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如何搜索一个包是否在你的 Linux 发行版中
======
如果你知道包名称，那么你可以直接安装所需的包。
在某些情况下，如果你不知道确切的包名称或者你想搜索某些包，那么你可以在发行版的包管理器的帮助下轻松搜索该包。搜索会自动包括已安装和可用的包。结果的格式取决于选项。如果你的查询没有输出任何信息，那么意味着没有匹配条件的包。这可以通过发行版的包管理器的各种选项来完成。我已经在本文中添加了所有可能的选项，你可以选择最好的和最合适你的选项。
或者，我们可以通过 `whohas` 命令实现这一点。它会从所有的主流发行版（例如 Debian、Ubuntu、 Fedora 等）中搜索，而不仅仅是你自己的系统发行版。
建议阅读：
- [适用于 Linux 的命令行包管理器列表以及用法][1]
- [Linux 包管理器的图形前端工具][2]
### 如何在 Debian/Ubuntu 中搜索一个包
我们可以使用 `apt`、`apt-cache` 和 `aptitude` 包管理器在基于 Debian 的发行版上查找给定的包。我为这个包管理器中包括了大量的选项。
我们可以在基于 Debian 的系统中使用三种方式完成此操作。
* `apt` 命令
* `apt-cache` 命令
* `aptitude` 命令
#### 如何使用 apt 命令搜索一个包
APT 代表<ruby>高级包管理工具<rt>Advanced Packaging Tool</rt></ruby>（APT），它取代了 `apt-get`。它有功能丰富的命令行工具，包括所有功能包含在一个命令（`apt`）里，包括 `apt-cache`、`apt-search`、`dpkg`、`apt-cdrom`、`apt-config`、`apt-key` 等，还有其他几个独特的功能。
APT 是一个强大的命令行工具，它可以访问 libapt-pkg 底层库的所有特性，它可以用于安装、下载、删除、搜索和管理以及查询包的信息，另外它还包含一些较少使用的与包管理相关的命令行实用程序。
```
$ apt -q list nano vlc
Listing...
nano/artful,now 2.8.6-3 amd64 [installed]
vlc/artful 2.2.6-6 amd64
```
或者，我们可以使用以下格式搜索指定的包。
```
$ apt search ^vlc
Sorting... Done
Full Text Search... Done
vlc/artful 2.2.6-6 amd64
multimedia player and streamer
vlc-bin/artful 2.2.6-6 amd64
binaries from VLC
vlc-data/artful,artful 2.2.6-6 all
Common data for VLC
vlc-l10n/artful,artful 2.2.6-6 all
Translations for VLC
vlc-plugin-access-extra/artful 2.2.6-6 amd64
multimedia player and streamer (extra access plugins)
vlc-plugin-base/artful 2.2.6-6 amd64
multimedia player and streamer (base plugins)
```
#### 如何使用 apt-cache 命令搜索一个包
`apt-cache` 会在 APT 的包缓存上执行各种操作。它会显示有关指定包的信息。`apt-cache` 不会改变系统的状态，但提供了从包的元数据中搜索和生成有趣输出的操作。
```
$ apt-cache search nano | grep ^nano
nano - small, friendly text editor inspired by Pico
nano-tiny - small, friendly text editor inspired by Pico - tiny build
nanoblogger - Small weblog engine for the command line
nanoblogger-extra - Nanoblogger plugins
nanoc - static site generator written in Ruby
nanoc-doc - static site generator written in Ruby - documentation
nanomsg-utils - nanomsg utilities
nanopolish - consensus caller for nanopore sequencing data
```
或者，我们可以使用以下格式搜索指定的包。
```
$ apt-cache policy vlc
vlc:
Installed: (none)
Candidate: 2.2.6-6
Version table:
2.2.6-6 500
500 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu artful/universe amd64 Packages
```
或者，我们可以使用以下格式搜索给定的包。
```
$ apt-cache pkgnames vlc
vlc-bin
vlc-plugin-video-output
vlc-plugin-sdl
vlc-plugin-svg
vlc-plugin-samba
vlc-plugin-fluidsynth
vlc-plugin-qt
vlc-plugin-skins2
vlc-plugin-visualization
vlc-l10n
vlc-plugin-notify
vlc-plugin-zvbi
vlc-plugin-vlsub
vlc-plugin-jack
vlc-plugin-access-extra
vlc
vlc-data
vlc-plugin-video-splitter
vlc-plugin-base
```
#### 如何使用 aptitude 命令搜索一个包
`aptitude` 是一个基于文本的 Debian GNU/Linux 软件包系统的命令行界面。它允许用户查看包列表，并执行包管理任务，例如安装、升级和删除包，它可以从可视化界面或命令行执行操作。
```
$ aptitude search ^vlc
p vlc - multimedia player and streamer
p vlc:i386 - multimedia player and streamer
p vlc-bin - binaries from VLC
p vlc-bin:i386 - binaries from VLC
p vlc-data - Common data for VLC
v vlc-data:i386 -
p vlc-l10n - Translations for VLC
v vlc-l10n:i386 -
p vlc-plugin-access-extra - multimedia player and streamer (extra access plugins)
p vlc-plugin-access-extra:i386 - multimedia player and streamer (extra access plugins)
p vlc-plugin-base - multimedia player and streamer (base plugins)
p vlc-plugin-base:i386 - multimedia player and streamer (base plugins)
p vlc-plugin-fluidsynth - FluidSynth plugin for VLC
p vlc-plugin-fluidsynth:i386 - FluidSynth plugin for VLC
p vlc-plugin-jack - Jack audio plugins for VLC
p vlc-plugin-jack:i386 - Jack audio plugins for VLC
p vlc-plugin-notify - LibNotify plugin for VLC
p vlc-plugin-notify:i386 - LibNotify plugin for VLC
p vlc-plugin-qt - multimedia player and streamer (Qt plugin)
p vlc-plugin-qt:i386 - multimedia player and streamer (Qt plugin)
p vlc-plugin-samba - Samba plugin for VLC
p vlc-plugin-samba:i386 - Samba plugin for VLC
p vlc-plugin-sdl - SDL video and audio output plugin for VLC
p vlc-plugin-sdl:i386 - SDL video and audio output plugin for VLC
p vlc-plugin-skins2 - multimedia player and streamer (Skins2 plugin)
p vlc-plugin-skins2:i386 - multimedia player and streamer (Skins2 plugin)
p vlc-plugin-svg - SVG plugin for VLC
p vlc-plugin-svg:i386 - SVG plugin for VLC
p vlc-plugin-video-output - multimedia player and streamer (video output plugins)
p vlc-plugin-video-output:i386 - multimedia player and streamer (video output plugins)
p vlc-plugin-video-splitter - multimedia player and streamer (video splitter plugins)
p vlc-plugin-video-splitter:i386 - multimedia player and streamer (video splitter plugins)
p vlc-plugin-visualization - multimedia player and streamer (visualization plugins)
p vlc-plugin-visualization:i386 - multimedia player and streamer (visualization plugins)
p vlc-plugin-vlsub - VLC extension to download subtitles from opensubtitles.org
p vlc-plugin-zvbi - VBI teletext plugin for VLC
p vlc-plugin-zvbi:i386
```
### 如何在 RHEL/CentOS 中搜索一个包
Yum（Yellowdog Updater Modified）是 Linux 操作系统中的包管理器实用程序之一。Yum 命令用于在一些基于 RedHat 的 Linux 发行版上，它用来安装、更新、搜索和删除软件包。
```
# yum search ftpd
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* base: centos.hyve.com
* epel: mirrors.coreix.net
* extras: centos.hyve.com
* rpmforge: www.mirrorservice.org
* updates: mirror.sov.uk.goscomb.net
============================================================== N/S Matched: ftpd ===============================================================
nordugrid-arc-gridftpd.x86_64 : ARC gridftp server
pure-ftpd.x86_64 : Lightweight, fast and secure FTP server
vsftpd.x86_64 : Very Secure Ftp Daemon
Name and summary matches only, use "search all" for everything.
```
或者，我们可以使用以下命令搜索相同内容。
```
# yum list ftpd
```
### 如何在 Fedora 中搜索一个包
DNF 代表 Dandified yum。我们可以说 DNF 是下一代 yum 包管理器（Yum 的衍生品），它使用 hawkey/libsolv 库作为底层。Aleš Kozumplík 从 Fedora 18 开始开发 DNF，最终在 Fedora 22 中发布。
```
# dnf search ftpd
Last metadata expiration check performed 0:42:28 ago on Tue Jun 9 22:52:44 2018.
============================== N/S Matched: ftpd ===============================
proftpd-utils.x86_64 : ProFTPD - Additional utilities
pure-ftpd-selinux.x86_64 : SELinux support for Pure-FTPD
proftpd-devel.i686 : ProFTPD - Tools and header files for developers
proftpd-devel.x86_64 : ProFTPD - Tools and header files for developers
proftpd-ldap.x86_64 : Module to add LDAP support to the ProFTPD FTP server
proftpd-mysql.x86_64 : Module to add MySQL support to the ProFTPD FTP server
proftpd-postgresql.x86_64 : Module to add PostgreSQL support to the ProFTPD FTP
: server
vsftpd.x86_64 : Very Secure Ftp Daemon
proftpd.x86_64 : Flexible, stable and highly-configurable FTP server
owfs-ftpd.x86_64 : FTP daemon providing access to 1-Wire networks
perl-ftpd.noarch : Secure, extensible and configurable Perl FTP server
pure-ftpd.x86_64 : Lightweight, fast and secure FTP server
pyftpdlib.noarch : Python FTP server library
nordugrid-arc-gridftpd.x86_64 : ARC gridftp server
```
或者，我们可以使用以下命令搜索相同的内容。
```
# dnf list proftpd
Failed to synchronize cache for repo 'heikoada-terminix', disabling.
Last metadata expiration check: 0:08:02 ago on Tue 26 Jun 2018 04:30:05 PM IST.
Available Packages
proftpd.x86_64
```
### 如何在 Arch Linux 中搜索一个包
pacman 代表包管理实用程序（pacman）。它是一个用于安装、构建、删除和管理 Arch Linux 软件包的命令行实用程序。pacman 使用 libalpm（Arch Linux Package Management（ALPM）库）作为底层来执行所有操作。
在本例中，我将要搜索 chromium 包。
```
# pacman -Ss chromium
extra/chromium 48.0.2564.116-1
The open-source project behind Google Chrome, an attempt at creating a safer, faster, and more stable browser
extra/qt5-webengine 5.5.1-9 (qt qt5)
Provides support for web applications using the Chromium browser project
community/chromium-bsu 0.9.15.1-2
A fast paced top scrolling shooter
community/chromium-chromevox latest-1
Causes the Chromium web browser to automatically install and update the ChromeVox screen reader extention. Note: This
package does not contain the extension code.
community/fcitx-mozc 2.17.2313.102-1
Fcitx Module of A Japanese Input Method for Chromium OS, Windows, Mac and Linux (the Open Source Edition of Google Japanese
Input)
```
默认情况下，`-s` 选项内置 ERE（扩展正则表达式）会导致很多不需要的结果。使用以下格式会仅匹配包名称。
```
# pacman -Ss '^chromium-'
```
`pkgfile` 是一个用于在 Arch Linux 官方仓库的包中搜索文件的工具。
```
# pkgfile chromium
```
### 如何在 openSUSE 中搜索一个包
Zypper 是 SUSE 和 openSUSE 发行版的命令行包管理器。它用于安装、更新、搜索和删除包以及管理仓库，执行各种查询等。Zypper 命令行对接到 ZYpp 系统管理库（libzypp）。
```
# zypper search ftp
or
# zypper se ftp
Loading repository data...
Reading installed packages...
S | Name | Summary | Type
--+----------------+-----------------------------------------+--------
| proftpd | Highly configurable GPL-licensed FTP -> | package
| proftpd-devel | Development files for ProFTPD | package
| proftpd-doc | Documentation for ProFTPD | package
| proftpd-lang | Languages for package proftpd | package
| proftpd-ldap | LDAP Module for ProFTPD | package
| proftpd-mysql | MySQL Module for ProFTPD | package
| proftpd-pgsql | PostgreSQL Module for ProFTPD | package
| proftpd-radius | Radius Module for ProFTPD | package
| proftpd-sqlite | SQLite Module for ProFTPD | package
| pure-ftpd | A Lightweight, Fast, and Secure FTP S-> | package
| vsftpd | Very Secure FTP Daemon - Written from-> | package
```
### 如何使用 whohas 命令搜索一个包
`whohas` 命令是一个智能工具，从所有主流发行版中搜索指定包，如 Debian、Ubuntu、Gentoo、Arch、AUR、Mandriva、Fedora、Fink、FreeBSD 和 NetBSD。
```
$ whohas nano
Mandriva nano-debug 2.3.1-1mdv2010.2.x http://sophie.zarb.org/rpms/0b33dc73bca710749ad14bbc3a67e15a
Mandriva nano-debug 2.2.4-1mdv2010.1.i http://sophie.zarb.org/rpms/d9dfb2567681e09287b27e7ac6cdbc05
Mandriva nano-debug 2.2.4-1mdv2010.1.x http://sophie.zarb.org/rpms/3299516dbc1538cd27a876895f45aee4
Mandriva nano 2.3.1-1mdv2010.2.x http://sophie.zarb.org/rpms/98421c894ee30a27d9bd578264625220
Mandriva nano 2.3.1-1mdv2010.2.i http://sophie.zarb.org/rpms/cea07b5ef9aa05bac262fc7844dbd223
Mandriva nano 2.2.4-1mdv2010.1.s http://sophie.zarb.org/rpms/d61f9341b8981e80424c39c3951067fa
Mandriva spring-mod-nanoblobs 0.65-2mdv2010.0.sr http://sophie.zarb.org/rpms/74bb369d4cbb4c8cfe6f6028e8562460
Mandriva nanoxml-lite 2.2.3-4.1.4mdv2010 http://sophie.zarb.org/rpms/287a4c37bc2a39c0f277b0020df47502
Mandriva nanoxml-manual-lite 2.2.3-4.1.4mdv2010 http://sophie.zarb.org/rpms/17dc4f638e5e9964038d4d26c53cc9c6
Mandriva nanoxml-manual 2.2.3-4.1.4mdv2010 http://sophie.zarb.org/rpms/a1b5092cd01fc8bb78a0f3ca9b90370b
Gentoo nano 9999 http://packages.gentoo.org/package/app-editors/nano
Gentoo nano 9999 http://packages.gentoo.org/package/app-editors/nano
Gentoo nano 2.9.8 http://packages.gentoo.org/package/app-editors/nano
Gentoo nano 2.9.7
```
如果你希望只从当前发行版仓库中搜索指定包，使用以下格式：
```
$ whohas -d Ubuntu vlc
Ubuntu vlc 2.1.6-0ubuntu14.04 1M all http://packages.ubuntu.com/trusty/vlc
Ubuntu vlc 2.1.6-0ubuntu14.04 1M all http://packages.ubuntu.com/trusty-updates/vlc
Ubuntu vlc 2.2.2-5ubuntu0.16. 1M all http://packages.ubuntu.com/xenial/vlc
Ubuntu vlc 2.2.2-5ubuntu0.16. 1M all http://packages.ubuntu.com/xenial-updates/vlc
Ubuntu vlc 2.2.6-6 40K all http://packages.ubuntu.com/artful/vlc
Ubuntu vlc 3.0.1-3build1 32K all http://packages.ubuntu.com/bionic/vlc
Ubuntu vlc 3.0.2-0ubuntu0.1 32K all http://packages.ubuntu.com/bionic-updates/vlc
Ubuntu vlc 3.0.3-1 33K all http://packages.ubuntu.com/cosmic/vlc
Ubuntu browser-plugin-vlc 2.0.6-2 55K all http://packages.ubuntu.com/trusty/browser-plugin-vlc
Ubuntu browser-plugin-vlc 2.0.6-4 47K all http://packages.ubuntu.com/xenial/browser-plugin-vlc
Ubuntu browser-plugin-vlc 2.0.6-4 47K all http://packages.ubuntu.com/artful/browser-plugin-vlc
Ubuntu browser-plugin-vlc 2.0.6-4 47K all http://packages.ubuntu.com/bionic/browser-plugin-vlc
Ubuntu browser-plugin-vlc 2.0.6-4 47K all http://packages.ubuntu.com/cosmic/browser-plugin-vlc
Ubuntu libvlc-bin 2.2.6-6 27K all http://packages.ubuntu.com/artful/libvlc-bin
Ubuntu libvlc-bin 3.0.1-3build1 17K all http://packages.ubuntu.com/bionic/libvlc-bin
Ubuntu libvlc-bin 3.0.2-0ubuntu0.1 17K all
```
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://www.2daygeek.com/how-to-search-if-a-package-is-available-on-your-linux-distribution-or-not/
作者：[Prakash Subramanian][a]
选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972)
译者：[MjSeven](https://github.com/MjSeven)
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]:https://www.2daygeek.com/author/prakash/
[1]:https://www.2daygeek.com/list-of-command-line-package-manager-for-linux/
[2]:https://www.2daygeek.com/list-of-graphical-frontend-tool-for-linux-package-manager/

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sources/talk/20180206 Building Slack for the Linux community and adopting snaps.md
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tomjlw is translating
Building Slack for the Linux community and adopting snaps
======
![][1]
Used by millions around the world, [Slack][2] is an enterprise software platform that allows teams and businesses of all sizes to communicate effectively. Slack works seamlessly with other software tools within a single integrated environment, providing an accessible archive of an organisation’s communications, information and projects. Although Slack has grown at a rapid rate in the 4 years since their inception, their desktop engineering team who work across Windows, MacOS and Linux consists of just 4 people currently. We spoke to Felix Rieseberg, Staff Software Engineer, who works on this team following the release of Slack’s first [snap last month][3] to discover more about the company’s attitude to the Linux community and why they decided to build a snap.
[Install Slack snap][4]
### Can you tell us about the Slack snap which has been published?
We launched our first snap last month as a new way to distribute to our Linux community. In the enterprise space, we find that people tend to adopt new technology at a slower pace than consumers, so we will continue to offer a .deb package.
### What level of interest do you see for Slack from the Linux community?
I’m excited that interest for Slack is growing across all platforms, so it is hard for us to say whether the interest coming out of the Linux community is different from the one we’re generally seeing. However, it is important for us to meet users wherever they do their work. We have a dedicated QA engineer focusing entirely on Linux and we really do try hard to deliver the best possible experience.
We generally find it is a little harder to build for Linux, than say Windows, as there is a less predictable base to work from – and this is an area where the Linux community truly shines. We have a fairly large number of users that are quite helpful when it comes to reporting bugs and hunting root causes down.
### How did you find out about snaps?
Martin Wimpress at Canonical reached out to me and explained the concept of snaps. Honestly, initially I was hesitant – even though I use Ubuntu – because it seemed like another standard to build and maintain. However, once understanding the benefits I was convinced it was a worthwhile investment.
### What was the appeal of snaps that made you decide to invest in them?
Without doubt, the biggest reason we decided to build the snap is the updating feature. We at Slack make heavy use of web technologies, which in turn allows us to offer a wide variety of features – like the integration of YouTube videos or Spotify playlists. Much like a browser, that means that we frequently need to update the application.
On macOS and Windows, we already had a dedicated auto-updater that doesn’t require the user to even think about updates. We have found that any sort of interruption, even for an update, is an annoyance that we’d like to avoid. Therefore, the automatic updates via snaps seemed far more seamless and easy.
### How does building snaps compare to other forms of packaging you produce? How easy was it to integrate with your existing infrastructure and process?
As far as Linux is concerned, we have not tried other “new” packaging formats, but we’ll never say never. Snaps were an easy choice given that the majority of our Linux customers do use Ubuntu. The fact that snaps also run on other distributions was a decent bonus. I think it is really neat how Canonical is making snaps cross-distro rather than focusing on just Ubuntu.
Building it was surprisingly easy: We have one unified build process that creates installers and packages – and our snap creation simply takes the .deb package and churns out a snap. For other technologies, we sometimes had to build in-house tools to support our buildchain, but the `snapcraft` tool turned out to be just the right thing. The team at Canonical were incredibly helpful to push it through as we did experience a few problems along the way.
### How do you see the store changing the way users find and install your software?
What is really unique about Slack is that people don’t just stumble upon it – they know about it from elsewhere and actively try to find it. Therefore, our levels of awareness are already high but having the snap available in the store, I hope, will make installation a lot easier for our users.
We always try to do the best for our users. The more convinced we become that it is better than other installation options, the more we will recommend the snap to our users.
### What are your expectations or already seen savings by using snaps instead of having to package for other distros?
We expect the snap to offer more convenience for our users and ensure they enjoy using Slack more. From our side, the snap will save time on customer support as users won’t be stuck on previous versions which will naturally resolve a lot of issues. Having the snap is an additional bonus for us and something to build on, rather than displacing anything we already have.
### What release channels (edge/beta/candidate/stable) in the store are you using or plan to use, if any?
We used the edge channel exclusively in the development to share with the team at Canonical. Slack for Linux as a whole is still in beta, but long-term, having the options for channels is interesting and being able to release versions to interested customers a little earlier will certainly be beneficial.
### How do you think packaging your software as a snap helps your users? Did you get any feedback from them?
Installation and updating generally being easier will be the big benefit to our users. Long-term, the question is “Will users that installed the snap experience less problems than other customers?” I have a decent amount of hope that the built-in dependencies in snaps make it likely.
### What advice or knowledge would you share with developers who are new to snaps?
I would recommend starting with the Debian package to build your snap – that was shockingly easy. It also starts the scope smaller to avoid being overwhelmed. It is a fairly small time investment and probably worth it. Also if you can, try to find someone at Canonical to work with – they have amazing engineers.
### Where do you see the biggest opportunity for development?
We are taking it step by step currently – first get people on the snap, and build from there. People using it will already be more secure as they will benefit from the latest updates.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://insights.ubuntu.com/2018/02/06/building-slack-for-the-linux-community-and-adopting-snaps/
作者：[Sarah][a]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/tomjlw)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]:https://insights.ubuntu.com/author/sarahfd/
[1]:https://insights.ubuntu.com/wp-content/uploads/a115/Slack_linux_screenshot@2x-2.png
[2]:https://slack.com/
[3]:https://insights.ubuntu.com/2018/01/18/canonical-brings-slack-to-the-snap-ecosystem/
[4]:https://snapcraft.io/slack/

84
sources/talk/20190108 Hacking math education with Python.md
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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: (HankChow)
[#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )
[#]: subject: (Hacking math education with Python)
[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/1/hacking-math)
[#]: author: (Don Watkins https://opensource.com/users/don-watkins)
Hacking math education with Python
======
Teacher, programmer, and author Peter Farrell explains why teaching math with Python works better than the traditional approach.
![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/getting_started_with_python.png?itok=MFEKm3gl)
Mathematics instruction has a bad reputation, especially with people (like me) who've had trouble with the traditional approach, which emphasizes rote memorization and theory that seems far removed from students' real world.
While teaching a student who was baffled by his math lessons, [Peter Farrell][1], a Python developer and mathematics teacher, decided to try using Python to teach the boy the math concepts he was having trouble learning.
Peter was inspired by the work of [Seymour Papert][2], the father of the Logo programming language, which lives on in Python's [Turtle module][3]. The Turtle metaphor hooked Peter on Python and using it to teach math, much like [I was drawn to Python][4].
Peter shares his approach in his new book, [Math Adventures with Python][5]: An Illustrated Guide to Exploring Math with Code. And, I recently interviewed him to learn more about it.
**Don Watkins:** What is your background?
**Peter Farrell:** I was a math teacher for eight years, and I tutored math for 10 years after that. When I was a teacher, I read Papert's [Mindstorms][6] and was inspired to introduce all my math classes to Logo and Turtles.
**DW:** Why did you start using Python?
**PF:** I was working with a homeschooled boy on a very dry, textbook-driven math curriculum, which at the time seemed like a curse to me. But I found ways to sneak in the Logo Turtles, and he was a programming fan, so he liked that. Once we got into functions and real programming, he asked if we could continue in Python. I didn't know any Python but it didn't seem that different from Logo, so I agreed. And I never looked back!
I was also looking for a 3D graphics package I could use to model a solar system and lead students through making planets move and get pulled by the force of attraction between the bodies, according to Newton's formula. Many graphics packages required programming in C or something hard, but I found an excellent package called Visual Python that was very easy to use. I used [VPython][7] for years after that.
So, I was introduced to Python in the context of working with a student on math. For some time after that, he was my programming tutor while I was his math tutor!
**DW:** What got you interested in math?
**PF:** I learned it the old-fashioned way: by hand, on paper and blackboards. I was good at manipulating symbols, so algebra was never a problem, and I liked drawing and graphing, so geometry and trig could be fun, too. I did some programming in BASIC and Fortran in college, but it never inspired me. Later on, programming inspired me greatly! I'm still tickled by the way programming makes easy work of the laborious stuff you have to do in math class, freeing you up to do the more fun of exploring, graphing, tweaking, and discovering.
**DW:** What inspired you to consider your Python approach to math?
**PF:** When I was teaching the homeschooled student, I was amazed at what we could do by writing a simple function and then calling it a bunch of times with different values using a loop. That would take a half an hour by hand, but the computer spit it out instantly! Then we could look for patterns (which is what a math student should be doing), express the pattern as a function, and extend it further.
**DW:** How does your approach to teaching help students—especially those who struggle with math? How does it make math more relevant?
**PF:** Students, especially high-schoolers, question the need to be doing all this calculating, graphing, and solving by hand in the 21st century, and I don't disagree with them. Learning to use Excel, for example, to crunch numbers should be seen as a basic necessity to work in an office. Learning to code, in any language, is becoming a very valuable skill to companies. So, there's a real-world appeal to me.
But the idea of making art with code can revolutionize math class. Just putting a shape on a screen requires math—the position (x-y coordinates), the dimensions, and even the color are all numbers. If you want something to move or change, you'll need to use variables, and not the "guess what x equals" kind of variable. You'll vary the position using a variable or, more efficiently, using a vector. [This makes] math topics like vectors and matrices seen as helpful tools you can use, rather than required information you'll never use.
Students who struggle with math might just be turned off to "school math," which is heavy on memorization and following rules and light on creativity and real applications. They might find they're actually good at math, just not the way it was taught in school. I've had parents see the cool graphics their kids have created with code and say, "I never knew that's what sines and cosines were used for!"
**DW:** How do you see your approach to math and programming encouraging STEM in schools?
**PF:** I love the idea of combining previously separated topics into an idea like STEM or STEAM! Unfortunately for us math folks, the "M" is very often neglected. I see lots of fun projects being done in STEM labs, even by very young children, and they're obviously getting an education in technology, engineering, and science. But I see precious little math material in the projects. STEM/[mechatronics][8] teacher extraordinaire Ken Hawthorn and I are creating projects to try to remedy that.
Hopefully, my book helps encourage students, girls and boys, to get creative with technology, real and virtual. There are a lot of beautiful graphics in the book, which I hope will inspire people to go through the coding adventure and make them. All the software I use ([Python Processing][9]) is available for free and can be easily installed, or is already installed, on the Raspberry Pi. Entry into the STEM world should not be cost-prohibitive to schools or individuals.
**DW:** What would you like to share with other math teachers?
**PF:** If the math establishment is really serious about teaching students the standards they have agreed upon, like numerical reasoning, logic, analysis, modeling, geometry, interpreting data, and so on, they're going to have to admit that coding can help with every single one of those goals. My approach was born, as I said before, from just trying to enrich a dry, traditional approach, and I think any teacher can do that. They just need somebody who can show them how to do everything they're already doing, just using code to automate the laborious stuff.
My graphics-heavy approach is made possible by the availability of free graphics software. Folks might need to be shown where to find these packages and how to get started. But a math teacher can soon be leading students through solving problems using 21st-century technology and visualizing progress or results and finding more patterns to pursue.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://opensource.com/article/19/1/hacking-math
作者：[Don Watkins][a]
选题：[lujun9972][b]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/don-watkins
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
[1]: https://twitter.com/hackingmath
[2]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seymour_Papert
[3]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtle_graphics
[4]: https://opensource.com/life/15/8/python-turtle-graphics
[5]: https://nostarch.com/mathadventures
[6]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindstorms_(book)
[7]: http://vpython.org/
[8]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechatronics
[9]: https://processing.org/

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[#]: translator: ( )
[#]: translator: (qhwdw)
[#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )

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beamrolling is translating.
Introduction to the Pony programming language
======

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为 Linux 社区采用 snaps 搭建 Slack
======
![][1]
作为一个被数以百万计用户使用的企业级软件平台，[Slack][2] 允许任意规模的团队和企业有效地沟通。Slack 通过在一个单一集成环境中与其它软件工具无缝衔接，为一个组织内的通讯、信息和项目提供了一个易于接触的档案馆。尽管自从诞生后 Slack 就在过去四年中快速成长，但是他们负责该平台跨 Windows、MacOS 和 Linux 运行的桌面工程师团队仅由四人组成。我们通过与在这个团队中负责追踪[上月首发的 Slack snap][3] 的主任工程师 Felix Rieseberg 交谈，来探索更多有关该公司对于 Linux 社区的态度以及他们决定搭建一个 snap 的原因。
[安装 Slack snap][4]
### 你们能告诉我们更多关于已发布的 Slack snap 的信息吗？
我们上月发布了我们的第一个 snap 作为我们为Linux 社区的一种新的发布形式。在企业界，我们发现者人们更倾向于以一种相对于个人消费较慢的速度来采用新科技， 因此我们将会在未来继续提供 .deb 形式的 snap。
### 你们觉得 Linux 社区会对 Slack 有多大的兴趣呢？
在所有的平台上人们对 Slack 的兴趣都正在增长，这一点使我感到十分兴奋。因此这对于我们来说，很难说源自 Linux 社区的兴趣和我们大体上所见到的兴趣有什么区别。当然，不管用户们在什么平台上面工作，满足他们对我们都是很重要的。我们有一个专门负责 Linux 的测试工程师并且我们同时也尽全力提供最好的用户体验。只是我们发现总体相对于 Windows 来说，为 Linux 搭建 snap 略微有点难度，因为我们是在一个较难以预测的平台上工作——而这正是 Linux 社区之光照耀的领域。在汇报程序缺陷以及寻找程序崩溃原因方面，我们有相当多数极富帮助的用户。
### 你们是如何得知 snap 的？
Canonical 公司的 Martin Wimpress 和我接触并向我解释了 snap 的概念。说实话尽管我也用 Ubuntu 但最初我还是迟疑的，因为它看起来像需要搭建与维护的另一套标准。尽管如此，一当我了解到其中的好处之后，我确信这是一笔有回报的投入。
### snap 的什么方面吸引了你们并使你们决定投入其中？
毫无疑问，我们决定搭建 snap 最重要的原因是它的更新特性。在 Slack 上我们大量运用网页技术，这些技术反过来也使得我们提供大量的特性——比如将 YouTube 视频或者 Spotify 播放列表集成在 Slack 中。与浏览器十分相似，这意味着我们需要频繁更新应用。
在 MacOS 和 Windows 上，我们已经有了一个甚至无需用户考虑更新的专门的自动更新器。我们发现哪怕是为了更新，任何形式的中断都是一种我们需要避免的烦恼。因此通过 snap 自动化的更新就显得无缝和便捷得多。
### 相比于其它形式的打包方式，搭建 snap 感觉如何？ 将它与现有的设施和进程集成在一起有多简便呢？
就 Linux 而言，我们尚未尝试其它新的打包方式，但我们迟早会的。鉴于我们的大多数用户都使用 Ubuntu，snap 是一个很简便的选项。同时 snap 在其它发行版上同样也可以使用，这也是一个巨大的加分项。Canonical 正将 snap 做到跨发行版而不是仅仅集中在 Ubuntu 上，这一点我认为是很好的。
搭建 snap 简单得出乎意料，我们有一个创建安装器和软件包的统一流程，我们的 snap 创建过程从一个 .deb 软件包炮制出一个 snap。对于其它技术而言，有时候我们不得不为了支持搭建链先造一个内部工具。但是 snapcraft 工具正是我们需要的东西。在整个过程中 Canonical 的团队不可思议般得有助，因为我们一路上确实碰到了一些问题。
### 你们觉得 snap 商店是如何改变用户们寻找、安装你们软件的方式的呢？
Slack 真正的独特之处在于人们不仅仅是碰巧发现它，他们从别的地方知道它并积极地试图找到它。因此尽管我们已经有了相当高的觉悟，我希望对于我们的用户来说，在商店中可以获得 snap 能够让安装过程变得简单一点。
### 你们对用 snap 而不是为了其它发行版不得不再发行软件包有什么期待，或者有什么已经是你们可见的节省呢？
我们希望 snap 可以给予我们的用户更多的便利并确保他们能够更加享受使用 Slack。在我们看来，鉴于用户们不必被困在之前的版本，这自然而然地解决了许多问题，因此 snap 可以让我们在客户支持方面节约时间。有 snap 对我们来说也是一个额外的加分项，因为我们能有一个可供搭建的平台而不是替换我们现有的东西。
### 如果存在的话，你们正使用或者准备使用边缘 (edge)、测试 (beta)、候选 (candidate)、稳定 (stable) 中的哪种发行频道？
我们仅仅在开发中使用边缘 (edge) 频道以与 Canonical 的团队共享。为 Linux 打造的 Slack 总体任在测试 (beta) 频道中。但是长远来看，拥有不同频道的选项十分有意思，同时能够提早一点为感兴趣的客户发行版本也肯定是有好处的。
### 你们认为将软件打包成一个 snap 是如何能够帮助用户的？你们从用户那边得到了什么反馈吗？
对我们的用户来说一个很大的好处是安装和更新总体来说都会变得简便一点。长远来看，问题在于“那些安装 snap 的用户是不是比其它用户少碰到一些困难？”，我十分期望 snap 自带的依赖关系能够使其变成可能。
### 你们有什么会和刚使用 snap 的新用户们分享的建议或知识呢？
我会推荐从 Debian 软件包来着手搭建你们的 snap——那出乎意料得简单。这同样也缩小了开始的范围避免变得不堪重负。这只需要投入相当少的时间，并且很大可能是一笔值得的投入。同样如果你们可以的话，尽量试着找到 Canonical 的人员来协作——他们拥有了不起的工程师。
### 对于开发来说，你们在什么地方看到了最大的机遇？
我们现在正一步步来，先是让人们用上 snap，再从那里开始搭建。正在使用 snap 的人们将会感到更加稳健因为他们将会得益于最新的更新。
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://insights.ubuntu.com/2018/02/06/building-slack-for-the-linux-community-and-adopting-snaps/
作者：[Sarah][a]
译者：[tomjlw](https://github.com/tomjlw)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]:https://insights.ubuntu.com/author/sarahfd/
[1]:https://insights.ubuntu.com/wp-content/uploads/a115/Slack_linux_screenshot@2x-2.png
[2]:https://slack.com/
[3]:https://insights.ubuntu.com/2018/01/18/canonical-brings-slack-to-the-snap-ecosystem/
[4]:https://snapcraft.io/slack/

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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: (HankChow)
[#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )
[#]: subject: (Hacking math education with Python)
[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/1/hacking-math)
[#]: author: (Don Watkins https://opensource.com/users/don-watkins)
将 Python 结合到数学教育中
======
> 身兼教师、开发者、作家数职的 Peter Farrell 来讲述为什么使用 Python 来讲数学课会比传统方法更加好。
![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/getting_started_with_python.png?itok=MFEKm3gl)
数学课一直都是很讨厌的一件事情，尤其对于在传统教学方法上吃过苦头的人（例如我）来说。传统教学方法强调的是死记硬背和理论知识，这种形式与学生们的现实世界似乎相去甚远。
[Peter Farrell][1] 作为一位 Python 开发者和数学教师，发现学生在数学课程中遇到了困难，于是决定尝试使用 Python 来帮助介绍数学概念。
Peter 的灵感来源于 Logo 语言之父 [Seymour Papert][2]，他的 Logo 语言现在还存在于 Python 的 [Turtle 模块][3]中。Logo 语言中的海龟形象让 Peter 喜欢上了 Python，并且进一步将 Python 应用到数学教学中。
Peter 在他的新书《[<ruby>Python 数学奇遇记<rt>Math Adventures with Python</rt></ruby>][5]》中分享了他的方法：“图文并茂地指导如何用代码探索数学”。因此我最近对他进行了一次采访，向他了解更多这方面的情况。
**Don Watkins（译者注：本文作者）：** 你的教学背景是什么？
**Peter Farrell：** 我曾经当过八年的数学老师，之后又教了十年的数学。我还在当老师的时候，就阅读过 Papert 的 《[<ruby>头脑风暴<rt>Mindstorms</rt></ruby>][6]》并从中受到了启发，将 Logo 语言和海龟引入到了我所有的数学课上。
**DW：** 你为什么开始使用 Python 呢？
**PF：** 在我当家教的时候，需要教学一门枯燥刻板的数学课程，这是一个痛苦的过程。后来我引入了 Logo 语言和海龟，我的学生刚好是一个编程爱好者，他非常喜欢这样的方式。在接触到函数和实际的编程之后，他还提议改用 Python。尽管当时我还不了解 Python，但看起来好像和 Logo 语言差别不大，我就同意了。后来我甚至坚持在 Python 上一条道走到黑了！
我还曾经寻找过 3D 图形方面的软件包，用来模拟太阳系行星的运动轨迹，让学生们理解行星是如何在牛顿的万有引力定律作用下运动的。很多图形软件包都需要用到 C 语言编程或者其它一些很复杂的内容，后来我发现了一个叫做 VisualPython 的软件包，它非常方便使用。于是在那之后的几年里，我就一直在用 [Vpython][7] 这个软件包。
所以，我是在和学生一起学习数学的时候被介绍使用 Python 的。在那段时间里，他是我的编程老师，而我则是他的数学老师。
**DW：** 是什么让你对数学感兴趣？
**PF：** 我是通过传统的方法学习数学的，那时候都是用手写、用纸记、在黑板上计算。我擅长代数和几何，在大学的时候也接触过 Basic 和 Fortran 编程，但那个时候也没有从中获取到灵感。直到后来在从编程中收到了启发，编程可以让你将数学课上一些晦涩难懂的内容变得简单直观，也能让你轻松地绘图、调整、探索，进而发现更多乐趣。
**DW：** 是什么启发了你使用 Python 教学？
**PF：** 还是在我当家教的时候，我惊奇地发现可以通过循环来计算对同一个函数输入不同参数的结果。如果用人手计算，可能要花半个小时的时间，但计算机瞬间就完成了。在这样的基础上，我们只要将一些计算的过程抽象成一个函数，再对其进行一些适当的扩展，就可以让计算机来计算了。
**DW：** 你的教学方法如何帮助学生，特别是在数学上感觉吃力的学生？如何将 Python 编程和数学结合起来
**PF：** 很多学生，尤其是高中生，都认为通过手工计算和画图来解决问题的方式在当今已经没有必要了，我并不反对这样的观点。例如，使用 Excel 来处理数据确实应该算是办公室工作的基本技能。学习任何一种编程语言，对公司来说都是一项非常有价值的技能。因此，使用计算机计算确实是有实际意义的。
而使用代码来为数学课创造艺术，则是一项革命性的改变。例如，仅仅是把某个形状显示到屏幕上，就需要使用到数学，因为位置需要用 x-y 坐标去表示，而尺寸、颜色等等都是数字。如果想要移动或者更改某些内容，会需要用到变量。更特殊地，如果需要改变位置，就需要更有效的向量来实现。这样的最终结果是，类似向量、矩阵这些难以捉摸的空洞概念会转变成实打实有意义的数学工具。
那些看起来在数学上吃力的学生，或许只是不太容易接受“书本上的数学”。因为“书本上的数学”过分强调了死记硬背和循规蹈矩，而有些忽视了创造力和实际应用能力。有些学生其实擅长数学，但并不适应学校的教学方式。我的方法会让父母们看到他们的孩子通过代码画出了很多有趣的图形，然后说：“我从来不知道正弦和余弦还能这样用！”
**DW：** 你的教学方法是如何在学校里促进 STEM 教育的呢？
**PF：** 我喜欢将这几个学科统称为 STEM（<ruby>科学、技术、工程、数学<rt>Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics</rt></ruby>） 或 STEAM（<ruby>科学、技术、工程、艺术、数学<rt>Science, Technology, Engineering, Art and Mathematics</rt></ruby>）。但作为数学工作者，我很不希望其中的 M 被忽视。我经常看到很多很小的孩子在 STEM 实验室里参与一些有趣的项目，这表明他们已经在接受科学、技术和工程方面的教育。与此同时，我发现数学方面的材料和项目却很少。因此，我和[机电一体化][8]领域的优秀教师 Ken Hawthorn 正在着手解决这个问题。
希望我的书能够帮助鼓励学生们在技术上有所创新，无论在形式上是切实的还是虚拟的。同时书中还有很多漂亮的图形，希望能够激励大家去体验编程的过程，并且应用到实际中来。我使用的软件（[Python Processing][9]）是免费的，在树莓派等系统上都可以轻松安装。因为我认为，个人或者学校的成本问题不应该成为学生进入 STEM 世界的门槛。
**DW：** 你有什么想要跟其他的数学老师分享？
**PF：** 如果数学教学机构决定要向学生教导数字推理、逻辑、分析、建模、几何、数据解释这些内容，那么它们应该承认，可以通过编程来实现这些目标。正如我上面所说的，我的教学方法是在尝试使传统枯燥的方法变得直观，我认为任何一位老师都可以做到这一点。他们只需要知道其中的本质做法，就可以使用代码来完成大量重复的工作了。
我的教学方法依赖于一些免费的图形软件，因此只需要知道在哪里找到这些软件包，以及如何使用这些软件包，就可以开始引导学生使用 21 世纪的技术来解决实际问题，将整个过程和结果可视化，并找到更多可以以此实现的模式。
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://opensource.com/article/19/1/hacking-math
作者：[Don Watkins][a]
选题：[lujun9972][b]
译者：[HankChow](https://github.com/HankChow)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/don-watkins
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
[1]: https://twitter.com/hackingmath
[2]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seymour_Papert
[3]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtle_graphics
[4]: https://opensource.com/life/15/8/python-turtle-graphics
[5]: https://nostarch.com/mathadventures
[6]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindstorms_(book)
[7]: http://vpython.org/
[8]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechatronics
[9]: https://processing.org/

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如何搜索一个包是否在你的 Linux 发行版中
======
如果你知道包名称，那么你可以直接安装所需的包。
在某些情况下，如果你不知道确切的包名称或者你想搜索某些包，那么你可以在分发包管理器的帮助下轻松搜索该包。
自动搜索包括已安装和可用的包。
结果的格式取决于选项。如果查询没有生成任何信息，那么意味着没有匹配条件的包。
这可以通过具有各种选项的分发包管理器来完成。
我已经在本文中添加了所有可能的选项，你可以选择最好的和最合适你的选项。
或者，我们可以通过 **whohas** 命令实现这一点。它会从所有的主流发行版（例如 Debian, Ubuntu, Fedora 等）中搜索，而不仅仅是你自己的系统发行版。
**建议阅读：**
**(#)** [适用于 Linux 的命令行包管理器列表以及用法][1]
**(#)** [Linux 包管理器的图形前端工具][2]
### 如何在 Debian/Ubuntu 中搜索一个包
我们可以使用 apt, apt-cache 和 aptitude 包管理器在基于 Debian 的发行版上查找给定的包。我为这个包管理器中包括了大量的选项。
我们可以在基于 Debian 的系统中使用三种方式完成此操作。
* apt 命令
* apt-cache 命令
* aptitude 命令
### 如何使用 apt 命令搜索一个包
APT 代表高级包管理工具 Advanced Packaging Tool（APT），它取代了 apt-get。它有功能丰富的命令行工具，包括所有功能包含在一个命令（APT）里，包括 apt-cache, apt-search, dpkg, apt-cdrom, apt-config, apt-key 等，还有其他几个独特的功能。
APT 是一个强大的命令行工具，它可以访问 libapt-pkg 底层库的所有特性，它可以用于安装，下载，删除，搜索和管理以及查询关于包的信息，另外它还包含一些较少使用的与包管理相关的命令行实用程序。
```
$ apt -q list nano vlc
Listing...
nano/artful,now 2.8.6-3 amd64 [installed]
vlc/artful 2.2.6-6 amd64
```
或者，我们可以使用以下格式搜索指定的包。
```
$ apt search ^vlc
Sorting... Done
Full Text Search... Done
vlc/artful 2.2.6-6 amd64
multimedia player and streamer
vlc-bin/artful 2.2.6-6 amd64
binaries from VLC
vlc-data/artful,artful 2.2.6-6 all
Common data for VLC
vlc-l10n/artful,artful 2.2.6-6 all
Translations for VLC
vlc-plugin-access-extra/artful 2.2.6-6 amd64
multimedia player and streamer (extra access plugins)
vlc-plugin-base/artful 2.2.6-6 amd64
multimedia player and streamer (base plugins)
```
### 如何使用 apt-cache 命令搜索一个包
apt-cache 会在 APT 的包缓存上执行各种操作。它会显示有关指定包的信息。apt-cache 不会操纵系统的状态，但提供了从包的元数据中搜索和生成有趣输出的操作。
```
$ apt-cache search nano | grep ^nano
nano - small, friendly text editor inspired by Pico
nano-tiny - small, friendly text editor inspired by Pico - tiny build
nanoblogger - Small weblog engine for the command line
nanoblogger-extra - Nanoblogger plugins
nanoc - static site generator written in Ruby
nanoc-doc - static site generator written in Ruby - documentation
nanomsg-utils - nanomsg utilities
nanopolish - consensus caller for nanopore sequencing data
```
或者，我们可以使用以下格式搜索指定的包。
```
$ apt-cache policy vlc
vlc:
Installed: (none)
Candidate: 2.2.6-6
Version table:
2.2.6-6 500
500 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu artful/universe amd64 Packages
```
或者，我们可以使用以下格式搜索给定的包。
```
$ apt-cache pkgnames vlc
vlc-bin
vlc-plugin-video-output
vlc-plugin-sdl
vlc-plugin-svg
vlc-plugin-samba
vlc-plugin-fluidsynth
vlc-plugin-qt
vlc-plugin-skins2
vlc-plugin-visualization
vlc-l10n
vlc-plugin-notify
vlc-plugin-zvbi
vlc-plugin-vlsub
vlc-plugin-jack
vlc-plugin-access-extra
vlc
vlc-data
vlc-plugin-video-splitter
vlc-plugin-base
```
### 如何使用 aptitude 命令搜索一个包
aptitude 一个基于文本的 Debian GNU/Linux 软件包系统的接口。它允许用户查看包列表，并执行包管理任务，例如安装，升级和删除包，它可以从可视化界面或命令行执行操作。
```
$ aptitude search ^vlc
p vlc - multimedia player and streamer
p vlc:i386 - multimedia player and streamer
p vlc-bin - binaries from VLC
p vlc-bin:i386 - binaries from VLC
p vlc-data - Common data for VLC
v vlc-data:i386 -
p vlc-l10n - Translations for VLC
v vlc-l10n:i386 -
p vlc-plugin-access-extra - multimedia player and streamer (extra access plugins)
p vlc-plugin-access-extra:i386 - multimedia player and streamer (extra access plugins)
p vlc-plugin-base - multimedia player and streamer (base plugins)
p vlc-plugin-base:i386 - multimedia player and streamer (base plugins)
p vlc-plugin-fluidsynth - FluidSynth plugin for VLC
p vlc-plugin-fluidsynth:i386 - FluidSynth plugin for VLC
p vlc-plugin-jack - Jack audio plugins for VLC
p vlc-plugin-jack:i386 - Jack audio plugins for VLC
p vlc-plugin-notify - LibNotify plugin for VLC
p vlc-plugin-notify:i386 - LibNotify plugin for VLC
p vlc-plugin-qt - multimedia player and streamer (Qt plugin)
p vlc-plugin-qt:i386 - multimedia player and streamer (Qt plugin)
p vlc-plugin-samba - Samba plugin for VLC
p vlc-plugin-samba:i386 - Samba plugin for VLC
p vlc-plugin-sdl - SDL video and audio output plugin for VLC
p vlc-plugin-sdl:i386 - SDL video and audio output plugin for VLC
p vlc-plugin-skins2 - multimedia player and streamer (Skins2 plugin)
p vlc-plugin-skins2:i386 - multimedia player and streamer (Skins2 plugin)
p vlc-plugin-svg - SVG plugin for VLC
p vlc-plugin-svg:i386 - SVG plugin for VLC
p vlc-plugin-video-output - multimedia player and streamer (video output plugins)
p vlc-plugin-video-output:i386 - multimedia player and streamer (video output plugins)
p vlc-plugin-video-splitter - multimedia player and streamer (video splitter plugins)
p vlc-plugin-video-splitter:i386 - multimedia player and streamer (video splitter plugins)
p vlc-plugin-visualization - multimedia player and streamer (visualization plugins)
p vlc-plugin-visualization:i386 - multimedia player and streamer (visualization plugins)
p vlc-plugin-vlsub - VLC extension to download subtitles from opensubtitles.org
p vlc-plugin-zvbi - VBI teletext plugin for VLC
p vlc-plugin-zvbi:i386
```
### 如何在 RHEL/CentOS 中搜索一个包
Yum（Yellowdog Updater Modified）是 Linux 操作系统中的包管理器实用程序之一。Yum 命令用于在一些基于 RedHat 的 Linux 发行版上，它用来安装，更新，搜索和删除软件包。
```
# yum search ftpd
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* base: centos.hyve.com
* epel: mirrors.coreix.net
* extras: centos.hyve.com
* rpmforge: www.mirrorservice.org
* updates: mirror.sov.uk.goscomb.net
============================================================== N/S Matched: ftpd ===============================================================
nordugrid-arc-gridftpd.x86_64 : ARC gridftp server
pure-ftpd.x86_64 : Lightweight, fast and secure FTP server
vsftpd.x86_64 : Very Secure Ftp Daemon
Name and summary matches only, use "search all" for everything.
```
或者，我们可以使用以下命令搜索相同内容。
```
# yum list ftpd
```
### 如何在 Fedora 中搜索一个包
DNF 代表 Dandified yum。我们可以说 DNF 是下一代 yum 包管理器（Yum 的衍生），它使用 hawkey/libsolv 库作为底层。自从 Fedora 18 开始以及它最终在 Fedora 22 中实施以来，Aleš Kozumplík 就在开始研究 DNF。
```
# dnf search ftpd
Last metadata expiration check performed 0:42:28 ago on Tue Jun 9 22:52:44 2018.
============================== N/S Matched: ftpd ===============================
proftpd-utils.x86_64 : ProFTPD - Additional utilities
pure-ftpd-selinux.x86_64 : SELinux support for Pure-FTPD
proftpd-devel.i686 : ProFTPD - Tools and header files for developers
proftpd-devel.x86_64 : ProFTPD - Tools and header files for developers
proftpd-ldap.x86_64 : Module to add LDAP support to the ProFTPD FTP server
proftpd-mysql.x86_64 : Module to add MySQL support to the ProFTPD FTP server
proftpd-postgresql.x86_64 : Module to add PostgreSQL support to the ProFTPD FTP
: server
vsftpd.x86_64 : Very Secure Ftp Daemon
proftpd.x86_64 : Flexible, stable and highly-configurable FTP server
owfs-ftpd.x86_64 : FTP daemon providing access to 1-Wire networks
perl-ftpd.noarch : Secure, extensible and configurable Perl FTP server
pure-ftpd.x86_64 : Lightweight, fast and secure FTP server
pyftpdlib.noarch : Python FTP server library
nordugrid-arc-gridftpd.x86_64 : ARC gridftp server
```
或者，我们可以使用以下命令搜索相同的内容。
```
# dnf list proftpd
Failed to synchronize cache for repo 'heikoada-terminix', disabling.
Last metadata expiration check: 0:08:02 ago on Tue 26 Jun 2018 04:30:05 PM IST.
Available Packages
proftpd.x86_64
```
### 如何在 Arch Linux 中搜索一个包
pacman 代表包管理实用程序（pacman）。它是一个用于安装，构建，删除和管理 Arch Linux 软件包的命令行实用程序。pacman 使用 libalpm（Arch Linux Package Management（ALPM）库）作为底层来执行所有操作。
在本例中，我将要搜索 chromium 包。
```
# pacman -Ss chromium
extra/chromium 48.0.2564.116-1
The open-source project behind Google Chrome, an attempt at creating a safer, faster, and more stable browser
extra/qt5-webengine 5.5.1-9 (qt qt5)
Provides support for web applications using the Chromium browser project
community/chromium-bsu 0.9.15.1-2
A fast paced top scrolling shooter
community/chromium-chromevox latest-1
Causes the Chromium web browser to automatically install and update the ChromeVox screen reader extention. Note: This
package does not contain the extension code.
community/fcitx-mozc 2.17.2313.102-1
Fcitx Module of A Japanese Input Method for Chromium OS, Windows, Mac and Linux (the Open Source Edition of Google Japanese
Input)
```
默认情况下，`-s` 选项内置 ERE（扩展正则表达式）会导致很多不需要的结果。使用以下格式会仅匹配包名称。
```
# pacman -Ss '^chromium-'
```
pkgfile 是一个用于在 Arch Linux 官方仓库的包中搜索文件的工具。
```
# pkgfile chromium
```
### 如何在 openSUSE 中搜索一个包
Zypper 是 SUSE 和 openSUSE 发行版的命令行包管理器。它用于安装，更新，搜索和删除包以及管理仓库，执行各种查询等。Zypper 命令行接口到 ZYpp 系统管理库（libzypp）。
```
# zypper search ftp
or
# zypper se ftp
Loading repository data...
Reading installed packages...
S | Name | Summary | Type
--+----------------+-----------------------------------------+--------
| proftpd | Highly configurable GPL-licensed FTP -> | package
| proftpd-devel | Development files for ProFTPD | package
| proftpd-doc | Documentation for ProFTPD | package
| proftpd-lang | Languages for package proftpd | package
| proftpd-ldap | LDAP Module for ProFTPD | package
| proftpd-mysql | MySQL Module for ProFTPD | package
| proftpd-pgsql | PostgreSQL Module for ProFTPD | package
| proftpd-radius | Radius Module for ProFTPD | package
| proftpd-sqlite | SQLite Module for ProFTPD | package
| pure-ftpd | A Lightweight, Fast, and Secure FTP S-> | package
| vsftpd | Very Secure FTP Daemon - Written from-> | package
```
### 如何使用 whohas 命令搜索一个包
whohas 命令是一个智能工具，从所有主流发行版中搜索指定包，如 Debian, Ubuntu, Gentoo, Arch, AUR, Mandriva, Fedora, Fink, FreeBSD 和 NetBSD。
```
$ whohas nano
Mandriva nano-debug 2.3.1-1mdv2010.2.x http://sophie.zarb.org/rpms/0b33dc73bca710749ad14bbc3a67e15a
Mandriva nano-debug 2.2.4-1mdv2010.1.i http://sophie.zarb.org/rpms/d9dfb2567681e09287b27e7ac6cdbc05
Mandriva nano-debug 2.2.4-1mdv2010.1.x http://sophie.zarb.org/rpms/3299516dbc1538cd27a876895f45aee4
Mandriva nano 2.3.1-1mdv2010.2.x http://sophie.zarb.org/rpms/98421c894ee30a27d9bd578264625220
Mandriva nano 2.3.1-1mdv2010.2.i http://sophie.zarb.org/rpms/cea07b5ef9aa05bac262fc7844dbd223
Mandriva nano 2.2.4-1mdv2010.1.s http://sophie.zarb.org/rpms/d61f9341b8981e80424c39c3951067fa
Mandriva spring-mod-nanoblobs 0.65-2mdv2010.0.sr http://sophie.zarb.org/rpms/74bb369d4cbb4c8cfe6f6028e8562460
Mandriva nanoxml-lite 2.2.3-4.1.4mdv2010 http://sophie.zarb.org/rpms/287a4c37bc2a39c0f277b0020df47502
Mandriva nanoxml-manual-lite 2.2.3-4.1.4mdv2010 http://sophie.zarb.org/rpms/17dc4f638e5e9964038d4d26c53cc9c6
Mandriva nanoxml-manual 2.2.3-4.1.4mdv2010 http://sophie.zarb.org/rpms/a1b5092cd01fc8bb78a0f3ca9b90370b
Gentoo nano 9999 http://packages.gentoo.org/package/app-editors/nano
Gentoo nano 9999 http://packages.gentoo.org/package/app-editors/nano
Gentoo nano 2.9.8 http://packages.gentoo.org/package/app-editors/nano
Gentoo nano 2.9.7 http://packages.gentoo.org/package/app-editors/nano
```
如果你希望只从当前发行版仓库中搜索指定包，使用以下格式：
```
$ whohas -d Ubuntu vlc
Ubuntu vlc 2.1.6-0ubuntu14.04 1M all http://packages.ubuntu.com/trusty/vlc
Ubuntu vlc 2.1.6-0ubuntu14.04 1M all http://packages.ubuntu.com/trusty-updates/vlc
Ubuntu vlc 2.2.2-5ubuntu0.16. 1M all http://packages.ubuntu.com/xenial/vlc
Ubuntu vlc 2.2.2-5ubuntu0.16. 1M all http://packages.ubuntu.com/xenial-updates/vlc
Ubuntu vlc 2.2.6-6 40K all http://packages.ubuntu.com/artful/vlc
Ubuntu vlc 3.0.1-3build1 32K all http://packages.ubuntu.com/bionic/vlc
Ubuntu vlc 3.0.2-0ubuntu0.1 32K all http://packages.ubuntu.com/bionic-updates/vlc
Ubuntu vlc 3.0.3-1 33K all http://packages.ubuntu.com/cosmic/vlc
Ubuntu browser-plugin-vlc 2.0.6-2 55K all http://packages.ubuntu.com/trusty/browser-plugin-vlc
Ubuntu browser-plugin-vlc 2.0.6-4 47K all http://packages.ubuntu.com/xenial/browser-plugin-vlc
Ubuntu browser-plugin-vlc 2.0.6-4 47K all http://packages.ubuntu.com/artful/browser-plugin-vlc
Ubuntu browser-plugin-vlc 2.0.6-4 47K all http://packages.ubuntu.com/bionic/browser-plugin-vlc
Ubuntu browser-plugin-vlc 2.0.6-4 47K all http://packages.ubuntu.com/cosmic/browser-plugin-vlc
Ubuntu libvlc-bin 2.2.6-6 27K all http://packages.ubuntu.com/artful/libvlc-bin
Ubuntu libvlc-bin 3.0.1-3build1 17K all http://packages.ubuntu.com/bionic/libvlc-bin
Ubuntu libvlc-bin 3.0.2-0ubuntu0.1 17K all http://packages.ubuntu.com/bionic-updates/libvlc-bin
```
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://www.2daygeek.com/how-to-search-if-a-package-is-available-on-your-linux-distribution-or-not/
作者：[Prakash Subramanian][a]
选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972)
译者：[MjSeven](https://github.com/MjSeven)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]:https://www.2daygeek.com/author/prakash/
[1]:https://www.2daygeek.com/list-of-command-line-package-manager-for-linux/
[2]:https://www.2daygeek.com/list-of-graphical-frontend-tool-for-linux-package-manager/