From 5163879cae615f4dfede5c1736b16ed6ad549ba9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Fri, 25 Jun 2021 05:03:39 +0800 Subject: [PATCH] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020210624=20Linux=20?= =?UTF-8?q?package=20management=20with=20apt?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20210624 Linux package management with apt.md --- ...10624 Linux package management with apt.md | 192 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 192 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20210624 Linux package management with apt.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210624 Linux package management with apt.md b/sources/tech/20210624 Linux package management with apt.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3e826c7dc1 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20210624 Linux package management with apt.md @@ -0,0 +1,192 @@ +[#]: subject: (Linux package management with apt) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/6/apt-linux) +[#]: author: (Chris Hermansen https://opensource.com/users/clhermansen) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +Linux package management with apt +====== +Learn how to install packages on Debian-based Linux distros with the apt +command, then download our cheat sheet to keep the right command at your +fingertips. +![bash logo on green background][1] + +On Linux, [package managers][2] help you handle updates, uninstalls, troubleshooting, and more for the software on your computer. Seth Kenlon [wrote about `dnf`][3], the command-line package management tool for installing software in RHEL, CentOS, Fedora, Mageia, OpenMandriva, and other Linux distros. + +Debian and Debian-based distros such as MX Linux, Deepin, Ubuntu—and distros based on Ubuntu, such as Linux Mint and Pop!_OS—have `apt`, a "similar but different" tool. In this article, I'll follow Seth's examples—but with `apt`—to show you how to use it. + +Before I start, I want to mention four `apt`-related tools for installing software: + + * [Synaptic][4] is a GTK+ based graphical user interface (GUI) front end for `apt`. + * [Aptitude][5] is an Ncurses-based full-screen command-line front end for `apt`. + * There are `apt-get`, `apt-cache`, and other predecessors of `apt`. + * [Dpkg][6] is the "behind the scenes" package manager `apt` uses to do the heavy lifting. + + + +There are other packaging systems, such as [Flatpak][7] and [Snap][8], that you might run into on Debian and Debian-based systems, but I'm not going to discuss them here. There are also application "stores," such as [GNOME Software][9], that overlap with `apt` and other packaging technologies; again, I'm not going to discuss them here. Finally, there are other Linux distros such as [Arch][10] and [Gentoo][11] that use neither `dnf` nor `apt`, and I'm not going to discuss those here either! + +With all the things I'm not going to discuss here, you may be wondering what tiny subset of software `apt` handles. Well, on my Ubuntu 20.04, `apt` gives me access to 69,371 packages, from the `0ad` real-time strategy game of ancient warfare to the `zzuf` transparent application fuzzer. Not bad at all. + +### Finding software with apt + +The first step in using a package manager such as `apt` is finding a software package of interest. Seth's `dnf` article used the [Cockpit][12] server management application as an example, so I will, too: + + +``` +$ apt search cockpit +Sorting... Done +Full Text Search... Done +389-ds/hirsute,hirsute 1.4.4.11-1 all +  389 Directory Server suite - metapackage + +cockpit/hirsute,hirsute 238-1 all +  Web Console for Linux servers + +... +$ +``` + +The second package above is the one you're after (it's the line beginning with `cockpit/hirsute`). If you decide you want to install it, enter: + + +``` +`$ sudo apt install cockpit` +``` + +`apt` will take care of installing Cockpit and all the bits and pieces, or _dependencies_, needed to make it work. Sometimes that's all that's needed; sometimes it's not. It's possible that having a bit more information could be useful in deciding whether you really want to install this application. + +### Package metadata + +To find out more about a package, use the `apt show` command: + + +``` +$ apt show cockpit +Package: cockpit +Version: 238-1 +Priority: optional +Section: universe/admin +Origin: Ubuntu +Maintainer: Ubuntu Developers <[ubuntu-devel-discuss@lists.ubuntu.com][13]> +Original-Maintainer: Utopia Maintenance Team <[pkg-utopia-maintainers@lists.alioth.debian.org][14]> +Bugs: +Installed-Size: 88.1 kB +Depends: cockpit-bridge (>= 238-1), cockpit-ws (>= 238-1), cockpit-system (>= 238-1) +Recommends: cockpit-storaged (>= 238-1), cockpit-networkmanager (>= 238-1), cockpit-packagekit (>= 238-1) +Suggests: cockpit-doc (>= 238-1), cockpit-pcp (>= 238-1), cockpit-machines (>= 238-1), xdg-utils +Homepage: +Download-Size: 21.3 kB +APT-Sources: hirsute/universe amd64 Packages +Description: Web Console for Linux servers + The Cockpit Web Console enables users to administer GNU/Linux servers using a + web browser. + . + It offers network configuration, log inspection, diagnostic reports, SELinux + troubleshooting, interactive command-line sessions, and more. + +$ +``` + +In particular, notice the `Description` field, which tells you more about the application. The `Depends` field says what else must be installed, and `Recommends` shows what other—if any—cooperating components are suggested alongside it. The `Homepage` field offers a URL in case you need more info. + +### What package provides a file? + +Sometimes you don't know the package name, but you know a file that must be in a package. Seth offers as an example the `qmake-qt5` utility. Using `apt search` doesn't find it: + + +``` +$ apt search qmake-qt5 +Sorting... Done +Full Text Search... Done +$ +``` + +However, a related command, `apt-file` will explore inside packages: + + +``` +$ apt-file search qmake-qt5 +qt5-qmake-bin: /usr/share/man/man1/qmake-qt5.1.gz +$ +``` + +This turns up a man page for `qmake-qt5` that is part of a package called `qt5-qmake-bin`. Note that this package name reverses the `qmake` and `qt5` parts. + +### What files are included in a package? + +That handy `apt-file` command also tells which files are included in a given package. For example: + + +``` +$ apt-file list cockpit +cockpit: /usr/share/doc/cockpit/TODO.Debian +cockpit: /usr/share/doc/cockpit/changelog.Debian.gz +cockpit: /usr/share/doc/cockpit/copyright +cockpit: /usr/share/man/man1/cockpit.1.gz +cockpit: /usr/share/metainfo/cockpit.appdata.xml +cockpit: /usr/share/pixmaps/cockpit.png +$ +``` + +Note that this is distinct from the info provided by the `apt show` command, which lists the package's dependencies (other packages that must be installed). + +### Removing an application + +You can also remove packages with `apt`. For example, to remove the `apt-file` application: + + +``` +`$ sudo apt purge apt-file` +``` + +Note that a superuser must run `apt` to install or remove applications. + +Removing a package doesn't automatically remove all the dependencies that `apt` installs along the way. However, it's easy to carry out that little bit of tidying: + + +``` +`$ sudo apt autoremove` +``` + +### Getting to know apt + +As Seth wrote, "the more you know about how your package manager works, the easier it is for you to install and query applications when necessary." + +Even if you're not a regular `apt` user, knowing it can be useful when you need to work at the command line while installing or removing packages (for example, on a remote server or when following a how-to published by some helpful soul). You may also need to know a bit about Dkpg (mentioned above); for example, some software creators provide a bare `.pkg` file. + +I find the Synaptic package manager to be a really useful tool on my desktop, but I also use `apt` on a handful of servers that I maintain for various purposes. + +**[Download our `apt` cheat sheet][15]** to get used to the command and try some new tricks with it. Once you do, you might find it hard to use anything else. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/21/6/apt-linux + +作者：[Chris Hermansen][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/clhermansen +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/bash_command_line.png?itok=k4z94W2U (bash logo on green background) +[2]: https://opensource.com/article/21/2/linux-package-management +[3]: https://opensource.com/article/21/5/dnf +[4]: https://www.nongnu.org/synaptic/ +[5]: https://wiki.debian.org/Aptitude +[6]: https://wiki.debian.org/Teams/Dpkg +[7]: https://flatpak.org/ +[8]: https://snapcraft.io/ +[9]: https://wiki.gnome.org/Apps/Software +[10]: https://archlinux.org/ +[11]: https://www.gentoo.org/ +[12]: https://opensource.com/article/20/11/cockpit-server-management +[13]: mailto:ubuntu-devel-discuss@lists.ubuntu.com +[14]: mailto:pkg-utopia-maintainers@lists.alioth.debian.org +[15]: https://opensource.com/downloads/apt-cheat-sheet