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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
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[#]: translator: (geekpi)
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[#]: reviewer: ( )
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[#]: publisher: ( )
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[#]: url: ( )
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[#]: subject: (How to manage network services with firewall-cmd)
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[#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/how-to-manage-network-services-with-firewall-cmd/)
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[#]: author: (dan01 https://fedoramagazine.org/author/dan01/)
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How to manage network services with firewall-cmd
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======
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![][1]
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In a previous article, you explored how to [control the firewall at the command line][2] in Fedora.
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Now you are going to see how to see how _add_, _remove_, and _list_ _services_, _protocols_ and _ports_ in order to _block_ or _allow_ them.
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### A short recap
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First, it’s a good idea to check the _status_ of your firewall, see if it’s running or not. You do this, as we previously learned, by using the state option (_firewall-cmd_ ‐‐_state_).
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The next step is to get the zone for the desired network interface. For example, I use a desktop that has two network interfaces: a _physical_ interface (_enp0s3_), representing my actual _network card_ and a _virtual_ interface (_virbr0_) used by virtualization software like _KVM_. To see what zones are active, run _firewall-cmd ‐‐get-active-zones_.
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Now that you know what zone you’re interested in, you can list the rules for the zone with _firewall-cmd ‐‐info-zone=FedoraWorkstation_.
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### Reading zone information
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To display information for a particular _zone_, run _firewall-cmd ‐‐zone=ZoneName ‐‐list-all_, or simply display information for the default zone with:
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```
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[dan@localhost ~]$ firewall-cmd --list-all
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FedoraWorkstation (active)
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target: default
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icmp-block-inversion: no
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interfaces: enp0s3
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sources:
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services: dhcpv6-client mdns samba-client ssh
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ports: 1025-65535/udp 1025-65535/tcp
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protocols:
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masquerade: no
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forward-ports:
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source-ports:
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icmp-blocks:
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rich rules:
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```
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Now, let’s explore the output. The first line is showing which _zone_ the following information applies to and if that zone is currently in use.
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The _target_ : _default_ simply tells us this is the default zone. This can be set or retrieved via the _‐‐set-default-zone=ZoneName_ and _‐‐get-default-zone_.
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_icmp-block-inversion_, indicates if [ICMP][3] requests are blocked. For example if the machine responds to _ping_ requests from other machines on the network. The _interfaces_ field shows all interfaces that adopt this zone.
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### Handling services, ports, and protocols
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Now focus on the _services_, _ports_, and _protocols_ rows. By default, the firewall will block all ports, services and protocols. Only the listed ones will be allowed.
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You can see the allowed services are very basic client services in this case. For example, accessing a shared folder on the network (_samba-client_), to talk to a _DNS_ server or connect to a machine via SSH (the _ssh_ service). You can think of a _service_ as a protocol in combination to a port, for instance the ssh service is using the SSH protocol and, by convention, port 22. By allowing the ssh service, what you’re really doing is allowing incoming connections that use the ssh protocol at default port 22.
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Notice, services that have the _client_ word in their name, as a rule of thumb, refer to outgoing connections, i.e. _connections_ that you make with your IP as source going to the outside, as opposed to the SSH **service, for example, that will accept incoming connections (listening to connection coming from outside at you).
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You can look up services in the file _/etc/services_. For example if you wish to know what port and protocol these service uses:
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```
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[dan@localhost ~]$ cat /etc/services | grep ssh
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ssh 22/tcp # The Secure Shell (SSH) Protocol
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ssh 22/udp # The Secure Shell (SSH) Protocol
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```
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You can see SSH uses both TCP and UDP port 22. Also, if you wish to see all available services, just use _firewall-cmd ‐‐get-services_.
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#### Opening a port
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If you want to block a port, service, or protocol, all you have to do if make sure it’s not listed here. By extension, if you want to allow a service, you need add it to your list.
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Let’s say you want to open the port _5000_ for _TCP_ ****connection. To do this, run:
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```
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sudo firewall-cmd --zone=FedorwaWorkstation --permanent --add-port=5000/tcp
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```
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Notice that you need to specify the zone for which the rule applies. When you add the rule, you also need to specify if it is a _TCP_ or _UDP_ port via as indicated above. The _permanent_ parameter sets the rule to persist even after a system reboot.
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Look at the information for your zone again:
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```
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[dan@localhost ~]$ firewall-cmd --list-all
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FedoraWorkstation (active)
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target: default
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icmp-block-inversion: no
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interfaces: enp0s3
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sources:
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services: dhcpv6-client mdns samba-client ssh
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ports: 1025-65535/udp 1025-65535/tcp 5000/tcp
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protocols:
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masquerade: no
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forward-ports:
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source-ports:
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icmp-blocks:
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rich rules:
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```
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Similarly, if you wish to remove this port from the list, run:
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```
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sudo firewall-cmd --zone=FedorwaWorkstation --permanent --remove-port=5000/tcp
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```
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The very same _remove_ (_‐‐remove-protocol_, _‐‐remove-service_) and _add_ (_‐‐add-protocol_, _‐‐add-service_) options are also available for _services_ and _protocols_.
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* * *
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_Photo by [T. Kaiser][4] on [Unsplash][5]_.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://fedoramagazine.org/how-to-manage-network-services-with-firewall-cmd/
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作者：[dan01][a]
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选题：[lujun9972][b]
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/author/dan01/
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[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
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[1]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/services-firewall-cmd-816x345.jpg
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[2]: https://fedoramagazine.org/control-the-firewall-at-the-command-line/
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[3]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Control_Message_Protocol
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[4]: https://unsplash.com/@tkaiser?utm_source=unsplash&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=creditCopyText
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[5]: https://unsplash.com/s/photos/poke-hole?utm_source=unsplash&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=creditCopyText
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@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
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[#]: translator: (geekpi)
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[#]: reviewer: ( )
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[#]: publisher: ( )
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[#]: url: ( )
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[#]: subject: (How to manage network services with firewall-cmd)
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[#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/how-to-manage-network-services-with-firewall-cmd/)
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[#]: author: (dan01 https://fedoramagazine.org/author/dan01/)
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如何使用 firewall-cmd 管理网络服务
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======
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![][1]
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在上一篇文章中，我们探讨了如何在 Fedora 中[用命令行控制防火墙][2]。
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现在你将看到如何“添加”、“删除”和“列出”服务、协议和端口，以便“阻止”或“允许”它们。
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### 简短回顾
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首先，最好检查一下防火墙的_状态_，看它是否正在运行。如我们先前所学，你可以使用状态选项（_firewall-cmd_ ‐‐_state_）来执行。
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下一步是获取所需网络接口的区域。例如，我使用的桌面有两个网络接口：一个_物理_接口（_enp0s3_），代表我实际的_网卡_，和_虚拟_接口（_virbr0_），它被 _KVM_ 等虚拟化软件使用。要查看哪些区域处于活动状态，请运行 _firewall-cmd ‐‐get-active-zones_。
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现在，你知道了你感兴趣的区域，可以使用 _firewall-cmd -info-zone = FedoraWorkstation_ 列出该区域的规则。
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### 读取区域信息
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要显示特定_区域_的信息，请运行 _firewall-cmd ‐‐zone=ZoneName ‐‐list-all_，或使用以下命令显示默认区域的信息：
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```
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[dan@localhost ~]$ firewall-cmd --list-all
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FedoraWorkstation (active)
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target: default
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icmp-block-inversion: no
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interfaces: enp0s3
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sources:
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services: dhcpv6-client mdns samba-client ssh
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ports: 1025-65535/udp 1025-65535/tcp
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protocols:
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masquerade: no
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forward-ports:
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source-ports:
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icmp-blocks:
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rich rules:
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```
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现在，让我们查看输出。第一行表明以下信息关联的_区域_以及该区域当前是否在使用中。
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_target_ : _default_ 告诉我们这是默认区域。可以通过 _‐‐set-default-zone=ZoneName_ 和 _‐‐get-default-zone_ 设置或获取。
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_icmp-block-inversion_ 表明是否阻止 [ICMP][3] 请求。例如，如果机器响应来自网络上其他机器的 _ping_ 请求。 _interfaces_ 字段显示接受此区域的所有接口。
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### 处理服务、端口和协议
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现在，重点关注 _services _、_ ports_ 和 _protocols_ 所在行。默认情况下，防火墙将阻止所有端口、服务和协议。而只允许列出的。
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在这里，你可以看到允许的服务是非常基本的客户端服务。例如，访问网络上的共享文件夹（_samba-client_），与 _DNS_ 服务器通信或通过 SSH（_ssh_ 服务）连接到计算机。你可以将 _service_ 视为与端口组合的协议，例如 ssh 服务使用 SSH 协议，并且按照惯例使用 22 端口。通过允许 ssh 服务，你实际上所做的就是允许传入的连接在默认 22 端口上使用 ssh 协议。
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请注意，根据经验，名称中带有 _client_ 字样的服务是指传出连接，也就是你使用你的 IP 作为源与外部_连接_，与之相反的是 **SSH** 服务，比如，它将接受传入连接（监听你外部的连接）。
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你可以在文件 _/etc/services_ 中查找服务。例如，如果你想知道这些服务使用什么端口和协议：
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```
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[dan@localhost ~]$ cat /etc/services | grep ssh
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ssh 22/tcp # The Secure Shell (SSH) Protocol
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ssh 22/udp # The Secure Shell (SSH) Protocol
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```
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你可以看到 SSH 同时使用 TCP 和 UDP 的 22 端口。此外，如果你希望查看所有可用的服务，只需使用 _firewall-cmd -get-services_。
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#### 打开端口
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如果要阻止端口、服务或协议，请确保在此处未列出它们。 扩展一下，如果要允许服务，那么需要将它添加到列表中。
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假设你要打开 _5000_ 端口用于 _TCP_ 连接。 为此，请运行：
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```
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sudo firewall-cmd --zone=FedorwaWorkstation --permanent --add-port=5000/tcp
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```
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请注意，你需要指定规则适用的区域。添加规则时，还需要如上指定它是 _TCP_ 还是 _UDP_ 端口。_permanent_ 参数将规则设置为即使系统重启后也可以保留。
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再次查看你所在区域的信息：
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```
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[dan@localhost ~]$ firewall-cmd --list-all
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FedoraWorkstation (active)
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target: default
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icmp-block-inversion: no
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interfaces: enp0s3
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sources:
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services: dhcpv6-client mdns samba-client ssh
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ports: 1025-65535/udp 1025-65535/tcp 5000/tcp
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protocols:
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masquerade: no
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forward-ports:
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source-ports:
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icmp-blocks:
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rich rules:
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```
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类似地，如果你想从列表删除该端口，请运行：
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```
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sudo firewall-cmd --zone=FedorwaWorkstation --permanent --remove-port=5000/tcp
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```
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相同的 _remove_ （_‐‐remove-protocol_, _‐‐remove-service_） 和 _add_ （_‐‐add-protocol_, _‐‐add-service_）选项同样适用于_服务_和_协议_。
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* * *
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_照片由 [T. Kaiser][4] 拍摄，发布于[Unsplash][5]_
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://fedoramagazine.org/how-to-manage-network-services-with-firewall-cmd/
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作者：[dan01][a]
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选题：[lujun9972][b]
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译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
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||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/author/dan01/
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[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
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[1]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/services-firewall-cmd-816x345.jpg
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[2]: https://fedoramagazine.org/control-the-firewall-at-the-command-line/
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[3]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Control_Message_Protocol
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[4]: https://unsplash.com/@tkaiser?utm_source=unsplash&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=creditCopyText
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[5]: https://unsplash.com/s/photos/poke-hole?utm_source=unsplash&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=creditCopyText
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