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README.md
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README.md
@ -15,30 +15,26 @@
|
||||
|
||||
LCTT 已经拥有几百名活跃成员，并欢迎更多的 Linux 志愿者加入我们的团队。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
LCTT 的组成
|
||||
-------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
**选题**，负责选择合适的内容，并将原文转换为 markdown 格式，提交到 LCTT 的 [TranslateProject](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 库中。
|
||||
|
||||
**译者**，负责从选题中选择内容进行翻译。
|
||||
|
||||
**校对**，负责将初译的文章进行文字润色、技术校对等工作。
|
||||
|
||||
**发布**，负责将校对后的文章，排版进行发布。
|
||||
- LCTT 官网： [https://linux.cn/lctt/](https://linux.cn/lctt/)
|
||||
- LCTT 状态： [https://lctt.github.io/](https://lctt.github.io/)
|
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|
||||
加入我们
|
||||
-------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
请首先加入翻译组的 QQ 群，群号是：**198889102**，加群时请说明是“*志愿者*”。加入后记得修改您的群名片为您的 GitHub 的 ID。
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请首先加入翻译组的 QQ 群，群号是：**198889102**，加群时请说明是“*志愿者*”。
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加入的成员，请先阅读 [WIKI 如何开始](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject/wiki/01-如何开始)。
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加入的成员，请：
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|
||||
1. 修改你的 QQ 群名片为“译者-您的_GitHub_ID”。
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2. 阅读 [WIKI](http://lctt.github.io/wiki) 了解如何开始。
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3. 遇到不解之处，请在群内发问。
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如何开始
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-------------------------------
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请阅读 [WIKI](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject/wiki)。如需要协助，请在群内发问。
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请阅读 [WIKI](http://lctt.github.io/wiki)。如需要协助，请在群内发问。
|
||||
|
||||
历史
|
||||
-------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
|
||||
TLDR 页：Linux 手册页的简化替代品
|
||||
==============
|
||||
|
||||
[][22]
|
||||
|
||||
在终端上使用各种命令执行重要任务是 Linux 桌面体验中不可或缺的一部分。Linux 这个开源操作系统拥有[丰富的命令][23]，任何用户都无法全部记住所有这些命令。而使事情变得更复杂的是，每个命令都有自己的一组带来丰富的功能的选项。
|
||||
|
||||
为了解决这个问题，人们创建了<ruby>[手册页][12]<rt>man page</rt></ruby>，（手册 —— man 是 manual 的缩写）。首先，它是用英文写成的，包含了大量关于不同命令的深入信息。有时候，当你在寻找命令的基本信息时，它就会显得有点庞杂。为了解决这个问题，人们创建了[TLDR 页][13]。
|
||||
|
||||
### 什么是 TLDR 页？
|
||||
|
||||
TLDR 页的 GitHub 仓库将其描述为简化的、社区驱动的手册页集合。在实际示例的帮助下，努力让使用手册页的体验变得更简单。如果还不知道，TLDR 取自互联网的常见俚语：<ruby>太长没读<rt>Too Long Didn’t Read</rt></ruby>。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你想比较一下，让我们以 `tar` 命令为例。 通常，手册页的篇幅会超过 1000 行。`tar` 是一个归档实用程序，经常与 `bzip` 或 `gzip` 等压缩方法结合使用。看一下它的手册页：
|
||||
|
||||
[][14]
|
||||
|
||||
而另一方面，TLDR 页面让你只是浏览一下命令，看看它是如何工作的。 `tar` 的 TLDR 页面看起来像这样，并带有一些方便的例子 —— 你可以使用此实用程序完成的最常见任务：
|
||||
|
||||
[][15]
|
||||
|
||||
让我们再举一个例子，向你展示 TLDR 页面为 `apt` 提供的内容：
|
||||
|
||||
[][16]
|
||||
|
||||
如上，它向你展示了 TLDR 如何工作并使你的生活更轻松，下面让我们告诉你如何在基于 Linux 的操作系统上安装它。
|
||||
|
||||
### 如何在 Linux 上安装和使用 TLDR 页？
|
||||
|
||||
最成熟的 TLDR 客户端是基于 Node.js 的，你可以使用 NPM 包管理器轻松安装它。如果你的系统上没有 Node 和 NPM，请运行以下命令：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
sudo apt-get install nodejs
|
||||
sudo apt-get install npm
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
如果你使用的是 Debian、Ubuntu 或 Ubuntu 衍生发行版以外的操作系统，你可以根据自己的情况使用`yum`、`dnf` 或 `pacman`包管理器。
|
||||
|
||||
现在，通过在终端中运行以下命令，在 Linux 机器上安装 TLDR 客户端：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
sudo npm install -g tldr
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
一旦安装了此终端实用程序，最好在尝试之前更新其缓存。 为此，请运行以下命令：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
tldr --update
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
执行此操作后，就可以阅读任何 Linux 命令的 TLDR 页面了。 为此，只需键入：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
tldr <commandname>
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
[][17]
|
||||
|
||||
你还可以运行其[帮助命令](https://github.com/tldr-pages/tldr-node-client)，以查看可与 TLDR 一起使用的各种参数，以获取所需输出。 像往常一样，这个帮助页面也附有例子。
|
||||
|
||||
### TLDR 的 web、Android 和 iOS 版本
|
||||
|
||||
你会惊喜地发现 TLDR 页不仅限于你的 Linux 桌面。 相反，它也可以在你的 Web 浏览器中使用，可以从任何计算机访问。
|
||||
|
||||
要使用 TLDR Web 版本，请访问 [tldr.ostera.io][18] 并执行所需的搜索操作。
|
||||
|
||||
或者，你也可以下载 [iOS][19] 和 [Android][20] 应用程序，并随时随地学习新命令。
|
||||
|
||||
[][21]
|
||||
|
||||
你觉得这个很酷的 Linux 终端技巧很有意思吗？ 请尝试一下，让我们知道您的反馈。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://fossbytes.com/tldr-pages-linux-man-pages-alternative/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Adarsh Verma][a]
|
||||
译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://fossbytes.com/author/adarsh/
|
||||
[1]:https://fossbytes.com/watch-star-wars-command-prompt-via-telnet/
|
||||
[2]:https://fossbytes.com/use-stackoverflow-linux-terminal-mac/
|
||||
[3]:https://fossbytes.com/single-command-curl-wttr-terminal-weather-report/
|
||||
[4]:https://fossbytes.com/how-to-google-search-in-command-line-using-googler/
|
||||
[5]:https://fossbytes.com/check-bitcoin-cryptocurrency-prices-command-line-coinmon/
|
||||
[6]:https://fossbytes.com/review-torrench-download-torrents-using-terminal-linux/
|
||||
[7]:https://fossbytes.com/use-wikipedia-termnianl-wikit/
|
||||
[8]:http://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Ffossbytes.com%2Ftldr-pages-linux-man-pages-alternative%2F
|
||||
[9]:https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=TLDR+pages%3A+Simplified+Alternative+To+Linux+Man+Pages&url=https%3A%2F%2Ffossbytes.com%2Ftldr-pages-linux-man-pages-alternative%2F&via=%40fossbytes14
|
||||
[10]:http://plus.google.com/share?url=https://fossbytes.com/tldr-pages-linux-man-pages-alternative/
|
||||
[11]:http://pinterest.com/pin/create/button/?url=https://fossbytes.com/tldr-pages-linux-man-pages-alternative/&media=https://fossbytes.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/tldr-page-ubuntu.jpg
|
||||
[12]:https://fossbytes.com/linux-lexicon-man-pages-navigation/
|
||||
[13]:https://github.com/tldr-pages/tldr
|
||||
[14]:https://fossbytes.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/tar-man-page.jpg
|
||||
[15]:https://fossbytes.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/tar-tldr-page.jpg
|
||||
[16]:https://fossbytes.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/tldr-page-of-apt.jpg
|
||||
[17]:https://fossbytes.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/tldr-kill-command.jpg
|
||||
[18]:https://tldr.ostera.io/
|
||||
[19]:https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/tldt-pages/id1071725095?ls=1&mt=8
|
||||
[20]:https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=io.github.hidroh.tldroid
|
||||
[21]:https://fossbytes.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/tldr-app-ios.jpg
|
||||
[22]:https://fossbytes.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/tldr-page-ubuntu.jpg
|
||||
[23]:https://fossbytes.com/a-z-list-linux-command-line-reference/
|
||||
@ -1,38 +1,43 @@
|
||||
在 Linux 下交换 Ctrl 与 Caps Lock 键
|
||||
在 Linux 下交换 Ctrl 与大写锁定键
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
Linux 桌面环境使你可以根据需要轻松设置键盘。下面来演示如何去做。
|
||||
> Linux 桌面环境使你可以根据需要轻松设置键盘。下面来演示如何去做。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
对于许多使用计算机很多年的用户来说，自从第一批 PC 键盘从生产线上下线后不久，Ctrl 和 Caps Lock 键就已经在错误的位置上了。对我来说，这张 1995 年 Sun 工作站的老式键盘照片上的两个键的位置才是正确的。（原谅我放了一张模糊的图片，它是在昏暗的光线下使用 Minox 间谍相机拍摄的。）
|
||||
对于许多使用计算机很多年的用户来说，自从第一批 PC 键盘从生产线上下线后不久，Ctrl 和大写锁定键就已经在错误的位置上了。对我来说，这张 1995 年 Sun 工作站的老式键盘照片上的两个键的位置才是正确的。（原谅我放了一张模糊的图片，它是在昏暗的光线下使用 Minox 间谍相机拍摄的。）
|
||||
|
||||
感兴趣的话，可以读一下维基百科上对于 [Ctrl 键位置的历史][1] 的介绍。我不打算讨论将 Ctrl 键放在“a”旁边而不是 Shift 键下方的各种理由，不评论 Caps Lock 键的无用性，也没有打算与那些主张使用手掌根来触发 Ctrl 键的人争论，即使在一些笔记本电脑键盘上也不可能这样做，因为有的键会位于腕托以下。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
相反，我将假设我不是唯一喜欢把 Ctrl 键放在“a”旁边的人，并说明如何使用 Linux 自带的灵活性在各种桌面环境中交换 Ctrl 和 Caps Lock 键的位置。请注意，下面的演示可能只有有限的有效期，因为调整桌面设置的方法经常发生变化，但我希望这为你开了一个好头。
|
||||
感兴趣的话，可以读一下维基百科上对于 [Ctrl 键位置的历史][1] 的介绍。我不打算讨论将 Ctrl 键放在“a”旁边而不是 Shift 键下方的各种理由，也不评论大写锁定键的无用性，也没有打算与那些主张使用手掌根来触发 Ctrl 键的人争论，即使在一些笔记本电脑键盘上不可能这样做到，因为有的键会位于腕托以下。
|
||||
|
||||
相反，我将假设我不是唯一喜欢把 Ctrl 键放在“a”旁边的人，并说明如何使用 Linux 自带的灵活性在各种桌面环境中交换 Ctrl 和大写锁定键的位置。请注意，下面的演示可能只有有限的有效期，因为调整桌面设置的方法经常发生变化，但我希望这为你开了一个好头。
|
||||
|
||||
### GNOME 3
|
||||
|
||||
[GNOME 3][2] 桌面环境用户可以使用 [Tweaks][3] 工具交换 Caps Lock 和 Ctrl 键，如下所示。
|
||||
[GNOME 3][2] 桌面环境用户可以使用 [Tweaks][3] 工具交换大写锁定和 Ctrl 键，如下所示。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
具体步骤如下：
|
||||
|
||||
1. 从你的 Linux 发行版的软件仓库安装 Tweaks 工具。
|
||||
2. 启动 Tweaks 程序。
|
||||
3. 从左侧菜单中选择“Keyboard & Mouse”。
|
||||
4. 单击“Additional Layout Options”。
|
||||
5. 在打开的窗口中单击“Ctrl position”，然后选择“Swap Ctrl and Caps Lock”。
|
||||
3. 从左侧菜单中选择 “Keyboard & Mouse”。
|
||||
4. 单击 “Additional Layout Options”。
|
||||
5. 在打开的窗口中单击 “Ctrl position”，然后选择 “Swap Ctrl and Caps Lock”。
|
||||
|
||||
完成！顺便说一句，你可以使用 Tweaks 工具做很多很酷的事情。例如，我将我的右 Ctrl 键设置为 Compose 键，这让我可以使用键盘快捷键打出各种字符，例如通过 `Compose+c+,`、`Compose+e+'`、`Compose+O+^` 以及 `Compose+n+~` 分别键入 ç、é、ô 和 ñ。
|
||||
完成！顺便说一句，你可以使用 Tweaks 工具做很多很酷的事情。例如，我将我的右 Ctrl 键设置为 Compose 键，这让我可以使用键盘快捷键打出各种字符，例如通过 `Compose+c+,`、`Compose+e+'`、`Compose+o+^` 以及 `Compose+n+~` 分别键入 ç、é、ô 和 ñ。（LCTT 译注：可参考 [Special characters listed by extended compose sequence](https://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/en/SSKTWP_9.0.0/com.ibm.notes900.help.doc/acc_spec_characters_r.html)）
|
||||
|
||||
### KDE
|
||||
|
||||
我不使用 [KDE][4]，但我的同事 Seth Kenlon 写的 [KDE tweaks that will change your life][5] 这篇文章的第 5 项演示了如何重新映射按键。
|
||||
我不使用 [KDE][4]，但我的同事 Seth Kenlon 写的 [将改变你的生命的 KDE tweaks][5] 这篇文章的第 5 项演示了如何重新映射按键。
|
||||
|
||||
### Xfce
|
||||
|
||||
据我所知，[Xfce][6] 桌面环境没有一个方便的工具来管理这些（指交换按键）设置。 但是，`setxkbmap` 命令的 `ctrl:swapcaps` 选项可以帮助你完成交换按键的修改。这个修改包含两部分：
|
||||
|
||||
1. 弄清楚命令的用法;
|
||||
1. 弄清楚命令的用法；
|
||||
2. 找出调用命令的位置，以便在桌面启动时激活它。
|
||||
|
||||
第一部分非常简单，命令是：
|
||||
@ -43,7 +48,7 @@ Linux 桌面环境使你可以根据需要轻松设置键盘。下面来演示
|
||||
|
||||
在终端窗口中执行此命令，以确保结果符合你的预期。
|
||||
|
||||
假设上述命令有效，应该在哪里调用此命令呢？这需要一些实验。一种可能是在用户主目录的 `.profile` 文件中；另一个可能是将命令添加到 Xfce 的自启动配置（在设置管理器中查找“Session and Startup”）里。
|
||||
假设上述命令有效，应该在哪里调用此命令呢？这需要一些实验。一种可能是在用户主目录的 `.profile` 文件中；另一个可能是将命令添加到 Xfce 的自启动配置（在设置管理器中查找 “Session and Startup”）里。
|
||||
|
||||
还有一种可能性是在文件 `/etc/default/keyboard` 中使用相同的选项，最终可能看起来像这样：
|
||||
|
||||
@ -76,7 +81,7 @@ BACKSPACE="guess"
|
||||
|
||||
### 其他环境
|
||||
|
||||
最后，上面 StackExchange 的链接中提到的这一点值得强调--配置控制台与配置终端窗口不同；如前所述，后者是通过桌面管理器进行配置的。
|
||||
最后，上面 StackExchange 的链接中提到的这一点值得强调 —— 配置控制台与配置终端窗口不同；如前所述，后者是通过桌面管理器进行配置的。
|
||||
|
||||
`setxkbmap`、`xkeyboard-config`、`keyboard`、`console-setup` 和 `setupcon` 命令的手册都是有用的参考资料。或者，如果你不喜欢阅读手册，可以看一下 [这篇极好的文章][13]。
|
||||
|
||||
@ -87,7 +92,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/18/11/how-swap-ctrl-and-caps-lock-your-keybo
|
||||
作者：[Chris Hermansen][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[jlztan](https://github.com/jlztan)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,50 +1,50 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: (geekpi)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: publisher: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: subject: (Drive a locomotive through your Linux terminal)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/18/12/linux-toy-sl)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Jason Baker https://opensource.com/users/jason-baker)
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-10357-1.html)
|
||||
|
||||
在 Linux 终端中开火车
|
||||
======
|
||||
使用 sl 命令，你可以让自己坐上火车，有一个有趣的命令行体验。
|
||||
|
||||
> 使用 sl 命令，你可以让自己驾驶火车，带来一个有趣的命令行体验。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
现在是 12 月，每个 Linux 终端用户都值得这一年的奖励。因此, 我们将为你带来一个 Linux 命令行玩具的出现日历。什么是命令行玩具？它可能是一个游戏、一个小的无意义的打发时间的东西，或者为你在终端带来快乐的东西。
|
||||
现在是 12 月，每个 Linux 终端用户都值得这一年的奖励。因此，我们将为你带来一个 Linux 命令行玩具的日历。什么是命令行玩具？它可能是一个游戏、一个小的无意义的打发时间的东西，或者为你在终端带来快乐的东西。
|
||||
|
||||
今天的 Linux 命令行玩具是来自 Opensource.com 社区版主 [Ben Cotton][1] 的建议。Ben 建议 `sl`，它是蒸汽机车的简称。
|
||||
今天的 Linux 命令行玩具来自 Opensource.com 社区版主 [Ben Cotton][1] 的建议。Ben 建议 `sl`，它是<ruby>蒸汽机车<rt>steam locomotive</rt></ruby>的简称。
|
||||
|
||||
对于 Linux **ls** 命令来说，它也是一个常见的错误，而不是巧合。想要不再打错吗？尝试安装 **sl**。它可能已经在默认仓库中打包。对我而言，在 Fedora 中，这意味着安装起来很简单：
|
||||
而对于 Linux `ls` 命令来说，`sl` 也是一个常见的拼写错误，这并不是巧合（LCTT 译注：意即 `sl` 是专门用来设计提醒 `ls` 打错的）。想要不再打错吗？尝试安装 `sl`。它可能已经在默认仓库中打包。对我而言，在 Fedora 中，这意味着安装起来很简单：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo dnf install sl -y
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
现在，只需键入**sl** 即可测试。
|
||||
现在，只需键入 `sl` 即可测试。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
你可能会像我一样注意到，**Ctrl+C** 不会让你的火车脱轨，所以你必须等待整列火车通过。这会让你知道打错了 **ls**！
|
||||
你可能会像我一样注意到，`Ctrl+C` 不会让你的火车脱轨，所以你必须等待整列火车通过。这会让你知道打错了 `ls`！
|
||||
|
||||
想查看 `sl` 源码？它已经在[在 GitHub 上][2]。
|
||||
|
||||
想查看 **sl** 源码？它已经在[在 GitHub 上][2]。
|
||||
`sl` 也是分享我个人关于开源许可证的见解的绝佳机会。虽然它的[许可证][3]“足够开源”能够打包到我的发行版，但技术上而言，它并不是 [OSI 批准][4]的许可证。在其版权行之后，许可证的内容很简单：
|
||||
|
||||
**sl** 也是分享关于开源许可的个人 PSA 的绝佳机会。虽然它的[许可证][3]“足够开源”以便为我的发行版打包，但技术上而言，它并不是 [OSI 批准][4]的许可证。在版权行之后，许可证的内容很简单:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
Everyone is permitted to do anything on this program including copying,
|
||||
modifying, and improving, unless you try to pretend that you wrote it.
|
||||
i.e., the above copyright notice has to appear in all copies.
|
||||
THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ANY RESPONSIBILITY WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE.
|
||||
```
|
||||
> 每个人都可以在这个程序上做任何事情，包括复制，修改和改进，除非你试图假装你写了它。
|
||||
>
|
||||
> 即，上述版权声明必须出现在所有副本中。
|
||||
>
|
||||
> 作者对本软件不承担任何责任。
|
||||
|
||||
遗憾的是，当你选择未经 OSI 批准的许可证时，你可能会意外地为你的用户带来额外的工作，因为他们必须要弄清楚你的许可证是否适用于他们的情况。他们的公司政策是否允许他们做贡献？甚至他们可以合法地使用该程序吗？许可证是否与他们希望与之集成的其他程序的许可证相匹配？
|
||||
|
||||
除非你是律师（也许，即使你是律师），否则在非标准许可证范围内选择可能会很棘手。因此，如果你仍在寻找新年的方案，为什么不把仅 OSI 批准的许可证作为你 2019 年新项目的选择呢。
|
||||
|
||||
这并不是对作者的不尊重。**sl** 仍然是一个很棒的小命令行玩具。
|
||||
这并不是对作者的不尊重。`sl` 仍然是一个很棒的小命令行玩具。
|
||||
|
||||
你有一个你认为我应该介绍的最喜欢的命令行玩具吗？这个系列的日历大部分已经完成，但我还剩下几个空余。请在下面的评论中告诉我，我会了解一下。如果有空间，我会尝试包含它。如果没有，但我得到了一些好的投稿，我会在最后做一些荣誉介绍。
|
||||
|
||||
@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/18/12/linux-toy-sl
|
||||
作者：[Jason Baker][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
@ -67,4 +67,4 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/18/12/linux-toy-sl
|
||||
[2]: https://github.com/mtoyoda/sl
|
||||
[3]: https://github.com/mtoyoda/sl/blob/master/LICENSE
|
||||
[4]: https://opensource.org/licenses
|
||||
[5]: https://opensource.com/article/18/12/linux-toy-boxes
|
||||
[5]: https://opensource.com/article/18/12/linux-toy-boxes
|
||||
@ -1,28 +1,30 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: (qhwdw)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ()
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ()
|
||||
[#]: url: ()
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: publisher: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-10356-1.html)
|
||||
[#]: subject: (How to get started in AI)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/18/12/how-get-started-ai)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Gordon Haff https://opensource.com/users/ghaff)
|
||||
|
||||
学习人工智能如何起步
|
||||
学习人工智能如何入门
|
||||
======
|
||||
在你开始从事人工智能之前，你需要先了解人类的智能。
|
||||
|
||||
> 在你开始从事人工智能之前，你需要先了解人类的智能。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
我曾经问过别人也被别人问过关于学习人工智能最好的方式是什么？我应该去阅读什么？我应该去关注什么？后面我将讲到这些，但是，考虑到人工智能涉及很多领域，我把这个问题分开来讲可能更好理解。
|
||||
我曾经问过别人、也被别人问过关于学习人工智能（AI）最好的方式是什么？我应该去阅读什么书？我应该去看什么视频？后面我将讲到这些，但是，考虑到人工智能涉及很多领域，我把这个问题分开来讲可能更好理解。
|
||||
|
||||
学习人工智能很重要的一点是区别开研究方面和应用方面。Google 的 Cassie Kozyrkov 在近日于伦敦举行的 O’Reilly 人工智能会议的一个演讲中 [描述了这个区别][1]，并且这是一个很好的区别。
|
||||
学习人工智能很重要的一点是区别开研究方面和应用方面。Google 的 Cassie Kozyrkov 在近日于伦敦举行的 O'Reilly 人工智能会议的一个演讲中 [描述了这个区别][1]，并且这是一个很好的演讲。
|
||||
|
||||
研究人工智能在本质上是学术性的，在你能够获得人工智能的某些细节之前，需要大量的跨各类学科的数学知识。这部分人工智能关注于算法和驱动人工智能发展的工具。比如，什么样的神经网络结构能够改善视觉识别的结果？我们如何使无监督学习成为更有用的方法？我们能否找到一个更好的方法，去理解深度学习流水线是如何得出答案的？
|
||||
人工智能研究在本质上是学术性的，在你能够获得人工智能的某些细节之前，需要大量的跨各类学科的数学知识。这部分的人工智能关注于算法和驱动人工智能发展的工具。比如，什么样的神经网络结构能够改善视觉识别的结果？我们如何使无监督学习成为更有用的方法？我们能否找到一个更好的方法，去理解深度学习流水线是如何得出答案的？
|
||||
|
||||
另一方面，人工智能应用更多是关于使用现有工具去获取有用的结果。开源在这里发挥了一个重要的作用，那就是免费提供了易于使用的、各种语言的软件。公有云提供商也致力于提供大量的机器学习、模型、以及数据集，这使得人工智能入门比其它的要简单的多。
|
||||
另一方面，人工智能应用更多是关于使用现有工具去获取有用的结果。开源在这里发挥了一个重要的作用，那就是免费提供了易于使用的、各种语言的软件。公有云提供商也致力于提供大量的机器学习、模型、以及数据集，这使得人工智能的入门比其它的要简单的多。
|
||||
|
||||
在这个问题上我想补充一点，那就是人工智能的从业者不应该为了故弄玄虚而将它们的工具搞成只输出答案的黑匣子。至少，他们应该去了解不同技术、模型、和数据采集方法的限制和潜在偏差。但不需要去深入研究他们工具链中每个部分的理论。
|
||||
在这个问题上我想补充一点，那就是人工智能的从业者不应该将他们的工具视为神秘地输出答案的黑匣子。至少，他们应该去了解不同技术、模型、和数据采集方法的限制和潜在偏差。只是不需要去深入研究他们工具链中每个部分的理论基础。
|
||||
|
||||
虽然在日常工作中人工智能可能并不那么重要，但理解人工智能的大量的背景知识还是很有用的。人工智能已经超越了神经网络上深度学习的狭窄范围，目前神经网络上的强化学习和监督学习已经取得重要成就。例如，人工智能经常被视为是增强（而不是替代）人类判断和决策的一种方法。但是在机器和人类之间切换还有它自己的缺陷。
|
||||
虽然在日常工作中人工智能可能并不那么重要，但理解人工智能的大量的背景知识还是很有用的。人工智能已经超越了神经网络上深度学习的狭窄范围，目前神经网络上的强化学习和监督学习已经取得重要成就。例如，人工智能经常被视为是增强（而不是替代）人类判断和决策的一种方法。但是在机器和人类之间交换信息还有其自身的缺陷。
|
||||
|
||||
有了这些背景知识，下面是的一些研究领域和资源，你可能发现会很有用。
|
||||
|
||||
@ -32,47 +34,46 @@
|
||||
|
||||
你的计算机科学和数学背景知识决定了你的起点。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你的计算机科学和数据背景知识很差或已经荒芜了，但你还希望能够深入了解人工智能的基本原理，那么从一些数学课程开始将会让你受益。MOOCs 上像非盈利的 [edX][2] 平台和 [Coursera][3] 上都有许多可供你选择的课程（这两个平台都对认证收费，但 edX 上所有的课程，对旁听者是全免费的）。
|
||||
如果你的计算机科学和数据背景知识很差或已经荒芜了，但你还希望能够深入了解人工智能的基本原理，那么从一些数学课程开始将会让你受益。MOOC 上像非盈利的 [edX][2] 平台和 [Coursera][3] 上都有许多可供你选择的课程（这两个平台都对认证收费，但 edX 上所有的课程，对旁听者是全免费的）。
|
||||
|
||||
典型的基础课程包括：
|
||||
|
||||
+ [MIT 的微积分课程][22]，从微分开始学习
|
||||
+ [线性代数][23] （德克萨斯大学）
|
||||
+ 概率与统计，比如 MIT 的 [概率 — 不确定性与数据科学][24]
|
||||
- [MIT 的微积分课程][22]，从微分开始学习
|
||||
- [线性代数][23] （德克萨斯大学）
|
||||
- 概率与统计，比如 MIT 的 [概率 —— 不确定性与数据科学][24]
|
||||
|
||||
从一个研究的角度去深入人工智能，你可能需要深入所有的这些数据领域，甚至更多。但是上面的内容应该让您在深入研究机器学习和AI之前大致了解可能是最重要的研究分支。
|
||||
|
||||
从一个研究的角度去深入人工智能，你可能需要深入所有的这些数据领域，甚至更多。在深入研究机器学习和人工智能之前，上述的内容应该会让你得到一些常见研究分支的大致概念。
|
||||
除了 MOOC 之外，像 [MIT OpenCourseWare][4] 这样的资源也提供了大量的数学和计算机科学课程的大纲和各种支持材料。
|
||||
|
||||
除了 MOOCs 之外，像 [MIT OpenCourseWare][4] 这样的资源也提供了大量的数学和计算机科学课程的大纲和各种支持材料。
|
||||
|
||||
有了这些基础，你就可以学习更专业的人工智能课程了。Andrew Ng 在斯坦福大学教的 “AI MOOC” 就是整个在线课程中最早流行起来的课程之一。今天，他的 [神经网络和深度学习][5] 也是 Coursera 深度学习专业的一部分。在 edX 上也有相关的一些项目，比如，哥伦比亚大学提供的一个 [人工智能 MicroMasters][6]。
|
||||
有了这些基础，你就可以学习更专业的人工智能课程了。吴恩达从他在斯坦福大学时教的 “AI MOOC” 就是整个在线课程领域中最早流行起来的课程之一。今天，他的 [神经网络和深度学习][5] 也是 Coursera 深度学习专业的一部分。在 edX 上也有相关的一些项目，比如，哥伦比亚大学提供的一个 [人工智能 MicroMasters][6]。
|
||||
|
||||
除了课程之外，也可以在网上找到各种范例和其它学习材料。这些包括：
|
||||
|
||||
* [神经网络和深度学习][7]
|
||||
* MIT 的 Ian Goodfellow、Yoshua Bengio、Aaron Courville 出版的 [深度学习][8]
|
||||
* MIT 出版的 Ian Goodfellow、Yoshua Bengio、Aaron Courville 的《[深度学习][8]》
|
||||
|
||||
### 应用人工智能
|
||||
|
||||
人工智能应用更关注于使用可用的工具，而不是去构建新工具。对一些底层的数学，尤其是统计学的了解仍然是非常有用的 — 甚至可以说是必需的 — 但对这些知识的了解程度不像研究人工智能的要求那么高。
|
||||
人工智能应用更关注于使用可用的工具，而不是去构建新工具。对一些底层的数学，尤其是统计学的了解仍然是非常有用的 —— 甚至可以说是必需的 —— 但对这些知识的了解程度不像研究人工智能的要求那么高。
|
||||
|
||||
在这里编程是核心技能。虽然可以使用不同的编程语言去做，但是一些库和工具集 — 比如 Python 的 [PyTorch][9]，在这方面有很好的专长。尤其是，如果你有一些编程方面的背景知识，MIT 的 [计算机科学入门和使用 Python 编程][10]，它是基于 MIT 的 6.001 课程，是一个非常好的启蒙课程。如果你编程零基础，来自密歇根大学的 Charles Severance 的 [人人学编程（Python 使用入门）][11] 是个很好的开端，它不会像 MIT 的课程那样，把你一下子扔进代码的汪洋大海。
|
||||
在这里编程是核心技能。虽然可以使用不同的编程语言去做，但是一些库和工具集 —— 比如 Python 的 [PyTorch][9]，依赖于 Python，所以这是一个应该掌握的好技能。尤其是，如果你有某种程度上的编程背景，MIT 的 [计算机科学入门和使用 Python 编程][10]，它是基于 MIT 的 6.001 在校课程，是一个非常好的启蒙课程。如果你编程零基础，来自密歇根大学的 Charles Severance 的 [人人学编程（Python 使用入门）][11] 是个很好的开端，它不会像 MIT 的课程那样，把你一下子扔进代码的汪洋大海。
|
||||
|
||||
[R 编程语言][12] 也是一个应该增加到你的技能库中的很有用的技能。虽然它在机器学习（ML）中使用的很少，但它在其它数据科学任务中很常见，并且经常与人工智能/机器学习和数据科学的应用实践结合在一起。比如，许多使用原始和数据清洗相关的应用任务，此外还有你最终要使用的诸如此类的分析技术，都将使用到它。一个 MOOC 系列，像 Harvard 的 [数据科学认证][13] 就是一整套课程的一个例子，这些课程介绍了如何去很好地处理数据。
|
||||
[R 编程语言][12] 也是一个应该增加到你的技能库中的很有用的技能。虽然它在机器学习（ML）中使用的很少，但它在其它数据科学任务中很常见，并且经常与人工智能/机器学习和数据科学的应用实践结合在一起。例如，与组织和清理数据相关的许多任务同样适用于您最终使用的任何分析技术。像哈佛的 [数据科学认证][13] 这样的一个 MOOC 系列就是一整套课程的一个例子，这些课程介绍了如何去很好地处理数据。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你从事人工智能方面的工作，那么你很可能会遇到的另一个开源软件库就是 [TensorFlow][14]。它最初是由 Google 人工智能团队中的 Google 智慧团队的研发工程师开发的。[Google 提供了许多教程][15] 让你通过高级 Keras API 去开始使用 TensorFlow。你既可以在 Google 云上也可以在本地运行 TensorFlow。
|
||||
如果你从事人工智能方面的工作，那么你很可能会遇到的另一个开源软件库就是 [TensorFlow][14]。它最初是由 Google 人工智能团队中的 Google 大脑团队的研发工程师开发的。[Google 提供了许多教程][15] 让你通过高级 Keras API 去开始使用 TensorFlow。你既可以在 Google 云上也可以在本地运行 TensorFlow。
|
||||
|
||||
通常，大的公有云提供商都提供在线数据集和易于使用的机器学习服务。但是，在你开始去 “玩” 数据集和应用之前，你需要考虑清楚，一旦开始选定一个提供商，你将被它们 “锁定” 的程度。
|
||||
|
||||
你的探索学习项目所需的数据集可以从许多不同的源获得。除了公有云提供商之外，[Kaggle][16] 是另一个受欢迎的源，总体来看，它也是一个比较好的学习源。以数字形式提供的政府数据也越来越多了。美国联邦政府的 [Data.gov][17] 声称它提供超过 300,000 的数据集。州和地方政府也发布从餐馆健康评级到狗的名字的所有数据。
|
||||
你的探索学习项目所需的数据集可以从许多不同的源获得。除了公有云提供商之外，[Kaggle][16] 是另一个受欢迎的源，总体来看，它也是一个比较好的学习源。以数字形式提供的政府数据也越来越多了。美国联邦政府的 [Data.gov][17] 声称它提供超过 300,000 个数据集。各州和地方政府也发布从餐馆健康评级到狗的名字的所有数据。
|
||||
|
||||
### 研究和应用人工智能兼而有之
|
||||
|
||||
最后我想说明的一点是，人工智能不仅是与数学、编程、和数据有关的一个宽泛的主题。人工智能作为一个综合体涉及到了许多其它的领域，包括心理学、语言学、博弈论、运筹学和控制系统。确实，现在有一些人工智能研究者担心，由于处理能力和大数据的结合，使得该领域过于关注最近才变得强大和有趣的少数几个技术。在了解人类如何学习和推理方面，许多长期存在的问题仍未解决。不管怎样，对这些广泛存在的问题有一个了解，将更好地让你在更广泛的背景中评估人工智能。
|
||||
最后我想说明的一点是，人工智能不仅是与数学、编程、数据有关的一个宽泛主题。人工智能作为一个综合体涉及到了许多其它的领域，包括心理学、语言学、博弈论、运筹学和控制系统。确实，现在有一些人工智能研究者担心，由于处理能力和大数据的结合，使得该领域过于关注最近才变得强大和有趣的少数几个技术。在了解人类如何学习和推理方面，许多长期存在的问题仍未解决。不管怎样，对这些广泛存在的问题有一个了解，将更好地让你在更广泛的背景中评估人工智能。
|
||||
|
||||
我比较喜欢的其中一个示例是杜克大学的 [人类和自治实验室][18]。这个实验室的工作涉及人类与机器工作所面临的全部挑战，比如，如果自动化设备失效，自动驾驶仪如何设计才能让那些[“洋红色的孩子“][19] 快速取得对飞机的控制。一个基础的大脑科学课程，比如 MIT 的 [心理学导论][20]，它提供了关于人类智能和机器智能之间关系的一些很有用的内容。另一个类似的课程是，MIT 电子工程与计算机科学系已故教授 Marvin Minsky 的 [心灵的社会][21]。
|
||||
我比较喜欢的其中一个示例是杜克大学的 [人类和自治实验室][18]。这个实验室的工作涉及人机协同所面临的各种挑战，比如，如果自动化设备失效，自动驾驶仪如何设计才能让那些[“洋红色的孩子“][19] 快速取得控制。有一个基础的大脑科学课程，比如 MIT 的 [心理学导论][20]，它提供了关于人类智能和机器智能之间关系的一些很有用的内容。另一个类似的课程是，MIT 电子工程与计算机科学系已故教授 Marvin Minsky 的 [心灵的社会][21]。
|
||||
|
||||
关于学习人工智能，假如说有一个最重要的挑战，那它不是原材料和工具不易获得，而是它们只有这么多。我的目标并不是给你一个全面的指导，相反，而是指出了你可以去学习的不同路径，以及为你提供一些可能的起点。祝你学习愉快！
|
||||
关于学习人工智能，假如说有一个最重要的挑战，那它不是原材料和工具不易获得，因为它们有如此之多。我的目标并不是给你一个全面的指导，相反，而是指出了你可以去学习的不同路径，以及为你提供一些可能的起点。祝你学习愉快！
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
@ -81,7 +82,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/18/12/how-get-started-ai
|
||||
作者：[Gordon Haff][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[qhwdw](https://github.com/qhwdw)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: ( )
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
[#]: subject: (5 Things Influenza Taught Me About the Evolution of the Desktop Computer)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://blog.dxmtechsupport.com.au/5-things-influenza-taught-me-about-the-evolution-of-the-desktop-computer/)
|
||||
[#]: author: (James Mawson https://blog.dxmtechsupport.com.au/author/james-mawson/)
|
||||
|
||||
5 Things Influenza Taught Me About the Evolution of the Desktop Computer
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
The flu took me completely out of action recently. It hit me pretty hard.
|
||||
|
||||
And, as tends to happen with these things, I ended up binge watching more TV and movies in two weeks hidden under a blanket than in 2 years as a member of wider society.
|
||||
|
||||
In the most delirious moments, the vicious conspiracy of fever and painkillers gave me no choice but to stick to bad 80s action movies.
|
||||
|
||||
When I was a little more lucid, though, I got really stuck into some documentaries around the early days of desktop computing: Computerphile episodes, Silicon Cowboys, Micro Men, Youtube interviews, all sorts of stuff.
|
||||
|
||||
Here are the big things that have stuck with me from it:
|
||||
|
||||
### The Modern Computing Industry was Almost Entirely Built by Young Hobbyists
|
||||
|
||||
There was an established computing industry in the 1970s – but these companies played very little direct role in what was to come.
|
||||
|
||||
Xerox’s Palo Alto Research Centre had an important role to play in developing desktop technologies – with absolutely zero intention of ever commercialising anything. The entire thing was funded entirely from Xerox’s publicity budget.
|
||||
|
||||
But for the most part, computers were sold to universities and enterprises. These were large, expensive machines guarded by a priesthood.
|
||||
|
||||
The smallest and most affordable machines in use here were minicomputers like the DEC PDP-11. “Mini” is, of course, a relative term. These were the size of several fridges and cost several years worth of the average wage.
|
||||
|
||||
So what if you wanted a computer of your own? Were you totally stranded? Not quite. You could always buy a bunch of chips and build and program the whole damn thing yourself.
|
||||
|
||||
This had become increasingly accessible, thanks to the development of the microprocessor, which condensed the separate components of a CPU into a single chip. As the homebrew computer scene grew, hobby electronics companies started offering kits.
|
||||
|
||||
It was out of this scene that desktop computing industry actually grew – both Apple and Acorn computers were founded by hobbyists. Their first commercial products evolved from what they’d built at home.
|
||||
|
||||
Businesses that catered to the electronics hobbyist market, like Tandy and Radio Shack, were also some of the earliest to enter the market.
|
||||
|
||||
### Things Changed More Radically from ’77 – ’87 than the Next 3 Decades Combined
|
||||
|
||||
The first desktop computers were a massive leap forward in terms of bringing computing to ordinary people, they were still fairly primitive. We’re talking beeps, monochrome graphics, and a 30 minute wait to load your software from cassette tape.
|
||||
|
||||
And the only way to steer it was from the command line. It’s definitely much more accessible than building and programming your own computer from scratch, but it’s still very much in nerd territory.
|
||||
|
||||
By 1987, you’ve got most of what we’re familiar with: point and click interfaces, full colour graphics, word processors, spreadsheets, desktop publishing, music production, 3D gaming. The floppy drives had made loading times insignificant – and some machines even had hard drives.
|
||||
|
||||
Your mum could use it.
|
||||
|
||||
Things still got invented after that. The internet has obviously been a game changer. Screens are completely different. And there are any number of new languages.
|
||||
|
||||
For the most part, though, desktop computers came together in a decade. Since then, we’ve just been making better and better versions of the same thing.
|
||||
|
||||
### Bill Gates Really Was Kind of a James Bond Villain
|
||||
|
||||
Back in the ’90s, it seemed a fairly ubiquitous part of computer geek culture that Bill Gates was kind of a dick. In magazines, on bulletin boards and the early internet, it was just taken for granted that Microsoft dominated the market not with a superior product but with sharp business practices.
|
||||
|
||||
I was too young to really know if that was true, but I was happy to go along with it. It turns out that there was actually plenty of truth in that. An MS-DOS PC was hardly the best computer of the 1980s.
|
||||
|
||||
The [Acorn Archimedes][1], for instance, had the world’s fastest processor in a desktop computer, many times faster than the 386, and an operating system so far ahead of its time that Microsoft shamelessly plagiarised it 8 years for Windows 95.
|
||||
|
||||
And the Motorola 68000 series of CPUs used in many machines such as the Apple Macintosh and Commodore Amiga was also faster, and were vastly better for input/output intensive work such as graphics and sound.
|
||||
|
||||
So how did Microsoft win?
|
||||
|
||||
Well they had a head start piggybacking with IBM, who very successfully marketed the PC as a general purpose business computer. At this point, the PC was already one of the first platforms that many software developers would write for.
|
||||
|
||||
Then, as what was then known as the “IBM clone” market began and grew, Bill Gates was very aggressive about getting MS-DOS onto as many machines as possible by licensing it on very generous terms to companies like Compaq and Amstrad. This was a short term sacrifice of profits in pursuit of market share. It also helped the PC to become the affordable choice for families.
|
||||
|
||||
As this market share grew, the PC became the more obvious platform to first release your software on. This created a snowball effect, where more software support made the PC the more obvious computer to buy, increasing market share and attracting more software development.
|
||||
|
||||
In the end, it didn’t matter how much better your computer was when all the programs ran on MS-DOS.
|
||||
|
||||
### That’s Actually Totally Awesome Though
|
||||
|
||||
On first glance, Gates looks like the consummate monopolist. Actually, he did a lot more open up access to new players and foster innovation and competition.
|
||||
|
||||
In the early days of desktop computing, every manufacturer more or less maintained its own proprietary platform, with its own hardware, operating system and software support. That meant if you wanted a certain kind of computer, there was one company who built it so you bought it from them.
|
||||
|
||||
By opening the PC market to new entrants, selling the operating systems to anyone who wanted them, and setting industry standards that anyone could build to, PC makers had to compete directly on price and performance.
|
||||
|
||||
Apple still have the old model of a closed, proprietary platform, and you’ll pay vastly more for an equivalent machine – or perhaps one whose specs haven’t improved in 3 years.
|
||||
|
||||
It was also great for software developers not to have to port their software across so many platforms. I had first hand experience of this growing up – when I was really young, there were more than a dozen computers scattered around the house, because Dad was running his software business from home, and when he needed to port a program to a new machine, he needed the machine. But by the time I was finishing primary school, it was just the mac and the PC.
|
||||
|
||||
Handling the compatibility problem, throwing Windows on top of it, and offering it on machines at all price points did so much to bring computing to ordinary people.
|
||||
|
||||
At this point, I’m pretty sure someone in the audience is saying “yeah, but we could have done that open source”. Look, I like Linux for what it’s good for, but let’s be real here. Linux doesn’t really have a GUI environment – it has dozens of them, each with different quirks to learn.
|
||||
|
||||
One thing that they all have in common though is that they’re not really proper operating system environments, more just nice little boxes to stick your web browser and word processor. The moment you need to install or configure anything, guess what? It’s terminal time. Which is rather excellent if you’re that way inclined, but realistically, that’s a small fraction of humanity.
|
||||
|
||||
If Bill Gates never came up with an everyman operating system that you could run on an affordable machine, would someone else have? Probably. But he’s the guy that actually did it.
|
||||
|
||||
### Sheer Conceit Will Make Fools of Even the Most Brilliant and Powerful
|
||||
|
||||
The deal that really made Microsoft is also the deal that eventually cost IBM their entire market share of the PC platform they created and of the desktop computer market as a whole.
|
||||
|
||||
IBM were in a hurry to bring their PC to market, they built almost all of it from off-the-shelf components. Bill Gates got the meeting to talk operating systems because his mother sat on a board with. IBM offered to buy the rights to the operating system, but Gates offered instead to license it.
|
||||
|
||||
There was really no reason that IBM had to take that deal. There was nothing all that special about MS-DOS. They could have bought a similar operating system from someone else. I mean, that’s exactly what Gates did: he went to another guy in Seattle, bought the rights to a rip off of CP/M that worked on the Intel 8086, and tweaked it a bit.
|
||||
|
||||
To be fair to IBM, in 1980, it wasn’t obvious yet how crucial it would be to hold a dominant operating system. That came later. At that point, the OS was kind of just a bit of code to run the hardware – a component. It was normal for every computer manufacturer to have its own . It was normal for developers to port their products across them.
|
||||
|
||||
But it’s also just weren’t inclined to take a skinny twenty-something seriously.
|
||||
|
||||
Compaq famously reverse engineered the BIOS, and other manufacturers followed them into the market. IBM now had competition, but were still considered the market leaders and standard setters – it was their platform and everyone else was a “clone”.
|
||||
|
||||
They were still cocky.
|
||||
|
||||
So when the 386, IBM decided they weren’t in any hurry to do anything with it. The logic was that they already held the manufacturing rights to the 286, so they might as well get as much value out of that as they could. This was crazy: the 386 was more than twice as fast at the same clock speed, and it could go to much higher clock speeds.
|
||||
|
||||
Compaq jumped on it. Suddenly IBM were the slowpokes in their own market.
|
||||
|
||||
Having totally lost all control and leadership in the PC market, they fought back with a new, totally proprietary platform: the PS/2. But it was way too late. The genie was out of the bottle. This was up against the same third party support issues working against everyone other company with a closed, proprietary platform. It didn’t last.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://blog.dxmtechsupport.com.au/5-things-influenza-taught-me-about-the-evolution-of-the-desktop-computer/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[James Mawson][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://blog.dxmtechsupport.com.au/author/james-mawson/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://blog.dxmtechsupport.com.au/playing-badass-acorn-archimedes-games-on-a-raspberry-pi/
|
||||
@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
|
||||
WangYueScream Tanslating
|
||||
---------------
|
||||
How to Install and Use FreeDOS on VirtualBox
|
||||
======
|
||||
This step-by-step guide shows you how to install FreeDOS on VirtualBox in Linux.
|
||||
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,344 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: ( )
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
[#]: subject: (Linux on the Desktop: Are We Nearly There Yet?)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://blog.dxmtechsupport.com.au/linux-on-the-desktop-are-we-nearly-there-yet/)
|
||||
[#]: author: (James Mawson https://blog.dxmtechsupport.com.au/author/james-mawson/)
|
||||
|
||||
Linux on the Desktop: Are We Nearly There Yet?
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
![][1]
|
||||
|
||||
The numbers are pretty stark: Linux might be the backbone of everything from embedded devices to mainframes and super computers. But it has just a 2% share of desktops and laptops.
|
||||
|
||||
It seems the only way to get most people to even touch it is to rip away everything you recognise as Linux to rebuild it as Android.
|
||||
|
||||
Until recently, I was in the 98%. I honestly wasn’t even conflicted. I used Linux most days both for work and for hobbies – but always in the cloud or on one of those handy little project boards that are everywhere now. For my daily driver, it was Windows all the way.
|
||||
|
||||
I guess what’s kept me with Windows so long is really that it’s just been good enough as a default option that I haven’t been prompted to even think about it. Which, to be fair, is a great quality in an operating system.
|
||||
|
||||
The last time I tried a dual boot Linux/Windows setup was about 15 years ago. I was using Unix at university, and was quite attracted to the idea of free and open source software, so I decided to give it a go.
|
||||
|
||||
This was back when, if you wanted to install Linux, you went to the newsagent and bought a magazine that had a CD-ROM on the front cover. I don’t exactly remember what distro it was – probably something like Slackware or Red Hat.
|
||||
|
||||
I got it running, poked around a bit and played some of the included games, which were relatively primitive but still quite a lot of fun. After that, I wasn’t sure what I was supposed to do with it. I never managed to connect it to the internet.
|
||||
|
||||
For a number of years, I had no say in my operating system: work was buying my computer for me. I was a junior developer at a small software company that wrote for Windows machines, so it made sense that it would be a Windows laptop. That was easy to arrange because that’s how they came anyway.
|
||||
|
||||
When I left this role to work for myself, I kept doing the laptop thing; they’re so convenient when you’re renting and it’s great to work outside on a lovely day. Whenever I bought a new one, it would come with Windows on it, which was great because that’s what I used.
|
||||
|
||||
I’ve managed to avoid most of the security headaches in Windows. I got a nasty rootkit about 7 years ago and it’s all been smooth sailing since.
|
||||
|
||||
### I Only Want the Command Line When I Want it
|
||||
|
||||
A big misgiving about Linux as a main OS is that it never really seemed like it was a total GUI operating system. Whatever desktop environment you used, it was just a nice little place to run your web browser, media player, and maybe an IDE or something. As soon as it’s time to install or configure anything, you opened a terminal window.
|
||||
|
||||
I’m okay with the command line – up to a point. You definitely want it for “nerd stuff” like server configuration or deploying a website.
|
||||
|
||||
But when I’m doing “normie stuff”, I’m like most people: I’d really rather just point and click. I want my mind to be on the actual task, not on what command I need to make it happen.
|
||||
|
||||
Using a Windows laptop felt like I could have the best of both worlds. Whenever I needed a bash shell, I’d just ssh into a Linux machine and do it from there.
|
||||
|
||||
Even when I started doing web tasks that required a bash shell on my local machine, that was no problem. Microsoft [had sorted one out for me][2] and it just worked.
|
||||
|
||||
In the end, what made me install [Ubuntu Studio][3] was not any intent of replacing Windows. I had just started messing around with Linux synthesizers on my home theatre rig and was curious to see what I could do with these on an x86 machine.
|
||||
|
||||
### Linux Very Quickly Became My Daily Driver
|
||||
|
||||
The first thing to really hit me was just how fast this is. It boots quick and programs just open. This makes it so much nicer as a place to get things done.
|
||||
|
||||
So it made sense to do my web browsing and word processing here as well. Booting back into the Windows partition for that would just be a drag.
|
||||
|
||||
I guess, up until this point, I’ve just taken it for granted as an immutable fact of life that laptops gradually slow down as they age and every few years it will be time for a new one. Every time Microsoft pushes out an update, it gets a little slower.
|
||||
|
||||
So it was that my cheap 4GB machine from 2015 felt like it was nearing the end. In my head, I was already pondering firewood and a longboat.
|
||||
|
||||
I suppose when you have a monopoly operating system, nudging your customers toward buying that new machine a little bit earlier might even help move a few more licenses.
|
||||
|
||||
I accepted that for a long time. I now thoroughly resent it.
|
||||
|
||||
I mean, given what I’m doing – web browsing, word processing, editing text files, opening ssh terminals, some very light image editing – I honestly reckon a 3 year old machine should be able to keep up. These are all tasks you could do in the 90s. It’s not like I’m playing the latest Battlefield while rendering the next Star Wars.
|
||||
|
||||
With Windows 10, my laptop was struggling with simple tasks. There seemed to be no way of avoiding the expense and hassle of getting a new one. After switching to Linux, I instead spent a pittance on another 4GB memory module for the spare slot.
|
||||
|
||||
I reckon I can at least get another year of use out of this machine now. This in itself has made changing worthwhile.
|
||||
|
||||
#### A Seamless Desktop Experience
|
||||
|
||||
Ubuntu studio comes with the [xfce][4] desktop. The default design is intuitive and beautifully styled with kind of a cyberpunk motif. I haven’t felt any desire to mess with the default theme, except to change the background image.
|
||||
|
||||
I love how simple the interface is. All your programs and settings are there in the menu where you might look for them. By comparison, the Windows 10 desktop seems to always grow more elaborate and crammed with obscurities.
|
||||
|
||||
I can’t really say how much of my enthusiasm for this desktop is the ease of use and how much is simply down to how much more snappy and responsive it is – you experience these things together.
|
||||
|
||||
#### A GUI You Can Set Your Watch to (Literally)
|
||||
|
||||
So far, it seems like you could actually do a lot with this without ever going near the command line. They’ve actually gotten it to a point where you don’t need to edit text files to connect to wi-fi or set your timezone.
|
||||
|
||||
I’d be lying if I said I wasn’t using the command line a bit more. But that’s only because an Ubuntu terminal window is also a great ssh client. For a couple of weeks I was using nano as my main text editor, but I decided that a mouse is actually pretty handy for navigating and selecting text.
|
||||
|
||||
For the great mass of people who aren’t that into nerd stuff, I don’t think you would need the terminal at all.
|
||||
|
||||
#### The Same Software, Only Better
|
||||
|
||||
One thing that I think will help open Linux up to a much larger audience is the graphical front end for the package manager. It’s honestly not much different to browsing apps on my Android phone.
|
||||
|
||||
I’ve found myself using both the graphical interface and the command line to install software. The graphical interface is great for browsing, while the command line makes it super simple when you already know what you want to install.
|
||||
|
||||
That’s just me though. Most people don’t know how to run a package manager from the command line because they’ve never had to learn. The good news for them is that they’re not obliged to – you can get by fine with just the graphical interface.
|
||||
|
||||
I guess it helps that I was already using so much open source software on Windows: [Firefox][5] for web browsing, [GIMP][6] to format images for web use, [OpenOffice][7] for word processing and the occasional spreadsheet. Moving to Linux has meant still using much the same software. I’ve switched from OpenOffice to [LibreOffice][8] and have barely noticed the difference.
|
||||
|
||||
Installing software from the repositories means that it’s actually easier than on Windows, because I’m not having to look up a bunch of websites. Closed source applications like [Dropbox][9] and [Slack][10] were no hassle to install and work the same as always.
|
||||
|
||||
Thanks to the package manager, updates and patches are now automated too. On Windows, Firefox knew to update itself, but other software expected you to download and install new versions manually, and I inevitably couldn’t be bothered
|
||||
|
||||
#### Smooth Operating System Updates
|
||||
|
||||
Every so often, when you boot Ubuntu Studio, there’s a little window that politely tells you that you have some updates to install. If you decide you want to install them right now, it will take a matter of minutes. You totally get on with other things in the meantime. Of course, if you absolutely need all your system resources, you’re not forced to run it at all until you’re ready.
|
||||
|
||||
It’s a nice change. Windows updates, by contrast, show up out of nowhere like a bank robber, yelling, waving an Uzi and marching you to a big blue update screen for as long as it has to take.
|
||||
|
||||
Having not booted into my Windows partition for about a month now, I’m dreading how much of it would have piled up and how long they will take to get through. And the longer I leave it, the worse it’s going to get. So maybe I’ll just never go back.
|
||||
|
||||
All in all, I’m very happy to now use Linux as my main OS. I could almost become a Linux evangelist.
|
||||
|
||||
Except for one thing:
|
||||
|
||||
### This Was an Absolute Pig to Install
|
||||
|
||||
I’m used to an easy install with Linux. You flash an SD card or buy a VPS, you’re up and running in minutes. Running a virtual machine on your own metal can take a little longer. But not a lot.
|
||||
|
||||
Installing Linux on a partition of my laptop was a Biblical effort. It took 6 days to get it to boot.
|
||||
|
||||
How could it take so long? Well, it starts with super slow download links: 7 to 13 hours for an image. Then there was the hardware support. Most time consuming of all were the mystery problems and all the time sunk trying to diagnose and fix them.
|
||||
|
||||
What had got me interested was playing around with a bit of audio. [KXStudio][11] and [AVLinux][12] seemed to be the popular choices. Both belong to the Ubuntu/Debian family, which is the style of Linux I know.
|
||||
|
||||
KXStudio booted fine from the USB stick. But it didn’t like my wireless adapter. The fix for this seemed to involve compiling something from github. This was a bother; I needed a working wireless adapter to connect to the internet.
|
||||
|
||||
I figured it might be possible to download either a binary or the source to my Windows partition so I could install it without an internet connection. But after much searching and no clear instructions, I was stuck.
|
||||
|
||||
So I downloaded AVLinux and flashed it to a USB stick. The installer connected to the internet fine, so I installed the damn thing, only to find that the partition wouldn’t boot and then neither would the USB stick. Also, I was locked out of the UEFI.
|
||||
|
||||
I did the only logical thing you can do when you brick your work machine: panic. Then I remembered that I had a live boot restoration utility on a USB stick stashed away somewhere for precisely this occasion.
|
||||
|
||||
I then tried Ubuntu Studio 18.10. The Live Boot worked fine and even connected to the internet. So I installed it. This seemed to go off without a hitch.
|
||||
|
||||
When I tried to boot into it though, I just got a blank screen. I spent a while trying various kernel parameters like “nomodeset”, but with no luck.
|
||||
|
||||
A helpful chap on Reddit recommended I try just bog standard Ubuntu, explaining to me that it’s easy enough to swap in a low-latency kernel once it’s installed.
|
||||
|
||||
So it was that I tried Ubuntu 18.04 and 18.10, then Ubuntu Studio 18.04.. then again and again, trying slightly different settings on the installer, all in vain.
|
||||
|
||||
Having made so many attempts and spent so much time trying to get these things to work, I was – reluctantly – having to face the possibility that perhaps a distribution based on Debian just wasn’t going to work on my machine.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Fedora Jam Worked First Time
|
||||
|
||||
I had no trouble installing this distribution. The installer was super simple and it just worked on my first try.
|
||||
|
||||
It didn’t boot much faster than Windows 10, but once you were in the desktop it was quite snappy and responsive.
|
||||
|
||||
Like Ubuntu Studio, this also has a graphical front end for the package manager. It doesn’t quite have the same smooth “app store” experience though. If you’re already familiar with command line package managers, it’s pretty easy, but I’m not sure how intuitive it would be for everyone else.
|
||||
|
||||
I quickly came to discover that Fedora doesn’t have anything like the kind of software library that Ubuntu and Debian has. Or at least, that’s how it was for the software I was interested. I know that it’s often still possible to install things that aren’t in the repositories – but we’re talking ease of use here. Having to compile it yourself is not an ease of use.
|
||||
|
||||
For web browsing and word processing, this was a great operating system. But when it came to tinkering with audio, I couldn’t even get [JACK][13] to start.
|
||||
|
||||
So, after a few days, it was time to move on.
|
||||
|
||||
All in all, even though I decided Fedora wasn’t really from me, I still rate it somewhat. There’s a very good workstation there for ordinary office work. And I can well believe the claims that it’s a great development environment – especially having the entire Red Hat ecosystem downstream of your OS.
|
||||
|
||||
Still, the hunt was back on. A friend told me how much he liked using [Linux Mint][14]. I’d heard of it before, but knew little about it. I was intrigued when my friend explained it was based on Ubuntu because I’d really missed those repositories. I decided to give it a go.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Linux Mint Was Excellent
|
||||
|
||||
As near as I can tell, Linux Mint is basically just Ubuntu with a few tweaks to make it really user friendly right out of the box.
|
||||
|
||||
The big one is the desktop environment Cinnamon. This is clearly very influenced by Windows XP – a fine OS to pay tribute to in my opinion. It’s probably even more beginner-friendly than the default desktop on Ubuntu Studio.
|
||||
|
||||
I liked Linux Mint and decided to install it. The fly in the ointment though was that the dreaded wireless adapter problem had reemerged. This was a showstopper for me earlier. But by this point I was willing to consider building a temporary wireless bridge from bits and pieces I had lying around so that I could have an internet connection to try to get the right driver.
|
||||
|
||||
I never got that far though. When I tried to, the installer kept aborting when it couldn’t install the boot loader. I tried it again and again and the same thing kept happening.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Back to Ubuntu Studio
|
||||
|
||||
I decided to go back to Ubuntu Studio 18.10. I’d at least gotten this to install before, even if it booted to a blank screen. I figured that there’d be some answer to this problem somewhere, if I only looked hard enough.
|
||||
|
||||
I went and installed it again, expecting to be faced with the same problem. But this time it just worked.
|
||||
|
||||
I’m pretty glad that it worked in the end. But I still have absolutely no idea what was going wrong or what I did differently to get it to work that one last time.
|
||||
|
||||
### Should it Really Be This Difficult Even for Nerds?
|
||||
|
||||
I admit it’s the other dudes in [DXM Tech Support team][15] who really know drivers and hardware. My own skills are mostly with web stuff.
|
||||
|
||||
But still, I’d like to think I can hold my own a bit. I wrote my first code at the age of 7, I’ve worked as a software developer before, I can use a bash shell a bit, and installing weird operating systems to play 30 year old video games is my idea of a fun Sunday afternoon.
|
||||
|
||||
And I reckon the things I was juggling a few things here that might be a bit beyond any kind of mass audience: things like kernel parameters, endlessly using Gparted and efibootmgr to clean up failed installs, or building my own wireless bridge.
|
||||
|
||||
Which is all just a longer way of saying that, while I’m not exactly Linus Torvalds, I can do a thing or two here and there with a computer.
|
||||
|
||||
But what if you actually are Linus Torvalds?
|
||||
|
||||
It turns out you also think the install is disgusting:
|
||||
|
||||
<https://www.youtube.com/embed/Lqzz3Zt0DbE?feature=oembed>
|
||||
|
||||
My favourite bit here is in the middle where the Debian fan approaches the microphone for what’s meant to be a question. It was totally within her power to just ask him what the difficulty was. Instead she completely dismisses his experience and tells him he should use her favourite Linux instead.
|
||||
|
||||
I doubt that she actually meant to be that much of a dick. It’d be more that she’s such a fan of the software that it’s difficult for her to see any complaint as a genuine area for improvement. For her, it has to be a user education problem.
|
||||
|
||||
You can literally have the whole damn thing named after you and still have to put up with that crap. No wonder he can be a bit cranky.
|
||||
|
||||
### It’s the Little Things Too
|
||||
|
||||
To install Linux, you have to first run all sorts of errands to prepare your machine.
|
||||
|
||||
You need the Windows 10 Disk Management tool to resize your C partition, delve into the UEFI to change some settings, install an image writer to burn the installer image to a USB stick, that sort of thing. Often you’re presented with multiple alternatives for each of these steps.
|
||||
|
||||
My suspicion is that each of these things feels so trivial to most Linux users that it just doesn’t occur to them that it’s a real point of friction for most people.
|
||||
|
||||
Using a different tool for each task is very much in keeping with the [UNIX Philosophy][16]: any one thing should do just one thing and do it well.
|
||||
|
||||
That’s actually excellent for anyone who uses a computer to build things. You have all these lego bricks that you can arrange however makes sense. You can totally just run a Python script, grep the most relevant bits, then make the output presentable by piping it to [cowsay][17].
|
||||
|
||||
But not everyone’s ready for cowsay. Joe Average has never even heard of UEFI or partitioning and he honestly shouldn’t have to.
|
||||
|
||||
So this might be the wrong place for a rigid application of the UNIX philosophy. It greatly adds to the number of steps and that’s always going to cut down on the number of people who make it to the end.
|
||||
|
||||
Even if you’ve always been amazing at computers, I think you can probably think of something else that once seemed too difficult. For me, that was cooking Indian recipes.
|
||||
|
||||
That’s been my favourite thing to eat ever since I was a kid. But every time I looked at a recipe, it was just line after line of ingredients I didn’t really understand. So I made do with the jars and recipe kits.
|
||||
|
||||
When I finally decided to actually give it a go, I realised the ingredients list was so long because of all the spices I’d never cooked with before. It turned out that the most difficult part of using them was bringing them home from the Indian grocers. Putting them in the pan added mere seconds to the actual cooking.
|
||||
|
||||
Pretty easy, right? And yet, until I knew that, it was enough to stop me even trying, literally for years.
|
||||
|
||||
That’s how this stuff works. Every unfamiliar step you add to a process brings people closer to thinking “hmm, that’s actually a bit too involved for me” – even if those extra steps are, individually, trivial.
|
||||
|
||||
Linux does this to potential new users every day.
|
||||
|
||||
The worst thing about adding this to the installation is that it’s all front loaded right at the start of someone’s decision to try Linux. If they don’t make it through the install, then none of the rest of it comes into play.
|
||||
|
||||
### What the Install Should Look Like
|
||||
|
||||
A big part of what sucks about an unsuccessful Linux install is the amount of time you spend and the number steps you take to reach a point of failure.
|
||||
|
||||
So what would be cool is a lightweight installation tool that began with a hardware scan to give you meaningful feedback on what’s supported, what’s unsupported, and what needs further attention.
|
||||
|
||||
Then, if it’s all good to go, it could download the live boot image, burn it to a USB stick, take care of the UEFI settings and so on. Then, when you decide you want to install it, it could also take care of defragmenting and resizing the C partition.
|
||||
|
||||
It’s a thought anyway.
|
||||
|
||||
### It’s Part of a Bigger Picture
|
||||
|
||||
Addressing the install nightmare won’t make anyone who wasn’t. It’s more about boosting the [conversion rate][18] of those already interested to actual users.
|
||||
|
||||
Off the top of my head, here are some of the other big things that stop people switching:
|
||||
|
||||
* **Gaming:** A lot of the people who are most comfortable tinkering with drivers and the UEFI became that way because they’re really into playing the latest games.
|
||||
|
||||
Linux is more than ok for casual gamers. For console gamers, like me, it’s an irrelevance. But if playing the best and latest games on PC is hugely important to you, there’s no contest which platform has the best library.
|
||||
|
||||
There is an interesting push by the guys behind Steam to turn this around. There’s really no reason why Linux couldn’t be a major platform for gaming – not everyone realises that [the world’s best-selling console runs FreeBSD][19], a close cousin of Linux.
|
||||
|
||||
But even if this starts to take off, it will be a while before hardcore gamers start moving away from Windows.
|
||||
|
||||
* **Business Realities:** The difficult installation matters much less in a professionally managed IT environment. But these are also the places where a need to preserve existing systems, configurations and procedures can complicate any change. Even just migrating from one version of Windows to another has pain points.
|
||||
|
||||
On top of this, the business owners and senior managers with the final say tend to be very busy and preoccupied with a dozen other challenges, and fairly reluctant to consider anything that seems weird and unfamiliar. This makes inertia hard to shift.
|
||||
|
||||
The IT staff who might lobby for such a move would be understandably wary of blame for any difficulties that arise with Linux, in a way they won’t be for difficulties with Windows.
|
||||
|
||||
* **Home Networking:** This is one spot where Windows still is much more user friendly. Your Windows machines are generally pretty good at detecting each other on the LAN and then appearing in Windows Explorer. From there it’s pretty easy to decide what to make public using a GUI interface.
|
||||
|
||||
To do the same thing on Linux, you’re installing servers for various protocols and configuring them from the command line or in a text editor. Which is actually a lot less difficult than it first looks if you’re willing to roll your sleeves up. But, if we’re talking about going mainstream, then realistically most people will be repelled by this at a glance.
|
||||
|
||||
Compared to the difficulty of the install, I think this is a relatively minor pain point. For the average home user, so long as they can run their software and connect to the internet, they’re pretty happy. And from what I’ve both seen and heard of DIY Windows networking jobs in the workplace, part of me thinks it’s a bad idea to democratise this too far.
|
||||
|
||||
But it’s fairly normal for home users to want to copy things across a network to, say, a home theatre machine and they should be able to.
|
||||
|
||||
* **Social Proof and Branding:** Properly covering all the social proof and branding problems Linux has with ordinary people would be a lengthy article in its own right.
|
||||
|
||||
The basic idea of [social proof][20] is that humans, as social animals, are highly influenced by what everyone. That’s a highly rational instinct in a paleolithic environment, where there is an obvious drawback to A/B testing all the things that might kill you. It also suits us in our modern world that throws vastly more decisions at us than anyone has the time or mental resources.
|
||||
|
||||
But being on the wrong side of it means you’re significantly penalised simply for not already being popular.
|
||||
|
||||
On top of this, to the extent that people are aware of Linux, it’s mostly as an operating system for a technical elite.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
If you think about it, the difficulty of the install feeds back into most of these. Definitely, a larger user base would make games developers care more about the platform. Hypothetically, big titles that are properly optimised for a lighter weight operating system might run better. This is a huge drawcard for hardcore gamers.
|
||||
|
||||
Because of the legacy system issues of even fairly small businesses, one easier path into the workplace would be to get the business owner while it’s still a one person show.
|
||||
|
||||
A large number of new businesses are started by parents of young children, who are often struggling to afford everything. And a great many freelancers and solo entrepreneurs go through feast and famine periods often enough that they’ve learned to be protective of their cash buffers.
|
||||
|
||||
These are all people who’d rather get a couple more years out of a machine than be made to buy a new one. It’s a good use case for Linux. So long as they can actually install it.
|
||||
|
||||
And creating social proof means building a visibly larger use base. That will happen easier if more interested new users can install successfully.
|
||||
|
||||
### Is it Time for a Branded Linux Machine?
|
||||
|
||||
The easiest installation is one that’s already done. So perhaps it’s time for off-the-shelf Linux desktops and laptops.
|
||||
|
||||
These exist already of course. Big PC makers like Dell have a Linux lineup, while some boutique outfits are exclusively Linux in their product offering.
|
||||
|
||||
I’m picturing something kinda different though: an officially branded consumer product by one of the more user friendly distributions, pitched not tech professionals but to a mass market audience. Something that could be reviewed next to Apple and Samsung products.
|
||||
|
||||
The desktop environment is ready for a broader audience. The software library is quite excellent for anyone with ordinary computing needs – and with a good graphical front end, it’s pretty easy to find and install software. And because Linux is so much gentler on hardware requirements, there’s some real scope to offer some solid bang for back here.
|
||||
|
||||
I expect most open source developers have had no experience of and even less interest in. So what they could do is license the brand and a subdomain on their website for a given time period to someone already in the business of making and selling computers.
|
||||
|
||||
For the sake of the brand, it’d be important to license this to someone you could trust to do a good job of building a decent machine. That would take care and attention, but I don’t think it’s impossible.
|
||||
|
||||
As well as providing a small income stream to developers, and growing the user base through direct sales, the ordinary publicity effort to promote these products would help make Linux visible as a thing that the mass market could use.
|
||||
|
||||
I’m just spitballin’ really. But if anyone likes this idea, they’re welcome to it.
|
||||
|
||||
### It’s More a Matter of When than If
|
||||
|
||||
Maybe it seems like I spent a lot of this article talking down Linux on the desktop. The wider truth though is that I’ve voted with my feet. If I don’t stick with Ubuntu Studio forever, it will be because I went to a different flavour of Linux.
|
||||
|
||||
I really don’t want to go back to Windows if I can avoid it.
|
||||
|
||||
There are certainly still big obstacles to bringing Linux to a wider audience. But I can’t see why they wouldn’t be overcome.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://blog.dxmtechsupport.com.au/linux-on-the-desktop-are-we-nearly-there-yet/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[James Mawson][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://blog.dxmtechsupport.com.au/author/james-mawson/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://blog.dxmtechsupport.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Ubuntu-Desktop-1024x576.png
|
||||
[2]: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/wsl/about
|
||||
[3]: https://ubuntustudio.org/
|
||||
[4]: https://www.xfce.org/
|
||||
[5]: https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/
|
||||
[6]: https://www.gimp.org/
|
||||
[7]: https://www.openoffice.org/
|
||||
[8]: https://www.libreoffice.org/
|
||||
[9]: https://www.dropbox.com/
|
||||
[10]: https://slack.com/
|
||||
[11]: https://kxstudio.linuxaudio.org/
|
||||
[12]: http://www.bandshed.net/avlinux/
|
||||
[13]: http://jackaudio.org/
|
||||
[14]: https://linuxmint.com/
|
||||
[15]: https://dxmtechsupport.com.au/about
|
||||
[16]: https://homepage.cs.uri.edu/~thenry/resources/unix_art/ch01s06.html
|
||||
[17]: https://medium.com/@jasonrigden/cowsay-is-the-most-important-unix-like-command-ever-35abdbc22b7f
|
||||
[18]: https://www.wordstream.com/conversion-rate
|
||||
[19]: http://www.extremetech.com/gaming/159476-ps4-runs-orbis-os-a-modified-version-of-freebsd-thats-similar-to-linux
|
||||
[20]: https://conversionxl.com/blog/is-social-proof-really-that-important/
|
||||
@ -1,117 +0,0 @@
|
||||
TLDR pages: Simplified Alternative To Linux Man Pages
|
||||
============================================================
|
||||
|
||||
[][22]
|
||||
|
||||
Working on the terminal and using various commands to carry out important tasks is an indispensable part of a Linux desktop experience. This open-source operating system possesses an [abundance of commands][23] that **makes** it impossible for any user to remember all of them. To make things more complex, each command has its own set of options to bring a wider set of functionality.
|
||||
|
||||
To solve this problem, [Man Pages][12], short for manual pages, were created. First written in English, it contains tons of in-depth information about different commands. Sometimes, when you’re looking for just basic information on a command, it can also become overwhelming. To solve this issue,[ TLDR pages][13] was created.
|
||||
|
||||
_Before going ahead and knowing more about it, don’t forget to check a few more terminal tricks:_
|
||||
|
||||
* _**[Watch Star Wars in terminal ][1]**_
|
||||
|
||||
* _**[Use StackOverflow in terminal][2]**_
|
||||
|
||||
* _**[Get Weather report in terminal][3]**_
|
||||
|
||||
* _**[Access Google through terminal][4]**_
|
||||
|
||||
* [**_Use Wikipedia from command line_**][7]
|
||||
|
||||
* _**[Check Cryptocurrency Prices From Terminal][5]**_
|
||||
|
||||
* _**[Search and download torrent in terminal][6]**_
|
||||
|
||||
### What are TLDR pages?
|
||||
|
||||
The GitHub page of TLDR pages for Linux/Unix describes it as a collection of simplified and community-driven man pages. It’s an effort to make the experience of using man pages simpler with the help of practical examples. For those who don’t know, TLDR is taken from common internet slang _ Too Long Didn’t Read_ .
|
||||
|
||||
In case you wish to compare, let’s take the example of tar command. The usual man page extends over 1,000 lines. It’s an archiving utility that’s often combined with a compression method like bzip or gzip. Take a look at its man page:
|
||||
|
||||
[][14] On the other hand, TLDR pages lets you simply take a glance at the command and see how it works. Tar’s TLDR page simply looks like this and comes with some handy examples of the most common tasks you can complete with this utility:
|
||||
|
||||
[][15] Let’s take another example and show you what TLDR pages has to offer when it comes to apt:
|
||||
|
||||
[][16] Having shown you how TLDR works and makes your life easier, let’s tell you how to install it on your Linux-based operating system.
|
||||
|
||||
### How to install and use TLDR pages on Linux?
|
||||
|
||||
The most mature TLDR client is based on Node.js and you can install it easily using NPM package manager. In case Node and NPM are not available on your system, run the following command:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
sudo apt-get install nodejs
|
||||
|
||||
sudo apt-get install npm
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
In case you’re using an OS other than Debian, Ubuntu, or Ubuntu’s derivatives, you can use yum, dnf, or pacman package manager as per your convenience.
|
||||
|
||||
Now, by running the following command in terminal, install TLDR client on your Linux machine:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
sudo npm install -g tldr
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Once you’ve installed this terminal utility, it would be a good idea to update its cache before trying it out. To do so, run the following command:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
tldr --update
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
After doing this, feel free to read the TLDR page of any Linux command. To do so, simply type:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
tldr <commandname>
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
[][17]
|
||||
|
||||
You can also run the following help command to see all different parameters that can be used with TLDR to get the desired output. As usual, this help page is also accompanied with examples.
|
||||
|
||||
### TLDR web, Android, and iOS versions
|
||||
|
||||
You would be pleasantly surprised to know that TLDR pages isn’t limited to your Linux desktop. Instead, it can also be used in your web browser, which can be accessed from any machine.
|
||||
|
||||
To use TLDR web version, visit [tldr.ostera.io][18] and perform the required search operation.
|
||||
|
||||
Alternatively, you can also download the [iOS][19] and [Android][20] apps and keep learning new commands on the go.
|
||||
|
||||
[][21]
|
||||
|
||||
Did you find this cool Linux terminal trick interesting? Do give it a try and let us know your feedback.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://fossbytes.com/tldr-pages-linux-man-pages-alternative/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Adarsh Verma ][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://fossbytes.com/author/adarsh/
|
||||
[1]:https://fossbytes.com/watch-star-wars-command-prompt-via-telnet/
|
||||
[2]:https://fossbytes.com/use-stackoverflow-linux-terminal-mac/
|
||||
[3]:https://fossbytes.com/single-command-curl-wttr-terminal-weather-report/
|
||||
[4]:https://fossbytes.com/how-to-google-search-in-command-line-using-googler/
|
||||
[5]:https://fossbytes.com/check-bitcoin-cryptocurrency-prices-command-line-coinmon/
|
||||
[6]:https://fossbytes.com/review-torrench-download-torrents-using-terminal-linux/
|
||||
[7]:https://fossbytes.com/use-wikipedia-termnianl-wikit/
|
||||
[8]:http://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Ffossbytes.com%2Ftldr-pages-linux-man-pages-alternative%2F
|
||||
[9]:https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=TLDR+pages%3A+Simplified+Alternative+To+Linux+Man+Pages&url=https%3A%2F%2Ffossbytes.com%2Ftldr-pages-linux-man-pages-alternative%2F&via=%40fossbytes14
|
||||
[10]:http://plus.google.com/share?url=https://fossbytes.com/tldr-pages-linux-man-pages-alternative/
|
||||
[11]:http://pinterest.com/pin/create/button/?url=https://fossbytes.com/tldr-pages-linux-man-pages-alternative/&media=https://fossbytes.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/tldr-page-ubuntu.jpg
|
||||
[12]:https://fossbytes.com/linux-lexicon-man-pages-navigation/
|
||||
[13]:https://github.com/tldr-pages/tldr
|
||||
[14]:https://fossbytes.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/tar-man-page.jpg
|
||||
[15]:https://fossbytes.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/tar-tldr-page.jpg
|
||||
[16]:https://fossbytes.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/tldr-page-of-apt.jpg
|
||||
[17]:https://fossbytes.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/tldr-kill-command.jpg
|
||||
[18]:https://tldr.ostera.io/
|
||||
[19]:https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/tldt-pages/id1071725095?ls=1&mt=8
|
||||
[20]:https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=io.github.hidroh.tldroid
|
||||
[21]:https://fossbytes.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/tldr-app-ios.jpg
|
||||
[22]:https://fossbytes.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/tldr-page-ubuntu.jpg
|
||||
[23]:https://fossbytes.com/a-z-list-linux-command-line-reference/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,209 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: ( )
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
[#]: subject: (Streaming Australian TV Channels to a Raspberry Pi)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://blog.dxmtechsupport.com.au/streaming-australian-tv-channels-to-a-raspberry-pi/)
|
||||
[#]: author: (James Mawson https://blog.dxmtechsupport.com.au/author/james-mawson/)
|
||||
|
||||
Streaming Australian TV Channels to a Raspberry Pi
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
If you’re anything like me, it’s been years since you’ve even thought about hooking an antenna to your television. With so much of the good stuff available by streaming and download, it’s easy go a very long time without even thinking about free-to-air TV.
|
||||
|
||||
But every now and again, something comes up – perhaps the cricket, news and current affairs shows, the FIFA World Cup – where the easiest thing would be to just chuck on the telly.
|
||||
|
||||
When I first started tinkering with the Raspberry Pi as a gaming and media centre platform, the standard advice for watching broadcast TV always seemed to involve an antenna and a USB TV tuner.
|
||||
|
||||
Which I guess is fine if you can be arsed.
|
||||
|
||||
But what if you utterly can’t?
|
||||
|
||||
What if you bitterly resent the idea of more clutter, more cords to add to the mess, more stuff to buy? What if every USB port is precious and jealously guarded for your keyboard, mouse, game controllers and removable storage? What if the wall port for your roof antenna is in a different room?
|
||||
|
||||
That’s all a bit of a hassle for a thing you might use only a few times a year.
|
||||
|
||||
In 2018, shouldn’t we just be able to stream free TV from the internet?
|
||||
|
||||
It turns out that, yes, we can access legal and high quality TV streams from any Australian IP using [Freeview][1]. And thanks to a cool Kodi Add-on by [Matt Huisman][2], it’s now really easy to access this service from a Raspberry Pi.
|
||||
|
||||
I’ve tested this to work on a Model 3 B+ running Retropie 4.4 and Kodi 17.6. But it should work similarly for other models and operating systems, so long as you’re using a reasonably up-to-date version of Kodi.
|
||||
|
||||
Let’s jump right in.
|
||||
|
||||
### If You Already Have Kodi Installed
|
||||
|
||||
If you’re already using your Raspberry Pi to watch movies and TV shows, there’s a good chance you’ve already installed Kodi.
|
||||
|
||||
Most Raspberry Pi operating systems intended for media centre use – such as OSMC or Xbian – come with Kodi installed by default.
|
||||
|
||||
It’s fairly easy to get running on other Linux operating systems, and you might have already installed it there too.
|
||||
|
||||
If your version of Kodi is more than a year or so old, it might be an idea to update it. The following instructions are written for the interface on Kodi 17 (Krypton).
|
||||
|
||||
You can do that by typing the following commands at the command line:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
sudo apt-get update
|
||||
sudo apt-get upgrade
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
And now you can skip ahead to the next section.
|
||||
|
||||
### Installing Kodi
|
||||
|
||||
Installing Kodi on Retropie and other versions of Raspbian is fairly simple. Other Linux operating systems should be able to run it, perhaps with a bit of coaxing.
|
||||
|
||||
You will need to be connected to the internet to install it.
|
||||
|
||||
If you’re using something, such as Risc OS – you probably can’t install kodi. You will need to either swap in another SD card, or use a boot loader to boot into a media centre OS for your TV viewing.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Installing Kodi on Retropie
|
||||
|
||||
It’s really easy to install Kodi using the Retropie menu system.
|
||||
|
||||
Here’s how:
|
||||
|
||||
1. Navigate to the Retropie main screen – that’s that horizontal menu where you can scroll left and right through all your different consoles
|
||||
2. Select “Retropie”
|
||||
3. Select “Retropie setup”
|
||||
4. Select “Manage Packages”
|
||||
5. Select “Manage Optional Packages”
|
||||
6. Scroll down and select “Kodi”
|
||||
7. Select “Install from Binary”
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
This will take a minute or two to install. Once it’s installed, you can exit out of the Retropie Setup screen. When you next restart Retropie, you will see Kodi under the “Ports” section of the Retropie main screen.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Installing Kodi on Raspbian
|
||||
|
||||
If you’re running Raspbian without Retropie. But that’s okay, because it’s pretty easy to do it from the command line
|
||||
|
||||
Just type:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
sudo apt-get update
|
||||
sudo apt-get install kodi
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
At this point you have a vanilla installation of Kodi. You can run it by typing:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
kodi
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
It’s possible to delve a lot further into setting up Kodi from the command line. Check out [this guide][3] if you’re interested.
|
||||
|
||||
If not, what you’ve just installed will work just fine.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Installing Kodi on Other Versions of Linux
|
||||
|
||||
If you’re using a different flavour of Linux, such as Pidora or Arch Linux ARM, then the above might or might not work – I’m not really sure, because I don’t really use these operating systems.
|
||||
|
||||
If you get stuck, it might be worth a look at the [how-to guide][4] on the Kodi wiki.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Dual Booting a Media Centre OS
|
||||
|
||||
If your operating system of choice isn’t suitable for Kodi – or is just too confusing and difficult to figure out – it might be easiest to use a boot loader for multiple operating systems on the one SD card.
|
||||
|
||||
You can set this up using an OS installer like [PINN][5].
|
||||
|
||||
Using PINN, you can install a media centre OS like [OSMC][6] to use Kodi – it will be installed with the operating system – and then your preferred OS for your other uses.
|
||||
|
||||
It’s even possible to [move your existing OS over][7].
|
||||
|
||||
### Adding Australian TV Channels to Kodi
|
||||
|
||||
With Kodi installed and running, you’ve got a pretty good media player for the files on your network and hard drive.
|
||||
|
||||
But we need to install an add-on if we want to use it to chuck on the telly. This only takes a minute or so.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Installing Matt Huisman’s Kodi Repository
|
||||
|
||||
Ready? Let’s get started.
|
||||
|
||||
1. Open Kodi
|
||||
2. Click the cog icon at the top left to enter the settings
|
||||
3. Click “System Settings”
|
||||
4. Select “Add-ons”
|
||||
5. Make sure that “Unknown Sources” is enabled
|
||||
6. Right click anywhere on the screen to navigate back to the settings menu
|
||||
7. Click “File Manager”
|
||||
8. Click “Add Source”
|
||||
9. Double-click “Add Source”
|
||||
10. Select “<None>”
|
||||
11. Type in exactly **<http://k.mjh.nz>**
|
||||
12. Select “OK”
|
||||
13. Click the text input underneath the label “Enter a name for this media source.”
|
||||
14. Type in exactly **MJH**
|
||||
15. Click “OK”
|
||||
16. Right click twice anywhere on the screen to navigate back to the main menu
|
||||
17. Select “Add-ons”
|
||||
18. Click “My Add-ons”
|
||||
19. Click “..”
|
||||
20. Click “Install from zip file”
|
||||
21. Click “MJH”
|
||||
22. Select “repository.matthuisman.zip”
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The repository is now installing.
|
||||
|
||||
If you get stuck with any of this, here’s a video from Matt that starts by installing the repository.
|
||||
|
||||
<https://www.youtube.com/embed/LWYg6WS1WoU?feature=oembed>
|
||||
|
||||
#### Installing the Freeview Australia Add-On
|
||||
|
||||
We’re nearly there! Just a few more steps.
|
||||
|
||||
1. Right click anywhere on the screen a couple of times to navigate back to the main menu
|
||||
2. Select “Add-ons”
|
||||
3. Click “My add-ons”
|
||||
4. Click “..”
|
||||
5. Click “Install from repository”
|
||||
6. Click “MattHuisman.nz Repository”
|
||||
7. Click “Video add-ons”
|
||||
8. Click “AU Freeview”
|
||||
9. Click “Install”
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
You can now have every free-to-air TV channel in your Add-ons main menu item.
|
||||
|
||||
### Watching TV
|
||||
|
||||
When you want to chuck the telly on, all you need to do is click “AU Freeview” in the Add-ons main menu item. This will give you a list of channels to browse through and select.
|
||||
|
||||
If you want, you can also add individual channels to your Favourites menu by right clicking them and selecting “Add to favourites”.
|
||||
|
||||
By default you will be watching Melbourne television. You can change the region by right clicking on “AU Freeview” and clicking “settings”.
|
||||
|
||||
When you first tune in, it sometimes jumps a bit for a few seconds, but after that it’s pretty smooth.
|
||||
|
||||
After spending a few minutes with this, you’ll quickly realise that free-to-air TV hasn’t improved in the years since you last looked at. Unfortunately, I don’t think there’s a fix for that.
|
||||
|
||||
But at least it’s there now for when you want it.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://blog.dxmtechsupport.com.au/streaming-australian-tv-channels-to-a-raspberry-pi/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[James Mawson][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://blog.dxmtechsupport.com.au/author/james-mawson/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: http://www.freeview.com.au/
|
||||
[2]: https://www.matthuisman.nz/
|
||||
[3]: https://www.raspberrypi.org/forums/viewtopic.php?t=192499
|
||||
[4]: https://kodi.wiki/view/HOW-TO:Install_Kodi_for_Linux
|
||||
[5]: https://github.com/procount/pinn
|
||||
[6]: https://osmc.tv/
|
||||
[7]: https://github.com/procount/pinn/wiki/How-to-Create-a-Multi-Boot-SD-card-out-of-2-existing-OSes-using-PINN
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,539 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: ( )
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
[#]: subject: (Playing Badass Acorn Archimedes Games on a Raspberry Pi)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://blog.dxmtechsupport.com.au/playing-badass-acorn-archimedes-games-on-a-raspberry-pi/)
|
||||
[#]: author: (James Mawson https://blog.dxmtechsupport.com.au/author/james-mawson/)
|
||||
|
||||
Playing Badass Acorn Archimedes Games on a Raspberry Pi
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
![Cannon Fodder on the Raspberry Pi][1]
|
||||
|
||||
The Acorn Archimedes was an excellent machine and years ahead of its time.
|
||||
|
||||
Debuting in 1987, it featured a point and click graphic interface not so different to Windows 95, 32 bit processing, and enough 3D graphics power to portal you to a new decade.
|
||||
|
||||
These days, it’s best remembered for launching the Acorn RISC Machines processor. ARM processors went on to rule the world. You almost certainly keep one in your pocket.
|
||||
|
||||
What’s less well appreciated is that the Archimedes was rad for games. For a few years, it was the most powerful desktop in the world and developers were eager to show what they could do with it.
|
||||
|
||||
But with such power came a great price tag. The Archimedes was never going to be in as many homes to make as many memories as Sega or Nintendo.
|
||||
|
||||
But now, the Raspberry Pi’s ARM chip makes it cheap and easy to play these games on the same operating system and CPU architecture they were written for.
|
||||
|
||||
Even better, the rights holders to much of this machine’s gaming catalogue have been generous enough to allow hobbyists to legally download their work for free.
|
||||
|
||||
This is a cheap and easy project. In fact, if you already run a Raspberry Pi home theatre or retro gaming rig, all you really need is a spare SD card.
|
||||
|
||||
### Introduction
|
||||
|
||||
None of this will be on the exam, so if you already know the story of the Acorn Archimedes – or just want to get straight into gaming – feel free to skip ahead to the next section.
|
||||
|
||||
But if you’re wondering what we’re even talking about, here it is:
|
||||
|
||||
#### What on Earth is an Acorn Archimedes?
|
||||
|
||||
Me and Acorn computers go way back.
|
||||
|
||||
For the earliest part of my life that I can remember, Dad ran his business from home, writing timetabling software for schools. This was the early 80s, before the desktop computer market had been whittled down to Mac and PC. There were Amstrad CPCs, Sinclairs, Commodores, Ataris, TRSs, the list goes on.
|
||||
|
||||
They all had their operating systems and ran their own software. If you wanted to port your software over to a new platform, you had to buy it.
|
||||
|
||||
So, at a time when it was somewhat novel for a family to have even one computer, we had about a dozen, many of them already quite antique. There was a Microbee, an Apple IIc, an IBM XT, all sorts of stuff.
|
||||
|
||||
The ones Dad liked most though were the BBC machines by [Acorn Computers][2]. He had several. There was a Model B, a Master 128 and a Master Compact.
|
||||
|
||||
They were named that way because the British Broadcasting Corporation were developing a course to teach children how to program and they needed. Because of this educational focus, they’d found their way into a lot of schools – exactly the market he was selling to.
|
||||
|
||||
At some point, I figured out you could play games on these things. I was straight away hooked like it was crack. All I cared about was games games games. It must have taken me several years to figure out that computers had a different use, because I can vividly recall how annoyed I was to be starting school while Dad got to stay home and play games all day.
|
||||
|
||||
On my 7th birthday I got a second hand BBC Master Compact all of my own. This was probably as much to keep me away from his work computers as it was to introduce me to computing. I started learning to program in BASIC and Logo. I also played epic amounts of space shooters, 2D platformers and adventure games.
|
||||
|
||||
Being obsessed with these things, I tagged along to the local BBC Users Group. This was a monthly get-together where enthusiasts would discuss what was new, bring their machines to show off what they’re doing and engage in some casual software piracy. Back before internet forums and torrents, people did this in person.
|
||||
|
||||
This was where I first saw an Archimedes. I can’t really remember the exact year or the exact model – I just remember my jaw dropping to the floor at the 3D graphics and the 8 channel stereo sound. It would be about a decade before I saw anything similar on a gaming console.
|
||||
|
||||
<https://www.youtube.com/embed/CsqsX2Nlfeg?feature=oembed>
|
||||
|
||||
#### The Birth of a Legend
|
||||
|
||||
Looking back, this has very good claim to be the first modern desktop computer. It was a 32-bit machine, an interface that looks more like what we use today than anything built in the 1980s, a palette of 4096 colours, and more horsepower than a lot of people knew what to do with.
|
||||
|
||||
Now, don’t get me wrong: the 8-bit BBC machines were loads of fun and great for what they were – but what they were was fairly primitive. It was basically just a big box you typed commands on to make it beep and stuff. In theory it had 8 colours, but when you saw one in the wild it was usually hooked up to a monochrome screen and you didn’t feel like you were missing out on too much because of it.
|
||||
|
||||
In 1984, Apple launched their Macintosh, featuring the first Graphical User Interface available on the mass market. Acorn knew they’d need a point and click graphic interface to stay in the game. And they knew the aging MOS 6502 they’d used in all their machines so far was just not going to be the CPU of the future.
|
||||
|
||||
So, what to replace it with?
|
||||
|
||||
The Acorn engineers looked at the available processors and found that none of them could quite do what they want. They decided to build their own – and it would be radically different.
|
||||
|
||||
Up until that point, chip makers took a bit of a Swiss Army Knife approach to processor design – to compete, you added more and more useful stuff to the instruction set.
|
||||
|
||||
There was a certain logic to this – hardware could be mass produced, while good software engineers were expensive. It made sense to handle as much as possible in the hardware. For device manufacturers with bills to pay, it was a real selling point.
|
||||
|
||||
But this came at a cost – more and more complex instructions required more and more clock cycles to complete. Often there was a whole extra layer of processing to convert the complex machine code instructions into smaller instructions. As RAM became bigger and faster, CPUs were struggling to keep pace with the available memory bandwidth.
|
||||
|
||||
Acorn turned this idea on its head, with a stripped-back approach in the great British tradition of the [de Havilland Mosquito][3]: Every instruction could be completed in a single cycle.
|
||||
|
||||
While testing the prototype CPU, the engineers noticed something weird: they’d disconnected the power and yet the chip was running. What they’d built was so power-efficient that it kept running on residual power from nearby components.
|
||||
|
||||
It was also 25 times faster than the 6502 CPU they used in the old BBC machines. Even better, it was several times more powerful than the Motorola 68000 found in the Apple Macintosh, Atari ST and Commodore Amiga – and several time more powerful than the 386 in the new Compaq too.
|
||||
|
||||
With such radically new hardware, they needed a new operating system. What they come up with was Risc OS, and it was operated entirely through a graphic point-and-click desktop interface with a pinboard and an icon bar. This was pretty much Windows 95, 8 years before it happened.
|
||||
|
||||
In a single step, Acorn had gone from producing some perfectly serviceable 8-bit box that kids could learn to code one, to having the most powerful desktop computer in the world. I mean, it was technically possible to get something more powerful – but it would have been some kind of server or mainframe. As far as something that could sit on your desk, this was top of the pile.
|
||||
|
||||
It sold well in Acorn’s traditional education market in the UK. The sheer grunt also made it popular for certain power-hungry business tasks, like desktop publishing.
|
||||
|
||||
#### The Crucifixion
|
||||
|
||||
It wasn’t too long before Dad got an Archimedes – I can’t remember exactly which model. By this time, he’d moved his business out of home to an office. When school holidays rolled around, I’d sometimes have to spend the day at his work, where I had all the time in the world to fiddle around on it.
|
||||
|
||||
The software it came with was enough to keep a child entertained for a while. It came with a demo game called Lander – this was more about showing off the machine’s 3D graphics power than providing any lasting value. There was a card game, and also some drawing programs.
|
||||
|
||||
<https://www.youtube.com/embed/mFwpsb75omg?feature=oembed>
|
||||
|
||||
I played with the demo disc until I got bored – which I think was the most use that this particular machine ever got. For all the power under the hood, all the applications Dad used to actually run his business ran on DOS and Windows.
|
||||
|
||||
He’d spent more than $4000 in today’s money for the most sophisticated and advanced piece of computing technology for a mile in any direction and it just sat there.
|
||||
|
||||
He might have at least salvaged some beneficial utility out of it if he’d followed my advice of getting some games for it and letting me take it home.
|
||||
|
||||
He never got around to writing any software on it. The Archimedes was apparently a big hit with British schools, but never really got popular enough with his Australian customer base to be worth coding for.
|
||||
|
||||
Which I guess is kind of sums up where it all ultimately went wrong for the Acorn desktop.
|
||||
|
||||
As the 80s wore on to the ’90s, Compaq reverse engineered the BIOS on the IBM PC to release their own fully compatible PC, and big players like Amstrad left their proprietary platforms to produce their own compatible MS-DOS machines. It was also became increasingly easy for just about anyone with a slight technical bunt to build their own PC-compatible clone from off-the-shelf parts – and to upgrade old PCs with new hard drives, sound cards, and the latest 386 and 486 processors.
|
||||
|
||||
Small, independent computer shops and other local businesses started building their owns PCs and hardware manufacturers competed to sell parts to them. This was a computing platform that could serve all price points.
|
||||
|
||||
With so much of the user base now on MS-DOS, software developers followed. Which only reinforced the idea that this was the obvious system to buy, which in turn reinforced that it was the system to code for.
|
||||
|
||||
The days when just any computer maker could make a go of it with their own proprietary hardware and operating system had passed. Third-party support was everything. It didn’t actually matter how good your technology was if nothing would run on it. Even Apple nearly went to the wall.
|
||||
|
||||
Acorn hung on through the 90s, and there was even a successor to the Archimedes called the [RiscPC][4]. But while the technology itself was again very good, these things were relatively marginal affairs in the marketplace. The era of the Acorn desktop had passed.
|
||||
|
||||
#### The Resurrection
|
||||
|
||||
It was definitely good for our family business when the market consolidated to Mac and PC. We didn’t need to maintain so many versions of the same software.
|
||||
|
||||
But the Acorn machines had so much sentimental value. We both liked them and were sad to see them go. I’ve never been that into sport, but watching them slowly disappear might have been a bit like watching your football team lose match after match before finally going broke.
|
||||
|
||||
We totally had no idea that they were, very quietly, on a path to total domination.
|
||||
|
||||
The ARM was originally only built to go in the Archimedes. But it turned out that having a massively powerful processor with a simple instruction set and very little heat emission was useful for all sorts of stuff: DVD players, set top boxes, photocopiers, televisions, vending machines, home and small business routers, you name it.
|
||||
|
||||
The ARM’s low power consumption made it especially useful for portable devices like PDAs, digital cameras, GPS navigators and – eventually – tablets and smartphones. Intel tried to compete in the smartphone market, but was [eventually forced to admit that this technology was just better for phones][5].
|
||||
|
||||
So in the end, Dad’s old BBC machines went on to conquer the world.
|
||||
|
||||
### The Acorn Archimedes as a Gaming Platform
|
||||
|
||||
While Microsoft operating systems were ultimately to become the only real choice for the serious desktop gamer, for a while the Archimedes was the most powerful desktop computer in the world. This attracted a lot of games developers, eager to show what they could do with it.
|
||||
|
||||
This would have been about more than just selling to a well moneyed section of the desktop computer market that was clearly quite willing to throw cash at shiny things. It would have been a chance to make your reputation in the industry with a flagship product that just wasn’t possible on lesser hardware.
|
||||
|
||||
So it is that you see Star Fighter 3000, Chocks Away and Zarch all charting new territory in what was possible on a desktop computer.
|
||||
|
||||
But while the 3D graphics power was this system’s headline feature, the late 80s and early 90s were really the era of Sonic and Mario: the heyday of 2D platform games. Here, the Archimedes also excels, with offerings like Mad Professor Mariarti, Bug Hunter, F.R.E.D. and Hamsters, all of which are massively playable, have vibrant graphics and a boatload of personality.
|
||||
|
||||
As you dig further into the library, you also find a few games that show that not every developer really knew what to do with this machine. Some games – like Repton 3 – are just old BBC micro games given the most meagre of facelifts.
|
||||
|
||||
Many of the games in the Archimedes catalogue you’ll recognise from other platforms: Populous, Lemmings, James Pond, Battle Chess, the list goes on.
|
||||
|
||||
Here, the massive hardware advantage of the Archimedes means that it usually had the best version of the game to play. You’re not getting a whole new game here: but it’s noticeably smoother graphics and gameplay, especially compared to the console releases.
|
||||
|
||||
All in all, the Archimedes never had a catalogue as expansive as MS-DOS, the Commodore Amiga, or the Sega and Nintendo consoles. But there are enough truly excellent games to make it worth an SD card.
|
||||
|
||||
### Configuring Your Raspberry Pi
|
||||
|
||||
This is a bit different to other retro gaming options on the Raspberry Pi – we’re not running an emulator. The ARM chip in the Pi is a direct descendant of the one in the Archimedes, and there’s an [open source version of Risc OS][6] we can install on it.
|
||||
|
||||
For the most hardcore retro gaming purist, nothing less than using the hardware will do. For everyone else, using the same operating system from back in the day to load up your games means that your retro gaming rig becomes just that little bit more of a time machine.
|
||||
|
||||
But even with all these similarities, there’s still going to be a few things that change in 30 years of computing.
|
||||
|
||||
The most visible difference is that our Raspberry Pi doesn’t come with an internal 3.5″ floppy disk drive. You might be able to hook up a USB one, but most of us don’t have this lying around and don’t really want one. So we’re going to need a different way to boot floppy images.
|
||||
|
||||
The more major difference is how much RAM the operating system is written to handle. The earliest versions of Risc OS made efficient use of the ARM’s 32-bit register by using 26 bits for the memory address and the remaining 6 bits for status flags. A 26-bit scheme gives you enough addressing space for up to 64 megabytes of RAM.
|
||||
|
||||
When this was first devised, the fact that an Archimedes came with a whole megabyte of RAM was considered incredibly luxurious by the standards of the day. By contrast, the first Commodore Amiga had 256kb of RAM. The Sega Mega Drive had 72kb.
|
||||
|
||||
But as time wore on, and later versions of Risc OS moved to a 32-bit addressing scheme. This is what we have on our Raspberry Pi. A few games have been [recompiled to run on 32 bit addressing][7], but most have not.
|
||||
|
||||
The Archimedes also used different display drivers for different screens. These days, our GPU can handle all of this for us. We just need to install a patch to get that working.
|
||||
|
||||
There are free utilities you can download to handle all of these things.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Hardware Requirements
|
||||
|
||||
I’ve tested this to work with a Raspberry Pi Model 3 B, but I expect that any Pi from the Model A onwards should manage this. The ARM processor on the slowest Pi is a great many times more powerful than the on the fastest Archimedes.
|
||||
|
||||
The lack of ports on a Raspberry Pi Zero means it’s probably not the most convenient choice, but if you can navigate around this, then it should be powerful enough.
|
||||
|
||||
In addition to the board, you’ll need something to put it in, a micro SD card, a USB SD card adapter, a power supply, a screen with an HDMI input, a USB keyboard and a 3 button mouse – a clickable scroll wheel works fine for your middle button.
|
||||
|
||||
If you already have a Raspberry Pi home theatre or retro gaming rig, then you’ve already got all this, so all you really need is a new micro SD card to swap in for Risc OS.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Installing Risc OS Open
|
||||
|
||||
When I first wrote this guide, Risc OS wasn’t an available option for the Raspberry Pi 3 on the NOOBS and PINN installers. That meant you had to download the image from the [Risc OS Open downloads page][8] and burn it to a new micro SD card.
|
||||
|
||||
You can still do this if you like, and if you can’t connect your Raspberry Pi to the internet via Wi-Fi or Ethernet then that’s still your best option. If you’re not sure how to write an image to an SD card, here’s some good guides for [Windows][9] and for [Mac][10].
|
||||
|
||||
For everyone else, now that Risc OS is available in the [NOOBS installer][11] again, I recommend using that. What’s really cool about NOOBS is that it makes it super simple to dual boot with something like [Retropie][12] or [Recalbox][13] for the ultimate all-in-one retro gaming device.
|
||||
|
||||
Risc OS is as an extremely good option for a dual boot machine because it only uses a few gigabytes – a small fraction of even the smallest SD cards around these days. This leaves most of it available for other operating systems and saves you having to swap cards, which can be a right pain if you have to unscrew the case. The games themselves vary from about 300kb to about 5 megabytes at the very largest, so don’t worry about that.
|
||||
|
||||
This image requires a card with at least 2 gigabytes, which for what we’re doing is plenty. Don’t worry about tracking down the largest SD card you can find. The operating system is extremely lightweight and the games themselves vary from about 300kb to about 5 megabytes at the very largest. Even a very small card offers enough space for hundreds of games – more than you will ever play.
|
||||
|
||||
If you’re unsure how to use the NOOBS installer, please [click here for instructions][14].
|
||||
|
||||
#### Navigating Risc OS
|
||||
|
||||
Compared to your first Linux experience, using Risc OS for the first time is, in my opinion, far more gentle. This is in large part thanks to a graphical interface that’s both fairly intuitive and actually very useful for configuring things.
|
||||
|
||||
The command line is there if you want it, but we won’t need it just to play some games. You can kind of tell that this was first built with a mass-market audience in mind.
|
||||
|
||||
So let’s jump right in.
|
||||
|
||||
Insert your card into your Pi, hook it up to your screen, keyboard, mouse and power supply. It shouldn’t take all that long before you’re at the desktop.
|
||||
|
||||
###### The Risc OS Mouse
|
||||
|
||||
Risc OS uses a three button mouse.
|
||||
|
||||
You use the left button – or “Select” button – in much the same way as you’re already used to: one click to select icons and a double click to open folders and execute programs.
|
||||
|
||||
The middle button – ie, your scroll wheel – is used to open menus in much the same way as the right mouse button is used in Windows. We’ll be using this a lot.
|
||||
|
||||
The right button – or “Adjust” button – has behaviours that vary between applications.
|
||||
|
||||
###### Browsing Directories
|
||||
|
||||
Ok, so let’s start taking a look around. At the bottom of the screen you’ll see an icon bar. In the bottom left are icons for storage devices.
|
||||
|
||||
Click once with the left mouse button on the SD card and a window will open to show you what’s on it. You can take a look inside the directories by double clicking.
|
||||
|
||||
###### The Pling
|
||||
|
||||
As you start to browse Risc OS, you’ll notice that a lot of what you see inside the directories has exclamation marks at the beginning. This is said out aloud as a “pling”, and it’s used to mark an application that you can execute.
|
||||
|
||||
One of the quirks of Risc OS is that these executables aren’t really files – they’re directories. If you hold shift while double clicking, you can open them and start looking inside, same as any other directory – but be careful with this, it’s a good way to break stuff.
|
||||
|
||||
Risc OS comes with some applications installed – including a web browser called !NetSurf. We’ll be using that soon to download our games and some small utilities we need to get them running.
|
||||
|
||||
###### Creating Directories
|
||||
|
||||
Risc OS comes with a basic directory structure, but you’ll probably want to create some new ones to put your floppy images and .zip files.
|
||||
|
||||
To do this, click with the middle button inside the folder where you want to place your new directory. This will open up a menu. Move your mouse over the arrow next to “New Directory” and a prompt will open where you can name it and press OK.
|
||||
|
||||
###### Copying Files and Directories
|
||||
|
||||
To copy a file or directory somewhere else, just drag and drop it with the left mouse button to the new location.
|
||||
|
||||
###### Forcing Applications to Quit
|
||||
|
||||
Sometimes, if you haven’t configured something right, if you’ve downloaded something that just doesn’t work, or if you plain forgot to look up the controls in the manual, you might find yourself stuck inside an application that has a blank screen or isn’t responding.
|
||||
|
||||
Here, you can press Ctrl-Shift-F12 to quit back to the desktop.
|
||||
|
||||
###### Shutting Down and Rebooting
|
||||
|
||||
If you want to power down or reboot your Pi, just click the middle button on the raspberry icon in the bottom right corner and select “Shutdown”. This will give you an option to reboot the Pi or you can just remove the power cable.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Connecting to the Internet
|
||||
|
||||
Okay, so I’ve got good news and bad news. I’ll get the bad news right out of the way first:
|
||||
|
||||
Risc OS Open doesn’t yet support wireless networking through either the onboard wireless or a wireless dongle in the USB port. It’s on the [to-do list][15].
|
||||
|
||||
In the meantime, if you can a way to connect to the internet through the Ethernet port, it makes the rest of this project a lot easier. If you were going to use an Ethernet cable anyway, this will be no big deal. And if you have a wireless bridge handy, you can just use that.
|
||||
|
||||
If you don’t have a wireless bridge, but do have a second Raspberry Pi board lying around (hey, who doesn’t these days :p), you can [set it up as a wireless bridge][16]. This is what I did and it’s actually pretty easy if you just follow the steps.
|
||||
|
||||
Another option might be to set up a temporary tinkering area next to your router so that you can plug straight in to get everything in configured.
|
||||
|
||||
Ok, so what’s the good news?
|
||||
|
||||
It’s this: once you’ve got the internet in your front hole, the rest is rather easy. In fact, the only bit that’s not done for your is configuring name servers.
|
||||
|
||||
So let’s get to it.
|
||||
|
||||
Double-click on !Configure, click once on Network, click on Internet and then on Host Names. Then enter the IPs of your name servers in the name server fields. If you’re not sure what IP to put in here, just use Google’s publicly available name servers – 8.8.8.8 and 8.8.4.4.
|
||||
|
||||
When you click Set, it will ask you if you want to reboot. Click yes.
|
||||
|
||||
Now double-click on !NetSurf. You’ll see the logo is now added to the bottom right corner. Click on this to open a new browser window.
|
||||
|
||||
Compared to Chrome, Firefox, et al, !NetSurf is a primitive web browser. I do not recommend it as a daily driver. But to download Risc OS software directly to the Pi, it’s actually pretty damn convenient.
|
||||
|
||||
###### Short Link to This Guide
|
||||
|
||||
As you go through the rest of this guide, it’s going to get annoying copying by hand all the URLs you’ll want to visit.
|
||||
|
||||
To save you this trouble, type bit.do/riscpi into the browser bar to load this page. With this loaded, you can follow the links.
|
||||
|
||||
###### If You’re Still Getting Host Name Error Messages
|
||||
|
||||
One little quirk of Risc OS is that it seems to check for name servers as part of the boot process. If it doesn’t find them then, it assumes they’re not there for the rest of the session.
|
||||
|
||||
This means that if you connect your Pi to the internet when it’s already booted, you will get an error message when you try to browse the internet with !NetSurf.
|
||||
|
||||
To fix this, just double check that your wireless bridge is switched on or that your Pi is plugged into the router, reboot, and the OS should find the name servers.
|
||||
|
||||
###### If You Can’t Connect to the Internet
|
||||
|
||||
If this is all too hard and you absolutely can’t connect to the internet, there’s always sneakernet – downloading files to another machine and then transferring by USB stick.
|
||||
|
||||
This is what I tried at first; It does work, but I found it terribly annoying.
|
||||
|
||||
One frustration is that using a Windows 10 machine to download Risc OS software seems to strip out the filetype information – even when you aren’t unzipping the archives. It’s not that difficult to repair this, it’s just tedious when you have to do it all the time.
|
||||
|
||||
The other problem is that running USB sticks from computer to computer all the time just got a bit old.
|
||||
|
||||
Still, if you have to do it, it’s an option.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Unzipping Compressed Files
|
||||
|
||||
Most of the files we’ll be downloading will come in .zip format – this is a good thing, because it preserves the file type information. But we’ll need a way to uncompress these files.
|
||||
|
||||
For this we’ll use a program called !SparkFS. This is proprietary software, but you can download a read-only version for free. This will let us extract files from .zip archives.
|
||||
|
||||
To download and install !SparkFS, click [this link][17] and follow the instructions. You want the version of this software for machines with more than 2MB of RAM.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Installing ADFFS and Anymode
|
||||
|
||||
Now we need to install ADFFS, a floppy disk imaging program written by Jon Abbot of the [Archimedes Software Preservation Project][18].
|
||||
|
||||
This gives us a virtual floppy drive we can use to boot floppy images. It also takes care of the 26 bit memory addressing issues.
|
||||
|
||||
To get your copy, browse to the [ADFFS subforum][19] and click the thread for the latest public release – at the time of writing that’s 2.64.
|
||||
|
||||
Download the .zip file, open it and then drag and drop !ADFFS to somewhere on your SD card where it’s conveniently accessible – we’ll be using it a lot.
|
||||
|
||||
###### Configuring Boot Scripts
|
||||
|
||||
For ADFFS to work properly, we’re going to need to add a little boot script.
|
||||
|
||||
Follow these instructions carefully – if you do the wrong thing here you can really mess up your OS, or even brick your Pi.
|
||||
|
||||
###### Creating !Boot.Loader.CMDLINE/TXT
|
||||
|
||||
Remember how I showed you that you could open up applications as directories by holding down shift when you double-click? We can also do this to get inside the Risc OS boot process. We’ll need to do this now to add our boot script.
|
||||
|
||||
Start by left clicking once on the SD card icon on the icon bar, then hold down shift and double-click !Boot with your left mouse button. Then double click the folder labeled Loader to open it. This is where we’re going to put our script.
|
||||
|
||||
To write our script, click Apps on the icon bar, then double-click !StrongEd. Now click on the fist icon that appeared on the bottom right of the icon bar to open a text editor window, and type:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
disable_mode_changes
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Computers are fussy so take a moment to double-check your spelling.
|
||||
|
||||
To save this file, click the middle button on the text editor and hover your cursor over the arrow next to Save. Then delete the existing text in the Name field and replace it with:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
CMDLINE/TXT
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Now, see that button marked Save? It’s a trap! Instead, drag and drop the pen and paper icon to the Loader folder.
|
||||
|
||||
We’re now finished with this folder, so you can close it and also close the text editor.
|
||||
|
||||
###### Installing Anymode
|
||||
|
||||
Now we need to install the Anymode module. This is to make the screen modes on our software play nice with our GPU and HDMI output.
|
||||
|
||||
Download Anymode from [here,][20] copy the .zip file to somewhere temporary and open it.
|
||||
|
||||
Now go back to the root directory on your SD card, double-click on !Boot again, then open the folders marked Choices, Boot and Predesk.
|
||||
|
||||
Then use your left mouse button to drag and drop the Anymode module from your .zip file to the Predesk folder.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Configuring USB Joysticks and Gamepads
|
||||
|
||||
Over at the Archimedes Software Preservation Project, there’s a [USB joystick driver][21] in development.
|
||||
|
||||
This module is still in alpha testing, and you’ll need to use the command line to configure it, but it’s there if you’d like to give it a try.
|
||||
|
||||
If you can’t get this working, don’t worry too much. It was actually pretty normal back in the day for people either to not have a joystick, or not to be able to get it to work. So pretty much every game can be played with keyboard and mouse.
|
||||
|
||||
I’ll be updating this section as this project develops.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Setting File Types
|
||||
|
||||
Risc OS uses an [ADFS][22] filesystem, different to anything used on Windows or Linux.
|
||||
|
||||
Instead of using a filename extension, ADFS files have a “file type” associated with them to show what. When these files pass through a different operating system, this information can get stripped from the file.
|
||||
|
||||
In theory, if we don’t open our .zip archives until it reaches our Risc OS machine, the file type should be preserved. Usually this works, but sometimes you unzip the archive and find files with no file type attached. You’ll be able to tell when this has happened because you’ll be faced with a green icon labeled “data”.
|
||||
|
||||
Fortunately, this is pretty easy to fix.
|
||||
|
||||
Just click on the file with your middle button. A menu will appear.
|
||||
|
||||
The second item on this menu will include the name of the file and it will have an arrow next to it. Hover your cursor over the arrow and a second menu will appear.
|
||||
|
||||
Near the bottom of this menu will be an option marked “Set Type”, and it will also have an arrow next to it. Hover your cursor over this arrow and a field will appear where you can enter the file type.
|
||||
|
||||
To set the file type on a floppy image, type:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
&FCE
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
[Click here for more file type codes.][23]
|
||||
|
||||
### Finding, Loading and Playing Games
|
||||
|
||||
The best start looking for floppy images is in the [Games subforum][24] at the Archimedes Software Preservation Project.
|
||||
|
||||
There’s also a [Risc OS downloads section at Acorn Arcade][25].
|
||||
|
||||
There are definitely other websites that host Archimedes games, but I have no idea how legal these copies are.
|
||||
|
||||
###### Booting and Switching Floppy Disc Images
|
||||
|
||||
Some games might have specific instructions for how to boot the floppy. If so, then follow them.
|
||||
|
||||
Generally, though, you drag and drop the image file to, then click on it with the middle button and press “boot floppy”. Your game should start straight away.
|
||||
|
||||
Many of the games use more than one floppy disc. To play these, boot disc 1. When you’re asked to switch floppy discs, press control and shift and the function key corresponding to the disc you want to change to.
|
||||
|
||||
### Which Games Should You Play?
|
||||
|
||||
This is a matter of opinion really and everyone’s taste differs.
|
||||
|
||||
Still, if you’re wondering what to try, here are my recommendations.
|
||||
|
||||
This is still a work in progress. I’ll be adding more games as I find what I like.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Cannon Fodder
|
||||
|
||||
<https://www.youtube.com/embed/qgfIAjJ5w8Y?feature=oembed>
|
||||
|
||||
This is a top-down action/strategy game that’s extremely playable and wickedly funny.
|
||||
|
||||
You control a team of soldiers indirectly by clicking on areas of the screen to tell them where to move and who to kill. Everyone dies with a single shot.
|
||||
|
||||
At the start your enemies are all very easy to beat but the game progresses in difficulty. As you go, you’ll need to start dividing your team up into squads to command separately.
|
||||
|
||||
I used to play this on the Mega Drive back in the day, but it’s so much more playable with an actual mouse.
|
||||
|
||||
[Click here to get Cannon Fodder.][26]
|
||||
|
||||
#### Star Fighter 3000
|
||||
|
||||
<https://www.youtube.com/embed/omnpVCsDmng?feature=oembed>
|
||||
|
||||
This is a 3D space shooter that really laid down the gauntlet for what the Archimedes could do.
|
||||
|
||||
You fly around and blast stuff with lasers and missiles. It’s pretty awesome. It’s kind of a forerunner to Terminal Velocity, if you ever played that.
|
||||
|
||||
It was later ported to the 3D0, Sega Saturn and Playstation, but they could never render the 3D graphics to the same distance.
|
||||
|
||||
[Click here to get Star Fighter 3000.][27]
|
||||
|
||||
You want the download marked “Star Fighter 3000 version 3.20”. This one doesn’t use a floppy image, so don’t use ADFFS to run this file. Just double click the program and go.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Aggressor
|
||||
|
||||
<https://www.youtube.com/embed/kFinTfqs-nU?feature=oembed>
|
||||
|
||||
This is a side-scrolling run-and-gun where you have unlimited ammo and a whole lot of aliens and robots to kill. Badass.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Bug Hunter
|
||||
|
||||
<https://www.youtube.com/embed/TFNF0voQce4?feature=oembed>
|
||||
|
||||
This is a really unique puzzle/platform game – you’re a robot with sticky legs who can walk up and down walls and across the ceiling, and your job is to squash bugs by dropping objects lying around.
|
||||
|
||||
Which is harder than it sounds, because you can easily get yourself into situations where you dropped something in the wrong place, making it impossible to complete your objective, so your only way out is to initiate your self destruct sequence in futility and shame. Which I guess is kinda rather dark, if you dwell on it.
|
||||
|
||||
It’s fun though.
|
||||
|
||||
[Click here to get Bug Hunter.][28]
|
||||
|
||||
#### Mad Professor Mariarti
|
||||
|
||||
<https://www.youtube.com/embed/pQMv-CqktLQ?feature=oembed>
|
||||
|
||||
This is a platformer where you’re a mad scientist who shoots spanners and other weapons at bad guys. It has good music and gameplay and an immersive puzzle element as well.
|
||||
|
||||
[Click here to get Mad Professor Mariarti.][29]
|
||||
|
||||
#### Chuckie Egg
|
||||
|
||||
Ok, now we’re getting really retro.
|
||||
|
||||
Strictly speaking, this doesn’t really belong in this list, because it’s not even an Archimedes game – it’s an old BBC Micro game that I played the hell out of back in the day that some nice chap has ported to Risc OS.
|
||||
|
||||
But there’s a version that runs and it’s awesome so you should play it.
|
||||
|
||||
Basically you’re just this guy who goes around stealing eggs. That’s it. That’s all you do.
|
||||
|
||||
It’s absolutely amazing.
|
||||
|
||||
If you’ve never played it, you really should check it out.
|
||||
|
||||
You can [get Chuckie Egg here][30].
|
||||
|
||||
This isn’t a floppy image, so you don’t need ADFFS to run it. Just double click on the program and go.
|
||||
|
||||
### Over to You
|
||||
|
||||
Got any favourite Acorn Archimedes games?
|
||||
|
||||
Got any tips for getting them running on the Pi?
|
||||
|
||||
Please let me know in the comments section 🙂
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://blog.dxmtechsupport.com.au/playing-badass-acorn-archimedes-games-on-a-raspberry-pi/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[James Mawson][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://blog.dxmtechsupport.com.au/author/james-mawson/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://blog.dxmtechsupport.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/cannonfodder-1024x768.jpg
|
||||
[2]: http://www.computinghistory.org.uk/det/897/Acorn-Computers/
|
||||
[3]: http://davetrott.co.uk/2017/03/strategy-is-sacrifice/
|
||||
[4]: http://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?c=1015
|
||||
[5]: https://www.theverge.com/2016/8/16/12507568/intel-arm-mobile-chips-licensing-deal-idf-2016
|
||||
[6]: https://www.riscosopen.org/content/
|
||||
[7]: https://www.riscosopen.org/wiki/documentation/show/ARMv6%2Fv7%20software%20compatibility%20list#games
|
||||
[8]: https://www.riscosopen.org/content/downloads/raspberry-pi
|
||||
[9]: http://www.raspberry-projects.com/pi/pi-operating-systems/win32diskimager
|
||||
[10]: http://osxdaily.com/2018/01/11/write-img-to-sd-card-mac-etcher/
|
||||
[11]: https://www.raspberrypi.org/downloads/noobs/
|
||||
[12]: https://retropie.org.uk/
|
||||
[13]: https://www.recalbox.com/
|
||||
[14]: https://www.raspberrypi.org/documentation/installation/noobs.md
|
||||
[15]: https://www.riscosopen.org/wiki/documentation/show/RISC%20OS%20Roadmap
|
||||
[16]: https://pimylifeup.com/raspberry-pi-wifi-bridge/
|
||||
[17]: http://www.riscos.com/ftp_space/generic/sparkfs/index.htm
|
||||
[18]: https://forums.jaspp.org.uk/forum/index.php
|
||||
[19]: https://forums.jaspp.org.uk/forum/viewforum.php?f=14&sid=d0f037e95c560144f3910503b776aef5
|
||||
[20]: http://www.pi-star.co.uk/anymode/
|
||||
[21]: https://forums.jaspp.org.uk/forum/viewtopic.php?f=8&t=396
|
||||
[22]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Disc_Filing_System
|
||||
[23]: https://www.riscosopen.org/wiki/documentation/show/File%20Types
|
||||
[24]: https://forums.jaspp.org.uk/forum/viewforum.php?f=25
|
||||
[25]: http://www.acornarcade.com/downloads/
|
||||
[26]: https://forums.jaspp.org.uk/forum/viewtopic.php?f=25&t=188
|
||||
[27]: http://starfighter.acornarcade.com/
|
||||
[28]: https://forums.jaspp.org.uk/forum/viewtopic.php?f=25&t=330
|
||||
[29]: https://forums.jaspp.org.uk/forum/viewtopic.php?f=25&t=148
|
||||
[30]: http://homepages.paradise.net.nz/mjfoot/riscos.htm
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: ( )
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
[#]: subject: (11 Uses for a Raspberry Pi Around the Office)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://blog.dxmtechsupport.com.au/11-uses-for-a-raspberry-pi-around-the-office/)
|
||||
[#]: author: (James Mawson https://blog.dxmtechsupport.com.au/author/james-mawson/)
|
||||
|
||||
11 Uses for a Raspberry Pi Around the Office
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
Look, I know what you’re thinking: a Raspberry Pi is really just for tinkering, prototyping and hobby use. It’s not actually meant for running a business on.
|
||||
|
||||
And it’s definitely true that this computer’s relatively low processing power, corruptible SD card, lack of battery backup and the DIY nature of the support means it’s not going to be a viable replacement for a [professionally installed and configured business server][1] for your most mission-critical operations any time soon.
|
||||
|
||||
But the board is affordable, incredibly frugal with power, small enough to fit just about anywhere and endlessly flexible – it’s actually a pretty great way to handle some basic tasks around the office.
|
||||
|
||||
And, even better, there’s a whole world of people out there who have done these projects before and are happy to share how they did it.
|
||||
|
||||
### DNS Server
|
||||
|
||||
Every time you type a website address or click a link in your browser, it needs to convert the domain name into a numeric IP address before it can show you anything.
|
||||
|
||||
Normally this means a request to a DNS server somewhere on the internet – but you can speed up your browsing by handling this locally.
|
||||
|
||||
You can also assign your own subdomains for local access to machines around the office.
|
||||
|
||||
[Here’s how to get this working.][2]
|
||||
|
||||
### Toilet Occupied Sign
|
||||
|
||||
Ever get queues at the loos?
|
||||
|
||||
That’s annoying for those left waiting and the time spent dealing with it is a drain on your whole office’s productivity.
|
||||
|
||||
I guess you could always hang those signs they have on airplanes all through your office.
|
||||
|
||||
[Occu-pi][3] is a much simpler solution, using a magnetic switch and a Raspberry Pi to tell when the bolt is closed and update a Slack channel as to when it’s in use – meaning that the whole office can tell at a glance of their computer or mobile device whether there’s a cubicle free.
|
||||
|
||||
### Honeypot Trap for Hackers
|
||||
|
||||
It should scare most business owners just a little bit that their first clue that a hacker’s breached the network is when something goes badly wrong.
|
||||
|
||||
That’s where it can help to have a honeypot: a computer that serves no purpose except to sit on your network with certain ports open to masquerade as a juicy target to hackers.
|
||||
|
||||
Security researchers often deploy honeypots on the exterior of a network, to collect data on what attackers are doing.
|
||||
|
||||
But for the average small business, these are more usefully deployed in the interior, to serve as kind of a tripwire. Because no ordinary user has any real reason to want to connect to the honeypot, any login attempts that occur are a very good indicator that mischief is afoot.
|
||||
|
||||
This can provide early warning of outsider intrusion, and of trusted insiders up to no good.
|
||||
|
||||
In larger, client/server networks, it might be more practical to run something like this as a virtual machine. But in small-office/home-office situations with a peer-to-peer network running on a wireless router, something like [HoneyPi][4] is a great little burglar alarm.
|
||||
|
||||
### Print Server
|
||||
|
||||
Network-attached printers are so much more convenient.
|
||||
|
||||
But it can be expensive to replace all your printers- especially if you’re otherwise happy with them.
|
||||
|
||||
It might make a lot more sense to [set up a Raspberry Pi as a print server][5].
|
||||
|
||||
### Network Attached Storage
|
||||
|
||||
Turning simple hard drives into network attached storage was one of the earliest practical uses for a Raspberry Pi, and it’s still one of the best.
|
||||
|
||||
[Here’s how to create a NAS with your Raspberry Pi.][6]
|
||||
|
||||
### Ticketing Server
|
||||
|
||||
Looking for a way to manage the support tickets for your help desk on a shoestring budget?
|
||||
|
||||
There’s a totally open source ticketing program called osTicket that you can install on your Pi, and it’s even available as [a ready-to-go SD card image][7].
|
||||
|
||||
### Digital Signage
|
||||
|
||||
Whether it’s for events, advertising, a menu, or something else entirely, a lot of businesses need a way to display digital signage – and the Pi’s affordability and frugal electricity needs make it a very attractive choice.
|
||||
|
||||
[There are a wealth of options to choose from here.][8]
|
||||
|
||||
### Directories and Kiosks
|
||||
|
||||
[FullPageOS][9] is a Linux distribution based on Raspbian that boots straight into a full screen version of Chromium – ideal for shopping directoriers, library catalogues and so on.
|
||||
|
||||
### Basic Intranet Web Server
|
||||
|
||||
For hosting a public-facing website, you’re really much better off just getting a hosting account. A Raspberry Pi is not really built to serve any real volume of web traffic.
|
||||
|
||||
But for small offices, it can host an internal business wiki or basic company intranet. It can also work as a sandbox environment for experimenting with code and server configurations.
|
||||
|
||||
[Here’s how to get Apache, MySQL and PHP running on a Pi.][10]
|
||||
|
||||
### Penetration Tester
|
||||
|
||||
Kali Linux is an operating system built specifically to probe networks for security vulnerabilities. By installing it on a Pi, you’ve got a super portable penetration tester with more than 600 tools included.
|
||||
|
||||
[You can find a torrent link for the Raspberry Pi image here.][11]
|
||||
|
||||
Be absolutely scrupulous to only use this on your own network or networks you’ve got permission to perform a security audit on – using this to hack other networks is a serious crime.
|
||||
|
||||
### VPN Server
|
||||
|
||||
When you’re out on the road, relying on public wireless internet, you’ve not really any say in who else might be on the network, snooping on all your traffic. That’s why it can be reassuring to encrypt everything with a VPN connection.
|
||||
|
||||
There are any number of commercial VPN services you can subscribe to – and you can install your own in the cloud – but by running one from your office, you can also access the local network from anywhere.
|
||||
|
||||
For light use – say, the occasional bit of business travel – a Raspberry Pi is a great, power-efficient way to set up a VPN server. (It’s also worth checking first that your router doesn’t offer this functionality already – very many do.)
|
||||
|
||||
[Here’s how to install OpenVPN on a Raspberry Pi.][12]
|
||||
|
||||
### Wireless Coffee Machine
|
||||
|
||||
Ahh, ambrosia: sweet nectar of the gods and the backbone of all productive enterprise.
|
||||
|
||||
So why not [hack the office coffee machine into a smart coffee machine][13] for precision temperature control and wireless network connectivity?
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://blog.dxmtechsupport.com.au/11-uses-for-a-raspberry-pi-around-the-office/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[James Mawson][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://blog.dxmtechsupport.com.au/author/james-mawson/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://dxmtechsupport.com.au/server-configuration
|
||||
[2]: https://www.1and1.com/digitalguide/server/configuration/how-to-make-your-raspberry-pi-into-a-dns-server/
|
||||
[3]: https://blog.usejournal.com/occu-pi-the-bathroom-of-the-future-ed69b84e21d5
|
||||
[4]: https://trustfoundry.net/honeypi-easy-honeypot-raspberry-pi/
|
||||
[5]: https://opensource.com/article/18/3/print-server-raspberry-pi
|
||||
[6]: https://howtoraspberrypi.com/create-a-nas-with-your-raspberry-pi-and-samba/
|
||||
[7]: https://everyday-tech.com/a-raspberry-pi-ticketing-system-image-with-osticket/
|
||||
[8]: https://blog.capterra.com/7-free-and-open-source-digital-signage-software-options-for-your-next-event/
|
||||
[9]: https://github.com/guysoft/FullPageOS
|
||||
[10]: https://maker.pro/raspberry-pi/projects/raspberry-pi-web-server
|
||||
[11]: https://www.offensive-security.com/kali-linux-arm-images/
|
||||
[12]: https://medium.freecodecamp.org/running-your-own-openvpn-server-on-a-raspberry-pi-8b78043ccdea
|
||||
[13]: https://www.techradar.com/au/how-to/how-to-build-your-own-smart-coffee-machine
|
||||
@ -1,138 +0,0 @@
|
||||
[Translating by ChiZelin]
|
||||
3 best practices for continuous integration and deployment
|
||||
======
|
||||
Learn about automating, using a Git repository, and parameterizing Jenkins pipelines.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The article covers three key topics: automating CI/CD configuration, using a Git repository for common CI/CD artifacts, and parameterizing Jenkins pipelines.
|
||||
|
||||
### Terminology
|
||||
|
||||
First things first; let's define a few terms. **CI/CD** is a practice that allows teams to quickly and automatically test, package, and deploy their applications. It is often achieved by leveraging a server called **[Jenkins][1]** , which serves as the CI/CD orchestrator. Jenkins listens to specific inputs (often a Git hook following a code check-in) and, when triggered, kicks off a pipeline.
|
||||
|
||||
A **pipeline** consists of code written by development and/or operations teams that instructs Jenkins which actions to take during the CI/CD process. This pipeline is often something like "build my code, then test my code, and if those tests pass, deploy my application to the next highest environment (usually a development, test, or production environment)." Organizations often have more complex pipelines, incorporating tools such as artifact repositories and code analyzers, but this provides a high-level example.
|
||||
|
||||
Now that we understand the key terminology, let's dive into some best practices.
|
||||
|
||||
### 1\. Automation is key
|
||||
|
||||
To run CI/CD on a PaaS, you need the proper infrastructure to be configured on the cluster. In this example, I will use [OpenShift][2].
|
||||
|
||||
"Hello, World" implementations of this are quite simple to achieve. Simply run **oc new-app jenkins- <persistent/ephemeral>** and voilà, you have a running Jenkins server ready to go. Uses in the enterprise, however, are much more complex. In addition to the Jenkins server, admins will often need to deploy a code analysis tool such as SonarQube and an artifact repository such as Nexus. They will then have to create pipelines to perform CI/CD and Jenkins slaves to reduce the load on the master. Most of these entities are backed by OpenShift resources that need to be created to deploy the desired CI/CD infrastructure.
|
||||
|
||||
Eventually, the manual steps required to deploy your CI/CD components may need to be replicated, and you might not be the person to perform those steps. To ensure the outcome is produced quickly, error-free, and exactly as it was before, an automation method should be incorporated in the way your infrastructure is created. This can be an Ansible playbook, a Bash script, or any other way you would like to automate the deployment of CI/CD infrastructure. I have used [Ansible][3] and the [OpenShift-Applier][4] role to automate my implementations. You may find these tools valuable, or you may find something else that works better for you and your organization. Either way, you'll find that automation significantly reduces the workload required to recreate CI/CD components.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Configuring the Jenkins master
|
||||
|
||||
Outside of general "automation," I'd like to single out the Jenkins master and talk about a few ways admins can take advantage of OpenShift to automate Jenkins configuration. The Jenkins image from the [Red Hat Container Catalog][5] comes packaged with the [OpenShift-Sync plugin][6] installed. In the [video][7], we discuss how this plugin can be used to create Jenkins pipelines and slaves.
|
||||
|
||||
To create a Jenkins pipeline, create an OpenShift BuildConfig similar to this:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
apiVersion: v1
|
||||
kind: BuildConfig
|
||||
...
|
||||
spec:
|
||||
source:
|
||||
git:
|
||||
ref: master
|
||||
uri: <repository-uri>
|
||||
...
|
||||
strategy:
|
||||
jenkinsPipelineStrategy:
|
||||
jenkinsfilePath: Jenkinsfile
|
||||
type: JenkinsPipeline
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
The OpenShift-Sync plugin will notice that a BuildConfig with the strategy **jenkinsPipelineStrategy** has been created and will convert it into a Jenkins pipeline, pulling from the Jenkinsfile specified by the Git source. An inline Jenkinsfile can also be used instead of pulling from one from a Git repository. See the [documentation][8] for more information.
|
||||
|
||||
To create a Jenkins slave, create an OpenShift ImageStream that starts with the following definition:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
apiVersion: v1
|
||||
kind: ImageStream
|
||||
metadata:
|
||||
annotations:
|
||||
slave-label: jenkins-slave
|
||||
labels:
|
||||
role: jenkins-slave
|
||||
…
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Notice the metadata defined in this ImageStream. The OpenShift-Sync plugin will convert any ImageStream with the label **role: jenkins-slave** into a Jenkins slave. The Jenkins slave will be named after the value from the **slave-label** annotation.
|
||||
|
||||
ImageStreams work just fine for simple Jenkins slave configurations, but some teams will find it necessary to configure nitty-gritty details such as resource limits, readiness and liveness probes, and instance caps. This is where ConfigMaps come into play:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
apiVersion: v1
|
||||
kind: ConfigMap
|
||||
metadata:
|
||||
labels:
|
||||
role: jenkins-slave
|
||||
...
|
||||
data:
|
||||
template1: |-
|
||||
<Kubernetes pod template>
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Notice that the **role: jenkins-slave** label is still required to convert the ConfigMap into a Jenkins slave. The **Kubernetes pod template** consists of a lengthy bit of XML that will configure every detail to your organization's liking. To view this XML, as well as more information on converting ImageStreams and ConfigMaps into Jenkins slaves, see the [documentation][9].
|
||||
|
||||
Notice with the three examples shown above that none of the operations required an administrator to make manual changes to the Jenkins console. By using OpenShift resources, Jenkins can be configured in a way that is easily automated.
|
||||
|
||||
### 2\. Sharing is caring
|
||||
|
||||
The second best practice is maintaining a Git repository of common CI/CD artifacts. The main idea is to prevent teams from reinventing the wheel. Imagine your team needs to perform a blue/green deployment to an OpenShift environment as part of the pipeline's CD phase. The members of your team responsible for writing the pipeline may not be OpenShift experts, nor may they have the bandwidth to write this functionality from scratch. Luckily, somebody has already written a function that incorporates that functionality in a common CI/CD repository, so your team can use that function instead of spending time writing one.
|
||||
|
||||
To take this a step further, your organization may decide to maintain entire pipelines. You may find that teams are writing pipelines with similar functionality. It would be more efficient for those teams to use a parameterized pipeline from a common repository as opposed to writing their own from scratch.
|
||||
|
||||
### 3\. Less is more
|
||||
|
||||
As I hinted in the previous section, the third and final best practice is to parameterize your CI/CD pipelines. Parameterization will prevent an over-abundance of pipelines, making your CI/CD system easier to maintain. Imagine I have multiple regions where I can deploy my application. Without parameterization, I would need a separate pipeline for each region.
|
||||
|
||||
To parameterize a pipeline written as an OpenShift build config, add the **env** stanza to the configuration:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
...
|
||||
spec:
|
||||
...
|
||||
strategy:
|
||||
jenkinsPipelineStrategy:
|
||||
env:
|
||||
- name: REGION
|
||||
value: US-West
|
||||
jenkinsfilePath: Jenkinsfile
|
||||
type: JenkinsPipeline
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
With this configuration, I can pass the **REGION** parameter the pipeline to deploy my application to the specified region.
|
||||
|
||||
The [video][7] provides a more substantial case where parameterization is a must. Some organizations decide to split up their CI/CD pipelines into separate CI and CD pipelines, usually, because there is some sort of approval process that happens before deployment. Imagine I have four images and three different environments to deploy to. Without parameterization, I would need 12 CD pipelines to allow all deployment possibilities. This can get out of hand very quickly. To make maintenance of the CD pipeline easier, organizations would find it better to parameterize the image and environment to allow one pipeline to perform the work of many.
|
||||
|
||||
### Summary
|
||||
|
||||
CI/CD at the enterprise level tends to become more complex than many organizations anticipate. Luckily, with Jenkins, there are many ways to seamlessly provide automation of your setup. Maintaining a Git repository of common CI/CD artifacts will also ease the effort, as teams can pull from maintained dependencies instead of writing their own from scratch. Finally, parameterization of your CI/CD pipelines will reduce the number of pipelines that will have to be maintained.
|
||||
|
||||
If you've found other practices you can't do without, please share them in the comments.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/article/18/11/best-practices-cicd
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Austin Dewey][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/adewey
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://jenkins.io/
|
||||
[2]: https://www.openshift.com/
|
||||
[3]: https://docs.ansible.com/
|
||||
[4]: https://github.com/redhat-cop/openshift-applier
|
||||
[5]: https://access.redhat.com/containers/?tab=overview#/registry.access.redhat.com/openshift3/jenkins-2-rhel7
|
||||
[6]: https://github.com/openshift/jenkins-sync-plugin
|
||||
[7]: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zlL7AFWqzfw
|
||||
[8]: https://docs.openshift.com/container-platform/3.11/dev_guide/dev_tutorials/openshift_pipeline.html#the-pipeline-build-config
|
||||
[9]: https://docs.openshift.com/container-platform/3.11/using_images/other_images/jenkins.html#configuring-the-jenkins-kubernetes-plug-in
|
||||
@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: ( )
|
||||
[#]: translator: (geekpi)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
|
||||
持续集成与部署的3个最佳实践
|
||||
======
|
||||
了解自动化，使用 Git 存储库以及参数化 Jenkins 管道。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
本文涵盖了三个关键主题：自动化 CI/CD 配置、使用 Git 存储库处理常见的 CI/CD 工件、参数化 Jenkins 管道。
|
||||
|
||||
### 术语
|
||||
|
||||
首先，我们定义一些术语。**CI/CD** 是允许团队快速自动化测试、打包、部署其应用程序的实践。它通常通过利用名为 **[Jenkins][1]** 的服务器来实现，该服务器充当 CI/CD 协调器。Jenkins 侦听特定输入（通常是代码签入后的 Git hook），并在触发时启动管道。
|
||||
|
||||
**pipeline** 由开发和/或运营团队编写的代码组成，这些代码指导 Jenkins 在 CI/CD 过程中采取哪些操作。这个流水线通常类似于“构建我的代码，然后测试我的代码，如果这些测试通过，则把我的应用程序部署到下一个最高环境（通常是开发、测试或生产环境）”。组织通常具有更复杂的流水线，并入了诸如工件存储库和代码分析器之类的工具，但是这提供了一个高级示例。
|
||||
|
||||
现在我们了解了关键术语，让我们深入研究一些最佳实践。
|
||||
|
||||
### 1\. 自动化是关键
|
||||
|
||||
要在 PaaS 上运行 CI/CD，需要在集群上配置适当的基础设施。在这个例子中，我将使用 [OpenShift][2]。
|
||||
|
||||
"Hello, World" 的实现很容易实现。简单地运行 **oc new-app jenkins- <persistent/ephemeral>** 和 voilà, 你已经准备好运行 Jenkins 服务器了。然而，在企业中的使用要复杂得多。除了 Jenkins 服务器之外，管理员通常还需要部署代码分析工具（如 SonarQube）和构件库（如 Nexus）。然后，它们必须创建管道来执行 CI/CD 和 Jenkins 从服务器，以减少主服务器的负载。这些实体中的大多数都由 OpenShift 资源支持，需要创建这些资源来部署所需的 CI/CD 基础设施。
|
||||
|
||||
最后，部署 CI/CD 组件所需要的手动步骤可能是需要被重复的，并且你可能不想成为执行那些重复步骤的人。为了确保结果能够像以前一样快速、无错误和准确地产生，应该在创建基础设施的方式中结合自动化方法。这可以是一个 Ansible 剧本、一个 Bash 脚本，或者任何您希望自动化 CI/CD 基础设施部署的其他方式。我已经使用 [Ansible][3] 和 [OpenShift-Applier][4] 角色来自动化我的实现。您可能会发现这些工具很有价值，或者您可能会发现其他一些对您和组织更有效的工具。无论哪种方式，您都将发现自动化显著地减少了重新创建 CI/CD 组件所需的工作量。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 配置Jenkins主服务器
|
||||
|
||||
除了一般的“自动化”之外，我想单独介绍一下 Jenkins 主服务器，并讨论管理员如何利用 OpenShift 来自动化配置 Jenkins。来自 [Red Hat Container Catalog][5] 的 Jenkins 映像已经安装了 [OpenShift-Sync plugin][6]。在 [视频][7] 中，我们将讨论如何使用这个插件来创建 Jenkins 管道和从设备。
|
||||
|
||||
要创建 Jenkins 流水线，请创建一个类似于下面的 OpenShift BuildConfig：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
apiVersion: v1
|
||||
kind: BuildConfig
|
||||
...
|
||||
spec:
|
||||
source:
|
||||
git:
|
||||
ref: master
|
||||
uri: <repository-uri>
|
||||
...
|
||||
strategy:
|
||||
jenkinsPipelineStrategy:
|
||||
jenkinsfilePath: Jenkinsfile
|
||||
type: JenkinsPipeline
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
OpenShift-Sync 插件将注意到已经创建了带有 **jenkinsPipelineStrategy** 策略的 BuildConfig，并将其转换为 Jenkins 管道，从 Git 源指定的 Jenkins 文件中提取。也可以使用内联 Jenkinsfile，而不是从 Git 存储库中提取。有关更多信息，请参阅[文档][8]。
|
||||
|
||||
要创建 Jenkins 从站，请创建一个 OpenShift ImageStream，它从以下定义开始：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
apiVersion: v1
|
||||
kind: ImageStream
|
||||
metadata:
|
||||
annotations:
|
||||
slave-label: jenkins-slave
|
||||
labels:
|
||||
role: jenkins-slave
|
||||
…
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
注意在这个 ImageStream 中定义的元数据。OpenShift-Sync 插件将把带有标签 **role: jenkins-slave** 的任何ImageStream 转换为 Jenkins 从站。Jenkins 从站将以 **slave-label** 注释中的值命名。
|
||||
|
||||
ImageStreams 对于简单的 Jenkins 从属配置工作得很好，但是一些团队会发现有必要配置一些细节详情，比如资源限制、准备就绪和活动性探测，以及实例帽。这就是 ConfigMap 发挥作用的地方：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
apiVersion: v1
|
||||
kind: ConfigMap
|
||||
metadata:
|
||||
labels:
|
||||
role: jenkins-slave
|
||||
...
|
||||
data:
|
||||
template1: |-
|
||||
<Kubernetes pod template>
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
注意，仍然需要角色：jenkins-slave 标签来将 ConfigMap 转换为 Jenkins slave。Kubernetes pod 模板由一长段 XML 组成，它将根据组织的喜好配置每个细节。要查看此 XML，以及有关将 ImageStreams 和 ConfigMaps 转换为 Jenkins 从属的更多信息，请参阅[文档][9]。
|
||||
|
||||
请注意上面所示的三个示例，其中没有一个操作需要管理员对 Jenkins 控制台进行手动更改。通过使用 OpenShift 资源，可以简单的自动化方式配置 Jenkins。
|
||||
|
||||
### 2\. 分享就是关心
|
||||
|
||||
第二个最佳实践是维护一个公共 CI/CD 工件的 Git 存储库。主要思想是防止团队重新发明轮子。假设您的团队需要执行到 OpenShift 环境的蓝色/绿色部署，作为管道 CD 阶段的一部分。负责编写流水线的团队成员可能不是 OpenShift 专家，也不可能具有从头开始编写此功能的能力。幸运的是，有人已经编写了一个将此功能合并到一个公共 CI/CD 存储库中的函数，因此您的团队可以使用该函数而不是花时间编写一个函数。
|
||||
|
||||
为了更进一步，您的组织可能决定维护整个管道。您可能会发现团队正在编写具有相似功能的流水线。对于那些团队来说，使用来自公共存储库的参数化管道要比从头开始编写自己的管道更有效。
|
||||
|
||||
### 3\. 少即是多
|
||||
|
||||
正如我在前一节中提到的，第三个也是最后一个最佳实践是参数化您的 CI/CD 管道。参数化将防止过多的管道，使您的 CI/CD 系统更容易维护。假设我有多个区域可以部署应用程序。如果没有参数化，我需要为每个区域设置单独的管道。
|
||||
|
||||
要参数化作为 OpenShift 构建配置编写的管道，请将 **env** 节添加到配置：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
...
|
||||
spec:
|
||||
...
|
||||
strategy:
|
||||
jenkinsPipelineStrategy:
|
||||
env:
|
||||
- name: REGION
|
||||
value: US-West
|
||||
jenkinsfilePath: Jenkinsfile
|
||||
type: JenkinsPipeline
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
使用此配置，我可以传递 **REGION** 参数管道以将我的应用程序部署到指定区域。
|
||||
|
||||
这有一个[视频][7]提供了一个更实质性的情况，其中参数化是必须的。一些组织决定把他们的 CI/CD 管道分割成单独的 CI 和 CD 管道，通常是因为在部署之前有一些审批过程。假设我有四个映像和三个不同的环境要部署。如果没有参数化，我需要12个 CD 管道来允许所有部署可能性。这会很快失去控制。为了使 CD 流水线的维护更容易，组织会发现将映像和环境参数化以便允许一个流水线执行多个流水线的工作会更好。
|
||||
|
||||
### 总结
|
||||
|
||||
企业级的 CI/CD 往往比许多组织预期的更加复杂。幸运的是，对于 Jenkins，有很多方法可以无缝地提供设置的自动化。维护一个公共 CI/CD 工件的 Git 存储库也会减轻工作量，因为团队可以从维护的依赖项中提取而不是从头开始编写自己的依赖项。最后，CI/CD 管道的参数化将减少必须维护的管道的数量。
|
||||
|
||||
如果您找到了其他不可或缺的做法，请在评论中分享。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/article/18/11/best-practices-cicd
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Austin Dewey][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[ChiZelin](https://github.com/ChiZelin)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/adewey
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://jenkins.io/
|
||||
[2]: https://www.openshift.com/
|
||||
[3]: https://docs.ansible.com/
|
||||
[4]: https://github.com/redhat-cop/openshift-applier
|
||||
[5]: https://access.redhat.com/containers/?tab=overview#/registry.access.redhat.com/openshift3/jenkins-2-rhel7
|
||||
[6]: https://github.com/openshift/jenkins-sync-plugin
|
||||
[7]: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zlL7AFWqzfw
|
||||
[8]: https://docs.openshift.com/container-platform/3.11/dev_guide/dev_tutorials/openshift_pipeline.html#the-pipeline-build-config
|
||||
[9]: https://docs.openshift.com/container-platform/3.11/using_images/other_images/jenkins.html#configuring-the-jenkins-kubernetes-plug-in
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user