux.md @geekpi --- ...0180928 10 handy Bash aliases for Linux.md | 56 +++++-------------- 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 43 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180928 10 handy Bash aliases for Linux.md b/translated/tech/20180928 10 handy Bash aliases for Linux.md index 8706e56e8a..fe1c5098a1 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20180928 10 handy Bash aliases for Linux.md +++ b/translated/tech/20180928 10 handy Bash aliases for Linux.md @@ -1,102 +1,72 @@ 10 个 Linux 中方便的 Bash 别名 ====== -对 Bash 长命令使用压缩的版本来更有效率。 +> 对 Bash 长命令使用压缩的版本来更有效率。 ![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/bash_command_line.png?itok=k4z94W2U) 你有多少次在命令行上输入一个长命令，并希望有一种方法可以保存它以供日后使用？这就是 Bash 别名派上用场的地方。它们允许你将长而神秘的命令压缩为易于记忆和使用的东西。需要一些例子来帮助你入门吗？没问题！ -要使用你创建的 Bash 别名，你需要将其添加到 .bash_profile 中，该文件位于你的主文件夹中。请注意，此文件是隐藏的，并只能从命令行访问。编辑此文件的最简单方法是使用 Vi 或 Nano 之类的东西。 +要使用你创建的 Bash 别名，你需要将其添加到 `.bash_profile` 中，该文件位于你的家目录中。请注意，此文件是隐藏的，并只能从命令行访问。编辑此文件的最简单方法是使用 Vi 或 Nano 之类的东西。 ### 10 个方便的 Bash 别名 - 1. 你有几次遇到需要解压 .tar 文件但无法记住所需的确切参数？别名可以帮助你！只需将以下内容添加到 .bash_profile 中，然后使用 **untar FileName** 解压缩任何 .tar 文件。 - +1、 你有几次遇到需要解压 .tar 文件但无法记住所需的确切参数？别名可以帮助你！只需将以下内容添加到 `.bash_profile` 中，然后使用 `untar FileName` 解压缩任何 .tar 文件。 ``` alias untar='tar -zxvf ' - ``` - - 2. 想要下载的东西，但如果出现问题可以恢复吗？ - - +2、 想要下载的东西，但如果出现问题可以恢复吗？ ``` alias wget='wget -c ' - ``` - 3. 是否需要为新的网络帐户生成随机的 20 个字符的密码？没问题。 - - +3、 是否需要为新的网络帐户生成随机的 20 个字符的密码？没问题。 ``` alias getpass="openssl rand -base64 20" - ``` - 4. 下载文件并需要测试校验和？我们也可做到。 - - +4、 下载文件并需要测试校验和？我们也可做到。 ``` alias sha='shasum -a 256 ' - ``` - 5. 普通的 ping 将永远持续下去。我们不希望这样。相反，让我们将其限制在五个 ping。 - - +5、 普通的 `ping` 将永远持续下去。我们不希望这样。相反，让我们将其限制在五个 `ping`。 ``` alias ping='ping -c 5' - ``` - 6. 在任何你想要的文件夹中启动 Web 服务器。 - - +6、 在任何你想要的文件夹中启动 Web 服务器。 ``` alias www='python -m SimpleHTTPServer 8000' - ``` - 7. 想知道你的网络有多快？只需下载 Speedtest-cli 并使用此别名即可。你可以使用 **speedtest-cli --list** 命令选择离你所在位置更近的服务器。 - - +7、 想知道你的网络有多快？只需下载 Speedtest-cli 并使用此别名即可。你可以使用 `speedtest-cli --list` 命令选择离你所在位置更近的服务器。 ``` alias speed='speedtest-cli --server 2406 --simple' - ``` - 8. 你有多少次需要知道你的外部 IP 地址，但是不知道如何获取？我也是。 - - +8、 你有多少次需要知道你的外部 IP 地址，但是不知道如何获取？我也是。 ``` alias ipe='curl ipinfo.io/ip' - ``` - 9. 需要知道你的本地 IP 地址？ - - +9、 需要知道你的本地 IP 地址？ ``` alias ipi='ipconfig getifaddr en0' - ``` - 10. 最后，让我们清空屏幕。 - - +10、 最后，让我们清空屏幕。 ``` alias c='clear' - ``` 如你所见，Bash 别名是一种在命令行上简化生活的超级简便方法。想了解更多信息？我建议你 Google 搜索“Bash 别名”或在 Github 中看下。 @@ -108,7 +78,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/18/9/handy-bash-aliases 作者：[Patrick H.Mullins][a] 选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) 译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From c422b4847c2624b1fc60605be228a6cb1ba6931e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Wed, 10 Oct 2018 13:20:18 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 217/219] PUB:20180928 10 handy Bash aliases for Linux.md @geekpi https://linux.cn/article-10098-1.html --- .../20180928 10 handy Bash aliases for Linux.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20180928 10 handy Bash aliases for Linux.md (100%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180928 10 handy Bash aliases for Linux.md b/published/20180928 10 handy Bash aliases for Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/tech/20180928 10 handy Bash aliases for Linux.md rename to published/20180928 10 handy Bash aliases for Linux.md From fd78afd629345b099b9502bac2ed8b6a348b01ab Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Wed, 10 Oct 2018 13:39:56 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 218/219] PRF:20180724 75 Most Used Essential Linux Applications of 2018.md @HankChow --- ...ed Essential Linux Applications of 2018.md | 274 +++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 138 insertions(+), 136 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180724 75 Most Used Essential Linux Applications of 2018.md b/translated/tech/20180724 75 Most Used Essential Linux Applications of 2018.md index 96ca929009..7d0b586129 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20180724 75 Most Used Essential Linux Applications of 2018.md +++ b/translated/tech/20180724 75 Most Used Essential Linux Applications of 2018.md @@ -1,7 +1,9 @@ -2018 年 75 个最常用的 Linux 应用程序 +75 个最常用的 Linux 应用程序（2018 年） ====== -对于许多应用程序来说，2018年是非常好的一年，尤其是免费开源的应用程序。尽管各种 Linux 发行版都自带了很多默认的应用程序，但用户也可以自由地选择使用它们或者其它任何免费或付费替代方案。 +![](https://www.fossmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Most-Used-Ubuntu-Applications.png) + +对于许多应用程序来说，2018 年是非常好的一年，尤其是自由开源的应用程序。尽管各种 Linux 发行版都自带了很多默认的应用程序，但用户也可以自由地选择使用它们或者其它任何免费或付费替代方案。 下面汇总了[一系列的 Linux 应用程序][3]，这些应用程序都能够在 Linux 系统上安装，尽管还有很多其它选择。以下汇总中的任何应用程序都属于其类别中最常用的应用程序，如果你还没有用过，欢迎试用一下！ @@ -9,10 +11,10 @@ #### Rsync -[Rsync][4] 是一个开源的、带宽友好的工具，它用于执行快速的增量文件传输，而且它也是一个免费工具。 +[Rsync][4] 是一个开源的、节约带宽的工具，它用于执行快速的增量文件传输，而且它也是一个免费工具。 + ``` $ rsync [OPTION...] SRC... [DEST] - ``` 想要了解更多示例和用法，可以参考《[10 个使用 Rsync 命令的实际例子][5]》。 @@ -31,36 +33,36 @@ $ rsync [OPTION...] SRC... [DEST] [Deluge][7] 是一个漂亮的跨平台 BT 客户端，旨在优化 μTorrent 体验，并向用户免费提供服务。 -使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `Deluge`。 +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 Deluge。 + ``` $ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:deluge-team/ppa $ sudo apt-get update $ sudo apt-get install deluge - ``` #### qBittorent [qBittorent][8] 是一个开源的 BT 客户端，旨在提供类似 μTorrent 的免费替代方案。 -使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `qBittorent`。 +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 qBittorent。 + ``` $ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:qbittorrent-team/qbittorrent-stable $ sudo apt-get update $ sudo apt-get install qbittorrent - ``` #### Transmission [Transmission][9] 是一个强大的 BT 客户端，它主要关注速度和易用性，一般在很多 Linux 发行版上都有预装。 -使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `Transmission`。 +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 Transmission。 + ``` $ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:transmissionbt/ppa $ sudo apt-get update $ sudo apt-get install transmission-gtk transmission-cli transmission-common transmission-daemon - ``` ### 云存储 @@ -71,12 +73,12 @@ $ sudo apt-get install transmission-gtk transmission-cli transmission-common tra [Dropbox][10] 团队在今年早些时候给他们的云服务换了一个名字，也为客户提供了更好的性能和集成了更多应用程序。Dropbox 会向用户免费提供 2 GB 存储空间。 -使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `Dropbox`。 +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 Dropbox。 + ``` $ cd ~ && wget -O - "https://www.dropbox.com/download?plat=lnx.x86" | tar xzf - [On 32-Bit] $ cd ~ && wget -O - "https://www.dropbox.com/download?plat=lnx.x86_64" | tar xzf - [On 64-Bit] $ ~/.dropbox-dist/dropboxd - ``` #### Google Drive @@ -99,36 +101,36 @@ $ ~/.dropbox-dist/dropboxd [Vim][15] 是 vi 文本编辑器的开源克隆版本，它的主要目的是可以高度定制化并能够处理任何类型的文本。 -使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `Vim`。 +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 Vim。 + ``` $ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:jonathonf/vim $ sudo apt update $ sudo apt install vim - ``` #### Emacs [Emacs][16] 是一个高度可配置的文本编辑器，最流行的一个分支 GNU Emacs 是用 Lisp 和 C 编写的，它的最大特点是可以自文档化、可扩展和可自定义。 -使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `Emacs`。 +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 Emacs。 + ``` $ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:kelleyk/emacs $ sudo apt update $ sudo apt install emacs25 - ``` #### Nano [Nano][17] 是一款功能丰富的命令行文本编辑器，比较适合高级用户。它可以通过多个终端进行不同功能的操作。 -使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `Nano`。 +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 Nano。 + ``` $ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:n-muench/programs-ppa $ sudo apt-get update $ sudo apt-get install nano - ``` ### 下载器 @@ -137,36 +139,36 @@ $ sudo apt-get install nano #### Aria2 -[Aria2][18] 是一个开源的、轻量级的、多软件源和多协议的命令行下载器，它支持 Metalinks、torrents、HTTP/HTTPS、SFTP 等多种协议。 +[Aria2][18] 是一个开源的、轻量级的、多软件源和多协议的命令行下载器，它支持 Metalink、torrent、HTTP/HTTPS、SFTP 等多种协议。 + +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 Aria2。 -使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `Aria2`。 ``` $ sudo apt-get install aria2 - ``` #### uGet [uGet][19] 已经成为 Linux 各种发行版中排名第一的开源下载器，它可以处理任何下载任务，包括多连接、队列、类目等。 -使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `uGet`。 +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 uGet。 + ``` $ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:plushuang-tw/uget-stable $ sudo apt update $ sudo apt install uget - ``` #### XDM [XDM][20]（Xtreme Download Manager）是一个使用 Java 编写的开源下载软件。和其它下载器一样，它可以结合队列、种子、浏览器使用，而且还带有视频采集器和智能调度器。 -使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `XDM`。 +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 XDM。 + ``` $ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:noobslab/apps $ sudo apt-get update $ sudo apt-get install xdman - ``` ### 电子邮件客户端 @@ -177,36 +179,36 @@ $ sudo apt-get install xdman [Thunderbird][21] 是最受欢迎的电子邮件客户端之一。它的优点包括免费、开源、可定制、功能丰富，而且最重要的是安装过程也很简便。 -使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `Thunderbird`。 +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 Thunderbird。 + ``` $ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:ubuntu-mozilla-security/ppa $ sudo apt-get update $ sudo apt-get install thunderbird - ``` #### Geary [Geary][22] 是一个基于 WebKitGTK+ 的开源电子邮件客户端。它是一个免费开源的功能丰富的软件，并被 GNOME 项目收录。 -使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `Geary`。 +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 Geary。 + ``` $ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:geary-team/releases $ sudo apt-get update $ sudo apt-get install geary - ``` #### Evolution [Evolution][23] 是一个免费开源的电子邮件客户端，可以用于电子邮件、会议日程、备忘录和联系人的管理。 -使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `Evolution`。 +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 Evolution。 + ``` $ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:gnome3-team/gnome3-staging $ sudo apt-get update $ sudo apt-get install evolution - ``` ### 财务软件 @@ -217,27 +219,27 @@ $ sudo apt-get install evolution [GnuCash][24] 是一款免费的跨平台开源软件，它适用于个人和中小型企业的财务任务。 -使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `GnuCash`。 +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 GnuCash。 + ``` $ sudo sh -c 'echo "deb http://archive.getdeb.net/ubuntu $(lsb_release -sc)-getdeb apps" >> /etc/apt/sources.list.d/getdeb.list' $ sudo apt-get update $ sudo apt-get install gnucash - ``` #### KMyMoney [KMyMoney][25] 是一个财务管理软件，它可以提供商用或个人理财所需的大部分主要功能。 -使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `KmyMoney`。 +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 KmyMoney。 + ``` $ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:claydoh/kmymoney2-kde4 $ sudo apt-get update $ sudo apt-get install kmymoney - ``` -### IDE 和编辑器 +### IDE ![](https://www.fossmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Linux-IDE-Editors.png) @@ -257,35 +259,35 @@ $ sudo apt-get install kmymoney [Brackets][30] 是由 Adobe 开发的高级文本编辑器，它带有可视化工具，支持预处理程序，以及用于 web 开发的以设计为中心的用户流程。对于熟悉它的用户，它可以发挥 IDE 的作用。 -使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `Brackets`。 +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 Brackets。 + ``` $ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:webupd8team/brackets $ sudo apt-get update $ sudo apt-get install brackets - ``` #### Atom IDE [Atom IDE][31] 是一个加强版的 Atom 编辑器，它添加了大量扩展和库以提高性能和增加功能。总之，它是各方面都变得更强大了的 Atom 。 -使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `Atom`。 +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 Atom。 + ``` $ sudo apt-get install snapd $ sudo snap install atom --classic - ``` #### Light Table [Light Table][32] 号称下一代的 IDE，它提供了数据流量统计和协作编程等的强大功能。 -使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `Light Table`。 +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 Light Table。 + ``` $ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:dr-akulavich/lighttable $ sudo apt-get update $ sudo apt-get install lighttable-installer - ``` #### Visual Studio Code @@ -302,33 +304,33 @@ $ sudo apt-get install lighttable-installer [Pidgin][35] 是一个开源的即时通信工具，它几乎支持所有聊天平台，还支持额外扩展功能。 -使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `Pidgin`。 +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 Pidgin。 + ``` $ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:jonathonf/backports $ sudo apt-get update $ sudo apt-get install pidgin - ``` #### Skype [Skype][36] 也是一个广为人知的软件了，任何感兴趣的用户都可以在 Linux 上使用。 -使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `Skype`。 +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 Skype。 + ``` $ sudo apt install snapd $ sudo snap install skype --classic - ``` #### Empathy [Empathy][37] 是一个支持多协议语音、视频聊天、文本和文件传输的即时通信工具。它还允许用户添加多个服务的帐户，并用其与所有服务的帐户进行交互。 -使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `Empathy`。 +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 Empathy。 + ``` $ sudo apt-get install empathy - ``` ### Linux 防病毒工具 @@ -337,61 +339,61 @@ $ sudo apt-get install empathy [ClamAV][38] 是一个开源的跨平台命令行防病毒工具，用于检测木马、病毒和其他恶意代码。而 [ClamTk][39] 则是它的前端 GUI。 -使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `ClamAV` 和 `ClamTk`。 +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 ClamAV 和 ClamTk。 + ``` $ sudo apt-get install clamav $ sudo apt-get install clamtk - ``` ### Linux 桌面环境 #### Cinnamon -[Cinnamon][40] 是 GNOME 3 的免费开源衍生产品，它遵循传统的 桌面比拟desktop metaphor 约定。 +[Cinnamon][40] 是 GNOME 3 的自由开源衍生产品，它遵循传统的 桌面比拟desktop metaphor 约定。 + +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 Cinnamon。 -使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `Cinnamon`。 ``` $ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:embrosyn/cinnamon $ sudo apt update $ sudo apt install cinnamon-desktop-environment lightdm - ``` #### Mate [Mate][41] 桌面环境是 GNOME 2 的衍生和延续，目的是在 Linux 上通过使用传统的桌面比拟提供有一个吸引力的 UI。 -使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `Mate`。 +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 Mate。 + ``` $ sudo apt install tasksel $ sudo apt update $ sudo tasksel install ubuntu-mate-desktop - ``` #### GNOME [GNOME][42] 是由一些免费和开源应用程序组成的桌面环境，它可以运行在任何 Linux 发行版和大多数 BSD 衍生版本上。 -使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `Gnome`。 +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 Gnome。 + ``` $ sudo apt install tasksel $ sudo apt update $ sudo tasksel install ubuntu-desktop - ``` #### KDE [KDE][43] 由 KDE 社区开发，它为用户提供图形解决方案以控制操作系统并执行不同的计算任务。 -使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `KDE`。 +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 KDE。 + ``` $ sudo apt install tasksel $ sudo apt update $ sudo tasksel install kubuntu-desktop - ``` ### Linux 维护工具 @@ -400,22 +402,22 @@ $ sudo tasksel install kubuntu-desktop [GNOME Tweak Tool][44] 是用于自定义和调整 GNOME 3 和 GNOME Shell 设置的流行工具。 -使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `GNOME Tweak Tool`。 +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 GNOME Tweak Tool。 + ``` $ sudo apt install gnome-tweak-tool - ``` #### Stacer [Stacer][45] 是一款用于监控和优化 Linux 系统的免费开源应用程序。 -使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `Stacer`。 +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 Stacer。 + ``` $ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:oguzhaninan/stacer $ sudo apt-get update $ sudo apt-get install stacer - ``` #### BleachBit @@ -430,40 +432,40 @@ $ sudo apt-get install stacer [GNOME 终端][48] 是 GNOME 的默认终端模拟器。 -使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `Gnome Terminal`。 +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 Gnome 终端。 + ``` $ sudo apt-get install gnome-terminal - ``` #### Konsole [Konsole][49] 是 KDE 的一个终端模拟器。 -使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `Konsole`。 +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 Konsole。 + ``` $ sudo apt-get install konsole - ``` #### Terminator [Terminator][50] 是一个功能丰富的终端程序，它基于 GNOME 终端，并且专注于整理终端功能。 -使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `Terminator`。 +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 Terminator。 + ``` $ sudo apt-get install terminator - ``` #### Guake [Guake][51] 是 GNOME 桌面环境下一个轻量级的可下拉式终端。 -使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `Guake`。 +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 Guake。 + ``` $ sudo apt-get install guake - ``` ### 多媒体编辑工具 @@ -472,48 +474,48 @@ $ sudo apt-get install guake [Ardour][52] 是一款漂亮的的数字音频工作站Digital Audio Workstation，可以完成专业的录制、编辑和混音工作。 -使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `Ardour`。 +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 Ardour。 + ``` $ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:dobey/audiotools $ sudo apt-get update $ sudo apt-get install ardour - ``` #### Audacity [Audacity][53] 是最著名的音频编辑软件之一，它是一款跨平台的开源多轨音频编辑器。 -使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `Audacity`。 +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 Audacity。 + ``` $ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:ubuntuhandbook1/audacity $ sudo apt-get update $ sudo apt-get install audacity - ``` #### GIMP [GIMP][54] 是 Photoshop 的开源替代品中最受欢迎的。这是因为它有多种可自定义的选项、第三方插件以及活跃的用户社区。 -使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `Gimp`。 +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 Gimp。 + ``` $ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:otto-kesselgulasch/gimp $ sudo apt update $ sudo apt install gimp - ``` #### Krita [Krita][55] 是一款开源的绘画程序，它具有美观的 UI 和可靠的性能，也可以用作图像处理工具。 -使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `Krita`。 +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 Krita。 + ``` $ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:kritalime/ppa $ sudo apt update $ sudo apt install krita - ``` #### Lightworks @@ -526,24 +528,24 @@ $ sudo apt install krita [OpenShot][58] 是一款屡获殊荣的免费开源视频编辑器，这主要得益于其出色的性能和强大的功能。 -使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `Openshot`。 +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `Openshot。 + ``` $ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:openshot.developers/ppa $ sudo apt update $ sudo apt install openshot-qt - ``` #### PiTiV [Pitivi][59] 也是一个美观的视频编辑器，它有优美的代码库、优质的社区，还支持优秀的协作编辑功能。 -使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `PiTiV`。 +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 PiTiV。 + ``` $ flatpak install --user https://flathub.org/repo/appstream/org.pitivi.Pitivi.flatpakref $ flatpak install --user http://flatpak.pitivi.org/pitivi.flatpakref $ flatpak run org.pitivi.Pitivi//stable - ``` ### 音乐播放器 @@ -552,31 +554,32 @@ $ flatpak run org.pitivi.Pitivi//stable [Rhythmbox][60] 支持海量种类的音乐，目前被认为是最可靠的音乐播放器，并由 Ubuntu 自带。 -使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `Rhythmbox`。 +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 Rhythmbox。 + ``` $ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:fossfreedom/rhythmbox $ sudo apt-get update $ sudo apt-get install rhythmbox - ``` #### Lollypop [Lollypop][61] 是一款较为年轻的开源音乐播放器，它有很多高级选项，包括网络电台，滑动播放和派对模式。尽管功能繁多，它仍然尽量做到简单易管理。 -使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `Lollypop`。 +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 Lollypop。 + ``` $ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:gnumdk/lollypop $ sudo apt-get update $ sudo apt-get install lollypop - ``` #### Amarok [Amarok][62] 是一款功能强大的音乐播放器，它有一个直观的 UI 和大量的高级功能，而且允许用户根据自己的偏好去发现新音乐。 -使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `Amarok`。 +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 Amarok。 + ``` $ sudo apt-get update $ sudo apt-get install amarok @@ -587,48 +590,48 @@ $ sudo apt-get install amarok [Clementine][63] 是一款 Amarok 风格的音乐播放器，因此和 Amarok 相似，也有直观的用户界面、先进的控制模块，以及让用户搜索和发现新音乐的功能。 -使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `Clementine`。 +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 Clementine。 + ``` $ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:me-davidsansome/clementine $ sudo apt-get update $ sudo apt-get install clementine - ``` #### Cmus [Cmus][64] 可以说是最高效的的命令行界面音乐播放器了，它具有快速可靠的特点，也支持使用扩展。 -使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `Cmus`。 +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 Cmus。 + ``` $ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:jmuc/cmus $ sudo apt-get update $ sudo apt-get install cmus - ``` ### 办公软件 #### Calligra 套件 -Calligra 套件为用户提供了一套总共 8 个应用程序，涵盖办公、管理、图表等各个范畴。 +[Calligra 套件][65]为用户提供了一套总共 8 个应用程序，涵盖办公、管理、图表等各个范畴。 + +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 Calligra 套件。 -使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `Calligra` 套件。 ``` $ sudo apt-get install calligra - ``` #### LibreOffice [LibreOffice][66] 是开源社区中开发过程最活跃的办公套件，它以可靠性著称，也可以通过扩展来添加功能。 -使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `LibreOffice`。 +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 LibreOffice。 + ``` $ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:libreoffice/ppa $ sudo apt update $ sudo apt install libreoffice - ``` #### WPS Office @@ -643,35 +646,35 @@ $ sudo apt install libreoffice [Shutter][69] 允许用户截取桌面的屏幕截图，然后使用一些效果进行编辑，还支持上传和在线共享。 -使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `Shutter`。 +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 Shutter。 + ``` $ sudo add-apt-repository -y ppa:shutter/ppa $ sudo apt update $ sudo apt install shutter - ``` #### Kazam [Kazam][70] 可以用于捕获屏幕截图，它的输出对于任何支持 VP8/WebM 和 PulseAudio 视频播放器都可用。 -使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `Kazam`。 +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 Kazam。 + ``` $ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:kazam-team/unstable-series $ sudo apt update $ sudo apt install kazam python3-cairo python3-xlib - ``` #### Gnome Screenshot [Gnome Screenshot][71] 过去曾经和 Gnome 一起捆绑，但现在已经独立出来。它以易于共享的格式进行截屏。 -使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `Gnome Screenshot`。 +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 Gnome Screenshot。 + ``` $ sudo apt-get update $ sudo apt-get install gnome-screenshot - ``` ### 录屏工具 @@ -680,69 +683,69 @@ $ sudo apt-get install gnome-screenshot [SimpleScreenRecorder][72] 面世时已经是录屏工具中的佼佼者，现在已成为 Linux 各个发行版中最有效、最易用的录屏工具之一。 -使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `SimpleScreenRecorder`。 +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 SimpleScreenRecorder。 + ``` $ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:maarten-baert/simplescreenrecorder $ sudo apt-get update $ sudo apt-get install simplescreenrecorder - ``` #### recordMyDesktop [recordMyDesktop][73] 是一个开源的会话记录器，它也能记录桌面会话的音频。 -使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `recordMyDesktop`。 +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 recordMyDesktop。 + ``` $ sudo apt-get update $ sudo apt-get install gtk-recordmydesktop - ``` -### Text Editors +### 文本编辑器 #### Atom [Atom][74] 是由 GitHub 开发和维护的可定制文本编辑器。它是开箱即用的，但也可以使用扩展和主题自定义 UI 来增强其功能。 -使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `Atom`。 +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 Atom。 + ``` $ sudo apt-get install snapd $ sudo snap install atom --classic - ``` #### Sublime Text [Sublime Text][75] 已经成为目前最棒的文本编辑器。它可定制、轻量灵活（即使打开了大量数据文件和加入了大量扩展），最重要的是可以永久免费使用。 -使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `Sublime Text`。 +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 Sublime Text。 + ``` $ sudo apt-get install snapd $ sudo snap install sublime-text - ``` #### Geany [Geany][76] 是一个内存友好的文本编辑器，它具有基本的IDE功能，可以显示加载时间、扩展库函数等。 -使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `Geany`。 +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 Geany。 + ``` $ sudo apt-get update $ sudo apt-get install geany - ``` #### Gedit [Gedit][77] 以其简单著称，在很多 Linux 发行版都有预装，它具有文本编辑器都具有的优秀的功能。 -使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `Gedit`。 +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 Gedit。 + ``` $ sudo apt-get update $ sudo apt-get install gedit - ``` ### 备忘录软件 @@ -763,11 +766,11 @@ Evernote 在 Linux 上没有官方提供的软件，但可以参考 [Linux 上 [Taskwarrior][81] 是一个用于管理个人任务的开源跨平台命令行应用，它的速度和无干扰的环境是它的两大特点。 -使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `Taskwarrior`。 +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 Taskwarrior。 + ``` $ sudo apt-get update $ sudo apt-get install taskwarrior - ``` ### 视频播放器 @@ -776,49 +779,49 @@ $ sudo apt-get install taskwarrior [Banshee][82] 是一个开源的支持多格式的媒体播放器，于 2005 年开始开发并逐渐成长。 -使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `Banshee`。 +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 Banshee。 + ``` $ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:banshee-team/ppa $ sudo apt-get update $ sudo apt-get install banshee - ``` #### VLC [VLC][83] 是我最喜欢的视频播放器，它几乎可以播放任何格式的音频和视频，它还可以播放网络电台、录制桌面会话以及在线播放电影。 -使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `VLC`。 +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 VLC。 + ``` $ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:videolan/stable-daily $ sudo apt-get update $ sudo apt-get install vlc - ``` #### Kodi [Kodi][84] 是世界上最着名的媒体播放器之一，它有一个成熟的媒体中心，可以播放本地和远程的多媒体文件。 -使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `Kodi`。 +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 Kodi。 + ``` $ sudo apt-get install software-properties-common $ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:team-xbmc/ppa $ sudo apt-get update $ sudo apt-get install kodi - ``` #### SMPlayer [SMPlayer][85] 是 MPlayer 的 GUI 版本，所有流行的媒体格式它都能够处理，并且它还有从 YouTube 和 Chromcast 和下载字幕的功能。 -使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `SMPlayer`。 +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 SMPlayer。 + ``` $ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:rvm/smplayer $ sudo apt-get update $ sudo apt-get install smplayer - ``` ### 虚拟化工具 @@ -827,14 +830,14 @@ $ sudo apt-get install smplayer [VirtualBox][86] 是一个用于操作系统虚拟化的开源应用程序，在服务器、台式机和嵌入式系统上都可以运行。 -使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `VirtualBox`。 +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 VirtualBox。 + ``` $ wget -q https://www.virtualbox.org/download/oracle_vbox_2016.asc -O- | sudo apt-key add - $ wget -q https://www.virtualbox.org/download/oracle_vbox.asc -O- | sudo apt-key add - $ sudo apt-get update $ sudo apt-get install virtualbox-5.2 $ virtualbox - ``` #### VMWare @@ -849,34 +852,33 @@ $ virtualbox [Google Chrome][89] 无疑是最受欢迎的浏览器。Chrome 以其速度、简洁、安全、美观而受人喜爱，它遵循了 Google 的界面设计风格，是 web 开发人员不可缺少的浏览器，同时它也是免费开源的。 -使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `Google Chrome`。 +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 Google Chrome。 + ``` $ wget -q -O - https://dl-ssl.google.com/linux/linux_signing_key.pub | sudo apt-key add - $ sudo sh -c 'echo "deb http://dl.google.com/linux/chrome/deb/ stable main" >> /etc/apt/sources.list.d/google.list' $ sudo apt-get update $ sudo apt-get install google-chrome-stable - ``` #### Firefox -[Firefox Quantum][90] 是一款漂亮、快速、完善并且可自定义的浏览器。它也是免费开源的，包含有开发人员所需要的工具，对于初学者也没有任何使用门槛。 +[Firefox Quantum][90] 是一款漂亮、快速、完善并且可自定义的浏览器。它也是自由开源的，包含有开发人员所需要的工具，对于初学者也没有任何使用门槛。 + +使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 Firefox Quantum。 -使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 安装 `Firefox Quantum`。 ``` $ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:mozillateam/firefox-next $ sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade $ sudo apt install firefox - ``` #### Vivaldi -[Vivaldi][91] 是一个基于 Chrome 的免费开源项目，旨在通过添加扩展来使 Chrome 的功能更加完善。色彩丰富的界面，性能良好、灵活性强是它的几大特点。 +[Vivaldi][91] 是一个基于 Chrome 的自由开源项目，旨在通过添加扩展来使 Chrome 的功能更加完善。色彩丰富的界面，性能良好、灵活性强是它的几大特点。 参考阅读：[在 Ubuntu 下载 Vivaldi][91] -That concludes our list for today. Did I skip a famous title? Tell me about it in the comments section below. 以上就是我的推荐，你还有更好的软件向大家分享吗？欢迎评论。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -886,7 +888,7 @@ via: https://www.fossmint.com/most-used-linux-applications/ 作者：[Martins D. Okoi][a] 选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) 译者：[HankChow](https://github.com/HankChow) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From d07a1a6f55610257b2af3ac8b5c25edd5baa17a7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Wed, 10 Oct 2018 13:40:27 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 219/219] PUB:20180724 75 Most Used Essential Linux Applications of 2018.md @HankChow https://linux.cn/article-10099-1.html --- .../20180724 75 Most Used Essential Linux Applications of 2018.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20180724 75 Most Used Essential Linux Applications of 2018.md (100%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180724 75 Most Used Essential Linux Applications of 2018.md b/published/20180724 75 Most Used Essential Linux Applications of 2018.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/tech/20180724 75 Most Used Essential Linux Applications of 2018.md rename to published/20180724 75 Most Used Essential Linux Applications of 2018.md