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published/20190301 Emacs for (even more of) the win.md
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published/20190301 Emacs for (even more of) the win.md
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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
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[#]: translator: (oneforalone)
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[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
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[#]: publisher: (wxy)
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[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11046-1.html)
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[#]: subject: (Emacs for (even more of) the win)
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[#]: via: (https://so.nwalsh.com/2019/03/01/emacs)
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[#]: author: (Norman Walsh https://so.nwalsh.com)
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Emacs 的（更多）胜利
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======
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我天天用 Emacs，但我却从意识到。但是每当我用 Emacs 时，它都给我带来了很多乐趣。
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> 如果你是个职业作家……Emacs 与其它的编辑器的相比就如皓日与群星一样。不仅更大、更亮，它轻而易举就让其他所有的东西都消失了。
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我用 [Emacs][1] 已有二十多年了。我用它来写几乎所有的东西（我用 [IntelliJ][2] 编辑 Scala 和 Java ）。看邮件的话我是能在 Emacs 里看就在里面看。
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尽管我用 Emacs 已有数十年，我在新年前后才意识到，在过去十几年里，我对 Emacs 的使用几乎没有什么变化。当然，新的编辑模式出现了，我就会选一两个插件，几年前我确实是用了 [Helm][3]，但大多数时候，它只是完成了我需要的所有繁重工作，日复一日，没有抱怨，也没有妨碍我。一方面，这证明了它有多好。另一方面，这是一个邀请，让我深入挖掘，看看我错过了什么。
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于此同时，我也决定从以下几方面改进我的工作方式：
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* **更好的议程管理** 我在工作中负责几个项目，这些项目有定期和临时的会议；有些我是我主持的，有些我只要参加就可以。
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我意识到我对参加会议变得有些敷衍。往会议室里一坐很简单，但实际上我是在阅读电子邮件或处理其他事情。(我强烈反对在会议中“禁止携带笔记本电脑”的这条规定，但这是另一个话题。)
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敷衍地去参加会议有几个问题。首先，这是对主持会议的人和其他参会者的不尊重。实际上这是不应该这么做的充分理由，但我还有意识到另一个问题：它掩盖了会议的成本。
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如果你在开会，但同时回复了一封电子邮件，也许修复了一个 bug，那么这个会议就没什么成本（或没那么多）。如果会议成本低廉，那么会议数量将会更多。
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我想要更少、更短的会议。我不想掩盖它们的成本，我想让开会变得很有价值，除非绝对必要，否则就干脆不要开。
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有时，开会是绝对有必要的。而且我认为一个简短的会有时候能够很快的解决问题。但是，如果我一天要开十个短会的话，那我觉得还是不要假装取得了什么效果吧。
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我决定在我参加的所有的会上做笔记。我并不是说一定要做会议记录，但是我肯定会花上几分钟。这会让我把注意力集中在开会上，而忽略其他事。
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* **更好的时间管理** 无论是工作的或私人的，我有很多要做和想做的事。我一直在问题列表中跟踪其中的一些，一些在保存的电子邮件线索中（Emacs 和 [Gmail][4] 中，用于一些稍微不同的提醒），还有一些在日历、手机上各种各样的“待办事项列表”和小纸片上。可能还有其他地方。
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我决定把它们放在一起。不是说我认为放到一个一致的地方就更好，而是我想完成两件事：首先，把它们都集中在一个地方，我能够更好更全面地了解我在哪里投入了更多的精力；其次，我想养成一个记录、跟踪并保存它们的习惯（习惯指“固定或规律的倾向或做法，尤指难以放弃的倾向或做法”）。
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* **更好的问责制** 如果你在某些科学或工程领域工作，你就会养成记笔记的习惯。唉，我没有。但我决定这么做。
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我对法律上鼓励使用装订页面或用永久记号笔涂抹并不感兴趣。我感兴趣的是养成做记录的习惯。我的目标是有一个地方记下想法和设计草图等。如果我突然有了灵感，或者我想到了一个不在测试套件中的边缘情况，我希望我的直觉是把它写在我的日志中，而不是草草写在一张小纸片上，或者自己觉得自己会记住它。
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这些决心让我很快或多或少指向了 [Org][6] 模式。Org 模式有一个庞大的、活跃的、忠诚的用户社区。我以前也用过它（顺带一提，我都[写过][7]关于它的文章，在几年前)，我花了很长的一段时间（将 [MarkLogic 集成][8]到其中。（这在过去的一两个星期里得到了回报！）
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但我从没正经用过 Org 模式。
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我现在正在用它。我用了几分钟，我把所有要做的事情都记录下来，我还记了日记。我不确定我争论或列表它的所有功能能有多大价值，你可以通过网页快速地搜索找到很多。
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如果你用 Emacs，那你也应该用 Org 模式。如果没用过 Emacs，我相信你不会是第一个因 Org 模式而使用 Emacs 的人。Org 模式可以做很多。它需要一点时间来学习方法和快捷键，但我认为这是值得的。(如果你的口袋中有一台 [iOS][9] 设备，我推荐你在路上使用 [beorg][10] 来记录。)
|
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|
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当然，我想出了如何[将 XML 从其中提取出来][11]（“working out” 确实是“用 elisp 来编程”的一种有趣的魔法）然后，如何将它转换回我的博客用的标记（当然，在 Emacs 中按下一个按钮就可以做到）。这是用 Org 模式写的第一篇帖子。这也不会是最后一次。
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附注：生日快乐，[小博客][12]。
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://so.nwalsh.com/2019/03/01/emacs
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|
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作者：[Norman Walsh][a]
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选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
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译者：[oneforalone](https://github.com/oneforalone)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
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|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
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|
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[a]: https://so.nwalsh.com
|
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[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
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[1]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emacs
|
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[2]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IntelliJ_IDEA
|
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[3]: https://emacs-helm.github.io/helm/
|
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[4]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmail
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[5]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lab_notebook
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[6]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Org-mode
|
||||
[7]: https://www.balisage.net/Proceedings/vol17/html/Walsh01/BalisageVol17-Walsh01.html
|
||||
[8]: https://github.com/ndw/ob-ml-marklogic/
|
||||
[9]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS
|
||||
[10]: https://beorgapp.com/
|
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[11]: https://github.com/ndw/org-to-xml
|
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[12]: https://so.nwalsh.com/2017/03/01/helloWorld
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117
published/20190320 4 cool terminal multiplexers.md
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published/20190320 4 cool terminal multiplexers.md
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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
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[#]: translator: (geekpi)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: publisher: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11054-1.html)
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[#]: subject: (4 cool terminal multiplexers)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/4-cool-terminal-multiplexers/)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Paul W. Frields https://fedoramagazine.org/author/pfrields/)
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||||
|
||||
4 款很酷的终端复用器
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
![][1]
|
||||
|
||||
Fedora 系统对很多用户来说都很舒适。它有一个令人惊叹的桌面，可以轻松地完成日常任务。而在这光鲜的表面之下是由 Linux 系统提供的支持，而终端是高级用户使用这些底层能力的最简单方法。默认的终端简单且功能有限。但是，*终端复用器*能让你的终端变得非常强大。本文展示了一些流行的终端多路复用器以及如何安装它们。
|
||||
|
||||
为什么要用它？嗯，首先，它可以让你注销你的系统，而同时*让你的终端会话不受干扰*。退出你的控制台，这样安全，在其他地方旅行时通过远程登录 SSH 继续之前的操作是非常有用的。这里有一些工具可以看下。
|
||||
|
||||
最古老和最知名的终端多路复用器之一是 `screen`。但是，由于其代码不再维护，本文将重点介绍最近的应用。 （“最近的”是相对而言的，其中一些已存在多年！）
|
||||
|
||||
### Tmux
|
||||
|
||||
`tmux` 是 `screen` 最广泛使用的替代品之一。它有高度可配置的接口。你可以根据需要对 `tmux` 进行编程以启动特定类型的会话。在前面发表的这篇文章中你会发现更多关于 tmux 的信息：
|
||||
|
||||
- [使用 tmux 实现更强大的终端][2]
|
||||
|
||||
已经是 `tmux` 用户？你可能会喜欢[这篇使你的 tmux 会话更有效的文章][3]。
|
||||
|
||||
要安装 `tmux`，由于你可能已经在终端中，请带上 `sudo` 使用 `dnf`：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo dnf install tmux
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
要开始学习，请运行 `tmux` 命令。单窗格窗口以你的默认 shell 启动。tmux 使用*修饰键*来表示接下来会发出命令。默认情况下，此键为 `Ctrl+B`。如果输入 `Ctrl+B, C`，你将创建一个带有 shell 的新窗口。
|
||||
|
||||
提示：使用 `Ctrl+B, ?` 进入帮助模式，会列出你可以使用的所有键。为了简单起见，你先查看 `bind-key -T prefix` 开头的行。这些是你可以在修饰键之后立即使用的键，可以用来配置你的 `tmux` 会话。你可以按 `Ctrl+C` 退出帮助模式回 `tmux`。
|
||||
|
||||
要完全退出 `tmux`，请使用标准 `exit` 命令或 `Ctrl+D` 退出所有 shell。
|
||||
|
||||
### Dvtm
|
||||
|
||||
你可能最近在 Fedroa Magzine 上看到过一篇 [dwm，一个动态窗口管理器][4]的文章。像 `dwm` 一样，`dvtm` 用于平铺窗口管理，但是是用在终端中。它的设计坚持 UNIX 的“做好一件事”的理念，在这里是管理终端中的窗口。
|
||||
|
||||
安装 `dvtm` 也很简单。但是，如果你想要前面提到的注销功能，你还需要 `abduco` 包来处理 dvtm 的会话管理。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo dnf install dvtm abduco
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
`dvtm` 已经映射了许多管理终端窗口的按键。默认情况下，它使用 `Ctrl+G` 作为其修饰键。这个按键告诉 `dvtm` 接下来的字符将成为它应该处理的命令。例如， `Ctrl+G, C` 创建一个新窗口，`Ctrl+G, X` 将其关闭。
|
||||
|
||||
有关使用 `dvtm` 的更多信息，请查看 `dvtm` 的[主页][5]，其中包含大量提示和入门信息。
|
||||
|
||||
### Byobu
|
||||
|
||||
虽然 `byobu` 本身并不是真正的多路复用器 —— 它封装了 `tmux` 甚至更老的 `screen` 来添加功能，但它也值得在这里一提。通过帮助菜单和窗口选项卡，以便更加容易地找到那些功能，`byobu` 使终端复用器更适合初学者。
|
||||
|
||||
当然它也可以在 Fedora 仓库中找到。要安装它，请使用以下命令：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo dnf install byobu
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
默认情况下，`byobu` 会在内部运行 `screen`，因此你可能希望运行 `byobu-tmux` 来封装 `tmux`。你可以使用 `F9` 键打开帮助菜单以获取更多信息，来帮助你入门。
|
||||
|
||||
### Mtm
|
||||
|
||||
`mtm` 是你可以找到的最小的复用器之一。事实上，它只有大约 1000 行代码！如果你处于受限的环境（例如旧硬件、最小容器等）中，你可能会发现它很有用。要开始使用，你需要安装一些包。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo dnf install git ncurses-devel make gcc
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
然后克隆 `mtm` 所在的仓库：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ git clone https://github.com/deadpixi/mtm.git
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
进入 `mtm` 文件夹并构建程序：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ make
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
你可能会收到一些警告，但完成后，你将会有一个非常小的 `mtm` 程序。使用以下命令运行它：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ ./mtm
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
你可以在 [GitHub 页面][6]上找到该程序的所有文档。
|
||||
|
||||
这里只是一些终端复用器。你有想推荐的么？请在下面留下你的评论，享受在终端中创建窗口吧！
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://fedoramagazine.org/4-cool-terminal-multiplexers/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Paul W. Frields][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/author/pfrields/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/tmuxers-4-816x345.jpg
|
||||
[2]: https://fedoramagazine.org/use-tmux-more-powerful-terminal/
|
||||
[3]: https://fedoramagazine.org/4-tips-better-tmux-sessions/
|
||||
[4]: https://fedoramagazine.org/lets-try-dwm-dynamic-window-manger/
|
||||
[5]: http://www.brain-dump.org/projects/dvtm/#why
|
||||
[6]: https://github.com/deadpixi/mtm
|
||||
[7]: https://unsplash.com/photos/48yI_ZyzuLo?utm_source=unsplash&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=creditCopyText
|
||||
[8]: https://unsplash.com/search/photos/windows?utm_source=unsplash&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=creditCopyText
|
||||
125
published/20190531 Use Firefox Send with ffsend in Fedora.md
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125
published/20190531 Use Firefox Send with ffsend in Fedora.md
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@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: (geekpi)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: publisher: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11042-1.html)
|
||||
[#]: subject: (Use Firefox Send with ffsend in Fedora)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/use-firefox-send-with-ffsend-in-fedora/)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Sylvia Sánchez https://fedoramagazine.org/author/lailah/)
|
||||
|
||||
在 Fedora 中利用 ffsend 使用 Firefox Send
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
![][1]
|
||||
|
||||
`ffsend` 是 Firefox Send 的命令行客户端。本文将展示 Firefox Send 和 `ffsend` 如何工作。还会详细介绍如何在 Fedora 中安装和使用它。
|
||||
|
||||
### 什么是 Firefox Send 和 ffsend？
|
||||
|
||||
Firefox Send 是 Mozilla 的一个文件共享工具，它能将加密文件发送给其他用户。你可以在自己的服务器上安装 Send，也可以使用 Mozilla 托管的链接 [send.firefox.com][2]。它最大支持 1GB 的文件，链接会在可配置的下载次数（默认值为 1）或 24 小时后过期，然后会删除发送服务器上的所有文件。此工具仍*处于实验阶段*，因此不应在生产中使用或共享重要或敏感数据。
|
||||
|
||||
虽然 Firefox Send 本身就是工具，并且可以在 Web 中使用，但 `ffsend` 是一个可以与脚本和参数一起使用的命令行程序。它有多种配置选项，并且可以在后台工作而无需任何人为干预。
|
||||
|
||||
### 它如何工作？
|
||||
|
||||
`ffsend` 可以上传和下载文件。远程主机可以使用 Firefox 工具或其他 Web 浏览器来下载文件。 Firefox Send 和 `ffsend` 都不需要使用 Firefox。
|
||||
|
||||
值得一提 `ffsend` 使用了客户端加密。这意味着文件在上传*前*被加密。链接中就有密钥，因此在共享时要小心，因为任何有链接的人都可以下载该文件。作为额外的保护，你可以使用以下参数使用密码保护文件：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
ffsend password URL -p PASSWORD
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 其他功能
|
||||
|
||||
还有一些值得一提的其他功能：
|
||||
|
||||
* 链接到期前可配置的下载限制，范围从 1 到 20 次之间
|
||||
* 内置解压和归档功能
|
||||
* 跟踪共享文件的历史记录
|
||||
* 检查或删除共享文件
|
||||
* 文件夹也可以按原样共享，也可以作为压缩文件共享
|
||||
* 生成 QR 码，便于在手机上下载
|
||||
|
||||
### 如何在 Fedora 中安装
|
||||
|
||||
虽然 Fedora Send 可以在 Firefox 中使用而无需安装其他，但你需要安装 CLI 工具才能使用 `ffsend`。此工具在官方仓库中，因此你只需使用 `dnf` 命令，并使用 [sudo][3]。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo dnf install ffsend
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
之后，你可以在终端使用 `ffsend`。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 上传文件
|
||||
|
||||
上传文件很简单。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ ffsend upload /etc/os-release
|
||||
Upload complete
|
||||
Share link: https://send.firefox.com/download/05826227d70b9a4b/#RM_HSBq6kuyeBem8Z013mg
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
现在可以使用 “Share link” URL 轻松共享该文件。
|
||||
|
||||
### 下载文件
|
||||
|
||||
下载文件和上传一样简单。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ ffsend download https://send.firefox.com/download/05826227d70b9a4b/#RM_HSBq6kuyeBem8Z013mg
|
||||
Download complete
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
在下载之前，检查文件是否存在并获取有关它的信息会有用。`ffsend` 为此提供了 2 个方便的命令。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ ffsend exists https://send.firefox.com/download/88a6324e2a99ebb6/#YRJDh8ZDQsnZL2KZIA-PaQ
|
||||
Exists: true
|
||||
Password: false
|
||||
$ ffsend info https://send.firefox.com/download/88a6324e2a99ebb6/#YRJDh8ZDQsnZL2KZIA-PaQ
|
||||
ID: 88a6324e2a99ebb6
|
||||
Downloads: 0 of 1
|
||||
Expiry: 23h59m (86388s
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 上传历史
|
||||
|
||||
`ffsend` 还提供了一种查看使用工具上传的历史记录的方法。例如，如果你用脚本上传了大量文件并且想要跟踪每个文件的下载状态，那么这非常有用。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ ffsend history
|
||||
LINK EXPIRY
|
||||
1 https://send.firefox.com/download/#8TJ9QNw 23h59m
|
||||
2 https://send.firefox.com/download/KZIA-PaQ 23h54m
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 删除文件
|
||||
|
||||
另一个有用的功能是删除文件。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
ffsend delete https://send.firefox.com/download/2d9faa7f34bb1478/#phITKvaYBjCGSRI8TJ9QNw
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Firefox Send 是一项很棒的服务，`ffsend` 使得它在终端使用起来非常方便。[Gitlab 仓库][4]中有关于 `ffsend` 的更多示例和文档。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://fedoramagazine.org/use-firefox-send-with-ffsend-in-fedora/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Sylvia Sánchez][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/author/lailah/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/firefox-send-816x345.png
|
||||
[2]: http://send.firefox.com/
|
||||
[3]: https://fedoramagazine.org/howto-use-sudo/
|
||||
[4]: https://gitlab.com/timvisee/ffsend
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: "lujun9972"
|
||||
[#]: translator: "qfzy1233"
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: "wxy"
|
||||
[#]: publisher: "wxy"
|
||||
[#]: url: "https://linux.cn/article-11028-1.html"
|
||||
[#]: subject: "Top 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity"
|
||||
[#]: via: "https://www.linux.com/blog/learn/2019/1/top-5-linux-distributions-productivity"
|
||||
[#]: author: "Jack Wallen https://www.linux.com/users/jlwallen"
|
||||
|
||||
5 个最具生产力的 Linux 发行版
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
> 如果你正在寻找一个适合开发工作的完美环境，我敢说你找不到比 Pop!_OS 更好的选择。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
必须承认的是，这样的一个热门话题其实很难被总结的话题。为什么呢？首先，Linux 在就是一种有生产力的操作系统。由于它极强的可靠性和稳定的平台，使得完成工作变得很容易。其次为了衡量工作的效率，你需要考虑到哪项工作需要得到生产力方面的助推。是日常办公？开发类工作？学校事务？数据挖掘？或者是人力资源？你可以看到这个问题有多复杂。
|
||||
|
||||
然而，这并不意味着某些发行版无法更好地配置将底层操作系统呈现为一个有效的平台来完成工作。恰恰相反，许多发行版在偏离生产力这条道路上越走越远，所以你不会意识到你自己处在工作的窘境中，而是继续挖掘自己的潜力在工期结束之前拼命赶上进度。这些 Linux 发行版可以帮助你化繁为简，因此或许可以减少你工作流程中的痛点。
|
||||
|
||||
让我们来看一下这些发行版并为你找出适合你的最佳选择。为了更具条理，我按照生产力诉求把它们分成了几类。这项任务本身也是一种挑战，因为每个人在生产力提升上的需要是千差万别的。然而，我所关注的是下列的几项：
|
||||
|
||||
* 常规：适于那些只需要有效地完成多项工作的人。
|
||||
* 设计：适于那些从事设计创造和图像处理的人。
|
||||
* 开发：适于那些使用 Linux 桌面发行版来进行编程工作的人。
|
||||
* 运维：适于那些需要一个发行版来促进其执行系统管理任务的人。
|
||||
* 教育：适于那些需要桌面发行版可以助力他们在教育领域更高效的人。
|
||||
|
||||
诚然，有很多很多类别的发行版可供挑选，其中的很多可能用起来十分得心应手，但这五种或许是你最为需要的。
|
||||
|
||||
### 常规
|
||||
|
||||
对于常规的生产力诉求来说，你不会找到比 [Ubuntu][1] 更为高效的了。在这个类别中首推 Ubuntu 最主要的原因是因为它实现了桌面操作系统、软件、服务的无缝集成。你可能会问为什么我不选择同类别的 Linux Mint 呢？因为 Ubuntu 现在默认的的桌面环境为 GNOME 桌面，而它拥有 GNOME 许多扩展程序的优势的加成（图 1）。
|
||||
|
||||
![GNOME Clipboard][3]
|
||||
|
||||
*图 1：运行中的 GNOME 桌面的剪切板管理工具。*
|
||||
|
||||
这些扩展程序在提升生产力方面做了很多努力（所以 Ubuntu 比 Linux Mint 获得了更多的认可）。但是 Ubuntu 不仅仅是装了一个普通的 GNOME 桌面。事实上，他们致力于将它改进的更为轻量化、更为高效、以及用户友好度更高、开箱即用。总而言之，由于 Ubuntu 正确的融合了多种特性，开箱即用，完善的软件支持（仅对工作方面而言），这些特性使它几乎成为了生产力领域最为完美的一个平台。
|
||||
|
||||
不管你是要写一篇文档，制作一张电子表格，写一个新的软件，开发公司的网站，设计商用的图形，管理一个服务器或是网络，抑或是在你的公司内从事人力资源管理工作，Ubuntu 都可以满足你的需求。Ubuntu 桌面发行版也并不要求你耗费很大的精力才能开始开始开展工作……它直接就能使用（并且工作的十分优秀）。最后，得益于它是基于 Debian 的，使得在 Ubuntu 上安装第三方的软件十分简便。
|
||||
|
||||
很难不支持这一发行版独占生产力发行版列表的鳌头，尽管 Ubuntu 几乎已经成为几乎所有“某某类顶级发行版”列表的榜首。
|
||||
|
||||
### 设计
|
||||
|
||||
如果你正在寻求提升你的平面设计效率，你不能错过 [Fedora 设计套件][5]。这一 Fedora 衍生版是由负责 Fedora 相关的艺术作品的团队亲自操刀制作的。虽然其默认选择的应用程序并不是一个庞大的工具集合，但它所包含的工具都是创建和处理图像专用的。
|
||||
|
||||
有了 GIMP、Inkscape、Darktable、Krita、Entangle、Blender、Pitivi、Scribus 等应用程序（图 2），你可以找到完成图像编辑工作所需要的一切。但是 Fedora 设计套件并不仅限于此。这个桌面平台还包括一堆教程，涵盖了许多已安装的应用程序。对于任何想要尽可能提高效率的人来说，这将是一些非常有用的信息。不过，我要说的是，GNOME 收藏夹中的教程并没有超乎[此页中][6]链接的内容。
|
||||
|
||||
![Fedora Design Suite Favorites][8]
|
||||
|
||||
*图 2：Fedora 设计套件收藏夹菜单包含了许多工具，可以让你用于图形设计。*
|
||||
|
||||
那些使用数码相机的用户肯定会喜欢 Entangle 应用程序，它可以让你在电脑上控制单反相机。
|
||||
|
||||
### 开发
|
||||
|
||||
几乎所有的 Linux 发行版都是程序员的绝佳平台。然而，有一种特定的发行版脱颖而出，并超越了其他发行版，它将是你见过的用于编程类最有效率的工具之一。这个操作系统来自 [System76][9]（LCTT 译注：一家美国的计算机制造商），名为 [Pop!\_OS][10]。Pop!\_OS 是专门为创作者定制的，但不是针对艺术类。相反，Pop!\_OS 面向专门从事开发、编程和软件制作的程序员。如果你需要一个既能完美的胜任开发工作又包含符合使用习惯的桌面操作系统的开发环境，Pop!\_OS 将会是你的不二选择。（图 3）
|
||||
|
||||
可能会让你感到惊讶（考虑到这个操作系统是多么“年轻”）的是 Pop!\_OS 也是你将使用的基于 GNOME 平台的最稳定系统的之一。这意味着 Pop!\_OS 不只是为创作者和创客准备的，也是为任何想要一个可靠的操作系统的人准备的。你可以下载针对你的硬件的专门 ISO 文件，这一点是许多用户十分欣赏的。如果你有英特尔硬件，[下载][10] Intel 或 AMD 的版本。如果你的显卡是 NVIDIA，请下载该特定版本。不管怎样，你肯定会得到针对不同平台进行特殊定制的稳定版本。
|
||||
|
||||
![Pop!_OS][12]
|
||||
|
||||
*图 3：装有 GNOME 桌面的 Pop!_OS 一览。*
|
||||
|
||||
有趣的是，在 Pop!\_OS 中，你不会找到太多预装的开发工具。你也不会找到 IDE 或许多其他开发工具。但是，你可以在 Pop 商店中中找到所需的所有开发工具。
|
||||
|
||||
### 运维
|
||||
|
||||
如果你正在寻找适合系统管理的最具生产力的发行版，[Debian][13] 将会是你的不二之选。为什么这么说呢？因为 Debian 不仅仅拥有无与伦比的可靠性，它也是众多能从苦海中将你解救出来的最好的一个发行版。Debian 是易用性和无限可能性的完美结合。最重要的是，因为它是许多其他发行版的基础，所以可以打赌，如果你需要一个任务的管理工具，那么它一定支持 Debian 系统。当然，我们讨论的是一般的系统管理任务，这意味着大多数时候你需要使用终端窗口 SSH 连接到服务器（图 4），或者在浏览器上使用网络上基于 web 的 GUI 工具。既然如此为什么还要使用一个增加复杂性的桌面呢（比如 Fedora 中的 SELinux 或 openSUSE 中的 YaST）呢？所以，应选择更为简洁易用的那一种。
|
||||
|
||||
![Debian][15]
|
||||
|
||||
*图 4：在 Debian 系统上通过 SSH 连接到远程服务器。*
|
||||
|
||||
你可以选择你想要的不同的桌面（包括 GNOME、Xfce、KDE、Cinnamon、MATE、LXDE），可以确保你所使用的桌面外观最适合你的工作习惯。
|
||||
|
||||
### 教育
|
||||
|
||||
如果你是一名老师或学生，抑或是其他从事与教育相关工作的人士，你需要适当的工具来提高生产力。之前，有 Edubuntu 这样的版本。这一版本位列教育类相关发行版排名的前列。然而，自从 Ubuntu 14.04 版之后这一发行版就再也没有更新。还好，现在有一款基于 openSUSE 的新的以教育为基础的发行版有望夺摘得桂冠。这一改版叫做 [openSUSE:Education-Li-f-e][16]（Li-f-e：Linux For Education - 图 5），它基于 openSUSE Leap 42.1 （所以它可能稍微有一点过时）。
|
||||
|
||||
openSUSE:Education-Li-f-e 包含了以下工具：
|
||||
|
||||
* Brain Workshop（大脑工坊）：一种基于 dual n-back 模式的大脑训练软件（LCTT 译注：dual n-back 训练是一种科学的智力训练方法，可以改善人的工作记忆和流体智力）
|
||||
* GCompris：一种针对青少年的教育软件包
|
||||
* gElemental：一款元素周期表查看工具
|
||||
* iGNUit：一款通用的记忆卡片工具
|
||||
* Little Wizard：基于 Pascal 语言的少儿编程开发环境
|
||||
* Stellarium：天文模拟器
|
||||
* TuxMath：数学入门游戏
|
||||
* TuxPaint：一款少儿绘画软件
|
||||
* TuxType：一款为少儿准备的打字入门软件
|
||||
* wxMaxima：一个跨平台的计算机代数系统
|
||||
* Inkscape：矢量图形编辑软件
|
||||
* GIMP：图像处理软件（LCTT 译注：被誉为 Linux 上的 PhotoShop）
|
||||
* Pencil：GUI 模型制作工具
|
||||
* Hugin：全景照片拼接及 HDR 效果混合软件
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
![Education][18]
|
||||
|
||||
*图 5：openSUSE:Education-Li-f-e 发行版拥有大量的工具可以帮你在学校中变得更为高效。*
|
||||
|
||||
同时还集成在 openSUSE:Education-Li-f-e 中的还有 [KIWI-LTSP Server][19] 。KIWI-LTSP 服务器是一个灵活的、经济高效的解决方案，旨在使全世界的学校、企业和组织能够轻松地安装和部署桌面工作站。虽然这可能不会直接帮助学生变得更具生产力，但它肯定会使教育机构在部署供学生使用的桌面时更有效率。有关配置 KIWI-LTSP 的更多信息，请查看 openSUSE [KIWI-LTSP 快速入门指南][20]。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://www.linux.com/blog/learn/2019/1/top-5-linux-distributions-productivity
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Jack Wallen][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[qfzy1233](https://github.com/qfzy1233)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://www.linux.com/users/jlwallen
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://www.ubuntu.com/
|
||||
[2]: /files/images/productivity1jpg
|
||||
[3]: https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/productivity_1.jpg?itok=yxez3X1w "GNOME Clipboard"
|
||||
[4]: /licenses/category/used-permission
|
||||
[5]: https://labs.fedoraproject.org/en/design-suite/
|
||||
[6]: https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Design_Suite/Tutorials
|
||||
[7]: /files/images/productivity2jpg
|
||||
[8]: https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/productivity_2.jpg?itok=ke0b8qyH "Fedora Design Suite Favorites"
|
||||
[9]: https://system76.com/
|
||||
[10]: https://system76.com/pop
|
||||
[11]: /files/images/productivity3jpg-0
|
||||
[12]: https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/productivity_3_0.jpg?itok=8UkCUfsD "Pop!_OS"
|
||||
[13]: https://www.debian.org/
|
||||
[14]: /files/images/productivity4jpg
|
||||
[15]: https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/productivity_4.jpg?itok=c9yD3Xw2 "Debian"
|
||||
[16]: https://en.opensuse.org/openSUSE:Education-Li-f-e
|
||||
[17]: /files/images/productivity5jpg
|
||||
[18]: https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/productivity_5.jpg?itok=oAFtV8nT "Education"
|
||||
[19]: https://en.opensuse.org/Portal:KIWI-LTSP
|
||||
[20]: https://en.opensuse.org/SDB:KIWI-LTSP_quick_start
|
||||
[21]: https://training.linuxfoundation.org/linux-courses/system-administration-training/introduction-to-linux
|
||||
@ -1,23 +1,22 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: (luuming)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: publisher: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11004-1.html)
|
||||
[#]: subject: (5 Good Open Source Speech Recognition/Speech-to-Text Systems)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://fosspost.org/lists/open-source-speech-recognition-speech-to-text)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Simon James https://fosspost.org/author/simonjames)
|
||||
|
||||
5 款不错的开源语音识别/语音文字转换系统
|
||||
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<ruby>语音文字转换<rt>speech-to-text</rt></ruby>（STT）系统就像它名字所蕴含的那样，是一种将说出的单词转换为文本文件以供后续用途的方式。
|
||||
<ruby>语音文字转换<rt>speech-to-text</rt></ruby>（STT）系统就像它名字所蕴含的意思那样，是一种将说出的单词转换为文本文件以供后续用途的方式。
|
||||
|
||||
语音文字转换技术非常有用。它可以用到许多应用中，例如自动转录，使用自己的声音写书籍或文本，用生成的文本文件和其他工具做复杂的分析等。
|
||||
|
||||
在过去，语音文字转换技术以专有软件和库为主导，开源替代品并不存在或是有严格的限制并且没有社区。这一点正在发生改变，当今有许多开源语音文字转换工具和库可以让你立即使用。
|
||||
在过去，语音文字转换技术以专有软件和库为主导，要么没有开源替代品，要么有着严格的限制，也没有社区。这一点正在发生改变，当今有许多开源语音文字转换工具和库可以让你随时使用。
|
||||
|
||||
这里我列出了 5 个。
|
||||
|
||||
@ -27,74 +26,74 @@
|
||||
|
||||
![5 Good Open Source Speech Recognition/Speech-to-Text Systems 15 open source speech recognition][1]
|
||||
|
||||
该项目由 Firefox 浏览器背后的组织 Mozilla 团队开发。它 100% 自由并且使用 TensorFlow 机器学习框架实现。
|
||||
该项目由 Firefox 浏览器的开发组织 Mozilla 团队开发。它是 100% 的自由开源软件，其名字暗示使用了 TensorFlow 机器学习框架实现去功能。
|
||||
|
||||
换句话说，你可以用它训练自己的模型获得更好的效果，甚至可以用它转换其它的语言。你也可以轻松的将它集成到自己的 Tensorflow 机器学习项目中。可惜的是项目当前默认仅支持英语。
|
||||
换句话说，你可以用它训练自己的模型获得更好的效果，甚至可以用它来转换其它的语言。你也可以轻松的将它集成到自己的 Tensorflow 机器学习项目中。可惜的是项目当前默认仅支持英语。
|
||||
|
||||
它也支持许多编程语言，例如 Python（3.6）。可以让你在数秒之内获取：
|
||||
它也支持许多编程语言，例如 Python（3.6）。可以让你在数秒之内完成工作：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
pip3 install deepspeech
|
||||
deepspeech --model models/output_graph.pbmm --alphabet models/alphabet.txt --lm models/lm.binary --trie models/trie --audio my_audio_file.wav
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
你也可以通过 npm 安装它：
|
||||
你也可以通过 `npm` 安装它：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
npm install deepspeech
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
想要获得更多信息，请参考[项目主页][2]。
|
||||
- [项目主页][2]
|
||||
|
||||
#### Kaldi
|
||||
|
||||
![5 Good Open Source Speech Recognition/Speech-to-Text Systems 17 open source speech recognition][3]
|
||||
|
||||
Kaldi 是一个用 C++ 写的开源语音识别软件，并且在 Apache 公共许可下发布。它可以运行在 Windows，macOS 和 Linux 上。它的开发始于 2009。
|
||||
Kaldi 是一个用 C++ 编写的开源语音识别软件，并且在 Apache 公共许可证下发布。它可以运行在 Windows、macOS 和 Linux 上。它的开发始于 2009。
|
||||
|
||||
Kaldi 超过其他语音识别软件的主要特点是可扩展和模块化。社区提供了大量的三方模块可以用来完成你的任务。Kaldi 也支持深度神经网络，并且在它的网站上提供了[出色的文档][4]。
|
||||
Kaldi 超过其他语音识别软件的主要特点是可扩展和模块化。社区提供了大量的可以用来完成你的任务的第三方模块。Kaldi 也支持深度神经网络，并且在它的网站上提供了[出色的文档][4]。
|
||||
|
||||
虽然代码主要由 C++ 完成，但它通过 Bash 和 Python 脚本进行了封装。因此，如果你仅仅想使用基本的语音到文字转换功能，你就会发现通过 Python 或 Bash 能够轻易的完成。
|
||||
虽然代码主要由 C++ 完成，但它通过 Bash 和 Python 脚本进行了封装。因此，如果你仅仅想使用基本的语音到文字转换功能，你就会发现通过 Python 或 Bash 能够轻易的实现。
|
||||
|
||||
[Project’s homepage][5].
|
||||
- [项目主页][5]
|
||||
|
||||
#### Julius
|
||||
|
||||
![5 Good Open Source Speech Recognition/Speech-to-Text Systems 19 open source speech recognition][6]
|
||||
|
||||
可能是有史以来最古老的语音识别软件之一。它的发展始于 1991 年的京都大学，之后在 2005 年将所有权转移到了一个独立的项目组。
|
||||
它可能是有史以来最古老的语音识别软件之一。它的开发始于 1991 年的京都大学，之后在 2005 年将所有权转移到了一个独立的项目组。
|
||||
|
||||
Julius 的主要特点包括了执行实时 STT 的能力，低内存占用（20000 单词少于 64 MB），输出<ruby>最优词<rt>N-best word</rt></ruby>/<ruby>词图<rt>Word-graph</rt></ruby>的能力，当作服务器单元运行的能力和很多东西。这款软件主要为学术和研究所设计。由 C 语言写成，并且可以运行在 Linux，Windows，macOS 甚至 Android（在智能手机上）。
|
||||
Julius 的主要特点包括了执行实时 STT 的能力，低内存占用（20000 单词少于 64 MB），能够输出<ruby>最优词<rt>N-best word</rt></ruby>和<ruby>词图<rt>Word-graph</rt></ruby>，能够作为服务器单元运行等等。这款软件主要为学术和研究所设计。由 C 语言写成，并且可以运行在 Linux、Windows、macOS 甚至 Android（在智能手机上）。
|
||||
|
||||
它当前仅支持英语和日语。软件或许易于从 Linux 发行版的仓库中安装。只要在软件包管理器中搜索 julius 即可。最新的版本[发布][7]于大约一个半月之前。
|
||||
它当前仅支持英语和日语。软件应该能够从 Linux 发行版的仓库中轻松安装。只要在软件包管理器中搜索 julius 即可。最新的版本[发布][7]于本文发布前大约一个半月之前。
|
||||
|
||||
[Project’s homepage][8].
|
||||
- [项目主页][8]
|
||||
|
||||
#### Wav2Letter++
|
||||
|
||||
![5 Good Open Source Speech Recognition/Speech-to-Text Systems 21 open source speech recognition][9]
|
||||
|
||||
如果你在寻找一个更加时髦的，那么这款一定适合。Wav2Letter++ 是一款由 Facebook 的 AI 研究团队于 2 个月之前发布的开源语言识别软件。代码在 BSD 许可下发布。
|
||||
如果你在寻找一个更加时髦的，那么这款一定适合。Wav2Letter++ 是一款由 Facebook 的 AI 研究团队于 2 个月之前发布的开源语言识别软件。代码在 BSD 许可证下发布。
|
||||
|
||||
Facebook 描述它的库是“最快<ruby>最先进<rt>state-of-the-art</rt></ruby>的语音识别系统”。构建它时的想法使其能在默认情况下对性能进行优化。Facebook 最新的机器学习库 [FlashLight][11] 也被用作 Wav2Letter++ 的底层核心。
|
||||
Facebook 描述它的库是“最快、<ruby>最先进<rt>state-of-the-art</rt></ruby>的语音识别系统”。构建它时的理念使其默认针对性能进行了优化。Facebook 最新的机器学习库 [FlashLight][11] 也被用作 Wav2Letter++ 的底层核心。
|
||||
|
||||
Wav2Letter++ 需要你先为所描述的语言建立一个模型来训练算法。没有任何一种语言（包括英语）的预训练模型，它仅仅是个机器学习驱动的文本语音转换工具，它用 C++ 写成，因此命名为 Wav2Letter++。
|
||||
Wav2Letter++ 需要你先为所描述的语言建立一个模型来训练算法。没有任何一种语言（包括英语）的预训练模型，它仅仅是个机器学习驱动的文本语音转换工具，它用 C++ 写成，因此被命名为 Wav2Letter++。
|
||||
|
||||
[Project’s homepage][12].
|
||||
- [项目主页][12]
|
||||
|
||||
#### DeepSpeech2
|
||||
|
||||
![5 Good Open Source Speech Recognition/Speech-to-Text Systems 23 open source speech recognition][13]
|
||||
|
||||
中国巨头百度的研究人员也在开发他们自己的语音文字转换引擎，叫做“DeepSpeech2”。它是一个端对端的开源引擎，使用“PaddlePaddle”深度学习框架进行英语或汉语的文字转换。代码在 BSD 许可下发布。
|
||||
中国软件巨头百度的研究人员也在开发他们自己的语音文字转换引擎，叫做“DeepSpeech2”。它是一个端对端的开源引擎，使用“PaddlePaddle”深度学习框架进行英语或汉语的文字转换。代码在 BSD 许可证下发布。
|
||||
|
||||
引擎可以训练在任何模型之上，并且可以用于任何想要的语言。模型并未随代码一同发布。你要像其他软件那样自己建立模型。DeepSpeech2 的源代码由 Python 写成，如果你使用过就会非常容易上手。
|
||||
该引擎可以在你想用的任何模型和任何语言上训练。模型并未随代码一同发布。你要像其他软件那样自己建立模型。DeepSpeech2 的源代码由 Python 写成，如果你使用过就会非常容易上手。
|
||||
|
||||
[Project’s homepage][14].
|
||||
- [项目主页][14]
|
||||
|
||||
### 总结
|
||||
|
||||
语音识别领域仍然主要地由专有软件巨头所占据，比如 Google 和 IBM（它们为此提供了闭源商业服务），但是开源同类软件很有前途。这 5 款开源语音识别引擎应当能够帮助你构建应用，随着时间推移，它们会不断地发展。在几年之后，我们希望开源成为这些技术中的常态，就像其他行业那样。
|
||||
语音识别领域仍然主要由专有软件巨头所占据，比如 Google 和 IBM（它们为此提供了闭源商业服务），但是开源同类软件很有前途。这 5 款开源语音识别引擎应当能够帮助你构建应用，随着时间推移，它们会不断地发展。在几年之后，我们希望开源成为这些技术中的常态，就像其他行业那样。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你对清单有其他的建议或评论，我们很乐意在下面听到。
|
||||
|
||||
@ -104,8 +103,8 @@ via: https://fosspost.org/lists/open-source-speech-recognition-speech-to-text
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Simon James][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/LuuMing)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
译者：[LuuMing](https://github.com/LuuMing)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: publisher: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11013-1.html)
|
||||
[#]: subject: (Blockchain 2.0 – Ongoing Projects (The State Of Smart Contracts Now) [Part 6])
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-ongoing-projects-the-state-of-smart-contracts-now/)
|
||||
[#]: author: (editor https://www.ostechnix.com/author/editor/)
|
||||
@ -12,15 +12,15 @@
|
||||
|
||||
![The State Of Smart Contracts Now][1]
|
||||
|
||||
继续我们的[前面的关于智能合约的文章][2]，这篇文章旨在讨论智能合约的形势，重点介绍目前正在该领域进行开发的一些项目和公司。如本系列前一篇文章中讨论的，智能合约是在区块链网络上存在并执行的程序。我们探讨了智能合约的工作原理以及它们优于传统数字平台的原因。这里描述的公司分布于各种各样的行业中，但是大多涉及到身份管理系统、金融服务、众筹系统等，因为这些是被认为最适合切换到基于区块链的数据库系统的领域。
|
||||
继续我们的[前面的关于智能合约的文章][2]，这篇文章旨在讨论智能合约的发展形势，重点介绍目前正在该领域进行开发的一些项目和公司。如本系列前一篇文章中讨论的，智能合约是在区块链网络上存在并执行的程序。我们探讨了智能合约的工作原理以及它们优于传统数字平台的原因。这里描述的公司分布于各种各样的行业中，但是大多涉及到身份管理系统、金融服务、众筹系统等，因为这些是被认为最适合切换到基于区块链的数据库系统的领域。
|
||||
|
||||
### 开放平台
|
||||
|
||||
诸如 [Counterparty][8] 和 Solidity（以太坊）等平台是完全公用的构建模块，开发者可以以之创建自己的智能合约。大量的开发人员参与此类项目使这些项目成为开发智能合约、设计自己的加密货币令牌系统以及为区块链创建协议以实现功能的事实标准。许多值得称赞的项目都来源于它们。摩根大通派生自以太坊的 [Quorum][9]，就是一个例子。而瑞波是另一个例子。
|
||||
诸如 [Counterparty][8] 和 Solidity（以太坊）等平台是完全公用的构建模块，开发者可以以之创建自己的智能合约。大量的开发人员参与此类项目使这些项目成为开发智能合约、设计自己的加密货币令牌系统，以及创建区块链运行协议的事实标准。许多值得称赞的项目都来源于它们。摩根大通派生自以太坊的 [Quorum][9]，就是一个例子。而瑞波是另一个例子。
|
||||
|
||||
### 管理金融交易
|
||||
|
||||
通过互联网转账加密货币被吹捧为在未来几年的常态。与此相关的不足之处是：
|
||||
通过互联网转账加密货币被吹捧为在未来几年会成为常态。与此相关的不足之处是：
|
||||
|
||||
* 身份和钱包地址是匿名的。如果接收方不履行交易，则付款人没有任何第一追索权。
|
||||
* 错误交易（如果无法追踪任何交易）。
|
||||
@ -32,17 +32,17 @@
|
||||
|
||||
### 金融服务
|
||||
|
||||
小额融资和小额保险项目的发展将改善世界上大多数贫穷或没有银行账户的人的银行金融服务。据估计，社会中较贫穷的“无银行账户”人群可以为银行和机构的增加 3800 亿美元收入 [^5]。这一金额取代了通过银行切换到区块链 DLT 预期可以节省的运营费用。
|
||||
小额融资和小额保险项目的发展将改善世界上大多数贫穷或没有银行账户的人的银行金融服务。据估计，社会中较贫穷的“无银行账户”人群可以为银行和机构的增加 3800 亿美元收入 [^5]。这一金额要远远超过银行切换到区块链分布式账本技术（DLT）预期可以节省的运营费用。
|
||||
|
||||
位于美国中西部的 BankQu Inc. 的口号是“通过身份而尊严”。他们的平台允许个人设置他们自己的数字身份记录，其中所有交易将在区块链上实时审查和处理。在底层代码上记录并为其用户构建唯一的在线标识，从而实现超快速的交易和结算。BankQu 案例研究探讨了他们如何以这种方式帮助个人和公司，可以在[这里][3]看到。
|
||||
位于美国中西部的 BankQu Inc. 的口号是“通过身份而尊严”。他们的平台允许个人建立他们自己的数字身份记录，其中所有交易将在区块链上实时审查和处理。在底层代码上记录并为其用户构建唯一的在线标识，从而实现超快速的交易和结算。BankQu 案例研究探讨了他们如何以这种方式帮助个人和公司，可以在[这里][3]看到。
|
||||
|
||||
[Stratumn][12] 正在帮助保险公司通过自动执行早期由人类微观管理的任务来提供更好的保险服务。通过自动化、端到端可追溯性和高效的数据隐私方法，他们彻底改变了保险索赔的结算方式。改善客户体验以及显著降低成本，为客户和相关公司带来双赢局面。
|
||||
[Stratumn][12] 正在帮助保险公司通过自动化早期由人类微观管理的任务来提供更好的保险服务。通过自动化、端到端可追溯性和高效的数据隐私方法，他们彻底改变了保险索赔的结算方式。改善客户体验以及显著降低成本为客户和相关的公司带来双赢局面。
|
||||
|
||||
法国保险公司 [AXA][14] 目前正在试行类似的努力。其产品 [fizzy][13] 允许用户以少量费用订阅其服务并输入他们的航班详细信息。如果航班延误或遇到其他问题，该程序会自动搜索在线数据库，检查保险条款并将保险金额记入用户的帐户。这样就消除了用户或客户在手动检查条款后提出索赔的要求，并且一旦这样的系统成为主流，就不需要长期提出索赔，增加了航空公司的责任。
|
||||
法国保险公司 [AXA][14] 目前正在试行类似的努力。其产品 [fizzy][13] 允许用户以少量费用订阅其服务并输入他们的航班详细信息。如果航班延误或遇到其他问题，该程序会自动搜索在线数据库，检查保险条款并将保险金额记入用户的帐户。这样就用户或客户无需在手动检查条款后提出索赔，并且就长期而言，一旦这样的系统成为主流，就增加了航空公司的责任心。
|
||||
|
||||
### 跟踪所有权
|
||||
|
||||
理论上可以利用 DLT 中的带时间戳的数据块来跟踪从创建到最终用户消费的媒体。Peertracks 公司 和 Mycelia 公司目前正在帮助音乐家发布内容，而不必担心其内容被盗或被滥用。他们帮助艺术家直接向粉丝和客户销售，同时获得工作报酬，而无需通过权利和唱片公司 [^9]。
|
||||
理论上可以利用 DLT 中的带时间戳的数据块来跟踪媒体的创建到最终用户消费。Peertracks 公司和 Mycelia 公司目前正在帮助音乐家发布内容，而不必担心其内容被盗或被滥用。他们帮助艺术家直接向粉丝和客户销售，同时获得工作报酬，而无需通过权利和唱片公司 [^9]。
|
||||
|
||||
### 身份管理平台
|
||||
|
||||
@ -56,7 +56,7 @@
|
||||
|
||||
[Share & Charge][18] ([Slock.It][19]) 是一家欧洲的区块链初创公司。他们的移动应用程序允许房主和其他个人投入资金建立充电站与其他正在寻找快速充电的人分享他们的资源。这不仅使业主能够收回他们的一些投资，而且还允许 EV 司机在其近地域获得更多的充电点，从而允许供应商以方便的方式满足需求。一旦“客户”完成对其车辆的充电，相关的硬件就会创建一个由数据组成的安全时间戳块，并且在该平台上工作的智能合约会自动将相应的金额记入所有者账户。记录所有此类交易的跟踪并保持适当的安全验证。有兴趣的读者可以看一下[这里][6]，了解他们产品背后的技术角度。该公司的平台将逐步使用户能够与有需要的个人分享其他产品和服务，并从中获得被动收入。
|
||||
|
||||
我们在这里看到的公司，以及一个很短的正在进行中的项目的清单，这些项目利用智能合约和区块链数据库系统。诸如此类的平台有助于构建一个安全的“盒子”，其中包含仅由用户自己和上面的代码或智能合约访问的信息。基于触发器对信息进行实时审查、检查，并且算法由系统执行。这样的平台具有最小化的人为监督，这是在安全数字自动化方面朝着正确方向迈出的急需的一步，这在以前从未被考虑过如此规模。
|
||||
我们在这里看到的公司，以及一个很短的正在进行中的项目的清单，这些项目利用智能合约和区块链数据库系统。诸如此类的平台有助于构建一个安全的“盒子”，其中包含仅由用户自己、其上的代码或智能合约访问的信息。基于触发器对信息进行实时审查、检查，并且算法由系统执行。这样的平台人为监督最小化，这是在安全数字自动化方面朝着正确方向迈出的急需的一步，这在以前从未被考虑过如此规模。
|
||||
|
||||
下一篇文章将阐述不同类型的区块链。单击以下链接以了解有关此主题的更多信息。
|
||||
|
||||
@ -70,10 +70,10 @@
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-ongoing-projects-the-state-of-smart-contracts-now/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[editor][a]
|
||||
作者：[ostechnix][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: (geekpi)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: publisher: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11023-1.html)
|
||||
[#]: subject: (VSCodium: 100% Open Source Version of Microsoft VS Code)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/vscodium/)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/)
|
||||
|
||||
VSCodium：100% 开源的 VS Code
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
> VSCodium 是微软流行的 Visual Studio Code 编辑器的一个分支。它与 VS Code 完全相同，唯一不同的是，VSCodium 不跟踪你的使用数据。
|
||||
|
||||
微软的 [Visual Studio Code][1] 是一个出色的编辑器，不仅对于 Web 开发人员，也适合其他程序员。由于它的功能，它被认为是最好的开源代码编辑器之一。
|
||||
|
||||
是的，它是微软众多开源产品之一。因为有 DEB、RPM 和 Snap 包形式的二进制文件，你可以[在 Linux 中轻松安装 Visual Studio Code][2]。
|
||||
|
||||
但它存在一个问题，对于普通用户而言可能不是问题，但对于纯粹开源主义者而言是重要的。
|
||||
|
||||
Microsoft 说提供的二进制文件是不开源的。
|
||||
|
||||
感到困惑么？让我解释下。
|
||||
|
||||
VS Code 的源码是在 MIT 许可下开源的。你可以在 [GitHub][3] 上访问它。但是，[Microsoft 创建的安装包含专有的跟踪程序][4]。
|
||||
|
||||
此跟踪基本上用来收集使用数据并将其发送给 Microsoft 以“帮助改进其产品和服务”。如今，远程报告在软件产品中很常见。即使 [Ubuntu 也这样做，但它透明度更高][5]。
|
||||
|
||||
你可以[在 VS Code 中禁用远程报告][6]，但是你能完全信任微软吗？如果答案是否定的，那你有什么选择？
|
||||
|
||||
你可以从源代码构建它，从而保持全都是开源的。但是如今[从源代码安装][7]并不总是最好的选择，因为我们习惯于使用二进制文件。
|
||||
|
||||
另一种选择是使用 VSCodium ！
|
||||
|
||||
### VSCodium：100％ 开源形式的 Visual Studio Code
|
||||
|
||||
![][8]
|
||||
|
||||
[VSCodium][9] 是微软 Visual Studio Code 的一个分支。该项目的唯一目的是为你提供现成的二进制文件，而没有 Microsoft 的远程收集代码。
|
||||
|
||||
这解决了你想在去掉 Microsoft 的专有代码的情况下使用 VS Code ，而你又不习惯从源代码构建它的问题。
|
||||
|
||||
由于 [VSCodium 是 VS Code 的一个分支][11]，它的外观和功能与 VS Code 完全相同。
|
||||
|
||||
这是 Ubuntu 中第一次运行 VS Code 和 VSCodium 的截图。你能分辨出来吗？
|
||||
|
||||
![Can you guess which is VSCode and VSCodium?][12]
|
||||
|
||||
如果你无法区分这两者，请看下面。
|
||||
|
||||
![That’s Microsoft][13]
|
||||
|
||||
除此之外，还有两个应用的 logo，没有其他明显的区别。
|
||||
|
||||
![VSCodium and VS Code in GNOME Menu][14]
|
||||
|
||||
#### 在 Linux 上安装 VSCodium
|
||||
|
||||
虽然 VSCodium 存在于某些发行版（如 Parrot OS）中，但你必须在其他 Linux 发行版中添加额外的仓库。
|
||||
|
||||
在基于 Ubuntu 和 Debian 的发行版上，你可以使用以下命令安装 VSCodium。
|
||||
|
||||
首先，添加仓库的 GPG 密钥：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
wget -qO - https://gitlab.com/paulcarroty/vscodium-deb-rpm-repo/raw/master/pub.gpg | sudo apt-key add -
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
然后添加仓库：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
echo 'deb https://gitlab.com/paulcarroty/vscodium-deb-rpm-repo/raw/repos/debs/ vscodium main' | sudo tee --append /etc/apt/sources.list.d/vscodium.list
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
现在更新你的系统并安装 VSCodium：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
sudo apt update && sudo apt install codium
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
你可以在它的页面上找到[其他发行版的安装说明][15]。你还应该阅读[有关从 VS Code 迁移到 VSCodium 的说明][16]。
|
||||
|
||||
### 你如何看待 VSCodium？
|
||||
|
||||
就个人而言，我喜欢 VSCodium 的概念。说的老套一点，它的初心是好的。我认为，致力于开源的 Linux 发行版甚至可能开始将其包含在官方仓库中。
|
||||
|
||||
你怎么看？是否值得切换到 VSCodium 或者你选择关闭远程报告并继续使用 VS Code？
|
||||
|
||||
请不要出现“我使用 Vim” 的评论 :D
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://itsfoss.com/vscodium/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://code.visualstudio.com/
|
||||
[2]: https://itsfoss.com/install-visual-studio-code-ubuntu/
|
||||
[3]: https://github.com/Microsoft/vscode
|
||||
[4]: https://github.com/Microsoft/vscode/issues/60#issuecomment-161792005
|
||||
[5]: https://itsfoss.com/ubuntu-data-collection-stats/
|
||||
[6]: https://code.visualstudio.com/docs/supporting/faq#_how-to-disable-telemetry-reporting
|
||||
[7]: https://itsfoss.com/install-software-from-source-code/
|
||||
[8]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/vscodium.png?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1
|
||||
[9]: https://vscodium.com/
|
||||
[11]: https://github.com/VSCodium/vscodium
|
||||
[12]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/vscodium-vs-vscode.png?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1
|
||||
[13]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/microsoft-vscode-tracking.png?resize=800%2C259&ssl=1
|
||||
[14]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/vscodium-and-vscode.jpg?resize=800%2C220&ssl=1
|
||||
[15]: https://vscodium.com/#install
|
||||
[16]: https://vscodium.com/#migrate
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: (ninifly)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: publisher: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11009-1.html)
|
||||
[#]: subject: (Edge computing is in most industries’ future)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3391016/edge-computing-is-in-most-industries-future.html)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Anne Taylor https://www.networkworld.com/author/Anne-Taylor/)
|
||||
|
||||
边缘计算是大多数行业的未来
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
> 几乎每个行业都可以利用边缘计算来加速数字化转型。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
边缘计算的发展将取得一次巨大的飞跃。[据 Gartner 数据][2]，现在公司有 10% 的数据是在传统数据中心或云之外生成的。但在未来六年内，这一比例将升至 75%。
|
||||
|
||||
这很大程度上取决于处理来自设备数据的需要，比如物联网（IoT）数据传感器。早期采用这一方法的包括：
|
||||
|
||||
* **制造商**：设备与传感器似乎是这个行业特有的，因此需要为产生的数据找到更快速的方法也就不足为奇。一份 [Automation World][3] 最近的研究发现 43% 的制造商已经部署了边缘计算项目。最常用用途包括生产/制造数据分析与设备数据分析。
|
||||
* **零售商**：与大多数深受数字化运营需求影响的产业一样，零售商也不得不革新了其客户体验。为此，这些组织“正在积极投资贴近于买家的计算能力”，施耐德电气公司 IT 部门执行副总裁 [Dave Johnson][4] 如是说。他列举了一些例子，例如在试衣间的增强现实（AR）镜子，提供了不同的服装选择，而不用顾客试用这些服装。又如用于显示店内导航的基于信标的热图。
|
||||
* **医疗保健机构**：随着医疗保健成本的不断上升，这一行业已经具备了提高生产能力与成本效率方面的创新能力。管理咨询公司[麦肯锡已经确定][5]，至少有 11 个有益于患者、医疗机构或两者的医疗保健用例。举两个例子：提高护理效率并有助于优化设备的跟踪移动医疗设备；跟踪用户锻炼并提供健康建议的可穿戴设备。
|
||||
|
||||
虽然以上这些是明显的用例，随着边缘计算市场的扩大，采用它的行业也会增加。
|
||||
|
||||
### 数字化转型的优势
|
||||
|
||||
随着边缘计算的快速处理能力完全符合数字化转型的目标：提高效率、生产能力和加速产品上市和客户体验。以下是一些有潜力的应用及将被边缘计算改变的行业：
|
||||
|
||||
**农业**：农民和组织已经使用无人机将农田和气候环境传给灌溉设备。其他的应用可能包括了对工人、牲畜和设备的监测与位置跟踪，从而改善生产能力、效率和成本。
|
||||
|
||||
**能源**：在这一领域有许多的潜在的应用，可以使消费者与供应商都受益。例如，智能电表有助于业主更好地管理能源使用，同时减少电网运营商对手动抄表的需求。同样的，水管上的传感器能够监测到漏水，同时提供实时漏水数据。
|
||||
|
||||
**金融服务**：银行正在采取交互式 ATM 机，这种交互式 ATM 机能够快速地处理数据以提供更好的用户体验。在管理层次，可以更快速地分析交易数据中的欺诈行为。
|
||||
|
||||
**物流**：由于消费者需要更快速地交付商品和服务，物流公司将需要转换其地图和寻路功能以获取实时数据，尤其在最后一公里计划和跟踪方面。这可能涉及到基于街道、包裹及汽车的传感器数据传输处理过程。
|
||||
|
||||
得益于边缘计算，所有行业都有转型的潜力。但是，这将取决于他们如何处理计算基础设施。可以在 [APC.com][6] 找到如何克服任何 IT 阻碍的解决方案。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3391016/edge-computing-is-in-most-industries-future.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Anne Taylor][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[ninifly](https://github.com/ninifly)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Anne-Taylor/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/04/istock-1019389496-100794424-large.jpg
|
||||
[2]: https://www.gartner.com/smarterwithgartner/what-edge-computing-means-for-infrastructure-and-operations-leaders/
|
||||
[3]: https://www.automationworld.com/article/technologies/cloud-computing/its-not-edge-vs-cloud-its-both
|
||||
[4]: https://blog.schneider-electric.com/datacenter/2018/07/10/why-brick-and-mortar-retail-quickly-establishing-leadership-edge-computing/
|
||||
[5]: https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/high-tech/our-insights/new-demand-new-markets-what-edge-computing-means-for-hardware-companies
|
||||
[6]: https://www.apc.com/us/en/solutions/business-solutions/edge-computing.jsp
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: (chen-ni)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: publisher: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11000-1.html)
|
||||
[#]: subject: (Why startups should release their code as open source)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/5/startups-release-code)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Clément Flipo https://opensource.com/users/cl%C3%A9ment-flipo)
|
||||
|
||||
为什么初创公司应该将代码开源
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
> Dokit 曾经怀疑将自己的知识开源可能是一个失败的商业决策，然而正是这个选择奠定了它的成功。
|
||||
|
||||
![open source button on keyboard][1]
|
||||
|
||||
回想一个项目开展最初期的细节并不是一件容易的事情，但这有时候可以帮助你更清晰地理解这个项目。如果让我来说，关于 [Dokit][2] 这个用来创建用户手册和文档的平台的最早的想法来自我的童年。小时候我家里都是 Meccano（LCTT 译注：一种类似乐高的拼装玩具）和飞机模型之类的玩具，对于我来说，游戏中很重要的一部分就是动手制作，把独立的零件组装在一起来创造一个新的东西。我父亲在一家 DIY 公司工作，所以家里到处都建筑、修理，以及使用说明书。小的时候父母还让我参加了童子军，在那里我们制作桌子和帐篷，还有泥巴做的烧烤炉，这些事情都培养了我在共同学习中感受到的乐趣，就像我在开源活动中感受到的一样。
|
||||
|
||||
在童年学到的修理东西和回收产品的本领成为了我工作的一部分。后来我决心要用线上的方式，还原这种在家里或者小组里学习如何制作和修理东西时的那种非常棒的感觉。Dokit 就从这个想法中诞生了。
|
||||
|
||||
### 创业初期
|
||||
|
||||
事情并非一帆风顺，在我们的公司于 2017 年成立之后，我很快就意识到那些最庞大、最值得奋斗的目标一般来说也总是最困难的。如果想要实现我们的计划 —— 彻底改变 [老式的说明书和用户手册的编写和发行方式][3]，并且在这个细分市场（我们非常清楚这一点）里取得最大的影响力 —— 那么确立一个主导任务就十分关键，它关乎项目的组织方式。我们据此做出了第一个重要决策：首先 [在短时间内使用一个已有的开源框架 MediaWiki 制作产品原型来验证我们的想法][4]，然后将我们的全部代码都作为开源项目发布。
|
||||
|
||||
当时 [MediaWiki][5] 已经在正常运作了，事后看来，这一点让我们的决策变得容易了许多。这个平台已经拥有我们设想的最小可用产品（MVP）所需要的 90% 的功能，并且在全世界范围内有 15000 名活跃的开发者。MediaWiki 因为是维基百科的驱动引擎而小有名气，如果没有来自它的支持，事情对我们来说无疑会困难很多。还有一个许多公司都在使用的文档平台 Confluence 也有一些不错的功能，但是最终在这两者之间做出选择还是很容易的。
|
||||
|
||||
出于对社区的信赖，我们把自己平台的初始版本完全放在了 GitHub 上。我们甚至还没有真正开始进行推广，就已经可以看到世界各地的创客们开始使用我们的平台，这种令人激动的感觉似乎说明我们的选择是正确的。尽管 [创客以及 Fablab 运动][6]（LCTT 译注：Fablab 是一种向个人提供包括 3D 打印在内的电子化制造服务的小型工坊）都在鼓励用户积极分享说明材料，并且在 [Fablab 章程][7] 中也写明了这一点，但现实中像模像样的文档还是不太多见。
|
||||
|
||||
人们喜欢使用我们这个平台的首要原因是它可以解决一个非常实在的问题：一个本来还不错的项目，却使用了非常糟糕的文档 —— 其实这个项目本来可以变得更好的。对我们来说，这有点儿像是在修复创客及 DIY 社区里的一个裂缝。在我们的平台发布后的一年之内，Fablabs、[Wikifab][8]、[Open Source Ecology][9]、[Les Petits Debrouillards][10]、[Ademe][11] 以及 [Low-Tech Lab][12] 都在他们的服务器上安装了我们的工具，用来制作逐步引导的教程。
|
||||
|
||||
甚至在我们还没有发新闻稿之前，我们的其中一个用户 Wikifab 就开始在全国性媒体上收到“DIY 界的维基百科”这样的称赞了。短短两年之内，我们看到有数百的社区都在他们自己的 Dokits 上开展了项目，从有意思的、搞笑的，到那种很正式的产品手册都有。这种社区的力量正是我们想要驾驭的，并且有这么多的项目 —— 从风力涡轮机到宠物喂食器 —— 都在使用我们创建的平台编写非常有吸引力的产品手册，这件事情真的令我们赞叹不已。
|
||||
|
||||
### 项目开源
|
||||
|
||||
回头看看前两年的成功，很明显选择开源是我们能迅速取得成果的关键因素。最有价值的事情就是在开源项目中获得反馈的能力了。如果一段代码无法正常运行，[会有人立刻告诉我们][14]。如果可以从这些已经在使用你提供的服务的人那里学到这么多东西，为什么还要需要等着和顾问们开会呢？
|
||||
|
||||
社区对我们这个项目的关注程度也反映出了这个市场的潜力（包括利润上的潜力）。[巴黎有一个非常好的、成长迅速的开发者社区][15]（LCTT 译注：Dokit 是一家设立在巴黎的公司），但是开源将我们从一个只有数千当地人的小池子里带到了全世界数百万的开发者身边，他们都将成为我们的创作中的一部分。与此同时，代码的开放性也让我们的用户和客户更加放心，因为即使我们这个公司不在了，代码仍然会存续下去。
|
||||
|
||||
如果说上面这些都是在我们之前对开源的预期之中的话，其实这一路上也有不少惊喜。因为开源，我们获得了更多的客户、声望以及精准推广，这种推广本来以我们有限的预算是负担不起的，现在却不需要我们支付费用。我们发现开源代码还改善了我们的招聘流程，因为在雇佣之前就可以通过我们的代码来测试候选人，并且被雇佣之后的入职过程也会更加顺利。
|
||||
|
||||
开发者在完全公开的情况下写代码，既有一点尴尬，同时也很团结，这对我们提升产品质量很有帮助。人们可以互相发表意见和反馈，并且因为工作都是完全公开的，人们似乎会尽可能地想做到最好。为了不断优化、不断重构 Dokit 的运行方式，我们明白未来应该在对社区的支持上做得更好。
|
||||
|
||||
### 下一步是什么？
|
||||
|
||||
尽管我们对正在做的事情一直都很有信念，并且看到很多出色的产品说明书都是用我们的软件制作出来的，我们还是会对这个项目的成长不断地感到兴奋，并且非常确信未来一定会很好。
|
||||
|
||||
在创业初期，我们对将自己的知识免费分发出去这件事还是非常担心的。事实证明正好相反 —— 正是开源让我们能够迅速构建起一个可持续的初创企业。Dokit 平台的设计初衷是通过社区的支持，让它的用户有信心去构建、组装、修理和创造全新的发明。事后看来，我们用开源的方式去构建了 Dokit 这个平台，这和 Dokit 本身想做的其实正好是同一件事情。
|
||||
|
||||
如同修理或者组装一件实体产品一样，只有当你对自己的方法有信心的时候，事情才会越来越顺利。现在，在我们创业的第三个年头，我们开始注意到全世界对这个领域的兴趣在增加，因为它迎合了出于不断变化的居家和生活方式的需求而 [想要使用或重复利用以及组装产品的新一代客户][16]。我们正是在通过线上社区的支持，创造一个让大家能够在自己动手做东西的时候感到更加有信心的平台。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/article/19/5/startups-release-code
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Clément Flipo][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[chen-ni](https://github.com/chen-ni)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/cl%C3%A9ment-flipo
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/button_push_open_keyboard_file_organize.png?itok=KlAsk1gx (open source button on keyboard)
|
||||
[2]: https://dokit.io/
|
||||
[3]: https://dokit.io/9-reasons-to-stop-writing-your-user-manuals-or-work-instructions-with-word-processors/
|
||||
[4]: https://medium.com/@gofloaters/5-cheap-ways-to-build-your-mvp-71d6170d5250
|
||||
[5]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MediaWiki
|
||||
[6]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maker_culture
|
||||
[7]: http://fab.cba.mit.edu/about/charter/
|
||||
[8]: https://wikifab.org/
|
||||
[9]: https://www.opensourceecology.org/
|
||||
[10]: http://www.lespetitsdebrouillards.org/
|
||||
[11]: https://www.ademe.fr/en
|
||||
[12]: http://lowtechlab.org/
|
||||
[13]: https://www.20minutes.fr/magazine/economie-collaborative-mag/2428995-20160919-pour-construire-leurs-meubles-eux-memes-ils-creent-le-wikipedia-du-bricolage
|
||||
[14]: https://opensource.guide/how-to-contribute/
|
||||
[15]: https://www.rudebaguette.com/2013/03/here-are-the-details-on-the-new-developer-school-that-xavier-niel-is-launching-tomorrow/?lang=en
|
||||
[16]: https://www.inc.com/ari-zoldan/why-now-is-the-best-time-to-start-a-diy-home-based.html
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: (yizhuoyan)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: publisher: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11010-1.html)
|
||||
[#]: subject: (How To Check Whether The Given Package Is Installed Or Not On Debian/Ubuntu System?)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://www.2daygeek.com/how-to-check-whether-the-given-package-is-installed-or-not-on-ubuntu-debian-system/)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Magesh Maruthamuthu https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
如何在 Debian/Ubuntu 系统中检查程序包是否安装？
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
我们近期发布了一篇关于批量程序包安装的文章。在此同时，关于如何获取系统上已安装了的程序包信息，我也做了些调查然后找到了些方法。我会把这些方法分享在我们的网站上，希望能帮助到其他人。
|
||||
|
||||
有很多种方法可以检查程序包是否已安装，我找到了 7 种命令，你可以从中选择你喜欢的使用。
|
||||
|
||||
如下：
|
||||
|
||||
* `apt-cache`：可用于查询 APT 缓存或程序包的元数据。
|
||||
* `apt`：是基于 Debian 的系统中的安装、下载、删除、搜索和管理包的强有力的工具。
|
||||
* `dpkg-query`：一个查询 dpkg 数据库的工具。
|
||||
* `dpkg`：基于 Debian 的系统的包管理工具。
|
||||
* `which`：返回在终端中输入命令时执行的可执行文件的全路径。
|
||||
* `whereis`：可用于搜索指定命令的二进制文件、源码文件和帮助文件。
|
||||
* `locate`：比 `find` 命令快，因为其使用 `updatedb` 数据库搜索，而 `find`命令在实际系统中搜索。
|
||||
|
||||
### 方法一、使用 apt-cache 命令
|
||||
|
||||
`apt-cache` 命令用于从 APT 内部数据库中查询**APT 缓存**和**包的元数据**，将会搜索和显示指定包的信息，包括是否安装、程序包版本、源码仓库信息等。
|
||||
|
||||
下面的示例清楚的显示 `nano` 包已经在系统中安装了以及对应安装的版本号。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# apt-cache policy nano
|
||||
nano:
|
||||
Installed: 2.9.3-2
|
||||
Candidate: 2.9.3-2
|
||||
Version table:
|
||||
*** 2.9.3-2 500
|
||||
500 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic/main amd64 Packages
|
||||
100 /var/lib/dpkg/status
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 方法二、使用 apt 命令
|
||||
|
||||
`apt` 是一个功能强大的命令行工具，可用于安装、下载、删除、搜索、管理程序包以及查询关于程序包的信息，类似对于 `libapt-pkg` 库的所有功能的底层访问。其包含一些与包管理相关的但很少用到的命令行功能。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# apt -qq list nano
|
||||
nano/bionic,now 2.9.3-2 amd64 [installed]
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 方法三、使用 dpkg-query 命令
|
||||
|
||||
`dpkg-query` 是显示 `dpkg` 数据库中程序包信息列表的一个工具。
|
||||
|
||||
下面示例中的输出的第一列 `ii`，表示查询的程序包已安装了。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# dpkg-query --list | grep -i nano
|
||||
ii nano 2.9.3-2 amd64 small, friendly text editor inspired by Pico
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 方法四、使用 dpkg 命令
|
||||
|
||||
`dpkg`（**d**ebian **p**ac**k**a**g**e）是一个安装、构建、删除和管理 Debian 包的工具，但和其他包管理系统不同的是，其不能自动下载和安装包或包依赖。
|
||||
|
||||
下面示例中的输出的第一列 `ii`，表示查询的包已安装了。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# dpkg -l | grep -i nano
|
||||
ii nano 2.9.3-2 amd64 small, friendly text editor inspired by Pico
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 方法五、使用 which 命令
|
||||
|
||||
`which` 命令返回在终端中输入命令时执行的可执行文件的全路径。这对于你想要给可执行文件创建桌面快捷方式或符号链接时非常有用。
|
||||
|
||||
`which` 命令仅在当前用户 `PATH` 环境变量配置的目录列表中搜索，而不是在所有用户的目录中搜索。这意思是当你登入你自己账号时，其不会在 `root` 用户文件或目录中搜索。
|
||||
|
||||
如果对于指定的程序包或可执行文件路径有如下输出，则表示已安装了，否则没有。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# which nano
|
||||
/bin/nano
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 方法六、使用 whereis 命令
|
||||
|
||||
`whereis` 命令用于针对指定命令搜索对应的程序二进制文件、源码文件以及帮助文件等。
|
||||
|
||||
如果对于指定的程序包或可执行文件路径有如下输出，则表示已安装了，否则没有。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# whereis nano
|
||||
nano: /bin/nano /usr/share/nano /usr/share/man/man1/nano.1.gz /usr/share/info/nano.info.gz
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 方法七、使用 locate 命令
|
||||
|
||||
`locate` 命令比 `find` 命令快，因为其在 `updatedb` 数据库中搜索，而 `find` 命令在实际系统中进行搜索。
|
||||
|
||||
对于获取指定文件，其使用数据库而不是在特定目录路径中搜索。
|
||||
|
||||
`locate` 命令不会预安装在大多数系统中，需要手动安装。
|
||||
|
||||
`locate` 使用的数据库会根据定时任务定期更新。当然，我们也可以手动更新。
|
||||
|
||||
如果对于指定的程序包或可执行文件路径有如下输出，则表示已安装了，否则没有。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# locate --basename '\nano'
|
||||
/usr/bin/nano
|
||||
/usr/share/nano
|
||||
/usr/share/doc/nano
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://www.2daygeek.com/how-to-check-whether-the-given-package-is-installed-or-not-on-ubuntu-debian-system/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Magesh Maruthamuthu][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[yizhuoyan](https://github.com/yizhuoyan)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: publisher: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-10997-1.html)
|
||||
[#]: subject: (5 GNOME keyboard shortcuts to be more productive)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/5-gnome-keyboard-shortcuts-to-be-more-productive/)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Clément Verna https://fedoramagazine.org/author/cverna/)
|
||||
|
||||
5 个提高效率的 GNOME 快捷键
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
![][1]
|
||||
|
||||
对于某些人来说，使用 GNOME Shell 作为传统的桌面管理器可能会感觉沮丧，因为它通常需要更多的鼠标操作。事实上，GNOME Shell 也是一个专为键盘操作而设计的[桌面管理器][2]。通过这五种使用键盘而不是鼠标的方法，了解如何使用 GNOME Shell 提高效率。
|
||||
|
||||
### GNOME 活动概述
|
||||
|
||||
可以使用键盘上的 `Super` 键轻松打开活动概述。（`Super` 键通常有一个标识——比如 Windows 徽标……）这在启动应用程序时非常有用。例如，使用以下键序列 `Super + f i r + Enter` 可以轻松启动 Firefox Web 浏览器
|
||||
|
||||
![][3]
|
||||
|
||||
### 消息托盘
|
||||
|
||||
在 GNOME 中，消息托盘中提供了通知。这也是日历和世界时钟出现的地方。要使用键盘打开信息托盘，请使用 `Super + m` 快捷键。要关闭消息托盘，只需再次使用相同的快捷方式。
|
||||
|
||||
![][4]
|
||||
|
||||
### 在 GNOME 中管理工作空间
|
||||
|
||||
GNOME Shell 使用动态工作空间，这意味着它可以根据需要创建更多工作空间。使用 GNOME 提高工作效率的一个好方法是为每个应用程序或每个专用活动使用一个工作区，然后使用键盘在这些工作区之间导航。
|
||||
|
||||
让我们看一个实际的例子。要在当前工作区中打开终端，请按以下键：`Super + t e r + Enter`。然后，要打开新工作区，请按 `Super + PgDn`。 打开 Firefox（ `Super + f i r + Enter`）。 要返回终端（所在的工作空间），请使用 `Super + PgUp`。
|
||||
|
||||
![][5]
|
||||
|
||||
### 管理应用窗口
|
||||
|
||||
使用键盘也可以轻松管理应用程序窗口的大小。最小化、最大化和将应用程序移动到屏幕的左侧或右侧只需几个击键即可完成。使用 `Super + ↑` 最大化、`Super + ↓` 最小化、`Super + ←` 和 `Super + →` 左右移动窗口。
|
||||
|
||||
![][6]
|
||||
|
||||
### 同一个应用的多个窗口
|
||||
|
||||
使用活动概述启动应用程序非常有效。但是，尝试从已经运行的应用程序打开一个新窗口只能将焦点转移到已经打开的窗口。要创建一个新窗口，就不是简单地按 `Enter` 启动应用程序，请使用 `Ctrl + Enter`。
|
||||
|
||||
因此，例如，使用应用程序概述启动终端的第二个实例，`Super + t e r + (Ctrl + Enter)`。
|
||||
|
||||
![][7]
|
||||
|
||||
然后你可以使用 `Super` + ` 在同一个应用程序的窗口之间切换。
|
||||
|
||||
![][8]
|
||||
|
||||
如图所示，当用键盘控制时，GNOME Shell 是一个非常强大的桌面环境。学习使用这些快捷方式并训练你的肌肉记忆以不使用鼠标将为你提供更好的用户体验，并在使用 GNOME 时提高你的工作效率。有关其他有用的快捷方式，请查看 [GNOME wiki 上的此页面][9]。
|
||||
|
||||
*图片来自 [1AmFcS][10]，[Unsplash][11]*
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://fedoramagazine.org/5-gnome-keyboard-shortcuts-to-be-more-productive/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Clément Verna][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/author/cverna/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/5-gnome-keycombos-816x345.jpg
|
||||
[2]: https://fedoramagazine.org/gnome-3-32-released-coming-to-fedora-30/
|
||||
[3]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Peek-2019-05-23-10-50.gif
|
||||
[4]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Peek-2019-05-23-11-01.gif
|
||||
[5]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Peek-2019-05-23-12-57.gif
|
||||
[6]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Peek-2019-05-23-13-06.gif
|
||||
[7]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Peek-2019-05-23-13-19.gif
|
||||
[8]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Peek-2019-05-23-13-22.gif
|
||||
[9]: https://wiki.gnome.org/Design/OS/KeyboardShortcuts
|
||||
[10]: https://unsplash.com/photos/MuTWth_RnEs?utm_source=unsplash&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=creditCopyText
|
||||
[11]: https://unsplash.com/search/photos/keyboard?utm_source=unsplash&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=creditCopyText
|
||||
@ -1,28 +1,30 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: (chen-ni)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: publisher: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11021-1.html)
|
||||
[#]: subject: (A short primer on assemblers, compilers, and interpreters)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/5/primer-assemblers-compilers-interpreters)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Erik O'Shaughnessy https://opensource.com/users/jnyjny/users/shawnhcorey/users/jnyjny/users/jnyjny)
|
||||
|
||||
浅谈汇编器，编译器和解释器
|
||||
浅谈汇编器、编译器和解释器
|
||||
======
|
||||
简单介绍一下编程方式的历史演变
|
||||
![keyboard with connected dots][1]
|
||||
|
||||
在计算机诞生不久的早期年代，硬件非常昂贵，而程序员比较廉价。这些廉价程序员甚至都没有“程序员”这个头衔，并且常常是由数学家或者电气工程师来充当这个角色的。早期的计算机被用来在短时间内解决复杂的数学问题，所以数学家天然就适合“编程”工作。
|
||||
> 简单介绍一下编程方式的历史演变。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
在计算机诞生不久的早期年代，硬件非常昂贵，而程序员比较廉价。这些廉价程序员甚至都没有“程序员”这个头衔，并且常常是由数学家或者电气工程师来充当这个角色的。早期的计算机被用来快速解决复杂的数学问题，所以数学家天然就适合“编程”工作。
|
||||
|
||||
### 什么是程序？
|
||||
|
||||
首先来看一点背景知识。计算机自己是做不了任何事情的，它们的任何行为都需要程序来引导。你可以把程序看成是非常精确的菜谱，这种菜谱读取一个输入，然后生成对应的输出。菜谱里的各个步骤由操作数据的指令构成。听上去有点儿复杂，不过你或许知道下面这个语句是什么意思：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
`1 + 2 = 3`
|
||||
1 + 2 = 3
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
其中的加号是“指令”，而数字 1 和 2 是数据。数学上的等号意味着等式两边的部分是“等价”的，不过在大部分编程语言中等号（或者它的变形）都是“赋值”的意思。如果计算机执行上面这个语句，它会把这个加法的结果（也就是“3”）储存在内存中的某个地方。
|
||||
其中的加号是“指令”，而数字 1 和 2 是数据。数学上的等号意味着等式两边的部分是“等价”的，不过在大部分编程语言中对变量使用等号是“赋值”的意思。如果计算机执行上面这个语句，它会把这个加法的结果（也就是“3”）储存在内存中的某个地方。
|
||||
|
||||
计算机知道如何使用数字进行数学运算，以及如何在内存结构中移动数据。在这里就不对内存进行展开了，你只需要知道内存一般分为两大类：“速度快/空间小”和“速度慢/空间大”。CPU 寄存器的读写速度非常快，但是空间非常小，相当于一个速记便签。主存储器通常有很大的空间，但是读写速度就比寄存器差远了。在程序运行的时候，CPU 不断将它所需要用到的数据从主存储器挪动到寄存器，然后再把结果放回到主存储器。
|
||||
|
||||
@ -32,9 +34,9 @@
|
||||
|
||||
![Programmers operate the ENIAC computer][2]
|
||||
|
||||
_程序员[Betty Jean Jennings][3] (左) 和 [Fran Bilas][4] (右) 在操作 [ENIAC][5] 的主控制面板._
|
||||
*程序员[Betty Jean Jennings][3] (左) 和 [Fran Bilas][4] (右) 在操作 [ENIAC][5] 的主控制面板*
|
||||
|
||||
后来有一名 [电气工程师][6] 认为自己的时间很宝贵，就写了一个能够把人们可以读懂的“菜谱”一样的程序转换成计算机可以读懂的版本的程序。这就是最初的“汇编器”，在当时引起了不小的争议。这些昂贵机器的主人不希望把计算资源浪费在人们已经在做的任务上（虽然又慢又容易出错）。不过随着时间的推移，人们逐渐发现使用汇编器在速度和准确性上都胜于人工编写机器语言，并且计算机完成的“实际工作量”增加了。
|
||||
后来有一名 [电气工程师][6] 认为自己的时间很宝贵，就写了一个程序，能够把人们可以读懂的“菜谱”一样的输入转换成计算机可以读懂的版本。这就是最初的“汇编器”，在当时引起了不小的争议。这些昂贵机器的主人不希望把计算资源浪费在人们已经能做的任务上（虽然又慢又容易出错）。不过随着时间的推移，人们逐渐发现使用汇编器在速度和准确性上都胜于人工编写机器语言，并且计算机完成的“实际工作量”增加了。
|
||||
|
||||
尽管汇编器相比在机器面板上切换比特的状态已经是很大的进步了，这种编程方式仍然非常专业。上面加法的例子在汇编语言中看起来差不多是这样的：
|
||||
|
||||
@ -46,15 +48,15 @@ _程序员[Betty Jean Jennings][3] (左) 和 [Fran Bilas][4] (右) 在操作 [EN
|
||||
05 STO R2, R0
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
每一行都是一个计算机指令，前面是一个指令的简写，后面是指令所操作的数据。这个小小的程序会将数值 1 “移动”到寄存器 R0，然后把 2 移动到寄存器 R1。03 行把 R0 和 R1 两个寄存器里的数值相加，然后将结果储存在 R2 寄存器里。最后，04 行和 05 行决定结果应该被放在主存储器里的什么位置（在这里是地址 64）。管理内存中存储数据的位置是编程过程中最耗时也最容易出错的部分之一。
|
||||
每一行都是一个计算机指令，前面是一个指令的简写，后面是指令所操作的数据。这个小小的程序首先会将数值 1 “移动”到寄存器 R0，然后把 2 移动到寄存器 R1。03 行把 R0 和 R1 两个寄存器里的数值相加，然后将结果储存在 R2 寄存器里。最后，04 行和 05 行决定结果应该被放在主存储器里的什么位置（在这里是地址 64）。管理内存中存储数据的位置是编程过程中最耗时也最容易出错的部分之一。
|
||||
|
||||
### 编译器
|
||||
|
||||
汇编器已经比手写计算机指令要好太多了，不过早期的程序员还是渴望能够按照他们所习惯的方式，像书写数学公式一样地去写程序。这种需求驱动了更高级别编译语言的发展，其中有一些已经成为历史，另一些如今还在使用。比如[ALGO][7] 就已经成为历史了，但是像 [Fortran][8] 和 [C][9] 这样的语言仍然在不断解决实际问题。
|
||||
汇编器已经比手写计算机指令要好太多了，不过早期的程序员还是渴望能够按照他们所习惯的方式，像书写数学公式一样地去写程序。这种需求推动了高级编译语言的发展，其中有一些已经成为历史，另一些如今还在使用。比如 [ALGO][7] 就已经成为历史了，但是像 [Fortran][8] 和 [C][9] 这样的语言仍然在不断解决实际问题。
|
||||
|
||||
![Genealogy tree of ALGO and Fortran][10]
|
||||
|
||||
ALGO 和 Fortran 编程语言的谱系树
|
||||
*ALGO 和 Fortran 编程语言的谱系树*
|
||||
|
||||
这些“高级”语言使得程序员可以用更简单的方式编写程序。在 C 语言中，我们的加法程序就变成了这样：
|
||||
|
||||
@ -63,40 +65,41 @@ int x;
|
||||
x = 1 + 2;
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
第一个语句描述了该程序将要使用的一块内存。在这个例子中，这块内存应该占一个整数的大小，名字是 **x**。第二个语句是加法，虽然是倒着写的。一个 C 语言的程序员会说这是 "X 被赋值为 1 加 2 的结果"。需要注意的是，程序员并不需要决定在内存的什么位置储存 **x**，这个任务交给编译器了。
|
||||
第一个语句描述了该程序将要使用的一块内存。在这个例子中，这块内存应该占一个整数的大小，名字是 `x`。第二个语句是加法，虽然是倒着写的。一个 C 语言的程序员会说这是 “X 被赋值为 1 加 2 的结果”。需要注意的是，程序员并不需要决定在内存的什么位置储存 `x`，这个任务交给编译器了。
|
||||
|
||||
这种被称为“编译器”的新程序可以把用高级语言写的程序转换成汇编语言，再使用汇编器把汇编语言转换成机器可读的程序。这种程序的组合常常被称为“工具链”，因为一个程序的输出就直接成为另一个程序的输入。
|
||||
这种被称为“编译器”的新程序可以把用高级语言写的程序转换成汇编语言，再使用汇编器把汇编语言转换成机器可读的程序。这种程序组合常常被称为“工具链”，因为一个程序的输出就直接成为另一个程序的输入。
|
||||
|
||||
编译语言相比汇编语言的优势体现在从一台计算机迁移到不同型号或者品牌的另一台计算机上的时候。在计算机的早期岁月里，包括 IBM，Digital Equipment Corporation，德州仪器，UNIVAC 以及惠普在内的很多公司都在尝试不同类型的计算机硬件。这些计算机除了都需要连接电源之外就没有太多共同点了。它们在内存和 CPU 架构上的差异相当大，当时经常需要人们花费数年来将一台计算机的程序翻译成另一台计算机的程序。
|
||||
编译语言相比汇编语言的优势体现在从一台计算机迁移到不同型号或者品牌的另一台计算机上的时候。在计算机的早期岁月里，包括 IBM、DEC、德州仪器、UNIVAC 以及惠普在内的很多公司都在制造除了大量不同类型的计算机硬件。这些计算机除了都需要连接电源之外就没有太多共同点了。它们在内存和 CPU 架构上的差异相当大，当时经常需要人们花费数年来将一台计算机的程序翻译成另一台计算机的程序。
|
||||
|
||||
有了高级语言，我们只需要把编译器工具链迁移到新的平台就行了。只要有可用的编译器，高级语言写的程序最多只需要经过小幅修改就可以在新的计算机上被重新编译。高级语言的编译是一个真正的革命性成果。
|
||||
|
||||
![IBM PC XT][11]
|
||||
1983 发布的 IBM PC XT 是硬件价格下降的早期例子。
|
||||
|
||||
程序员们的生活得到了很好的改善。相比之下，通过高级语言表达他们想要解决的问题让事情变得轻松很多。由于半导体技术的进步以及集成芯片的发明，计算机硬件的价格急剧下降。计算机的速度越来越快，能力也越来越强，并且还便宜了很多。从某个时点往后（也许是 80 年代末期吧），事情发生了转变，程序员变得比他们所使用的硬件更值钱了。
|
||||
*1983 发布的 IBM PC XT 是硬件价格下降的早期例子。*
|
||||
|
||||
程序员们的生活得到了很好的改善。相比之下，通过高级语言表达他们想要解决的问题让事情变得轻松很多。由于半导体技术的进步以及集成芯片的发明，计算机硬件的价格急剧下降。计算机的速度越来越快，能力也越来越强，并且还便宜了很多。从某个时间点往后（也许是 80 年代末期吧），事情发生了反转，程序员变得比他们所使用的硬件更值钱了。
|
||||
|
||||
### 解释器
|
||||
|
||||
随着时间的推移，一种新的编程方式兴起了。一种被称为“解释器”的特殊程序可以将程序直接转换成可以立即执行的计算机指令。和编译器差不多，解释器读取程序并将它转换成一个中间形态。但和编译器不同的是，解释器直接执行程序的这个中间形态。解释型语言在每一次执行的时候都要经历这个过程；而编译程序只需要编译一次，之后计算机每次只需要执行编译好的机器指令就可以了。
|
||||
随着时间的推移，一种新的编程方式兴起了。一种被称为“解释器”的特殊程序可以直接读取一个程序将其转换成计算机指令以立即执行。和编译器差不多，解释器读取程序并将它转换成一个中间形态。但和编译器不同的是，解释器直接执行程序的这个中间形态。解释型语言在每一次执行的时候都要经历这个过程；而编译程序只需要编译一次，之后计算机每次只需要执行编译好的机器指令就可以了。
|
||||
|
||||
顺便说一句，这个特性就是导致人们感觉解释型程序运行得比较慢的原因。不过现代计算机的性能出奇地强大，以至于大多数人无法区分编译型程序和解释型程序。
|
||||
|
||||
解释型程序（有时也被成为“脚本”）甚至更容易被迁移到不同的硬件平台上。因为脚本并不包含任何机器特有的指令，同一个版本的程序可以不经过任何修改就直接在很多不同的计算机上运行。不过当然了，解释器必须得先迁移到新的机器上才行。
|
||||
解释型程序（有时也被成为“脚本”）甚至更容易被移植到不同的硬件平台上。因为脚本并不包含任何机器特有的指令，同一个版本的程序可以不经过任何修改就直接在很多不同的计算机上运行。不过当然了，解释器必须得先移植到新的机器上才行。
|
||||
|
||||
一个很流行的解释型语言是 [perl][12]。用 perl 完整地表达我们的加法问题会是这样的：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
`$x = 1 + 2`
|
||||
$x = 1 + 2
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
虽然这个程序看起来和 C 语言的版本差不多，运行上也没有太大区别，但却缺少了初始化变量的语句。其实还有一些其它的区别（超出这篇文章的范围了），但你应该已经注意到，我们写计算机程序的方式已经和数学家用纸笔手写数学表达式非常接近了。
|
||||
|
||||
### 虚拟机
|
||||
|
||||
最新潮的编程方式要数虚拟机（经常简称 VM）了。虚拟机分为两大类：系统虚拟机和进程虚拟机。这两种虚拟机都提供一种对“真实的”计算硬件的不同级别的抽象，不过他们的作用域不同。系统虚拟机是一个提供物理硬件的替代的软件，而进程虚拟机则被设计用来以一种“系统独立”的方式执行程序。所以在这个例子里，进程虚拟机（往后我所说的虚拟机都是指这个类型）的作用域和解释器的比较类似，因为也是先将程序编译成一个中间形态，然后虚拟机再执行这个中间形态。
|
||||
最新潮的编程方式要数虚拟机（经常简称 VM）了。虚拟机分为两大类：系统虚拟机和进程虚拟机。这两种虚拟机都提供一种对“真实的”计算硬件的不同级别的抽象，不过它们的作用域不同。系统虚拟机是一个提供物理硬件的替代品的软件，而进程虚拟机则被设计用来以一种“系统独立”的方式执行程序。所以在这个例子里，进程虚拟机（往后我所说的虚拟机都是指这个类型）的作用域和解释器的比较类似，因为也是先将程序编译成一个中间形态，然后虚拟机再执行这个中间形态。
|
||||
|
||||
虚拟机和解释器的主要区别在于，虚拟机创造了一个虚拟的 CPU，以及一套虚拟的指令集。有了这层抽象，我们就可以编写前端工具来把不同语言的程序编译成虚拟机可以接受的程序了。也许最流行也最知名的虚拟机就是 Java 虚拟机（JVM）了。JVM 最初在 1990 年代只支持 Java 语言，但是如今却可以运行 [许多][13] 流行的编程语言，包括 Scala，Jython，JRuby，Clojure，以及 Kotlin 等等。还有其它一些不太常见的例子，在这里就不说了。我也是最近才知道，我最喜欢的语言 Python 并不是一个解释型语言，而是一个 [运行在虚拟机上的语言][15]!
|
||||
虚拟机和解释器的主要区别在于，虚拟机创造了一个虚拟的 CPU，以及一套虚拟的指令集。有了这层抽象，我们就可以编写前端工具来把不同语言的程序编译成虚拟机可以接受的程序了。也许最流行也最知名的虚拟机就是 Java 虚拟机（JVM）了。JVM 最初在 1990 年代只支持 Java 语言，但是如今却可以运行 [许多][13] 流行的编程语言，包括 Scala、Jython、JRuby、Clojure，以及 Kotlin 等等。还有其它一些不太常见的例子，在这里就不说了。我也是最近才知道，我最喜欢的语言 Python 并不是一个解释型语言，而是一个 [运行在虚拟机上的语言][15]！
|
||||
|
||||
虚拟机仍然在延续这样一个历史趋势：让程序员在使用特定领域的编程语言解决问题的时候，所需要的对特定计算平台的了解变得越来越少了。
|
||||
|
||||
@ -104,18 +107,14 @@ x = 1 + 2;
|
||||
|
||||
希望你喜欢这篇简单介绍软件背后运行原理的短文。有什么其它话题是你想让我接下来讨论的吗？在评论里告诉我吧。
|
||||
|
||||
* * *
|
||||
|
||||
_This article was originally published on[PyBites][16] and is reprinted with permission._
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/article/19/5/primer-assemblers-compilers-interpreters
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Erik O'Shaughnessy][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/chen-ni)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
译者：[chen-ni](https://github.com/chen-ni)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: (tomjlw)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: publisher: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11015-1.html)
|
||||
[#]: subject: (Learn Python with these awesome resources)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/5/resources-learning-python)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Don Watkins https://opensource.com/users/don-watkins)
|
||||
|
||||
学习 Python 的精品 PLN 资源
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
> 通过将这些资源加入你自己的私人学习网络以拓展 Python 知识。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
我使用和教授 Python 已有很长时间了，但我总是乐于增加我对这门实用语言的知识。这就是为什么我一直试着拓展我的 Python <ruby>[个人学习网络][2]<rt>personal learning network</rt></ruby>（PLN），这是一个描述用于分享信息的非正式的互惠型网络的概念。
|
||||
|
||||
教育学家 [Kelly Paredes][3] 和 [Sean Tibor][4] 最近在他们的播客 [Teaching Python][5] 上谈到了如何搭建 Python PLN。我在克里夫兰的 [PyCon 2019][6] 遇到他们之后就订阅了这个频道（并把它们加入到我的 Python PLN 当中）。这个播客激发了我对 Python PLN 中的人的思考，包括那些我最近在 PyCon 遇到的人们。
|
||||
|
||||
我会分享一些我找到 PLN 成员的地方；可能它们也可以变成你的 Python PLN 的一部分。
|
||||
|
||||
### Young Coders 导师
|
||||
|
||||
Python 基金会的活动协调者 [Betsy Waliszewski][7] 是我的 Python PLN 中的一员。当我们在 PyCon2019 见到时，因为我是个老师，她推荐我看看为十二岁及以上的孩子打造的 [Young Coders][8] 工作室。在那我遇到了正在负责这个计划的 [Katie Cunningham][9]，它会教参与者如何搭建和配置树莓派并使用 Python 项目。年轻学生也会收到两本书 Jason Briggs 的 《[Python for Kids][10]》 和 Craig Richardson 的 《[Learn to Program with Minecraft][11]》。我一直寻找提升我教学水平的新方式，因此我在该会议上的 [NoStarch Press][12] 展台迅速拿到了两本 Minecraft 书。Katie 是一名优秀的教师，也是一名多产作家，拥有一个充满 Python 培训视频的 [YouTube][13] 精彩频道。
|
||||
|
||||
我把 Kattie 与我在 Young Coders 工作室碰到的另外两个人加入我的 PLN：[Nat Dunn][14] 和 [Sean Valentine][15]。像 Katie 一样，他们自愿花时间把 Python 介绍给青年程序员们。Nat 是 [Webucator][16] 的总裁，这是一家 IT 培训公司，多年来一直是 Python 软件基金会赞助商，并赞助了 PyCon 2018 教育峰会。在将 Python 教他 13 岁的儿子和 14 岁的侄子之后，他决定在 Young Coders 任教。Sean 是 [Hidden Genius 项目][17] 的战略计划总监，这是一个针对黑人男性青年的技术及领导力打造的教导项目。Sean 说许多 Hidden Genius 参与者“用 Python 打造项目因此我们认为 [Young Coders] 是一个很好的合作机会”。了解 Hidden Genius 项目激发了我更深层次地思考编程的未来以及其改变生活的威力。
|
||||
|
||||
### Open Spaces 聚会
|
||||
|
||||
我发现 PyCon 的 [Open Spaces][18] —— 这是一个一小时左右的自组织的即兴聚会 —— 跟正式的项目活动一样有用。我的最爱之一是 [Circuit Playground Express][19] 设备，它是我们会议主题包的一部分。我很喜欢这个设备，并且 Open Space 提供了学习它的一条大道。组织者提供了工作表和一个 [Github][20] 仓库，其中包含有我们成功所需要的所有工具，也提供了一个上手实践的机会以及探索这个独特硬件的方向。
|
||||
|
||||
这次会面激起了了我对学习 Circuit Playground Express 更新信息的兴趣，因此在 PyCon 之后， 我在 Twitter 上接触到了在会议上就该设备编程发表主旨演讲的 [Nina Zakharenko][21]。Nina 自从去年秋天我在 [All Things Open][23] 上听过她的演讲后就在我的 Python PLN 里了。我最近报名参加了她的 [Python 基础][24]课程以加深我的学习。Nina 推荐我将 [Kattni Rembor][25] 加入我的 Python PLN。他的[示例代码][26]正帮助我学习用 CircuitPython 编程。
|
||||
|
||||
### 我的 PLN 中的其他资源
|
||||
|
||||
我在 PyCon 2019 也遇见了 [Opensource.com][27] 社区版主 [Moshe Zadka][28]，并和他来了场长谈。他分享了几个新的 Python 资源，包括 [如何像电脑科学家一样思考][29]。社区版主 [Seth Kenlon][30] 是我的 PLN 中的另一名成员；他发表了许多优秀的 [Python 文章][31]，我也推荐你关注他。
|
||||
|
||||
我的 Python PLN 每天都在持续扩大。除了我已经提到的，我同样推荐你关注 [Al Sweigart][32]、[Eric Matthes][33] 以及 [Adafruit][34]他们分享的优质内容。我也推荐这本书《[制作：由 Adafruit Circuit Playground Express 开始][35]》和《[Podcast.\_\_init\_\_][36]》，这是一个关于 Python 社区的播客。这两个都是我从我的 PLN 中了解到的。
|
||||
|
||||
谁在你的 Python PLN 中？请在留言区分享你的最爱。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/article/19/5/resources-learning-python
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Don Watkins][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[tomjlw](https://github.com/tomjlw)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/don-watkins
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/reading_book_stars_list.png?itok=Iwa1oBOl (Book list, favorites)
|
||||
[2]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_learning_network
|
||||
[3]: https://www.teachingpython.fm/hosts/kellypared
|
||||
[4]: https://twitter.com/smtibor
|
||||
[5]: https://www.teachingpython.fm/20
|
||||
[6]: https://us.pycon.org/2019/
|
||||
[7]: https://www.linkedin.com/in/betsywaliszewski
|
||||
[8]: https://us.pycon.org/2019/events/letslearnpython/
|
||||
[9]: https://www.linkedin.com/in/kcunning/
|
||||
[10]: https://nostarch.com/pythonforkids
|
||||
[11]: https://nostarch.com/programwithminecraft
|
||||
[12]: https://nostarch.com/
|
||||
[13]: https://www.youtube.com/c/KatieCunningham
|
||||
[14]: https://www.linkedin.com/in/natdunn/
|
||||
[15]: https://www.linkedin.com/in/sean-valentine-b370349b/
|
||||
[16]: https://www.webucator.com/
|
||||
[17]: http://www.hiddengeniusproject.org/
|
||||
[18]: https://us.pycon.org/2019/events/open-spaces/
|
||||
[19]: https://www.adafruit.com/product/3333
|
||||
[20]: https://github.com/adafruit/PyCon2019
|
||||
[21]: https://twitter.com/nnja
|
||||
[22]: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=35mXD40SvXM
|
||||
[23]: https://allthingsopen.org/
|
||||
[24]: https://frontendmasters.com/courses/python/
|
||||
[25]: https://twitter.com/kattni
|
||||
[26]: https://github.com/kattni/ChiPy_2018
|
||||
[27]: http://Opensource.com
|
||||
[28]: https://opensource.com/users/moshez
|
||||
[29]: http://openbookproject.net/thinkcs/python/english3e/
|
||||
[30]: https://opensource.com/users/seth
|
||||
[31]: https://www.google.com/search?source=hp&ei=gVToXPq-FYXGsAW-mZ_YAw&q=site%3Aopensource.com+%22Seth+Kenlon%22+%2B+Python&oq=site%3Aopensource.com+%22Seth+Kenlon%22+%2B+Python&gs_l=psy-ab.12...627.15303..15584...1.0..0.176.2802.4j21......0....1..gws-wiz.....0..35i39j0j0i131j0i67j0i20i263.r2SAW3dxlB4
|
||||
[32]: http://alsweigart.com/
|
||||
[33]: https://twitter.com/ehmatthes?lang=en
|
||||
[34]: https://twitter.com/adafruit
|
||||
[35]: https://www.adafruit.com/product/3944
|
||||
[36]: https://www.pythonpodcast.com/episodes/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: publisher: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11011-1.html)
|
||||
[#]: subject: (Kubernetes is a dump truck: Here's why)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/6/kubernetes-dump-truck)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Scott McCarty https://opensource.com/users/fatherlinux)
|
||||
|
||||
为什么说 Kubernetes 是一辆翻斗车
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
> 翻斗车是解决各种基本业务问题的优雅解决方案。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
这篇文章写于 Kubernetes 的生日（6 月 7 日星期五）前夕。
|
||||
|
||||
翻斗车很优雅。说真的，不信你听我说。它们以优雅的方式解决了各种各样的技术问题。它们可以搬动泥土、砾石、岩石、煤炭、建筑材料或道路上的障碍。它们甚至可以拉动拖车及它们上面的其他重型设备。你可以给一辆翻斗车装上五吨泥土，然后自驾游遍全国。对于像我这样的电脑极客来说，那就是优雅。
|
||||
|
||||
但是，它们并不容易使用。驾驶翻斗车需要特殊的驾驶执照。它们也不容易装配和维护。购买翻斗车和各种维护时要做很多选择。但是，它们可以优雅的搬动那些垃圾。
|
||||
|
||||
你知道搬动垃圾有什么不优雅的地方吗？假如你有一款新型的紧凑型轿车，它们到处可以买到，易于驾驶、更易于维护。但是，用它们来装泥土就很糟糕。这需要跑 200 趟才能运走 5 吨垃圾，而且，之后没人再会想要这辆车了。
|
||||
|
||||
好吧，你可以买一辆出售的翻斗车，而不是想自己造一辆。但是我不同，我是个极客，我喜欢自己造东西。但……
|
||||
|
||||
如果你拥有一家建筑公司，你就不会想着自己造一辆翻斗车。你肯定不会维持一条供应链来重构翻斗车（这可是一条很大的供应链）。但你可以学会驾驶一辆。
|
||||
|
||||
好吧，我的这个比喻很粗糙，但很容易理解。易用性是相对的，易于维护是相对的，易于装配也是相对的。这实际上取决于你想要做什么。[Kubernetes][2] 也不例外。
|
||||
|
||||
一次性构建 Kubernetes 并不太难。配置好 Kubernetes 呢？好吧，这稍微难一些。你如何看待 KubeCon？它们又宣布了多少新项目？哪些是“真实的”呢？而你应该学习哪些？你对 Harbour、TikV、NATD、Vitess，开放策略代理有多深入的了解？更不用说 Envoy、eBPF 和 Linux 中的一系列底层技术？这就像是 1904 年工业革命爆发时建造翻斗车一样，你要弄清楚使用的螺钉、螺栓、金属和活塞。（有没有蒸汽朋克在这里吗？）
|
||||
|
||||
像翻斗车一样构造和配置 Kubernetes 是一个技术问题，如果你从事金融服务、零售、生物研究、食品服务等等，这可能不是你应该做的事情。但是，学习如何驾驶 Kubernetes 肯定是你应该学习的东西。
|
||||
|
||||
Kubernetes 就像一辆翻斗车，因其可以解决的各种技术问题（以及它所拖带的生态系统）而优雅。所以，我会给你一句引用的话，这是我的一位计算机科学教授在我大学的第一年告诉我们的，她说，“有一天，你会看到一段代码并对自己说，‘真特么优雅！’”
|
||||
|
||||
Kubernetes 很优雅。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/kubernetes-dump-truck
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Scott McCarty][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/fatherlinux
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/dump_truck_car_container_kubernetes.jpg?itok=4BdmyVGd (Dump truck with kids standing in the foreground)
|
||||
[2]: https://kubernetes.io/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: publisher: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11026-1.html)
|
||||
[#]: subject: (How to navigate the Kubernetes learning curve)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/6/kubernetes-learning-curve)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Scott McCarty https://opensource.com/users/fatherlinux/users/fatherlinux)
|
||||
|
||||
如何跨越 Kubernetes 学习曲线
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
> Kubernetes 就像一辆翻斗车。它非常适合解决它所针对的问题，但你必须首先掌握其学习曲线。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
在[为什么说 Kubernetes 是一辆翻斗车][2]中，我谈到了一个工具如何优雅地解决它所设计用来解决的问题 —— 只是你要学会如何使用它。在本系列的第 2 部分中，我将更深入地了解 Kubernetes 的学习曲线。
|
||||
|
||||
[Kubernetes][3] 的旅程通常从在一台主机上运行一个容器开始。你可以快速了解运行新版本软件的难易程度，与其他人分享该软件的难易程度，以及对于这些用户按照你预期方式运行它的难易程度。
|
||||
|
||||
但是你需要：
|
||||
|
||||
* 两个容器
|
||||
* 两个主机
|
||||
|
||||
使用容器在端口 80 上启动一个 Web 服务器很容易，但是当你需要在端口 80 上启动第二个容器时会发生什么？当你构建生产环境时，需要容器化 Web 服务器在发生故障时转移到第二个主机时会发生什么？在任何一种情况下，这个答案简单来说就是你必须采用容器编排。
|
||||
|
||||
当你开始处理两个容器或两个主机问题时，你将不可避免地引入了复杂性，因此，这就是一个学习曲线。这个两个服务（容器的更通用说法）或两个主机的问题已经存在了很长时间，并且由此带来了复杂性。
|
||||
|
||||
从历史上看，这将涉及负载均衡、集群软件甚至集群文件系统。每个服务的配置逻辑都嵌入在每个系统（负载均衡、集群软件和文件系统）中。在负载平衡器后运行 60 或 70 个集群的服务是复杂的。添加另一个新服务也很复杂。更糟糕的是，撤下服务简直是一场噩梦。回想起我对生产环境中的 MySQL 和 Apache 服务器进行故障排除的日子，这些服务器的逻辑嵌入在三、四个或五个不同的地方，所有这些都采用不同的格式，让我头疼不已。
|
||||
|
||||
Kubernetes 使用一个软件优雅地解决了所有这些问题：
|
||||
|
||||
1. 两项服务（容器）：✅
|
||||
2. 两台服务器（高可用性）：✅
|
||||
3. 单一配置来源：✅
|
||||
4. 标准配置格式：✅
|
||||
5. 网络：✅
|
||||
6. 储存：✅
|
||||
7. 依赖关系（什么服务与哪些数据库对应）：✅
|
||||
8. 易于配置：✅
|
||||
9. 轻松取消配置：✅（也许是 Kubernetes **最**强大的部分）
|
||||
|
||||
等等，这样初看起来 Kubernetes 非常优雅、非常强大。 **没错。**你可以在 Kubernetes 中建模一整个微型 IT 世界。
|
||||
|
||||
![Kubernetes business model][4]
|
||||
|
||||
所以，是的，就像开始使用巨型翻斗车（或任何专业设备）时，有一个学习曲线。使用 Kubernetes 还有一个学习曲线，但它值得，因为你可以用一个工具解决这么多问题。如果你对学习曲线感到担忧，请仔细考虑 IT 基础架构中的所有底层网络、存储和安全问题，并设想一下今天的解决方案 —— 这并不容易。特别是当你越来越快地引入越来越多的服务时。速度是当今的目标，因此要特别考虑配置和取消配置问题。
|
||||
|
||||
但是，不要混淆了建造或配置 Kubernetes 的学习曲线（为你的翻斗车挑选合适的挡泥板可能很难，LOL）和使用它的学习曲线。学习用如此多的不同层次（容器引擎、日志记录、监控、服务网格、存储、网络）的技术来建立自己的 Kubernetes 有很多不同的选择，还有每六个月维护每个组件的更新选择，这可能不值得投资 —— 但学会使用它绝对是值得的。
|
||||
|
||||
我每天都与 Kubernetes 和容器泡在一起，即使这样我都很难跟踪几乎每天都在宣布的所有重大新项目。 但是，每一天我都对使用单一工具来模拟整个 IT 多个方面的运营优势感到兴奋。此外，记住 Kubernetes 已经成熟了很多，并将继续发展下去。与之前的 Linux 和 OpenStack 一样，每一层的接口和事实上的项目都将成熟并变得更容易选择。
|
||||
|
||||
在本系列的第三篇文章中，我将深入挖掘你在驾驶 Kubernetes “卡车”之前需要了解的内容。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/kubernetes-learning-curve
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Scott McCarty][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/fatherlinux/users/fatherlinux
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/dumptruck_car_vehicle_storage_container_road.jpg?itok=TWK0CbX_ (Dump truck rounding a turn in the road)
|
||||
[2]: https://linux.cn/article-11011-1.html
|
||||
[3]: https://kubernetes.io/
|
||||
[4]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/developer_native_experience_-_mapped_to_traditional_1.png (Kubernetes business model)
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: (hopefully2333)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: publisher: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11035-1.html)
|
||||
[#]: subject: (Cisco to buy IoT security, management firm Sentryo)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3400847/cisco-to-buy-iot-security-management-firm-sentryo.html)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Michael Cooney https://www.networkworld.com/author/Michael-Cooney/)
|
||||
|
||||
思科收购了物联网安全管理公司 Sentryo
|
||||
======
|
||||
> 买下 Sentryo 将给思科在工业物联网的异常和实时威胁检测两方面予以支持。
|
||||
|
||||
![IDG Worldwide][1]
|
||||
|
||||
为了扩展自己的物联网安全管理产品，思科计划收购 Sentryo，这是一家总部位于法国的公司，Sentryo 为工业物联网提供异常检测和实时威胁检测。
|
||||
|
||||
Sentryo 成立于 2014 年，产品包括 ICS CyberVision（一种用于资产库存、网络监控和威胁情报的平台）以及 CyberVision 网络边界传感器，这用于分析网络流量。
|
||||
|
||||
**更多关于物联网的信息：**
|
||||
|
||||
* [什么是物联网？物联网如何运行？][4]
|
||||
* [什么是边缘计算，这会如何改变我们的网络？][5]
|
||||
* [最强的物联网公司][6]
|
||||
* [10 个值得关注的热门物联网创业公司][7]
|
||||
* [在物联网领域赚钱的六种方法][8]
|
||||
* [什么是数字双胞胎技术？ [以及它为什么重要]][9]
|
||||
* [区块链，以服务为中心的网络是物联网成功的关键][10]
|
||||
* [物联网以网络和安全作为基础][11]
|
||||
* [构建完整的物联网网络必须优先完成][12]
|
||||
* [什么是工业物联网？[为什么风险如此之高]][13]
|
||||
|
||||
“我们通过思科的 IOx 应用框架将 Sentryo 的边缘传感器和我们的工业网络硬件相结合”，思科企业发展和思科投资的副总裁 Rob Salvagno 在一篇关于计划收购的博客中写道。
|
||||
|
||||
“我们相信连接是物联网项目的基础，通过释放网络的力量，我们可以大大提高运作的效率并发现新的商业机会。随着 Sentryo 的加入，思科可以为系统控制工程师提供更加深入的资产可见度，以此来对系统进行优化，检测异常并保护他们的网络。”
|
||||
|
||||
Gartner 对 Sentryo 的系统写道：“ICS CyberVision 产品以其所有 OT 用户都能理解的方式提供对其客户 OT 网络的可视性，而不仅仅是 IT 技术人员。随着黑客和监管机构越来越关注工业控制系统，一个组织的 OT 拥有完整的可见性是至关重要的一件事。很多的 OT 网络不仅在地理上位置分散，而且也很复杂，由成千上万的组件组成。”
|
||||
|
||||
Frost & Sullivan 的工业分析师 Nandini Natarajan 表示，Sentryo 的 ICS CyberVision 让企业能够确保其工业运作的连续性、动态弹性和安全性，并以此预防可能的网络攻击。“它将使用标签形式的独特的 ‘通用 OT 语言’ 来自动描述资产和通信流程，以纯文本的方式描述每个资产在做什么。ICS CyberVision 可以让任何人都能立刻查看一台设备的类别和行为；它利用人工智能算法提供很多不同的分析视图，来让用户深入了解到一个典型的工业控制系统可以产生多么庞大的数据。Sentryo 可以轻松查看重要或相关的信息。”
|
||||
|
||||
Natarajan 表示，除此之外，Sentryo 的平台使用深度数据包检测（DPI）从工业设备之间的通信数据包里提取信息。DPI 引擎通过边缘计算架构进行部署，它可以运行在 Sentryo 传感器设备上，也可以在已经安装好的网络设备上运行。因此，Sentryo 可以将可见性和网络安全特性嵌入进工业网络中，而非部署带外监控网络。
|
||||
|
||||
Sentryo 的技术将扩大思科在物联网上的总体计划。在今年一月，思科推出了一整套的交换机、软件、开发工具和蓝图，这些东西将用于把物联网、基于意图联网的工业网络、传统信息安全、传统信息监控、应用开发支持融为一体。
|
||||
|
||||
这个新平台可以通过思科的 DNA 中心进行管理，让客户能将他们的物联网、工业网络控制和他们的商业 IT 世界融为一体。
|
||||
|
||||
DNA 中心是思科用于企业网络的中央管理工具，具有自动化、确保设置、结构配置、基于策略进行分割的功能。它也是该公司 IBN 计划的核心，用于主动向客户提供动态自动化实施网络和策略变更的能力，并在这个过程中确保数据的交付。IoT Field Network Director 是管理思科工业、连接网格路由器和终端的多服务网络的软件。
|
||||
|
||||
思科物联网业务部的高级副总裁兼总经理 Liz Centoni 表示，公司希望 Sentryo 的技术能以多种方式帮助物联网客户：
|
||||
|
||||
支持网络的被动 DPI 功能，这用于发现 IOT 和 OT 设备，并且在设备和系统之间建立起通信模式。Sentryo 的传感器可以在思科的 IOx 框架里进行本地部署，并且可以内置到这些设备运行的工业网络中，而不是添加额外的硬件。
|
||||
|
||||
随着设备识别和通信模式的建立，思科将把 DNA 中心和身份识别服务引擎（ISE）集成到一起，以便客户能够很轻松地定义分割策略。这种集成将使 OT 团队能够利用 IT 安全团队的专业知识来保护他们的环境，而不会对运营的流程造成风险。
|
||||
|
||||
由于这些物联网设备缺乏现代嵌入式软件和安全功能，网络分段将成为允许运作设备向合法系统进行通信的关键技术，并降低像我们看见的 WannaCry 和 Norsk Hydro 那样网络安全事件的风险。
|
||||
|
||||
据 Crunchbase 称，Sentryo 的每年预计收入为 350 万美元，与 Cymmetria、Team8 和 Indegy 的竞争最为激烈。此次收购预期将在思科 2020 财年的第一季度 - 2019 年 10 月 26 日 - 结束前完成。思科并未详细披露此次收购的财务细节。
|
||||
|
||||
Sentryo 是思科今年的第二次收购。思科在今年一月收购了 Singularity 公司的网络分析技术。在 2018 年，思科收购了包含 Duo security software 在内的 6 家公司。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3400847/cisco-to-buy-iot-security-management-firm-sentryo.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Michael Cooney][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[hopefully2333](https://github.com/hopefully2333)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Michael-Cooney/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2018/09/nwan_019_iiot-100771131-large.jpg
|
||||
[2]: https://www.sentryo.net/
|
||||
[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3243928/what-is-the-industrial-iot-and-why-the-stakes-are-so-high.html
|
||||
[4]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3207535/internet-of-things/what-is-the-iot-how-the-internet-of-things-works.html
|
||||
[5]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3224893/internet-of-things/what-is-edge-computing-and-how-it-s-changing-the-network.html
|
||||
[6]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/2287045/internet-of-things/wireless-153629-10-most-powerful-internet-of-things-companies.html
|
||||
[7]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3270961/internet-of-things/10-hot-iot-startups-to-watch.html
|
||||
[8]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3279346/internet-of-things/the-6-ways-to-make-money-in-iot.html
|
||||
[9]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3280225/internet-of-things/what-is-digital-twin-technology-and-why-it-matters.html
|
||||
[10]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3276313/internet-of-things/blockchain-service-centric-networking-key-to-iot-success.html
|
||||
[11]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3269736/internet-of-things/getting-grounded-in-iot-networking-and-security.html
|
||||
[12]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3276304/internet-of-things/building-iot-ready-networks-must-become-a-priority.html
|
||||
[13]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3243928/internet-of-things/what-is-the-industrial-iot-and-why-the-stakes-are-so-high.html
|
||||
[14]: https://blogs.cisco.com/news/cisco-industrial-iot-news
|
||||
[15]: https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2018/06/28/1531119/0/en/Sentryo-Named-a-Cool-Vendor-by-Gartner.html
|
||||
[16]: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/industrial-internet-things-iiot-decoded-nandini-natarajan/
|
||||
[17]: https://pluralsight.pxf.io/c/321564/424552/7490?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pluralsight.com%2Fpaths%2Fcertified-information-systems-security-professional-cisspr
|
||||
[18]: https://www.cisco.com/c/dam/en_us/solutions/iot/ihs-report.pdf
|
||||
[19]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3336454/cisco-goes-after-industrial-iot.html
|
||||
[20]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3202699/what-is-intent-based-networking.html
|
||||
[21]: https://blogs.cisco.com/news/securing-the-internet-of-things-cisco-announces-intent-to-acquire-sentryo
|
||||
[22]: https://blogs.cisco.com/security/talos/wannacry
|
||||
[23]: https://www.securityweek.com/norsk-hydro-may-have-lost-40m-first-week-after-cyberattack
|
||||
[24]: https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/sentryo#section-web-traffic-by-similarweb
|
||||
[25]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/
|
||||
[26]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world
|
||||
@ -1,22 +1,24 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: (geekpi)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: publisher: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11036-1.html)
|
||||
[#]: subject: (Kubernetes basics: Learn how to drive first)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/6/kubernetes-basics)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Scott McCarty https://opensource.com/users/fatherlinux/users/fatherlinux/users/fatherlinux)
|
||||
|
||||
Kubernetes 基础：首先学习如何使用
|
||||
======
|
||||
放弃专注于新项目，专注于获取你的 Kubernetes 翻斗车商业驾驶执照。
|
||||
|
||||
> 不要被新项目分心，而是专注于取得你的 Kubernetes 翻斗车驾驶执照。
|
||||
|
||||
![Truck steering wheel and dash][1]
|
||||
|
||||
在本系列的前两篇文章中，我解释了为何 Kubernetes [像翻斗车][2]并且要理解优雅、专业的工具，如 [Kubernetes][4]（和翻斗车，起重机等）总是有[学习曲线][3]的。本文是下一步：学习如何驾驶。
|
||||
在本系列的前两篇文章中，我解释了为何 Kubernetes [像翻斗车][2]，并且想要理解像 [Kubernetes][4]（和翻斗车，起重机等）这样优雅、专业工具总是有[学习曲线][3]的。本文是下一步：学习如何驾驶。
|
||||
|
||||
最近，我在 Reddit 上看到了一个关于[重要的 Kubernetes 项目][5]的帖子。人们似乎很想知道他们应该学习如何开始使用 Kubernetes。“驾驶翻斗车的类比”有助于确保问题保持正轨。帖子中的某个人提到你不应该运行自己的镜像仓库，除非你必须这样做，所以人们开始逐渐接受驱动 Kubernetes 而不是构建它。
|
||||
最近，我在 Reddit 上看到了一个关于[重要的 Kubernetes 项目][5]的帖子。人们似乎很想知道他们应该学习如何开始使用 Kubernetes。“驾驶翻斗车的类比”有助于确保这个问题回到轨道上去。在这个帖子中的某个人提到，除非必要，你不应该运行自己的镜像仓库，所以人们开始逐渐接受驾驭 Kubernetes 而不是构建它的想法。
|
||||
|
||||
API 是 Kubernetes 的引擎和变速器。像翻斗车的方向盘、离合器、汽油和制动踏板一样，用于构建应用程序的 YAML 或 JSON 文件是机器的主要接口。当你第一次学习 Kubernetes 时，这应该是你的主要关注点。了解你的控制部件。不要被所有最新和最大的项目所左右。当你刚学会开车时，不要尝试驾驶实验性的翻斗车。相反，专注于基础知识。
|
||||
API 是 Kubernetes 的引擎和变速器。像翻斗车的方向盘、离合器、汽油和制动踏板一样，用于构建应用程序的 YAML 或 JSON 文件是机器的主要接口。当你第一次学习 Kubernetes 时，这应该是你的主要关注点。了解你的控制部件。不要分心于最新和最大的那些项目。当你刚学会开车时，不要尝试驾驶实验性的翻斗车。相反，请专注于基础知识。
|
||||
|
||||
### 定义状态和实际状态
|
||||
|
||||
@ -26,25 +28,25 @@ API 是 Kubernetes 的引擎和变速器。像翻斗车的方向盘、离合器
|
||||
|
||||
人类（开发人员/系统管理员/运维人员）使用他们提交给 Kubernetes API 的 YAML/JSON 文件指定定义的状态。然后，Kubernetes 使用控制器来分析 YAML/JSON 中定义的新状态与集群中的实际状态之间的差异。
|
||||
|
||||
在上面的例子中，Replication Controller 可以看到用户指定的三个 pod 之间的差异，其中一个 pod 正在运行，并调度另外两个 Pod。如果你要登录 Kubernetes 并手动杀死其中一个 Pod，它会不断启动另一个来替换它。在实际状态与定义的状态匹配之前，Kubernetes 不会停止。这是非常强大的。
|
||||
在上面的例子中，Replication Controller 可以看到用户指定的三个 pod 之间的差异，其中一个 pod 正在运行，并调度另外两个 Pod。如果你登录 Kubernetes 并手动杀死其中一个 Pod，它会不断启动另一个来替换它。在实际状态与定义的状态匹配之前，Kubernetes 不会停止。这是非常强大的。
|
||||
|
||||
### **原语**
|
||||
### 原语
|
||||
|
||||
接下来，你需要了解可以在 Kubernetes 中指定的原语。
|
||||
|
||||
![Kubernetes primitives][7]
|
||||
|
||||
它不仅仅有 Pods，还有部署 （Deployments）、持久化卷声明 （Persistent Volume Claims）、服务 （Services），路由 （routes） 等。使用支持 Kubernetes 的平台 [OpenShift][8]，你可以添加构建和 BuildConfigs。你大概需要一天左右的时间来了解这些原语。之后，当你的情况变得更加复杂时，你可以深入了解。
|
||||
这些原语不仅仅有 Pod，还有<ruby>部署<rt>Deployment</rt></ruby>、<ruby>持久化卷声明<rt>Persistent Volume Claim</rt></ruby>、<ruby>服务<rt>Service</rt></ruby>，<ruby>路由<rt>route</rt></ruby>等。使用支持 Kubernetes 的平台 [OpenShift][8]，你可以添加<ruby>构建<rt>build</rt></ruby>和 BuildConfig。你大概需要一天左右的时间来了解这些原语。你可以在你的用例变得更加复杂时再深入了解。
|
||||
|
||||
### 将开发者映射到传统 IT 环境
|
||||
### 将原生开发者映射到传统 IT 环境
|
||||
|
||||
最后，考虑这该如何映射到你在传统 IT 环境中的操作。
|
||||
|
||||
![Mapping developer-native to traditional IT environments][9]
|
||||
|
||||
尽管是一个技术问题，但用户一直在尝试解决业务问题。从历史上看，我们使用诸如 playbook 之类的东西将业务逻辑与单一语言的 IT 系统绑定起来。对于运维人员来说，这很不错，但是当你尝试将其扩展到开发人员时，它会变得更加繁琐。
|
||||
尽管是一个技术问题，但用户一直在尝试解决业务问题。从历史上看，我们使用诸如<ruby>剧本<rt>playbook</rt></ruby>之类的东西将业务逻辑与单一语言的 IT 系统绑定起来。对于运维人员来说，这很不错，但是当你尝试将其扩展到开发人员时，它会变得更加繁琐。
|
||||
|
||||
直到 Kubernete 出现之前，我们从未能够以开发者的方式真正同时指定一组 IT 系统应如何表现和交互。如果你考虑一下，我们正在使用在 Kubernetes 中编写的 YAML/JSON 文件以非常便携和声明的方式扩展了管理存储、网络和计算资源的能力，但它们总会映射到某处的“真实”资源。我们不必以开发者身份担心它。
|
||||
直到 Kubernete 出现之前，我们从未能够以原生开发者的方式真正同时指定一组 IT 系统应如何表现和交互。如果你考虑一下，我们正在使用在 Kubernetes 中编写的 YAML/JSON 文件以非常便携和声明的方式扩展了管理存储、网络和计算资源的能力，但它们总会映射到某处的“真实”资源。我们不必以开发者身份担心它。
|
||||
|
||||
因此，快放弃关注 Kubernetes 生态系统中的新项目，而是专注开始使用它。在下一篇文章中，我将分享一些可以帮助你使用 Kubernetes 的工具和工作流程。
|
||||
|
||||
@ -55,15 +57,15 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/kubernetes-basics
|
||||
作者：[Scott McCarty][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/fatherlinux/users/fatherlinux/users/fatherlinux
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/truck_steering_wheel_drive_car_kubernetes.jpg?itok=0TOzve80 (Truck steering wheel and dash)
|
||||
[2]: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/kubernetes-dump-truck
|
||||
[3]: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/kubernetes-learning-curve
|
||||
[2]: https://linux.cn/article-11011-1.html
|
||||
[3]: https://linux.cn/article-11026-1.html
|
||||
[4]: https://opensource.com/resources/what-is-kubernetes
|
||||
[5]: https://www.reddit.com/r/kubernetes/comments/bsoixc/what_are_the_essential_kubernetes_related/
|
||||
[6]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/defined_state_-_actual_state.png (Defined state and actual state)
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: (murphyzhao)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: publisher: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11027-1.html)
|
||||
[#]: subject: (Applications for writing Markdown)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/applications-for-writing-markdown/)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Ryan Lerch https://fedoramagazine.org/author/ryanlerch/)
|
||||
|
||||
三个在 Fedora 平台上撰写 Markdown 的软件
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
![][1]
|
||||
|
||||
Markdown 是一种轻量级标记语言，可以在添加格式后以纯文本格式查看时依然保持可读性。Markdown（和 Markdown 衍生物）被广泛用作 GitHub 和 pagure 等服务上格式化文档的主要形式。根据其设计，可以在文本编辑器中轻松创建和编辑 Markdown，但是，有许多编辑器可以提供 Markdown 标记的格式化预览，或提供 Markdown 语法高亮显示。
|
||||
|
||||
本文介绍了针对 Fedora 平台的 3 个桌面应用程序，以帮助编辑 Markdown。
|
||||
|
||||
### UberWriter
|
||||
|
||||
[UberWriter][2] 是一个小巧的 Markdown 编辑器和预览器，允许你以文本方式编辑，并预览渲染的文档。
|
||||
|
||||
![][3]
|
||||
|
||||
该编辑器本身具有内置的内联预览，因此标记为粗体的文本以粗体显示。编辑器还提供图像、公式、脚注等标记的内联预览。按住 `Ctrl` 键单击其中的一个标记可以即时预览要显示的元素。
|
||||
|
||||
除了编辑器功能外，UberWriter 还具有全屏模式和聚焦模式，有助于最大限度地减少干扰。焦点模式将以灰色显示除当前段落以外的所有内容，以帮助你专注于文档中当前元素。
|
||||
|
||||
从第三方 Flathub 存储库安装 UberWriter 到 Fedora 平台。在将系统[设置为从 Flathub 安装][4]后，可以直接从 Software 应用程序中安装它。
|
||||
|
||||
### Marker
|
||||
|
||||
Marker 是一个 Markdown 编辑器，它提供了一个简单的文本编辑器来编写 Markdown，并提供渲染文档的实时预览。界面采用分屏设计，左侧为编辑器，右侧为实时预览。
|
||||
|
||||
![][5]
|
||||
|
||||
此外，Marker 允许你以各种格式导出文档，包括 HTML、PDF 和开放文档格式（ODF）。
|
||||
|
||||
从第三方 Flathub 存储库安装 Marker 到 Fedora 平台。在将系统[设置为从 Flathub 安装][4]后，可以直接从 Software 应用程序中安装它。
|
||||
|
||||
### Ghostwriter
|
||||
|
||||
以前的编辑更专注于最小的用户体验，Ghostwriter 提供了更多的功能和选项。Ghostwriter 提供了一个文本编辑器，当你以 Markdown 格式书写时，编辑器将 Markdown 部分样式化。粗体标记文本显示为粗体，标题标记显示为较大的字体，以帮助编写 Markdown 标记。
|
||||
|
||||
![][6]
|
||||
|
||||
它还提供了一个分屏，包含渲染文档的实时更新预览。
|
||||
|
||||
![][7]
|
||||
|
||||
Ghostwriter 还包括一系列其他功能，包括能够选择渲染预览的 Markdown 风格，以及用于渲染预览的样式表。
|
||||
|
||||
此外，它还提供了一个格式菜单（和键盘快捷键）来插入一些频繁的 Markdown 标记，如粗体、项目符号和斜体。
|
||||
|
||||
从第三方 Flathub 存储库安装 Ghostwriter 到 Fedora 平台。在将系统[设置为从 Flathub 安装][4]后，可以直接从 Software 应用程序中安装它。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://fedoramagazine.org/applications-for-writing-markdown/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Ryan Lerch][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[murphyzhao](https://github.com/murphyzhao)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/author/ryanlerch/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/markdownapps.png-816x345.jpg
|
||||
[2]: https://uberwriter.github.io/uberwriter/#1
|
||||
[3]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/uberwriter-editor-1.png
|
||||
[4]: https://fedoramagazine.org/install-flathub-apps-fedora/
|
||||
[5]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/marker-screenshot-1024x500.png
|
||||
[6]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/ghostwriter-1024x732.png
|
||||
[7]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/ghostwriter2-1024x566.png
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: (geekpi)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: publisher: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-10999-1.html)
|
||||
[#]: subject: (Installing alternative versions of RPMs in Fedora)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/installing-alternative-rpm-versions-in-fedora/)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Adam Šamalík https://fedoramagazine.org/author/asamalik/)
|
||||
|
||||
在 Fedora 中安装替代版本的 RPM 包
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
![][1]
|
||||
|
||||
<ruby>[模块化][2]<rt>Modularity</rt></ruby>使 Fedora 能够在仓库中提供替代版本的 RPM 软件包。每个 Fedroa 版本可以原生构建不同应用、语言运行时和工具版本的多个版本。
|
||||
|
||||
Fedora Magazine 大约一年前就写了 [Fedora 28 服务器版的模块化][3]。那时，它只是一个有附加内容的可选仓库，并且明确只支持服务器版。到目前为止，它已经发生了很多变化，现在**模块化是 Fedora 发行版的核心部分**。一些软件包已完全变成模块。在编写本文时，Fedora 30 的 49,464 个二进制 RPM 软件包中的 1,119（2.26％）来自模块（[关于这个数字的更多信息][4]）。
|
||||
|
||||
### 模块化基础知识
|
||||
|
||||
由于许多软件包有不同的版本会让人难以承受（并且难以管理），所以包被分组为**模块**，它可以代表一个应用程序、一个语言运行时或任何其他合理的组。
|
||||
|
||||
模块通常有多个**流**，这通常代表软件的主要版本。它可以并行使用，但在给定系统上只能安装每个模块的一个流。
|
||||
|
||||
为了不让用户因为太多选择而难以承受，每个 Fedora 版本都有一组**默认**，因此只需要在需要时做出决定。
|
||||
|
||||
最后，为了简化安装，可以根据用例使用预定义的 **profile** 选择性地安装模块。例如，数据库模块可以作为客户端，服务端或同时安装。
|
||||
|
||||
### 实际使用模块化
|
||||
|
||||
当你在 Fedora 系统上安装 RPM 软件包时，它很可能它来自模块流。你可能没有注意到的原因之一是模块化的核心原则之一是在你探究之前保持不可见。
|
||||
|
||||
让我们比较以下两种情况。首先，安装流行的 i3 平铺窗口管理器，然后安装极简化的 dwm 窗口管理器：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo dnf install i3
|
||||
...
|
||||
Done!
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
正如所料，上面的命令会在系统上安装 i3 包及其依赖项。这里没有其他事情发生。但另一个会怎么样？
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo dnf install dwm
|
||||
...
|
||||
Enabling module streams:
|
||||
dwm 6.1
|
||||
...
|
||||
Done!
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
感觉是一样的，但后台发生了一些事情 。它启用了默认的 dwm 模块流（6.1），并且安装了模块中的 dwm 包。
|
||||
|
||||
为了保持透明，输出中有一条关于模块自动启用的消息。但除此之外，用户不需要了解模块化的任何信息，以便按照他们一贯的方式使用他们的系统。
|
||||
|
||||
但如果他们使用模块化方式呢？让我们看看如何安装不同版本的 dwm。
|
||||
|
||||
使用以下命令查看可用的模块流：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo dnf module list
|
||||
...
|
||||
dwm latest ...
|
||||
dwm 6.0 ...
|
||||
dwm 6.1 [d] ...
|
||||
dwm 6.2 ...
|
||||
...
|
||||
Hint: [d]efault, [e]nabled, [x]disabled, [i]nstalled
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
输出显示 dwm 模块有四个流，6.1 是默认值。
|
||||
|
||||
要安装不同版本的 dwm 包，例如，安装 6.2 的流。启用它，然后使用以下两个命令安装软件包：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo dnf module enable dwm:6.2
|
||||
...
|
||||
Enabling module streams:
|
||||
dwm 6.2
|
||||
...
|
||||
Done!
|
||||
$ sudo dnf install dwm
|
||||
...
|
||||
Done!
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
最后，让我们看下配置，以 PostgreSQL 为例。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo dnf module list
|
||||
...
|
||||
postgresql 9.6 client, server ...
|
||||
postgresql 10 client, server ...
|
||||
postgresql 11 client, server ...
|
||||
...
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
要安装 PostgreSQL 11 服务端，使用以下命令：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo dnf module install postgresql:11/server
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
请注意，除了启用流之外，我们可以指定配置从而使用一条命令安装模块。
|
||||
|
||||
可以立即安装多个版本。要添加客户端工具，使用下面的命令：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo dnf module install postgresql:11/client
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
还有许多其他带有多个流的模块可供选择。在编写本文时，Fedora 30 中有 83 个模块流。包括两个版本的 MariaDB、三个版本的 Node.js、两个版本的 Ruby 等等。
|
||||
|
||||
有关完整的命令集（包括从一个流切换到另一个流），请参阅[模块化的官方用户文档][5]。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://fedoramagazine.org/installing-alternative-rpm-versions-in-fedora/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Adam Šamalík][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/author/asamalik/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/modularity-f30-816x345.jpg
|
||||
[2]: https://docs.pagure.org/modularity
|
||||
[3]: https://linux.cn/article-10479-1.html
|
||||
[4]: https://blog.samalik.com/2019/06/12/counting-modularity-packages.html
|
||||
[5]: https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/modularity/using-modules/
|
||||
@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: publisher: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-10998-1.html)
|
||||
[#]: subject: (Open hardware for musicians and music lovers: Headphone, amps, and more)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/6/hardware-music)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Michael Weinberg https://opensource.com/users/mweinberg)
|
||||
@ -10,40 +10,39 @@
|
||||
音乐家和音乐爱好者的开放硬件：耳机、放大器等
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
从 3D 打印乐器到将隔空播放声音的设备，有很多可以通过开放硬件项目来制造音乐的方法。
|
||||
> 从 3D 打印乐器到无线播放声音的设备，有很多通过开放硬件项目来奏乐的方法。
|
||||
|
||||
![][1]
|
||||
|
||||
这个世界到处都是很棒的[开源音乐播放器][2]，但为什么只是将开源用在播放音乐上呢？你还可以使用开源硬件制造音乐。本文中描述的所有工具都是经过了[开源硬件协会][3]（OSHWA）认证的。这意味着你可以自由地构建它们，重新组合它们，或者用它们做任何其他事情。
|
||||
这个世界到处都是很棒的[开源音乐播放器][2]，但为什么只是将开源用在播放音乐上呢？你还可以使用开源硬件奏乐。本文中描述的所有工具都是经过了[开源硬件协会][3]（OSHWA）认证的。这意味着你可以自由地构建它们，重新组合它们，或者用它们做任何其他事情。
|
||||
|
||||
### 开源乐器
|
||||
|
||||
当你想制作音乐时，乐器始终是一个好的起点。如果你更倾向于传统的的乐器，那么[F-F-Fiddle][4]可能适合你。
|
||||
当你想奏乐时使用乐器总是最好的方式之一。如果你喜欢传统的的乐器，那么 [F-F-Fiddle][4] 可能适合你。
|
||||
|
||||
![F-f-fiddle][5]
|
||||
|
||||
F-F-Fiddle 是一款全尺寸电子小提琴，你可以使用标准桌面 3D 打印机制作（[熔丝制造][6]）。如果你觉得眼见为真，那么这里有一个 F-F-Fiddle 的视频： https://youtu.be/8NDWVcJJS2Y
|
||||
F-F-Fiddle 是一款全尺寸电子小提琴，你可以使用标准的桌面 3D 打印机制作（采用[熔丝制造][6]）。如果你想眼见为真，那么这里有一个 F-F-Fiddle 的视频： https://img.linux.net.cn/static/video/The%20F-F-Fiddle-8NDWVcJJS2Y.mp4
|
||||
|
||||
精通小提琴，但还对一些更具异国情调的东西感兴趣？<ruby>[开源特雷门琴][7]<rt>Open Theremin</rt></ruby>怎么样？
|
||||
如果你精通小提琴，但还对一些更具异国情调的东西感兴趣？<ruby>[开源的特雷门琴][7]<rt>Open Theremin</rt></ruby>怎么样？
|
||||
|
||||
![Open Theremin][8]
|
||||
|
||||
与所有特雷门琴一样，开源特雷门琴可让你在不触碰乐器的情况下播放音乐。当然，它特别擅长为你的下一个科幻视频或空间主题派对制作[令人毛骨悚然的空间声音][9]。
|
||||
|
||||
[Waft][10] 的操作类似，也可以远程控制声音。它使用[激光雷达][11]来测量手与传感器的距离。看看这个： https://vimeo.com/203705197
|
||||
[Waft][10] 的操作类似，也可以远程控制声音。它使用[激光雷达][11]来测量手与传感器的距离。看看这个： https://img.linux.net.cn/static/video/Waft%20Prototype%2012-Feb-2017-203705197.mp4
|
||||
|
||||
Waft 是特雷门琴吗？我不确定算不算，特雷门琴高手可以在下面的评论里发表一下看法。
|
||||
|
||||
如果特雷门琴对你来说太熟悉了，[SIGNUM][12]可能就是你想要的。用其开发人员的话说，SIGNUM 通过将不可见的无线通信转换为可听信号来“揭示加密的信息代码和人/机通信的语言”。
|
||||
如果特雷门琴对你来说太熟悉了，[SIGNUM][12] 可能就是你想要的。用其开发人员的话说，SIGNUM 通过将不可见的无线通信转换为可听信号来“揭示加密的信息代码和人/机通信的语言”。
|
||||
|
||||
![SIGNUM][13]
|
||||
|
||||
这是演示： https://vimeo.com/142831757
|
||||
|
||||
这是演示： https://img.linux.net.cn/static/video/SIGNUM_Portable%20Analog%20Instrumentation%20Amplifier-142831757.mp4
|
||||
|
||||
### 输入
|
||||
|
||||
无论你使用什么乐器，都需要将其插入某些东西。如果你想要连接到树莓派，请尝试 [AudioSense-Pi][14]，它允许你一次将多个输入和输出连接到你的树莓派。
|
||||
无论你使用什么乐器，都需要将其接到某些东西上。如果你想要连接到树莓派，请尝试 [AudioSense-Pi][14]，它允许你一次将多个输入和输出连接到你的树莓派。
|
||||
|
||||
![AudioSense-Pi][15]
|
||||
|
||||
@ -55,7 +54,7 @@ Waft 是特雷门琴吗？我不确定算不算，特雷门琴高手可以在下
|
||||
|
||||
### 耳机
|
||||
|
||||
制作所有这些音乐很棒，但你还需要考虑如何听它。幸运的是，[EQ-1耳机][18]是开源和可以 3D 打印的。
|
||||
制作所有这些音乐很棒，但你还需要考虑如何听它。幸运的是，[EQ-1耳机][18]是开源，支持 3D 打印。
|
||||
|
||||
![EQ-1 headphones][19]
|
||||
|
||||
@ -68,7 +67,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/hardware-music
|
||||
作者：[Michael Weinberg][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: (robsean)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: publisher: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-10995-1.html)
|
||||
[#]: subject: (Ubuntu Kylin: The Official Chinese Version of Ubuntu)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/ubuntu-kylin/)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Avimanyu Bandyopadhyay https://itsfoss.com/author/avimanyu/)
|
||||
|
||||
优麒麟：Ubuntu 的官方中文版本
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
> 让我们来看看国外是如何看优麒麟的。
|
||||
|
||||
[Ubuntu 有几个官方特色版本][1]，优麒麟（Ubuntu Kylin）是它们中的一个。在这篇文章中，你将了解到优麒麟，它是什么，它为什么被创建，它的特色是什么。
|
||||
|
||||
麒麟操作系统最初由中华人民共和国的[国防科技大学][2]的院士在 2001 年开发。名字来源于[麒麟][3]，这是一种来自中国神话的神兽。
|
||||
|
||||
麒麟操作系统的第一个版本基于 [FreeBSD][4]，计划用于中国军方和其它政府组织。麒麟 3.0 完全基于 Linux 内核，并且在 2010 年 12 月发布一个称为 [NeoKylin][5] 的版本。
|
||||
|
||||
在 2013 年，[Canonical][6] (Ubuntu 的母公司) 与中华人民共和国的[工业和信息化部][7] 达成共识，共同创建和发布一个针对中国市场特色的基于 Ubuntu 的操作系统。
|
||||
|
||||
![Ubuntu Kylin][8]
|
||||
|
||||
### 优麒麟是什么?
|
||||
|
||||
根据上述 2013 年的共识，优麒麟现在是 Ubuntu 的官方中国版本。它不仅仅是语言本地化。事实上，它决心服务中国市场，就像 Ubuntu 服务全球市场一样。
|
||||
|
||||
[优麒麟][9]的第一个版本与 Ubuntu 13.04 一起到来。像 Ubuntu 一样，优麒麟也有 LTS （长期支持）和非 LTS 版本。
|
||||
|
||||
当前，优麒麟 19.04 LTS 采用了 [UKUI][10] 桌面环境，修改了启动动画、登录/锁屏程序和操作系统主题。为给用户提供更友好的体验，它修复了一些错误，带有文件预览、定时注销等功能，最新的 [WPS 办公组件][11]和 [搜狗][12] 输入法集成于其中。
|
||||
|
||||
- [https://youtu.be/kZPtFMWsyv4](https://youtu.be/kZPtFMWsyv4)
|
||||
|
||||
银河麒麟 4.0.2 是一个基于优麒麟 16.04 LTS 的社区版本。它包含一些带有长期稳定支持的第三方应用程序。它非常适合服务器和日常桌面办公使用，欢迎开发者[下载][13]。麒麟论坛积极地获取来自提供的反馈以及解决问题来找到解决方案。
|
||||
|
||||
#### UKUI：优麒麟的桌面环境
|
||||
|
||||
![Ubuntu Kylin 19.04 with UKUI Desktop][15]
|
||||
|
||||
[UKUI][16] 由优麒麟开发小组设计和开发，有一些非常好的特色和预装软件：
|
||||
|
||||
* 类似 Windows 的交互功能，带来更友好的用户体验。安装导向易于使用，用户可以快速使用优麒麟。
|
||||
* 控制中心对主题和窗口采用了新的设置。如开始菜单、任务栏、文件管理器、窗口管理器和其它的组件进行了更新。
|
||||
* 在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 存储库上都可用，为 Debian/Ubuntu 发行版和其全球衍生版的的用户提供一个新单独桌面环境。
|
||||
* 新的登录和锁定程序，它更稳定和具有很多功能。
|
||||
* 包括一个反馈问题的实用的反馈程序。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 麒麟软件中心
|
||||
|
||||
![Kylin Software Center][17]
|
||||
|
||||
麒麟有一个软件中心，类似于 Ubuntu 软件中心，并被称为优麒麟软件中心。它是优麒麟软件商店的一部分，该商店也包含优麒麟开发者平台和优麒麟存储库，具有一个简单的用户界面，并功能强大。它同时支持 Ubuntu 和优麒麟存储库，并特别适用于由优麒麟小组开发的中文特有的软件的快速安装！
|
||||
|
||||
#### 优客：一系列的工具
|
||||
|
||||
优麒麟也有一系列被命名为优客的工具。在麒麟开始菜单中输入 “Youker” 将带来麒麟助手。如果你在键盘上按 “Windows” 按键，像你在 Windows 上一样，它将打开麒麟开始菜单。
|
||||
|
||||
![Kylin Assistant][18]
|
||||
|
||||
其它麒麟品牌的应用程序包括麒麟影音（播放器）、麒麟刻录，优客天气、优客 Fcitx 输入法，它们更好地支持办公工作和个人娱乐。
|
||||
|
||||
![Kylin Video][19]
|
||||
|
||||
#### 特别专注于中文
|
||||
|
||||
通过与金山软件合作，优麒麟开发者也致力于 Linux 版本的搜狗拼音输入法、快盘和优麒麟版本的金山 WPS，并解决了智能拼音、云存储和办公应用程序方面的问题。[拼音][20] 是中文字符的拉丁化系统。使用这个系统，用户用英文键盘输入，但在屏幕上将显示中文字符。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 有趣的事实：优麒麟运行在中国超级计算机上
|
||||
|
||||
![Tianhe-2 Supercomputer. Photo by O01326 – Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=45399546][22]
|
||||
|
||||
众所周知[世界上最快的超级计算机 500 强都在运行 Linux][23]。中国超级计算机[天河-1][24]和[天河-2][25]都使用优麒麟的 64 位版本，致力于高性能的[并行计算][26]优化、电源管理和高性能的[虚拟化计算][27]。
|
||||
|
||||
### 总结
|
||||
|
||||
我希望你喜欢这篇优麒麟世界的介绍。你可以从它的[官方网站][28]获得优麒麟 19.04 或基于 Ubuntu 16.04 的社区版本（银河麒麟）。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://itsfoss.com/ubuntu-kylin/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Avimanyu Bandyopadhyay][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[robsean](https://github.com/robsean)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/avimanyu/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://itsfoss.com/which-ubuntu-install/
|
||||
[2]: https://english.nudt.edu.cn
|
||||
[3]: https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-a-qilin-195005
|
||||
[4]: https://itsfoss.com/freebsd-12-release/
|
||||
[5]: https://thehackernews.com/2015/09/neokylin-china-linux-os.html
|
||||
[6]: https://www.canonical.com/
|
||||
[7]: http://english.gov.cn/state_council/2014/08/23/content_281474983035940.htm
|
||||
[8]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Ubuntu-Kylin.jpeg?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1
|
||||
[9]: http://www.ubuntukylin.com/
|
||||
[10]: http://ukui.org
|
||||
[11]: https://www.wps.com/
|
||||
[12]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sogou_Pinyin
|
||||
[13]: http://www.ubuntukylin.com/downloads/show.php?lang=en&id=122
|
||||
[14]: https://itsfoss.com/solve-ubuntu-error-failed-to-download-repository-information-check-your-internet-connection/
|
||||
[15]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/ubuntu-Kylin-19-04-desktop.jpg?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1
|
||||
[16]: http://www.ukui.org/
|
||||
[17]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/kylin-software-center.jpg?resize=800%2C496&ssl=1
|
||||
[18]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/kylin-assistant.jpg?resize=800%2C535&ssl=1
|
||||
[19]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/kylin-video.jpg?resize=800%2C533&ssl=1
|
||||
[20]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin
|
||||
[21]: https://itsfoss.com/remove-old-kernels-ubuntu/
|
||||
[22]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/tianhe-2.jpg?resize=800%2C600&ssl=1
|
||||
[23]: https://itsfoss.com/linux-runs-top-supercomputers/
|
||||
[24]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianhe-1
|
||||
[25]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianhe-2
|
||||
[26]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_computing
|
||||
[27]: https://computer.howstuffworks.com/how-virtual-computing-works.htm
|
||||
[28]: http://www.ubuntukylin.com
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: (Modrisco)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: publisher: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11020-1.html)
|
||||
[#]: subject: (How to send email from the Linux command line)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3402027/how-to-send-email-from-the-linux-command-line.html)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Sandra Henry-Stocker https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/)
|
||||
|
||||
如何用 Linux 命令行发电子邮件
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
> Linux 提供了几个可以让你通过终端发送电子邮件的命令，下面来展示一些有趣的方法。
|
||||
|
||||
![Molnia/iStock][1]
|
||||
|
||||
Linux 可以用多种方式通过命令行发送电子邮件。有一些方法十分简单，有一些相对会复杂一些，不过仍旧提供了很多有用的特性。选择哪一种方式取决于你想要什么 —— 向同事快速发送消息，还是向一批人群发带有附件的更复杂的信息。接下来看一看几种可行方案：
|
||||
|
||||
### mail
|
||||
|
||||
发送一条简单消息最便捷的 Linux 命令是 `mail`。假设你需要提醒老板你今天得早点走，你可以使用这样的一条命令：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ echo "Reminder: Leaving at 4 PM today" | mail -s "early departure" myboss
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
另一种方式是从一个文件中提取出你想要发送的文本信息：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ mail -s "Reminder:Leaving early" myboss < reason4leaving
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
在以上两种情况中，你都可以通过 `-s` 来为邮件添加标题。
|
||||
|
||||
### sendmail
|
||||
|
||||
使用 `sendmail` 命令可以发送一封不包含标题的快信。（用目标收件人替换 `recip`）：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ echo "leaving now" | sendmail recip
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
你可以用这条命令发送一条只有标题，没有内容的信息：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ echo "Subject: leaving now" | sendmail recip
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
你也可以用 `sendmail` 发送一条包含一条标题行的完整信息。不过使用这个方法时，你的标题行会被添加到要发送的文件中，如下例所示：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
Subject: Requested lyrics
|
||||
I would just like to say that, in my opinion, longer hair and other flamboyant
|
||||
affectations of appearance are nothing more ...
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
你也可以发送这样的文件（`lyric` 文件包含标题和正文）：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sendmail recip < lyrics
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
`sendmain` 的输出也可以很冗长。如果你感到好奇并希望查看发送系统和接收系统之间的交互，请添加 `-v` （verbose）选项。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sendmail -v recip@emailsite.com < lyrics
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### mutt
|
||||
|
||||
`mutt` 是通过命令行发送邮件的一个很好的工具，在使用前你需要安装它。`mutt` 的一个很方便的优势就是它允许你在邮件中添加附件。
|
||||
|
||||
使用 `mutt` 发送一条快速信息：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ echo "Please check last night's backups" | mutt -s "backup check" recip
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
从文件中获取内容：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ mutt -s "Agenda" recip < agenda
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
使用 `-a` 选项在 `mutt` 中添加附件。你甚至可以添加不止一个附件 —— 如下一条命令所示：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ mutt -s "Agenda" recip -a agenda -a speakers < msg
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
在以上的命令中，`msg` 文件包含了邮件中的正文。如果你没有其他补充的内容，你可以这样来代替之前的命令：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ echo "" | mutt -s "Agenda" recip -a agenda -a speakers
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
`mutt` 另一个有用的功能是可以添加抄送（`-c`）和密送（`-b`）。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ mutt -s "Minutes from last meeting" recip@somesite.com -c myboss < mins
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### telnet
|
||||
|
||||
如果你想深入了解发送电子邮件的细节，你可以使用 `telnet` 来进行电子邮件交互操作。但正如所说的那样，你需要“学习术语”。邮件服务器期望一系列命令，其中包括自我介绍（`EHLO` 命令）、提供发件人（`MAIL FROM` 命令）、指定收件人（`RCPT TO` 命令），然后添加消息（`DATA`）并以 `.` 结束消息。并不是所有的电子邮件服务器都会响应这些请求。此方法通常仅用于故障排除。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ telnet emailsite.org 25
|
||||
Trying 192.168.0.12...
|
||||
Connected to emailsite.
|
||||
Escape character is '^]'.
|
||||
220 localhost ESMTP Sendmail 8.15.2/8.15.2/Debian-12; Wed, 12 Jun 2019 16:32:13 -0400; (No UCE/UBE) logging access from: mysite(OK)-mysite [192.168.0.12]
|
||||
EHLO mysite.org <== introduce yourself
|
||||
250-localhost Hello mysite [127.0.0.1], pleased to meet you
|
||||
250-ENHANCEDSTATUSCODES
|
||||
250-PIPELINING
|
||||
250-EXPN
|
||||
250-VERB
|
||||
250-8BITMIME
|
||||
250-SIZE
|
||||
250-DSN
|
||||
250-ETRN
|
||||
250-AUTH DIGEST-MD5 CRAM-MD5
|
||||
250-DELIVERBY
|
||||
250 HELP
|
||||
MAIL FROM: me@mysite.org <== 指定发件人
|
||||
250 2.1.0 shs@mysite.org... Sender ok
|
||||
RCPT TO: recip <== 指定收件人
|
||||
250 2.1.5 recip... Recipient ok
|
||||
DATA <== 邮件内容开始
|
||||
354 Enter mail, end with "." on a line by itself
|
||||
This is a test message. Please deliver it for me.
|
||||
. <== 内容结束
|
||||
250 2.0.0 x5CKWDds029287 Message accepted for delivery
|
||||
quit <== 结束交互
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 向多个收件人发送电子邮件
|
||||
|
||||
如果你希望通过 Linux 命令行向一大组收件人发送电子邮件，你可以使用一个循环来帮助你完成任务，如下面应用在 `mutt` 中的例子：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ for recip in `cat recips`
|
||||
do
|
||||
mutt -s "Minutes from May meeting" $recip < May_minutes
|
||||
done
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 总结
|
||||
|
||||
有很多方法可以从 Linux 命令行发送电子邮件。有些工具提供了相当多的选项。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3402027/how-to-send-email-from-the-linux-command-line.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Sandra Henry-Stocker][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[Modrisco](https://github.com/Modrisco)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2017/08/email_image_blue-100732096-large.jpg
|
||||
[2]: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL7D2RMSmRO9J8OTpjFECi8DJiTQdd4hua
|
||||
[3]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/
|
||||
[4]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: (geekpi)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: publisher: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11022-1.html)
|
||||
[#]: subject: (Personal assistant with Mycroft and Fedora)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/personal-assistant-with-mycroft-and-fedora/)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Clément Verna https://fedoramagazine.org/author/cverna/)
|
||||
|
||||
在 Fedora 中使用私人助理 Mycroft
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
![][1]
|
||||
|
||||
> 想要找个开源的私人助理么？[Mycroft][2] 可以让你运行一个开源的服务，从而更好地控制你的数据。
|
||||
|
||||
### 在 Fedora 上安装 Mycroft
|
||||
|
||||
Mycroft 目前不存在于官方软件包集合中，但它可以轻松地从源码安装。第一步是从 Mycroft 的 GitHub 仓库下载源码。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ git clone https://github.com/MycroftAI/mycroft-core.git
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Mycroft 是一个 Python 应用，它提供了一个脚本负责在安装 Mycroft 及其依赖项之前创建虚拟环境。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ cd mycroft-core
|
||||
$ ./dev_setup.sh
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
安装脚本会提示用户以帮助他完成安装过程。建议运行稳定版本并获取自动更新。
|
||||
|
||||
当提示在本地安装 Mimic 文字转语音引擎时，请回答否。因为根据安装描述，这可能需要很长时间，并且 Mimic 有适合 Fedora 的 rpm 包，因此可以使用 `dnf` 进行安装。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo dnf install mimic
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 开始使用 Mycroft
|
||||
|
||||
安装完成后，可以使用以下脚本启动 Mycroft 服务。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ ./start-mycroft.sh all
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
要开始使用 Mycroft，需要注册运行服务的设备。因此需要一个帐户，可以在 <https://home.mycroft.ai/> 中创建。
|
||||
|
||||
创建帐户后，可以在 [https://account.mycroft.ai/devices][3] 中添加新设备。添加新设备需要配对码，你的设备会在所有服务启动后告诉你。
|
||||
|
||||
![][4]
|
||||
|
||||
现在可以使用该设备了。
|
||||
|
||||
### 使用 Mycroft
|
||||
|
||||
Mycroft 提供了一组默认启用的[技能][5]，它们或者可以从[市场][5]下载。刚开始，你可以简单地向 Mycroft 问好，或天气如何。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
Hey Mycroft, how are you ?
|
||||
|
||||
Hey Mycroft, what's the weather like ?
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
如果你对它是如何工作的感兴趣，`start-mycroft.sh` 脚本提供了一个命令行选项，它能让你使用命令行交互。它也会显示用于调试的有用信息。
|
||||
|
||||
Mycroft 总在学习新技能，并且有很多方法给 Mycroft 社区做[贡献][6]。
|
||||
|
||||
由 [Przemyslaw Marczynski][7] 摄影，发布于 [Unsplash][8]
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://fedoramagazine.org/personal-assistant-with-mycroft-and-fedora/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Clément Verna][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/author/cverna/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/mycroft-816x345.jpg
|
||||
[2]: https://mycroft.ai/
|
||||
[3]: https://account.mycroft.ai/devices
|
||||
[4]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Screenshot_2019-06-14-Account.png
|
||||
[5]: https://market.mycroft.ai/skills
|
||||
[6]: https://mycroft.ai/contribute/
|
||||
[7]: https://unsplash.com/@pemmax?utm_source=unsplash&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=creditCopyText
|
||||
[8]: https://unsplash.com/search/photos/ai?utm_source=unsplash&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=creditCopyText
|
||||
@ -1,20 +1,22 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: ( )
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
[#]: translator: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: publisher: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11008-1.html)
|
||||
[#]: subject: (Exploring /run on Linux)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3403023/exploring-run-on-linux.html)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Sandra Henry-Stocker https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/)
|
||||
|
||||
Exploring /run on Linux
|
||||
探索 Linux 上的 /run
|
||||
======
|
||||
There's been a small but significant change in how Linux systems work with respect to runtime data.
|
||||
![Sandra Henry-Stocker][1]
|
||||
|
||||
If you haven’t been paying close attention, you might not have noticed a small but significant change in how Linux systems work with respect to runtime data. A re-arrangement of how and where it’s accessible in the file system started taking hold about eight years ago. And while this change might not have been big enough of a splash to wet your socks, it provides some additional consistency in the Linux file system and is worthy of some exploration.
|
||||
> Linux 系统在运行时数据方面的工作方式发生了微小但重大的变化。
|
||||
|
||||
To get started, cd your way over to /run. If you use df to check it out, you’ll see something like this:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
如果你没有密切关注，你可能没有注意到 Linux 系统在运行时数据方面的工作方式有一些小但重大的变化。 它重新组织了文件系统中可访问的方式和位置，而这个变化在大约八年前就开始了。虽然这种变化可能不足以让你的袜子变湿，但它在 Linux 文件系统中提供了更多一致性，值得进行一些探索。
|
||||
|
||||
要开始，请转到 `/run`。如果你使用 `df` 来检查它，你会看到这样的输出：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ df -k .
|
||||
@ -22,18 +24,16 @@ Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
|
||||
tmpfs 609984 2604 607380 1% /run
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Identified as a “tmpfs” (temporary file system), we know that the files and directories in /run are not stored on disk but only in volatile memory. They represent data kept in memory (or disk-based swap) that takes on the appearance of a mounted file system to allow it to be more accessible and easier to manage.
|
||||
它被识别为 “tmpfs”（临时文件系统），因此我们知道 `/run` 中的文件和目录没有存储在磁盘上，而只存储在内存中。它们表示保存在内存（或基于磁盘的交换空间）中的数据，它看起来像是一个已挂载的文件系统，这个可以使其更易于访问和管理。
|
||||
|
||||
**[ Two-Minute Linux Tips:[Learn how to master a host of Linux commands in these 2-minute video tutorials][2] ]**
|
||||
|
||||
/run is home to a wide assortment of data. For example, if you take a look at /run/user, you will notice a group of directories with numeric names.
|
||||
`/run` 是各种各样数据的家园。例如，如果你查看 `/run/user`，你会注意到一组带有数字名称的目录。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ ls /run/user
|
||||
1000 1002 121
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
A long file listing will clarify the significance of these numbers.
|
||||
使用长文件列表可以发现这些数字的重要性。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ ls -l
|
||||
@ -43,9 +43,9 @@ drwx------ 5 dory dory 120 Jun 16 16:14 1002
|
||||
drwx------ 8 gdm gdm 220 Jun 14 12:18 121
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
This allows us to see that each directory is related to a user who is currently logged in or to the display manager, gdm. The numbers represent their UIDs. The content of each of these directories are files that are used by running processes.
|
||||
我们看到每个目录与当前登录的用户或显示管理器 gdm 相关。数字代表他们的 UID。每个目录的内容都是运行中的进程所使用的文件。
|
||||
|
||||
The /run/user files represent only a very small portion of what you’ll find in /run. There are lots of other files, as well. A handful contain the process IDs for various system processes.
|
||||
`/run/user` 文件只是你在 `/run` 中找到的一小部分。还有很多其他文件。有一些文件包含了各种系统进程的进程 ID。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ ls *.pid
|
||||
@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ acpid.pid atopacctd.pid crond.pid rsyslogd.pid
|
||||
atd.pid atop.pid gdm3.pid sshd.pid
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
As shown below, that sshd.pid file listed above contains the process ID for the ssh daemon (sshd).
|
||||
如下所示，上面列出的 `sshd.pid` 文件包含 ssh 守护程序（`sshd`）的进程 ID。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ cat sshd.pid
|
||||
@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ dory 18232 18109 0 16:14 ? 00:00:00 sshd: dory@pts/1
|
||||
shs 19276 10923 0 16:50 pts/0 00:00:00 grep --color=auto sshd
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Some of the subdirectories within /run can only be accessed with root authority such as /run/sudo. Running as root, for example, we can see some files related to real or attempted sudo usage:
|
||||
`/run` 中的某些子目录只能使用 root 权限访问，例如 `/run/sudo`。例如，以 root 身份运行我们可以看到一些与真实或尝试使用 `sudo` 相关的文件：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
/run/sudo/ts# ls -l
|
||||
@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ total 8
|
||||
-rw------- 1 root shs 168 Jun 17 08:33 shs
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
In keeping with the shift to using /run, some of the old locations for runtime data are now symbolic links. /var/run is now a pointer to /run and /var/lock a pointer to /run/lock, allowing old references to work as expected.
|
||||
为了与 `/run` 的变化保持一致，一些运行时数据的旧位置现在是符号链接。`/var/run` 现在是指向 `/run` 的指针，`/var/lock` 指向 `/run/lock` 的指针，可以保证旧的引用按预期工作。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ ls -l /var
|
||||
@ -98,11 +98,7 @@ drwxrwxrwt 8 root root 4096 Jun 17 00:00 tmp
|
||||
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Jan 19 12:14 www
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
While minor as far as technical changes go, the transition to using /run simply allows for a better organization of runtime data in the Linux file system.
|
||||
|
||||
**[ Now read this:[Invaluable tips and tricks for troubleshooting Linux][3] ]**
|
||||
|
||||
Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][4] and [LinkedIn][5] to comment on topics that are top of mind.
|
||||
虽然技术上的变化很小，但转换到使用 `/run` 只是为了在 Linux 文件系统中更好地组织运行时数据。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
@ -110,8 +106,8 @@ via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3403023/exploring-run-on-linux.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Sandra Henry-Stocker][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: (geekpi)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: publisher: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11002-1.html)
|
||||
[#]: subject: (Get the latest Ansible 2.8 in Fedora)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/get-the-latest-ansible-2-8-in-fedora/)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Paul W. Frields https://fedoramagazine.org/author/pfrields/)
|
||||
|
||||
在 Fedora 中获取最新的 Ansible 2.8
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
![][1]
|
||||
|
||||
Ansible 是世界上最受欢迎的自动化引擎之一。它能让你自动化几乎任何事情，从本地系统的设置到大量的平台和应用。它是跨平台的，因此你可以将其用于各种操作系统。请继续阅读以获取有关如何在 Fedora 中获取最新 Ansible，以及它的一些更改和改进，以及如何使用它。
|
||||
|
||||
### 发布版本和功能
|
||||
|
||||
Ansible 2.8 最近发布了，其中包含许多修复、功能和增强。仅仅几天之后，它就可在 Fedora 29 和 30 以及 EPEL 中获取。两周前发布了后续版本 2.8.1。同样，新版本在几天内就可以在 Fedora 中获取。
|
||||
|
||||
[使用 sudo][2] 能够非常容易地从官方仓库安装：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo dnf -y install ansible
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
2.8 版本有很长的更新列表，你可以在 [2.8 的迁移指南][3]中阅读查看。但其中包含了一些好东西，比如 *Python 解释器发现功能* 。Ansible 2.8 现在会试图找出哪个 Python 是它所运行的平台的首选版本。如果失败，Ansible 会使用后备列表。但是，你仍然可以使用变量 `ansible_python_interpreter` 来设置 Python 解释器。
|
||||
|
||||
另一个变化使 Ansible 在各个平台上更加一致。由于 `sudo` 专用于 UNIX/Linux，而其他平台并没有，因此现在在更多地方使用 `become`。这包括了命令行开关。例如，`-ask-sudo-pass` 已变成了 `-ask-become-pass`，提示符也变成了 `BECOME password:`。
|
||||
|
||||
2.8 和 2.8.1 版本中还有许多其他功能。有关所有细节，请查看 [GitHub 上的官方更新日志][4]。
|
||||
|
||||
### 使用 Ansible
|
||||
|
||||
也许你不确定 Ansible 是否可以实际使用。别担心，你并不是唯一一个这样想的，因为它太强大了。但事实证明，它并不难以使用，在一个家庭内的几台电脑（甚至一台电脑）上设置都可以。
|
||||
|
||||
我们之前在 Fedora Magazine 中也讨论过这个话题：
|
||||
|
||||
- [使用 Ansible 设置工作站][5]
|
||||
|
||||
试试看 Ansible，说下你的想法。很重要的一部分是让 Fedora 保持最新版本。自动化快乐！
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://fedoramagazine.org/get-the-latest-ansible-2-8-in-fedora/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Paul W. Frields][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/author/pfrields/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/ansible28-816x345.jpg
|
||||
[2]: https://fedoramagazine.org/howto-use-sudo/
|
||||
[3]: https://docs.ansible.com/ansible/latest/porting_guides/porting_guide_2.8.html
|
||||
[4]: https://github.com/ansible/ansible/blob/stable-2.8/changelogs/CHANGELOG-v2.8.rst
|
||||
[5]: https://fedoramagazine.org/using-ansible-setup-workstation/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: publisher: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11007-1.html)
|
||||
[#]: subject: (Bash Script to Monitor Memory Usage on Linux)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://www.2daygeek.com/linux-bash-script-to-monitor-memory-utilization-usage-and-send-email/)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Magesh Maruthamuthu https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/)
|
||||
|
||||
用 Bash 脚本监控 Linux 上的内存使用情况
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
目前市场上有许多开源监控工具可用于监控 Linux 系统的性能。当系统达到指定的阈值限制时，它可以发送电子邮件警报。它可以监视 CPU 利用率、内存利用率、交换利用率、磁盘空间利用率等所有内容。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你只有很少的系统并且想要监视它们，那么编写一个小的 shell 脚本可以使你的任务变得非常简单。
|
||||
|
||||
在本教程中，我们添加了两个 shell 脚本来监视 Linux 系统上的内存利用率。当系统达到给定阈值时，它将给特定电子邮件地址发邮件。
|
||||
|
||||
### 方法-1：用 Linux Bash 脚本监视内存利用率并发送电子邮件
|
||||
|
||||
如果只想在系统达到给定阈值时通过邮件获取当前内存利用率百分比，请使用以下脚本。
|
||||
|
||||
这是个非常简单直接的单行脚本。在大多数情况下，我更喜欢使用这种方法。
|
||||
|
||||
当你的系统达到内存利用率的 80％ 时，它将触发一封电子邮件。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
*/5 * * * * /usr/bin/free | awk '/Mem/{printf("RAM Usage: %.2f%\n"), $3/$2*100}' | awk '{print $3}' | awk '{ if($1 > 80) print $0;}' | mail -s "High Memory Alert" 2daygeek@gmail.com
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
**注意：**你需要更改电子邮件地址而不是使用我们的电子邮件地址。此外，你可以根据你的要求更改内存利用率阈值。
|
||||
|
||||
**输出：**你将收到类似下面的电子邮件提醒。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
High Memory Alert: 80.40%
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
我们过去添加了许多有用的 shell 脚本。如果要查看这些内容，请导航至以下链接。
|
||||
|
||||
* [如何使用 shell 脚本自动执行日常活动？][1]
|
||||
|
||||
### 方法-2：用 Linux Bash 脚本监视内存利用率并发送电子邮件
|
||||
|
||||
如果要在邮件警报中获取有关内存利用率的更多信息。使用以下脚本，其中包括基于 `top` 命令和 `ps` 命令的最高内存利用率和进程详细信息。
|
||||
|
||||
这将立即让你了解系统的运行情况。
|
||||
|
||||
当你的系统达到内存利用率的 “80％” 时，它将触发一封电子邮件。
|
||||
|
||||
**注意：**你需要更改电子邮件地址而不是使用我们的电子邮件地址。此外，你可以根据你的要求更改内存利用率阈值。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# vi /opt/scripts/memory-alert.sh
|
||||
|
||||
#!/bin/sh
|
||||
ramusage=$(free | awk '/Mem/{printf("RAM Usage: %.2f\n"), $3/$2*100}'| awk '{print $3}')
|
||||
|
||||
if [ "$ramusage" > 20 ]; then
|
||||
|
||||
SUBJECT="ATTENTION: Memory Utilization is High on $(hostname) at $(date)"
|
||||
MESSAGE="/tmp/Mail.out"
|
||||
TO="2daygeek@gmail.com"
|
||||
echo "Memory Current Usage is: $ramusage%" >> $MESSAGE
|
||||
echo "" >> $MESSAGE
|
||||
echo "------------------------------------------------------------------" >> $MESSAGE
|
||||
echo "Top Memory Consuming Process Using top command" >> $MESSAGE
|
||||
echo "------------------------------------------------------------------" >> $MESSAGE
|
||||
echo "$(top -b -o +%MEM | head -n 20)" >> $MESSAGE
|
||||
echo "" >> $MESSAGE
|
||||
echo "------------------------------------------------------------------" >> $MESSAGE
|
||||
echo "Top Memory Consuming Process Using ps command" >> $MESSAGE
|
||||
echo "------------------------------------------------------------------" >> $MESSAGE
|
||||
echo "$(ps -eo pid,ppid,%mem,%Memory,cmd --sort=-%mem | head)" >> $MESSAGE
|
||||
mail -s "$SUBJECT" "$TO" < $MESSAGE
|
||||
rm /tmp/Mail.out
|
||||
fi
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
最后添加一个 [cron 任务][2] 来自动执行此操作。它将每 5 分钟运行一次。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# crontab -e
|
||||
*/5 * * * * /bin/bash /opt/scripts/memory-alert.sh
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
**注意：**由于脚本计划每 5 分钟运行一次，因此你将在最多 5 分钟后收到电子邮件提醒（但不是 5 分钟，取决于具体时间）。
|
||||
|
||||
比如说，如果你的系统达到 8.25 的给定限制，那么你将在 5 分钟内收到电子邮件警报。希望现在说清楚了。
|
||||
|
||||
**输出：**你将收到类似下面的电子邮件提醒。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
Memory Current Usage is: 80.71%
|
||||
|
||||
+------------------------------------------------------------------+
|
||||
Top Memory Consuming Process Using top command
|
||||
+------------------------------------------------------------------+
|
||||
top - 12:00:58 up 5 days, 9:03, 1 user, load average: 1.82, 2.60, 2.83
|
||||
Tasks: 314 total, 1 running, 313 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie
|
||||
%Cpu0 : 8.3 us, 12.5 sy, 0.0 ni, 75.0 id, 0.0 wa, 0.0 hi, 4.2 si, 0.0 st
|
||||
%Cpu1 : 13.6 us, 4.5 sy, 0.0 ni, 81.8 id, 0.0 wa, 0.0 hi, 0.0 si, 0.0 st
|
||||
%Cpu2 : 21.7 us, 21.7 sy, 0.0 ni, 56.5 id, 0.0 wa, 0.0 hi, 0.0 si, 0.0 st
|
||||
%Cpu3 : 13.6 us, 9.1 sy, 0.0 ni, 77.3 id, 0.0 wa, 0.0 hi, 0.0 si, 0.0 st
|
||||
%Cpu4 : 17.4 us, 8.7 sy, 0.0 ni, 73.9 id, 0.0 wa, 0.0 hi, 0.0 si, 0.0 st
|
||||
%Cpu5 : 20.8 us, 4.2 sy, 0.0 ni, 70.8 id, 0.0 wa, 0.0 hi, 4.2 si, 0.0 st
|
||||
%Cpu6 : 9.1 us, 0.0 sy, 0.0 ni, 90.9 id, 0.0 wa, 0.0 hi, 0.0 si, 0.0 st
|
||||
%Cpu7 : 17.4 us, 4.3 sy, 0.0 ni, 78.3 id, 0.0 wa, 0.0 hi, 0.0 si, 0.0 st
|
||||
KiB Mem : 16248588 total, 5015964 free, 6453404 used, 4779220 buff/cache
|
||||
KiB Swap: 17873388 total, 16928620 free, 944768 used. 6423008 avail Mem
|
||||
|
||||
PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND
|
||||
17163 daygeek 20 2033204 487736 282888 S 10.0 3.0 8:26.07 /usr/lib/firefox/firefox -contentproc -childID 15 -isForBrowser -prefsLen 9408 -prefMapSize 184979 -parentBuildID 20190521202118 -greomni /u+
|
||||
1121 daygeek 20 4191388 419180 100552 S 5.0 2.6 126:02.84 /usr/bin/gnome-shell
|
||||
1902 daygeek 20 1701644 327216 82536 S 20.0 2.0 153:27.92 /opt/google/chrome/chrome
|
||||
2969 daygeek 20 1051116 324656 92388 S 15.0 2.0 149:38.09 /opt/google/chrome/chrome --type=renderer --field-trial-handle=10346122902703263820,11905758137655502112,131072 --service-pipe-token=1339861+
|
||||
1068 daygeek 20 1104856 309552 278072 S 5.0 1.9 143:47.42 /usr/lib/Xorg vt2 -displayfd 3 -auth /run/user/1000/gdm/Xauthority -nolisten tcp -background none -noreset -keeptty -verbose 3
|
||||
27246 daygeek 20 907344 265600 108276 S 30.0 1.6 10:42.80 /opt/google/chrome/chrome --type=renderer --field-trial-handle=10346122902703263820,11905758137655502112,131072 --service-pipe-token=8587368+
|
||||
|
||||
+------------------------------------------------------------------+
|
||||
Top Memory Consuming Process Using ps command
|
||||
+------------------------------------------------------------------+
|
||||
PID PPID %MEM %CPU CMD
|
||||
8223 1 6.4 6.8 /usr/lib/firefox/firefox --new-window
|
||||
13948 1121 6.3 1.2 /usr/bin/../lib/notepadqq/notepadqq-bin
|
||||
8671 8223 4.4 7.5 /usr/lib/firefox/firefox -contentproc -childID 5 -isForBrowser -prefsLen 6999 -prefMapSize 184979 -parentBuildID 20190521202118 -greomni /usr/lib/firefox/omni.ja -appomni /usr/lib/firefox/browser/omni.ja -appdir /usr/lib/firefox/browser 8223 true tab
|
||||
17163 8223 3.0 0.6 /usr/lib/firefox/firefox -contentproc -childID 15 -isForBrowser -prefsLen 9408 -prefMapSize 184979 -parentBuildID 20190521202118 -greomni /usr/lib/firefox/omni.ja -appomni /usr/lib/firefox/browser/omni.ja -appdir /usr/lib/firefox/browser 8223 true tab
|
||||
1121 1078 2.5 1.6 /usr/bin/gnome-shell
|
||||
17937 8223 2.5 0.8 /usr/lib/firefox/firefox -contentproc -childID 16 -isForBrowser -prefsLen 9410 -prefMapSize 184979 -parentBuildID 20190521202118 -greomni /usr/lib/firefox/omni.ja -appomni /usr/lib/firefox/browser/omni.ja -appdir /usr/lib/firefox/browser 8223 true tab
|
||||
8499 8223 2.2 0.6 /usr/lib/firefox/firefox -contentproc -childID 4 -isForBrowser -prefsLen 6635 -prefMapSize 184979 -parentBuildID 20190521202118 -greomni /usr/lib/firefox/omni.ja -appomni /usr/lib/firefox/browser/omni.ja -appdir /usr/lib/firefox/browser 8223 true tab
|
||||
8306 8223 2.2 0.8 /usr/lib/firefox/firefox -contentproc -childID 1 -isForBrowser -prefsLen 1 -prefMapSize 184979 -parentBuildID 20190521202118 -greomni /usr/lib/firefox/omni.ja -appomni /usr/lib/firefox/browser/omni.ja -appdir /usr/lib/firefox/browser 8223 true tab
|
||||
9198 8223 2.1 0.6 /usr/lib/firefox/firefox -contentproc -childID 7 -isForBrowser -prefsLen 8604 -prefMapSize 184979 -parentBuildID 20190521202118 -greomni /usr/lib/firefox/omni.ja -appomni /usr/lib/firefox/browser/omni.ja -appdir /usr/lib/firefox/browser 8223 true tab
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://www.2daygeek.com/linux-bash-script-to-monitor-memory-utilization-usage-and-send-email/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Magesh Maruthamuthu][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://www.2daygeek.com/category/shell-script/
|
||||
[2]: https://www.2daygeek.com/crontab-cronjob-to-schedule-jobs-in-linux/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: (wahailin)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: publisher: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11014-1.html)
|
||||
[#]: subject: (Open Source Slack Alternative Mattermost Gets $50M Funding)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/mattermost-funding/)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Ankush Das https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/)
|
||||
|
||||
Slack 的开源替代品 Mattermost 获得 5000 万美元融资
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
[Mattermost][1]，作为 [Slack][2] 的开源替代品，获得了 5000 万美元的 B 轮融资。这个消息极其令人振奋。
|
||||
|
||||
[Slack][3] 是一个基于云的团队内部沟通协作软件。企业、初创企业、甚至全球化的开源项目都在使用 Slack 进行同事及项目成员间的沟通。
|
||||
|
||||
[Slack 在 2019 年 6 月的估值为 200 亿美元][4]，由此可见其在科技行业的巨大影响，当然也就有更多产品想与之竞争。
|
||||
|
||||
### 5000 万美元开源项目
|
||||
|
||||
![][5]
|
||||
|
||||
就我个人而言，我并不知道 MatterMost 这个产品。但 [VentureBeat][6] 对这则新闻的报道，激发了我的好奇心。这次融资由 [Y Combinator][7] 的 Continuity 与一家新的投资方 BattleVentures 领投，现有投资者 Redpoint 和 S28 Captial 共同跟投。
|
||||
|
||||
在[公告][8]中，他们也提到：
|
||||
|
||||
> 今天的公告中，Mattermost 成为了 YC 有史以来规模最大的 B 轮投资项目，更重要的是，它是 YC 迄今为止投资额最高的开源项目。
|
||||
|
||||
下面是摘自 VentureBeat 的报道，你可以从中了解到一些细节：
|
||||
|
||||
> 本次资本注入，是继 2017 年 2 月的种子轮 350 万融资和今年 2 月份的 2000 万 A 轮融资之后进行的，并使得这家总部位于美国加州<ruby>帕罗奥图<rt>Palo Alto</rt></ruby>的公司融资总额达到了约 7000 万美元。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你对他们的规划感兴趣，可以阅读[官方公告][8]。
|
||||
|
||||
尽管听起来很不错，但可能你并不知道 Mattermost 是什么。所以我们先来作个简单了解：
|
||||
|
||||
### Mattermost 快览
|
||||
|
||||
![Mattermost][9]
|
||||
|
||||
前面已经提到，Mattermost 是 Slack 的开源替代品。
|
||||
|
||||
乍一看，它几乎照搬了 Slack 的界面外观，没错，这就是关键所在，你将拥有你可以轻松使用的软件的开源解决方案。
|
||||
|
||||
它甚至集成了一些流行的 DevOps 工具，如 Git、自动机器人和 CI/CD。除了这些功能外，它还关注安全性和隐私。
|
||||
|
||||
同样，和 Slack 类似，它支持和多种应用程序与服务的集成。
|
||||
|
||||
听起来很有前景？我也这么认为。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 定价：企业版和团队版
|
||||
|
||||
如果你希望由 Mattermost 托管该服务（或获得优先支持），应选择其企业版。但如果你不想使用付费托管，可以下载[团队版][11]，并将其安装到基于 Linux 的云服务器或 VPS 服务器上。
|
||||
|
||||
当然，我们不会在此进行深入探究。我确想在此提及的是，企业版并不昂贵。
|
||||
|
||||
![][12]
|
||||
|
||||
### 总结
|
||||
|
||||
MatterMost 无疑相当出色，有了 5000 万巨额资金的注入，对于那些正在寻求安全的并能提供高效团队协作支持的开源通讯平台的用户，Mattermost 很可能成为开源社区重要的部分。
|
||||
|
||||
你觉得这条新闻怎么样？对你来说有价值吗？你是否已了解 Mattermost 是 Slack 的替代品？
|
||||
|
||||
请在下面的评论中给出你的想法。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://itsfoss.com/mattermost-funding/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Ankush Das][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[wahailin](https://github.com/wahailin)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://mattermost.com/
|
||||
[2]: https://itsfoss.com/slack-use-linux/
|
||||
[3]: https://slack.com
|
||||
[4]: https://www.ft.com/content/98747b36-9368-11e9-aea1-2b1d33ac3271
|
||||
[5]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/mattermost-wallpaper.png?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1
|
||||
[6]: https://venturebeat.com/2019/06/19/mattermost-raises-50-million-to-advance-its-open-source-slack-alternative/
|
||||
[7]: https://www.ycombinator.com/
|
||||
[8]: https://mattermost.com/blog/yc-leads-50m-series-b-in-mattermost-as-open-source-slack-alternative/
|
||||
[9]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/mattermost-screenshot.jpg?fit=800%2C497&ssl=1
|
||||
[10]: https://itsfoss.com/zettlr-markdown-editor/
|
||||
[11]: https://mattermost.com/download/
|
||||
[12]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/mattermost-enterprise-plan.jpg?fit=800%2C325&ssl=1
|
||||
93
published/201906/20190624 Raspberry Pi 4 is here.md
Normal file
93
published/201906/20190624 Raspberry Pi 4 is here.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: (wahailin)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: publisher: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11034-1.html)
|
||||
[#]: subject: (Raspberry Pi 4 is here!)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/6/raspberry-pi-4)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Ben Nuttall https://opensource.com/users/bennuttall)
|
||||
|
||||
树莓派 4 来袭！
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
> 售价 35 美元起的新一代树莓派单板计算机，装载了 1.5 GHz 的 Arm 芯片，并支持双 HDMI 4K 显示，全吞吐量千兆以太网，以及更多新特性。
|
||||
|
||||
![Raspberry Pi 4 board][1]
|
||||
|
||||
树莓派的最新版本树莓派 4 代，已于近日（北京时间 6 月 24 日）发布，这早于此前预期。树莓派 4 装载了 1.5 GHz 的 Arm 芯片和 VideoCore GPU，支持双 4K 显示输出，并引入了 USB 3 接口和全吞吐量千兆以太网，以及最高可达 4G 的多个可选 RAM 配置。
|
||||
|
||||
![Raspberry Pi 4 case][2]
|
||||
|
||||
树莓派 4 是非常强大的单板计算机，其起始售价依然是 35 美元。起始版的 RAM 配置为 1G，2G RAM 配置的树莓派售价为 45 美元，顶配 4G RAM 的树莓派售价为 55 美元，采用这种差异化定价对树莓派尚属首次。
|
||||
|
||||
树莓派 4 的详细配置如下：
|
||||
|
||||
* 1.5 GHz 4 核心 64 位博通 BCM2711 A72 CPU
|
||||
* VideoCore VI GPU
|
||||
* 千兆以太网端口
|
||||
* 1GB/2GB/4GB LPDDR4 SDRAM 内存
|
||||
* 双 Micro-HDMI 接口
|
||||
* 两个 USB 3 接口
|
||||
* 两个 USB 2 接口
|
||||
* 双频（2.4 GHz 和 5 GHz）无线网络
|
||||
* 蓝牙 5.0
|
||||
* USB Type C 电源接口
|
||||
* CSI 摄像头接口
|
||||
* DSI 显示接口
|
||||
* MicroSD 卡槽
|
||||
* PoE（以太网供电）供电针
|
||||
* 完全兼容早期的树莓派产品
|
||||
|
||||
### USB 接口和网络
|
||||
|
||||
树莓派 4 板载了更高速率的 USB 3 接口；它通过 Type C 接口供电，并提供两个 USB 3 接口和两个 USB 2 接口。USB 3 接口可以为连接的硬盘和其它外部设备提供更高的速率。
|
||||
|
||||
![Raspberry Pi 4 USBs][3]
|
||||
|
||||
基于 BCM2835 的树莓派 1 到 3 代的芯片只有一个本地 USB 接口，并且没有以太网接口，因而需要使用板子的 USB 集线器给出更多的 USB 接口和以太网接口。树莓派 3B+ 增加了一个专用的局域网（LAN）芯片，装载了千兆以太网，但它受到 USB 2 速率的限制。树莓派 4 板载了专门的千兆以太网，并且由于它不再受到 USB 速率的限制，网络速度要快得多。
|
||||
|
||||
树莓派 4 采用了 3B+ 中已有的技术 —— 该技术使得树莓派 3B+ 成为了第一个带有双频无线网络的单板计算机，即可以同时连接 2.4 GHz 和 5 GHz 频率的网络。
|
||||
|
||||
### 显示
|
||||
|
||||
设计第一代树莓派时，其 CPU 和 GPU 性能的平衡大大偏向于 GPU。VideoCore IV 是一个非常强大的图形处理器，支持全高清 1080p 多媒体的处理，这就是为什么树莓派一直作为家庭媒体中心而广受欢迎的原因。树莓派 2 代在某种程度上进行了权衡修改，并将 CPU 的性能进行提升，将树莓派从单核发展成四核 ARM 芯片。而树莓派 4 代将 CPU 和 GPU 的性能都进行了大幅提升。新的 VideoCore VI GPU 支持 4K 视频，并允许通过板子上的两个 Micro HDMI 端口（板子特意保持了和旧有型号相同的尺寸）进行双显示输出，这里要用一个适配器或 Micro HDMI 转 full HDMI 的转换线连接到 HDMI 屏幕。
|
||||
|
||||
当你需要同时浏览多个窗口时，需要用到更多的物理显示屏，双显示的好处在此时就得到了绝佳体现。如果你正在编程，你可能会在其中一个屏幕上编写代码，构建网站或应用，而在另一个屏幕上查看数据库、Web 浏览器、电子邮件或其他内容。这是树莓派首次可以不必将开发局限在一台显示器上，从而可以让你在需要时，在不同的屏幕上构建具有不同内容的基于树莓派的项目。
|
||||
|
||||
该树莓派还有一个显示器串行接口（DSI)，用于驱动另一个特殊的显示-这里并非指另一个监视器本身，而是通过一根挠性电缆连接的官方树莓派触摸屏显示器。
|
||||
|
||||
### Raspbian Buster
|
||||
|
||||
树莓派 4 发布后，紧接着更新了基于 Debian 的系统 Raspbian Buster，而新的树莓派对 OpenGL ES 3 的支持，使我们在 Raspbian Buster 上为树莓派 4 开发任意软件成为可能。Buster 对界面进行了一些调整，并对很多软件进行了升级，其中包括 Python3.7。
|
||||
|
||||
![Raspbian Buster][4]
|
||||
|
||||
### 开源图形驱动程序
|
||||
|
||||
在过去的五年中，Eric Anholt 一直致力于为树莓派编写开源图形驱动程序。现在，Raspbian 可以使用这个驱动程序加速树莓派上的 Web 浏览、桌面图形和 3D 应用，这取代了以前需要的大量闭源代码。非常感谢 Eric 和博通的贡献。
|
||||
|
||||
按之前预计，树莓派 4 将于明年完成，但由于芯片设计比预期更早投入生产，树莓派 4 因而可以提早到现在发布。
|
||||
|
||||
* * *
|
||||
|
||||
树莓派 4 已经开始发售，你会选择哪个型号呢？在评论中说出你的想法吧。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/raspberry-pi-4
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Ben Nuttall][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[wahailin](https://github.com/wahailin)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/bennuttall
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/raspberry-pi-4_lead.jpg?itok=2bkk43om (Raspberry Pi 4 board)
|
||||
[2]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/raspberry-pi-4-case.jpg (Raspberry Pi 4 case)
|
||||
[3]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/raspberry-pi-4-usb.jpg (Raspberry Pi 4 USBs)
|
||||
[4]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/raspbian-buster.png (Raspbian Buster)
|
||||
192
published/201906/20190624 Using i3 with multiple monitors.md
Normal file
192
published/201906/20190624 Using i3 with multiple monitors.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,192 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: (geekpi)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: publisher: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11031-1.html)
|
||||
[#]: subject: (Using i3 with multiple monitors)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/using-i3-with-multiple-monitors/)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Adam Šamalík https://fedoramagazine.org/author/asamalik/)
|
||||
|
||||
将 i3 与多个显示器配合使用
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
![][1]
|
||||
|
||||
你在 Linux 工作站上使用多个显示器吗？一次看到很多东西可能是有益的。但在我们的工作中通常有比实际显示器更多的窗口 —— 这是一件好事，因为一次看到太多东西可能会分散注意力。因此能够切换我们在单个显示器上看到的内容似乎很重要。
|
||||
|
||||
让我们来看看 i3，它是一个流行的平铺窗口管理器，可以与多个显示器配合使用。并且有许多其他窗口管理器没有的便利功能，它能够独立地在各个显示器上切换工作区。
|
||||
|
||||
### 快速介绍 i3
|
||||
|
||||
大约三年前，[Fedora Magazine 已经写了一篇关于 i3 的文章][2]。这是有史以来最受欢迎的文章之一！虽然情况并非总是如此，但 i3 非常稳定，而且那篇文章如今也很准确。所以，这次不会重复太多内容，本篇只涵盖了让 i3 启动和运行的极少内容，如果你是 i3 的新手，想要了解更多基础知识的话，欢迎你继续阅读。
|
||||
|
||||
要在系统上安装 i3，请运行以下命令：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo dnf install i3
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
完成后，注销，然后在登录屏幕上选择 i3 作为窗口管理器，然后重新登录。
|
||||
|
||||
当你第一次运行 i3 时，系统会询问你是否要继续进行自动配置 —— 在此处回答是。之后，你将被要求选择 “mod 键”。如果你不确定，只需接受默认值，即将 Windows/Super 键设置为 mod 键。你将主要使用此键用于窗口管理器中的快捷方式。
|
||||
|
||||
此时，你应该在底部看到一个小条和一个空白屏幕。我们来看看一些基本的快捷方式。
|
||||
|
||||
打开终端：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$mod + enter
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
切换到第二个工作区：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$mod + 2
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
通过以下两个步骤打开 firefox，首先：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$mod + d
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
然后输入 “firefox” 并按回车键。
|
||||
|
||||
将其移动到第一个工作区：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$mod + shift + 1
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
切换到第一个工作区：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$mod + 1
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
此时，你将并排看到一个终端和一个 firefox 窗口。要关闭窗口，请按：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$mod + shift + q
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
还有更多的快捷方式，但这些足够让你开始使用 i3。
|
||||
|
||||
要退出 i3（并退出登录）按：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$mod + shift + e
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
然后在右上角使用鼠标确认。
|
||||
|
||||
### 同时让多个屏幕工作
|
||||
|
||||
现在我们已经启动并运行了 i3，让我们把所有这些屏幕都用到！
|
||||
|
||||
为此，我们需要使用命令行，因为 i3 非常轻量级，并且没有 GUI 来管理其他屏幕。如果这听起来很难也不用担心，它实际上非常简单！
|
||||
|
||||
我们将使用的命令称为 `xrandr`。如果你的系统上没有 `xrandr`，请运行以下命令安装：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo dnf install xrandr
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
当它安装完毕后，让我们继续运行它：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ xrandr
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
输出列出了所有可用输出设备，并通过显示支持的分辨率指示哪些输出连接了屏幕（通过电缆连接的显示器）。好消息是，我们不需要关心使它们工作的分辨率。
|
||||
|
||||
这个例子显示了笔记本电脑的主屏幕（名为 eDP1），以及连接到 HDMI-2 输出的第二个显示器，它位于笔记本电脑的右侧。要打开它，请运行以下命令：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ xrandr --output HDMI-2 --auto --right-of eDP1
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
就是这样！你的屏幕现已激活。
|
||||
|
||||
![第二个屏幕激活。截屏上显示命令与文章中略有不同，它设置了更小的分辨率以使截屏适合阅读][3]
|
||||
|
||||
### 在多个屏幕上管理工作区
|
||||
|
||||
在多个屏幕上切换工作区和创建新工作区非常类似于只有一个屏幕的情况。新工作区会在当前处于活动状态（鼠标光标所在位置）的屏幕上创建。
|
||||
|
||||
因此，要切换到特定工作区（或在不存在的情况下创建新工作区），请按：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$mod + NUMBER
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
你可以独立切换各个显示器上的工作区！
|
||||
|
||||
![工作空间 2 在左侧屏幕，工作空间 4 在右侧屏幕][4]
|
||||
|
||||
![左侧屏幕切换为工作空间 3，右侧屏幕仍为工作空间 4][5]
|
||||
|
||||
![右侧屏幕切换为工作空间 5，左侧屏幕仍为空间空间 3][6]
|
||||
|
||||
### 在显示器之间移动工作区
|
||||
|
||||
我们可以通过以下命令将窗口移动到不同的工作区：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$mod + shift + NUMBER
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
我们也可以将工作区移动到不同的屏幕。但是，此操作没有默认快捷方式，因此我们必须先创建它。
|
||||
|
||||
要创建自定义快捷方式，你需要在你选择的文本编辑器中打开配置文件（本文使用 `vim`）：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ vim ~/.config/i3/config
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
并将以下行添加到配置文件的最底部：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# Moving workspaces between screens
|
||||
bindsym $mod+p move workspace to output right
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
保存、关闭并重新加载以使配置生效，按下：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$mod + shift + r
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
现在你可以将活跃的工作区移动到第二个显示器：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$mod + p
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
![打开火狐浏览器的工作空间 2 在左侧][7]
|
||||
|
||||
![打开火狐浏览器的工作空间 2 移动到第二个屏幕][8]
|
||||
|
||||
就是这些了！享受你的新多显示器体验，并了解更多 i3，欢迎阅读 Fedora Magazine 上之前关于 i3 的文章，或者查看官方 i3 文档。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://fedoramagazine.org/using-i3-with-multiple-monitors/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Adam Šamalík][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/author/asamalik/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/i3-title-816x345.jpg
|
||||
[2]: https://fedoramagazine.org/getting-started-i3-window-manager/
|
||||
[3]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/0-1-1024x384.png
|
||||
[4]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/1-1-1024x384.png
|
||||
[5]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/1-2-1024x384.png
|
||||
[6]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/1-3-1024x384.png
|
||||
[7]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/2-1-1024x384.png
|
||||
[8]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/2-2-1024x384.png
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: publisher: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11033-1.html)
|
||||
[#]: subject: (FreeDOS turns 25 years old: An origin story)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/6/freedos-anniversary)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Jim Hall https://opensource.com/users/jim-hall)
|
||||
|
||||
25 岁的 FreeDOS：起源故事
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
> 操作系统的历史是开发人员共同造物的开源软件模型的很好例子。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
6 月 29 日是 [FreeDOS][2] 25 周年的日子。不管对于哪个开源软件项目来说，这都是一个重要的里程碑，我为过去这 1/4 个世纪来我们在这方面所做的工作感到自豪。我也为我们如何构建 FreeDOS 感到自豪，因为它是开源软件模型如何工作的一个很好的例子。
|
||||
|
||||
在它的那个时代，MS-DOS 是一个功能强大的操作系统。自从我的父母用新的 IBM 机器取代了老化的 Apple II 计算机以来，我已经使用 DOS 多年了。MS-DOS 提供了一个灵活的命令行，我非常喜欢它，它可以方便地操作我的文件。多年来，我学会了如何在 C 中编写自己的实用程序，以进一步扩展其命令行功能。
|
||||
|
||||
大约在 1994 年，微软宣布其下一代的 Windows 将取消 MS-DOS。但我喜欢 DOS，即使我已经开始迁移到 Linux，我仍然会启动到 MS-DOS 来运行一些 Linux 尚未拥有的应用程序。
|
||||
|
||||
我想，如果我们想留下 DOS，我们需要自己编写一个。FreeDOS 就是这样诞生的。
|
||||
|
||||
1994 年 6 月 29 日，我向 Usenet 上的 comp.os.msdos.apps 新闻组发表了关于我的想法的一个小小公告：
|
||||
|
||||
> PD-DOS 项目公告：
|
||||
>
|
||||
> 几个月前，我发布了有关启动公共域（PD）版本 DOS 的文章。当时对此的普遍支持很强烈，很多人都赞同：“开始编写吧！”所以，我…
|
||||
>
|
||||
> 宣布开发 PD-DOS 的首次尝试。我写了一个“清单”来描述这样的一个项目的目标和工作大纲，以及一个“任务列表”，它准确地显示了需要编码开发的内容。我会在这里发布，然后讨论。
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
虽然我宣布该项目为 PD-DOS（“公共领域”的意思，缩写是为了模仿 IBM 的“PC-DOS”），但我们很快将名称改为 Free-DOS，再后来又改为 FreeDOS。
|
||||
|
||||
我马上开始开发它。首先，我分享了我编写的用于扩展 DOS 命令行功能的实用程序。它们中的许多程序都重现了 MS-DOS 功能，包括 `CLS`、`DATE`、`DEL`、`FIND`、`HELP` 和 `MORE`。有些是我从 Unix 借来的新功能，比如 `TEE` 和 `TRCH`（Unix 的 `tr` 的简单实现）。我贡献了十几个 FreeDOS 工具。
|
||||
|
||||
通过分享我的实用程序，我给了其他开发人员一个起点。通过在 [GNU 通用公共许可证][3]（GNU GPL）下共享我的源代码，我隐含地允许其他人添加新功能并修复错误。
|
||||
|
||||
看到 FreeDOS 开始成型的其他开发人员联系了我并希望提供帮助。Tim Norman 是第一个人，Tim 自愿编写命令行 shell（`COMMAND.COM`，后来命名为 `FreeCOM`）。其他人贡献了复制或扩展了 DOS 命令行的实用程序。
|
||||
|
||||
我们尽快发布了第一个 alpha 版本。在宣布了 FreeDOS 后不到三个月，我们就有了一个集合了我们所编写的功能的 Alpha 1 发行版。当我们发布 Alpha 5 时，FreeDOS 已经拥有了 60 多个实用程序。FreeDOS 包含了 MS-DOS 中从未想过的功能，包括通过 PPP 拨号驱动程序实现的互联网连接，以及使用主 VGA 监视器和辅助单色监视器的双显示器支持。
|
||||
|
||||
新的开发人员加入了该项目，我们很欢迎他们。到 1998 年 10 月，感谢 Pat Villani，FreeDOS 有了一个可以工作的内核。FreeDOS 还提供了许多新功能，不仅带来了与 MS-DOS 的同等性，而且超越了 MS-DOS，包括 ANSI 支持和类似 Unix lpr 的打印后台处理程序。
|
||||
|
||||
你可能熟悉其他的里程碑版本。我们继续向 1.0 版本迈进，终于在 2006 年 9 月发布了 FreeDOS 1.0，在 2012 年 1 月发布了 FreeDOS 1.1，在 2016 年 12 月发布了 FreeDOS 1.2。而 MS-DOS 很久以前就停止了开发，因此我们在 1.0 发布之后不需要经常更新了。
|
||||
|
||||
如今，FreeDOS 已经是一个非常现代的 DOS。我们已经超越了“经典 DOS”，现在 FreeDOS 拥有许多开发工具，如编译器、汇编器和调试器。除了普通的 DOS Edit 编辑器之外，我们还有许多编辑器，包括 Fed、Pico、TDE 以及 Emacs 和 Vi 的一个版本。FreeDOS 支持网络，甚至还提供简单的图形 Web 浏览器（Dillo）。我们有大量的新工具，包括许多可以让 Linux 用户感到熟悉的实用工具。
|
||||
|
||||
正因为开发人员的共同创造，FreeDOS 才走到如今。本着开源软件的精神，我们通过修复错误和添加新功能为彼此的工作做出了贡献。我们将用户视为共同开发者；我们总能找到方法来吸引贡献者，无论是编写代码还是编写文档。我们基于优点达成共识。如果这听起来很熟悉，那是因为这些是开源软件的核心价值：透明度、协作、尽早发布、经常发布、精英管理和社区。这就是[开源方式][4]！
|
||||
|
||||
我鼓励你下载 FreeDOS 1.2 并尝试一下。
|
||||
|
||||
### 更多资源
|
||||
|
||||
* [FreeDOS 官方网站][2]
|
||||
* [FreeDOS wiki][5]
|
||||
* [下载 FreeDOS 1.2][6]
|
||||
* [FreeDOS 的免费电子书][7]
|
||||
* [FreeDOS 的简单介绍][8]
|
||||
* [FreeDOS 起源与革命][9]
|
||||
* [4 个 FreeDOS 的有趣事实][10]
|
||||
* [如何使用 FreeDOS 升级你的系统 BIOS][11]
|
||||
* [庆祝 FreeDOS 24 岁生日：有用的命令速查表][12]
|
||||
* [如何在 Linux 中运行 DOS 程序][13]
|
||||
* [让 DOS 活到现在并通过开源来起步][14]
|
||||
* [在树莓派上运行 DOS][15]
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/freedos-anniversary
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Jim Hall][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/jim-hall
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/freedos-fish-laptop-color.png?itok=vfv_Lpph (FreeDOS fish logo and command prompt on computer)
|
||||
[2]: https://www.freedos.org/
|
||||
[3]: https://www.gnu.org/licenses/licenses.en.html
|
||||
[4]: https://opensource.com/open-source-way
|
||||
[5]: http://wiki.freedos.org/
|
||||
[6]: https://www.freedos.org/download/
|
||||
[7]: https://www.freedos.org/ebook/
|
||||
[8]:https://linux.cn/article-9983-1.html
|
||||
[9]: https://opensource.com/article/17/10/freedos
|
||||
[10]: https://opensource.com/article/17/6/freedos-still-cool-today
|
||||
[11]: https://opensource.com/article/17/6/upgrade-bios-freedos
|
||||
[12]: https://opensource.com/article/18/6/freedos-commands-cheat-sheet
|
||||
[13]: https://linux.cn/article-9014-1.html
|
||||
[14]: https://opensource.com/life/16/9/interview-jim-hall-freedos
|
||||
[15]: https://linux.cn/article-9544-1.html
|
||||
@ -1,34 +1,30 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: (robsean)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: publisher: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11051-1.html)
|
||||
[#]: subject: (5 Easy Ways To Free Up Space (Remove Unwanted or Junk Files) on Ubuntu)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://www.2daygeek.com/linux-remove-delete-unwanted-junk-files-free-up-space-ubuntu-mint-debian/)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Magesh Maruthamuthu https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/)
|
||||
|
||||
5 Easy Ways To Free Up Space (Remove Unwanted or Junk Files) on Ubuntu
|
||||
5 种在 Ubuntu 上释放空间的简单方法
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
Most of us may perform this action whenever we fall into out of disk space on system.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Most of us may perform this action whenever we are running out of space on Linux system
|
||||
大多数人可能在系统磁盘存储不足的情况下执行释放空间这个操作，也可能在 Linux 系统磁盘存储满了的情况下执行这个操作。
|
||||
|
||||
It should be performed frequently, to make space for installing a new application and dealing with other files.
|
||||
它应该被经常执行，来为安装一个新的应用程序和处理其它文件弥补磁盘存储空间。保持可用空间是 Linux 管理员的一个日常任务，以允许磁盘利用率维持在阈值之下。
|
||||
|
||||
Housekeeping is one of the routine task of Linux administrator, which allow them to maintain the disk utilization is in under threshold.
|
||||
这里有一些我们可以清理我们系统空间的方法。
|
||||
|
||||
There are several ways we can clean up our system space.
|
||||
当你有 TB 级存储容量时，可能不需要清理你的系统。但是，如果你空间有限，那么释放磁盘空间就变的不可避免。
|
||||
|
||||
There is no need to clean up your system when you have TB of storage capacity.
|
||||
在这篇文章中，我将向你展示一些最容易的或简单的方法来清理你的 Ubuntu 系统，获得更多空间。
|
||||
|
||||
But if your have limited space then freeing up disk space becomes a necessity.
|
||||
### 在 Ubuntu 系统上如何检查可用的空间？
|
||||
|
||||
In this article, I’ll show you some of the easiest or simple ways to clean up your Ubuntu system and get more space.
|
||||
|
||||
### How To Check Free Space On Ubuntu Systems?
|
||||
|
||||
Use **[df Command][1]** to check current disk utilization on your system.
|
||||
在你的系统上使用 [df 命令][1] 来检查当前磁盘利用率。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ df -h
|
||||
@ -41,18 +37,13 @@ tmpfs 5.0M 4.0K 5.0M 1% /run/lock
|
||||
tmpfs 997M 0 997M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
GUI users can use “Disk Usage Analyzer tool” to view current usage.
|
||||
[![][2]![][2]][3]
|
||||
图形界面用户可以使用“磁盘利用率分析器工具”来查看当前利用率。
|
||||
|
||||
### 1) Remove The Packages That Are No Longer Required
|
||||
![][3]
|
||||
|
||||
The following command removes the dependency libs and packages that are no longer required by the system.
|
||||
#### 1) 移除不再需要的软件包
|
||||
|
||||
These packages were installed automatically to satisfy the dependencies of an installed package.
|
||||
|
||||
Also, it removes old Linux kernels that were installed in the system.
|
||||
|
||||
It removes orphaned packages which are not longer needed from the system, but not purges them.
|
||||
下面的命令移除系统不再需要的依赖库和软件包。这些软件包是自动安装的，以使一个安装的软件包满足依赖关系。同样，它也会移除安装在系统中的 Linux 旧内核。它会移除不再被系统需要的孤儿软件包，但是不会清除它们。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo apt-get autoremove
|
||||
@ -71,7 +62,7 @@ After this operation, 189 MB disk space will be freed.
|
||||
Do you want to continue? [Y/n]
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
To purge them, use the `--purge` option together with the command for that.
|
||||
为清除它们，可以与命令一起使用 `--purge` 选项。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo apt-get autoremove --purge
|
||||
@ -90,67 +81,61 @@ After this operation, 189 MB disk space will be freed.
|
||||
Do you want to continue? [Y/n]
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 2) Empty The Trash Can
|
||||
#### 2) 清空回收站
|
||||
|
||||
There might a be chance, that you may have a large amount of useless data residing in your trash can.
|
||||
有可能你的回收站里面有大量的无用数据。它会占用你的系统空间。最好解决方法之一是在你的系统上清理这些无用的数据，以获取一些可用的空间。
|
||||
|
||||
It takes up your system space. This is one of the best way to clear up those and get some free space on your system.
|
||||
为清理这些，简单地使用文件管理器来清空你的回收站。
|
||||
|
||||
To clean up this, simple use the file manager to empty your trash can.
|
||||
[![][2]![][2]][4]
|
||||
![][4]
|
||||
|
||||
### 3) Clean up the APT cache
|
||||
#### 3) 清理 APT 缓存文件
|
||||
|
||||
Ubuntu uses **[APT Command][5]** (Advanced Package Tool) for package management like installing, removing, searching, etc,.
|
||||
Ubuntu 使用 [APT 命令][5]（高级软件包工具）用于软件包管理，如：安装、移除、搜索等等。
|
||||
|
||||
By default every Linux operating system keeps a cache of downloaded and installed packages on their respective directory.
|
||||
一般 Linux 操作系统会在各自的目录下保留下载和安装的软件包的缓冲文件。
|
||||
|
||||
Ubuntu also does the same, it keeps every updates it downloads and installs in a cache on your disk.
|
||||
Ubuntu 也一样，它在你的磁盘上以缓冲的形式保留它下载和安装的每次更新。Ubuntu 在 `/var/cache/apt/archives` 目录中保留 DEB 软件包的缓冲文件。随着时间推移，这些缓存可能快速增长，并在你的系统上占有很多空间。
|
||||
|
||||
Ubuntu system keeps a cache of DEB packages in /var/cache/apt/archives directory.
|
||||
|
||||
Over time, this cache can quickly grow and hold a lot of space on your system.
|
||||
|
||||
Run the following command to check the current utilization of APT cache.
|
||||
运行下面的命令来检查当前 APT 缓存文件的使用率。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo du -sh /var/cache/apt
|
||||
147M /var/cache/apt
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
It cleans obsolete deb-packages. I mean to say, less than clean.
|
||||
下面的命令会清理过时的 deb 软件包。我想说，一点都清理不干净。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo apt-get autoclean
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
It removes all packages kept in the apt cache.
|
||||
下面的命令会移除所有在 apt 缓存中的软件包。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo apt-get clean
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 4) Uninstall the unused applications
|
||||
#### 4) 卸载不使用的应用程序
|
||||
|
||||
I would request you to check the installed packages and games on your system and delete them if you are using rarely.
|
||||
这需要你来检查在你的系统上安装的软件包和游戏，删除它们，如果你很少使用的话。
|
||||
|
||||
This can be easily done via “Ubuntu Software Center”.
|
||||
[![][2]![][2]][6]
|
||||
这可以通过 “Ubuntu 软件中心” 简单地做到。
|
||||
|
||||
### 5) Clean up the thumbnail cache
|
||||
![][6]
|
||||
|
||||
The cache folder is a place where programs stored data they may need again, it is kept for speed but is not essential to keep. It can be generated again or downloaded again.
|
||||
#### 5) 清理缩略图缓存
|
||||
|
||||
If it’s really filling up your hard drive then you can delete things without worrying.
|
||||
缓存文件夹是程序存储它们可能再次需要的数据的地方，它是为速度保留的，而不是必需保留的。它可以被再次生成或再次下载。假如它真的填满了你的硬盘，那么你可以删除一些东西而不用担心。
|
||||
|
||||
Run the following command to check the current utilization of APT cache.
|
||||
运行下面的命令来检查当前 APT 缓存的利用率。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ du -sh ~/.cache/thumbnails/
|
||||
412K /home/daygeek/.cache/thumbnails/
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Run the following command to delete them permanently from your system.
|
||||
运行下面的命令来从你的系统中永久地删除它们。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ rm -rf ~/.cache/thumbnails/*
|
||||
@ -162,8 +147,8 @@ via: https://www.2daygeek.com/linux-remove-delete-unwanted-junk-files-free-up-sp
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Magesh Maruthamuthu][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
译者：[robsean](https://github.com/robsean)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: (geekpi)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: publisher: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11050-1.html)
|
||||
[#]: subject: (BitTorrent Client Deluge 2.0 Released: Here’s What’s New)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/deluge-2-release/)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Ankush Das https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/)
|
||||
|
||||
BitTorrent 客户端 Deluge 2.0 发布：新功能介绍
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
你可能已经知道 [Deluge][1] 是[最适合 Linux 用户的 Torrent 客户端][2]之一。然而，最近的稳定版本差不多是两年前的了。
|
||||
|
||||
尽管它仍在积极开发中，但直到最近才出了一个主要的稳定版本。我们写这篇文章时，最新版本恰好是 2.0.2。所以，如果你还没有下载最新的稳定版本，请尝试一下。
|
||||
|
||||
不管如何，如果你感兴趣的话，让我们看看有哪些新的功能。
|
||||
|
||||
### Deluge 2.0 的主要改进
|
||||
|
||||
新版本引入了多用户支持，这是一个非常需要的功能。除此之外，还有一些性能改进可以更快地加载更多的种子。
|
||||
|
||||
此外，在 2.0 版本中，Deluge 使用了 Python 3，对 Python 2.7 提供最低支持。即使是用户界面，他们也从 GTK UI 迁移到了 GTK3。
|
||||
|
||||
根据发行说明，还有一些更重要的补充/改进，包括：
|
||||
|
||||
* 多用户支持。
|
||||
* 性能提升，可以更快地加载数千个种子。
|
||||
* 一个模拟 GTK/Web UI 的新控制台 UI。
|
||||
* GTK UI 迁移到 GTK3，并带有 UI 改进和补充。
|
||||
* 磁链预获取功能可以在添加种子时选择文件。
|
||||
* 完全支持 libtorrent 1.2。
|
||||
* 语言切换支持。
|
||||
* 改进了在 ReadTheDocs 托管的文档。
|
||||
* AutoAdd 插件取代了内置功能。
|
||||
|
||||
### 如何安装或升级到 Deluge 2.0
|
||||
|
||||
![][4]
|
||||
|
||||
对于任何 Linux 发行版，你都应该遵循官方[安装指南][5]（使用 PPA 或 PyPi）。但是，如果你要升级，你应该留意发行说明中提到的：
|
||||
|
||||
> “_Deluge 2.0 与 Deluge 1.x 客户端或守护进程不兼容，因此这些也需要升级。如果第三方脚本直接连接到 Deluge 客户端，那么可能也不兼容且需要迁移。_”
|
||||
|
||||
因此，坚持在升级主版本之前备份你的[配置][6]以免数据丢失。而且，如果你是插件作者，那么需要升级它以使其与新版本兼容。
|
||||
|
||||
直接下载的安装包尚不包含 Windows 和 Mac OS。但是，说明中提到他们正在进行中。
|
||||
|
||||
除此之外，你可以按照更新后的官方文档中的[安装指南][5]来手动安装它们。
|
||||
|
||||
### 总结
|
||||
|
||||
你如何看待最新的稳定版本？你是否将 Deluge 用作 BitTorrent 客户端？或者你是否找到了其他更好的选择？
|
||||
|
||||
请在下面的评论栏告诉我们你的想法。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://itsfoss.com/deluge-2-release/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Ankush Das][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://dev.deluge-torrent.org/
|
||||
[2]: https://itsfoss.com/best-torrent-ubuntu/
|
||||
[3]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/deluge.jpg?fit=800%2C410&ssl=1
|
||||
[4]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Deluge-2-release.png?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1
|
||||
[5]: https://deluge.readthedocs.io/en/latest/intro/01-install.html
|
||||
[6]: https://dev.deluge-torrent.org/wiki/Faq#WheredoesDelugestoreitssettingsconfig
|
||||
70
published/20190619 Leading in the Python community.md
Normal file
70
published/20190619 Leading in the Python community.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: (chen-ni)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: publisher: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11049-1.html)
|
||||
[#]: subject: (Leading in the Python community)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/6/naomi-ceder-python-software-foundation)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Don Watkins https://opensource.com/users/don-watkins)
|
||||
|
||||
领导 Python 社区
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
> 对话现任 Python 软件基金会董事会主席 Naomi Ceder。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
和开源软件世界的很多其他领袖一样，[Python 软件基金会][3]（PSF）的董事会主席 [Naomi Ceder][2] 通过一种不同寻常的方式走进了 Python 世界。正如她在 2017 年 PyCon España 大会上的 [keynote][4] 的标题所说，她是因为这个编程语言而来，因为这个社区而留下的。在我们和她的一次近期的交流中，她分享了自己成为 Python 社区领袖的历程，并且就“是什么让 Python 如此特别”这个问题提供了一些独到的见解。
|
||||
|
||||
### 从授课到编程
|
||||
|
||||
Naomi 的职业生涯是从古典文学开始的。她取得了拉丁文和古希腊文的博士学位，并且辅修了印欧语言学。在一家私立学校教授拉丁语的同时，她开始接触了计算机，学习如何编程、如何拆机进行升级或者维修。1995 年，她开始在 [Yggdrasil Linux][5] 系统上开发开源软件，并且帮助建立了印第安纳州韦恩堡的 [Linux 用户小组][6]。
|
||||
|
||||
作为一名教师，Naomi 相信在中学教授编程课程是非常重要的，因为等到大多数人上大学的时候，他们已经认为编程和科技相关的职业已经不是自己可以从事的了。她表示，更早地教授相关课程有助于增加科技人才的供给，提高人才的多元化和经验的广度，从而更好地满足行业需求。
|
||||
|
||||
大约在 2001 年前后，她决定从学习人类语言转向研究计算机语言，并同时教授计算机课程和管理学校的 IT 系统。在 2001 年的 Linux World 大会上听了一整天时任 PSF 主席 Guido Van Rossum （LCTT 译注：也是 Python 创始人）关于 Python 的演讲之后，她对 Python 的热情被点燃了。在那个时候，Python 还只是一门晦涩难懂的语言，但是她是如此喜欢 Python，以至于在她的学校开始使用 Python 记录学生信息、进行系统管理。
|
||||
|
||||
### 领导 Python 社区
|
||||
|
||||
Naomi 表示，“社区是 Python 成功背后的关键因素。开源软件的核心思想是分享，很少有人真的喜欢一个人坐在那儿盯着屏幕写代码。真正的满足来源于和别人交流想法，并且共同创造一些东西。”
|
||||
|
||||
她在第一届 [PyCon][7] 大会上发表了演讲，并且从此之后一直是一名参与者和领导者。她组织了一些 <ruby>趣味相投<rt>birds-of-a-feather<rt></ruby> 讨论会（LCTT 译注：birds-of-a-feather，一种在大会参与者之间进行的基于兴趣的非正式小规模讨论活动）、PyCon 和 PyCon UK 大会的海报展示会、教育峰会，以及 PyCon 大会的西班牙语频道。
|
||||
|
||||
她同时是 《[The Quick Python Book][9]》一书的作者，并且联合创立了 [Trans*Code][10]，“英国唯一一个专注于变性者的问题和机遇的黑客节”（LCTT 译注：<ruby>黑客节<rt>hack event</rt></ruby>是一种让软件开发、设计、项目管理等相关人员相聚在一起，针对软件项目进行高强度合作的活动）。Naomi 表示，“随着科技能够提供越来越多的机遇，确保传统意义上的边缘化群体能够同等地享受到这些机遇成为了一件更为重要的事情。”
|
||||
|
||||
### 通过 PSF 进行贡献
|
||||
|
||||
作为 PSF 的董事会主席，Naomi 积极地参与着该组织对 Python 语言和其使用者的支持工作。除了赞助 PyCon 大会的举办之外，PSF 基金会还为世界各地的小型聚会、大型会议和研习会提供资助。2018 年，该组织发放的资助接近 335000 美元，其中大多数款项的金额都在 500 美元到 5000 美元之间。
|
||||
|
||||
PSF 的短期目标是成为一个由专业人员维护的可持续的、稳定的、成熟的非盈利机构。它的长期目标包括发展可以提供对 Python 开发工作有效支持的各种资源，以及扩展该组织对全世界范围内 Python 教育工作的支持。
|
||||
|
||||
这些工作都需要来自社区的经济上的支持。Naomi 表示，PSF “最大的资金来源是 PyCon 大会。为了确保 PSF 的可持续性，我们同时也关注使用 Python 的企业的赞助，这是我们增长最快的部分。”会员费是每年 99 美元，并且 [捐款和募捐人][12] 同样也在帮助维持该组织的工作。
|
||||
|
||||
你可以在 PSF 的 [年度报告][13] 中了解该组织的更多工作情况。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/naomi-ceder-python-software-foundation
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Don Watkins][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[chen-ni](https://github.com/chen-ni)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/don-watkins
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/BIZ_HighTrust_1110_A.png?itok=EF5Tmcdk (Hands together around the word trust)
|
||||
[2]: https://www.naomiceder.tech/pages/about/
|
||||
[3]: https://www.python.org/psf/
|
||||
[4]: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ayQK6app_wA
|
||||
[5]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yggdrasil_Linux/GNU/X
|
||||
[6]: http://fortwaynelinux.org/about
|
||||
[7]: http://pycon.org/
|
||||
[8]: https://twitter.com/pyconcharlas?lang=en
|
||||
[9]: https://www.manning.com/books/the-quick-python-book-third-edition
|
||||
[10]: https://www.trans.tech/
|
||||
[11]: https://www.python.org/psf/sponsorship/
|
||||
[12]: https://www.python.org/psf/donations/
|
||||
[13]: https://www.python.org/psf/annual-report/2019/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,294 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: (heguagnzhi)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: publisher: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11043-1.html)
|
||||
[#]: subject: (Three Ways to Lock and Unlock User Account in Linux)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://www.2daygeek.com/lock-unlock-disable-enable-user-account-linux/)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Magesh Maruthamuthu https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/)
|
||||
|
||||
在 Linux 中锁定和解锁用户帐户的三种方法
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
如果你已经在你的组织中实施了某种密码策略，你无需看这篇文章了。但是在这种情况下，如果你给账户设置了 24 小时的锁定期，你需要手动解锁用户帐户。
|
||||
|
||||
本教程将帮助你在 Linux 中手动锁定和解锁用户帐户。
|
||||
|
||||
这可以通过三种方式使用以下两个 Linux 命令来完成。
|
||||
|
||||
* `passwd`：用于更新用户的身份验证令牌。这个任务是通过调用 Linux PAM 和 libuser API 来实现。
|
||||
* `usermod`：用于修改/更新给定用户的帐户信息。它用于将用户添加到特定的组中等等功能。
|
||||
|
||||
为了说明这一点，我们选择 `daygeek` 用户帐户。让我们看看，怎么一步步来实现的。
|
||||
|
||||
请注意，你必须使用你需要锁定或解锁的用户的帐户，而不是我们的帐户。你可以使用 `id` 命令检查给定的用户帐户在系统中是否可用。是的，我的这个帐户在我的系统中是可用的。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# id daygeek
|
||||
|
||||
uid=2240(daygeek) gid=2243(daygeek) groups=2243(daygeek),2244(ladmin)
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 方法1: 如何使用 passwd 命令锁定、解锁和检查 Linux 中给定用户帐户的状态？
|
||||
|
||||
`passwd` 命令是 Linux 管理员经常使用的命令之一。它用于更新 `/etc/shadow` 文件中用户的身份验证令牌。
|
||||
|
||||
使用 `-l` 开关运行 `passwd` 命令，锁定给定的用户帐户。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# passwd -l daygeek
|
||||
|
||||
Locking password for user daygeek.
|
||||
passwd: Success
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
你可以通过 `passwd` 命令或从 `/etc/shadow` 文件中获取给定用户名来检查锁定的帐户状态。
|
||||
|
||||
使用 `passwd` 命令检查用户帐户锁定状态。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# passwd -S daygeek
|
||||
或
|
||||
# passwd --status daygeek
|
||||
|
||||
daygeek LK 2019-05-30 7 90 7 -1 (Password locked.)
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
这将输出给定帐户密码状态的简短信息。
|
||||
|
||||
* `LK`：密码被锁定
|
||||
* `NP`：没有设置密码
|
||||
* `PS`：密码已设置
|
||||
|
||||
使用 `/etc/shadow` 文件检查锁定的用户帐户状态。如果帐户已被锁定，密码前面将添加两个感叹号。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# grep daygeek /etc/shadow
|
||||
|
||||
daygeek:!!$6$tGvVUhEY$PIkpI43HPaEoRrNJSRpM3H0YWOsqTqXCxtER6rak5PMaAoyQohrXNB0YoFCmAuh406n8XOvBBldvMy9trmIV00:18047:7:90:7:::
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
使用 `-u` 开关运行 `passwd` 命令，可以解锁给定的用户帐户。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# passwd -u daygeek
|
||||
|
||||
Unlocking password for user daygeek.
|
||||
passwd: Success
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 方法2：如何使用 usermod 命令在 Linux 中锁定、解锁和检查给定用户帐户的状态？
|
||||
|
||||
`usermod` 命令也经常被 Linux 管理员使用。`usermod` 命令用于修改/更新给定用户的帐户信息。它用于将用户添加到特定的组中，等等。
|
||||
|
||||
使用 `-L` 开关运行 `usermod` 命令，锁定给定的用户帐户。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# usermod --lock daygeek
|
||||
或
|
||||
# usermod -L daygeek
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
你可以通过 `passwd` 命令或从 `/etc/shadow` 文件中获取给定用户名来检查锁定的帐户状态。
|
||||
|
||||
使用 `passwd` 命令检查用户帐户锁定状态。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# passwd -S daygeek
|
||||
或
|
||||
# passwd --status daygeek
|
||||
|
||||
daygeek LK 2019-05-30 7 90 7 -1 (Password locked.)
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
这将输出给定帐户密码状态的简短信息。
|
||||
|
||||
* `LK`：密码被锁定
|
||||
* `NP`：没有设置密码
|
||||
* `PS`：密码已设置
|
||||
|
||||
使用 `/etc/shadow` 文件检查锁定的用户帐户状态。如果帐户已被锁定，密码前面将添加两个感叹号。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# grep daygeek /etc/shadow
|
||||
|
||||
daygeek:!!$6$tGvVUhEY$PIkpI43HPaEoRrNJSRpM3H0YWOsqTqXCxtER6rak5PMaAoyQohrXNB0YoFCmAuh406n8XOvBBldvMy9trmIV00:18047:7:90:7:::
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
使用 `-U` 开关运行 `usermod` 命令以解锁给定的用户帐户。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# usermod --unlock daygeek
|
||||
或
|
||||
# usermod -U daygeek
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 方法-3：如何在 Linux 中使用 usermod 命令禁用、启用对给定用户帐户的 SSH 访问？
|
||||
|
||||
`usermod` 命令也是经常被 Linux 管理员使用的命令。`usermod` 命令用于修改/更新给定用户的帐户信息。它用于将用户添加到特定的组中，等等。
|
||||
|
||||
替代的，锁定可以通过将 `nologin` shell 分配给给定用户来完成。为此，可以运行以下命令。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# usermod -s /sbin/nologin daygeek
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
你可以通过从 `/etc/passwd` 文件中给定用户名来检查锁定的用户帐户详细信息。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# grep daygeek /etc/passwd
|
||||
|
||||
daygeek:x:2240:2243::/home/daygeek:/sbin/nologin
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
我们可以通过分配回原来的 shell 来启用用户的 ssh 访问。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# usermod -s /bin/bash daygeek
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 如何使用 shell 脚本锁定、解锁和检查 Linux 中多个用户帐户的状态？
|
||||
|
||||
如果你想锁定/解锁多个帐户，那么你需要找个脚本。
|
||||
|
||||
是的，我们可以编写一个小的 shell 脚本来执行这个操作。为此，请使用以下 shell 脚本。
|
||||
|
||||
创建用户列表。每个用户信息在单独的行中。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ cat user-lists.txt
|
||||
|
||||
u1
|
||||
u2
|
||||
u3
|
||||
u4
|
||||
u5
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
使用以下 shell 脚本锁定 Linux中 的多个用户帐户。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# user-lock.sh
|
||||
|
||||
#!/bin/bash
|
||||
for user in `cat user-lists.txt`
|
||||
do
|
||||
passwd -l $user
|
||||
done
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
将 `user-lock.sh` 文件设置为可执行权限。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# chmod + user-lock.sh
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
最后运行脚本来达成目标。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# sh user-lock.sh
|
||||
|
||||
Locking password for user u1.
|
||||
passwd: Success
|
||||
Locking password for user u2.
|
||||
passwd: Success
|
||||
Locking password for user u3.
|
||||
passwd: Success
|
||||
Locking password for user u4.
|
||||
passwd: Success
|
||||
Locking password for user u5.
|
||||
passwd: Success
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
使用以下 shell 脚本检查锁定的用户帐户。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# vi user-lock-status.sh
|
||||
|
||||
#!/bin/bash
|
||||
for user in `cat user-lists.txt`
|
||||
do
|
||||
passwd -S $user
|
||||
done
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
设置 `user-lock-status.sh` 可执行权限。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# chmod + user-lock-status.sh
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
最后运行脚本来达成目标。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# sh user-lock-status.sh
|
||||
|
||||
u1 LK 2019-06-10 0 99999 7 -1 (Password locked.)
|
||||
u2 LK 2019-06-10 0 99999 7 -1 (Password locked.)
|
||||
u3 LK 2019-06-10 0 99999 7 -1 (Password locked.)
|
||||
u4 LK 2019-06-10 0 99999 7 -1 (Password locked.)
|
||||
u5 LK 2019-06-10 0 99999 7 -1 (Password locked.)
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
使用下面的 shell 脚本来解锁多个用户。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# user-unlock.sh
|
||||
|
||||
#!/bin/bash
|
||||
for user in `cat user-lists.txt`
|
||||
do
|
||||
passwd -u $user
|
||||
done
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
设置 `user-unlock.sh` 可执行权限。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# chmod + user-unlock.sh
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
最后运行脚本来达成目标。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# sh user-unlock.sh
|
||||
|
||||
Unlocking password for user u1.
|
||||
passwd: Success
|
||||
Unlocking password for user u2.
|
||||
passwd: Success
|
||||
Unlocking password for user u3.
|
||||
passwd: Success
|
||||
Unlocking password for user u4.
|
||||
passwd: Success
|
||||
Unlocking password for user u5.
|
||||
passwd: Success
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
运行相同的 shell 脚本 `user-lock-status.sh`，检查这些锁定的用户帐户在 Linux 中是否被解锁。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# sh user-lock-status.sh
|
||||
|
||||
u1 PS 2019-06-10 0 99999 7 -1 (Password set, SHA512 crypt.)
|
||||
u2 PS 2019-06-10 0 99999 7 -1 (Password set, SHA512 crypt.)
|
||||
u3 PS 2019-06-10 0 99999 7 -1 (Password set, SHA512 crypt.)
|
||||
u4 PS 2019-06-10 0 99999 7 -1 (Password set, SHA512 crypt.)
|
||||
u5 PS 2019-06-10 0 99999 7 -1 (Password set, SHA512 crypt.)
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://www.2daygeek.com/lock-unlock-disable-enable-user-account-linux/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Magesh Maruthamuthu][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[heguangzhi](https://github.com/heguangzhi)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: (wahailin)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: publisher: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11039-1.html)
|
||||
[#]: subject: (With Upgraded Specs, Raspberry Pi 4 Takes Aim at Desktop Segment)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/raspberry-pi-4/)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Ankush Das https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/)
|
||||
|
||||
升级配置后，树莓派 4 瞄准了桌面市场
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
> 树莓派 4 升级配置后开始发售，其 RAM 配置最高可达 4 GB，并支持双 4k 显示。最新硬件配置下，你可以轻松将其作为桌面使用。起售价格依然和旧有型号一样，为 35 美元。
|
||||
|
||||
树莓派基金会已经发布了最新版的[树莓派 4B][1] 单板计算机。
|
||||
|
||||
在升级了几个重要特性后，树莓派 4 成为了 40 美元以下的[单板计算机][2]市场中最强大的产品。
|
||||
|
||||
![Raspberry Pi 4][3]
|
||||
|
||||
### 树莓派 4 的新特性
|
||||
|
||||
树莓派 4 开始支持双 4k 显示器设置 —— 如果你对此有所需求的话。除此外，它还配备了更强大的处理器，其搭载的 RAM 最高可达 4 GB，这几乎可以媲美一个中端的便携电脑。
|
||||
|
||||
本次配置升级使树莓派可以参与[迷你 Linux 机][4]市场的竞争，而依旧 35 美元的起始售价使其比[其它单板计算机][2]更具优势。
|
||||
|
||||
树莓派 4 发布不久，各大主要的在线商店就几乎销售一空。那么，我们来看看它有哪些新卖点吧。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 树莓派 4 的核心配置
|
||||
|
||||
![Raspberry Pi 4 Tech Specs][5]
|
||||
|
||||
* 博通 BCM2711，1.5 GHz 64 位 4 核心 Cortex-A72（ARM v8）
|
||||
* 顶配 4 GB RAM（可选 RAM 配置为 1 GB，2 GB 和 4 GB）
|
||||
* 无线网络和蓝牙 5.0
|
||||
* 两个 USB 3.0 接口，两个 USB 2.0 接口
|
||||
* 40 针 GPIO 引脚（向前兼容）
|
||||
* 两个 Micro-HDMI 接口（支持 4k 显示）
|
||||
* USB-C（供电接口）
|
||||
* 千兆以太网
|
||||
|
||||
如果你想更深入的了解配置信息，可以参考树莓派网站的[官方技术规格][6]。
|
||||
|
||||
### 定价和可用性
|
||||
|
||||
树莓派 4 的板子起始售价为 35 美元，根据可选配置不同（1-4 GB），售价也不同。
|
||||
|
||||
* 1 GB RAM 树莓派 4 售价：35 美元
|
||||
* 2 GB RAM 树莓派 4 售价：45 美元
|
||||
* 4 GB RAM 树莓派 4 售价：55 美元
|
||||
|
||||
根据你所在国家或地区的不同，树莓派 4 有不同的供应商。现有库存即将售罄，如果你想购买一定尽快，否则就要再等上一段时日了，你还可以参考官方页面上的购买信息。
|
||||
|
||||
- [购买树莓派 4][1]
|
||||
|
||||
请注意，[运行树莓派需要额外的配件][7]，这就是为什么官方提供了可选的基础套件，套件中包含了所有必需的支持配件。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 树莓派 4 桌面套件
|
||||
|
||||
![Raspberry Pi 4 Desktop Kit][9]
|
||||
|
||||
你可以在购买树莓派 4 时同时购买树莓派 4 的桌面套件：外壳、键盘、鼠标、micro HDMI 线、USB-C 电源、用户指南以及[预装了 Rasbian 的 16 GB microSD 卡][10]。
|
||||
|
||||
![Raspberry Pi Branded Desktop Kit][11]
|
||||
|
||||
整组套件采用红白颜色设计，看起来很美观（如果你关心外观的话）。你可以在树莓派网站上获取更多的购买信息。
|
||||
|
||||
- [树莓派 4 桌面套件][12]
|
||||
|
||||
### 树莓派 4 的前景
|
||||
|
||||
拥有所有这些配置后，树莓派 4 无疑会成为同类产品中最好的之一。同样，相比购买入门级桌面计算机，购买树莓派 4 也会是更好的选择。你可以只花很便宜的价格，就能轻松访问文档、管理电子表格，以及完成更多其它操作。
|
||||
|
||||
我绝对会考虑购买树莓派 4 作为备用（但强大）的入门级桌面计算机，但不会配备 4k 显示器，但依据文档，树莓派 4 肯定是支持双 4k 显示设置的。
|
||||
|
||||
你怎么评价最新版的树莓派 4B? 欢迎在评论中说出你的想法。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://itsfoss.com/raspberry-pi-4/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Ankush Das][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[wahailin](https://github.com/wahailin)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://www.raspberrypi.org/products/raspberry-pi-4-model-b/
|
||||
[2]: https://itsfoss.com/raspberry-pi-alternatives/
|
||||
[3]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/raspberry-pi-4.jpeg?resize=800%2C449&ssl=1
|
||||
[4]: https://itsfoss.com/linux-based-mini-pc/
|
||||
[5]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/raspberry-pi-4-tech-specs.jpg?ssl=1
|
||||
[6]: https://www.raspberrypi.org/products/raspberry-pi-4-model-b/specifications/
|
||||
[7]: https://itsfoss.com/things-you-need-to-get-your-raspberry-pi-working/
|
||||
[8]: https://itsfoss.com/raspberry-pi-gets-ram-upgrade-in-the-same-price/
|
||||
[9]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/raspberry-pi-4-desktop-kit.jpg?resize=800%2C427&ssl=1
|
||||
[10]: https://itsfoss.com/tutorial-how-to-install-raspberry-pi-os-raspbian-wheezy/
|
||||
[11]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/raspberry-pi-desktop-kit-official.jpg?ssl=1
|
||||
[12]: https://www.raspberrypi.org/products/raspberry-pi-4-desktop-kit/
|
||||
264
published/20190625 5 tiny Linux distros to try before you die.md
Normal file
264
published/20190625 5 tiny Linux distros to try before you die.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,264 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: (chen-ni)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: publisher: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11040-1.html)
|
||||
[#]: subject: (5 tiny Linux distros to try before you die)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/6/linux-distros-to-try)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth/users/marcobravo)
|
||||
|
||||
不容错过的 5 个微型 Linux 发行版
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
> 这些微型 Linux 发行版可以让你的老爷机复活，可以启动一个损坏的系统，或者是确保在公共电脑上进行安全的操作。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
可供日常使用的 Linux 发行版比比皆是，不过其中有一些发行版常常被我们忽视，因为它们实在是太小了。但这些微型 Linux 发行版其实是一种非常强大的创新：使用一套完整的操作系统驱动一台只有不到 1 GB 存储空间和 512 MB 内存的计算机，真的是终极的黑客作风。
|
||||
|
||||
微型发行版的用法有很多种，比如说：
|
||||
|
||||
* 从垃圾桶边挽救回那些又老又慢的电脑。你可以继续使用那些本来已经计划报废的机器，直到它们彻底解体（而不是在刚开始感觉有点儿慢的时候就扔掉）。
|
||||
* 使用 U盘启动一个损坏的系统来恢复数据或者修复启动分区。
|
||||
* 确保在安全和隐私的操作环境下使用公共电脑。如果使用 U 盘启动酒店大厅或者图书馆里的一台公共电脑，你是可以确定操作环境是安全的。
|
||||
|
||||
轻量级发行版有很多种，比如说 [Lubuntu][2]、[Peppermint OS][3] 和 [Bodhi][4]，但是那些真正微型的发行版又有一些独到之处。下面就是你不容错过的五个微型发行版：
|
||||
|
||||
### Tiny Core
|
||||
|
||||
![Tiny Core Linux][5]
|
||||
|
||||
[Tiny Core Linux][6] 小得近乎不可思议：终端版本只有 11 MB，图形界面版本只有 16 MB。我翻了一下之前收集的旧 U盘，最小的一个是 128 MB 的，也有 Tiny Core 镜像文件的八倍之大呢。
|
||||
|
||||
Tiny Core 默认包括只包括了基本的操作系统，你需要通过以太网下载需要的应用程序。由于设计得极端精简，甚至安装完整操作系统的应用程序都没有被包含在内（不过需要的话可以从 Tiny Core 的软件仓库下载）。
|
||||
|
||||
我使用过一个 128 MB 的 U盘在一台只有 512 MB 内存的机器上运行了 Tiny Core，对于一个只有 16 MB 的操作系统来说，效果算是非常棒了。只有在使用网页浏览器的时候速度才会变慢，但这主要是由于大部分现代网站太过复杂，而不是 Tiny Core 的问题。
|
||||
|
||||
如果不使用图形界面，运行 Tiny Core 就只需要 64 MB 的内存了。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 安装
|
||||
|
||||
[下载 Tiny Core][7] 并使用 `dd` 或者 [Etcher][8] 写入 U盘。
|
||||
|
||||
你只需要点击屏幕底部启动栏上的 **Apps** 图标下载 **tc-install** 或者 **tc-install-GUI** 应用，就可以轻松安装 Tiny Core了。
|
||||
|
||||
![Tiny Core installer][9]
|
||||
|
||||
安装 Tiny Core 有几种不同的方式。你可以把它安装在一个格式化为 Linux 驱动器的 U盘里（这要求你的电脑支持使用 USB 驱动启动。大多数现代电脑都支持，但是在老一些的电脑上不太常见），或者安装在微软 FAT 文件系统的 U 盘里（这对于大多数不支持从 USB 驱动启动的电脑来说非常管用），或者甚至安装在一个现有 Linux 分区的一个文件夹里。
|
||||
|
||||
安装过程非常快，完成之后就可以重启计算机，进入到 Tiny Core Linux 系统中啦。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 应用程序
|
||||
|
||||
由于系统自带程序基本上只有一个文本编辑器和一个终端，你所要做的第一件事情就应该是安装一些应用程序。底部启动栏上的 **Apps** 图标展示了 Tiny Core 提供的所有软件包。**Apps** 软件仓库同时包含了一些重要的驱动程序，对于使用 WiFi 网卡或者是打印机等等都很有帮助。
|
||||
|
||||
在安装一个新的应用程序或者实用程序的时候，你可以选择在 Tiny Core 启动的时候就加载软件包，或者是需要的时候才加载。如果选择启动时加载，那么不仅该软件立即就可以使用，并且（不出所料地）下次重启之后也依然可用；如果选择需要时加载，那么在软件包下载完成之后仍然可以马上使用，但是重启之后就不会被自动加载到内存中了。这样可以保持很快的开机速度，并且只占用很少的内存，但同时也意味着每次开机之后，该应用的软件包只有在第一次被使用的时候才会被加载到内存中。
|
||||
|
||||
可供选择的应用程序同时包括像 office 和图像应用之类的用户端应用，以及像 [Samba][10] 和网站服务器这种的服务端应用。
|
||||
|
||||
当然了，随着你在 Tiny Core 上添加的应用程序越来越多，它就不那么“微型”了。不过在 Tiny Core 的网站上我们可以看到，即使是包括了所有 WiFi 驱动程序的 **Tiny Core Plus** 镜像文件也只有大约 100 MB，所以“不那么微型”也仍然很可能比 256 MB 要小很多。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 结论
|
||||
|
||||
Tiny Core 非常适合性能不佳的老爷机、用来通过网络启动的镜像文件，以及任何更看重应用而不是操作系统的人。Tiny Core 可以作为一个很好的周末工程来实践：从 16 MB 开始一步步搭建操作系统，直到你感觉这个操作系统已经足够满足你的需求了。
|
||||
|
||||
### SliTaz
|
||||
|
||||
![SliTaz Linux][11]
|
||||
|
||||
[SliTaz Linux][12] 的镜像文件有大约 51 MB 大小，差不多是 Tiny Core 的四倍，但是包含一整套出色的驱动程序和应用程序。事实上，如果事先不知道的话，你可能会以为是通过一个 1 GB 的 Ubuntu 镜像启动的，因为能想到的任何一个基本启动镜像应该有的东西都在这儿：文本编辑器、网页浏览器、绘画工具、表格工具等等。
|
||||
|
||||
我使用过一个 128 MB 的 U盘 在一个 512 MB 内存的机器上运行了 SliTaz，效果非常不错。浏览复杂网站的时候性能会下降，但是系统包含的轻量级浏览器 [Midori][13] 可以快速加载绝大多数网站。
|
||||
|
||||
你可以在启动的时候选择进入没有图形界面的 SliTaz，这样在仅仅只有 64 MB 的机器上也可以很好地运行。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 安装
|
||||
|
||||
可供下载的 SliTaz 有很多种，因为它的开发者和社区针对可能存在的限制提供了非常多的版本。比如说，有一种低内存版本可以在只有 24 MB 内存的机器上运行；有一种版本使用 Firefox 而不是 Midori；还有一种版本没有包含额外的应用程序，等等。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你挑花了眼，只想赶紧选择一个版本尝试一下的话，那就 [下载滚动发布版本吧][14]。这个版本有差不多 50 MB 大小，每周都会更新。如果你爱上了 SliTaz，而滚动发布版本又更新得 *过快* 了的话，可以再选择一个更符合你需求的版本。
|
||||
|
||||
下载好你选择的 SliTaz 镜像文件之后，你就可以用 `dd` 或者 [Etcher][8] 将它写入 U 盘，然后重启。
|
||||
|
||||
将 SliTaz 安装在 U 盘或者硬盘上需要通过 **TazPanel** 这个应用程序来实现。它会引导你对硬盘进行需要的分区，然后将 SliTaz 安装在你选择的地方。
|
||||
|
||||
![SliTaz installer][15]
|
||||
|
||||
#### 应用程序
|
||||
|
||||
SliTaz 的控制中心是 **TazPanel** 这个应用程序。如果你喜欢 OpenSUSE 或者 Mageia (最初被称为 Mandrake)，那 TazPanel 对你来说应该不会陌生（至少在核心思想上）：包括系统设置、硬件监测、用户和用户组的管理、系统升级、安装应用程序在内的这些功能，都在这一个应用程序内实现。
|
||||
|
||||
SliTaz 提供的应用程序可以满足大多数基本需求，如果你不是非常在意完成某一项任务必须使用哪一个应用程序的话，那么在 SliTaz 的软件仓库里应该可以找到你想要的应用。如果你有一些特别的需求（比如说想要使用 GIMP 2.10 而不是 GIMP 2.8），那么就需要学习如何生成 SliTaz 软件包了。好消息是，**tazpkg** 命令支持从好几种软件包格式转换过来，包括：
|
||||
|
||||
* Debian 软件包（.deb，.udeb）
|
||||
* RPM 软件包（.rpm）
|
||||
* Slackware 软件包（.tgz）
|
||||
* Puppy 软件包（.sfs，.pet）
|
||||
* NuTyX 软件包（.cards.tar.xz）
|
||||
* Arch 和 Alpine Linux 软件包（.apk，.pkg.tar.gz，.pkg.tar.xz）
|
||||
* OpenWrt 软件包（.ipk，.opk）
|
||||
* Paldo 软件包（.tar.bz2）
|
||||
* Void 软件包（.xbps）
|
||||
* Tiny Core 软件包（.tce，.tcel，.tcem， .tcz）
|
||||
|
||||
#### 结论
|
||||
|
||||
SliTaz 是一个快速而小巧的 Linux 发行版，并且非常容易上手（因为有一个中心化的控制面板）。由于它的软件包工具支持从其它格式的 Linux 软件包转换成自己的格式，它的应用程序理论上来说是非常丰富的，你可以很容易地使用喜欢的工具搭建自己的工作环境。SliTaz 很小，但是也非常具有杀伤力，正如它的蜘蛛 logo 所暗示的那样。
|
||||
|
||||
### Porteus
|
||||
|
||||
![Porteus Linux][16]
|
||||
|
||||
[Porteus][17] 提供了不同的桌面环境可供选择，最小的镜像文件大约在 270 MB 左右，最大的有 350 MB。它是微型 Linux 中镜像文件最大的一个，但是这些额外的空间都被用来确保一个非常顺畅的 Linux 桌面环境的体验，以至于你很可能会忘了自己是在使用一个 live 版本。如果将 Porteus 安装到 SSD 或者是在启动的时候加载到内存里的话，你就会得到一个如此天衣无缝地顺畅的环境，以至于不会相信你的操作系统所占用的空间只有不到半个 CD-ROM 的大小。
|
||||
|
||||
Porteus 的基础镜像文件相对来说比较小，因此被称为是“微型”，但是根据你选择的桌面环境版本，Porteus 有可能会需要 1 GB 之多的内存才可以运行。尽管其它微型 Linux 发行版倾向于通过精简应用程序来节约空间和资源，Porteus 却希望你像普通发行版一样来使用它。忘掉你是在使用一个微型的压缩根文件系统，尽情安装所有你喜欢的应用程序吧。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 安装
|
||||
|
||||
可以在 [离你最近的 Porteus 镜像网站][18] 上下载 Porteus，并且从 MATE、LXQT、LXDE、OpenBox、XFCE、Cinnamon 或者 KDE 里选择自己喜欢的桌面环境。如果没有特殊偏好，MATE 或者是 KDE 桌面都是不错的选择，他们可以提供熟悉的桌面环境体验，并且镜像文件又不至于太大。
|
||||
|
||||
![Porteus installer][19]
|
||||
|
||||
你可以根据 [官方的安装指南][20] 将 Porteus 安装到一个 U盘 或者是内部硬盘里。这两种方式非常相似，都会使用一个不可变的压缩根文件系统。这是一种稳定的、受限制的文件系统，会根据你的使用被修改。你所做的变更和安装的应用程序在重启的时候都会被加载到内存里，从而还原你关机前的使用环境。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 应用程序
|
||||
|
||||
应用程序在 Porteus 里被称为“模块”，由 [Slackware 软件包统一管理器][21]（USM）提供。USM 的资源涵盖五个不同的 Slackware 软件仓库，所以可供选择的应用还是很丰富的。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 结论
|
||||
|
||||
Porteus 可以提供完整的 Linux 使用体验，却只使用了正常 Linux 所需要空间的一小部分。这是一个配备了很多种可供选择的桌面环境和很多应用程序的出色的便携式 Linux 发行版。
|
||||
|
||||
### Bodhi Linux
|
||||
|
||||
![Bodhi Linux][22]
|
||||
|
||||
[Bodhi Linux][4] 的 ISO 镜像文件有 740 MB 大小，初看之下并不是很“微型”，不过一旦安装完成之后，你就会惊讶于它是多么微型了。Bodhi 在 512 MB 大小的内存上也可以顺畅运行，并且它的桌面环境看起来就像是来自未来一样。Bodhi 使用的是 [Enlightenment][23] 桌面，这是一个精心制作的优美的用户界面，小巧而强悍。
|
||||
|
||||
不过 Bodhi 并不只是简单地使用 Enlightenment，而是在此基础上增色不少。Bodhi 在配置型应用程序和系统设置面板上都进行了界面处理，避免了 Enlightenment 有时显得过于繁复的选项。Bodhi 替你做了一些很好的默认选择，并且只显示全部选项的一部分。如果你是一个 Enlightenment 狂热分子，那么 Bodhi 这样的做法对你来说可能显得不是很纯粹，但是对于大多数用户来说，Bodhi 这样做可以让人更加专注于 Enlightenment 桌面本身。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 安装
|
||||
|
||||
[下载 Bodhi Linux][24]，通过 `dd` 或者 [Etcher][8] 写入 U盘，然后重启。
|
||||
|
||||
Bodhi 安装器可以在 **设置** 页面的 **应用程序** 菜单里找到。安装程序用的是 **Ubiquity**，所以整个过程和安装 Ubuntu 是一样的。如果你没有安装过 Ubuntu 也不必担心，因为这是最好安装的发行版之一了。
|
||||
|
||||
![Bodhi installer][25]
|
||||
|
||||
#### 应用程序
|
||||
|
||||
Bodhi 是基于最新的 Ubuntu 长期维护发布版的，所以可供使用的应用程序简直数不胜数。只要是在 Ubuntu 上可以使用的应用，Bohdi 上就同样可以找到。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 结论
|
||||
|
||||
Bodhi Linux 相比一个标准的 Ubuntu 来说要小不少，但是相比其它微型 Ubuntu 环境来说又好一些（因为使用了 Enlightenment）。如果你在找一个比大多数发行版更轻量的 Linux 发行版，但是又不想使用 OverlayFS 或者是应用程序模块的话，那么 Bodhi 就是一个不错的选择了。
|
||||
|
||||
### Puppy Linux
|
||||
|
||||
![Puppy Linux][26]
|
||||
|
||||
早在 Tiny Core、SliTaz、[AntiX][27] 或者是 Porteus 诞生之前，就已经有 [Puppy Linux][28] 了。作为最早的微型 Linux 发行版之一，Puppy 已经历经了十五年风霜，并且无论是对于老爷机还是新用户来说始终都是一个可靠的、可启动的操作系统。
|
||||
|
||||
为了保证正常运行，Puppy 会在第一次启动之后引导用户完成必要的设置步骤。整个过程涉及很多个窗口，但是一旦完成，你就会对一切功能了如指掌，然后再决定是否需要安装。
|
||||
|
||||
Puppy 几乎有 300 MB 大小，并且在我测试的 1 GB 内存的机器上并不能正常运行，所以它并不是一个特别微型的 Linux 发行版。尽管如此，它仍然是一个非常棒的 1 GB 以下的操作系统，并且在该类系统里算是非常友好的一个。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 安装
|
||||
|
||||
[下载 Puppy Linux][29]，然后通过 `dd` 或 [Etcher][8] 写入 U 盘，或者是刻录到 CD 或者 DVD 里，然后重启。
|
||||
|
||||
![Puppy installer][30]
|
||||
|
||||
Puppy 几乎可以安装在支持任何一种数据格式的载体上。你可以在顶部启动栏里找到 **Puppy Installer** 安装程序，这个程序负责安装 Puppy 以及 Puppy 的应用程序。
|
||||
|
||||
Puppy 安装器会一步步引导你将系统安装在你提供的任何一种媒介上。Puppy 可以从 U盘、光盘、硬盘，或者甚至是 SD 卡上启动。我曾经在一台没有硬盘、光驱出了故障，并且也无法从 USB 启动的计算机上成功运行了 Puppy。由于 Puppy 支持在任何载体上写入你的配置选项，我甚至可以在一个拥有长期数据存储的外部设备上使用它。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 应用程序
|
||||
|
||||
**Puppy 安装器** 这个应用同样被用来在 Puppy 上安装应用。由于 Puppy 是基于 Ubuntu 的，它的软件仓库几乎不会缺少任何一个 Linux 软件包，并且如果真的出现了这种情况的话，你也可以使用 [Flatpak][31]。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 结论
|
||||
|
||||
Puppy 是最早的微型 Linux。尽管它已经不是最微型的了，却是目前最易用的一个。
|
||||
|
||||
### 附赠：Silverblue
|
||||
|
||||
![SilverBlue, not tiny, but tiny-adjacent][32]
|
||||
|
||||
微型 Linux 这个概念是随着时间不断变化的。很久以前，微型 Linux 发行版意味着需要下载到 CD-R 里，从光驱启动，然后将修改写入外部媒介中。后来，你可以从 U 盘启动它，并且有专门用来记录永久修改的空间。现在的微型 Linux 不仅支持上面两种方法，还可以被直接安装在内部驱动或者文件夹里。
|
||||
|
||||
大家都没有想到 Linux 开创了容器的热潮 —— 容器里应用程序是在半虚拟化的环境中运行的一套独立的 Linux 系统。曾经只是属于喜欢优化硬盘空间或者重新利用老爷机的人们的小众爱好，很快成为了那些想要开发容器但又不想在应用程序上添加太多负载的人的强烈需求。那些在极简化的、不起眼的 Linux 发行版上所付出的辛苦，一夜之间以一种意想不到的方式得到了回报。
|
||||
|
||||
立足于根文件系统这个概念，Fedora 项目发起的 [Silverblue][33] 试验旨在创造一个不可修改的操作系统。该操作系统主要通过容器的形式来更新系统以及安装应用，系统本身永远不会改变。
|
||||
|
||||
2.1 GB 的 Silverblue 可不是一个微型 Linux 发行版，但是从某种程度上来说，它是微型 Linux 和容器运动的产物。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 安装
|
||||
|
||||
[下载 Silverblue][34]，然后通过 `dd` 琥或 [Etcher][8] 写入 U 盘，或者是刻录到 CD 或者 DVD 里，然后重启。
|
||||
|
||||
启动到 Silverblue 之后，使用 [Anaconda][35]（标准的、友好的 Fedora 安装器）将它安装在一个内部硬盘里。
|
||||
|
||||
![Anaconda installer][36]
|
||||
|
||||
#### 应用程序
|
||||
|
||||
Silverblue 安装应用的方式和传统意义上不同：它是在基础操作系统之上运行容器。具体来说，它使用 Flatpak 运行 GUI 应用程序，使用 [Toolbox][37] 运行命令。
|
||||
|
||||
由于 Flatpak 并非像传统的 Fedora RPM 软件包一样常见，Silverblue 也提供了一种可以将 Fedora RPM 软件包转换成 Silverblue 形式的方法：**软件包分层**。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 结论
|
||||
|
||||
Silverblue 可能是一个用来尝试前沿科技的有趣实验，或者也可能是桌面操作系统的未来。它之所以被称为微型，只是因为根文件系统的大小不会随着系统升级或者安装应用而改变。不过，透过 Silverblue 来看看对微型 Linux 的迷恋在带领着 Linux 社区和行业往哪个方向走，也是一件挺有意思的事情。对了，走之前不要忘了向 11 MB 大小的微型 Linux 先驱们脱帽致敬。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/linux-distros-to-try
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Seth Kenlon][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[chen-ni](https://github.com/chen-ni)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/seth/users/marcobravo
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/yearbook-haff-rx-linux-file-lead_0.png?itok=-i0NNfDC (Hand putting a Linux file folder into a drawer)
|
||||
[2]: http://lubuntu.net
|
||||
[3]: http://peppermintos.com
|
||||
[4]: https://www.bodhilinux.com/
|
||||
[5]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/tinycore.jpg (Tiny Core Linux)
|
||||
[6]: http://tinycorelinux.net/
|
||||
[7]: http://tinycorelinux.net/welcome.html
|
||||
[8]: https://www.balena.io/etcher/
|
||||
[9]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/tc-install-gui.png (Tiny Core installer)
|
||||
[10]: https://www.samba.org/
|
||||
[11]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/slitaz.jpg (SliTaz Linux)
|
||||
[12]: http://www.slitaz.org/en/
|
||||
[13]: https://github.com/midori-browser/core
|
||||
[14]: http://slitaz.org/en/get/#rolling
|
||||
[15]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/slitaz-install.jpg (SliTaz installer)
|
||||
[16]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/porteus.jpg (Porteus Linux)
|
||||
[17]: http://www.porteus.org/
|
||||
[18]: http://porteus.org/porteus-mirrors.txt
|
||||
[19]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/images/porteus-installer.png (Porteus installer)
|
||||
[20]: http://www.porteus.org/component/content/article/26-tutorials/general-info-tutorials/114-official-porteus-installation-guide.html
|
||||
[21]: http://www.porteus.org/tutorials/9-modules/149-usm.html
|
||||
[22]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/bodhi.jpg (Bodhi Linux)
|
||||
[23]: https://www.enlightenment.org/
|
||||
[24]: https://www.bodhilinux.com/download
|
||||
[25]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/bodhi-install.jpg (Bodhi installer)
|
||||
[26]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/puppy.jpg (Puppy Linux)
|
||||
[27]: https://antixlinux.com/
|
||||
[28]: http://puppylinux.com/
|
||||
[29]: http://puppylinux.com/index.html#download
|
||||
[30]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/puppy-install.jpg (Puppy installer)
|
||||
[31]: https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/fedora-silverblue/getting-started/#flatpak
|
||||
[32]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/silverblue.jpg (SilverBlue, not tiny, but tiny-adjacent)
|
||||
[33]: https://silverblue.fedoraproject.org/
|
||||
[34]: https://silverblue.fedoraproject.org/download
|
||||
[35]: https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Anaconda
|
||||
[36]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/silverblue-install.jpg (Anaconda installer)
|
||||
[37]: https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/fedora-silverblue/toolbox/
|
||||
@ -1,106 +0,0 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: (hopefully2333)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
[#]: subject: (Cisco to buy IoT security, management firm Sentryo)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3400847/cisco-to-buy-iot-security-management-firm-sentryo.html)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Michael Cooney https://www.networkworld.com/author/Michael-Cooney/)
|
||||
|
||||
Cisco to buy IoT security, management firm Sentryo
|
||||
======
|
||||
Buying Sentryo will give Cisco support for anomaly and real-time threat detection for the industrial internet of things.
|
||||
![IDG Worldwide][1]
|
||||
|
||||
Looking to expand its IoT security and management offerings Cisco plans to acquire [Sentryo][2], a company based in France that offers anomaly detection and real-time threat detection for Industrial Internet of Things ([IIoT][3]) networks.
|
||||
|
||||
Founded in 2014 Sentryo products include ICS CyberVision – an asset inventory, network monitoring and threat intelligence platform – and CyberVision network edge sensors, which analyze network flows.
|
||||
|
||||
**More on IoT:**
|
||||
|
||||
* [What is the IoT? How the internet of things works][4]
|
||||
* [What is edge computing and how it’s changing the network][5]
|
||||
* [Most powerful Internet of Things companies][6]
|
||||
* [10 Hot IoT startups to watch][7]
|
||||
* [The 6 ways to make money in IoT][8]
|
||||
* [What is digital twin technology? [and why it matters]][9]
|
||||
* [Blockchain, service-centric networking key to IoT success][10]
|
||||
* [Getting grounded in IoT networking and security][11]
|
||||
* [Building IoT-ready networks must become a priority][12]
|
||||
* [What is the Industrial IoT? [And why the stakes are so high]][13]
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
“We have incorporated Sentryo’s edge sensor and our industrial networking hardware with Cisco’s IOx application framework,” wrote Rob Salvagno, Cisco vice president of Corporate Development and Cisco Investments in a [blog][14] about the proposed buy.
|
||||
|
||||
“We believe that connectivity is foundational to IoT projects and by unleashing the power of the network we can dramatically improve operational efficiencies and uncover new business opportunities. With the addition of Sentryo, Cisco can offer control systems engineers deeper visibility into assets to optimize, detect anomalies and secure their networks.”
|
||||
|
||||
Gartner [wrote][15] of Sentryo’s system: “ICS CyberVision product provides visibility into its customers'' OT networks in way all OT users will understand, not just technical IT staff. With the increased focus of both hackers and regulators on industrial control systems, it is vital to have the right visibility of an organization’s OT. Many OT networks not only are geographically dispersed, but also are complex and consist of hundreds of thousands of components.”
|
||||
|
||||
Sentryo's ICS CyberVision lets enterprises ensure continuity, resilience and safety of their industrial operations while preventing possible cyberattacks, said [Nandini Natarajan][16] , industry analyst at Frost & Sullivan. "It automatically profiles assets and communication flows using a unique 'universal OT language' in the form of tags, which describe in plain text what each asset is doing. ICS CyberVision gives anyone immediate insights into an asset's role and behaviors; it offers many different analytic views leveraging artificial intelligence algorithms to let users deep-dive into the vast amount of data a typical industrial control system can generate. Sentryo makes it easy to see important or relevant information."
|
||||
|
||||
In addition, Sentryo's platform uses deep packet inspection (DPI) to extract information from communications among industrial assets, Natarajan said. This DPI engine is deployed through an edge-computing architecture that can run either on Sentryo sensor appliances or on network equipment that is already installed. Thus, Sentryo can embed visibility and cybersecurity features in the industrial network rather than deploying an out-of-band monitoring network, Natarajan said.
|
||||
|
||||
**[[Prepare to become a Certified Information Security Systems Professional with this comprehensive online course from PluralSight. Now offering a 10-day free trial!][17] ]**
|
||||
|
||||
Sentryo’s technology will broaden [Cisco’s][18] overarching IoT plan. In January it [launched][19] a family of switches, software, developer tools and blueprints to meld IoT and industrial networking with [intent-based networking][20] (IBN) and classic IT security, monitoring and application-development support.
|
||||
|
||||
The new platforms can be managed by Cisco’s DNA Center, and Cisco IoT Field Network Director, letting customers fuse their IoT and industrial-network control with their business IT world.
|
||||
|
||||
DNA Center is Cisco’s central management tool for enterprise networks, featuring automation capabilities, assurance setting, fabric provisioning and policy-based segmentation. It is also at the center of the company’s IBN initiative offering customers the ability to automatically implement network and policy changes on the fly and ensure data delivery. The IoT Field Network Director is software that manages multiservice networks of Cisco industrial, connected grid routers and endpoints.
|
||||
|
||||
Liz Centoni, senior vice president and general manager of Cisco's IoT business group said the company expects the [Sentryo technology to help][21] IoT customers in a number of ways:
|
||||
|
||||
Network-enabled, passive DPI capabilities to discover IoT and OT assets, and establish communication patterns between devices and systems. Sentryo’s sensor is natively deployable on Cisco’s IOx framework and can be built into the industrial network these devices run on instead of adding additional hardware.
|
||||
|
||||
As device identification and communication patterns are created, Cisco will integrate this with DNA Center and Identity Services Engine(ISE) to allow customers to easily define segmentation policy. This integration will allow OT teams to leverage IT security teams’ expertise to secure their environments without risk to the operational processes.
|
||||
|
||||
With these IoT devices lacking modern embedded software and security capabilities, segmentation will be the key technology to allow communication from operational assets to the rightful systems, and reduce risk of cyber security incidents like we saw with [WannaCry][22] and [Norsk Hydro][23].
|
||||
|
||||
According to [Crunchbase][24], Sentryo has $3.5M in estimated revenue annually and it competes most closely with Cymmetria, Team8, and Indegy. The acquisition is expected to close before the end of Cisco’s Q1 Fiscal Year 2020 -- October 26, 2019. Financial details of the acquisition were not detailed.
|
||||
|
||||
Sentryo is Cisco’s second acquisition this year. It bought Singularity for its network analytics technology in January. In 2018 Cisco bought six companies including Duo security software.
|
||||
|
||||
** **
|
||||
|
||||
Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][25] and [LinkedIn][26] to comment on topics that are top of mind.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3400847/cisco-to-buy-iot-security-management-firm-sentryo.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Michael Cooney][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Michael-Cooney/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2018/09/nwan_019_iiot-100771131-large.jpg
|
||||
[2]: https://www.sentryo.net/
|
||||
[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3243928/what-is-the-industrial-iot-and-why-the-stakes-are-so-high.html
|
||||
[4]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3207535/internet-of-things/what-is-the-iot-how-the-internet-of-things-works.html
|
||||
[5]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3224893/internet-of-things/what-is-edge-computing-and-how-it-s-changing-the-network.html
|
||||
[6]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/2287045/internet-of-things/wireless-153629-10-most-powerful-internet-of-things-companies.html
|
||||
[7]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3270961/internet-of-things/10-hot-iot-startups-to-watch.html
|
||||
[8]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3279346/internet-of-things/the-6-ways-to-make-money-in-iot.html
|
||||
[9]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3280225/internet-of-things/what-is-digital-twin-technology-and-why-it-matters.html
|
||||
[10]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3276313/internet-of-things/blockchain-service-centric-networking-key-to-iot-success.html
|
||||
[11]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3269736/internet-of-things/getting-grounded-in-iot-networking-and-security.html
|
||||
[12]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3276304/internet-of-things/building-iot-ready-networks-must-become-a-priority.html
|
||||
[13]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3243928/internet-of-things/what-is-the-industrial-iot-and-why-the-stakes-are-so-high.html
|
||||
[14]: https://blogs.cisco.com/news/cisco-industrial-iot-news
|
||||
[15]: https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2018/06/28/1531119/0/en/Sentryo-Named-a-Cool-Vendor-by-Gartner.html
|
||||
[16]: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/industrial-internet-things-iiot-decoded-nandini-natarajan/
|
||||
[17]: https://pluralsight.pxf.io/c/321564/424552/7490?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pluralsight.com%2Fpaths%2Fcertified-information-systems-security-professional-cisspr
|
||||
[18]: https://www.cisco.com/c/dam/en_us/solutions/iot/ihs-report.pdf
|
||||
[19]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3336454/cisco-goes-after-industrial-iot.html
|
||||
[20]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3202699/what-is-intent-based-networking.html
|
||||
[21]: https://blogs.cisco.com/news/securing-the-internet-of-things-cisco-announces-intent-to-acquire-sentryo
|
||||
[22]: https://blogs.cisco.com/security/talos/wannacry
|
||||
[23]: https://www.securityweek.com/norsk-hydro-may-have-lost-40m-first-week-after-cyberattack
|
||||
[24]: https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/sentryo#section-web-traffic-by-similarweb
|
||||
[25]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/
|
||||
[26]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world
|
||||
@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: ( )
|
||||
[#]: translator: (qfzy1233)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,85 +0,0 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: ( )
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
[#]: subject: (Free and Open Source Trello Alternative OpenProject 9 Released)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/openproject-9-release/)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Ankush Das https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/)
|
||||
|
||||
Free and Open Source Trello Alternative OpenProject 9 Released
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
[OpenProject][1] is a collaborative open source project management software. It’s an alternative to proprietary solutions like [Trello][2] and [Jira][3].
|
||||
|
||||
You can use it for free if it’s for personal use and you set it up (and host it) on your own server. This way, you control your data.
|
||||
|
||||
Of course, you get access to premium features and priority help if you are a [Cloud or Enterprise edition user][4].
|
||||
|
||||
The OpenProject 9 release emphasizes on new board views, package list view, and work templates.
|
||||
|
||||
If you didn’t know about this, you can give it a try. But, if you are an existing user – you should know what’s new before migrating to OpenProject 9.
|
||||
|
||||
### What’s New in OpenProject 9?
|
||||
|
||||
Here are some of the major changes in the latest release of OpenProject.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Scrum & Agile Boards
|
||||
|
||||
![][5]
|
||||
|
||||
For Cloud and Enterprise editions, there’s a new [scrum][6] and [agile][7] board view. You also get to showcase your work in a [kanban-style][8] fashion, making it easier to support your agile and scrum teams.
|
||||
|
||||
The new board view makes it easy to know who’s assigned for the task and update the status in a jiffy. You also get different board view options like basic board, status board, and version boards.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Work Package templates
|
||||
|
||||
![Work Package Template][9]
|
||||
|
||||
You don’t have to create everything from scratch for every unique work package. So, instead, you just keep a template – so that you can use it whenever you need to create a new work package. It will save a lot of time.
|
||||
|
||||
#### New Work Package list view
|
||||
|
||||
![Work Package View][10]
|
||||
|
||||
In the work package list, there’s a subtle new addition that lets you view the avatars of the assigned people for a specific work.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Customizable work package view for my page
|
||||
|
||||
Your own page to display what you are working on (and the progress) shouldn’t be always boring. So, now you get the ability to customize it and even add a Gantt chart to visualize your work.
|
||||
|
||||
[][11]
|
||||
|
||||
Suggested read Ubuntu 12.04 Has Reached End of Life
|
||||
|
||||
**Wrapping Up**
|
||||
|
||||
For detailed instructions on migrating and installation, you should follow the [official announcement post][12] covering all the essential details for the users.
|
||||
|
||||
Also, we would love to know about your experience with OpenProject 9, let us know about it in the comments section below! If you use some other project management software, feel free to suggest it to us and rest of your fellow It’s FOSS readers.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://itsfoss.com/openproject-9-release/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Ankush Das][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://www.openproject.org/
|
||||
[2]: https://trello.com/
|
||||
[3]: https://www.atlassian.com/software/jira
|
||||
[4]: https://www.openproject.org/pricing/
|
||||
[5]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/open-project-9-scrum-agile.jpeg?fit=800%2C517&ssl=1
|
||||
[6]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrum_(software_development)
|
||||
[7]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agile_software_development
|
||||
[8]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanban
|
||||
[9]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/work-package-template.jpg?ssl=1
|
||||
[10]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/work-package-view.jpg?fit=800%2C454&ssl=1
|
||||
[11]: https://itsfoss.com/ubuntu-12-04-end-of-life/
|
||||
[12]: https://www.openproject.org/openproject-9-new-scrum-agile-board-view/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: ( )
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
[#]: subject: (Codethink open sources part of onboarding process)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/6/codethink-onboarding-process)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Laurence Urhegyi https://opensource.com/users/laurence-urhegyi)
|
||||
|
||||
Codethink open sources part of onboarding process
|
||||
======
|
||||
In other words, how to Git going in FOSS.
|
||||
![Teacher or learner?][1]
|
||||
|
||||
Here at [Codethink][2], we’ve recently focused our energy into enhancing the onboarding process we use for all new starters at the company. As we grow steadily in size, it’s important that we have a well-defined approach to both welcoming new employees into the company, and introducing them to the organization’s culture.
|
||||
|
||||
As part of this overall onboarding effort, we’ve created [_How to Git going in FOSS_][3]: an introductory guide to the world of free and open source software (FOSS), and some of the common technologies, practices, and principles associated with free and open source software.
|
||||
|
||||
This guide was initially aimed at work experience students and summer interns. However, the document is in fact equally applicable to anyone who is new to free and open source software, no matter their prior experience in software or IT in general. _How to Git going in FOSS_ is hosted on GitLab and consists of several repositories, each designed to be a self-guided walk through.
|
||||
|
||||
Our guide begins with a general introduction to FOSS, including explanations of the history of GNU/Linux, how to use [Git][4] (as well as Git hosting services such as GitLab), and how to use a text editor. The document then moves on to exercises that show the reader how to implement some of the things they’ve just learned.
|
||||
|
||||
_How to Git going in FOSS_ is fully public and available for anyone to try. If you’re new to FOSS or know someone who is, then please have a read-through, and see what you think. If you have any feedback, feel free to raise an issue on GitLab. And, of course, we also welcome contributions. We’re keen to keep improving the guide however possible. One future improvement we plan to make is an additional exercise that is more complex than the existing two, such as potentially introducing the reader to [Continuous Integration][5].
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/codethink-onboarding-process
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Laurence Urhegyi][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/laurence-urhegyi
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/osdc-lead-teacher-learner.png?itok=rMJqBN5G (Teacher or learner?)
|
||||
[2]: https://www.codethink.co.uk/about.html
|
||||
[3]: https://gitlab.com/ct-starter-guide
|
||||
[4]: https://git-scm.com
|
||||
[5]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_integration
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: ( )
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
[#]: subject: (Cloudflare's random number generator, robotics data visualization, npm token scanning, and more news)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/6/news-june-22)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Scott Nesbitt https://opensource.com/users/scottnesbitt)
|
||||
|
||||
Cloudflare's random number generator, robotics data visualization, npm token scanning, and more news
|
||||
======
|
||||
Catch up on the biggest open source headlines from the past two weeks.
|
||||
![Weekly news roundup with TV][1]
|
||||
|
||||
In this edition of our open source news roundup, we take a look Cloudflare's open source random number generator, more open source robotics data, new npm functionality, and more!
|
||||
|
||||
### Cloudflare announces open source random number generator project
|
||||
|
||||
Is there such a thing as a truly random number? Internet security and services provider Cloudflare things so. To prove it, the company has formed [The League of Entropy][2], an open source project to create a generator for random numbers.
|
||||
|
||||
The League consists of Cloudflare and "five other organisations — predominantly universities and security companies." They share random numbers, using an open source tool called [Drand][3] (short for Distributed Randomness Beacon Daemon). The numbers are then "composited into one random number" on the basis that "several random numbers are more random than one random number." While the League's random number generator isn't intended "for any kind of password or cryptographic seed generation," Cloudflare's CEO Matthew Prince points out that if "you need a way of having a known random source, this is a really valuable tool."
|
||||
|
||||
### Cruise open sources robotics data analysis tool
|
||||
|
||||
Projects involved in creating self-driving vehicles generate petabytes of data. And with amounts of data that large comes the challenge of quickly and effectively analyzing it. To make the task easier, General Motors subsidiary Cruise has made its Webviz data visualization tool "[freely available to developers][4] in need of a modular robotics analysis solution."
|
||||
|
||||
Webviz "takes as input any bag file (the message format used by the popular Robot Operating System) and outputs charts and graphs." It "contains a collection of general panels (which visualize data) applicable to most robotics developers," said Esther Weon, a software engineer at Cruise. The company also plans to "release a public API that’ll allow developers to build custom panels themselves."
|
||||
|
||||
The code for Webviz is [available on GitHub][5], where you can download or contribute to the project.
|
||||
|
||||
### npm provides more security
|
||||
|
||||
The team behind npm, the site providing JavaScript package hosting, has a new collaboration with GitHub to automatically scan for exposed tokens that could give hackers access that doesn't belong to them. The project includes a handy automatic revoke of leaked credentials them if are still valid. This could drastically reduce vulnerabilities in the JavaScript community. For instructions on how to participate, see the [original article][6].
|
||||
|
||||
Note that this news was found via the [Changelog news][7].
|
||||
|
||||
### Better end of life tracking via open source
|
||||
|
||||
A new project, [endoflife.date][8], aims to overcome the complexity of end of life (EOL) announcements for software. It's part tracker, part public announcement on what good documentation looks like for software. As the README states: "The reason this site exists is because this information is very often hidden away. If you're releasing something on a regular basis:
|
||||
|
||||
1. List only supported releases.
|
||||
2. Give EoL dates/policy if possible.
|
||||
3. Hide unsupported releases behind a few extra clicks.
|
||||
4. Mention security/active release difference if needed."
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Check out the [source code][9] for more information.
|
||||
|
||||
### In other news
|
||||
|
||||
* [Medicine needs to embrace open source][10]
|
||||
* [Using geospatial data to create safer roads][11]
|
||||
* [Embracing open source could be a big competitive advantage for businesses][12]
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
_Thanks, as always, to Opensource.com staff members and moderators for their help this week._
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/news-june-22
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Scott Nesbitt][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/scottnesbitt
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/weekly_news_roundup_tv.png?itok=B6PM4S1i (Weekly news roundup with TV)
|
||||
[2]: https://thenextweb.com/dd/2019/06/17/cloudflares-new-open-source-project-helps-anyone-obtain-truly-random-numbers/
|
||||
[3]: https://github.com/dedis/drand
|
||||
[4]: https://venturebeat.com/2019/06/18/cruise-open-sources-webview-a-tool-for-robotics-data-analysis/
|
||||
[5]: https://github.com/cruise-automation/webviz
|
||||
[6]: https://blog.npmjs.org/post/185680936500/protecting-package-publishers-npm-token-security
|
||||
[7]: https://changelog.com/news/npm-token-scanning-extending-to-github-NAoe
|
||||
[8]: https://endoflife.date/
|
||||
[9]: https://github.com/captn3m0/endoflife.date
|
||||
[10]: https://www.zdnet.com/article/medicine-needs-to-embrace-open-source/
|
||||
[11]: https://itbrief.co.nz/story/using-geospatial-data-to-create-safer-roads
|
||||
[12]: https://www.fastcompany.com/90364152/embracing-open-source-could-be-a-big-competitive-advantage-for-businesses
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: ( )
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
[#]: subject: (Undo releases Live Recorder 5.0 for Linux debugging)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3405584/undo-releases-live-recorder-5-0-for-linux-debugging.html)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Sandra Henry-Stocker https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/)
|
||||
|
||||
Undo releases Live Recorder 5.0 for Linux debugging
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
![André Gustavo Stumpf \(CC BY 2.0\)][1]
|
||||
|
||||
Linux debugging has taken a giant step forward with the release of Live Recorder 5.0 from Undo. Just released on Wednesday, this product makes debugging on multi-process systems significantly easier. Based on flight recorder technology, it delves more deeply into processes to provide insight into what’s going on within each process. This includes memory, threads, program flow, service calls and more. To make this possible, Live Recorder 5.0's record, replay and debugging capabilities have been enhanced with the ability to:
|
||||
|
||||
* Record the exact order in which processes altered shared memory variables. It is even possible to zero in on specific variables and skip backward to the last line of code in any process that altered the variable.
|
||||
* Expose potential defects by randomizing thread execution to help reveal race conditions, crashes and other multi-threading defects.
|
||||
* Record and replay the execution of individual Kubernetes and Docker containers to help resolve defects faster in microservices environments
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The Undo Live Recorder enables engineering teams to record and replay the execution of any software program -- no matter how complex -- and to diagnose and fix the root cause of any issue in test or production.
|
||||
|
||||
Depending on your license, Live Recorder can be used on the command line with the **live-record** command that is somewhat similar to strace though, instead of printing system calls and signals, it creates an "Undo recording". Captured failings in recordings can then be debugged (far more effective than grappling with core dumps!). These recordings can also be can be shared with other members of the staff and can be replayed with the reversible debugger to further investigate the cause of the crash or other problem.
|
||||
|
||||
The Undo Engine is supported on the following Linux distributions:
|
||||
|
||||
* Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6.8, 6.9, 6.10, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6 and 8.0
|
||||
* Fedora 28, 29 and 30
|
||||
* SuSE Linux Enterprise Server 12.3, 12.4 and 15
|
||||
* Ubuntu 16.04 LTS, 18.04 LTS, 18.10 and 19.04
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Undo is a fast-growing, venture-backed technology start-up based in San Francisco and Cambridge, UK. They claim that the Live Recorder provides 100% certainty about the factors that led to any software failure -- even in the most complex software environments.
|
||||
|
||||
Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][2] and [LinkedIn][3] to comment on topics that are top of mind.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3405584/undo-releases-live-recorder-5-0-for-linux-debugging.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Sandra Henry-Stocker][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/06/flight_data_recorder-100800552-large.jpg
|
||||
[2]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/
|
||||
[3]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,199 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: ( )
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
[#]: subject: (An Ubuntu User’s Review Of Dell XPS 13 Ubuntu Edition)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/dell-xps-13-ubuntu-review)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/)
|
||||
|
||||
An Ubuntu User’s Review Of Dell XPS 13 Ubuntu Edition
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
_**Brief: Sharing my feel and experience about Dell XPS 13 Kaby Lake Ubuntu edition after using it for over three months.**_
|
||||
|
||||
During Black Friday sale last year, I took the bullet and ordered myself a [Dell XPS 13][1] with the new [Intel Kaby Lake processor][2]. It got delivered in the second week of December and if you [follow It’s FOSS on Facebook][3], you might have seen the [live unboxing][4].
|
||||
|
||||
Though I was tempted to do the review of Dell XPS 13 Ubuntu edition almost at the same time, I knew it won’t be fair. A brand new system will, of course, feel good and work smooth.
|
||||
|
||||
But that’s not the real experience. The real experience of any system comes after weeks, if not months, of use. That’s the reason I hold myself back and waited three months to review Dell XPS Kobylake Ubuntu edition.
|
||||
|
||||
### Dell XPS 13 Ubuntu Edition Review
|
||||
|
||||
Before we saw what’s hot and what’s not in the latest version of Dell XPS 13, I should tell you that I was using an Acer R13 ultrabook book before this. So I may compare the new Dell system with the older Acer one.
|
||||
|
||||
![Dell XPS 13 Ubuntu Edition System Settings][5]![Dell XPS 13 Ubuntu Edition System Settings][5]
|
||||
|
||||
Dell XPS 13 has several versions based on processor. The one I am reviewing is Dell XPS13 MLK (9360). It has i5-7200U 7th generation processor. Since I hardly used the touch screen in Acer Aspire R13, I chose to go with the non-touch version of XPS. This decision also saved me a couple of hundreds of Euro.
|
||||
|
||||
It has 8 GB of LPDDR3 1866MHz RAM and 256 GB SSD PCIe. Graphics is Intel HD. On connectivity side, it’s got Killer 1535 Wi-Fi 802.11ac 2×2 and Bluetooth 4.1. Screen is InfinityEdge Full HD (1 920 x 1080).
|
||||
|
||||
Now, you know what kind of hardware we’ve got here, let’s see what works and what sucks.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Look and feel
|
||||
|
||||
![Dell XPS 13 Kaby Lake Ubuntu Edition][6]![Dell XPS 13 Kaby Lake Ubuntu Edition][6]
|
||||
|
||||
At 13.3″, Dell XPS 13 looks even smaller than a regular 13.3″ laptop, thanks to its non-existent bezel which is the specialty of the infinite display. It is light as a feather with weight just under 1.23 Kg.
|
||||
|
||||
The outer surface is metallic, not very shiny but a decent aluminum look. On the interior, the palm rest is made of carbon fiber which is very comfortable at the rest. Unlike the MacBook Air that uses metallic palm rests, the carbon fiber ones are more friendly, especially in winters.
|
||||
|
||||
It is almost centimeter and a half high at it’s thickest part (around hinges). This also adds a plus point to the elegance of XPS 13.
|
||||
|
||||
Overall, Dell XPS 13 has a compact body and an elegant body.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Keyboard and touchpad
|
||||
|
||||
The keyboard and touchpad mix well with the carbon fiber interiors. The keys are smooth with springs in the back (perhaps) and give a rich feel while typing. All of the important keys are present and are not tiny in size, something you might be worried of, considering the overall tiny size of XPS13.
|
||||
|
||||
Oh! the keyboards have backlit support. Which adds to the rich feel of this expensive laptop.
|
||||
|
||||
While the keyboard is a great experience, the same cannot be said about the touchpad. In fact, the touchpad is the weakest part which mars the overall good experience of XPS 13.
|
||||
|
||||
The touchpad has a cheap feeling because it makes an irritating sound while tapping on the right side as if it’s hollow underneath. This is [something that has been noticed in the earlier versions of XPS 13][7] but hasn’t been given enough consideration to fix it. This is something you do not expect from a product at such a price.
|
||||
|
||||
Also, the touchpad scroll on websites is hideous. It is also not suitable for pixel works because of difficulty in moving little adjustments.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Ports
|
||||
|
||||
Dell XPS 13 has two USB 3.0 ports, one of them with PowerShare. If you did not know, [USB 3.0 PowerShare][8] ports allow you to charge external devices even when your system is turned off.
|
||||
|
||||
![Dell XPS 13 Kaby Lake Ubuntu edition ports][9]![Dell XPS 13 Kaby Lake Ubuntu edition ports][9]
|
||||
|
||||
It also has a [Thunderbolt][10] (doubles up as [USB Type-C port][11]). It doesn’t have HDMI port, Ethernet port or VGA port. However, all of these three can be used via the Thunderbolt port and external adapters (sold separately).
|
||||
|
||||
![Dell XPS 13 Kaby Lake Ubuntu edition ports][12]![Dell XPS 13 Kaby Lake Ubuntu edition ports][12]
|
||||
|
||||
It also has an SD card reader and a headphone jack. In addition to all these, there is an [anti-theft slot][13] (a common security practice in enterprises).
|
||||
|
||||
#### Display
|
||||
|
||||
The model I have packs 1920x1080px. It’s full HD and display quality is at par. It perfectly displays the high definition pictures and 1080p video files.
|
||||
|
||||
I cannot compare it with the [qHD model][14] as I never used it. But considering that there are not enough 4K contents for now, full HD display should be sufficient for next few years.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Sound
|
||||
|
||||
Compared to Acer R13, XPS 13 has better audio quality. Even the max volume is louder than that of Acer R13. The dual speakers give a nice stereo effect.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Webcam
|
||||
|
||||
The weirdest part of Dell XPS 13 review comes now. We all have been accustomed of seeing the webcam at the top-middle position on any laptop. But this is not the case here.
|
||||
|
||||
XPS 13 puts the webcam on the bottom left corner of the laptop. This is done to keep the bezel as thin as possible. But this creates a problem.
|
||||
|
||||
![Image captured with laptop screen at 90 degree][15]
|
||||
|
||||
When you video chat with someone, it is natural to look straight up. With the top-middle webcam, your face is in direct line with the camera. But with the bottom left position of web cam, it looks like those weird accidental selfies you take with the front camera of your smartphone. Heck, people on the other side might see inside of your nostrils.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Battery
|
||||
|
||||
Battery life is the strongest point of Dell XPS 13. While Dell claims an astounding 21-hour battery life, but in my experience, it smoothly gives a battery life of 8-10 hours. This is when I watch movies, browse the internet and other regular stuff.
|
||||
|
||||
There is one strange thing that I noticed, though. It charges pretty quick until 90% but the charging slows down afterward. And it almost never goes beyond 98%.
|
||||
|
||||
The battery indicator turns red when the battery status falls below 30% and it starts displaying notifications if the battery goes below 10%. There is small light indicator under the touchpad that turns yellow when the battery is low and it turns white when the charger is plugged in.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Overheating
|
||||
|
||||
I have previously written about ways to [reduce laptop overheating in Linux][16]. Thankfully, so far, I didn’t need to employ those tricks.
|
||||
|
||||
Dell XPS 13 remains surprisingly cool when you are using it on battery, even in long runs. The bottom does get heated a little when you use it while charging.
|
||||
|
||||
Overall, XPS 13 manages overheating very well.
|
||||
|
||||
#### The Ubuntu experience with Dell XPS 13
|
||||
|
||||
So far we have seen pretty generic things about the Dell XPS 13. Let’s talk about how good a Linux laptop it is.
|
||||
|
||||
Until now, I used to manually [install Linux on Windows laptop][17]. This is the first Linux laptop I ever bought. I would also like to mention the awesome first boot animation of Dell’s Ubuntu laptop. Here’s a YouTube video of the same:
|
||||
|
||||
One thing I would like to mention here is that Dell never displays Ubuntu laptops on its website. You’ll have to search the website with Ubuntu then you’ll see the Ubuntu editions. Also, Ubuntu edition is cheaper just by 50 Euro in comparison to its Windows counterpart whereas I was expecting it to be at least 100 Euro less than that of Windows.
|
||||
|
||||
Despite being an Ubuntu preloaded laptop, the super key still comes with Windows logo on it. It’s trivial but I would have loved to see the Ubuntu logo on it.
|
||||
|
||||
Now talking about Ubuntu experience, the first thing I noticed was that there was no hardware issue. Even the function and media keys work perfectly in Ubuntu, which is a pleasant surprise.
|
||||
|
||||
Dell has also added its own repository in the software sources to provide for some Dell specific tools. You can see the footprints of Dell in the entire system.
|
||||
|
||||
You might be interested to see how Dell partitioned the 256Gb of disk space. Let me show that to you.
|
||||
|
||||
![Default disk partition by Dell][18]
|
||||
|
||||
As you can see, there is 524MB reserved for [EFI][19]. Then there is 3.2 GB of factory restore image perhaps.
|
||||
|
||||
Dell is using 17Gb of Swap partition, which is more than double of the RAM size. It seems Dell didn’t put enough thought here because this is simply waste of disk space, in my opinion. I would have used not [more than 11 GB of Swap partition][20] here.
|
||||
|
||||
As I mentioned before, Dell adds a “restore to factory settings” option in the Grub menu. This is a nice little feature to have.
|
||||
|
||||
One thing which I don’t like in the XPS 13 Ubuntu edition is the long boot time. It takes entire 23 seconds to reach the login screen after pressing the power button. I would expect it to be faster considering that it uses SSD PCIe.
|
||||
|
||||
If it interests you, the XPS 13 had Chromium and Google Chrome browsers installed by default instead of Firefox.
|
||||
|
||||
As far my experience goes, I am fairly impressed with Dell XPS 13 Ubuntu edition. It gives a smooth Ubuntu experience. The laptop seems to be a part of Ubuntu. Though it is an expensive laptop, I would say it is definitely worth the money.
|
||||
|
||||
To summarize, let’s see the good, the bad and the ugly of Dell XPS 13 Ubuntu edition.
|
||||
|
||||
#### The Good
|
||||
|
||||
* Ultralight weight
|
||||
* Compact
|
||||
* Keyboard
|
||||
* Carbon fiber palm rest
|
||||
* Full hardware support for Ubuntu
|
||||
* Factory restore option for Ubuntu
|
||||
* Nice display and sound quality
|
||||
* Good battery life
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### The bad
|
||||
|
||||
* Poor touchpad
|
||||
* A little pricey
|
||||
* Long boot time for SSD powered laptop
|
||||
* Windows key still present :P
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### The ugly
|
||||
|
||||
* Weird webcam placement
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
How did you like the **Dell XPS 13 Ubuntu edition review** from an Ubuntu user’s point of view? Do you find it good enough to spend over a thousand bucks? Do share your views in the comment below.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://itsfoss.com/dell-xps-13-ubuntu-review
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://amzn.to/2ImVkCV
|
||||
[2]: http://www.techradar.com/news/computing-components/processors/kaby-lake-intel-core-processor-7th-gen-cpu-news-rumors-and-release-date-1325782
|
||||
[3]: https://www.facebook.com/itsfoss/
|
||||
[4]: https://www.facebook.com/itsfoss/videos/810293905778045/
|
||||
[5]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Dell-XPS-13-Ubuntu-Edition-spec.jpg?resize=540%2C337&ssl=1
|
||||
[6]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Dell-XPS-13-Ubuntu-review.jpeg?resize=800%2C600&ssl=1
|
||||
[7]: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yt5SkI0c3lM
|
||||
[8]: http://www.dell.com/support/article/fr/fr/frbsdt1/SLN155147/usb-powershare-feature?lang=EN
|
||||
[9]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Dell-Ubuntu-XPS-13-Kaby-Lake-ports-1.jpg?resize=800%2C435&ssl=1
|
||||
[10]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderbolt_(interface)
|
||||
[11]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB-C
|
||||
[12]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Dell-Ubuntu-XPS-13-Kaby-Lake-ports-2.jpg?resize=800%2C325&ssl=1
|
||||
[13]: http://accessories.euro.dell.com/sna/productdetail.aspx?c=ie&l=en&s=dhs&cs=iedhs1&sku=461-10169
|
||||
[14]: https://recombu.com/mobile/article/quad-hd-vs-qhd-vs-4k-ultra-hd-what-does-it-all-mean_M20472.html
|
||||
[15]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Dell-XPS-13-webcam-issue.jpg?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1
|
||||
[16]: https://itsfoss.com/reduce-overheating-laptops-linux/
|
||||
[17]: https://itsfoss.com/install-ubuntu-1404-dual-boot-mode-windows-8-81-uefi/
|
||||
[18]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Dell-XPS-13-Ubuntu-Edition-disk-partition.jpeg?resize=800%2C448&ssl=1
|
||||
[19]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFI_system_partition
|
||||
[20]: https://itsfoss.com/swap-size/
|
||||
129
sources/talk/20190331 Codecademy vs. The BBC Micro.md
Normal file
129
sources/talk/20190331 Codecademy vs. The BBC Micro.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: ( )
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
[#]: subject: (Codecademy vs. The BBC Micro)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://twobithistory.org/2019/03/31/bbc-micro.html)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Two-Bit History https://twobithistory.org)
|
||||
|
||||
Codecademy vs. The BBC Micro
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
In the late 1970s, the computer, which for decades had been a mysterious, hulking machine that only did the bidding of corporate overlords, suddenly became something the average person could buy and take home. An enthusiastic minority saw how great this was and rushed to get a computer of their own. For many more people, the arrival of the microcomputer triggered helpless anxiety about the future. An ad from a magazine at the time promised that a home computer would “give your child an unfair advantage in school.” It showed a boy in a smart blazer and tie eagerly raising his hand to answer a question, while behind him his dim-witted classmates look on sullenly. The ad and others like it implied that the world was changing quickly and, if you did not immediately learn how to use one of these intimidating new devices, you and your family would be left behind.
|
||||
|
||||
In the UK, this anxiety metastasized into concern at the highest levels of government about the competitiveness of the nation. The 1970s had been, on the whole, an underwhelming decade for Great Britain. Both inflation and unemployment had been high. Meanwhile, a series of strikes put London through blackout after blackout. A government report from 1979 fretted that a failure to keep up with trends in computing technology would “add another factor to our poor industrial performance.”1 The country already seemed to be behind in the computing arena—all the great computer companies were American, while integrated circuits were being assembled in Japan and Taiwan.
|
||||
|
||||
In an audacious move, the BBC, a public service broadcaster funded by the government, decided that it would solve Britain’s national competitiveness problems by helping Britons everywhere overcome their aversion to computers. It launched the _Computer Literacy Project_ , a multi-pronged educational effort that involved several TV series, a few books, a network of support groups, and a specially built microcomputer known as the BBC Micro. The project was so successful that, by 1983, an editor for BYTE Magazine wrote, “compared to the US, proportionally more of Britain’s population is interested in microcomputers.”2 The editor marveled that there were more people at the Fifth Personal Computer World Show in the UK than had been to that year’s West Coast Computer Faire. Over a sixth of Great Britain watched an episode in the first series produced for the _Computer Literacy Project_ and 1.5 million BBC Micros were ultimately sold.3
|
||||
|
||||
[An archive][1] containing every TV series produced and all the materials published for the _Computer Literacy Project_ was put on the web last year. I’ve had a huge amount of fun watching the TV series and trying to imagine what it would have been like to learn about computing in the early 1980s. But what’s turned out to be more interesting is how computing was _taught_. Today, we still worry about technology leaving people behind. Wealthy tech entrepreneurs and governments spend lots of money trying to teach kids “to code.” We have websites like Codecademy that make use of new technologies to teach coding interactively. One would assume that this approach is more effective than a goofy ’80s TV series. But is it?
|
||||
|
||||
### The Computer Literacy Project
|
||||
|
||||
The microcomputer revolution began in 1975 with the release of [the Altair 8800][2]. Only two years later, the Apple II, TRS-80, and Commodore PET had all been released. Sales of the new computers exploded. In 1978, the BBC explored the dramatic societal changes these new machines were sure to bring in a documentary called “Now the Chips Are Down.”
|
||||
|
||||
The documentary was alarming. Within the first five minutes, the narrator explains that microelectronics will “totally revolutionize our way of life.” As eerie synthesizer music plays, and green pulses of electricity dance around a magnified microprocessor on screen, the narrator argues that the new chips are why “Japan is abandoning its ship building, and why our children will grow up without jobs to go to.” The documentary goes on to explore how robots are being used to automate car assembly and how the European watch industry has lost out to digital watch manufacturers in the United States. It castigates the British government for not doing more to prepare the country for a future of mass unemployment.
|
||||
|
||||
The documentary was supposedly shown to the British Cabinet.4 Several government agencies, including the Department of Industry and the Manpower Services Commission, became interested in trying to raise awareness about computers among the British public. The Manpower Services Commission provided funds for a team from the BBC’s education division to travel to Japan, the United States, and other countries on a fact-finding trip. This research team produced a report that cataloged the ways in which microelectronics would indeed mean major changes for industrial manufacturing, labor relations, and office work. In late 1979, it was decided that the BBC should make a ten-part TV series that would help regular Britons “learn how to use and control computers and not feel dominated by them.”5 The project eventually became a multimedia endeavor similar to the _Adult Literacy Project_ , an earlier BBC undertaking involving both a TV series and supplemental courses that helped two million people improve their reading.
|
||||
|
||||
The producers behind the _Computer Literacy Project_ were keen for the TV series to feature “hands-on” examples that viewers could try on their own if they had a microcomputer at home. These examples would have to be in BASIC, since that was the language (really the entire shell) used on almost all microcomputers. But the producers faced a thorny problem: Microcomputer manufacturers all had their own dialects of BASIC, so no matter which dialect they picked, they would inevitably alienate some large fraction of their audience. The only real solution was to create a new BASIC—BBC BASIC—and a microcomputer to go along with it. Members of the British public would be able to buy the new microcomputer and follow along without worrying about differences in software or hardware.
|
||||
|
||||
The TV producers and presenters at the BBC were not capable of building a microcomputer on their own. So they put together a specification for the computer they had in mind and invited British microcomputer companies to propose a new machine that met the requirements. The specification called for a relatively powerful computer because the BBC producers felt that the machine should be able to run real, useful applications. Technical consultants for the _Computer Literacy Project_ also suggested that, if it had to be a BASIC dialect that was going to be taught to the entire nation, then it had better be a good one. (They may not have phrased it exactly that way, but I bet that’s what they were thinking.) BBC BASIC would make up for some of BASIC’s usual shortcomings by allowing for recursion and local variables.6
|
||||
|
||||
The BBC eventually decided that a Cambridge-based company called Acorn Computers would make the BBC Micro. In choosing Acorn, the BBC passed over a proposal from Clive Sinclair, who ran a company called Sinclair Research. Sinclair Research had brought mass-market microcomputing to the UK in 1980 with the Sinclair ZX80. Sinclair’s new computer, the ZX81, was cheap but not powerful enough for the BBC’s purposes. Acorn’s new prototype computer, known internally as the Proton, would be more expensive but more powerful and expandable. The BBC was impressed. The Proton was never marketed or sold as the Proton because it was instead released in December 1981 as the BBC Micro, also affectionately called “The Beeb.” You could get a 16k version for £235 and a 32k version for £335.
|
||||
|
||||
In 1980, Acorn was an underdog in the British computing industry. But the BBC Micro helped establish the company’s legacy. Today, the world’s most popular microprocessor instruction set is the ARM architecture. “ARM” now stands for “Advanced RISC Machine,” but originally it stood for “Acorn RISC Machine.” ARM Holdings, the company behind the architecture, was spun out from Acorn in 1990.
|
||||
|
||||
![Picture of the BBC Micro.][3] _A bad picture of a BBC Micro, taken by me at the Computer History Museum
|
||||
in Mountain View, California._
|
||||
|
||||
### The Computer Programme
|
||||
|
||||
A dozen different TV series were eventually produced as part of the _Computer Literacy Project_ , but the first of them was a ten-part series known as _The Computer Programme_. The series was broadcast over ten weeks at the beginning of 1982. A million people watched each week-night broadcast of the show; a quarter million watched the reruns on Sunday and Monday afternoon.
|
||||
|
||||
The show was hosted by two presenters, Chris Serle and Ian McNaught-Davis. Serle plays the neophyte while McNaught-Davis, who had professional experience programming mainframe computers, plays the expert. This was an inspired setup. It made for [awkward transitions][4]—Serle often goes directly from a conversation with McNaught-Davis to a bit of walk-and-talk narration delivered to the camera, and you can’t help but wonder whether McNaught-Davis is still standing there out of frame or what. But it meant that Serle could voice the concerns that the audience would surely have. He can look intimidated by a screenful of BASIC and can ask questions like, “What do all these dollar signs mean?” At several points during the show, Serle and McNaught-Davis sit down in front of a computer and essentially pair program, with McNaught-Davis providing hints here and there while Serle tries to figure it out. It would have been much less relatable if the show had been presented by a single, all-knowing narrator.
|
||||
|
||||
The show also made an effort to demonstrate the many practical applications of computing in the lives of regular people. By the early 1980s, the home computer had already begun to be associated with young boys and video games. The producers behind _The Computer Programme_ sought to avoid interviewing “impressively competent youngsters,” as that was likely “to increase the anxieties of older viewers,” a demographic that the show was trying to attract to computing.7 In the first episode of the series, Gill Nevill, the show’s “on location” reporter, interviews a woman that has bought a Commodore PET to help manage her sweet shop. The woman (her name is Phyllis) looks to be 60-something years old, yet she has no trouble using the computer to do her accounting and has even started using her PET to do computer work for other businesses, which sounds like the beginning of a promising freelance career. Phyllis says that she wouldn’t mind if the computer work grew to replace her sweet shop business since she enjoys the computer work more. This interview could instead have been an interview with a teenager about how he had modified _Breakout_ to be faster and more challenging. But that would have been encouraging to almost nobody. On the other hand, if Phyllis, of all people, can use a computer, then surely you can too.
|
||||
|
||||
While the show features lots of BASIC programming, what it really wants to teach its audience is how computing works in general. The show explains these general principles with analogies. In the second episode, there is an extended discussion of the Jacquard loom, which accomplishes two things. First, it illustrates that computers are not based only on magical technology invented yesterday—some of the foundational principles of computing go back two hundred years and are about as simple as the idea that you can punch holes in card to control a weaving machine. Second, the interlacing of warp and weft threads is used to demonstrate how a binary choice (does the weft thread go above or below the warp thread?) is enough, when repeated over and over, to produce enormous variation. This segues, of course, into a discussion of how information can be stored using binary digits.
|
||||
|
||||
Later in the show there is a section about a steam organ that plays music encoded in a long, segmented roll of punched card. This time the analogy is used to explain subroutines in BASIC. Serle and McNaught-Davis lay out the whole roll of punched card on the floor in the studio, then point out the segments where it looks like a refrain is being repeated. McNaught-Davis explains that a subroutine is what you would get if you cut out those repeated segments of card and somehow added an instruction to go back to the original segment that played the refrain for the first time. This is a brilliant explanation and probably one that stuck around in people’s minds for a long time afterward.
|
||||
|
||||
I’ve picked out only a few examples, but I think in general the show excels at demystifying computers by explaining the principles that computers rely on to function. The show could instead have focused on teaching BASIC, but it did not. This, it turns out, was very much a conscious choice. In a retrospective written in 1983, John Radcliffe, the executive producer of the _Computer Literacy Project_ , wrote the following:
|
||||
|
||||
> If computers were going to be as important as we believed, some genuine understanding of this new subject would be important for everyone, almost as important perhaps as the capacity to read and write. Early ideas, both here and in America, had concentrated on programming as the main route to computer literacy. However, as our thinking progressed, although we recognized the value of “hands-on” experience on personal micros, we began to place less emphasis on programming and more on wider understanding, on relating micros to larger machines, encouraging people to gain experience with a range of applications programs and high-level languages, and relating these to experience in the real world of industry and commerce…. Our belief was that once people had grasped these principles, at their simplest, they would be able to move further forward into the subject.
|
||||
|
||||
Later, Radcliffe writes, in a similar vein:
|
||||
|
||||
> There had been much debate about the main explanatory thrust of the series. One school of thought had argued that it was particularly important for the programmes to give advice on the practical details of learning to use a micro. But we had concluded that if the series was to have any sustained educational value, it had to be a way into the real world of computing, through an explanation of computing principles. This would need to be achieved by a combination of studio demonstration on micros, explanation of principles by analogy, and illustration on film of real-life examples of practical applications. Not only micros, but mini computers and mainframes would be shown.
|
||||
|
||||
I love this, particularly the part about mini-computers and mainframes. The producers behind _The Computer Programme_ aimed to help Britons get situated: Where had computing been, and where was it going? What can computers do now, and what might they do in the future? Learning some BASIC was part of answering those questions, but knowing BASIC alone was not seen as enough to make someone computer literate.
|
||||
|
||||
### Computer Literacy Today
|
||||
|
||||
If you google “learn to code,” the first result you see is a link to Codecademy’s website. If there is a modern equivalent to the _Computer Literacy Project_ , something with the same reach and similar aims, then it is Codecademy.
|
||||
|
||||
“Learn to code” is Codecademy’s tagline. I don’t think I’m the first person to point this out—in fact, I probably read this somewhere and I’m now ripping it off—but there’s something revealing about using the word “code” instead of “program.” It suggests that the important thing you are learning is how to decode the code, how to look at a screen’s worth of Python and not have your eyes glaze over. I can understand why to the average person this seems like the main hurdle to becoming a professional programmer. Professional programmers spend all day looking at computer monitors covered in gobbledygook, so, if I want to become a professional programmer, I better make sure I can decipher the gobbledygook. But dealing with syntax is not the most challenging part of being a programmer, and it quickly becomes almost irrelevant in the face of much bigger obstacles. Also, armed only with knowledge of a programming language’s syntax, you may be able to _read_ code but you won’t be able to _write_ code to solve a novel problem.
|
||||
|
||||
I recently went through Codecademy’s “Code Foundations” course, which is the course that the site recommends you take if you are interested in programming (as opposed to web development or data science) and have never done any programming before. There are a few lessons in there about the history of computer science, but they are perfunctory and poorly researched. (Thank heavens for [this noble internet vigilante][5], who pointed out a particularly egregious error.) The main focus of the course is teaching you about the common structural elements of programming languages: variables, functions, control flow, loops. In other words, the course focuses on what you would need to know to start seeing patterns in the gobbledygook.
|
||||
|
||||
To be fair to Codecademy, they offer other courses that look meatier. But even courses such as their “Computer Science Path” course focus almost exclusively on programming and concepts that can be represented in programs. One might argue that this is the whole point—Codecademy’s main feature is that it gives you little interactive programming lessons with automated feedback. There also just isn’t enough room to cover more because there is only so much you can stuff into somebody’s brain in a little automated lesson. But the producers at the BBC tasked with kicking off the _Computer Literacy Project_ also had this problem; they recognized that they were limited by their medium and that “the amount of learning that would take place as a result of the television programmes themselves would be limited.”8 With similar constraints on the volume of information they could convey, they chose to emphasize general principles over learning BASIC. Couldn’t Codecademy replace a lesson or two with an interactive visualization of a Jacquard loom weaving together warp and weft threads?
|
||||
|
||||
I’m banging the drum for “general principles” loudly now, so let me just explain what I think they are and why they are important. There’s a book by J. Clark Scott about computers called _But How Do It Know?_ The title comes from the anecdote that opens the book. A salesman is explaining to a group of people that a thermos can keep hot food hot and cold food cold. A member of the audience, astounded by this new invention, asks, “But how do it know?” The joke of course is that the thermos is not perceiving the temperature of the food and then making a decision—the thermos is just constructed so that cold food inevitably stays cold and hot food inevitably stays hot. People anthropomorphize computers in the same way, believing that computers are digital brains that somehow “choose” to do one thing or another based on the code they are fed. But learning a few things about how computers work, even at a rudimentary level, takes the homunculus out of the machine. That’s why the Jacquard loom is such a good go-to illustration. It may at first seem like an incredible device. It reads punch cards and somehow “knows” to weave the right pattern! The reality is mundane: Each row of holes corresponds to a thread, and where there is a hole in that row the corresponding thread gets lifted. Understanding this may not help you do anything new with computers, but it will give you the confidence that you are not dealing with something magical. We should impart this sense of confidence to beginners as soon as we can.
|
||||
|
||||
Alas, it’s possible that the real problem is that nobody wants to learn about the Jacquard loom. Judging by how Codecademy emphasizes the professional applications of what it teaches, many people probably start using Codecademy because they believe it will help them “level up” their careers. They believe, not unreasonably, that the primary challenge will be understanding the gobbledygook, so they want to “learn to code.” And they want to do it as quickly as possible, in the hour or two they have each night between dinner and collapsing into bed. Codecademy, which after all is a business, gives these people what they are looking for—not some roundabout explanation involving a machine invented in the 18th century.
|
||||
|
||||
The _Computer Literacy Project_ , on the other hand, is what a bunch of producers and civil servants at the BBC thought would be the best way to educate the nation about computing. I admit that it is a bit elitist to suggest we should laud this group of people for teaching the masses what they were incapable of seeking out on their own. But I can’t help but think they got it right. Lots of people first learned about computing using a BBC Micro, and many of these people went on to become successful software developers or game designers. [As I’ve written before][6], I suspect learning about computing at a time when computers were relatively simple was a huge advantage. But perhaps another advantage these people had is shows like _The Computer Programme_ , which strove to teach not just programming but also how and why computers can run programs at all. After watching _The Computer Programme_ , you may not understand all the gobbledygook on a computer screen, but you don’t really need to because you know that, whatever the “code” looks like, the computer is always doing the same basic thing. After a course or two on Codecademy, you understand some flavors of gobbledygook, but to you a computer is just a magical machine that somehow turns gobbledygook into running software. That isn’t computer literacy.
|
||||
|
||||
_If you enjoyed this post, more like it come out every four weeks! Follow[@TwoBitHistory][7] on Twitter or subscribe to the [RSS feed][8] to make sure you know when a new post is out._
|
||||
|
||||
_Previously on TwoBitHistory…_
|
||||
|
||||
> FINALLY some new damn content, amirite?
|
||||
>
|
||||
> Wanted to write an article about how Simula bought us object-oriented programming. It did that, but early Simula also flirted with a different vision for how OOP would work. Wrote about that instead!<https://t.co/AYIWRRceI6>
|
||||
>
|
||||
> — TwoBitHistory (@TwoBitHistory) [February 1, 2019][9]
|
||||
|
||||
1. Robert Albury and David Allen, Microelectronics, report (1979). ↩
|
||||
|
||||
2. Gregg Williams, “Microcomputing, British Style”, Byte Magazine, 40, January 1983, accessed on March 31, 2019, <https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1983-01/1983_01_BYTE_08-01_Looking_Ahead#page/n41/mode/2up>. ↩
|
||||
|
||||
3. John Radcliffe, “Toward Computer Literacy,” Computer Literacy Project Achive, 42, accessed March 31, 2019, [https://computer-literacy-project.pilots.bbcconnectedstudio.co.uk/media/Towards Computer Literacy.pdf][10]. ↩
|
||||
|
||||
4. David Allen, “About the Computer Literacy Project,” Computer Literacy Project Archive, accessed March 31, 2019, <https://computer-literacy-project.pilots.bbcconnectedstudio.co.uk/history>. ↩
|
||||
|
||||
5. ibid. ↩
|
||||
|
||||
6. Williams, 51. ↩
|
||||
|
||||
7. Radcliffe, 11. ↩
|
||||
|
||||
8. Radcliffe, 5. ↩
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://twobithistory.org/2019/03/31/bbc-micro.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Two-Bit History][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://twobithistory.org
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://computer-literacy-project.pilots.bbcconnectedstudio.co.uk/
|
||||
[2]: /2018/07/22/dawn-of-the-microcomputer.html
|
||||
[3]: /images/beeb.jpg
|
||||
[4]: https://twitter.com/TwoBitHistory/status/1112372000742404098
|
||||
[5]: https://twitter.com/TwoBitHistory/status/1111305774939234304
|
||||
[6]: /2018/09/02/learning-basic.html
|
||||
[7]: https://twitter.com/TwoBitHistory
|
||||
[8]: https://twobithistory.org/feed.xml
|
||||
[9]: https://twitter.com/TwoBitHistory/status/1091148050221944832?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw
|
||||
[10]: https://computer-literacy-project.pilots.bbcconnectedstudio.co.uk/media/Towards%20Computer%20Literacy.pdf
|
||||
@ -1,63 +0,0 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: (ninifly )
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
[#]: subject: (Edge computing is in most industries’ future)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3391016/edge-computing-is-in-most-industries-future.html#tk.rss_all)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Anne Taylor https://www.networkworld.com/author/Anne-Taylor/)
|
||||
|
||||
Edge computing is in most industries’ future
|
||||
======
|
||||
Nearly every industry can take advantage of edge computing in the journey to speed digital transformation efforts
|
||||
![iStock][1]
|
||||
|
||||
The growth of edge computing is about to take a huge leap. Right now, companies are generating about 10% of their data outside a traditional data center or cloud. But within the next six years, that will increase to 75%, [according to Gartner][2].
|
||||
|
||||
That’s largely down to the need to process data emanating from devices, such as Internet of Things (IoT) sensors. Early adopters include:
|
||||
|
||||
* **Manufacturers:** Devices and sensors seem endemic to this industry, so it’s no surprise to see the need to find faster processing methods for the data produced. A recent [_Automation World_][3] survey found that 43% of manufacturers have deployed edge projects. Most popular use cases have included production/manufacturing data analysis and equipment data analytics.
|
||||
|
||||
* **Retailers** : Like most industries deeply affected by the need to digitize operations, retailers are being forced to innovate their customer experiences. To that end, these organizations are “investing aggressively in compute power located closer to the buyer,” [writes Dave Johnson][4], executive vice president of the IT division at Schneider Electric. He cites examples such as augmented-reality mirrors in fitting rooms that offer different clothing options without the consumer having to try on the items, and beacon-based heat maps that show in-store traffic.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
* **Healthcare organizations** : As healthcare costs continue to escalate, this industry is ripe for innovation that improves productivity and cost efficiencies. Management consulting firm [McKinsey & Co. has identified][5] at least 11 healthcare use cases that benefit patients, the facility, or both. Two examples: tracking mobile medical devices for nursing efficiency as well as optimization of equipment, and wearable devices that track user exercise and offer wellness advice.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
While these are strong use cases, as the edge computing market grows, so too will the number of industries adopting it.
|
||||
|
||||
**Getting the edge on digital transformation**
|
||||
|
||||
Faster processing at the edge fits perfectly into the objectives and goals of digital transformation — improving efficiencies, productivity, speed to market, and the customer experience. Here are just a few of the potential applications and industries that will be changed by edge computing:
|
||||
|
||||
**Agriculture:** Farmers and organizations already use drones to transmit field and climate conditions to watering equipment. Other applications might include monitoring and location tracking of workers, livestock, and equipment to improve productivity, efficiencies, and costs.
|
||||
|
||||
**Energy** : There are multiple potential applications in this sector that could benefit both consumers and providers. For example, smart meters help homeowners better manage energy use while reducing grid operators’ need for manual meter reading. Similarly, sensors on water pipes would detect leaks, while providing real-time consumption data.
|
||||
|
||||
**Financial services** : Banks are adopting interactive ATMs that quickly process data to provide better customer experiences. At the organizational level, transactional data can be more quickly analyzed for fraudulent activity.
|
||||
|
||||
**Logistics** : As consumers demand faster delivery of goods and services, logistics companies will need to transform mapping and routing capabilities to get real-time data, especially in terms of last-mile planning and tracking. That could involve street-, package-, and car-based sensors transmitting data for processing.
|
||||
|
||||
All industries have the potential for transformation, thanks to edge computing. But it will depend on how they address their computing infrastructure. Discover how to overcome any IT obstacles at [APC.com][6].
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3391016/edge-computing-is-in-most-industries-future.html#tk.rss_all
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Anne Taylor][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Anne-Taylor/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/04/istock-1019389496-100794424-large.jpg
|
||||
[2]: https://www.gartner.com/smarterwithgartner/what-edge-computing-means-for-infrastructure-and-operations-leaders/
|
||||
[3]: https://www.automationworld.com/article/technologies/cloud-computing/its-not-edge-vs-cloud-its-both
|
||||
[4]: https://blog.schneider-electric.com/datacenter/2018/07/10/why-brick-and-mortar-retail-quickly-establishing-leadership-edge-computing/
|
||||
[5]: https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/high-tech/our-insights/new-demand-new-markets-what-edge-computing-means-for-hardware-companies
|
||||
[6]: https://www.apc.com/us/en/solutions/business-solutions/edge-computing.jsp
|
||||
@ -1,102 +0,0 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: (GraveAccent)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
[#]: subject: (5G will augment Wi-Fi, not replace it)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3399978/5g-will-augment-wi-fi-not-replace-it.html)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Zeus Kerravala https://www.networkworld.com/author/Zeus-Kerravala/)
|
||||
|
||||
5G will augment Wi-Fi, not replace it
|
||||
======
|
||||
Jeff Lipton, vice president of strategy and corporate development at Aruba, adds a dose of reality to the 5G hype, discussing how it and Wi-Fi will work together and how to maximize the value of both.
|
||||
![Thinkstock][1]
|
||||
|
||||
There’s arguably no technology topic that’s currently hotter than [5G][2]. It was a major theme of the most recent [Mobile World Congress][3] show and has reared its head in other events such as Enterprise Connect and almost every vendor event I attend.
|
||||
|
||||
Some vendors have positioned 5G as a panacea to all network problems and predict it will eradicate all other forms of networking. Views like that are obviously extreme, but I do believe that 5G will have an impact on the networking industry and is something that network engineers should be aware of.
|
||||
|
||||
To help bring some realism to the 5G hype, I recently interviewed Jeff Lipton, vice president of strategy and corporate development at Aruba, a Hewlett Packard company, as I know HPE has been deeply involved in the evolution of both 5G and Wi-Fi.
|
||||
|
||||
**[ Also read:[The time of 5G is almost here][3] ]**
|
||||
|
||||
### Zeus Kerravala: 5G is being touted as the "next big thing." Do you see it that way?
|
||||
|
||||
**Jeff Lipton:** The next big thing is connecting "things" and generating actionable insights and context from those things. 5G is one of the technologies that serve this trend. Wi-Fi 6 is another — so are edge compute, Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML). These all are important, and they each have a place.
|
||||
|
||||
### Do you see 5G eclipsing Wi-Fi in the enterprise?
|
||||
|
||||
![Jeff Lipton, VP of strategy and corporate development, Aruba][4]
|
||||
|
||||
**Lipton:** No. 5G, like all cellular access, is appropriate if you need macro area coverage and high-speed handoffs. But it’s not ideal for most enterprise applications, where you generally don’t need these capabilities. From a performance standpoint, [Wi-Fi 6][5] and 5G are roughly equal on most metrics, including throughput, latency, reliability, and connection density. Where they aren’t close is economics, where Wi-Fi is far better. I don’t think many customers would be willing to trade Wi-Fi for 5G unless they need macro coverage or high-speed handoffs.
|
||||
|
||||
### Can Wi-Fi and 5G coexist? How would an enterprise use 5G and Wi-Fi together?
|
||||
|
||||
**Lipton:** Wi-Fi and 5G can and should be complementary. The 5G architecture decouples the cellular core and Radio Access Network (RAN). Consequently, Wi-Fi can be the enterprise radio front end and connect tightly with a 5G core. Since the economics of Wi-Fi — especially Wi-Fi 6 — are favorable and performance is extremely good, we envision many service providers using Wi-Fi as the radio front end for their 5G systems where it makes sense, as an alternative to Distributed Antenna (DAS) and small-cell systems.
|
||||
|
||||
Wi-Fi and 5G can and should be complementary." — Jeff Lipton
|
||||
|
||||
### If a business were considering moving to 5G only, how would this be done and how practical is it?
|
||||
|
||||
**Lipton:** To use 5G for primary in-building access, a customer would need to upgrade their network and virtually all of their devices. 5G provides good coverage outdoors, but cellular signals can’t reliably penetrate buildings. And this problem will become worse with 5G, which partially relies on higher frequency radios. So service providers will need a way to provide indoor coverage. To provide this coverage, they propose deploying DAS or small-cell systems — paid for by the end customer. The customers would then connect their devices directly to these cellular systems and pay a service component for each device.
|
||||
|
||||
**[[Take this mobile device management course from PluralSight and learn how to secure devices in your company without degrading the user experience.][6] ]**
|
||||
|
||||
There are several problems with this approach. First, DAS and small-cell systems are significantly more expensive than Wi-Fi networks. And the cost doesn’t stop with the network. Every device would need to have a 5G cellular modem, which costs tens of dollars wholesale and usually over a hundred dollars to an end user. Since few, if any MacBooks, PCs, printers or AppleTVs today have 5G modems, these devices would need to be upgraded. I don’t believe many enterprises would be willing to pay this additional cost and upgrade most of their equipment for an unclear benefit.
|
||||
|
||||
### Are economics a factor in the 5G versus Wi-Fi debate?
|
||||
|
||||
**Lipton:** Economics is always a factor. Let’s focus the conversation on in-building enterprise applications, since this is the use case some carriers intend to target with 5G. We’ve already mentioned that upgrading to 5G would require enterprises to deploy expensive DAS or small-cell systems for in-building coverage, upgrade virtually all of their equipment to contain 5G modems, and pay service contracts for each of these devices. It’s also important to understand 5G cellular networks and DAS systems operate over licensed spectrum, which is analogous to a private highway. Service providers paid billions of dollars for this spectrum, and this expense needs to be monetized and embedded in service costs. So, from both deployment and lifecycle perspectives, Wi-Fi economics are favorable to 5G.
|
||||
|
||||
### Are there any security implications of 5G versus Wi-Fi?
|
||||
|
||||
**Lipton:** Cellular technologies are perceived by some to be more secure than Wi-Fi, but that’s not true. LTE is relatively secure, but it also has weak points. For example, LTE is vulnerable to a range of attacks, including data interception and device tracking, according to researchers at Purdue and the University of Iowa. 5G improves upon LTE security with multiple authentication methods and better key management.
|
||||
|
||||
Wi-Fi security isn’t standing still either and continues to advance. Of course, Wi-Fi implementations that do not follow best practices, such as those without even basic password protection, are not optimal. But those configured with proper access controls and passwords are highly secure. With new standards — specifically, WPA3 and Enhanced Open — Wi-Fi network security has improved even further.
|
||||
|
||||
It’s also important to keep in mind that enterprises have made enormous investments in security and compliance solutions tailored to their specific needs. With cellular networks, including 5G, enterprises lose the ability to deploy their chosen security and compliance solutions, as well as most visibility into traffic flows. While future versions of 5G will offer high-levels of customization with a feature called network slicing, enterprises would still lose the level of security and compliance customization they currently need and have.
|
||||
|
||||
### Any parting thoughts to add to the discussion around 5G versus Wi-Fi?
|
||||
|
||||
**Lipton:** The debate around Wi-Fi versus 5G misses the point. They each have their place, and they are in many ways complementary. The Wi-Fi and 5G markets both will grow, driven by the need to connect and analyze a growing number of things. If a customer needs macro coverage or high-speed handoffs and can pay the additional cost for these capabilities, 5G makes sense.
|
||||
|
||||
5G also could be a fit for certain industrial use cases where customers require physical network segmentation. But for the vast majority of enterprise customers, Wi-Fi will continue to prove its value as a reliable, secure, and cost-effective wireless access technology, as it does today.
|
||||
|
||||
**More about 802.11ax (Wi-Fi 6):**
|
||||
|
||||
* [Why 802.11ax is the next big thing in wireless][7]
|
||||
* [FAQ: 802.11ax Wi-Fi][8]
|
||||
* [Wi-Fi 6 (802.11ax) is coming to a router near you][9]
|
||||
* [Wi-Fi 6 with OFDMA opens a world of new wireless possibilities][10]
|
||||
* [802.11ax preview: Access points and routers that support Wi-Fi 6 are on tap][11]
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][12] and [LinkedIn][13] to comment on topics that are top of mind.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3399978/5g-will-augment-wi-fi-not-replace-it.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Zeus Kerravala][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Zeus-Kerravala/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/05/wireless_connection_speed_connectivity_bars_cell_tower_5g_by_thinkstock-100796921-large.jpg
|
||||
[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3203489/what-is-5g-how-is-it-better-than-4g.html
|
||||
[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3354477/mobile-world-congress-the-time-of-5g-is-almost-here.html
|
||||
[4]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/06/headshot_jlipton_aruba-100798360-small.jpg
|
||||
[5]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3215907/why-80211ax-is-the-next-big-thing-in-wi-fi.html
|
||||
[6]: https://pluralsight.pxf.io/c/321564/424552/7490?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pluralsight.com%2Fcourses%2Fmobile-device-management-big-picture
|
||||
[7]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3215907/mobile-wireless/why-80211ax-is-the-next-big-thing-in-wi-fi.html
|
||||
[8]: https://%20https//www.networkworld.com/article/3048196/mobile-wireless/faq-802-11ax-wi-fi.html
|
||||
[9]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3311921/mobile-wireless/wi-fi-6-is-coming-to-a-router-near-you.html
|
||||
[10]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3332018/wi-fi/wi-fi-6-with-ofdma-opens-a-world-of-new-wireless-possibilities.html
|
||||
[11]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3309439/mobile-wireless/80211ax-preview-access-points-and-routers-that-support-the-wi-fi-6-protocol-on-tap.html
|
||||
[12]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/
|
||||
[13]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: ( )
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
[#]: subject: (17 predictions about 5G networks and devices)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3403358/17-predictions-about-5g-networks-and-devices.html)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Fredric Paul https://www.networkworld.com/author/Fredric-Paul/)
|
||||
|
||||
17 predictions about 5G networks and devices
|
||||
======
|
||||
Not surprisingly, the new Ericsson Mobility Report is bullish on the potential of 5G technology. Here’s a quick look at the most important numbers.
|
||||
![Vertigo3D / Getty Images][1]
|
||||
|
||||
_“As market after market switches on 5G, we are at a truly momentous point in time. No previous generation of mobile technology has had the potential to drive economic growth to the extent that 5G promises. It goes beyond connecting people to fully realizing the Internet of Things (IoT) and the Fourth Industrial Revolution.”_ —The opening paragraph of the [June 2019 Ericsson Mobility Report][2]
|
||||
|
||||
Almost every significant technology advancement now goes through what [Gartner calls the “hype cycle.”][3] These days, Everyone expects new technologies to be met with gushing optimism and dreamy visions of how it’s going to change the world in the blink of an eye. After a while, we all come to expect the vendors and the press to go overboard with excitement, at least until reality and disappointment set in when things don’t pan out exactly as expected.
|
||||
|
||||
**[ Also read:[The time of 5G is almost here][4] ]**
|
||||
|
||||
Even with all that in mind, though, Ericsson’s whole-hearted embrace of 5G in its Internet Mobility Report is impressive. The optimism is backed up by lots of numbers, but they can be hard to tease out of the 36-document. So, let’s recap some of the most important top-line predictions (with my comments at the end).
|
||||
|
||||
### Worldwide 5G growth projections
|
||||
|
||||
1. “More than 10 million 5G subscriptions are projected worldwide by the end of 2019.”
|
||||
2. “[We] now expect there to be 1.9 billion 5G subscriptions for enhanced mobile broadband by the end of 2024. This will account for over 20 percent of all mobile subscriptions at that time. The peak of LTE subscriptions is projected for 2022, at around 5.3 billion subscriptions, with the number declining slowly thereafter.”
|
||||
3. “In 2024, 5G networks will carry 35 percent of mobile data traffic globally.”
|
||||
4. “5G can cover up to 65 percent of the world’s population in 2024.”
|
||||
5. ”NB-IoT and Cat-M technologies will account for close to 45 percent of cellular IoT connections in 2024.”
|
||||
6. “By the end of 2024, nearly 35 percent of cellular IoT connections will be Broadband IoT, with 4G connecting the majority.” But 5G connections will support more advanced use cases.
|
||||
7. “Despite challenging 5G timelines, device suppliers are expected to be ready with different band and architecture support in a range of devices during 2019.”
|
||||
8. “Spectrum sharing … chipsets are currently in development and are anticipated to be in 5G commercial devices in late 2019."
|
||||
9. “[VoLTE][5] is the foundation for enabling voice and communication services on 5G devices. Subscriptions are expected to reach 2.1 billion by the end of 2019. … The number of VoLTE subscriptions is projected to reach 5.9 billion by the end of 2024, accounting for more than 85 percent of combined LTE and 5G subscriptions.”
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
![][6]
|
||||
|
||||
### Regional 5G projections
|
||||
|
||||
1. “In North America, … service providers have already launched commercial 5G services, both for fixed wireless access and mobile. … By the end of 2024, we anticipate close to 270 million 5G subscriptions in the region, accounting for more than 60 percent of mobile subscriptions.”
|
||||
2. “In Western Europe … The momentum for 5G in the region was highlighted by the first commercial launch in April. By the end of 2024, 5G is expected to account for around 40 percent of mobile subscriptions.
|
||||
3. In Central and Eastern Europe, … The first 5G subscriptions are expected in 2019, and will make up 15 percent of subscriptions in 2024.”
|
||||
4. “In North East Asia, … the region’s 5G subscription penetration is projected to reach 47 percent [by the end of 2024].
|
||||
5. “[In India,] 5G subscriptions are expected to become available in 2022 and will represent 6 percent of mobile subscriptions at the end of 2024.”
|
||||
6. “In the Middle East and North Africa, we anticipate commercial 5G deployments with leading communications service providers during 2019, and significant volumes in 2021. … Around 60 million 5G subscriptions are forecast for the end of 2024, representing 3 percent of total mobile subscriptions.”
|
||||
7. “Initial 5G commercial devices are expected in the [South East Asia and Oceania] region during the first half of 2019. By the end of 2024, it is anticipated that almost 12 percent of subscriptions in the region will be for 5G.]”
|
||||
8. “In Latin America … the first 5G deployments will be possible in the 3.5GHz band during 2019. Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, and Mexico are anticipated to be the first countries in the region to deploy 5G, with increased subscription uptake forecast from 2020. By the end of 2024, 5G is set to make up 7 percent of mobile subscriptions.”
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Is 5G really so inevitable?
|
||||
|
||||
Considered individually, these predictions all seem perfectly reasonable. Heck, 10 million 5G subscriptions is only a drop in the global bucket. And rumors are already flying that Apple’s next round of iPhones will include 5G capability. Also, 2024 is still five years in the future, so why wouldn’t the faster connections drive impressive traffic stats? Similarly, North America and North East Asia will experience the fastest 5G penetration.
|
||||
|
||||
But when you look at them all together, these numbers project a sense of 5G inevitability that could well be premature. It will take a _lot_ of spending, by a lot of different parties—carriers, chip makers, equipment vendors, phone manufacturers, and consumers—to make this kind of growth a reality.
|
||||
|
||||
I’m not saying 5G won’t take over the world. I’m just saying that when so many things have to happen in a relatively short time, there are a lot of opportunities for the train to jump the tracks. Don’t be surprised if it takes longer than expected for 5G to turn into the worldwide default standard Ericsson—and everyone else—seems to think it will inevitably become.
|
||||
|
||||
Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][7] and [LinkedIn][8] to comment on topics that are top of mind.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3403358/17-predictions-about-5g-networks-and-devices.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Fredric Paul][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Fredric-Paul/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/02/5g_wireless_technology_network_connections_by_credit-vertigo3d_gettyimages-1043302218_3x2-100787550-large.jpg
|
||||
[2]: https://www.ericsson.com/assets/local/mobility-report/documents/2019/ericsson-mobility-report-june-2019.pdf
|
||||
[3]: https://www.gartner.com/en/research/methodologies/gartner-hype-cycle
|
||||
[4]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3354477/mobile-world-congress-the-time-of-5g-is-almost-here.html
|
||||
[5]: https://www.gsma.com/futurenetworks/technology/volte/
|
||||
[6]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/06/ericsson-mobility-report-june-2019-graph-100799481-large.jpg
|
||||
[7]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/
|
||||
[8]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: ( )
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
[#]: subject: (Why your workplace arguments aren't as effective as you'd like)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/open-organization/19/6/barriers-productive-arguments)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Ron McFarland https://opensource.com/users/ron-mcfarland/users/ron-mcfarland)
|
||||
|
||||
Why your workplace arguments aren't as effective as you'd like
|
||||
======
|
||||
Open organizations rely on open conversations. These common barriers to
|
||||
productive argument often get in the way.
|
||||
![Arrows pointing different directions][1]
|
||||
|
||||
Transparent, frank, and often contentious arguments are part of life in an open organization. But how can we be sure those conversations are _productive_ —not _destructive_?
|
||||
|
||||
This is the second installment of a two-part series on how to argue and actually achieve something. In the [first article][2], I mentioned what arguments are (and are not), according to author Sinnott-Armstrong in his book _Think Again: How to Reason and Argue._ I also offered some suggestions for making arguments as productive as possible.
|
||||
|
||||
In this article, I'll examine three barriers to productive arguments that Sinnott-Armstrong elaborates in his book: incivility, polarization, and language issues. Finally, I'll explain his suggestions for addressing those barriers.
|
||||
|
||||
### Incivility
|
||||
|
||||
"Incivility" has become a social concern in recent years. Consider this: As a tactic in arguments, incivility _can_ have an effect in certain situations—and that's why it's a common strategy. Sinnott-Armstrong notes that incivility:
|
||||
|
||||
* **Attracts attention:** Incivility draws people's attention in one direction, sometimes to misdirect attention from or outright obscure other issues. It redirects people's attention to shocking statements. Incivility, exaggeration, and extremism can increase the size of an audience.
|
||||
|
||||
* **Energizes:** Sinnott-Armstrong writes that seeing someone being uncivil on a topic of interest can generate energy from a state of powerlessness.
|
||||
|
||||
* **Stimulates memory:** Forgetting shocking statements is difficult; they stick in our memory more easily than statements that are less surprising to us.
|
||||
|
||||
* **Excites the powerless:** The groups most likely to believe and invest in someone being uncivil are those that feel they're powerless and being treated unfairly.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Unfortunately, incivility as a tactic in arguments has its costs. One such cost is polarization.
|
||||
|
||||
### Polarization
|
||||
|
||||
Sinnott-Armstrong writes about five forms of polarization:
|
||||
|
||||
* **Distance:** If two people's or groups' views are far apart according to some relevant scale, have significant disagreements and little common ground, then they're polarized.
|
||||
|
||||
* **Differences:** If two people or groups have fewer values and beliefs _in common_ than they _don't have in common_ , then they're polarized.
|
||||
|
||||
* **Antagonism:** Groups are more polarized the more they feel hatred, disdain, fear, or other negative emotions toward other people or groups.
|
||||
|
||||
* **Incivility:** Groups tend to be more polarized when they talk more negatively about people of the other groups.
|
||||
|
||||
* **Rigidity:** Groups tend to be more polarized when they treat their values as indisputable and will not compromise.
|
||||
|
||||
* **Gridlock:** Groups tend to be more polarized when they're unable to cooperate and work together toward common goals.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
And I'll add one more form of polarization to Sinnott-Armstrong's list:
|
||||
|
||||
* **Non-disclosure:** Groups tend to be more polarized when one or both of the groups refuses to share valid, verifiable information—or when they distract each other with useless or irrelevant information. One of the ways people polarize is by not talking to each other and withhold information. Similarly, they talk on subjects that distract us from the issue at hand. Some issues are difficult to talk about, but by doing so solutions can be explored.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Language issues
|
||||
|
||||
Identifying discussion-stoppers like these can help you avoid shutting down a discussion that would otherwise achieve beneficial outcomes.
|
||||
|
||||
Language issues can be argument-stoppers Sinnott-Armstrong says. In particular, he outlines some of the following language-related barriers to productive argument.
|
||||
|
||||
* **Guarding:** Using words like "all" can make a statement unbelievable; words like "sometimes" can make a statement too vague.
|
||||
|
||||
* **Assuring:** Simply stating "trust me, I know what I'm talking about," without offering evidence that this is the case, can impede arguments.
|
||||
|
||||
* **Evaluating:** Offering an evaluation of something—like saying "It is good"―without any supporting reasoning.
|
||||
|
||||
* **Discounting:** This involves anticipating what the another person will say and attempting to weaken it as much as possible by framing an argument in a negative way. (Contrast these two sentences, for example: "Ramona is smart but boring" and "Ramona is boring but smart." The difference is subtle, but you'd probably want to spend less time with Ramona if you heard the first statement about her than if you heard the second.)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Identifying discussion-stoppers like these can help you avoid shutting down a discussion that would otherwise achieve beneficial outcomes. In addition, Sinnott-Armstrong specifically draws readers' attention to two other language problems that can kill productive debates: vagueness and ambiguity.
|
||||
|
||||
* **Vagueness:** This occurs when a word or sentence is not precise enough and having many ways to interpret its true meaning and intent, which leads to confusion. Consider the sentence "It is big." "It" must be defined if it's not already obvious to everyone in the conversation. And a word like "big" must be clarified through comparison to something that everyone has agreed upon.
|
||||
|
||||
* **Ambiguity:** This occurs when a sentence could have two distinct meanings. For example: "Police killed man with axe." Who was holding the axe, the man or the police? "My neighbor had a friend for dinner." Did your neighbor invite a friend to share a meal—or did she eat her friend?
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Overcoming barriers
|
||||
|
||||
To help readers avoid these common roadblocks to productive arguments, Sinnott-Armstrong recommends a simple, four-step process for evaluating another person's argument.
|
||||
|
||||
1. **Observation:** First, observe a stated opinion and its related evidence to determine the precise nature of the claim. This might require you to ask some questions for clarification (you'll remember I employed this technique when arguing with my belligerent uncle, which I described [in the first article of this series][2]).
|
||||
|
||||
2. **Hypothesis:** Develop some hypothesis about the argument. In this case, the hypothesis should be an inference based on generally acceptable standards (for more on the structure of arguments themselves, also see [the first part of this series][2]).
|
||||
|
||||
3. **Comparison:** Compare that hypothesis with others and evaluate which is more accurate. More important issues will require you to conduct more comparisons. In other cases, premises are so obvious that no further explanation is required.
|
||||
|
||||
4. **Conclusion:** From the comparison analysis, reach a conclusion about whether your hypothesis about a competing argument is correct.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
In many cases, the question is not whether a particular claim is _correct_ or _incorrect_ , but whether it is _believable._ So Sinnott-Armstrong also offers a four-step "believability test" for evaluating claims of this type.
|
||||
|
||||
1. **Expertise:** Does the person presenting the argument have authority in an appropriate field? Being a specialist is one field doesn't necessarily make that person an expert in another.
|
||||
|
||||
2. **Motive:** Would self-interest or other personal motives compel a person to withhold information or make false statements? To confirm one's statements, it might be wise to seek a totally separate, independent authority for confirmation.
|
||||
|
||||
3. **Sources:** Are the sources the person offers as evidence of a claim recognized experts? Do those sources have the expertise on the specific issue addressed?
|
||||
|
||||
4. **Agreement:** Is there agreement among many experts within the same specialty?
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Let's argue
|
||||
|
||||
If you really want to strengthen your ability to argue, find someone that totally disagrees with you but wants to learn and understand your beliefs.
|
||||
|
||||
When I was a university student, I would usually sit toward the front of the classroom. When I didn't understand something, I would start asking questions for clarification. Everyone else in the class would just sit silently, saying nothing. After class, however, other students would come up to me and thank me for asking those questions—because everyone else in the room was confused, too.
|
||||
|
||||
Clarification is a powerful act—not just in the classroom, but during arguments anywhere. Building an organizational culture in which people feel empowered to ask for clarification is critical for productive arguments (I've [given presentations on this topic][3] before). If members have the courage to clarify premises, and they can do so in an environment where others don't think they're being belligerent, then this might be the key to a successful and productive argument.
|
||||
|
||||
If you really want to strengthen your ability to argue, find someone that totally disagrees with you but wants to learn and understand your beliefs. Then, practice some of Sinnott-Armstrong's suggestions. Arguing productively will enhance [transparency, inclusivity, and collaboration][4] in your organization—leading to a more open culture.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/open-organization/19/6/barriers-productive-arguments
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Ron McFarland][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/ron-mcfarland/users/ron-mcfarland
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/directions-arrows.png?itok=EE3lFewZ (Arrows pointing different directions)
|
||||
[2]: https://opensource.com/open-organization/19/5/productive-arguments
|
||||
[3]: https://www.slideshare.net/RonMcFarland1/argue-successfully-achieve-something
|
||||
[4]: https://opensource.com/open-organization/resources/open-org-definition
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: ( )
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
[#]: subject: (Cisco connects with IBM in to simplify hybrid cloud deployment)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3403363/cisco-connects-with-ibm-in-to-simplify-hybrid-cloud-deployment.html)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Michael Cooney https://www.networkworld.com/author/Michael-Cooney/)
|
||||
|
||||
Cisco connects with IBM in to simplify hybrid cloud deployment
|
||||
======
|
||||
Cisco and IBM are working todevelop a hybrid-cloud architecture that meld Cisco’s data-center, networking and analytics platforms with IBM’s cloud offerings.
|
||||
![Ilze Lucero \(CC0\)][1]
|
||||
|
||||
Cisco and IBM said the companies would meld their [data-center][2] and cloud technologies to help customers more easily and securely build and support on-premises and [hybrid-cloud][3] applications.
|
||||
|
||||
Cisco, IBM Cloud and IBM Global Technology Services (the professional services business of IBM) said they will work to develop a hybrid-cloud architecture that melds Cisco’s data-center, networking and analytics platforms with IBM’s cloud offerings. IBM's contribution includea a heavy emphasis on Kubernetes-based offerings such as Cloud Foundry and Cloud Private as well as a catalog of [IBM enterprise software][4] such as Websphere and open source software such as Open Whisk, KNative, Istio and Prometheus.
|
||||
|
||||
**[ Read also:[How to plan a software-defined data-center network][5] ]**
|
||||
|
||||
Cisco said customers deploying its Virtual Application Centric Infrastructure (ACI) technologies can now extend that network fabric from on-premises to the IBM Cloud. ACI is Cisco’s [software-defined networking (SDN)][6] data-center package, but it also delivers the company’s Intent-Based Networking technology, which brings customers the ability to automatically implement network and policy changes on the fly and ensure data delivery.
|
||||
|
||||
[IBM said Cisco ACI Virtual Pod][7] (vPOD) software can now run on IBM Cloud bare-metal servers. “vPOD consists of virtual spines and leafs and supports up to eight instances of ACI Virtual Edge. These elements are often deployed on VMware services on the IBM Cloud to support hybrid deployments from on-premises environments to the IBM Cloud," the company stated.
|
||||
|
||||
“Through a new relationship with IBM’s Global Technology Services team, customers can implement Virtual ACI on their IBM Cloud,” Cisco’s Kaustubh Das, vice president of strategy and product development wrote in a [blog][8] about the agreement. “Virtual ACI is a software-only solution that you can deploy wherever you have at least two servers on which you can run the VMware ESXi hypervisor. In the future, the ability to deploy IBM Cloud Pak for Applications in a Cisco ACI environment will also be supported,” he stated.
|
||||
|
||||
IBM’s prepackaged Cloud Paks include a secured Kubernetes container and containerized IBM middleware designed to let customers quickly spin-up enterprise-ready containers, Big Blue said.
|
||||
|
||||
Additionally IBM said it would add support for its IBM Cloud Private, which manages Kubernetes and other containers, on Cisco HyperFlex and HyperFlex Edge hyperconverged infrastructure (HCI) systems. HyperFlex is Cisco's HCI that offers computing, networking and storage resources in a single system. The package can be managed via Cisco’s Intersight software-as-a-service cloud management platform that offers a central dashboard of HyperFlex operations.
|
||||
|
||||
IBM said it was adding Hyperflex support to its IBM Cloud Pak for Applications as well.
|
||||
|
||||
The paks include IBM Multicloud Manager which is a Kubernetes-based platform that runs on the company’s [IBM Cloud Private][9] platform and lets customers manage and integrate workloads on clouds from other providers such as Amazon, Red Hat and Microsoft.
|
||||
|
||||
At the heart of the Multi-cloud Manager is a dashboard interface for managing thousands of Kubernetes applications and huge volumes of data regardless of where in the organization they are located.
|
||||
|
||||
The idea is that Multi-cloud Manager lets operations and development teams get visibility of Kubernetes applications and components across the different clouds and clusters via a single control pane.
|
||||
|
||||
“With IBM Multicloud Manager, enterprises can have a single place to manage multiple clusters running across multiple on-premises, public and private cloud environments, providing consistent visibility, governance and automation from on-premises to the edge, wrote IBM’s Evaristus Mainsah, general manager of IBM Cloud Private Ecosystem in a [blog][7] about the relationship.
|
||||
|
||||
Distributed workloads can be pushed out and managed directly at the device at a much larger scale across multiple public clouds and on-premises locations. Visibility, compliance and governance are provided with extended MCM capabilities that will be available at the lightweight device layer, with a connection back to the central server/gateway, Mainsah stated.
|
||||
|
||||
In addition, Cisco’s AppDynamics\can be tied in to monitor infrastructure and business performance, Cisco stated. Cisco recently added [AppDynamics for Kubernetes][10], which Cisco said will reduce the time it takes to identify and troubleshoot performance issues across Kubernetes clusters.
|
||||
|
||||
The companies said the hybrid-cloud architecture they envision will help reduce the complexity of setting up and managing hybrid-cloud environments.
|
||||
|
||||
Cisco and IBM are both aggressively pursuing cloud customers. Cisco[ ramped up][11] its own cloud presence in 2018 with all manner of support stemming from an [agreement with Amazon Web Services][12] (AWS) that will offer enterprise customers an integrated platform to help them more simply build, secure and connect [Kubernetes][13] clusters across private [data centers][14] and the AWS cloud.
|
||||
|
||||
Cisco and Google in [April expanded their joint cloud-development][15] activities to help customers more easily build secure multicloud and hybrid applications everywhere from on-premises data centers to public clouds.
|
||||
|
||||
IBM is waiting to close [its $34 billion Red Hat deal][16] that it expects will give it a huge presence in the hotly contested hybrid-cloud arena and increase its inroads to competitors – Google, Amazon and Microsoft among others. Gartner says that market will be worth $240 billion by next year.
|
||||
|
||||
Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][17] and [LinkedIn][18] to comment on topics that are top of mind.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3403363/cisco-connects-with-ibm-in-to-simplify-hybrid-cloud-deployment.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Michael Cooney][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Michael-Cooney/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2018/03/cubes_blocks_squares_containers_ilze_lucero_cc0_via_unsplash_1200x800-100752172-large.jpg
|
||||
[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3223692/what-is-a-data-centerhow-its-changed-and-what-you-need-to-know.html
|
||||
[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3233132/what-is-hybrid-cloud-computing.html
|
||||
[4]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3340043/ibm-marries-on-premises-private-and-public-cloud-data.html
|
||||
[5]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3284352/data-center/how-to-plan-a-software-defined-data-center-network.html
|
||||
[6]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3209131/what-sdn-is-and-where-its-going.html
|
||||
[7]: https://www.ibm.com/blogs/cloud-computing/2019/06/18/ibm-cisco-collaborating-hybrid-cloud-modern-enterprise/
|
||||
[8]: https://blogs.cisco.com/datacenter/cisco-and-ibm-cloud-announce-hybrid-cloud-partnership
|
||||
[9]: https://www.ibm.com/cloud/private
|
||||
[10]: https://blog.appdynamics.com/product/kubernetes-monitoring-with-appdynamics/
|
||||
[11]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3322937/lan-wan/what-will-be-hot-for-cisco-in-2019.html?nsdr=true
|
||||
[12]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3319782/cloud-computing/cisco-aws-marriage-simplifies-hybrid-cloud-app-development.html?nsdr=true
|
||||
[13]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3269848/cloud-computing/cisco-embraces-kubernetes-pushing-container-software-into-mainstream.html
|
||||
[14]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3223692/data-center/what-is-a-data-centerhow-its-changed-and-what-you-need-to-know.html
|
||||
[15]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3388218/cisco-google-reenergize-multicloudhybrid-cloud-joint-development.html
|
||||
[16]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3316960/ibm-says-buying-red-hat-makes-it-the-biggest-in-hybrid-cloud.html
|
||||
[17]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/
|
||||
[18]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world
|
||||
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