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选题[tech]: 20210624 Linux package management with apt
sources/tech/20210624 Linux package management with apt.md
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[#]: subject: (Linux package management with apt)
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[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/6/apt-linux)
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[#]: author: (Chris Hermansen https://opensource.com/users/clhermansen)
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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
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[#]: translator: ( )
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[#]: reviewer: ( )
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Linux package management with apt
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======
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Learn how to install packages on Debian-based Linux distros with the apt
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command, then download our cheat sheet to keep the right command at your
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fingertips.
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![bash logo on green background][1]
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On Linux, [package managers][2] help you handle updates, uninstalls, troubleshooting, and more for the software on your computer. Seth Kenlon [wrote about `dnf`][3], the command-line package management tool for installing software in RHEL, CentOS, Fedora, Mageia, OpenMandriva, and other Linux distros.
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Debian and Debian-based distros such as MX Linux, Deepin, Ubuntu—and distros based on Ubuntu, such as Linux Mint and Pop!_OS—have `apt`, a "similar but different" tool. In this article, I'll follow Seth's examples—but with `apt`—to show you how to use it.
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Before I start, I want to mention four `apt`-related tools for installing software:
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* [Synaptic][4] is a GTK+ based graphical user interface (GUI) front end for `apt`.
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* [Aptitude][5] is an Ncurses-based full-screen command-line front end for `apt`.
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* There are `apt-get`, `apt-cache`, and other predecessors of `apt`.
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* [Dpkg][6] is the "behind the scenes" package manager `apt` uses to do the heavy lifting.
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There are other packaging systems, such as [Flatpak][7] and [Snap][8], that you might run into on Debian and Debian-based systems, but I'm not going to discuss them here. There are also application "stores," such as [GNOME Software][9], that overlap with `apt` and other packaging technologies; again, I'm not going to discuss them here. Finally, there are other Linux distros such as [Arch][10] and [Gentoo][11] that use neither `dnf` nor `apt`, and I'm not going to discuss those here either!
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With all the things I'm not going to discuss here, you may be wondering what tiny subset of software `apt` handles. Well, on my Ubuntu 20.04, `apt` gives me access to 69,371 packages, from the `0ad` real-time strategy game of ancient warfare to the `zzuf` transparent application fuzzer. Not bad at all.
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### Finding software with apt
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The first step in using a package manager such as `apt` is finding a software package of interest. Seth's `dnf` article used the [Cockpit][12] server management application as an example, so I will, too:
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```
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$ apt search cockpit
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Sorting... Done
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Full Text Search... Done
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389-ds/hirsute,hirsute 1.4.4.11-1 all
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389 Directory Server suite - metapackage
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cockpit/hirsute,hirsute 238-1 all
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Web Console for Linux servers
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...
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$
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```
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The second package above is the one you're after (it's the line beginning with `cockpit/hirsute`). If you decide you want to install it, enter:
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```
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`$ sudo apt install cockpit`
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```
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`apt` will take care of installing Cockpit and all the bits and pieces, or _dependencies_, needed to make it work. Sometimes that's all that's needed; sometimes it's not. It's possible that having a bit more information could be useful in deciding whether you really want to install this application.
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### Package metadata
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To find out more about a package, use the `apt show` command:
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```
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$ apt show cockpit
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Package: cockpit
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Version: 238-1
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Priority: optional
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Section: universe/admin
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Origin: Ubuntu
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Maintainer: Ubuntu Developers <[ubuntu-devel-discuss@lists.ubuntu.com][13]>
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Original-Maintainer: Utopia Maintenance Team <[pkg-utopia-maintainers@lists.alioth.debian.org][14]>
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Bugs: <https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+filebug>
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Installed-Size: 88.1 kB
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Depends: cockpit-bridge (>= 238-1), cockpit-ws (>= 238-1), cockpit-system (>= 238-1)
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Recommends: cockpit-storaged (>= 238-1), cockpit-networkmanager (>= 238-1), cockpit-packagekit (>= 238-1)
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Suggests: cockpit-doc (>= 238-1), cockpit-pcp (>= 238-1), cockpit-machines (>= 238-1), xdg-utils
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Homepage: <https://cockpit-project.org/>
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Download-Size: 21.3 kB
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APT-Sources: <http://ca.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu> hirsute/universe amd64 Packages
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Description: Web Console for Linux servers
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The Cockpit Web Console enables users to administer GNU/Linux servers using a
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web browser.
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.
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It offers network configuration, log inspection, diagnostic reports, SELinux
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troubleshooting, interactive command-line sessions, and more.
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$
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```
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In particular, notice the `Description` field, which tells you more about the application. The `Depends` field says what else must be installed, and `Recommends` shows what other—if any—cooperating components are suggested alongside it. The `Homepage` field offers a URL in case you need more info.
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### What package provides a file?
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Sometimes you don't know the package name, but you know a file that must be in a package. Seth offers as an example the `qmake-qt5` utility. Using `apt search` doesn't find it:
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```
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$ apt search qmake-qt5
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Sorting... Done
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Full Text Search... Done
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$
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```
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However, a related command, `apt-file` will explore inside packages:
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```
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$ apt-file search qmake-qt5
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qt5-qmake-bin: /usr/share/man/man1/qmake-qt5.1.gz
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$
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```
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This turns up a man page for `qmake-qt5` that is part of a package called `qt5-qmake-bin`. Note that this package name reverses the `qmake` and `qt5` parts.
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### What files are included in a package?
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That handy `apt-file` command also tells which files are included in a given package. For example:
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```
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$ apt-file list cockpit
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cockpit: /usr/share/doc/cockpit/TODO.Debian
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cockpit: /usr/share/doc/cockpit/changelog.Debian.gz
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cockpit: /usr/share/doc/cockpit/copyright
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cockpit: /usr/share/man/man1/cockpit.1.gz
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cockpit: /usr/share/metainfo/cockpit.appdata.xml
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cockpit: /usr/share/pixmaps/cockpit.png
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$
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```
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Note that this is distinct from the info provided by the `apt show` command, which lists the package's dependencies (other packages that must be installed).
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### Removing an application
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You can also remove packages with `apt`. For example, to remove the `apt-file` application:
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```
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`$ sudo apt purge apt-file`
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```
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Note that a superuser must run `apt` to install or remove applications.
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Removing a package doesn't automatically remove all the dependencies that `apt` installs along the way. However, it's easy to carry out that little bit of tidying:
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```
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`$ sudo apt autoremove`
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```
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### Getting to know apt
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As Seth wrote, "the more you know about how your package manager works, the easier it is for you to install and query applications when necessary."
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Even if you're not a regular `apt` user, knowing it can be useful when you need to work at the command line while installing or removing packages (for example, on a remote server or when following a how-to published by some helpful soul). You may also need to know a bit about Dkpg (mentioned above); for example, some software creators provide a bare `.pkg` file.
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I find the Synaptic package manager to be a really useful tool on my desktop, but I also use `apt` on a handful of servers that I maintain for various purposes.
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**[Download our `apt` cheat sheet][15]** to get used to the command and try some new tricks with it. Once you do, you might find it hard to use anything else.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://opensource.com/article/21/6/apt-linux
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作者：[Chris Hermansen][a]
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选题：[lujun9972][b]
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]: https://opensource.com/users/clhermansen
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[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
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[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/bash_command_line.png?itok=k4z94W2U (bash logo on green background)
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[2]: https://opensource.com/article/21/2/linux-package-management
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[3]: https://opensource.com/article/21/5/dnf
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[4]: https://www.nongnu.org/synaptic/
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[5]: https://wiki.debian.org/Aptitude
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[6]: https://wiki.debian.org/Teams/Dpkg
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[7]: https://flatpak.org/
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[8]: https://snapcraft.io/
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[9]: https://wiki.gnome.org/Apps/Software
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[10]: https://archlinux.org/
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[11]: https://www.gentoo.org/
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[12]: https://opensource.com/article/20/11/cockpit-server-management
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[13]: mailto:ubuntu-devel-discuss@lists.ubuntu.com
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[14]: mailto:pkg-utopia-maintainers@lists.alioth.debian.org
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[15]: https://opensource.com/downloads/apt-cheat-sheet
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