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Can Ubuntu Do This? — Answers to The 4 Questions New Users Ask Most
================================================================================
![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Screen-Shot-2014-08-13-at-14.31.42.png)
**Type ‘Can Ubuntu’ into Google and you’ll see a stream of auto suggested terms put before you, all based on the queries asked most often by curious searchers. **
For long-time Linux users these queries all have rather obvious answers. But for new users or those feeling out whether a distribution like Ubuntu is for them the answers are not quite so obvious; they’re pertinent, real and essential asks.
So, in this article, I’m going to answer the top four most searched for questions asking “*Can Ubuntu…?*”
### Can Ubuntu Replace Windows? ###
![Windows isn’t to everyones tastes — or needs](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/windows-9-desktop-rumour.png)
Windows isn’t to everyones tastes — or needs
Yes. Ubuntu (and most other Linux distributions) can be installed on just about any computer capable of running Microsoft Windows.
Whether you **should** replace it will, invariably, depend on your own needs.
For example, if you’re attending a school or college that requires access to Windows-only software, you may want to hold off replacing it entirely. Same goes for businesses; if your work depends on Microsoft Office, Adobe Creative Suite or a specific AutoCAD application you may find it easier to stick with what you have.
But for most of us Ubuntu can replace Windows full-time. It offers a safe, dependable desktop experience that can run on and support a wide range of hardware. Software available covers everything from office suites to web browsers, video and music apps to games.
### Can Ubuntu Run .exe Files? ###
![You can run some Windows apps in Ubuntu](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/adobe-photoshop-cs2-free-linux.png)
You can run some Windows apps in Ubuntu
Yes, though not out of the box, and not with guaranteed success. This is because software distributed in .exe are meant to run on Windows. These are not natively compatible with any other desktop operating system, including Mac OS X or Android.
Software installers made for Ubuntu (and other Linux distributions) tend to come as ‘.deb’ files. These can be installed similarly to .exe — you just double-click and follow any on-screen prompts.
But Linux is versatile. Using a compatibility layer called ‘Wine’ (which technically is not an emulator, but for simplicity’s sake can be referred to as one for shorthand) that can run many popular apps. They won’t work quite as well as they do on Windows, nor look as pretty. But, for many, it works well enough to use on a daily basis.
Notable Windows software that can run on Ubuntu through Wine includes older versions of Photoshop and early versions of Microsoft Office . For a list of compatible software [refer to the Wine App Database][1].
### Can Ubuntu Get Viruses? ###
![It may have errors, but it doesn’t have viruses](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/errors.jpg)
It may have errors, but it doesn’t have viruses
Theoretically, yes. But in reality, no.
Linux distributions are built in a way that makes it incredibly hard for viruses, malware and root kits to be installed, much less run and do any significant damage.
For example, most applications run as a ‘regular user’ with no special administrative privileges, required for a virus to access critical parts of the operating system. Most software is also installed from well maintained and centralised sources, like the Ubuntu Software Center, and not random websites. This makes the risk of installing something that is infected negligible.
Should you use anti-virus on Ubuntu? That’s up to you. For peace of mind, or if you’re regularly using Windows software through Wine or dual-booting, you can install a free and open-source virus scanner app like ClamAV, available from the Software Center.
You can learn more about the potential for viruses on Linux/Ubuntu [on the Ubuntu Wiki][2].
### Can Ubuntu Play Games? ###
![Steam has hundreds of high-quality games for Linux](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/steambeta.jpg)
Steam has hundreds of high-quality games for Linux
Oh yes it can. From the traditionally simple distractions of 2D chess, word games and minesweeper to modern AAA titles requiring powerful graphics cards, Ubuntu has a diverse range of games available for it.
Your first port of call will be the **Ubuntu Software Center**. Here you’ll find a sizeable number of free, open-source and paid-for games, including acclaimed indie titles like World of Goo and Braid, as well as several sections filled with more traditional offerings, like PyChess, four-in-a-row and Scrabble clones.
For serious gaming you’ll want to grab **Steam for Linux**. This is where you’ll find some of the latest and greatest games available, spanning the full gamut of genres.
Also keep an eye on the [Humble Bundle][3]. These ‘pay what you want’ packages are held for two weeks every month or so. The folks at Humble have been fantastic supporters of Linux as a gaming platform, single-handily ensuring the Linux debut of many touted titles.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/08/ubuntu-can-play-games-replace-windows-questions
作者：[Joey-Elijah Sneddon][a]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]:https://plus.google.com/117485690627814051450/?rel=author
[1]:https://appdb.winehq.org/
[2]:https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Antivirus
[3]:https://www.humblebundle.com/

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Where And How To Code: Choosing The Best Free Code Editor
================================================================================
A close look at Cloud9, Koding and Nitrous.IO.
![](http://a2.files.readwrite.com/image/upload/c_fill,h_900,q_70,w_1600/MTIzMDQ5NjYzODM4NDU1MzA4.jpg)
**Ready to start your first coding project? Great! Just configure** Terminal or Command Prompt, learn to use it and then install all the languages, add-on libraries and APIs you’ll need. When you're finally through with all that, you can get started with installing [Visual Studio][1] so you can preview your work.
At least that's how you used to have to do it.
No wonder beginning coders are increasingly turning to online integrated development environments (IDEs). An IDE is a code editor that comes ready to work with languages and all their dependencies, saving you the hassle of installing them on your computer.
I wanted to learn more about what constitutes the typical IDE, so I took a look at the free tier for three of the most popular integrated development environments out there: [Cloud9][2], [Koding][3], and [Nitrous.IO][4]. In the process, I learned a lot about the cases in which programmers would and would not want to use IDEs.
### Why Use An IDE? ###
If a text editor is like Microsoft Word, think of an IDE as Google Drive. You get similar functionality, but it's accessible from any computer and ready to share. As the Internet becomes an increasingly influential part of project workflow, IDEs make life easier.
I used Nitrous.IO for my last ReadWrite tutorial, the Python app in [Create Your Own Obnoxiously Simple Messaging App Just Like Yo][5]. When you use an IDE, you select the language you want to work in so you can test and preview how it looks on the IDE’s Virtual Machine (VM) designed to run programs written specifically in that language.
If you read the tutorial, you'll see there are only two API libraries that my app depended on—messaging service Twilio and Python microframework Flask. That would have been easy to build using a text editor and Terminal on my computer, but I chose an IDE for yet another convenience: when everyone is using the same developer environment, it’s easier to follow along with a tutorial.
### What An IDE Is Not ###
Still, an IDE is not a long term hosting solution.
When you’re working on an IDE, you’re able to build, test and preview your app in the cloud. You’re even able to share the final draft via link.
But you can’t use an IDE to store your project permanently. You wouldn't ditch your blog in favor of hosting your posts as Google Drive documents. Like Google Drive, IDEs allow you to link and share content, but neither are equipped to replace real hosting.
What's more, IDEs aren't designed for wide-spread sharing. Despite the increased functionality IDEs add to the preview capability of most text editors, stick with showing off your app preview to friends and coworkers, not with, say, the front page of Hacker News. In that case, your IDE would probably shut you down for excessive traffic.
Think of it this way: an IDE is a place to build and test your app; a host is a place for it to live. So once you’ve finalized your app, you’ll want to deploy it on a cloud-based service that lets you host apps long term, preferably one with a free hosting option like [Heroku][6].
### Choosing An IDE ###
![](http://a2.files.readwrite.com/image/upload/c_fit,w_630/MTIzNjEzMTg5MjA2NDc2MzAy.png)
As IDEs become more popular, more are popping up all the time. In my opinion, there’s no perfect IDE. However, some IDEs are better for certain work process priorities than others.
I took a look at the free tier for three of the most popular integrated development environments out there: Cloud9, Koding, and Nitrous.IO. Each has its benefits, depending on what you're working on. Here's what I found.
### Cloud9: Ready To Collaborate ###
When I signed up for Cloud9, one of the first things it prompted me to do was integrate my GitHub and BitBucket accounts. Instantly, all my GitHub projects, solo and collaborative, were ready to clone and work on in Cloud9’s development tool. Other IDEs have nowhere near this level of GitHub integration.
Out of the three IDEs I looked at, Cloud9 seemed most intent on ensuring an environment where I could work seamlessly with co-coders. Here, it’s not just a chat function in the corner. In fact, said CEO Ruben Daniels, Cloud9 collaborators can see each others coding in real time, just like co-authors are able to on Google Drive.
“Most services’ collaborative features only work on a single file,” said Daniels. “Ours work on multiples throughout the project. Collaboration is fully integrated within the IDE.”
### Koding: Help When You Need It ###
IDEs give you the tools you need to build and test applications in the gamut of open source languages. For a beginner, that can be a little bit intimidating. For example, if I’m working on a project with both Python and Ruby components, which VM do I use for testing?
The answer is both, though on a free account, you can only turn on one VM for testing at a time. I was able to find that out right on my Koding dashboard, which doubles as a place for users to give and get advice on their Koding projects. Of the three, it’s the most transparent when it comes to where you can ask for assistance and hear back in minutes.
“We have an active community built into the application,” said Nitin Gupta, Chief Business Officer at Koding. “We wanted to create an environment that is extremely attractive to people who need help and who want to help.”
### Nitrous.IO: An IDE Wherever You Want ###
The ultimate advantage of using an IDE over your own desktop environment is that it’s self-contained. You don’t have to install anything to use it. On the other hand, the ultimate advantage of using your own desktop environment is that you can work locally, even without Internet.
Nitrous.IO gives you the best of both worlds. You can use the IDE on the Web, or you can download it to your own computer, said cofounder AJ Solimine. The advantage is that you can merge the integrations of Nitrous with the familiarity of your preferred text editor.
“You can access Nitrous.IO from any modern web browser via our online Web IDE, but we also have handy desktop applications for Windows and Mac that let you edit with your favorite editor,” he said.
### The Bottom Line ###
The most surprising thing I learned from a week of [using][7] three different IDEs? How similar they are. [When it comes to the basics of coding][8], they’re all equally helpful.
Cloud9, Koding, [and Nitrous.IO all support][9] every major open source language, from Ruby to Python to PHP to HTML5. You can choose from any of those VMs.
Both Cloud9 and Nitrous.IO have built-in one-click GitHub integration. For Koding there are a [couple more steps][10], but it can be done.
Each integrated easily with the APIs I needed. Each let me install my preferred package installers, too (and Koding made me do it as a superuser). They all have a built in Terminal for easily testing and deploying projects. All three allow you to easily preview your project. And of course, they all hosted my project in the cloud so I could work on it anywhere.
On the downside, they all had the same negatives, which is reasonable when you consider they're free. You can only run one VM at a time to test a program written in a particular language. When you’re not using your VM for a while, the IDE preserves bandwidth by putting it into hibernation and you have to wait for it to reload next time you use it (and Cloud9 was especially laborious). None of them make a good permanent host for your finished projects.
So to answer those who ask me if there’s a perfect free IDE out there, probably not. But depending on your priorities, there might be one that’s perfect for your project.
Lead image courtesy of [Shutterstock][11]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://readwrite.com/2014/08/14/cloud9-koding-nitrousio-integrated-development-environment-ide-coding
作者：[Lauren Orsini][a]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]:http://readwrite.com/author/lauren-orsini
[1]:http://www.visualstudio.com/
[2]:http://c9.io/
[3]:https://koding.com/
[4]:http://nitrous.io/
[5]:http://readwrite.com/2014/07/11/one-click-messaging-app
[6]:http://heroku.com/
[7]:http://help.nitrous.io/ide-general/
[8]:https://www.nitrous.io/desktop
[9]:https://www.nitrous.io/desktop
[10]:https://koding.com/Activity/steps-clone-projects-github-koding-1-create-account-github-2-open-your-terminal-3
[11]:http://www.shutterstock.com/

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What are useful CLI tools for Linux system admins
================================================================================
System administrators (sysadmins) are responsible for day-to-day operations of production systems and services. One of the critical roles of sysadmins is to ensure that operational services are available round the clock. For that, they have to carefully plan backup policies, disaster management strategies, scheduled maintenance, security audits, etc. Like every other discipline, sysadmins have their tools of trade. Utilizing proper tools in the right case at the right time can help maintain the health of operating systems with minimal service interruptions and maximum uptime.
This article will present some of the most popular and useful CLI tools recommended for sysadmins in their day to day activities. If you would like to recommend any useful tool which is not listed here, don't forget to share it in the comment section.
### Network Tools ###
1. **ping**: Check end-to-end connectivity (RTT delay, jitter, packet loss) of a remote host with ICMP echo/reply. Useful to check system status and reachability.
2. **[phping][1]**: Network scanning and testing tool that can generate ICMP/TCP/UDP ping packets. Often used for advanced port scanning, firewall testing, manual path MTU discovery and fragmentation testing.
3. **traceroute**: Discover a layer-3 forwarding path from a local host to a remote destination host with TTL-limited ICMP/UDP/TCP probe packets. Useful to troubleshoot network reachability and routing problems.
4. **mtr**: A variation of traceroute which characterizes per-hop packet loss/jitter with running statistics. Useful to characterize routing path delays.
5. **[netcat][2]/[socat][3]**: A swiss army knife of TCP/IP networking, allowing to read/write byte streams over TCP/UDP. Useful to troubleshoot firewall policies and service availability.
6. **dig**: DNS troubleshooting tool that can generate forward queries, reverse queries, find authoritative name servers, check CNAME, MX and other DNS records. Can be instructed to query a specific DNS server of your choosing.
7. **nslookup**: Another DNS checking/troubleshooting tool. Works with all DNS queries and records. Can query a particular DNS server.
8. **dnsyo**: A DNS testing tool which checks DNS propagation by performing DNS lookup from over a number of open resolvers located across 1,500 different networks around the world.
9. **lsof**: Show information about files (e.g., regular files, pipes or sockets) which are opened by processes. Useful to monitor open network connections.
10. **iftop**: A ncurses-based TUI utility that can be used to monitor in real time bandwidth utilization and network connections for each network interfaces. Useful to keep track of bandwidth hogging applications, users, destinations and ports.
11. **netstat**: A network statistics utility that can show status information and statistics about open network connections (TCP/UDP ports, IP addresses), routing tables, TX/RX traffic and protocols. Useful for network related diagnosis and performance tuning.
12. **[tcpdump][4]**: A popular packet sniffer tool based on libpcap packet capture library. Can define packet capturing filters in Berkeley Packet Filters format.
13. **[tshark][5]**: Another CLI packet sniffer software with full compatibility with its GUI counterpart, Wireshark. Supports [1,000 protocols][6] and the list is growing. Useful to troubleshoot, analyze and store information on live packets.
14. **ip**: A versatile CLI networking tool which is part of iproute2 package. Used to check and modifying routing tables, network device state, and IP tunneling settings. Useful to view routing tables, add/remove static routes, configure network interfaces, and otherwise troubleshoot routing issues.
15. **ifup/ifdown**: Used to bring up or shut down a particular network interface. Often a preferred alternative to restarting the entire network service.
16. **[autossh][7]**: A program which create an SSH session and automatically restarts the session should it disconnect. Often useful to create a persistent reverse SSH tunnel across restrictive corporate networks.
17. **iperf**: A network testing tool which measures maximum bi-directional throughput between a pair of hosts by injecting customizable TCP/UDP data streams in between.
18. **[elinks][8]/[lynx][9]**: text-based web browsers for CLI-based server environment.
### Security Tools ###
19. **[iptables][10]**: A user-space CLI tool for configuring Linux kernel firewall. Provides means to create and modify rules for incoming, transit and outgoing packets within Linux kernel space.
20. **[nmap][11]**: A popular port scanning and network discovery tool used for security auditing purposes. Useful to find out which hosts are up and running on the local network, and what ports are open on a particular host.
21. **[TCP Wrappers][12]**: A host-based network ACL tool that can be used to filter incoming/outgoing reqeuests/replies. Often used alongside iptables as an additional layer of security.
22. **getfacl/setfacl**: View and customize access control lists of files and directories, as extensions to traditional file permissions.
23. **cryptsetup**: Used to create and manage LUKS-encrypted disk partitions.
24. **lynis**: A CLI-based vulnerability scanner tool. Can scan the entire Linux system, and report potential vulnerabilities along with possible solutions.
25. **maldet**: A malware scanner CLI tool which can detect and quarantine potentially malware-infected files. Can run as a background daemon for continuous monitoring.
26. **[rkhunter][13]/[chkrootkit][14]**: CLI tools which scan for potential rootkits, hidden backdoors and suspected exploits on a local system, and disable them.
### Storage Tools ###
27. **fdisk**: A disk partition editor tool. Used to view, create and modify disk partitions on hard drives and removable media.
28. **sfdisk**: A variant of fdisk which accesses or updates a partition table in a non-interactive fashion. Useful to automate disk partitioning as part of backup and recovery procedure.
29. **[parted][15]**: Another disk partition editor which can support disk larger than 2TB with GPT (GUID Partitioning Table). Gparted is a GTK+ GUI front-end of parted.
30. **df**: Used to check used/available storage and mount point of different partitions or file directories. A user-friendly variant dfc exists.
31. **du**: Used to view current disk usage associated with different files and directories (e.g., du -sh *).
32. **mkfs**: A disk formatting command used to build a filesystem on individual disk partitions. Filesystem-specific versions of mkfs exist for a number of filesystems including ext2, ext3, ext4, bfs, ntfs, vfat/fat.
33. **fsck**: A CLI tool used to check a filesystem for errors and repair where possible. Typically run automatically upon boot when necessary, but also invoked manually on demand once unmounting a partition.
34. **mount**: Used to map a physical disk partition, network share or remote storage to a local mount point. Any read/write in the mount point makes actual data being read/written in the correspoinding actual storage.
35. **mdadm**: A CLI tool for managing software RAID devices on top of physical block devices. Can create, build, grow or monitor RAID array.
36. **lvm**: A suite of CLI tools for managing volume groups and physical/logical volumes, which allows one to create, resize, split and merge volumes on top of multiple physical disks with minimum downtime.
### Log Processing Tools ###
37. **tail**: Used to monitor trailing part of a (growing) log file. Other variants include multitail (multi-window monitoring) and [ztail][16] (inotify support and regex filtering and coloring).
38. **logrotate**: A CLI tool that can split, compresse and mail old/large log files in a pre-defined interval. Useful for administration of busy servers which may produce a large amount of log files.
39. **grep/egrep**: Can be used to filter log content for a particular pattern or a regular expression. Variants include user-friendly ack and faster ag.
40. **awk**: A versatile text scanning and processing tool. Often used to extract certain columns or fields from text/log files, and feed the result to other tools.
41. **sed**: A text stream editor tool which can filter and transform (e.g., remove line/whitespace, substitute/convert a word, add numbering) text streams and pipeline the result to stdout/stderr or another tool.
### Backup Tools ###
42. **[rsync][17]**: A fast one-way incremental backup and mirroring tool. Often used to replicate a data repository to an offsite storage, optionally over a secure connection such as SSH or stunnel.
43. **[rdiff-backup][18]**: Another bandwidth-efficient, incremental backup tool. Maintains differential of two consecutive snapshots.
44. **duplicity**: An encrypted incremental backup utility. Uses GnuPG to encrypt a backup, and transfers to a remote server over SSH.
### Performance Monitoring Tools ###
45. **top**: A CLI-based process viewer program. Can monitor system load, process states, CPU and memory utilization. Variants include more user-friendly htop.
46. **ps**: Shows a snapshot of all running processes in the system. The output can be customized to show PID, PPID, user, load, memory, cummulative user/system time, start time, and more. Variants include pstree which shows
### processes in a tree hierarchy. ###
47. **[nethogs][19]**: A bandwidth monitoring tool which groups active network connections by processes, and reports per-process (upload/download) bandwidth consumption in real-time.
48. **ngxtop**: A web-server access log parser and monitoring tool whose interface is inspired by top command. It can report, in real time, a sorted list of web requests along with frequency, size, HTTP return code, IP address, etc.
49. **vmstat**: A simple CLI tool which shows various run-time system properties such as process count, free memory, paging status, CPU utilization, block I/O activities, interrupt/context switch statistics, and more.
50. **iotop**: An ncurses-based I/O monitoring tool which shows in real time disk I/O activities of all running processes in sorted order.
51. **iostat**: A CLI tool which reports current CPU utilization, as well as device I/O utilization, where I/O utilization (e.g., block transfer rate, byte read/write rate) is reported on a per-device or per-partition basis.
### Productivity Tools ###
52. **screen**: Used to split a single terminal into multiple persistent virtual terminals, which can also be made accessible to remote users, like teamviewer-like screen sharing.
53. **tmux**: Another terminal multiplexer tool which enables multiple persistent sessions, as well as horizontal/vertial splits of a terminal.
54. **cheat**: A simple CLI tool which allows you to read cheat sheets of many common Linux commands, conveniently right at your fingertips. Pre-built cheat sheets are fully customizable.
55. **apropos**: Useful when you are searching man pages for descriptions or keywords.
### Package Management Tools ###
56. **apt**: The de facto package manager for Debian based systems like Debain, Ubuntu or Backtrack. A life saver.
57. **apt-fast**: A supporting utility for apt-get, which can significantly improve apt-get's download speed by using multiple concurrent connections.
58. **apt-file**: Used to find out which .deb package a specific file belongs to, or to show all files in a particular .deb package. Works on both installed and non-installed packages.
59. **dpkg**: A CLI utility to install a .deb package manually. Highly advised to use apt whenever possible.
60. **yum**: The de facto automatic package manager for Red Hat based systems like RHEL, CentOS or Fedora. Yet another life saver.
61. **rpm**: Typically I use rpmyum something. Has some useful parameters like -q, -f, -l for querying, files and locations, respectively.
### Hardware Tools ###
62. **lspci**: A command line tool which shows various information about installed PCI devices, such as model names, device drivers, capabilities, memory address, PCI bus address.
63. **lshw**: A command line tool which queries and displays detailed information of hardware configuration in various categories (e.g., processor, memory, motherboard, network, storage). Supports multiple output formats: html, xml, json, text.
64. **[inxi][20]**: A comprehensive hardware reporting tool which gives an overview of various hardware components such as CPU, graphics card, sound card, network card, temperature/fan sensors, etc.
If you would like to recommend any useful tool which is not listed here, feel free to share it in the comment section.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/08/useful-cli-tools-linux-system-admins.html
作者：[Sarmed Rahman][a]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]:http://xmodulo.com/author/sarmed
[1]:http://www.hping.org/
[2]:http://netcat.sourceforge.net/
[3]:http://www.dest-unreach.org/socat/
[4]:http://www.tcpdump.org/
[5]:https://www.wireshark.org/docs/man-pages/tshark.html
[6]:https://www.wireshark.org/docs/dfref/
[7]:http://www.harding.motd.ca/autossh/
[8]:http://elinks.or.cz/
[9]:http://lynx.isc.org/
[10]:http://www.netfilter.org/projects/iptables/
[11]:http://nmap.org/
[12]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP_Wrapper
[13]:http://rkhunter.sourceforge.net/
[14]:http://www.chkrootkit.org/
[15]:http://www.gnu.org/software/parted/
[16]:https://hackage.haskell.org/package/ztail
[17]:http://rsync.samba.org/
[18]:http://www.nongnu.org/rdiff-backup/
[19]:http://nethogs.sourceforge.net/
[20]:http://code.google.com/p/inxi/