From 31c6abe9ecdca3a3a9084311d2d5fdce8bde4e42 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sun, 14 Feb 2021 11:55:55 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 001/309] PRF PART 1 --- ...21 lawyer The MIT License, Line by Line.md | 45 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 23 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/talk/20160921 lawyer The MIT License, Line by Line.md b/translated/talk/20160921 lawyer The MIT License, Line by Line.md index eb050aad1b..0a811d4a37 100644 --- a/translated/talk/20160921 lawyer The MIT License, Line by Line.md +++ b/translated/talk/20160921 lawyer The MIT License, Line by Line.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (bestony) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (lawyer The MIT License, Line by Line) @@ -10,50 +10,51 @@ 逐行解读 MIT 许可证 ====== +> 每个程序员都应该明白的 171 个字。 + [MIT 许可证][1] 是世界上最流行的开源软件许可证。以下是它的逐行解读。 -#### 阅读协议 +### 阅读许可证 -如果你涉及到开源软件，并且没有花时间从头到尾的阅读整个许可证（它只有 171 个单词），你现在就需要这样去做。尤其是当许可证不是你日常的工作内容时。把任何看起来不对劲或不清楚的地方记下来，然后继续阅读。我会把每一个单词再重复一遍，并按顺序分块，加入上下文和注释。但最重要的还是要牢记整体。 +如果你参与了开源软件，但还没有花时间从头到尾的阅读过这个许可证（它只有 171 个单词），你需要现在就去读一下。尤其如果许可证不是你日常每天都会接触的，把任何看起来不对劲或不清楚的地方记下来，然后继续阅读。我会分段、按顺序、加入上下文和注释，把每一个词再重复一遍。但最重要的还是要有个整体概念。 > The MIT License (MIT) > -> Copyright (c) +> Copyright (c) \ \ > > Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: > > The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. > -> The Software is provided “as is”, without warranty of any kind, express or implied, including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement. In no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim, damages or other liability, whether in an action of contract, tort or otherwise, arising from, out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the Software. +> *The Software is provided “as is”, without warranty of any kind, express or implied, including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement. In no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim, damages or other liability, whether in an action of contract, tort or otherwise, arising from, out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the Software.* -许可证可以分为五段，按照逻辑划分如下： +该许可证分为五段，按照逻辑划分如下： * **头部** - * **许可证标题** : “MIT 许可证” - * **版权说明** : “Copyright (c) …” - * **许可证授权** : “特此批准 …” - * **授权范围** : “… 处理软件 …” - * **条件** : “… 服从了 …” - * **归属和通知** : “上述 … 应当被包含在内 …” - * **免责声明** : “软件按照“原状”提供 …” - * **责任限制** : “在任何情况下 …” + * **许可证名称**：“MIT 许可证” + * **版权说明**：“Copyright (c) …” + * **许可证授予**：“特此批准 …” + * **授予范围**：“… 处理软件 …” + * **条件**：“… 但需符合 …” + * **归属和通知**：“上述 … 应当被包含在内 …” + * **免责声明**：“软件按照‘原状’提供 …” + * **责任限制**：“在任何情况下 …” +接下来详细看看。 -接下来详细看看 +### 头部 -#### 头部 - -##### 许可证头部 +#### 许可证名称 > The MIT License (MIT) -“MIT 许可证“不是单一的许可证，而是一系列从麻省理工学院为将要发布的语言准备的许可证衍生的许可证。多年来，无论是对于使用它的原始项目，还是作为其他项目的模型，他都经历了许多变化。Fedora 项目维护了一个纯文本的[麻省理工学院许可证其他版本]的页面，如同泡在甲醛中的解剖标本一般，平淡的追溯了无序的演变。 +“MIT 许可证”不是一个单一的许可证，而是根据麻省理工学院Massachusetts Institute of Technology（MIT）为发行版本准备的语言衍生出来一系列许可证形式。多年来，无论是对于使用它的原始项目，还是作为其他项目的范本，它经历了许多变化。Fedora 项目一直保持着 [收藏 MIT 许可证的好奇心][2]，以纯文本的方式记录了那些平淡的变化，如同泡在甲醛中的解剖标本一般，追溯了它的各种演变。 -幸运的是，[OSI（开放源码倡议）][3] 和 [Software Package Data eXchange（软件数据包交换）]团体已经将一种通用的 MIT 式的许可证形式标准化为”MIT 许可证“。而 OSI 则采用了 SPDX 标准化的[字符串标志符][5]，并将其中的 ”MIT“ 明确的指向标准化形式的”MIT 许可证“ +幸运的是，[开放源码倡议组织][3]Open Source Initiative（OSI） 和 [软件数据包交换][4]Software Package Data eXchange组织（SPDX）已经将一种通用的 MIT 式的许可证形式标准化为“MIT 许可证The MIT License”。OSI 则采用了 SPDX 标准化的[字符串标志符][5]，并将其中的 “MIT” 明确的指向标准化形式的“MIT 许可证”。如果你想为一个新项目使用 MIT 式的条款，请使用[标准化的形式][1]。 -即使你在 “LICENSE” 文件中包含 “MIT 许可证”或 “SPDX:MIT“ ,任何负责的审查员仍会将文本与标准格式进行比较，以确保安全。尽管自称为“MIT 许可证”的各种许可证形式只在细微的细节上有所不同，但“MIT 许可证”的松散性吸引了一些作者加入麻烦的“定制”。典型的糟糕、不好的例子是[JSON 许可证][6]，一个 MIT 家族的许可证被加上了“这个软件应该被应用于好的，而不是恶的”。这件事情可能是“非常克罗克福特”的（译者注，JSON 格式和 JSON.org 的作者）。这绝对是一件麻烦事，也许这个笑话应该只是在律师身上，但它一直延伸到银行业。 +即使你在 `LICENSE` 文件中包含 The MIT License” 或 “SPDX:MIT”，任何负责的审查者仍会将文本与标准格式进行比较，以确保安全。尽管自称为“MIT 许可证”的各种许可证形式只在细微的细节上有所不同，但什么视作“MIT 许可证”的松散性已经诱使了一些作者加入麻烦的“自定义”。典型的糟糕、不好的、非常坏的例子是 [JSON 许可证][6]，一个 MIT 家族的许可证被加上了“本软件应用于善，而非恶”。这件事情可能是“非常克罗克福特”的（LCTT 译者注，JSON 格式和 JSON.org 的作者）。这绝对是一件麻烦事，也许这个玩笑本来是开在律师身上的。但他们却笑得前仰后合。 -这个故事的寓意是：“MIT 许可证”本身就是模棱两可的。大家可能很清楚你的意思，但你只需要把标准的 MIT 许可证文本复制到你的项目中，就可以节省每个人的时间。如果使用元数据（如包管理器中的元数据文件）来制定 “MIT 许可证”，请确保 “LICENSE” 文件和任何头部的注释都适用标准的许可证文本。所有的这些都可以[自动化完成][7]。 +这个故事的寓意是：“MIT 许可证”本身就是模棱两可的。大家可能很清楚你的意思，但你只需要把标准的 MIT 许可证文本复制到你的项目中，就可以节省每个人的时间。如果使用元数据（如包管理器中的元数据文件）来指定 “MIT 许可证”，请确保 `LICENSE` 文件和任何头部的注释都使用标准的许可证文本。所有的这些都可以 [自动化完成][7]。 ##### 版权说明 From 198b723993a634bdcbac6ad5348551420dbcc077 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: MjSeven Date: Wed, 24 Feb 2021 19:54:13 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 002/309] Translating --- ...24 Ansible Ad-hoc Command Quick Start Guide with Examples.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20200124 Ansible Ad-hoc Command Quick Start Guide with Examples.md b/sources/tech/20200124 Ansible Ad-hoc Command Quick Start Guide with Examples.md index cb4783b6ab..4c704ae38a 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20200124 Ansible Ad-hoc Command Quick Start Guide with Examples.md +++ b/sources/tech/20200124 Ansible Ad-hoc Command Quick Start Guide with Examples.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (MjSeven) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 3a3f9eb7ab73ffb9851549d1b226ab6ed91a3b26 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Thu, 25 Feb 2021 05:03:59 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 003/309] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020210224=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Why=20Linux=20is=20critical=20to=20edge=20computing?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20210224 Why Linux is critical to edge computing.md --- ...Why Linux is critical to edge computing.md | 58 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 58 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20210224 Why Linux is critical to edge computing.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210224 Why Linux is critical to edge computing.md b/sources/tech/20210224 Why Linux is critical to edge computing.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..40dd0782a0 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20210224 Why Linux is critical to edge computing.md @@ -0,0 +1,58 @@ +[#]: subject: (Why Linux is critical to edge computing) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/2/linux-edge-computing) +[#]: author: (Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +Why Linux is critical to edge computing +====== +Get the edge on Linux so you can get Linux on the edge. +![People work on a computer server with devices][1] + +In 2021, there are more reasons why people love Linux than ever before. In this series, I'll share 21 different reasons to use Linux. Linux is the ideal operating system for experimenting with edge computing.  + +[Edge computing][2] is a model of infrastructure design that places many "compute nodes" (a fancy word for a _server_) geographically closer to people who use them most frequently. It can be part of the open hybrid-cloud model, in which a centralized data center exists to do all the heavy lifting but is bolstered by smaller regional servers to perform high frequency—but usually less demanding—tasks. Because Linux is so important to cloud computing, it's an ideal technology to learn if you intend to manage or maintain modern IT systems. + +Historically, a computer was a room-sized device hidden away in the bowels of a university or corporate head office. Client terminals in labs would connect to the computer and make requests for processing. It was a centralized system with access points scattered around the premises. As modern networked computing has evolved, this model has been mirrored unexpectedly. There are centralized data centers to provide serious processing power, with client computers scattered around so that users can connect. However, the centralized model makes less and less sense as demands for processing power and speed are ramping up, so the data centers are being augmented with distributed servers placed on the "edge" of the network, closer to the users who need them. + +The "edge" of a network is partly an imaginary place because network boundaries don't exactly map to physical space. However, servers can be strategically placed within the topography of a network to reduce the latency of connecting with them and serve as a buffer to help mitigate overloading a data center. + +### Diversity on the edge + +This strategy is known as **edge computing**, and it's a vital part of a highly available cloud infrastructure. And as much as Linux thrives in data centers, it's even more welcome out on the edge, where servers and devices run locally relevant software on every variety of architecture. This is the space of the Internet of Things (IoT) and embedded systems. If you know Linux, you're probably ready to maintain most of these devices. + +### Edge detection + +When you hear about edge computing, you're hearing about a model of network and infrastructure design. There isn't just one edge, and that's the advantage. For it to be helpful, there need to be different edges for different industries, locations, and requirements. The edge of a public access network should be different than the edge of a major finance company, which should be different than your home automation system. + +### Containers on the edge + +While it's not exclusive to Linux, [container technology][3] is an important part of cloud and edge computing. Getting to know Linux and [Linux containers][4] helps you learn to install, modify, and maintain "serverless" applications. As processing demands increase, it's more important to understand containers, [Kubernetes][5] and [KubeEdge][6], pods, and other tools that are key to load balancing and reliability. + +### Get the Linux edge + +The cloud is largely a Linux platform. While there are great layers of abstraction, such as Kubernetes and OpenShift, when you need to understand the underlying technology, you benefit from a healthy dose of Linux knowledge. The best way to learn it is to use it, and [Linux is remarkably easy to try][7]. Get the edge on Linux so you can get Linux on the edge. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/21/2/linux-edge-computing + +作者：[Seth Kenlon][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/seth +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/rh_003499_01_linux11x_cc.png?itok=XMDOouJR (People work on a computer server with devices) +[2]: https://www.redhat.com/en/topics/edge-computing +[3]: https://opensource.com/resources/what-are-linux-containers +[4]: https://opensource.com/article/18/11/behind-scenes-linux-containers +[5]: https://enterprisersproject.com/article/2017/10/how-explain-kubernetes-plain-english +[6]: https://opensource.com/article/21/1/kubeedge +[7]: https://opensource.com/article/21/2/try-linux From 0c3fe73503f583c271d38e4a7021f27ebb257b5e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Thu, 25 Feb 2021 05:04:20 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 004/309] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020210224=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Set=20your=20path=20in=20FreeDOS?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20210224 Set your path in FreeDOS.md --- .../tech/20210224 Set your path in FreeDOS.md | 179 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 179 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20210224 Set your path in FreeDOS.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210224 Set your path in FreeDOS.md b/sources/tech/20210224 Set your path in FreeDOS.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..079f892fc1 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20210224 Set your path in FreeDOS.md @@ -0,0 +1,179 @@ +[#]: subject: (Set your path in FreeDOS) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/2/path-freedos) +[#]: author: (Kevin O'Brien https://opensource.com/users/ahuka) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +Set your path in FreeDOS +====== +Learn about your FreeDOS path, how to set it, and how to use it. +![Looking at a map for career journey][1] + +Everything you do in the open source [FreeDOS][2] operating system is done from the command line. The command line begins with a _prompt_, which is the computer's way of saying, "I'm ready. Give me something to do." You can configure your prompt's appearance, but by default, it's: + + +``` +`C:\>` +``` + +From the command line, you can do two things: Run an internal command or run a program. External commands are programs found in separate files in your `FDOS` directory, so running programs includes running external commands. It also means running the application software you use to do things with your computer. You can also run a batch file, but in that case, all you're doing is running a series of commands or programs that are listed in the batch file. + +### Executable application files + +FreeDOS can run three types of application files: + + 1. **COM** is a file in machine language less than 64KB in size. + 2. **EXE** is a file in machine language that can be larger than 64KB. EXE files also have information at the beginning of the file telling DOS what type of file it is and how to load and run it. + 3. **BAT** is a _batch file_ written with a text editor in ASCII text format containing FreeDOS commands that are executed in batch mode. This means each command is executed in sequence until the file ends. + + + +If you enter an application name that FreeDOS does not recognize as either an internal command or a program, you get the error message _Bad command or filename_. If you see this error, it means one of three things: + + 1. The name you gave is incorrect for some reason. Possibly you misspelled the file name, or maybe you're using the wrong command name. Check the name and the spelling and try again. + 2. Maybe the program you are trying to run is not installed on the computer. Verify that it is installed. + 3. The file does exist, but FreeDOS doesn't know where to find it. + + + +The final item on this list is the subject of this article, and it's referred to as the `PATH`. If you're used to Linux or Unix already, you may already understand the concept of [the PATH variable][3]. If you're new to the command line, the path is an important thing to get comfortable with. + +### The path + +When you enter the name of an executable application file, FreeDOS has to find it. FreeDOS looks for the file in a specific hierarchy of locations: + + 1. First, it looks in the active directory of the current drive (called the _working directory_). If you're in the directory `C:\FDOS`, and you type in the name `FOOBAR.EXE`, FreeDOS looks in `C:\FDOS` for a file with that name. You don't even need to type in the entire name. If you type in `FOOBAR`, FreeDOS looks for any executable file with that name, whether it's `FOOBAR.EXE`, `FOOBAR.COM`, or `FOOBAR.BAT`. Should FreeDOS find a file matching that name, it runs it. + 2. If FreeDOS does not find a file with the name you've entered, it consults something called the `PATH`. This is a list of directories that DOS has been instructed to check whenever it cannot find a file in the current active directory. + + + +You can see your computer's path at any time by using the `PATH` command. Just type `path` at the FreeDOS prompt, and FreeDOS returns your path setting: + + +``` +C:\>path +PATH=C:\FDOS\BIN +``` + +The first line is the prompt and the command, and the second line is what the computer returned. You can see that the first place DOS looks is `FDOS\BIN`, which is located on the `C` drive. If you want to change your path, you can enter a path command and the new path you want to use: + + +``` +`C:\>path=C:\HOME\BIN;C:\FDOS\BIN` +``` + +In this example, I set my path to my personal `BIN` folder, which I keep in a custom directory called `HOME`, and then to `FDOS\BIN`. Now when you check your path: + + +``` +C:\>path +PATH=C:\HOME\BIN;C:\FDOS\BIN +``` + +The path setting is processed in the order that directories are listed. + +You may notice that some characters are lower case and some upper case. It really doesn't matter which you use. FreeDOS is not case-sensitive and treats everything as an upper-case letter. Internally, FreeDOS uses all upper-case letters, which is why you see the output from your commands in upper case. If you type commands and file names in lower case, a converter automatically converts them to upper case, and they are executed. + +Entering a new path replaces whatever the path was set to previously. + +### The autoexec.bat file + +The next question you might have is where that first path, the one FreeDOS uses by default, came from. That, along with several other important settings, is defined in the `AUTOEXEC.BAT` file located at the root of your `C` drive. This is a batch file that automatically executes (hence the name) when you start FreeDOS. You can edit this file with the FreeDOS program `EDIT`. To see or edit the contents of this file, enter the following command: + + +``` +`C:\>edit autoexec.bat` +``` + +This line appears near the top: + + +``` +`SET PATH=%dosdir%\BIN` +``` + +This line defines the value of the default path. + +After you look at `AUTOEXEC.BAT`, you can exit the EDIT application by pressing the following keys in order: + + 1. Alt + 2. f + 3. x + + + +You can also use the keyboard shortcut **Alt**+**X**. + +### Using the full path + +If you forget to include `C:\FDOS\BIN` in your path, you won't have immediate access to any of the applications stored there because FreeDOS won't know where to find them. For instance, imagine I set my path to my personal collection of applications: + + +``` +`C:\>path=C:\HOME\BIN` +``` + +Applications built into the command line still work: + + +``` +C:\cd HOME +C:\HOME>dir +ARTICLES +BIN +CHEATSHEETS +GAMES +DND +``` + +However, external commands fail: + + +``` +C:HOME\ARTICLES>BZIP2 -c example.txt +Bad command or filename - "BZIP2" +``` + +You can always execute a command that you know is on your system but not in your path by providing the _full path_ to the file: + + +``` +C:HOME\ARTICLES>C:\FDOS\BIN\BZIP2 -c example.txt +C:HOME\ARTICLES>DIR +example.txb +``` + +You can execute applications from external media or other directories the same way. + +### FreeDOS path + +Generally, you probably want to keep `C:\PDOS\BIN` in your path because it contains all the default applications distributed with FreeDOS. + +Unless you change the path in `AUTOEXEC.BAT`, the default path is restored after a reboot. + +Now that you know how to manage your path in FreeDOS, you can execute commands and maintain your working environment in whatever way works best for you. + +* * * + +_Thanks to [DOS Lesson 5: The Path][4] (published under a CC BY-SA 4.0 license) for some of the information in this article._ + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/21/2/path-freedos + +作者：[Kevin O'Brien][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/ahuka +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/career_journey_road_gps_path_map_520.png?itok=PpL6jJgY (Looking at a map for career journey) +[2]: https://www.freedos.org/ +[3]: https://opensource.com/article/17/6/set-path-linux +[4]: https://www.ahuka.com/dos-lessons-for-self-study-purposes/dos-lesson-5-the-path/ From 8bbb3be14f14fbef71839c46af2df258b6d9e377 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Thu, 25 Feb 2021 05:04:37 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 005/309] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020210224=20?= =?UTF-8?q?A=20little=20tool=20to=20make=20DNS=20queries?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20210224 A little tool to make DNS queries.md --- ...10224 A little tool to make DNS queries.md | 155 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 155 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20210224 A little tool to make DNS queries.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210224 A little tool to make DNS queries.md b/sources/tech/20210224 A little tool to make DNS queries.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..c771dd9f16 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20210224 A little tool to make DNS queries.md @@ -0,0 +1,155 @@ +[#]: subject: (A little tool to make DNS queries) +[#]: via: (https://jvns.ca/blog/2021/02/24/a-little-tool-to-make-dns-queries/) +[#]: author: (Julia Evans https://jvns.ca/) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +A little tool to make DNS queries +====== + +Hello! I made a small tool to make DNS queries over the last couple of days, and you can try it at . + +I started thinking about this because I’m working on writing a zine about owning a domain name, and I wanted to encourage people to make a bunch of DNS queries to understand what the responses look like. + +So I tried to find other tools are available to make DNS queries. + +### dig is kind of complicated + +I usually make DNS queries using `dig`, like this. + +``` +$ dig jvns.ca + +; <<>> DiG 9.16.1-Ubuntu <<>> a jvns.ca +;; global options: +cmd +;; Got answer: +;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 8447 +;; flags: qr rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 2, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 1 + +;; OPT PSEUDOSECTION: +; EDNS: version: 0, flags:; udp: 512 +;; QUESTION SECTION: +;jvns.ca. IN A + +;; ANSWER SECTION: +jvns.ca. 216 IN A 104.21.5.215 +jvns.ca. 216 IN A 172.67.133.222 + +;; Query time: 40 msec +;; SERVER: fdaa:0:bff::3#53(fdaa:0:bff::3) +;; WHEN: Wed Feb 24 08:53:22 EST 2021 +;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 68 +``` + +This is great if you’re used to reading it and if you know which parts to ignore and which parts to pay attention to, but for many people this is too much information. + +Like, what does `flags: qr rd ra` mean? Why does it say `QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 2, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 1`? What is the point of `MSG SIZE rcvd: 68`? What does `IN` mean? I mostly know the answers to these questions becuase I implemented a toy DNS server one time, but it’s kinda confusing! + +### google webmaster tools has a nice interface for making DNS queries + +Google has a [DNS lookup tool][1] with a simple web interface that lets you type in a domain name, click the kind of record you want (`A`, `AAAA`, etc), and get the response. I was really excited about this and I thought, “ok, great, this is what I can tell people to use!”. + +But then I looked at the output of the tool, which you can see in this screenshot: + +![][2] + +This is just as bad as dig! (the tool is called “dig”, so it’s not a big surprise, but still :)). So I thought it would be a fun project to make a DNS lookup tool with output that’s more comprehensible by humans + +I also wanted to add an option for people to query all the record types at once. + +### what my lookup tool looks like + +I copied the query design from the Google tool because I thought it was nice, but I put the answers in a table and left out a lot of information I thought wasn’t necessary for most people like the flags, and the `IN` (we’re all on the internet!) + +It has a GET ME ALL THE RECORDS button which will make a query for each record type. + +[![][3]][4] + +I also made a responsive version of the table because it got too wide for a phone: + +[![][5]][4] + +### to get all the record types, you need to make multiple queries + +The Google tool has an `ANY` option which makes an `ANY` DNS query for the domain. Some DNS servers support getting all the DNS records with an ANY query, but not all do – Cloudflare has a good blog post explaining [why they removed support for ANY][6]. + +So instead of making an `ANY` query (which usually doesn’t work), the tool I made just kicks off a query for each record type it wants to know about. + +### the record type isn’t redundant + +At first when I was removing redundant information I thought the record type was redundant too (if you’re making an A query, the responses you get back will be A records, right?), but then I remembered that this actually isn’t true – you can see in [this query for A records on www.twitter.com][7] that it replies with a CNAME record because [www.twitter.com][8] is CNAMEd to twitter.com. + +### how it works + +The source is on GitHub at . + +It’s basically just 3 files right now: + + * [dns.js][9] (some Javascript using vue.js) + * [index.html][10] + * [dns.go][11] is the backend, it’s a Go HTTP handler running on Netlify functions + + + +Using an AWS Lambda-style function was really nice and made this project super easy to deploy. It’s fun not to have worry about servers! + +Originally I thought I was going to use the DNS code in the Go standard library, but I ended up using to make the DNS queries because it seemed simpler. + +I also tried to use Node’s DNS library to write the backend in Javascript before I switched to Go, but I couldn’t figure out how to get that library to return a TTL for my DNS queries. I think this kind of systems-y thing is generally simpler in Go anyway. + +### other DNS lookup tools + +As always, after I made this, people told me about some other useful tools in the space. Here they are: + + * [zone.vision][12], which is nice because it queries the authoritative nameservers for a domain directly + * [mxtoolbox.com][13], which seems a bit more oriented towards MX/SPF queries but does lots more + * the [Google DNS lookup tool][1] again + + + +If you know of others I’d love to add them here! + +### things I might add + +some things on my list are: + + * maybe reverse DNS queries (technically they’re supported right now if you know how to type in 4.3.2.1.in-addr.arpa, but who has time for that) + * support for more DNS query types (I want to figure how to support all query types without cluttering up the UI too much) + * tooltips explaining what a TTL is + * maybe make the design less of a copy of that Google tool, it has kind of a material design vibe and I don’t know if I love it :) + + + +### a link to the tool again + +Here’s it is! . + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://jvns.ca/blog/2021/02/24/a-little-tool-to-make-dns-queries/ + +作者：[Julia Evans][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://jvns.ca/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://toolbox.googleapps.com/apps/dig/#A/ +[2]: https://jvns.ca/images/google-tool.png +[3]: https://jvns.ca/images/my-tool.png +[4]: https://dns-lookup.jvns.ca +[5]: https://jvns.ca/images/responsive.png +[6]: https://blog.cloudflare.com/deprecating-dns-any-meta-query-type/ +[7]: https://dns-lookup.jvns.ca/#www.twitter.com%7CA +[8]: http://www.twitter.com +[9]: https://github.com/jvns/dns-lookup/blob/4be37ca3681480ed0f15a670fbd854ca427329de/site/dns.js +[10]: https://github.com/jvns/dns-lookup/blob/4be37ca3681480ed0f15a670fbd854ca427329de/site/index.html +[11]: https://github.com/jvns/dns-lookup/blob/4be37ca3681480ed0f15a670fbd854ca427329de/dns.go +[12]: https://zone.vision/#/twitter.com +[13]: https://mxtoolbox.com/SuperTool.aspx From 6b2597c985a7e005da8655a0ae52c500d76206c1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Thu, 25 Feb 2021 08:41:21 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 006/309] translated --- ...tube-dl in Terminal- Use These GUI Apps.md | 169 ----------------- ...tube-dl in Terminal- Use These GUI Apps.md | 170 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 170 insertions(+), 169 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20210221 Not Comfortable Using youtube-dl in Terminal- Use These GUI Apps.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20210221 Not Comfortable Using youtube-dl in Terminal- Use These GUI Apps.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210221 Not Comfortable Using youtube-dl in Terminal- Use These GUI Apps.md b/sources/tech/20210221 Not Comfortable Using youtube-dl in Terminal- Use These GUI Apps.md deleted file mode 100644 index 24161373e4..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20210221 Not Comfortable Using youtube-dl in Terminal- Use These GUI Apps.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,169 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (Not Comfortable Using youtube-dl in Terminal? Use These GUI Apps) -[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/youtube-dl-gui-apps/) -[#]: author: (Ankush Das https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/) - -Not Comfortable Using youtube-dl in Terminal? Use These GUI Apps -====== - -If you’ve been following us, you probably already know that [youtube-dl project was taken down temporarily by GitHub][1] to comply with a request. - -Considering that it’s now restored and completely accessible, it is safe to say that it not an illegal tool out there. - -It is a very useful command-line tool that lets you [download videos from YouTube][2] and some other websites. [Using youtube-dl][3] is not that complicated but I understand that using commands for such tasks is not everyone’s favorite way. - -The good thing is that there are a few applications that provide GUI frontend for youtube-dl tool. - -### Prerequisites for Using youtube-dl GUI Apps - -Before you try some of the options mentioned below, you may need to have youtube-dl and [FFmpeg][4] installed on your system to be able to download / choose different format to download. - -You can follow our [complete guide on using ffmpeg][5] to set it up and explore more about it. - -To install [youtube-dl][6], you can type in the following commands in your Linux terminal: - -``` -sudo curl -L https://yt-dl.org/downloads/latest/youtube-dl -o /usr/local/bin/youtube-dl -``` - -Once you download the latest version, you just need to make it executable and ready for use by typing in: - -``` -sudo chmod a+rx /usr/local/bin/youtube-dl -``` - -You can also follow the [official setup instructions][7] if you need other methods to install it. - -### Youtube-dl GUI Apps - -Most download managers on Linux also allow you to download videos from YouTube and other websites. However, the youtube-dl GUI apps might have additional options like extracting only audio or downloading the videos in a particular resolution and video format. - -Do note that the list below is in no particular order of ranking. You may choose what suits your requirements. - -#### 1\. AllTube Download - -![][8] - -**Key Features:** - - * Web GUI - * Open-Source - * Self-host option - - - -AllTube is an open-source web GUI that you can access by visiting - -If you choose to utilize this, you do not need to install youtube-dl or ffmpeg on your system. It offers a simple user interface where you just have to paste the URL of the video and then proceed to choose your preferred file format to download. You can also choose to deploy it on your server. - -Do note that you cannot extract the MP3 file of a video using this tool, it is only applicable for videos. You can explore more about it through their [GitHub page][9]. - -[AllTube Download Web GUI][10] - -#### 2\. youtube-dl GUI - -![][11] - -**Key Features:** - - * Cross-platform - * Displays estimated download size - * Audio and video download option available - - - -A useful cross-platform GUI app made using electron and node.js. You can easily download both audio and video along with the option to choose various file formats available. - -You also get the ability to download parts of a channel or playlist, if you want. The estimated download size definitely comes in handy especially if you are downloading high quality video files. - -As mentioned, it is also available for Windows and macOS. And, you will get an AppImage file available for Linux in its [GitHub releases][12]. - -[Youtube-dl GUI][13] - -#### 3\. Videomass - -![][14] - -**Key Features:** - - * Cross-platform - * Convert audio/video format - * Multiple URLs supported - * Suitable for users who also want to utilize FFmpeg - - - -If you want to download video or audio from YouTube and also convert them to your preferred format, Videomass can be a nice option. - -To make this work, you need both youtube-dl and ffmpeg installed on your system. You can easily add multiple URLs to download and also set the output directory as you like. - -![][15] - -You also get some advanced settings to disable youtube-dl, change file preferences, and a few more handy options as you explore. - -It offers a PPA for Ubuntu users and an AppImage file for any other Linux distribution. Explore more about it in its [GitHu][16][b][16] [page][16]. - -[Videomass][17] - -#### Additional Mention: Haruna Video Player - -![][18] - -**Key Features:** - - * Play/Stream YouTube videos - - - -Haruna video player is originally a front-end for [MPV][19]. Even though you cannot download YouTube videos using it, you can watch/stream YouTube videos through youtube-dl. - -You can explore more about the video player in our [original article][20] about it. - -### Wrapping Up - -Even though you may find more youtube-dl GUIs on GitHub and other platforms, most of them do not function well and end up showing multiple errors or aren’t actively developed anymore. - -[Tartube][21] is one such option that you can try, but it may not work as expected. I tested it with Pop!_OS and on Ubuntu MATE 20.04 (fresh install). Every time I try to download something, it fails, no matter what I do (even with youtube-dl and ffmpeg installed in the system). - -So, my personal favorite seems to be the web GUI ([AllTube Download][9]) that does not depend on anything installed on your system and can be self-hosted as well. - -Let me know in the comments what works for you best and if I’ve missed any of your favorite options. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://itsfoss.com/youtube-dl-gui-apps/ - -作者：[Ankush Das][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://itsfoss.com/youtube-dl-github-takedown/ -[2]: https://itsfoss.com/download-youtube-videos-ubuntu/ -[3]: https://itsfoss.com/download-youtube-linux/ -[4]: https://ffmpeg.org/ -[5]: https://itsfoss.com/ffmpeg/#install -[6]: https://youtube-dl.org/ -[7]: https://ytdl-org.github.io/youtube-dl/download.html -[8]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/alltube-download.jpg?resize=772%2C593&ssl=1 -[9]: https://github.com/Rudloff/alltube -[10]: https://alltubedownload.net/ -[11]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/youtube-dl-gui.jpg?resize=800%2C548&ssl=1 -[12]: https://github.com/jely2002/youtube-dl-gui/releases/tag/v1.8.7 -[13]: https://github.com/jely2002/youtube-dl-gui -[14]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/videomass.jpg?resize=800%2C537&ssl=1 -[15]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/videomass-1.jpg?resize=800%2C542&ssl=1 -[16]: https://github.com/jeanslack/Videomass -[17]: https://jeanslack.github.io/Videomass/ -[18]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/haruna-video-player-dark.jpg?resize=800%2C512&ssl=1 -[19]: https://mpv.io/ -[20]: https://itsfoss.com/haruna-video-player/ -[21]: https://github.com/axcore/tartube diff --git a/translated/tech/20210221 Not Comfortable Using youtube-dl in Terminal- Use These GUI Apps.md b/translated/tech/20210221 Not Comfortable Using youtube-dl in Terminal- Use These GUI Apps.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ee156e58d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20210221 Not Comfortable Using youtube-dl in Terminal- Use These GUI Apps.md @@ -0,0 +1,170 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Not Comfortable Using youtube-dl in Terminal? Use These GUI Apps) +[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/youtube-dl-gui-apps/) +[#]: author: (Ankush Das https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/) + +不习惯在终端使用 youtube-dl？使用这些 GUI 应用 +====== + +如果你一直在关注我们，可能已经知道 [youtube-dl 项目被 GitHub 暂时下架][1]以符合要求。 + +考虑到它现在已经恢复并完全可以访问，可以说它并不是一个非法的工具。 + +它是一个非常有用的命令行工具，可以让你[从 YouTube][2] 和其他一些网站下载视频。使用 [youtube-dl][3] 并不复杂，但我明白使用命令来完成这种任务并不是每个人都喜欢的方式。 + +好在有一些应用为 youtube-dl 工具提供了 GUI 前端。 + +### 使用 youtube-dl GUI 应用的先决条件 + +在你尝试下面提到的一些选择之前，你可能需要在你的系统上安装 youtube-dl 和 [FFmpeg][4]，才能够下载/选择不同的格式进行下载。 + +你可以按照我们的 [ffmpeg 使用完整指南][5]进行设置，并探索更多关于它的内容。 + +要安装 [youtube-dl][6]，你可以在 Linux 终端输入以下命令： + +``` +sudo curl -L https://yt-dl.org/downloads/latest/youtube-dl -o /usr/local/bin/youtube-dl +``` + +下载最新版本后，你只需要输入以下内容使其可执行就可使用： + +``` +sudo chmod a+rx /usr/local/bin/youtube-dl +``` + +如果你需要其他方法安装它，也可以按照[官方安装说明][7]进行安装。 + +### Youtube-dl GUI 应用 + +大多数 Linux 上的下载管理器也允许你从 YouTube 和其他网站下载视频。然而，youtube-dl GUI 应用可能有额外的选项，如只提取音频或下载特定分辨率和视频格式。 + +请注意，下面的列表没有特别的排名顺序。你可以根据你的要求选择。 + +#### 1\. AllTube Download + +![][8] + +**主要特点：** + + * Web GUI + * 开源 + * 自我托管选择 + + + +AllTube 是一个开源的 web GUI，你可以通过 来访问。 + +如果你选择使用这款软件，你不需要在系统上安装 youtube-dl 或 ffmpeg。它提供了一个简单的用户界面，你只需要粘贴视频的 URL，然后继续选择你喜欢的文件格式下载。你也可以选择将其部署在你的服务器上。 + +请注意，你不能使用这个工具提取视频的 MP3 文件，它只适用于视频。你可以通过他们的 [GitHub 页面][9]探索更多关于它的信息。 + +[AllTube Download Web GUI][10] + +#### 2\. youtube-dl GUI + +![][11] + +**主要特点：** + + * 跨平台 + * 显示预计下载大小 + * 有音频和视频下载选择 + + + +一个使用 electron 和 node.js 制作的有用的跨平台 GUI 应用。你可以很容易地下载音频和视频，以及选择各种可用的文件格式的选项。 + +如果你愿意的话，你还可以下载一个频道或播放列表的部分内容。特别是当你下载高质量的视频文件时，预计的下载大小绝对是非常方便的。 + +如上所述，它也适用于 Windows 和 MacOS。而且，你会在它的 [GitHub 发布][12]中得到一个适用于 Linux 的 AppImage 文件。 + +[Youtube-dl GUI][13] + +#### 3\. Videomass + +![][14] + +**主要特点：** + + * 跨平台 + * 转换音频/视频格式 + * 支持多个 URL + * 适用于也想使用 FFmpeg 的用户 + + + +如果你想从 YouTube 下载视频或音频，并将它们转换为你喜欢的格式，Videomass 可以是一个不错的选择。 + +要做到这点，你需要在你的系统上同时安装 youtube-dl 和 ffmpeg。你可以轻松的添加多个 URL 来下载，还可以根据自己的喜好设置输出目录。 + +![][15] + +你还可以获得一些高级设置来禁用 youtube-dl，改变文件首选项，以及随着你的探索，还有一些更方便的选项。 + +它为 Ubuntu 用户提供了一个 PPA，为任何其他 Linux 发行版提供了一个 AppImage 文件。在它的 [Github 页面][16]探索更多信息。 + +[Videomass][17] + +#### 额外说明：Haruna Video Player + +![][18] + +**主要特点：** + + * 播放/流式传输 YouTube 视频 + + + +Haruna Video Player 原本是 [MPV][19] 的前端。虽然使用它不能下载 YouTube 视频，但可以通过 youtube-dl 观看/流式传输 YouTube 视频。 + +你可以在我们的[原始文章][20]中探索更多关于视频播放器的内容。 + +### 总结 + +尽管你可能会在 GitHub 和其他平台上找到更多的 youtube-dl GUI，但它们中的大多数都不能很好地运行，最终会显示出多个错误，或者不再积极开发。 + +[Tartube][21] 就是这样的一个选择，你可以尝试一下，但可能无法达到预期的效果。我用 Pop!_OS 和 Ubuntu MATE 20.04（全新安装）进行了测试。每次我尝试下载一些东西时，无论我怎么做都会失败（即使系统中安装了 youtube-dl 和 ffmpeg）。 + + +所以，我个人最喜欢的似乎是 web GUI（[AllTube Download][9]），它不依赖于安装在你系统上的任何东西，也可以自我托管。 + +如果我错过了你最喜欢的选择，请在评论中告诉我什么是最适合你的。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/youtube-dl-gui-apps/ + +作者：[Ankush Das][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://itsfoss.com/youtube-dl-github-takedown/ +[2]: https://itsfoss.com/download-youtube-videos-ubuntu/ +[3]: https://itsfoss.com/download-youtube-linux/ +[4]: https://ffmpeg.org/ +[5]: https://itsfoss.com/ffmpeg/#install +[6]: https://youtube-dl.org/ +[7]: https://ytdl-org.github.io/youtube-dl/download.html +[8]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/alltube-download.jpg?resize=772%2C593&ssl=1 +[9]: https://github.com/Rudloff/alltube +[10]: https://alltubedownload.net/ +[11]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/youtube-dl-gui.jpg?resize=800%2C548&ssl=1 +[12]: https://github.com/jely2002/youtube-dl-gui/releases/tag/v1.8.7 +[13]: https://github.com/jely2002/youtube-dl-gui +[14]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/videomass.jpg?resize=800%2C537&ssl=1 +[15]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/videomass-1.jpg?resize=800%2C542&ssl=1 +[16]: https://github.com/jeanslack/Videomass +[17]: https://jeanslack.github.io/Videomass/ +[18]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/haruna-video-player-dark.jpg?resize=800%2C512&ssl=1 +[19]: https://mpv.io/ +[20]: https://itsfoss.com/haruna-video-player/ +[21]: https://github.com/axcore/tartube From ec94b151303b718c50fe21ab4a5fe080c8e18b18 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Thu, 25 Feb 2021 08:46:56 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 007/309] translating --- ...- Terminal Tool -Friendly Alternative to du and df commands.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20210224 Check Your Disk Usage Using ‘duf- Terminal Tool -Friendly Alternative to du and df commands.md b/sources/tech/20210224 Check Your Disk Usage Using ‘duf- Terminal Tool -Friendly Alternative to du and df commands.md index 794767a375..8082df5bf6 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20210224 Check Your Disk Usage Using ‘duf- Terminal Tool -Friendly Alternative to du and df commands.md +++ b/sources/tech/20210224 Check Your Disk Usage Using ‘duf- Terminal Tool -Friendly Alternative to du and df commands.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From e2e9d39c6ca6d4e5efd8df172405a1fff16aa05d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: MZZZ Date: Thu, 25 Feb 2021 09:10:35 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 008/309] MZqk is translating --- ...ew of Container-to-Container Communications in Kubernetes.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20210115 Review of Container-to-Container Communications in Kubernetes.md b/sources/tech/20210115 Review of Container-to-Container Communications in Kubernetes.md index 0c18578a9c..c79503bbc9 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20210115 Review of Container-to-Container Communications in Kubernetes.md +++ b/sources/tech/20210115 Review of Container-to-Container Communications in Kubernetes.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (MZqk) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 8c61264dfb22eed8ed7403ae96d5197325b179c8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Thu, 25 Feb 2021 13:48:34 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 009/309] Rename sources/tech/20210224 Why Linux is critical to edge computing.md to sources/talk/20210224 Why Linux is critical to edge computing.md --- .../20210224 Why Linux is critical to edge computing.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename sources/{tech => talk}/20210224 Why Linux is critical to edge computing.md (100%) diff --git a/sources/tech/20210224 Why Linux is critical to edge computing.md b/sources/talk/20210224 Why Linux is critical to edge computing.md similarity index 100% rename from sources/tech/20210224 Why Linux is critical to edge computing.md rename to sources/talk/20210224 Why Linux is critical to edge computing.md From 02c1ceb947fc50ee5ef703296143dc09e95f48e4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Thu, 25 Feb 2021 14:04:08 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 010/309] PRF @geekpi --- ...al Graph Plotting App for Linux Desktop.md | 24 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20210216 Meet Plots- A Mathematical Graph Plotting App for Linux Desktop.md b/translated/tech/20210216 Meet Plots- A Mathematical Graph Plotting App for Linux Desktop.md index e732ddf738..0dde61c931 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20210216 Meet Plots- A Mathematical Graph Plotting App for Linux Desktop.md +++ b/translated/tech/20210216 Meet Plots- A Mathematical Graph Plotting App for Linux Desktop.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (Meet Plots: A Mathematical Graph Plotting App for Linux Desktop) @@ -10,17 +10,19 @@ 认识 Plots：一款适用于 Linux 桌面的数学图形绘图应用 ====== -Plots 是一款图形绘图应用，它可以轻松实现数学公式的可视化。你可以用它来绘制任意三角函数、双曲函数、指数函数和对数函数的和和积。 +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/202102/25/140338su2fju6016t5q2tz.jpg) + +Plots 是一款图形绘图应用，它可以轻松实现数学公式的可视化。你可以用它来绘制任意三角函数、双曲函数、指数函数和对数函数的和与积。 ### 在 Linux 上使用 Plots 绘制数学图形 -[Plots][1] 是一款简单的应用，它的灵感来自于像 [Desmos][2] 这样的网络图形绘图应用。它能让你绘制不同数学函数的图形，你可以交互式地输入这些函数，还可以自定义绘图的颜色。 +[Plots][1] 是一款简单的应用，它的灵感来自于像 [Desmos][2] 这样的 Web 图形绘图应用。它能让你绘制不同数学函数的图形，你可以交互式地输入这些函数，还可以自定义绘图的颜色。 Plots 是用 Python 编写的，它使用 [OpenGL][3] 来利用现代硬件。它使用 GTK 3，因此可以很好地与 GNOME 桌面集成。 ![][4] -使用 plots 是很直接的。要添加一个新的方程，点击加号。点击垃圾箱图标可以删除方程。还可以选择撤销和重做。你也可以放大和缩小。 +使用 Plots 非常直白。要添加一个新的方程，点击加号。点击垃圾箱图标可以删除方程。还可以选择撤销和重做。你也可以放大和缩小。 ![][5] @@ -28,7 +30,7 @@ Plots 是用 Python 编写的，它使用 [OpenGL][3] 来利用现代硬件。 ![][6] -在深色模式下，侧栏公式区域变成了深色，但主绘图区域仍然是白色。我相信这也许是设计好的。 +在深色模式下，侧栏公式区域变成了深色，但主绘图区域仍然是白色。我相信这也许是这样设计的。 你可以使用多个函数，并将它们全部绘制在一张图中： @@ -36,7 +38,7 @@ Plots 是用 Python 编写的，它使用 [OpenGL][3] 来利用现代硬件。 我发现它在尝试粘贴一些它无法理解的方程时崩溃了。如果你写了一些它不能理解的东西，或者与现有的方程冲突，所有图形都会消失，去掉不正确的方程就会恢复图形。 -不幸的是，没有导出绘图或复制到剪贴板的选项。你可以随时[在 Linux 中截图][8]，并在你要添加图像的文档中使用它。 +不幸的是，没有导出绘图或复制到剪贴板的选项。你可以随时 [在 Linux 中截图][8]，并在你要添加图像的文档中使用它。 ### 在 Linux 上安装 Plots @@ -50,17 +52,17 @@ sudo apt update sudo apt install plots ``` -对于其他基于 Debian 的发行版，你可以使用[这里][13]的 [deb 文件安装][12]。 +对于其他基于 Debian 的发行版，你可以使用 [这里][13] 的 [deb 文件安装][12]。 我没有在 AUR 软件包列表中找到它，但是作为 Arch Linux 用户，你可以使用 Flatpak 软件包或者使用 Python 安装它。 -[Plots Flatpak Package][14] +- [Plots Flatpak 软件包][14] 如果你感兴趣，可以在它的 GitHub 仓库中查看源代码。如果你喜欢这款应用，请考虑在 GitHub 上给它 star。 -[GitHub 上的 Plots 源码][1] +- [GitHub 上的 Plots 源码][1] -**结论** +### 结论 Plots 主要用于帮助学生学习数学或相关科目，但它在很多其他场景下也能发挥作用。我知道不是每个人都需要，但肯定会对学术界和学校的人有帮助。 @@ -75,7 +77,7 @@ via: https://itsfoss.com/plots-graph-app/ 作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 6a0be267fa5c14b2604ac50a8471fc1861173596 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Thu, 25 Feb 2021 14:04:37 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 011/309] PUB @geekpi https://linux.cn/article-13151-1.html --- ...ts- A Mathematical Graph Plotting App for Linux Desktop.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20210216 Meet Plots- A Mathematical Graph Plotting App for Linux Desktop.md (98%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20210216 Meet Plots- A Mathematical Graph Plotting App for Linux Desktop.md b/published/20210216 Meet Plots- A Mathematical Graph Plotting App for Linux Desktop.md similarity index 98% rename from translated/tech/20210216 Meet Plots- A Mathematical Graph Plotting App for Linux Desktop.md rename to published/20210216 Meet Plots- A Mathematical Graph Plotting App for Linux Desktop.md index 0dde61c931..1232812fab 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20210216 Meet Plots- A Mathematical Graph Plotting App for Linux Desktop.md +++ b/published/20210216 Meet Plots- A Mathematical Graph Plotting App for Linux Desktop.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-13151-1.html) [#]: subject: (Meet Plots: A Mathematical Graph Plotting App for Linux Desktop) [#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/plots-graph-app/) [#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/) From dbc12a7890206f80d22d27dafaafb171766ba378 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Thu, 25 Feb 2021 14:29:11 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 012/309] PRF&PUB @wxy https://linux.cn/article-13152-1.html --- ... Open-Source Customizable Prompt for Any Shell.md | 12 +++++++----- 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20210220 Starship- Open-Source Customizable Prompt for Any Shell.md (94%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20210220 Starship- Open-Source Customizable Prompt for Any Shell.md b/published/20210220 Starship- Open-Source Customizable Prompt for Any Shell.md similarity index 94% rename from translated/tech/20210220 Starship- Open-Source Customizable Prompt for Any Shell.md rename to published/20210220 Starship- Open-Source Customizable Prompt for Any Shell.md index 76b804b1e9..0f04781757 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20210220 Starship- Open-Source Customizable Prompt for Any Shell.md +++ b/published/20210220 Starship- Open-Source Customizable Prompt for Any Shell.md @@ -1,15 +1,17 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (wxy) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-13152-1.html) [#]: subject: (Starship: Open-Source Customizable Prompt for Any Shell) [#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/starship/) [#]: author: (Ankush Das https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/) -Starship： 跨 shell 的可定制的提示符 +Starship：跨 shell 的可定制的提示符 ====== +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/202102/25/142817taqq2ahab0t61zss.jpg) + > 如果你很在意你的终端的外观的话，一个跨 shell 的提示符可以让你轻松地定制和配置 Linux 终端提示符。 虽然我已经介绍了一些帮助你 [自定义终端外观][1] 的技巧，但我也发现了一些有趣的跨 shell 提示符的建议。 @@ -67,7 +69,7 @@ sudo apt install curl curl -fsSL https://starship.rs/install.sh | bash ``` -这应该会以 root 身份将 Starship 安装到 `usr/local/bin`。你可能会被提示输入密码。下面是它的样子： +这应该会以 root 身份将 Starship 安装到 `usr/local/bin`。你可能会被提示输入密码。看起来如下： ![][11] @@ -89,7 +91,7 @@ nano .bashrc ![][12] -完成后，只需重启终端或重启会话即可看到最小化的提示符。对于你的 shell 来说，它可能看起来有点不同，但默认情况下应该是一样的。 +完成后，只需重启终端或重启会话即可看到一个精简的提示符。对于你的 shell 来说，它可能看起来有点不同，但默认情况下应该是一样的。 ![][13] From ccb2455b5b354ec7aeea316c043b013226859ca7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Tracy <57056807+Tracygcz@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Thu, 25 Feb 2021 16:55:49 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 013/309] Update 20210214 Why programmers love Linux packaging.md Tracy is translating --- sources/tech/20210214 Why programmers love Linux packaging.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20210214 Why programmers love Linux packaging.md b/sources/tech/20210214 Why programmers love Linux packaging.md index 837b4a2aed..bb82a93193 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20210214 Why programmers love Linux packaging.md +++ b/sources/tech/20210214 Why programmers love Linux packaging.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (Tracygcz) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From a7cb20b47f6016c10616a40ff7dfd86ea095d934 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: amorsu <33998760+amorsu@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Thu, 25 Feb 2021 18:10:52 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 014/309] Update 20210212 4 reasons to choose Linux for art and design.md --- .../20210212 4 reasons to choose Linux for art and design.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20210212 4 reasons to choose Linux for art and design.md b/sources/tech/20210212 4 reasons to choose Linux for art and design.md index 6acb0ec2d8..3f12ca1aa7 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20210212 4 reasons to choose Linux for art and design.md +++ b/sources/tech/20210212 4 reasons to choose Linux for art and design.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (amorsu) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 2d6902eb7b53ef72883aa05388a1791639b35a98 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: amorsu <33998760+amorsu@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Thu, 25 Feb 2021 18:12:00 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 015/309] Update 20210212 4 reasons to choose Linux for art and design.md --- .../20210212 4 reasons to choose Linux for art and design.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20210212 4 reasons to choose Linux for art and design.md b/sources/tech/20210212 4 reasons to choose Linux for art and design.md index 3f12ca1aa7..b5d774c284 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20210212 4 reasons to choose Linux for art and design.md +++ b/sources/tech/20210212 4 reasons to choose Linux for art and design.md @@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/21/2/linux-art-design 作者：[Seth Kenlon][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +译者：[amorsu](https://github.com/amorsu) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From dd933ba9cc5c8516d2b70af38f054d61586093d9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: amorsu <33998760+amorsu@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Thu, 25 Feb 2021 18:28:46 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 016/309] Update 20210212 4 reasons to choose Linux for art and design.md --- .../20210212 4 reasons to choose Linux for art and design.md | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20210212 4 reasons to choose Linux for art and design.md b/sources/tech/20210212 4 reasons to choose Linux for art and design.md index b5d774c284..1c20cdce7a 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20210212 4 reasons to choose Linux for art and design.md +++ b/sources/tech/20210212 4 reasons to choose Linux for art and design.md @@ -8,10 +8,12 @@ [#]: author: (Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth) 4 reasons to choose Linux for art and design +选择Linux作为艺术和设计的4个理由 ====== Open source enhances creativity by breaking you out of a proprietary mindset and opening your mind to possibilities. Explore several open source creative programs. +开源会强化你的创造力。因为它把你带出私有化的思维定势，开阔你的视野，从而带来更多的可能性。看看几个开源的创意项目吧。 ![Painting art on a computer screen][1] In 2021, there are more reasons why people love Linux than ever before. In this series, I'll share 21 different reasons to use Linux. Today I'll explain why Linux is an excellent choice for creative work. From 6c6ac808d109703cc22522de89f06f9a77da9639 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: amorsu <33998760+amorsu@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Thu, 25 Feb 2021 18:49:26 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 017/309] Update 20210212 4 reasons to choose Linux for art and design.md --- ... reasons to choose Linux for art and design.md | 15 ++++++--------- 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20210212 4 reasons to choose Linux for art and design.md b/sources/tech/20210212 4 reasons to choose Linux for art and design.md index 1c20cdce7a..4ac8cd8f2e 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20210212 4 reasons to choose Linux for art and design.md +++ b/sources/tech/20210212 4 reasons to choose Linux for art and design.md @@ -7,18 +7,15 @@ [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/2/linux-art-design) [#]: author: (Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth) -4 reasons to choose Linux for art and design -选择Linux作为艺术和设计的4个理由 +选择Linux来做艺术设计的4个理由 ====== -Open source enhances creativity by breaking you out of a proprietary -mindset and opening your mind to possibilities. Explore several open -source creative programs. -开源会强化你的创造力。因为它把你带出私有化的思维定势，开阔你的视野，从而带来更多的可能性。看看几个开源的创意项目吧。 -![Painting art on a computer screen][1] -In 2021, there are more reasons why people love Linux than ever before. In this series, I'll share 21 different reasons to use Linux. Today I'll explain why Linux is an excellent choice for creative work. +开源会强化你的创造力。因为它把你带出私有化的思维定势，开阔你的视野，从而带来更多的可能性。探索一些开源的创意项目。 +![在一台电脑屏幕上的喷涂艺术][1] -Linux gets a lot of press for its amazing server and cloud computing software. It comes as a surprise to some that Linux happens to have a great set of creative tools, too, and that they easily rival popular creative apps in user experience and quality. When I first started using open source creative software, it wasn't because I didn't have access to the other software. Quite the contrary, I started using open source tools when I had the greatest access to the proprietary tools offered by several leading companies. I chose to switch to open source because open source made more sense and produced better results. Those are some big claims, so allow me to explain. +2021年，人们比以前的任何时候都更有理由来爱上Linux。在这个系列，我会分享21个选择Linux的原因。今天，让我来解释一下，为什么Linux是艺术设计的绝佳选择。 + +Linux在服务器和云计算方面获得很多的赞誉。让不少人感到惊讶的是，Linux刚好有一系列的创意设计工具，并且这些工具在用户体验和质量方面可以轻松打败那些流行的创意设计工具。我第一次使用开源的设计工具，并不是因为我没有其他工具可以选择。相反的，我是在接触了大量的这些领先的公司提供的私有化的设计工具后，才开始使用开源设计工具。我之所以最后选择开源设计工具是因为它们更合情而且我能获得更好的产出。以下是好几个方面，让我来慢慢解释吧！ ### High availability means high productivity From a413a4ef7feb98e119c6097d59a5c51b8d3fb92f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Fri, 26 Feb 2021 05:05:24 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 018/309] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020210225=20?= =?UTF-8?q?How=20to=20use=20the=20Linux=20anacron=20command?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20210225 How to use the Linux anacron command.md --- ...25 How to use the Linux anacron command.md | 170 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 170 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20210225 How to use the Linux anacron command.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210225 How to use the Linux anacron command.md b/sources/tech/20210225 How to use the Linux anacron command.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ee3e849111 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20210225 How to use the Linux anacron command.md @@ -0,0 +1,170 @@ +[#]: subject: (How to use the Linux anacron command) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/2/linux-automation) +[#]: author: (Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +How to use the Linux anacron command +====== +Instead of manually performing repetitive tasks, let Linux do them for +you. +![Command line prompt][1] + +In 2021, there are more reasons why people love Linux than ever before. In this series, I'll share 21 different reasons to use Linux. Automation is one of the best reasons to use Linux. + +One of my favorite things about Linux is its willingness to do work for me. Instead of performing repetitive tasks that eat up my time, or are prone to error, or that I'm likely to forget, I schedule Linux to do them for me. + +### Preparing for automation + +The term "automation" can be as intimidating as it is appealing. I find it helps to approach it modularly. + +#### 1\. What do you want to make happen? + +First, know what outcome you want to produce. Are you watermarking images? Removing files from a cluttered directory? Performing a backup of important data? Define the task clearly for yourself so that you know what to aim for. If there's any task you find yourself doing every day, much less more than once a day, then it could be a candidate for automation. + +#### 2\. Learn the applications you need + +Break down big tasks into small components and learn how to produce each result manually but in a repeatable and predictable way. Much of what can be done on Linux can be scripted, but it's important to recognize your current limitations. There's a world of difference between learning how to automate resizing several images so that they can be emailed conveniently vs. using machine learning to generate elaborate artwork for your weekly newsletter. One of these things you can learn in an afternoon and the other could take years. However, we all have to start somewhere, so just start small and always be on the lookout for ways to improve. + +#### 3\. Automate it + +Use an automation tool on Linux to make it happen on a regular basis. This is the step this article covers! + +To automate something, you need a script that automates a task. When testing, it's best to keep things simple, so the task this article automates is the creation of a file called `hello` in the `/tmp` directory: + + +``` +#!/bin/sh + +touch /tmp/hello +``` + +Copy and paste that simple script into a text file and name it `example`. + +### Cron + +The built-in automation solution that every Linux install comes with is the cron system. Linux users tend to refer to cron generically as the method you use to schedule a task (usually called a "cron job"), but there are multiple applications that provide cron's functionality. The most versatile is [cronie][2]; its advantage is that it does _not_ assume that your computer is always on, the way historical cron applications designed for system administrators do. + +Verify which cron system your Linux distribution provides. If it's anything other than cronie, you can probably install cronie from your distro's software repository. If your distribution doesn't have a package for cronie, you can use the old `anacron` package instead. The `anacron` command is included with cronie, so regardless of how you acquire it, you want to ensure that you have the `anacron` command available on your system before continuing. Anacron may require administrative root privileges, depending on your setup. + + +``` +$ which anacron +/usr/sbin/anacron +``` + +Anacron's job is to ensure that your automation jobs are executed on a regular basis. To do this, anacron checks to find out when the last time a job ran and then checks how often you have told it to run jobs. + +Suppose you set anacron to run a script once every five days. Every time you turn your computer on or wake it from sleep, anacron scans its logs to determine whether it needs to run the job. If a job ran five or more days ago, then anacron runs the job. + +### Cron jobs + +Many Linux systems come bundled with a few maintenance jobs for cron to perform. I like to keep my jobs separate from the system jobs, so I create a directory in my home directory. Specifically, there's a hidden folder called `~/.local` ("local" in the sense that it's customized for your user account rather than for your "global" computer system), so I create the subdirectory `etc/cron.daily` to mirror cron's usual home on my system. You must also create a spool directory to keep track of the last time jobs were run. + + +``` +`$ mkdir -p ~/.local/etc/cron.daily ~/.var/spool/anacron` +``` + +You can place any script you want to run regularly into the `~/.local/etc/cron.daily` directory. Copy the `example` script into the directory now, and [mark it executable using the chmod command][3]. + + +``` +$ cp example ~/.local/etc/cron.daily +# chmod +x ~/.local/etc/cron.daily/example +``` + +Next, set up anacron to run whatever scripts are located in the `~/.local/etc/cron.daily` directory. + +### Anacron + +By default, much of the cron system is considered the systems administrator's domain because it's often used for important low-level tasks, like rotating log files and updating certificates. The configuration demonstrated in this article is designed for a regular user setting up personal automation tasks. + +To configure anacron to run your cron jobs, create a configuration file at `/.local/etc/anacrontab`: + + +``` +SHELL=/bin/sh +PATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin +1  0  cron.mine    run-parts /home/tux/.local/etc/cron.daily/ +``` + +This file tells anacron to run all executable scripts (`run-parts`) found in `~/.local/etc/cron.daily` every one day (that is, daily), with a zero-minute delay. Sometimes, a few minutes' delay is used so that your computer isn't hit with all the possible tasks right after you log in. These settings are suitable for testing, though. + +The `cron.mine` value is an arbitrary name for the process. I call it `cron.mine` but you could call it `cron.personal` or `penguin` or anything you want. + +Verify your `anacrontab` file's syntax: + + +``` +$ anacron -T -t ~/.local/etc/anacrontab \ +-S /home/tux/.var/spool/anacron +``` + +Silence means success. + +### Adding anacron to .profile + +Finally, you must ensure that anacron runs with your local configuration. Because you're running anacron as a regular user and not as the root user, you must direct it to your local configurations —the `anacrontab` file telling anacron what to do, and the spool directory helping anacron keep track of how many days it's been since each job was last executed: + + +``` +anacron -fn -t /home/tux/.local/etc/anacrontab \ +-S /home/tux/.var/spool/anacron +``` + +The `-fn` options tell anacron to _ignore_ timestamps, meaning that you're forcing it to run your cron job no matter what. This is exclusively for testing purposes. + +### Testing your cron job + +Now that everything's set up, you can test the job. You can technically test this without rebooting, but it makes the most sense to reboot because that's what this is designed to handle: interrupted and irregular login sessions. Take a moment to reboot your computer, log in, and then look for the test file: + + +``` +$ ls /tmp/hello +/tmp/hello +``` + +Assuming the file exists, your example script has executed successfully. You can now remove the test options from `~/.profile`, leaving this as your final configuration: + + +``` +anacron -t /home/tux/.local/etc/anacrontab \ +-S /home/tux/.var/spool/anacron +``` + +### Using anacron + +You have your personal automation infrastructure configured, so you can place any script you want your computer to manage for you into the `~/.local/etc/cron.daily` directory and it will run as scheduled. + +It's up to you how often you want jobs to run. Your example script is executed once a day. Obviously, that depends on whether your computer is powered on and awake on any given day. If you use your computer on Friday but set it aside for the weekend, the script won't run on Saturday and Sunday. However, on Monday the script will execute because anacron will know that at least one day has passed. You can add weekly, fortnightly, or even monthly directories to `~/.local/etc` to schedule a wide variety of intervals. + +To add a new interval: + + 1. Add a directory to `~/.local/etc` (for instance, `cron.weekly`). + 2. Add a line to `~/.local/etc/anacrontab` to run scripts in the new directory. For a weekly interval, the configuration would be: [code]`7 0 cron.mine run-parts /home/tux/.local/etc/cron.weekly/`[/code] (with the `0` value optionally being some number of minutes to politely delay the start of the script). + 3. Place your scripts in the `cron.weekly` directory. + + + +Welcome to the automated lifestyle. It won't feel like it, but you're about to become a lot more productive. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/21/2/linux-automation + +作者：[Seth Kenlon][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/seth +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/command_line_prompt.png?itok=wbGiJ_yg (Command line prompt) +[2]: https://github.com/cronie-crond/cronie +[3]: https://opensource.com/article/19/8/linux-chmod-command From 134b802c395ad497d425c2870256644e936ea5e5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Fri, 26 Feb 2021 05:05:37 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 019/309] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020210225=20?= =?UTF-8?q?AIOps=20vs.=20MLOps:=20What's=20the=20difference=3F?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20210225 AIOps vs. MLOps- What-s the difference.md --- ... AIOps vs. MLOps- What-s the difference.md | 82 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 82 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20210225 AIOps vs. MLOps- What-s the difference.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210225 AIOps vs. MLOps- What-s the difference.md b/sources/tech/20210225 AIOps vs. MLOps- What-s the difference.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..658abe1b6f --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20210225 AIOps vs. MLOps- What-s the difference.md @@ -0,0 +1,82 @@ +[#]: subject: (AIOps vs. MLOps: What's the difference?) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/2/aiops-vs-mlops) +[#]: author: (Lauren Maffeo https://opensource.com/users/lmaffeo) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +AIOps vs. MLOps: What's the difference? +====== +Break down the differences between these disciplines to learn how you +should use them in your open source project. +![Brick wall between two people, a developer and an operations manager][1] + +In late 2019, O'Reilly hosted a survey on artificial intelligence [(AI) adoption in the enterprise][2]. The survey broke respondents into two stages of adoption: Mature and Evaluation. + +When asked what's holding back their AI adoption, those in the latter category most often cited company culture. Trouble identifying good use cases for AI wasn't far behind. + +![Bottlenecks to AI adoption][3] + +[AI adoption in the enterprise 2020][2] (O'Reilly, ©2020) + +MLOps, or machine learning operations, is increasingly positioned as a solution to these problems. But that leaves a question: What _is_ MLOps? + +It's fair to ask for two key reasons. This discipline is new, and it's often confused with a sister discipline that's equally important yet distinctly different: Artificial intelligence operations, or AIOps. + +Let's break down the key differences between these two disciplines. This exercise will help you decide how to use them in your business or open source project. + +### What is AIOps? + +[AIOps][4] is a series of multi-layered platforms that automate IT to make it more efficient. Gartner [coined the term][5] in 2017, which emphasizes how new this discipline is. (Disclosure: I worked for Gartner for four years.) + +At its best, AIOps allows teams to improve their IT infrastructure by using big data, advanced analytics, and machine learning techniques. That first item is crucial given the mammoth amount of data produced today. + +When it comes to data, more isn't always better. In fact, many business leaders say they receive so much data that it's [increasingly hard][6] for them to collect, clean, and analyze it to find insights that can help their businesses. + +This is where AIOps comes in. By helping DevOps and data operations (DataOps) teams choose what to automate, from development to production, this discipline [helps open source teams][7] predict performance problems, do root cause analysis, find anomalies, [and more][8]. + +### What is MLOps? + +MLOps is a multidisciplinary approach to managing machine learning algorithms as ongoing products, each with its own continuous lifecycle. It's a discipline that aims to build, scale, and deploy algorithms to production consistently.  + +Think of MLOps as DevOps applied to machine learning pipelines. [It's a collaboration][9] between data scientists, data engineers, and operations teams. Done well, it gives members of all teams more shared clarity on machine learning projects. + +MLOps has obvious benefits for data science and data engineering teams. Since members of both teams sometimes work in silos, using shared infrastructure boosts transparency. + +But MLOps can benefit other colleagues, too. This discipline offers the ops side more autonomy over regulation. + +As an increasing number of businesses start using machine learning, they'll come under more scrutiny from the government, media, and public. This is especially true of machine learning in highly regulated industries like healthcare, finance, and autonomous vehicles. + +Still skeptical? Consider that just [13% of data science projects make it to production][10]. The reasons are outside this article's scope. But, like AIOps helps teams automate their tech lifecycles, MLOps helps teams choose which tools, techniques, and documentation will help their models reach production. + +When applied to the right problems, AIOps and MLOps can both help teams hit their production goals. The trick is to start by answering this question: + +### What do you want to automate? Processes or machines? + +When in doubt, remember: AIOps automates machines while MLOps standardizes processes. If you're on a DevOps or DataOps team, you can—and should—consider using both disciplines. Just don't confuse them for the same thing. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/21/2/aiops-vs-mlops + +作者：[Lauren Maffeo][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/lmaffeo +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/devops_confusion_wall_questions.png?itok=zLS7K2JG (Brick wall between two people, a developer and an operations manager) +[2]: https://www.oreilly.com/radar/ai-adoption-in-the-enterprise-2020/ +[3]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/oreilly_bottlenecks-with-maturity.png (Bottlenecks to AI adoption) +[4]: https://www.bmc.com/blogs/what-is-aiops/ +[5]: https://www.appdynamics.com/topics/what-is-ai-ops +[6]: https://www.millimetric.ai/2020/08/10/data-driven-to-madness-what-to-do-when-theres-too-much-data/ +[7]: https://opensource.com/article/20/8/aiops-devops-itsm +[8]: https://thenewstack.io/how-aiops-conquers-performance-gaps-on-big-data-pipelines/ +[9]: https://medium.com/@ODSC/what-are-mlops-and-why-does-it-matter-8cff060d4067 +[10]: https://venturebeat.com/2019/07/19/why-do-87-of-data-science-projects-never-make-it-into-production/ From c55964d164ef99db5388e102031dc57e6f1cdd2f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Fri, 26 Feb 2021 05:05:54 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 020/309] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020210225=20?= =?UTF-8?q?4=20new=20open=20source=20licenses?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20210225 4 new open source licenses.md --- .../20210225 4 new open source licenses.md | 58 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 58 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20210225 4 new open source licenses.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210225 4 new open source licenses.md b/sources/tech/20210225 4 new open source licenses.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..2edb024aae --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20210225 4 new open source licenses.md @@ -0,0 +1,58 @@ +[#]: subject: (4 new open source licenses) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/2/osi-licenses-cal-cern-ohl) +[#]: author: (Pam Chestek https://opensource.com/users/pchestek) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +4 new open source licenses +====== +Get to know the new OSI-approved Cryptographic Autonomy License and CERN +open hardware licenses. +![Law books in a library][1] + +As the steward of the [Open Source Defintion][2], the [Open Source Initiative][3] has been designating licenses as "open source" for over 20 years. These licenses are the foundation of the open source software ecosystem, ensuring that everyone can use, improve, and share software. When a license is approved, it is because the OSI believes that the license fosters collaboration and sharing for the benefit of everyone who participates in the ecosystem. + +The world has changed over the past 20 years, with software now used in new and even unimaginable ways. The OSI has seen that the familiar open source licenses are not always well-suited for these new situations. But license stewards have stepped up, submitting several new licenses for more expansive uses. The OSI was challenged to evaluate whether these new concepts in licensing would continue to advance sharing and collaboration and merit being referred to as "open source" licenses, ultimately approving some new special purpose licenses. + +### Four new licenses + +First is the [Cryptographic Autonomy License][4]. This license is designed for distributed cryptographic applications. The challenge of this use case was that the existing open source licenses wouldn't assure openness because it would be possible for one peer to impair the functioning of the network if there was no obligation to also share data with the other peers. So, in addition to being a strong copyleft license, the CAL also includes an obligation to provide third parties the permissions and materials needed to independently use and modify the software without that third party having a loss of data or capability. + +As more and more uses arise for peer-to-peer sharing using a cryptographic structure, it wouldn't be surprising if more developers found themselves in need of a legal tool like the CAL. The community on License-Discuss and License-Review, OSI's two mailing lists where proposed new open source licenses are discussed, asked many questions about this license. We hope that the resulting license is clear and easy to understand and that other open source practitioners will find it useful. + +Next, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, CERN, submitted the CERN Open Hardware Licence (OHL) family of licenses for consideration. All three of its licenses are primarily intended for open hardware, a field of open access that is similar to open source software but with its own challenges and nuances. The line between hardware and software has blurred considerably, so applying separate hardware and software licenses has become more and more difficult. CERN undertook crafting a license that would ensure freedom for both hardware and software. + +The OSI probably would not have considered adding an open hardware license to its list of open source licenses back when it started, but the world has changed. So while the wording in the CERN licenses encompasses hardware concepts, it also meets all the qualifications to be approved by the OSI as an open source software license. + +The suite of CERN Open Hardware licenses includes a [permissive license][5], a [weak reciprocal license][6], and a [strong reciprocal license][7]. Most recently, the license has been adopted by an international research project that is building simple, easily replicable ventilators to use with COVID-19 patients. + +### Learn more + +The CAL and CERN OHL licenses are special-purpose, and the OSI does not recommend their use outside the fields for which they were designed. But the OSI is eager to see whether these licenses will work as intended, fostering robust open ecosystems in these newer computing arenas. + +More information on the [license approval process][8] is available from the OSI. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/21/2/osi-licenses-cal-cern-ohl + +作者：[Pam Chestek][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/pchestek +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/LAW_lawdotgov3.png?itok=e4eFKe0l (Law books in a library) +[2]: https://opensource.org/osd +[3]: https://opensource.org/ +[4]: https://opensource.org/licenses/CAL-1.0 +[5]: https://opensource.org/CERN-OHL-P +[6]: https://opensource.org/CERN-OHL-W +[7]: https://opensource.org/CERN-OHL-S +[8]: https://opensource.org/approval From fed85d48837d13a6892c6cff625256d904942657 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Fri, 26 Feb 2021 08:42:31 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 021/309] translating --- ...5 reasons to use Linux package managers.md | 74 ------------------- ...5 reasons to use Linux package managers.md | 74 +++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 74 insertions(+), 74 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20210217 5 reasons to use Linux package managers.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20210217 5 reasons to use Linux package managers.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210217 5 reasons to use Linux package managers.md b/sources/tech/20210217 5 reasons to use Linux package managers.md deleted file mode 100644 index 136c302303..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20210217 5 reasons to use Linux package managers.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,74 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (5 reasons to use Linux package managers) -[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/2/linux-package-management) -[#]: author: (Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth) - -5 reasons to use Linux package managers -====== -Package managers track all components of the software you install, -making updates, reinstalls, and troubleshooting much easier. -![Gift box opens with colors coming out][1] - -In 2021, there are more reasons why people love Linux than ever before. In this series, I'll share 21 different reasons to use Linux. Today, I'll talk about software repositories - -Before I used Linux, I took the applications I had installed on my computer for granted. I would install applications as needed, and if I didn't end up using them, I'd forget about them, letting them languish as they took up space on my hard drive. Eventually, space on my drive would become scarce, and I'd end up frantically removing applications to make room for more important data. Inevitably, though, the applications would only free up so much space, and so I'd turn my attention to all of the other bits and pieces that got installed along with those apps, whether it was media assets or configuration files and documentation. It wasn't a great way to manage my computer. I knew that, but it didn't occur to me to imagine an alternative, because as they say, you don't know what you don't know. - -When I switched to Linux, I found that installing applications worked a little differently. On Linux, you were encouraged not to go out to websites for an application installer. Instead, you ran a command, and the application was installed on the system, with every individual file, library, configuration file, documentation, and asset recorded. - -### What is a software repository? - -The default method of installing applications on Linux is from a distribution software repository. That might sound like an app store, and that's because modern app stores have borrowed much from the concept of software repositories. [Linux has app stores, too][2], but software repositories are unique. You get an application from a software repository through a _package manager_, which enables your Linux system to record and track every component of what you've installed. - -Here are five reasons that knowing exactly what's on your system can be surprisingly useful. - -#### 1\. Removing old applications - -When your computer knows every file that was installed with any given application, it's really easy to uninstall files you no longer need. On Linux, there's no problem with installing [31 different text editors][3] only to later uninstall the 30 you don't love. When you uninstall on Linux, you really uninstall. - -#### 2\. Reinstall like you mean it - -Not only is an uninstall thorough, a _reinstall_ is meaningful. On many platforms, should something go wrong with an application, you're sometimes advised to reinstall it. Usually, nobody can say why you should reinstall an application. Still, there's often the vague suspicion that some file somewhere has become corrupt (in other words, data got written incorrectly), and so the hope is that a reinstall might overwrite the bad files and make things work again. It's not bad advice, but it's frustrating for any technician not to know what's gone wrong. Worse still, there's no guarantee, without careful tracking, that all files will be refreshed during a reinstall because there's often no way of knowing that all the files installed with an application were removed in the first place. With a package manager, you can force a complete removal of old files to ensure a fresh installation of new files. Just as significantly, you can account for every file and probably find out which one is causing problems, but that's a feature of open source and Linux rather than package management. - -#### 3\. Keep your applications updated - -Don't let anybody tell you that Linux is "more secure" than other operating systems. Computers are made of code, and we humans find ways to exploit that code in new and interesting ways every day. Because the vast majority of applications on Linux are open source, many exploits are filed publically as Common Vulnerability and Exposures (CVE). A flood of incoming security bug reports may seem like a bad thing, but this is definitely a case when _knowing_ is far better than _not knowing_. After all, just because nobody's told you that there's a problem doesn't mean that there's not a problem. Bug reports are good. They benefit everyone. And when developers fix security bugs, it's important for you to be able to get those fixes promptly, and preferably without having to remember to do it yourself. - -A package manager is designed to do exactly that. When applications receive updates, whether it's to patch a potential security problem or introduce an exciting new feature, your package manager application alerts you of the available update. - -#### 4\. Keep it light - -Say you have application A and application B, both of which require library C. On some operating systems, by getting A and B, you get two copies of C. That's obviously redundant, so imagine it happening several times per application. Redundant libraries add up quickly, and by having no single source of "truth" for a given library, it's nearly impossible to ensure you're using the most up-to-date or even just a consistent version of it. - -I admit I don't tend to sit around pondering software libraries all day, but I do remember the days when I did, even though I didn't know that's what was troubling me. Before I had switched to Linux, it wasn't uncommon for me to encounter errors when dealing with media files for work, or glitches when playing different video games, or quirks when reading a PDF, and so on. I spent a lot of time investigating these errors back then. I still remember learning that two major applications on my system each had bundled the same (but different) graphic backend technologies. The mismatch was causing errors when the output of one was imported into the other. It was meant to work, but because of a bug in an older version of the same collection of library files, a hotfix for one application didn't benefit the other. - -A package manager knows what backends (referred to as a _dependency_) are needed for each application and refrains from reinstalling software that's already on your system. - -#### 5\. Keep it simple - -As a Linux user, I appreciate a good package manager because it helps make my life simple. I don't have to think about the software I install, what I need to update, or whether something's really been uninstalled when I'm finished with it. I audition software without hesitation. And when I'm setting up a new computer, I run [a simple Ansible script][4] to automate the installation of the latest versions of all the software I rely upon. It's simple, smart, and uniquely liberating. - -### Better package management - -Linux takes a holistic view of applications and the operating system. After all, open source is built upon the work of other open source, so distribution maintainers understand the concept of a dependency _stack_. Package management on Linux has an awareness of your whole system, the libraries and support files on it, and the applications you install. These disparate parts work together to provide you with an efficient, optimized, and robust set of applications. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://opensource.com/article/21/2/linux-package-management - -作者：[Seth Kenlon][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://opensource.com/users/seth -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/OSDC_gift_giveaway_box_520x292.png?itok=w1YQhNH1 (Gift box opens with colors coming out) -[2]: http://flathub.org -[3]: https://opensource.com/article/21/1/text-editor-roundup -[4]: https://opensource.com/article/20/9/install-packages-ansible diff --git a/translated/tech/20210217 5 reasons to use Linux package managers.md b/translated/tech/20210217 5 reasons to use Linux package managers.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..fde73adbc0 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20210217 5 reasons to use Linux package managers.md @@ -0,0 +1,74 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (5 reasons to use Linux package managers) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/2/linux-package-management) +[#]: author: (Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth) + +使用 Linux 软件包管理器的 5 个理由 +====== +包管理器跟踪你安装的软件的所有组件，使得更新、重装和故障排除更加容易。 +![Gift box opens with colors coming out][1] + +在 2021 年，人们喜欢 Linux 的理由比以往任何时候都多。在这个系列中，我将分享 21 个使用 Linux 的不同理由。今天，我将谈谈软件仓库。 + +在我使用 Linux 之前，我认为在计算机上安装的应用是理所当然的。我会根据需要安装应用，如果我最后没有使用它们，我就会把它们忘掉，让它们占用我的硬盘空间。最终，我的硬盘空间会变得稀缺，我最终会疯狂地删除应用，为更重要的数据腾出空间。但不可避免的是，应用只能释放出有限的空间，所以我将注意力转移到与这些应用一起安装的所有其他零碎内容上，无论是媒体内容还是配置文件和文档。这不是一个管理电脑的好方法。我知道这一点，但我并没有想过要有其他的选择，因为正如人们所说，你不知道你不知道的事情。 + +当我改用 Linux 时，我发现安装应用的方式有些不同。在 Linux 上，你被鼓励不要去网站上找应用的安装程序。取而代之的是，运行一个命令，应用就会被安装到系统上，并记录每个单独的文件、库、配置文件、文档和资产。 + +### 什么是软件仓库？ + +在 Linux 上安装应用的默认方法是从发行版软件仓库中安装。这可能听起来像应用商店，那是因为现代应用商店借鉴了很多软件仓库的概念。[Linux 也有应用商店][2]，但软件仓库是独一无二的。你通过一个_包管理器_从软件仓库中获得一个应用，它使你的 Linux 系统能够记录和跟踪你所安装的每一个组件。 + +这里有五个原因可以让你确切地知道你的系统上有什么东西，可以说是非常有用。 + +#### 1\.移除旧应用 + +当你的计算机知道任何给定应用安装的每一个文件时，卸载你不再需要的文件真的很容易。在 Linux 上，安装 [31 个不同的文本编辑器][3]，然后卸载 30 个你不喜欢的文本编辑器是没有问题的。当你在 Linux 上卸载的时候，你就真的卸载了。 + +#### 2\. 按你的意思重新安装 + +不仅卸载要彻底，_重装_也很有意义。在许多平台上，如果一个应用出了问题，有时会建议你重新安装它。通常情况下，谁也说不清为什么要重装一个应用。不过，人们还是经常会隐隐约约地怀疑某个地方的文件已经损坏了（换句话说，数据写入错误），所以希望重装可以覆盖坏的文件以让软件重新工作。这是个不错的建议，但对于任何技术人员来说，不知道是什么地方出了问题都是令人沮丧的。更糟糕的是，如果不仔细跟踪，就不能保证所有的文件都会在重装过程中被刷新，因为通常没有办法知道一开始就删除了与应用程序一起安装的所有文件。有了软件包管理器，你可以强制彻底删除旧文件，以确保新文件的全新安装。同样重要的是，你可以考虑每个文件并可能找出导致问题的文件，但这是开源和 Linux 的一个特点，而不是包管理。 + + +#### 3\. 保持你应用的更新 + +不要让任何人告诉你，Linux 比其他操作系统“更安全”。计算机是由代码组成的，而我们人类每天都会以新的、有趣的方式找到利用这些代码的方法。因为 Linux 上的绝大多数应用都是开源的，所以许多漏洞都会以“公共漏洞和暴露” （CVE） 的形式公开。大量涌入的安全漏洞报告似乎是一件坏事，但这绝对是一个_知道_远比_不知道_好的案例。毕竟，没有人告诉你有问题，并不意味着没有问题。漏洞报告是好的。它们对每个人都有好处。而且，当开发人员修复安全漏洞时，对你而言，及时获得这些修复程序很重要，最好不要记住自己动手进行修复。 + +包管理器正是为了实现这一点而设计的。当应用收到更新时，无论是修补潜在的安全问题还是引入令人兴奋的新功能，你的包管理器应用都会提醒你可用的更新。 + +#### 4\. 保持轻便 + +假设你有应用 A 和应用 B，这两个应用都需要库 C。在某些操作系统上，通过得到 A 和 B，你得到了两个 C 的副本。这显然是多余的，所以想象一下，每个应用都会发生几次。冗余的库很快就会增加，而且由于对一个给定的库没有单一的“正确”来源，所以几乎不可能确保你使用的是最新的甚至只是一个一致的版本。 + +我承认我并不倾向于整天坐在这里琢磨软件库，但我确实记得我琢磨的日子，尽管我不知道这就是困扰我的原因。在我还没有改用 Linux 之前，我在处理工作用的媒体文件时遇到错误，或者在玩不同的游戏时出现故障，或者在阅读 PDF 时出现怪异，等等，这些都不是什么稀奇的事情。当时我花了很多时间去调查这些错误。我仍然记得，我的系统上有两个主要的应用分别捆绑了相同（但是不同）的图形后端技术。当一个程序的输出导入到另一个程序时，这种不匹配会导致错误。它本来是可以工作的，但是由于同一个库文件集合的旧版本中的一个错误，一个应用的热修复程序并没有给另一个应用带来好处。 + +包管理器知道每个应用需要哪些后端（被称为_依赖关系_），并且避免重新安装已经在你系统上的软件。 + +#### 5\. 保持简单 + +作为一个 Linux 用户，我很欣赏一个好的包管理器，因为它帮助我的生活变得简单。我不必考虑我安装的软件，我需要更新的东西，也不必考虑完成后是否真的将其卸载了。我毫不犹豫地试用软件。而当我在安装一台新电脑时，我运行[一个简单的 Ansible 脚本][4]来自动安装我所依赖的所有软件的最新版本。这很简单，很智能，也是一种独特的解放。 + +### 更好的包管理 + +Linux 从整体看待应用和操作系统。毕竟，开源是建立在其他开源工作基础上的，所以发行版维护者理解依赖_栈_的概念。Linux 上的包管理对你的整个系统、系统上的库和支持文件以及你安装的应用都有认识。这些不同的部分一起工作，为你提供一套高效、优化和强大的应用。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/21/2/linux-package-management + +作者：[Seth Kenlon][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/seth +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/OSDC_gift_giveaway_box_520x292.png?itok=w1YQhNH1 (Gift box opens with colors coming out) +[2]: http://flathub.org +[3]: https://opensource.com/article/21/1/text-editor-roundup +[4]: https://opensource.com/article/20/9/install-packages-ansible From ffcbbd9ac04a629775a624e40225881e75d2e460 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Fri, 26 Feb 2021 08:51:59 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 022/309] translating --- ...ide to Python virtual environments with virtualenvwrapper.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20210223 A guide to Python virtual environments with virtualenvwrapper.md b/sources/tech/20210223 A guide to Python virtual environments with virtualenvwrapper.md index 25f89f9846..b6a7f763b8 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20210223 A guide to Python virtual environments with virtualenvwrapper.md +++ b/sources/tech/20210223 A guide to Python virtual environments with virtualenvwrapper.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 2dbecf766f2d9319c8403000b7cf6836ebe8e8a0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: amorsu <33998760+amorsu@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Fri, 26 Feb 2021 10:50:46 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 023/309] Update 20210212 4 reasons to choose Linux for art and design.md --- ...sons to choose Linux for art and design.md | 19 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20210212 4 reasons to choose Linux for art and design.md b/sources/tech/20210212 4 reasons to choose Linux for art and design.md index 4ac8cd8f2e..459c564c53 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20210212 4 reasons to choose Linux for art and design.md +++ b/sources/tech/20210212 4 reasons to choose Linux for art and design.md @@ -17,25 +17,26 @@ Linux在服务器和云计算方面获得很多的赞誉。让不少人感到惊讶的是，Linux刚好有一系列的创意设计工具，并且这些工具在用户体验和质量方面可以轻松打败那些流行的创意设计工具。我第一次使用开源的设计工具，并不是因为我没有其他工具可以选择。相反的，我是在接触了大量的这些领先的公司提供的私有化的设计工具后，才开始使用开源设计工具。我之所以最后选择开源设计工具是因为它们更合情而且我能获得更好的产出。以下是好几个方面，让我来慢慢解释吧！ -### High availability means high productivity +### 高可用性意味着高生产力 -The term _productivity_ means different things to different people. When I think of productivity, it's that when you sit down to do something, it's rewarding when you're able to meet whatever goal you've set for yourself. If you get interrupted or stopped by something outside your control, then your productivity goes down. +“生产力”这一次对于不同的人来说含义不一样。当我想到生产力，就是当你坐下来做事情，并能够完成你给自己设定的所有任务的时候，这时就很有成就感。 +但是当你总是被一些你无法掌控的事情打断，那你的生产力就下降了。 -Computers can seem unpredictable, and there are admittedly a lot of things that can go wrong. There are lots of hardware parts to a computer, and any one of them can break at any time. Software has bugs and updates to fix bugs, and then new bugs introduced by those updates. If you're not comfortable with computers, it can feel a little like a timebomb just waiting to ensnare you. With so much potentially working _against_ you in the digital world, it doesn't make sense to me to embrace software that guarantees not to work when certain requirements (like a valid license, or more often, an up-to-date subscription) aren't met. +电脑有时候会显得无法预测，并且大家也公认在很多方面会有可能出问题。电脑是由很多的硬件组成的，它们任何一个都有可能在任何时间出问题。软件会有bug，以及修复这些bug的更新，而更新后又会带来新的bug。如果你对电脑不了解，它可能就像一个定时炸弹，等着爆发。带着数字世界里的这么多的潜在问题，去接受一个当某些条件不满足（比如授权，或者订阅费）就会不工作的软件，对我来说就显得很不理智。 -![Inkscape application][2] +![Inkscape 应用][2] Inkscape -Open source creative apps have no required subscription fee and no licensing requirements. They're available when you need them and usually on any platform. That means when you sit down at a working computer, you know you have access to your must-have software. And if you're having a rough day and you find yourself sitting in front of a computer that isn't working, the fix is to find one that does work, install your creative suite, and get to work. +开源的创意设计app不需要订阅费，也不需要授权。在你需要的时候，它们都能获取得到，并且通常都是跨平台的。这就意味着，当你坐在工作的电脑面前，你就能确定你能用到那些必需的软件。而如果某天你很忙碌，却发现你面前的电脑不工作了，解决办法就是找到一个能工作的，安装你的创意设计软件，然后开始工作。 -It's far harder to find a computer that _can't_ run Inkscape, for instance, than it is to find a computer that _is_ running a similar proprietary application. That's called high availability, and it's a game-changer. I've never found myself wasting hours of my day for lack of the software I want to run to get things done. +想要找到一台无法运行Inkscape的电脑是很困难的。比找一台可以运行那些私有软件的电脑，还要难。这就叫做高可用。这是游戏规则的改变者。我从来不曾遇到因为软件用不了而不得不干等，浪费我数小时时间的事情。 -### Open access is better for diversity +### 开源更有多样性 -When I was working in the creative industry, it sometimes surprised me how many of my colleagues were self-taught both in their artistic and technical disciplines. Some taught themselves on expensive rigs with all the latest "professional" applications, but there was always a large group of people who perfected their digital trade on free and open source software because, as kids or as poor college students, that was what they could afford and obtain easily. +我在设计行业工作的时候，我的很多同事都是通过自学的方式来学习艺术和技术方面的知识，这让我感到惊讶。有的通过使用那些最新的昂贵的“专业”软件来自学，当大部分人则是通过使用免费和开源的软件来完善他们的数字化的职业技能。因为，对于孩子，或者没钱的大学生来说，这才是他们能负担的起，而且很容易就能获得的。 -That's a different kind of high availability, but it's one that's important to me and many other users who wouldn't be in the creative industry but for open source. Even open source projects that do offer a paid subscription, like [Ardour][3], ensure that users have access to the software regardless of an ability to pay. +高可用有很多种，但有一种对我而言很重要，而且对那些没有在设计行业但使用开源软件的人也很重要。即使那些有提供付费订阅的开源项目，比如Ardour，都能确保他的用户在不需要支付任何费用的时候也能使用软件。 ![Ardour interface][4] From 75fae54fb30602e54f90fc4ed33717547cbea8a3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Fri, 26 Feb 2021 11:31:45 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 024/309] PRF @Chao-zhi --- ...4 LaTeX typesetting, Part 3- formatting.md | 89 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 46 insertions(+), 43 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20200724 LaTeX typesetting, Part 3- formatting.md b/translated/tech/20200724 LaTeX typesetting, Part 3- formatting.md index 79d65a9eb1..5fb55b7bd9 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20200724 LaTeX typesetting, Part 3- formatting.md +++ b/translated/tech/20200724 LaTeX typesetting, Part 3- formatting.md @@ -1,55 +1,51 @@ [#]: collector: (Chao-zhi) [#]: translator: (Chao-zhi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (LaTeX typesetting，Part 3: formatting) [#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/latex-typesetting-part-3-formatting/) [#]: author: (Earl Ramirez https://fedoramagazine.org/author/earlramirez/) - -LaTeX 排版 （3）：排版 +LaTeX 排版（3）：排版 ====== -![](https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/latex-series-redux-1536x650.jpg) +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/202102/26/113031wattha0hojj4f4ej.png) -本[系列 ][1] 介绍了 LaTeX 中的基本格式。[第 1 部分 ][2] 介绍了列表。[第 2 部分 ][3] 阐述了表格。在第 3 部分中，您将了解 LaTeX 的另一个重要特性：细腻灵活的文档排版。本文介绍如何自定义页面布局、目录、标题部分和页面样式。 +本 [系列][1] 介绍了 LaTeX 中的基本格式。[第 1 部分][2] 介绍了列表。[第 2 部分][3] 阐述了表格。在第 3 部分中，你将了解 LaTeX 的另一个重要特性：细腻灵活的文档排版。本文介绍如何自定义页面布局、目录、标题部分和页面样式。 ### 页面维度 -当您第一次编写 LaTeX 文档时，您可能已经注意到默认边距比您想象的要大一些。页边距与指定的纸张类型有关，例如 A4、letter 和 documentclass（article、book、report） 等等。要修改页边距，有几个选项，最简单的选项之一是使用 [fullpage][4] 包。 +当你第一次编写 LaTeX 文档时，你可能已经注意到默认边距比你想象的要大一些。页边距与指定的纸张类型有关，例如 A4、letter 和 documentclass（article、book、report） 等等。要修改页边距，有几个选项，最简单的选项之一是使用 [fullpage][4] 包。 > 该软件包设置页面的主体，可以使主体几乎占满整个页面。 > -> ——FULLPAGE PACKAGE DOCUMENTATION +> —— FULLPAGE PACKAGE DOCUMENTATION -下图演示了使用 fullpage 包和没有使用的区别。 -<！-- 但是原文中并没有这个图 --> - -另一个选择是使用 [geometry][5] 包。在探索 geometry 包如何操纵页边距之前，请首先查看如下所示的页面尺寸。 +另一个选择是使用 [geometry][5] 包。在探索 `geometry` 包如何操纵页边距之前，请首先查看如下所示的页面尺寸。 ![](https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/image.png) -1。1 英寸 + \hoffset -2。1 英寸 + \voffset -3。\oddsidemargin = 31pt -4。\topmargin = 20pt -5。\headheight = 12pt -6。\headsep = 25pt -7。\textheight = 592pt -8。\textwidth = 390pt -9。\marginparsep = 35pt -10。\marginparwidth = 35pt -11。\footskip = 30pt +1. 1 英寸 + `\hoffset` +2. 1 英寸 + `\voffset` +3. `\oddsidemargin` = 31pt +4. `\topmargin` = 20pt +5. `\headheight` = 12pt +6. `\headsep` = 25pt +7. `\textheight` = 592pt +8. `\textwidth` = 390pt +9. `\marginparsep` = 35pt +10. `\marginparwidth` = 35pt +11. `\footskip` = 30pt -要使用 geometry 包将边距设置为 1 英寸，请使用以下示例 +要使用 `geometry` 包将边距设置为 1 英寸，请使用以下示例 ``` \usepackage{geometry} \geometry{a4paper, margin=1in} ``` -除上述示例外，geometry 命令还可以修改纸张尺寸和方向。要更改纸张尺寸，请使用以下示例： +除上述示例外，`geometry` 命令还可以修改纸张尺寸和方向。要更改纸张尺寸，请使用以下示例： ``` \usepackage[a4paper, total={7in, 8in}]{geometry} @@ -57,7 +53,7 @@ LaTeX 排版 （3）：排版 ![](https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/image-2-1024x287.png) -要更改页面方向，需要将横向添加到 geometery 选项中，如下所示： +要更改页面方向，需要将横向（`landscape`）添加到 `geometery` 选项中，如下所示： ``` \usepackage{geometery} @@ -68,9 +64,9 @@ LaTeX 排版 （3）：排版 ### 目录 -默认情况下，目录的标题为 “contents”。有时，您更想将标题改为 “Table of Content”，更改目录和章节第一节之间的垂直间距，或者只更改文本的颜色。 +默认情况下，目录的标题为 “contents”。有时，你想将标题更改为 “Table of Content”，更改目录和章节第一节之间的垂直间距，或者只更改文本的颜色。 -若要更改文本，请在导言区中添加以下行，用所需语言替换英语： +若要更改文本，请在导言区中添加以下行，用所需语言替换英语（`english`）： ``` \usepackage[english]{babel} @@ -78,11 +74,12 @@ LaTeX 排版 （3）：排版 \renewcommand{\contentsname} {\bfseries{Table of Contents}}} ``` -要操纵目录与图，小节和章节列表之间的虚拟间距，请使用 tocloft 软件包。本文中使用的两个选项是 cftbeforesecskip 和 cftaftertoctitleskip。 + +要操纵目录与图、小节和章节列表之间的虚拟间距，请使用 `tocloft` 软件包。本文中使用的两个选项是 `cftbeforesecskip` 和 `cftaftertoctitleskip`。 > tocloft 包提供了控制目录、图表列表和表格列表的排版方法。 > -> ——TOCLOFT PACKAGE DOUCMENTATION +> —— TOCLOFT PACKAGE DOUCMENTATION ``` \usepackage{tocloft} @@ -91,10 +88,12 @@ LaTeX 排版 （3）：排版 ``` ![](https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/image-3.png) -默认目录 + +*默认目录* ![](https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/image-4.png) -定制目录 + +*定制目录* ### 边框 @@ -102,14 +101,14 @@ LaTeX 排版 （3）：排版 ![](https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/image-5.png) -要删除这些边框，请在导言区中包括以下内容，您将看到目录中没有任何边框。 +要删除这些边框，请在导言区中包括以下内容，你将看到目录中没有任何边框。 ``` \usepackage{hyperref} \hypersetup{ pdfborder = {0 0 0}} ``` -要修改标题部分的字体、样式或颜色，请使用程序包 [titlesec][7]。在本例中，您将更改节、子节和子节的字体大小、字体样式和字体颜色。首先，在导言区中增加以下内容。 +要修改标题部分的字体、样式或颜色，请使用程序包 [titlesec][7]。在本例中，你将更改节、子节和三级子节的字体大小、字体样式和字体颜色。首先，在导言区中增加以下内容。 ``` \usepackage{titlesec} @@ -118,7 +117,7 @@ LaTeX 排版 （3）：排版 \titleformat*{\subsubsection}{\Large\bfseries\color{darkblue}} ``` -仔细看看代码，`\titleformat*{\section}` 指定要使用的节的深度。上面的示例最多使用第三个深度。`{\Huge\bfseries\color{darkblue}}` 部分指定字体大小、字体样式和字体颜色 +仔细看看代码，`\titleformat*{\section}` 指定要使用的节的深度。上面的示例最多使用第三个深度。`{\Huge\bfseries\color{darkblue}}` 部分指定字体大小、字体样式和字体颜色。 ### 页面样式 @@ -138,13 +137,16 @@ LaTeX 排版 （3）：排版 \renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{2pt} % add header horizontal line \renewcommand{\footrulewidth}{1pt} % add footer horizontal line ``` -结果如下所示 + +结果如下所示： ![](https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/image-7.png) -页眉 + +*页眉* ![](https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/image-8.png) -页脚 + +*页脚* ### 小贴士 @@ -231,13 +233,13 @@ $ cat article_structure.tex %\pagenumbering{roman} ``` -在您的文章中，请参考以下示例中所示的方法引用 `structure.tex` 文件： +在你的文章中，请参考以下示例中所示的方法引用 `structure.tex` 文件： ``` \documentclass[a4paper,11pt]{article} \input{/path_to_structure.tex}} \begin{document} -…... +...... \end{document} ``` @@ -250,11 +252,12 @@ $ cat article_structure.tex \SetWatermarkText{\color{red}Classified} %add watermark text \SetWatermarkScale{4} %specify the size of the text ``` + ![](https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/image-10.png) ### 结论 -在本系列中，您了解了 LaTeX 提供的一些基本但丰富的功能，这些功能可用于自定义文档以满足您的需要或将文档呈现给的受众。LaTeX 海洋中，还有许多软件包需要大家自行去探索。 +在本系列中，你了解了 LaTeX 提供的一些基本但丰富的功能，这些功能可用于自定义文档以满足你的需要或将文档呈现给的受众。LaTeX 海洋中，还有许多软件包需要大家自行去探索。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -263,15 +266,15 @@ via: https://fedoramagazine.org/latex-typesetting-part-3-formatting/ 作者：[Earl Ramirez][a] 选题：[Chao-zhi][b] 译者：[Chao-zhi](https://github.com/Chao-zhi) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 [a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/author/earlramirez/ [b]: https://github.com/Chao-zhi [1]:https://fedoramagazine.org/tag/latex/ -[2]:https://fedoramagazine.org/latex-typesetting-part-1/ -[3]:https://fedoramagazine.org/latex-typesetting-part-2-tables/ +[2]:https://linux.cn/article-13112-1.html +[3]:https://linux.cn/article-13146-1.html [4]:https://www.ctan.org/pkg/fullpage [5]:https://www.ctan.org/geometry [6]:https://www.ctan.org/pkg/hyperref From 813c7bb4a62a1d6a17a9cb241a124f7f6ed7aa93 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Fri, 26 Feb 2021 11:32:32 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 025/309] PUBN @Chao-zhi https://linux.cn/article-13154-1.html --- .../20200724 LaTeX typesetting, Part 3- formatting.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20200724 LaTeX typesetting, Part 3- formatting.md (99%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20200724 LaTeX typesetting, Part 3- formatting.md b/published/20200724 LaTeX typesetting, Part 3- formatting.md similarity index 99% rename from translated/tech/20200724 LaTeX typesetting, Part 3- formatting.md rename to published/20200724 LaTeX typesetting, Part 3- formatting.md index 5fb55b7bd9..2ae8a2991c 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20200724 LaTeX typesetting, Part 3- formatting.md +++ b/published/20200724 LaTeX typesetting, Part 3- formatting.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (Chao-zhi) [#]: translator: (Chao-zhi) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-13154-1.html) [#]: subject: (LaTeX typesetting，Part 3: formatting) [#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/latex-typesetting-part-3-formatting/) [#]: author: (Earl Ramirez https://fedoramagazine.org/author/earlramirez/) From 4eadb02274aedbcad7e16d526cfecedd5f1ce3bb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: amorsu <33998760+amorsu@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Fri, 26 Feb 2021 11:57:27 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 026/309] Update 20210212 4 reasons to choose Linux for art and design.md --- ...reasons to choose Linux for art and design.md | 16 ++++++++++++---- 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20210212 4 reasons to choose Linux for art and design.md b/sources/tech/20210212 4 reasons to choose Linux for art and design.md index 459c564c53..9b14d48e36 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20210212 4 reasons to choose Linux for art and design.md +++ b/sources/tech/20210212 4 reasons to choose Linux for art and design.md @@ -38,29 +38,37 @@ Inkscape 高可用有很多种，但有一种对我而言很重要，而且对那些没有在设计行业但使用开源软件的人也很重要。即使那些有提供付费订阅的开源项目，比如Ardour，都能确保他的用户在不需要支付任何费用的时候也能使用软件。 -![Ardour interface][4] +![Ardour 界面][4] Ardour When you don't restrict who gets to use your software, you're implicitly inviting more users. And when you do that, you enable a greater diversity of creative voices. Art loves influence, and the greater the variety of experiences and ideas you have to draw from, the better. That's what's possible with open source creative software. - +当你不限制别人用你的软件的时候，你其实拥有了更多的潜在用户。如果你这样做了，那么你就开放了一个接收多样的创意声音的窗口。艺术钟爱影响力，你能从越多的不同用户经验中获得越多的观点，就越好。这就是开源设计软件所带来的可能性。 ### Resolute format support is more inclusive +### 文件格式支持更具包容性 We all acknowledge the value of inclusivity in basically every industry. Inviting _more people_ to the party results in a greater spectacle, in nearly every sense. Knowing this, it's painful when I see a project or initiative that invites people to collaborate, only to limit what kind of file formats are acceptable. It feels archaic, like a vestige of elitism out of the far past, and yet it's a real problem even today. +我们都知道在几乎所有行业里面包容性的价值。在各种意义上，邀请更多的人到派对造就更壮观的场面。知道这一点，当看到有的项目或者创新公司只邀请某些人去合作，只接受某些文件格式，就让我很痛苦。这看起来很陈旧，就像某个远古时代的精英主义的遗迹，而这又是每天都在发生的真实问题。 In a surprise and unfortunate twist, it's not because of technical limitations. Proprietary software has access to open file formats because they're open source and free to integrate into any application. Integrating these formats requires no reciprocation. By stark contrast, proprietary file formats are often shrouded in secrecy, locked away for use by the select few who pay to play. It's so bad, in fact, that quite often, you can't open some files to get to your data without the proprietary software available. Amazingly, open source creative applications nevertheless include support for as many proprietary formats as they possibly can. Here's just a sample of Inkscape's staggering support list: +这是一个意外而不幸的转变，而且不是因为技术上的限制。私有软件可以访问开源的文件格式，因为这些格式是开源的而且可以免费的集成到各种应用里面。集成这些格式不需要任何回报。而相比之下，私有的文件格式笼罩着秘密，只被限制于提供给几个愿意付钱的人使用。这很糟糕，而且常常，你无法在没有这些私有软件的情况下打开一些文件来获取你的数据。令人惊喜的是，开源的设计软件却是尽力的支持更多的私有文件格式。以下是一些Inkscape所支持的令人难以置信的列表样本： -![Available Inkscape file formats][5] -Inkscape file formats +![可用的 Inkscape 文件格式][5] + +Inkscape 文件格式 And that's largely without contribution from the companies owning the file formats. +而这大部分都是在没有这些私有格式厂商的支持下开发出来的。 Supporting open file formats is more inclusive, and it's better for everyone. +支持开放的文件格式可以更包容，对所有人都更好。 ### No restrictions for fresh ideas +### 对新的创意没有限制 One of the things I've come to love about open source is the sheer diversity of how any given task is interpreted. When you're around proprietary software, you tend to start to see the world based on what's available to you. For instance, if you're thinking of manipulating some photos, then you generally frame your intent based on what you know to be possible. You choose from the three of four or ten applications on the shelf because they're the only options presented. +我之所以爱上开源的其中一个原因是，解决一个指定任务时，有彻底的多样性。当你在 You generally have several obligatory "obvious" solutions in open source, but you also get an additional _dozen_ contenders hanging out on the fringe. These options are sometimes only half-complete, or they're hyper-focused on a specific task, or they're challenging to learn, but most importantly, they're unique and innovative. Sometimes they've been developed by someone who's never seen the way a task is "supposed to be done," and so the approach is wildly different than anything else on the market. Other times, they're developed by someone familiar with the "right way" of doing something but is trying a different tactic anyway. It's a big, dynamic brainstorm of possibility. From 93055e0d819490d1fb1b0cf6cfc5dd71835a747f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Fri, 26 Feb 2021 12:35:30 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 027/309] PRF @MZqk --- ...1103 How the Kubernetes scheduler works.md | 78 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 35 insertions(+), 43 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20201103 How the Kubernetes scheduler works.md b/translated/tech/20201103 How the Kubernetes scheduler works.md index 7e7ac9eddc..cafcb3196f 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20201103 How the Kubernetes scheduler works.md +++ b/translated/tech/20201103 How the Kubernetes scheduler works.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (MZqk) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (How the Kubernetes scheduler works) @@ -9,48 +9,48 @@ Kubernetes 调度器是如何工作的 ===== -了解 Kubernetes 调度器是如何发现新的 pod 并将其分配到节点。 -![Parts, modules, containers for software][1] -[Kubernetes][2] 作为容器和容器化工作负载标的准编标准引擎出现。它供提供一个了通用、开放的抽象层，跨公有云和私有云的环境。 +> 了解 Kubernetes 调度器是如何发现新的吊舱并将其分配到节点。 -对于那些已经熟悉 Kuberbetes 及其组件的人，他们讨论通常围绕着最大化使用 Kuberbetes 的功能。但当您只是 Kubernetes 初学者时或尝试在生产环境中使用前，明智的做法是从一些关于 Kubernetes 相关组件（包括 [Kubernetes 调度器][3]） 开始学习，如下抽象视图中所示。 +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/202102/26/123446popgvrc0vppptvtk.jpg) + +[Kubernetes][2] 已经成为容器和容器化工作负载的标准编排引擎。它提供一个跨公有云和私有云环境的通用和开源的抽象层。 + +对于那些已经熟悉 Kuberbetes 及其组件的人，他们的讨论通常围绕着如何尽量发挥 Kuberbetes 的功能。但当你刚刚开始学习 Kubernetes 时，尝试在生产环境中使用前，明智的做法是从一些关于 Kubernetes 相关组件（包括 [Kubernetes 调度器][3]） 开始学习，如下抽象视图中所示： ![][4] -Kubernetes 也分为控制平面和节点。 +Kubernetes 也分为控制平面和工作节点： - 1. **控制平面：** 也称为 Master，负责对群集做出全局决策，以及检测和响应集群事件。控制平面组件包括： + 1. **控制平面：** 也称为主控，负责对集群做出全局决策，以及检测和响应集群事件。控制平面组件包括： * etcd * kube-apiserver * kube-controller-manager - * scheduler - 2. **工作节点：** 也称 Node，是工作负载所在的位置。它始终和 Master 联系，以获取工作负载运行、集群外部进行通讯和连接所需的信息。工作节点组件包括： + * 调度器 + 2. **工作节点：** 也称节点，这些节点是工作负载所在的位置。它始终和主控联系，以获取工作负载运行所需的信息，并与集群外部进行通讯和连接。工作节点组件包括： * kubelet * kube-proxy * CRI - - -我希望在这种背景下可以帮助您理解 Kubernetes 组件是如何关联在一起的。 +我希望这个背景信息可以帮助你理解 Kubernetes 组件是如何关联在一起的。 ### Kubernetes 调度器是如何工作的 -Kubernetes [pod][5] 由一个或多个容器组成组成，共享存储和网络资源。Kubernetes 调度器的任务是确保每个 pod 分配到节点上运行。 +Kubernetes [吊舱][5]pod 由一个或多个容器组成组成，共享存储和网络资源。Kubernetes 调度器的任务是确保每个吊舱分配到一个节点上运行。 -在更深层次下，Kubernetes 调度器的工作方式是这样的： +（LCTT 译注：容器技术领域大量使用了航海比喻，pod 一词，意为“豆荚”，在航海领域指“吊舱” —— 均指盛装多个物品的容器。常不翻译，考虑前后文，可译做“吊舱”。） - 1. 每个被调度的 pod 都需要加入到队列 - 2. 新的 pod 被创建后，它们也会加入到队列 - 3. 调度器持续从队列中取出 pod 并对其进行调度 +在更高层面下，Kubernetes 调度器的工作方式是这样的： + 1. 每个需要被调度的吊舱都需要加入到队列 + 2. 新的吊舱被创建后，它们也会加入到队列 + 3. 调度器持续地从队列中取出吊舱并对其进行调度 +[调度器源码][6]（`scheduler.go`）很大，约 9000 行，且相当复杂，但解决了重要问题： -[调度器源码][6] (`scheduler.go`) 很大，约 9000 行，且相当复杂，但解决了重要问题： - - 1. **等待/监视 pod 创建的代码** -监视 pod 创建的代码 `scheduler.go` 从 8970 行开始，它持续等待新的 pod： +#### 等待/监视吊舱创建的代码 +监视吊舱创建的代码始于 `scheduler.go` 的 8970 行，它持续等待新的吊舱： ``` // Run begins watching and scheduling. It waits for cache to be synced, then starts a goroutine and returns immediately. @@ -63,17 +63,16 @@ func (sched *Scheduler) Run() { go wait.Until(sched.scheduleOne, 0, sched.config.StopEverything) ``` - 2. **负责对 pod 进行排队的代码** -负责 pod 进行排队的功能是： +#### 负责对吊舱进行排队的代码 +负责对吊舱进行排队的功能是： ``` // queue for pods that need scheduling podQueue *cache.FIFO ``` -负责 pod 进行排队的代码从 7360 行开始 `scheduler.go`。当新的 pod 显示可用时事件处理程序触发，这段代码将新的 pod 加入队列中： - +负责对吊舱进行排队的代码始于 `scheduler.go` 的 7360 行。当事件处理程序触发，表明新的吊舱显示可用时，这段代码将新的吊舱加入队列中： ``` func (f *ConfigFactory) getNextPod() *v1.Pod { @@ -87,9 +86,9 @@ func (f *ConfigFactory) getNextPod() *v1.Pod { } ``` - 3. **处理错误代码** -在 pod 调度中您不可避免会遇到调度错误。以下代码是处理调度程序错误的方法。它监听 `podInformer` 然后抛出一个错误，提示此 pod 尚未调度并被终止： +#### 处理错误代码 +在吊舱调度中不可避免会遇到调度错误。以下代码是处理调度程序错误的方法。它监听 `podInformer` 然后抛出一个错误，提示此吊舱尚未调度并被终止： ``` // scheduled pod cache @@ -106,31 +105,24 @@ func (f *ConfigFactory) getNextPod() *v1.Pod { }, ``` +换句话说，Kubernetes 调度器负责如下： + * 将新创建的吊舱调度至具有足够空间的节点上，以满足吊舱的资源需求。 + * 监听 kube-apiserver 和控制器是否创建新的吊舱，然后调度它至集群内一个可用的节点。 + * 监听未调度的吊舱，并使用 `/binding` 子资源 API 将吊舱绑定至节点。 - -I换句话说，Kubernetes 调度器负责如下： - - * 将新创建的 pod 调度至具有足够空间的节点上，以满足 pod 的资源需求。 - * 监听 kube-apiserver 和控制器是否创建新的 pod，然后调度它至集群内一个可用的节点。 - * 监听未安排的 pod，并使用 `/binding` 子资源 API 将 pod 绑定至节点。 - - - -例如，假设正在部署一个需要 1 GB 内存和双核 CPU 的应用。因此创建应用 pod 的节点上需有足够资源可用，然后调度器会持续运行监听是否有 pod 需要调度。 +例如，假设正在部署一个需要 1 GB 内存和双核 CPU 的应用。因此创建应用吊舱的节点上需有足够资源可用，然后调度器会持续运行监听是否有吊舱需要调度。 ### 了解更多 -要使 Kubernetes 集群工作，你需要使用以上所有组件一起同步运行。调度器有一段复杂的的代码，但是 Kubernetes 是一个很棒的软件，目前它仍是我们在讨论或采用云原生应用程序时的首选。 +要使 Kubernetes 集群工作，你需要使以上所有组件一起同步运行。调度器有一段复杂的的代码，但 Kubernetes 是一个很棒的软件，目前它仍是我们在讨论或采用云原生应用程序时的首选。 -学习 Kubernetes 需要精力和时间，但是将其作为您的专业技能之一能为您的职业生涯带来优势和回报。有很多很好的学习资源可供使用，而且[官方文档][7]也很棒。如果您有兴趣了解更多，建议从以下内容开始： +学习 Kubernetes 需要精力和时间，但是将其作为你的专业技能之一能为你的职业生涯带来优势和回报。有很多很好的学习资源可供使用，而且 [官方文档][7] 也很棒。如果你有兴趣了解更多，建议从以下内容开始： * [Kubernetes the hard way][8] * [Kubernetes the hard way on bare metal][9] * [Kubernetes the hard way on AWS][10] - - 你喜欢的 Kubernetes 学习方法是什么？请在评论中分享吧。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -139,8 +131,8 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/20/11/kubernetes-scheduler 作者：[Mike Calizo][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/MZqk) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[MZqk](https://github.com/MZqk) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 78f7dc9a08119654b5ca753d88f475aa7d544dee Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Fri, 26 Feb 2021 12:36:01 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 028/309] PUB @MZqk https://linux.cn/article-13155-1.html --- .../20201103 How the Kubernetes scheduler works.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20201103 How the Kubernetes scheduler works.md (99%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20201103 How the Kubernetes scheduler works.md b/published/20201103 How the Kubernetes scheduler works.md similarity index 99% rename from translated/tech/20201103 How the Kubernetes scheduler works.md rename to published/20201103 How the Kubernetes scheduler works.md index cafcb3196f..e988199b45 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20201103 How the Kubernetes scheduler works.md +++ b/published/20201103 How the Kubernetes scheduler works.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (MZqk) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-13155-1.html) [#]: subject: (How the Kubernetes scheduler works) [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/20/11/kubernetes-scheduler) [#]: author: (Mike Calizo https://opensource.com/users/mcalizo) From 4f60a76fcf43b88632b9067591aadbd4bbe41f7e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: amorsu <33998760+amorsu@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Fri, 26 Feb 2021 15:51:31 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 029/309] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=AE=8C=E6=88=90=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91?= =?UTF-8?q?=EF=BC=9A4=20reasons=20to=20choose=20Linux=20for=20art=20and=20?= =?UTF-8?q?design?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...sons to choose Linux for art and design.md | 25 +++++++------------ 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20210212 4 reasons to choose Linux for art and design.md b/sources/tech/20210212 4 reasons to choose Linux for art and design.md index 9b14d48e36..4f70038032 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20210212 4 reasons to choose Linux for art and design.md +++ b/sources/tech/20210212 4 reasons to choose Linux for art and design.md @@ -42,15 +42,12 @@ Inkscape Ardour -When you don't restrict who gets to use your software, you're implicitly inviting more users. And when you do that, you enable a greater diversity of creative voices. Art loves influence, and the greater the variety of experiences and ideas you have to draw from, the better. That's what's possible with open source creative software. 当你不限制别人用你的软件的时候，你其实拥有了更多的潜在用户。如果你这样做了，那么你就开放了一个接收多样的创意声音的窗口。艺术钟爱影响力，你能从越多的不同用户经验中获得越多的观点，就越好。这就是开源设计软件所带来的可能性。 -### Resolute format support is more inclusive + ### 文件格式支持更具包容性 -We all acknowledge the value of inclusivity in basically every industry. Inviting _more people_ to the party results in a greater spectacle, in nearly every sense. Knowing this, it's painful when I see a project or initiative that invites people to collaborate, only to limit what kind of file formats are acceptable. It feels archaic, like a vestige of elitism out of the far past, and yet it's a real problem even today. -我们都知道在几乎所有行业里面包容性的价值。在各种意义上，邀请更多的人到派对造就更壮观的场面。知道这一点，当看到有的项目或者创新公司只邀请某些人去合作，只接受某些文件格式，就让我很痛苦。这看起来很陈旧，就像某个远古时代的精英主义的遗迹，而这又是每天都在发生的真实问题。 +我们都知道在几乎所有行业里面包容性的价值。在各种意义上，邀请更多的人到派对造就更壮观的场面。知道这一点，当看到有的项目或者创新公司只邀请某些人去合作，只接受某些文件格式，就让我很痛苦。这看起来很陈旧，就像某个远古时代的精英主义的遗迹，而这是即使在今天都在发生的真实问题。 -In a surprise and unfortunate twist, it's not because of technical limitations. Proprietary software has access to open file formats because they're open source and free to integrate into any application. Integrating these formats requires no reciprocation. By stark contrast, proprietary file formats are often shrouded in secrecy, locked away for use by the select few who pay to play. It's so bad, in fact, that quite often, you can't open some files to get to your data without the proprietary software available. Amazingly, open source creative applications nevertheless include support for as many proprietary formats as they possibly can. Here's just a sample of Inkscape's staggering support list: 这是一个意外而不幸的转变，而且不是因为技术上的限制。私有软件可以访问开源的文件格式，因为这些格式是开源的而且可以免费的集成到各种应用里面。集成这些格式不需要任何回报。而相比之下，私有的文件格式笼罩着秘密，只被限制于提供给几个愿意付钱的人使用。这很糟糕，而且常常，你无法在没有这些私有软件的情况下打开一些文件来获取你的数据。令人惊喜的是，开源的设计软件却是尽力的支持更多的私有文件格式。以下是一些Inkscape所支持的令人难以置信的列表样本： @@ -58,29 +55,25 @@ In a surprise and unfortunate twist, it's not because of technical limitations. Inkscape 文件格式 -And that's largely without contribution from the companies owning the file formats. 而这大部分都是在没有这些私有格式厂商的支持下开发出来的。 -Supporting open file formats is more inclusive, and it's better for everyone. 支持开放的文件格式可以更包容，对所有人都更好。 -### No restrictions for fresh ideas ### 对新的创意没有限制 -One of the things I've come to love about open source is the sheer diversity of how any given task is interpreted. When you're around proprietary software, you tend to start to see the world based on what's available to you. For instance, if you're thinking of manipulating some photos, then you generally frame your intent based on what you know to be possible. You choose from the three of four or ten applications on the shelf because they're the only options presented. -我之所以爱上开源的其中一个原因是，解决一个指定任务时，有彻底的多样性。当你在 +我之所以爱上开源的其中一个原因是，解决一个指定任务时，有彻底的多样性。当你在当你环绕在私有软件中，你所看到的世界是基于你所能够获取得到的东西。比如说，你过你打算处理一些照片，你通常会把你的意图框限在你所知道的可能性上面。你从你的架子上的4款或10款应用中，挑选出3款，因为它们是目前你唯一能够获取得到的选项。 -You generally have several obligatory "obvious" solutions in open source, but you also get an additional _dozen_ contenders hanging out on the fringe. These options are sometimes only half-complete, or they're hyper-focused on a specific task, or they're challenging to learn, but most importantly, they're unique and innovative. Sometimes they've been developed by someone who's never seen the way a task is "supposed to be done," and so the approach is wildly different than anything else on the market. Other times, they're developed by someone familiar with the "right way" of doing something but is trying a different tactic anyway. It's a big, dynamic brainstorm of possibility. +在开源领域，你通常会有好几个“明显的”必备解决方案，但同时你还有一打的角逐者在边缘转悠，供你选择。这些选项有时只是半成品，或者它们超级专注于某项任务，又或者它们学起来有点挑战性，但最主要的是，它们是唯一的，而且充满创新的。有时候，它们是被某些不按“套路”出牌的人所开发的，因此处理的方法和市场上现有的产品截然不同。其他时候，它们是被那些熟悉做事情的“正确”方式，但还是在尝试不同策略的人所开发的。这就像是一个充满可能性的巨大的动态的头脑风暴。 -These kinds of everyday innovations can lead to flashes of inspiration, moments of brilliance, or widespread common improvements. For instance, the famous GIMP filter that removes items from photographs and automatically replaces the background was so popular that it later got "borrowed" by proprietary photo editing software. That's one metric of success, but it's the personal impact that matters most for an artist. I marvel at the creativity of new Linux users when I've shown them just one simple audio or video filter or paint application at a tech demo. Without any instruction or context, the ideas that spring out of a simple interaction with a new tool can be exciting and inspiring, and a whole new series of artwork can easily emerge from experimentation with just a few simple tools. +这种类型的日常创新能够引领出闪现的灵感，光辉时刻，或者影响广泛的通用性改进。比如说，著名的GIMP滤镜，（用于从图像中移除项目并自动替换背景）是如此的受欢迎以至于后来被私有图片编辑软件商拿去“借鉴”。这是成功的一步，但是对于一个艺术家而言，个人的影响才是最关键的。我常感叹于新的Linux用户的创意，而我只是在技术展会上展示给他们一个简单的音频，或者视频滤镜，或者绘图应用。没有任何的指导，或者应用场景，从简单的交互中喷发出来的关于新的工具的主意，是令人兴奋和充满启发的，通过实验中一些简单的工具，一个全新的艺术系列可以轻而易举的浮现出来。 -There are also ways of working more efficiently, provided the right set of tools are available. While proprietary software usually isn't opposed to the idea of smarter work habits, there's rarely a direct benefit from concentrating on making it easy for users to automate tasks. Linux and open source are largely built exactly for [automation and orchestration][6], and not just for servers. Tools like [ImageMagick][7] and [GIMP scripts][8] have changed the way I work with images, both for bulk processing and idle experimentation. +只要在适当的工具集都有的情况下，有很多方式来更有效的工作。虽然私有软件通常也不会反对更聪明的工作习惯的点子，专注于实现自动化任务让用户可以更轻松的工作，对他们也没有直接的收益。Linux和开源软件就是很大程度专为[自动化和编排][6]而建的。而不只是服务器。像 [ImageMagick][7] 和 [GIMP scripts][8]这样的工具改变了我的处理图片的方式，包括批量处理方面和纯粹实验方面。 -You never know what you might create, given tools that you've never imagined existed. +你永远不知道你可以创造什么，如果你有一个你从来想象不到会存在的工具的话。 -### Linux artists +### Linux艺术家 -There's a whole [community of artists using open source][9], from [photography][10] to [makers][11] to [musicians][12], and much much more. If you want to get creative, give Linux a go. +这里有 [使用开源的艺术家社区][9], 从 [photography][10] 到 [makers][11] 到 [musicians][12], 还有更多更多。 如果你想要创新, 试试Linux吧。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- From 4eac6a3b565c939cf1db87cb5a83699926e2bbf2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: amorsu <33998760+amorsu@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Fri, 26 Feb 2021 16:19:13 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 030/309] Rename sources/tech/20210212 4 reasons to choose Linux for art and design.md to translated/tech/20210212 4 reasons to choose Linux for art and design.md --- .../tech/20210212 4 reasons to choose Linux for art and design.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {sources => translated}/tech/20210212 4 reasons to choose Linux for art and design.md (100%) diff --git a/sources/tech/20210212 4 reasons to choose Linux for art and design.md b/translated/tech/20210212 4 reasons to choose Linux for art and design.md similarity index 100% rename from sources/tech/20210212 4 reasons to choose Linux for art and design.md rename to translated/tech/20210212 4 reasons to choose Linux for art and design.md From 72fd5744f873d84e60982b3f6ee139a8888a1a66 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Fri, 26 Feb 2021 22:56:48 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 031/309] PRF PART 2 --- ...21 lawyer The MIT License, Line by Line.md | 25 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/talk/20160921 lawyer The MIT License, Line by Line.md b/translated/talk/20160921 lawyer The MIT License, Line by Line.md index 0a811d4a37..a9242c7965 100644 --- a/translated/talk/20160921 lawyer The MIT License, Line by Line.md +++ b/translated/talk/20160921 lawyer The MIT License, Line by Line.md @@ -57,32 +57,31 @@ 这个故事的寓意是：“MIT 许可证”本身就是模棱两可的。大家可能很清楚你的意思，但你只需要把标准的 MIT 许可证文本复制到你的项目中，就可以节省每个人的时间。如果使用元数据（如包管理器中的元数据文件）来指定 “MIT 许可证”，请确保 `LICENSE` 文件和任何头部的注释都使用标准的许可证文本。所有的这些都可以 [自动化完成][7]。 -##### 版权说明 +##### 版权声明 > Copyright (c) +在 1976 年《版权法》颁布之前，美国的版权法规要求采取具体的行动，即所谓的“手续”来确保创意作品的版权。如果你不遵守这些手续，你起诉他人未经授权使用你的作品的权力就会受到限制，往往完全丧失权力，其中一项手续就是“声明notice”。在你的作品上打上记号，以其他方式让市场知道你拥有版权。“©” 是一个标准符号，用于标记受版权保护的作品，以发出版权声明。ASCII 字符集没有 © 符号，但 `Copyright (c)` 可以表达同样的意思。 -在 1976 年《版权法》颁布之前，美国的版权法要求采取具体的行动，即所谓的“手续”来确保创意作品的版权。如果你不遵守这些手续，你起诉他人未经授权使用你的作品的权力就会受到限制，往往完全丧失权力，其中一项手续就是 "通知"。在你的作品上打上记号，以其他方式让市场知道你拥有版权 ©是一个标准符号，用于标记受版权保护的作品，以发出版权通知。ASCII 字符集没有©符号，但`Copyright (c)`可以表达同样的意思。 +1976 年的《版权法》“落实”了国际《伯尔尼公约Berne Convention》的许多要求，取消了确保版权的手续。至少在美国，著作权人在起诉侵权之前，仍然需要对自己的版权作品进行登记，如果在侵权行为开始之前进行登记，可能会获得更高的赔偿。但在实践中，很多人在对某个人提起诉讼之前，都会先注册版权。你并不会因为没有在上面贴上声明、注册它、向国会图书馆寄送副本等而失去版权。 -1976 年的版权法“执行”了国际《伯尔尼公约》的许多要求， 取消了确保版权的手续。至少在美国，著作权人在起诉侵权之前，仍然需要对自己的版权作品进行登记，如果在侵权行为开始之前进行登记，可能会获得更高的赔偿。但在实践中，很多人在对某个人提起诉讼之前，都会先注册版权。你并不会因为没有在上面贴上告示、注册、向国会图书馆寄送副本等而失去版权。 +即使版权声明不像过去那样绝对必要，但它们仍然有很多用处。说明作品的创作年份和版权属于谁，可以让人知道作品的版权何时到期，从而使作品进入公共领域。作者或作者们的身份也很有用。美国法律对个人作者和“公司”作者的版权条款的计算方式不同。特别是在商业用途中，公司在使用已知竞争对手的软件时，可能也要三思而行，即使许可条款给予了非常慷慨的许可。如果你希望别人看到你的作品并想从你这里获得授权，版权声明可以很好地起到归属作用。 -即使版权声明不像过去那样绝对必要，但它们仍然有很多用处。说明作品的创作年份和版权属于谁，可以让人知道作品的版权何时到期，从而使作品进入公共领域。作者或作者们的身份也很有用。美国法律对个人作者和"公司"作者的版权条款的计算方式不同。特别是在商业用途中，公司在使用已知竞争对手的软件时，可能也要三思而行，即使许可条款给予了非常慷慨的许可。如果你希望别人看到你的作品并想从你这里获得许可，版权声明可以很好地起到归属作用。 +至于“版权持有人copyright holder”。并非所有标准形式的许可证都有写明这一点的空间。最新的许可证形式，如 [Apache 2.0][8] 和 [GPL 3.0][9]，发布的 `LICENSE` 文本是要逐字复制的，并在其他地方加上标题注释和单独的文件，以表明谁拥有版权和谁提供许可证。这些办法巧妙地阻止了对“标准”文本的意外或故意的修改。这还使自动许可证识别更加可靠。 -至于"版权持有人"。并非所有标准形式的许可证都有写明这一点的空间。最新的许可证形式，如[Apache 2.0][8]和[GPL 3.0][9]，公布了 "LICENSE" 文本，这些文本是要逐字复制的，并在其他地方加上标题注释和单独的文件，以表明谁拥有版权和给予许可证。这些办法巧妙地阻止了对 "标准"文本的意外或故意的修改。这还使自动许可证识别更加可靠。 +麻省理工学院的许可证是从为机构发布的代码而写的语言演变而来。对于机构发布的代码，只有一个明确的“版权持有人”，即发布代码的机构。其他机构则抄袭了这些许可证，用他们自己的名字代替 “MIT”，最终形成了我们现在的通用形式。这一过程同样适用于该时代的其他简短的机构许可证，特别是加州大学伯克利分校的最初的 [四句式 BSD 许可证][10]four-clause BSD License、现在使用的 [三句式][11] 和 [两句式][12] 变体，以及麻省理工学院许可证的变体互联网系统联盟Internet Systems Consortium的[ISC 许可证][13]。 -麻省理工学院的许可证是从为机构发布代码而写的语言演变而来。对于机构发布的代码，只有一个明确的 "版权持有人"，即发布代码的机构。其他机构则抄袭了这些许可证，用他们自己的名字代替 "MIT"，最终形成了我们现在的通用形式。这一过程同样适用于该时代的其他简短机构许可证，特别是加州大学伯克利分校的[最初的四条款 BSD 许可证][10]，现在用于[三条款][11]和[两条款][12]变体，以及麻省理工学院的变体 — 互联网系统联盟的[ISC 许可证][13]。 +在每一种情况下，该机构都根据版权所有权规则将自己列为版权持有人，这些规则称为“[雇佣作品][14]”规则，这些规则赋予雇主和客户对其雇员和承包商代表其从事的某些工作的版权所有权。这些规则通常不适用于自愿提交代码的分布式协作者。这给项目监管型基金会（如 Apache 基金会和 Eclipse 基金会）带来了一个问题，因为它们接受来自更多不同的贡献者的贡献。到目前为止，通常的基础方法是使用一个单一的许可证，它规定了一个版权持有者，如 [Apache 2.0][8] 和 [EPL 1.0][15] — 并由贡献者许可协议contributor license agreements [Apache CLA][16] 以及 [Eclipse CLA][17] 为后盾，以从贡献者中收集权利。在像 GPL 这样的左版copyleft许可证下，将版权所有权收集在一个地方就更加重要了，因为 GPL 依靠版权所有者来执行许可证条件，以促进软件自由的价值。 -在每一种情况下，该机构都根据版权所有权规则将自己列为版权持有人，这些规则称为“[雇佣作品][14]”规则，这些规则赋予雇主和客户对其雇员和承包商代表其从事的某些工作的版权所有权。这些规则通常不适用于自愿提交代码的分布式协作者。这给项目统筹型基金会（如 Apache 基金会和 Eclipse 基金会）带来了一个问题，它们接受来自更多不同贡献者的贡献。到目前为止，通常的基础方法是使用一个房产型许可证，它规定了一个版权持有者，如[Apache 2.0][8] 和 [EPL 1.0][15] — 并由贡献者许可协议 [Apache CLAs][16] 以及 [Eclipse CLAs][17] 支持，以从贡献者中收集权利。在像 GPL 这样的 "copyleft" 许可证下，将版权所有权收集在一个地方就更加重要了，因为 GPL 依靠版权所有者来执行许可证条件，以促进软件自由的价值。 +如今，大量没有机构或商业管理人的项目都在使用 MIT 风格的许可条款。SPDX 和 OSI 通过标准化不涉及特定实体或机构版权持有人的 MIT 和 ISC 之类的许可证形式，为这些用例提供了帮助。有了这些许可证，项目作者的普遍做法是在许可证的版权声明中早早就填上自己的名字...也许还会在这里或那里填上年份。至少根据美国的版权法，由此产生的版权声明并不能说明全部情况。 -如今，没有任何机构或业务统筹的大量项目都使用 MIT 风格的许可条款。 SPDX 和 OSI 通过标准化不涉及特定实体或机构版权持有人的 MIT 和 ISC 之类的许可证形式，为这些用例提供了帮助。有了这些许可证，项目作者的普遍做法是在许可证的版权声明中很早就填上自己的名字...也许还会在这里和那里填上年份。至少根据美国的版权法，由此产生的版权通知并不能说明全部情况。 +某个软件的原始所有者保留其工作的所有权。但是，尽管 MIT 风格的许可条款赋予了他人开发和更改软件的权利，创造了法律上所谓的“衍生作品”，但它们并没有赋予原始作者对他人的贡献的所有权。相反，每个贡献者都对他们以现有代码为起点所做的任何 [哪怕是稍有一点创意][18] 的作品拥有版权。 -某个软件的原始所有者保留其工作的所有权。但是，尽管 MIT 风格的许可条款赋予了他人开发和更改软件的权利，创造了法律所谓的“衍生作品”，但它们并没有赋予原始作者他人的贡献的所有权。相反，每个贡献者都以他们使用现有代码为起点进行的任何[甚至是少量创造][18]的作品来拥有版权。 +这些项目大多数也对接受贡献者许可协议contributor license agreements（CLA）的想法嗤之以鼻，更不用说签署版权转让协议了。这既幼稚又可以理解。尽管一些较新的开源开发人员认为，在 GitHub 上发送拉取请求Pull Request，就会“自动”根据项目现有的许可证条款授权分发贡献，但美国法律不承认任何此类规则。强有力的版权保护，而不是允许性许可，是默认的。 -这些项目中的大多数也对获得贡献者许可协议的想法犹豫不决，更不用说签署的版权转让了。这既幼稚又可以理解。尽管一些较新的开源开发人员假设在 GitHub 上发送 Pull Request “自动”根据项目现有许可证的条款授权分发贡献，但美国法律不承认任何此类规则。默认而强大的版本保护是不允许许可的。 +> 更新：GitHub 后来修改了全站的服务条款，包括试图改变这一默认值，至少在 GitHub.com 上是这样。我在 [另一篇][19] 中写了一些对这一发展的想法，并非都是正面的。 -更新：GitHub 后来修改了全站的服务条款，包括试图改变这一默认值，至少在 GitHub.com 上是这样。我在[另一篇][19]中写了一些对这一发展的并非都是正面的看法。 - -为了填补法律上有效的、有据可查的贡献权利授予与完全没有文件线索之间的差距，一些项目采用了[开发者原创证书][20]，这是贡献者在 Git 提交中使用 "Signed-Off-By" 元数据标签暗示的标准声明。 开发人员原创证书是在臭名昭著的 SCO 诉讼之后，为 Linux 内核开发而开发的，该诉讼称 Linux 的大部分代码源自 SCO 拥有的 Unix 作为来源。作为创建显示 Linux 的每一行都来自贡献者的书面记录的一种方法，开发人员原创证书功能很好。尽管开发人员原产地证书不是许可证，但它确实提供了许多充分的证据，表明提交代码的人希望项目分发其代码，并让其他人根据内核现有的许可证条款使用该代码。内核还维护着一个机器可读的 “CREDITS” 文件，列出了具有名称，隶属关系，贡献区域和其他元数据的贡献者。我已经做了[一些][21][实验][22]针对不使用内核开发流程的项目进行了调整。 +为了填补法律上有效的、有据可查的贡献权利授予与完全没有纸质痕迹之间的差距，一些项目采用了 [开发者原创证书][20]Developer Certificate of Origin，这是贡献者在 Git 提交中使用 `Signed-Off-By` 元数据标签暗示的标准声明。开发者原创证书是在臭名昭著的 SCO 诉讼之后为 Linux 内核开发而开发的，该诉讼称 Linux 的大部分代码源自 SCO 拥有的 Unix 源代码。作为创建显示 Linux 的每一行都来自贡献者的书面记录的一种方法，开发者原创证书的功能很好。尽管开发者原创证书不是许可证，但它确实提供了许多充分的证据，证明提交代码的人希望项目分发其代码，并让其他人根据内核现有的许可证条款使用该代码。内核还维护着一个机器可读的 `CREDITS` 文件，其中列出了贡献者的名字、所属机构、贡献领域和其他元数据。我做了 [一些][21] [实验][22]，把这种方法改编成适用于不使用内核开发流程的项目。 #### 许可证授权 From ad7967187c1ae1920b7baee2d2fc5481e6868e77 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sat, 27 Feb 2021 00:20:02 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 032/309] PRF PART 3 --- ...21 lawyer The MIT License, Line by Line.md | 72 ++++++++----------- 1 file changed, 29 insertions(+), 43 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/talk/20160921 lawyer The MIT License, Line by Line.md b/translated/talk/20160921 lawyer The MIT License, Line by Line.md index a9242c7965..7877f106e6 100644 --- a/translated/talk/20160921 lawyer The MIT License, Line by Line.md +++ b/translated/talk/20160921 lawyer The MIT License, Line by Line.md @@ -56,8 +56,7 @@ 这个故事的寓意是：“MIT 许可证”本身就是模棱两可的。大家可能很清楚你的意思，但你只需要把标准的 MIT 许可证文本复制到你的项目中，就可以节省每个人的时间。如果使用元数据（如包管理器中的元数据文件）来指定 “MIT 许可证”，请确保 `LICENSE` 文件和任何头部的注释都使用标准的许可证文本。所有的这些都可以 [自动化完成][7]。 - -##### 版权声明 +#### 版权声明 > Copyright (c) @@ -83,63 +82,50 @@ 为了填补法律上有效的、有据可查的贡献权利授予与完全没有纸质痕迹之间的差距，一些项目采用了 [开发者原创证书][20]Developer Certificate of Origin，这是贡献者在 Git 提交中使用 `Signed-Off-By` 元数据标签暗示的标准声明。开发者原创证书是在臭名昭著的 SCO 诉讼之后为 Linux 内核开发而开发的，该诉讼称 Linux 的大部分代码源自 SCO 拥有的 Unix 源代码。作为创建显示 Linux 的每一行都来自贡献者的书面记录的一种方法，开发者原创证书的功能很好。尽管开发者原创证书不是许可证，但它确实提供了许多充分的证据，证明提交代码的人希望项目分发其代码，并让其他人根据内核现有的许可证条款使用该代码。内核还维护着一个机器可读的 `CREDITS` 文件，其中列出了贡献者的名字、所属机构、贡献领域和其他元数据。我做了 [一些][21] [实验][22]，把这种方法改编成适用于不使用内核开发流程的项目。 -#### 许可证授权 +### 许可证授权 > Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), -MIT 许可证的实质是许可证（你猜对了）。一般来说，许可证是一个人或法律实体"许可人"给予另一个人"被许可人"做一些法律允许他们起诉的事情的许可。MIT 许可证是一种不起诉的承诺。 +MIT 许可证的实质是许可证（你猜对了）。一般来说，许可证是一个人或法律实体“许可人licensor”给予另一个人“被许可人licensee”做一些法律允许他们起诉的事情的许可。MIT 许可证是一种不起诉的承诺。 -法律有时将许可证与给予许可证的承诺区分开来。如果有人违背了提供许可证的承诺，你可以起诉他们违背了承诺，但你最终可能得不到许可证。“特此”是律师们永远摆脱不了的一个老生常谈的词。这里使用它来显示许可证文本本身提供了许可证，而不仅仅是许可证的承诺。这是合法的[IIFE][23]。 +法律有时将许可证与给予许可证的承诺区分开来。如果有人违背了提供许可证的承诺，你可以起诉他们违背了承诺，但你最终可能得不到许可证。“特此Hereby”是律师们永远摆脱不了的一个似是而非、老生常谈的词。这里使用它来表明，许可证文本本身提供了许可证，而不仅仅是许可证的承诺。这是合法的 [IIFE][23]。 -尽管许多许可证都授予特定的命名许可证持有人许可，但 MIT 许可证是“公共许可证”。 公共许可证授予所有人（包括整个公众）许可。 这是开源许可中的三大创意之一。 MIT 许可证通过“向任何获得……软件副本的人”授予许可证来体现这一思想。 稍后我们将看到，获得此许可证还有一个条件，即确保其他人也可以了解他们的许可。 +尽管许多许可证都是授予特定的、指定的被许可人的许可，但 MIT 许可证是“公共许可证public license”。公共许可证授予所有人（整个公众）许可。这是开源许可中的三大理念之一。MIT 许可证通过“向任何获得……软件副本的人”授予许可证来体现这一思想。稍后我们将看到，获得此许可证还有一个条件，即确保其他人也可以了解他们的许可。 -在美国式法律文件中，带引号大写的附加语（定义）是赋予术语特定含义的标准方式。当法院看到文件中其他地方使用了一个已定义的大写术语时，法院将可靠地回顾定义中的术语。 +在美国式法律文件中，括号中带引号的首字母大写词汇是赋予术语特定含义的标准方式（“定义”）。当法庭看到文件中其他地方使用了一个已定义的大写术语时，法庭会可靠地回顾定义中的术语。 -##### 授权范围 +#### 授权范围 > to deal in the Software without restriction, -从被许可人的角度来看，这是 MIT 许可证中最重要的七个字。关键的法律问题是被起诉侵犯版权和被起诉侵犯专利。无论是版权法还是专利法都没有将 "to deal in" 作为一个术语，它在法庭上没有特定的含义。因此，任何法院在裁决许可人和被许可人之间的纠纷时，都会问双方对这种语言的含义和理解。法院将看到的是，该措辞有意宽泛和开放。它使被许可人强烈反对许可人的任何主张，即他们没有许可被许可人使用该软件做特定的事情，即使在授予许可时双方都没有明显想到。 +从被许可人的角度来看，这是 MIT 许可证中最重要的七个字。关键的法律问题是被起诉侵犯版权和被起诉侵犯专利。无论是版权法还是专利法都没有将 “处置to deal in” 作为一个术语，它在法庭上没有特定的含义。因此，任何法庭在裁决许可人和被许可人之间的纠纷时，都会问双方对这种语言的含义和理解。法庭将看到的是，该措辞有意宽泛和开放。它为被许可人提供了一个强有力的论据，反对许可人提出的任何主张 —— 即他们没有许可被许可人使用该软件做那件具体的事情，即使在授予许可时双方都没有明显想到。 > including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, -任何一篇法律文章都不是完美的，“意义上完全确定”或明确无误的。小心那些装作不一样的人。这是 MIT 许可证中最不完美的部分。主要有三个问题： +任何一篇法律文章都不是完美的、“意义上完全确定”、或明确无误的。小心那些装作不完美的人。这是 MIT 许可证中最不完美的部分。主要有三个问题： -首先，“包括但不限于”是一种法律反模式。它有多种衍生： - - * 包括但不限于 - - * 包括但不限于前述条文的一般性 - - * 包括但不限于 +首先，“包括但不限于including without limitation”是一种法律反模式。它有多种衍生： + * 包括，但不限于including, without limitation + * 包括，但不限于前述条文的一般性including, without limiting the generality of the foregoing + * 包括，但不限于including, but not limited to * 很多，很多毫无意义的变化 -所有这些都有一个共同的目标，但都未能可靠地实现。从根本上说，使用它们的起草者也会尽量试探着去做。在MIT许可证中，这意味着引入“软件交易”的具体例子 — “使用、复制、修改”等等，但不意味着被许可方的行为必须与给出的例子类似，才能算作“交易”。问题是，如果你最终需要法庭来审查和解释许可证的条款，法庭将把它的工作看作是找出这些语言的含义。如果法院需要决定“交易”的含义，它不能“看不到”这些例子，即使你告诉它。我认为“不受限制的软件交易”本身对被许可方更好，也更短。 +所有这些都有一个共同的目标，但都未能可靠地实现。从根本上说，使用它们的起草者也会尽量试探着去做。在 MIT 许可证中，这意味着引入“处置软件dealing in the Software”的具体例子 — “使用、复制、修改”等等，但不意味着被许可方的行为必须与给出的例子类似，才能算作“处置”。问题是，如果你最终需要法庭来审查和解释许可证的条款，法庭将把它的工作看作是找出这些语言的含义。如果法庭需要决定“处置deal in”的含义，它不能“无视”这些例子，即使你告诉它。我认为“不受限制地处置本软件”本身对被许可人更好，也更短。 -其次，作为 “deal in” 例子的动词是一个大杂烩。有些在版权法或专利法下有特定的含义，有些几乎有或根本没有： +其次，作为“处置deal in”例子的动词是一个大杂烩。有些在版权法或专利法下有特定的含义，有些几乎有或根本没有： + * “使用use”出现在 [《美国法典》第 35 篇，第 271(a)节][24]，这是专利法中专利权人可以起诉他人未经许可的行为的清单。 + * “复制copy”出现在 [《美国法典》第 17 篇，第 106 节][25]，即版权法列出的版权所有人可以起诉他人未经许可的行为。 + * “修改modify”既不出现在版权法中，也不出现在专利法中。它可能最接近版权法下的“准备衍生作品”，但也可能涉及改进或其他衍生发明。 + * 无论是在版权法还是专利法中，“合并merge”都没有出现。“合并merger”在版权方面有特定的含义，但这显然不是这里的意图。相反，法庭可能会根据其在行业中的含义来解读“合并”，如“合并代码”。 + * 无论是在版权法还是专利法中，都没有“发布publish”。由于“软件”是被发布的内容，根据《[版权法][25]》，它可能最接近于“分发distribute”。该法令还包括“公开”表演和展示作品的权利，但这些权利只适用于特定类型的受版权保护的作品，如戏剧、录音和电影。 + * “分发distribute”出现在《[版权法][25]》中。 + * “转授许可权sublicense”是知识产权法中的一个总称。转授许可权是指吧自己的许可授予他人，进行你所许可的部分或全部活动的权利。实际上，MIT 许可证的转授许可权权利在开源代码许可证中并不常见。通常的做法是 Heather Meeker 所说的“直接授权direct licensing”方式，在这种方法中，每个获得该软件及其许可证条款副本的人都直接从所有者那里获得授权。任何可能根据 MIT 许可证获得转授许可证的人都可能会得到一份许可证副本，告诉他们他们也有直接许可证。 + * “出售副本sell copies”是个混杂品。它接近于《[专利法][24]》中的“要约出售offer to sell”和“出售sell”，但指的是“副本”，这是一种版权概念。在版权方面，它似乎接近于“分发distribute”，但《[版权法][25]》没有提到销售。 + * “允许向其提供软件的人员这样做permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so”似乎是多余的“转授许可权”。这也是不必要的，因为获得副本的人也可以直接获得许可证。 - * 使用出现在 [美国法典第 35 篇, 第 271(a)节][24], 专利法列出了专利权人可以在未经许可的情况下起诉他人的行为。 - - * 拷贝出现在 [美国法典第 17 篇, 第 106 节][25], 版权法列出了版权所有人可以在未经许可的情况下起诉他人的行为。 - - * 修改既不出现在版权法中，也不出现在专利法中。它可能最接近版权法下的“准备衍生作品”，但也可能涉及改进或其他衍生发明。 - - * 无论是在版权法还是专利法中，合并都没有出现。“合并”在版权方面有特定的含义，但这显然不是本文的意图。相反，法院可能会根据其在行业中的含义来解读“合并”，如“合并法典”。 - - * 无论是在版权法还是专利法中，都没有公布。由于“软件”是正在出版的东西，根据[版权法][25]，它可能最接近于“发行”。该法令还包括“公开”表演和展示作品的权利，但这些权利只适用于特定类型的受版权保护的作品，如戏剧、录音和电影。 - - * 分发出现在[版权法][25]中。 - - * 分许可是知识产权法的总称。再许可权是指授予他人自己的许可，进行您所许可的部分或全部活动的权利。实际上，MIT 许可证的分许可证权利实际上在开放源代码许可证中并不常见。希瑟·米克（Heather Meeker）所说的规范是“直接许可”方法，在这种方法中，每个获得该软件及其许可条款副本的人都直接从所有者那里获得许可。任何可能根据 MIT 许可证获得分许可证的人都可能会得到一份许可证副本，告诉他们他们也有直接许可证。 - - - * 卖书是个混血儿。它接近于[专利法][24]中的“要约出售”和“出售”，但指的是“复制品”，一种版权概念。在版权方面，它似乎接近于“分发”，但[版权法][25]没有提到销售。 - - * 允许向其提供软件的人员这样做似乎是多余的“分许可”。这也是不必要的，因为获得拷贝的人也可以直接获得许可证。 - -最后，由于这种法律、行业、一般知识产权和一般使用条款的混杂，并不清楚《麻省理工学院许可证》是否包括专利许可。一般性语言 "交易 "和一些例子动词，尤其是 "使用"，都指向了尽管是一个非常不明确的许可的专利许可。许可证来自于版权人，而版权人可能对软件中的发明拥有或不拥有专利权，以及大多数的例子动词和 "软件" 本身的定义，都强烈地指向版权许可证。诸如[Apache 2.0][8]之类的较新的开放源代码许可分别特别地处理了版权，专利甚至商标。 +最后，由于这种法律、行业、一般知识产权和一般使用条款的混杂，并不清楚 MIT 许可证是否包括专利许可。一般性语言“处置deal in”和一些例子动词，尤其是“使用”，都指向了一个专利许可，尽管是一个非常不明确的许可。许可证来自于版权人，而版权人可能对软件中的发明拥有或不拥有专利权，以及大多数的例子动词和“软件the Software”本身的定义，都强烈地指向版权许可证。诸如 [Apache 2.0][8] 之类的较新的宽容开源许可分别具体地处理了版权，专利甚至商标问题。 ##### 三个许可条件 @@ -187,7 +173,7 @@ UCC 关于销售合同的某些规则是强制性的。 这些规则始终适用 UCC 的[第2-316（3）节][28]要求，出于明显的目的，选择退出或“排除”隐含的适销性和适用性的默示保证。 反过来，“显眼”是指书写或格式化以引起人们的注意，这与微观精细印刷的反义词相反，意在溜过粗心的消费者。 州法律可能会对不侵权免责声明施加类似的引人注目的要求。 -长期以来，律师们都有一种错觉，认为用 "全大写 "写任何东西都符合明显的要求。这是不正确的。法院曾批评律师协会自以为是，而且大多数人都认为，全大写更多的是阻止阅读，而不是强制阅读。同样的，大多数开源许可表格都将其担保免责声明设置为全大写，部分原因是这是在纯文本的 `LICENSE` 文件中唯一明显的方式。我更喜欢使用星号或其他 ASCII 艺术，但那是很久很久以前的事了。 +长期以来，律师们都有一种错觉，认为用 "全大写 "写任何东西都符合明显的要求。这是不正确的。法庭曾批评律师协会自以为是，而且大多数人都认为，全大写更多的是阻止阅读，而不是强制阅读。同样的，大多数开源许可表格都将其担保免责声明设置为全大写，部分原因是这是在纯文本的 `LICENSE` 文件中唯一明显的方式。我更喜欢使用星号或其他 ASCII 艺术，但那是很久很久以前的事了。 ##### 责任限制 @@ -195,13 +181,13 @@ UCC 的[第2-316（3）节][28]要求，出于明显的目的，选择退出或 麻省理工学院许可证允许 "免费 "使用软件，但法律并不认为接受免费许可证的人在出错时放弃了起诉的权利，而要责怪许可人。"责任限制"，通常与 "损害赔偿排除条款 "搭配使用，其作用与许可证很像，是不起诉的承诺。但这些都是保护许可人免受被许可人起诉的保护措施。 -一般来说，法院对责任限制和损害赔偿排除条款的解读非常谨慎，因为这些条款可以将大量的风险从一方转移到另一方。为了保护社会的重大利益，让人们有办法在法庭上纠正错误，他们 "严格解释 "限制责任的语言，在可能的情况下对受其保护的一方进行解读。责任限制必须具体才能成立。特别是在 "消费者 "合同和其他放弃起诉权的人缺乏复杂性或讨价还价能力的情况下，法院有时会拒绝尊重那些似乎被埋没在视线之外的语言。部分是出于这个原因，部分是出于习惯，律师们往往也会给责任限制以全称处理。 +一般来说，法庭对责任限制和损害赔偿排除条款的解读非常谨慎，因为这些条款可以将大量的风险从一方转移到另一方。为了保护社会的重大利益，让人们有办法在法庭上纠正错误，他们 "严格解释 "限制责任的语言，在可能的情况下对受其保护的一方进行解读。责任限制必须具体才能成立。特别是在 "消费者 "合同和其他放弃起诉权的人缺乏复杂性或讨价还价能力的情况下，法庭有时会拒绝尊重那些似乎被埋没在视线之外的语言。部分是出于这个原因，部分是出于习惯，律师们往往也会给责任限制以全称处理。 再往下看，"责任限制 "部分是对被许可人可以起诉的金额的上限。在开源许可证中，这个上限总是没有钱，0元，"不负责任"。相比之下，在商业许可证中，它通常是过去 12 个月内支付的许可证费用的倍数，尽管它通常是经过谈判的。 -“排除”部分具体列出了各种法律主张，即请求赔偿的理由，许可人无法使用。 像许多其他法律形式一样，MIT 许可证 提到了“违反合同”的行为（即违反合同）和“侵权”的行为。 侵权规则是防止粗心或恶意伤害他人的一般规则。 如果您在发短信时在路上撞人，则表示您犯了侵权行为。 如果您的公司销售的有问题的耳机会烧伤人们的耳朵，则说明您的公司已经侵权。 如果合同没有明确排除侵权索赔，那么法院有时会在合同中使用排除语言，以仅阻止合同索赔。 出于很好的考虑， MIT 许可证抛出“或其他”字样，只是为了抓住奇怪的海事法或其他奇特的法律主张。 +“排除”部分具体列出了各种法律主张，即请求赔偿的理由，许可人无法使用。 像许多其他法律形式一样，MIT 许可证 提到了“违反合同”的行为（即违反合同）和“侵权”的行为。 侵权规则是防止粗心或恶意伤害他人的一般规则。 如果您在发短信时在路上撞人，则表示您犯了侵权行为。 如果您的公司销售的有问题的耳机会烧伤人们的耳朵，则说明您的公司已经侵权。 如果合同没有明确排除侵权索赔，那么法庭有时会在合同中使用排除语言，以仅阻止合同索赔。 出于很好的考虑， MIT 许可证抛出“或其他”字样，只是为了抓住奇怪的海事法或其他奇特的法律主张。 -“产生于、来自或与之相关”这句话是法律起草人固有的、焦虑的不安全感的反复出现的症状。关键是，任何与软件有关的诉讼都包含在限制和排除范围内。在偶然的情况下，有些东西可以“产生”，但不能“产生”，或者“与之相关”，把这三者都放在形式上感觉更好，所以把它们打包。更不用说，任何法院被迫在表格的这一部分分头讨论的问题，都必须对每一个问题给出不同的含义，前提是专业的起草者不会在一行中使用不同的词来表示同一件事。更不用说，在实践中，如果法院对一开始不受欢迎的限制感觉不好，那么他们将更愿意狭隘地解读范围触发器。但我离题了。同样的语言出现在数以百万计的合同中。 +“产生于、来自或与之相关”这句话是法律起草人固有的、焦虑的不安全感的反复出现的症状。关键是，任何与软件有关的诉讼都包含在限制和排除范围内。在偶然的情况下，有些东西可以“产生”，但不能“产生”，或者“与之相关”，把这三者都放在形式上感觉更好，所以把它们打包。更不用说，任何法庭被迫在表格的这一部分分头讨论的问题，都必须对每一个问题给出不同的含义，前提是专业的起草者不会在一行中使用不同的词来表示同一件事。更不用说，在实践中，如果法庭对一开始不受欢迎的限制感觉不好，那么他们将更愿意狭隘地解读范围触发器。但我离题了。同样的语言出现在数以百万计的合同中。 #### 总结 From f2841619a34b4e54597c36e5beb651e601d5f41f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sat, 27 Feb 2021 13:58:11 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 033/309] PRF MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @amorsu 感谢您，完成了第一篇翻译贡献！ --- ...sons to choose Linux for art and design.md | 57 ++++++++----------- 1 file changed, 25 insertions(+), 32 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20210212 4 reasons to choose Linux for art and design.md b/translated/tech/20210212 4 reasons to choose Linux for art and design.md index 4f70038032..2ac1f85c4f 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20210212 4 reasons to choose Linux for art and design.md +++ b/translated/tech/20210212 4 reasons to choose Linux for art and design.md @@ -1,79 +1,72 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (amorsu) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (4 reasons to choose Linux for art and design) [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/2/linux-art-design) [#]: author: (Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth) -选择Linux来做艺术设计的4个理由 +选择 Linux 来做艺术设计的 4 个理由 ====== -开源会强化你的创造力。因为它把你带出私有化的思维定势，开阔你的视野，从而带来更多的可能性。探索一些开源的创意项目。 -![在一台电脑屏幕上的喷涂艺术][1] +> 开源会强化你的创造力。因为它把你带出专有的思维定势，开阔你的视野，从而带来更多的可能性。让我们探索一些开源的创意项目。 -2021年，人们比以前的任何时候都更有理由来爱上Linux。在这个系列，我会分享21个选择Linux的原因。今天，让我来解释一下，为什么Linux是艺术设计的绝佳选择。 +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/202102/27/135654k1x4um187i1i7wm1.jpg) -Linux在服务器和云计算方面获得很多的赞誉。让不少人感到惊讶的是，Linux刚好有一系列的创意设计工具，并且这些工具在用户体验和质量方面可以轻松打败那些流行的创意设计工具。我第一次使用开源的设计工具，并不是因为我没有其他工具可以选择。相反的，我是在接触了大量的这些领先的公司提供的私有化的设计工具后，才开始使用开源设计工具。我之所以最后选择开源设计工具是因为它们更合情而且我能获得更好的产出。以下是好几个方面，让我来慢慢解释吧！ +2021 年，人们比以前的任何时候都更有理由来爱上 Linux。在这个系列，我会分享 21 个选择 Linux 的原因。今天，让我来解释一下，为什么 Linux 是艺术设计的绝佳选择。 + +Linux 在服务器和云计算方面获得很多的赞誉。让不少人感到惊讶的是，Linux 刚好也有一系列的很棒的创意设计工具，并且这些工具在用户体验和质量方面可以媲美那些流行的创意设计工具。我第一次使用开源的设计工具时，并不是因为我没有其他工具可以选择。相反的，我是在接触了大量的这些领先的公司提供的专有设计工具后，才开始使用开源设计工具。我之所以最后选择开源设计工具是因为开源更有意义，而且我能获得更好的产出。这些都是一些笼统的说法，所以请允许我解释一下。 ### 高可用性意味着高生产力 -“生产力”这一次对于不同的人来说含义不一样。当我想到生产力，就是当你坐下来做事情，并能够完成你给自己设定的所有任务的时候，这时就很有成就感。 -但是当你总是被一些你无法掌控的事情打断，那你的生产力就下降了。 +“生产力”这一次对于不同的人来说含义不一样。当我想到生产力，就是当你坐下来做事情，并能够完成你给自己设定的所有任务的时候，这时就很有成就感。但是当你总是被一些你无法掌控的事情打断，那你的生产力就下降了。 -电脑有时候会显得无法预测，并且大家也公认在很多方面会有可能出问题。电脑是由很多的硬件组成的，它们任何一个都有可能在任何时间出问题。软件会有bug，以及修复这些bug的更新，而更新后又会带来新的bug。如果你对电脑不了解，它可能就像一个定时炸弹，等着爆发。带着数字世界里的这么多的潜在问题，去接受一个当某些条件不满足（比如授权，或者订阅费）就会不工作的软件，对我来说就显得很不理智。 +计算机看起来是不可预测的，诚然有很多事情会出错。电脑是由很多的硬件组成的，它们任何一个都有可能在任何时间出问题。软件会有 bug，也有修复这些 bug 的更新，而更新后又会带来新的 bug。如果你对电脑不了解，它可能就像一个定时炸弹，等着爆发。带着数字世界里的这么多的潜在问题，去接受一个当某些条件不满足（比如许可证，或者订阅费）就会不工作的软件，对我来说就显得很不理智。 ![Inkscape 应用][2] -Inkscape +开源的创意设计应用不需要订阅费，也不需要许可证。在你需要的时候，它们都能获取得到，并且通常都是跨平台的。这就意味着，当你坐在工作的电脑面前，你就能确定你能用到那些必需的软件。而如果某天你很忙碌，却发现你面前的电脑不工作了，解决办法就是找到一个能工作的，安装你的创意设计软件，然后开始工作。 -开源的创意设计app不需要订阅费，也不需要授权。在你需要的时候，它们都能获取得到，并且通常都是跨平台的。这就意味着，当你坐在工作的电脑面前，你就能确定你能用到那些必需的软件。而如果某天你很忙碌，却发现你面前的电脑不工作了，解决办法就是找到一个能工作的，安装你的创意设计软件，然后开始工作。 +例如，要找到一台无法运行 Inkscape 的电脑，比找到一台可以运行那些专有软件的电脑要难得多。这就叫做高可用。这是游戏规则的改变者。我从来不曾遇到因为软件用不了而不得不干等，浪费我数小时时间的事情。 -想要找到一台无法运行Inkscape的电脑是很困难的。比找一台可以运行那些私有软件的电脑，还要难。这就叫做高可用。这是游戏规则的改变者。我从来不曾遇到因为软件用不了而不得不干等，浪费我数小时时间的事情。 +### 开放访问更有利于多样性 -### 开源更有多样性 +我在设计行业工作的时候，我的很多同事都是通过自学的方式来学习艺术和技术方面的知识，这让我感到惊讶。有的通过使用那些最新的昂贵的“专业”软件来自学，但总有一大群人是通过使用自由和开源的软件来完善他们的数字化的职业技能。因为，对于孩子，或者没钱的大学生来说，这才是他们能负担的起，而且很容易就能获得的。 -我在设计行业工作的时候，我的很多同事都是通过自学的方式来学习艺术和技术方面的知识，这让我感到惊讶。有的通过使用那些最新的昂贵的“专业”软件来自学，当大部分人则是通过使用免费和开源的软件来完善他们的数字化的职业技能。因为，对于孩子，或者没钱的大学生来说，这才是他们能负担的起，而且很容易就能获得的。 - -高可用有很多种，但有一种对我而言很重要，而且对那些没有在设计行业但使用开源软件的人也很重要。即使那些有提供付费订阅的开源项目，比如Ardour，都能确保他的用户在不需要支付任何费用的时候也能使用软件。 +这是一种不同的高可用性，但这对我和许多其他用户来说很重要，如果不是因为开源，他们就不会从事创意行业。即使那些有提供付费订阅的开源项目，比如 Ardour，都能确保他的用户在不需要支付任何费用的时候也能使用软件。 ![Ardour 界面][4] -Ardour - -当你不限制别人用你的软件的时候，你其实拥有了更多的潜在用户。如果你这样做了，那么你就开放了一个接收多样的创意声音的窗口。艺术钟爱影响力，你能从越多的不同用户经验中获得越多的观点，就越好。这就是开源设计软件所带来的可能性。 +当你不限制别人用你的软件的时候，你其实拥有了更多的潜在用户。如果你这样做了，那么你就开放了一个接收多样的创意声音的窗口。艺术钟爱影响力，你可以借鉴的经验和想法越多就越好。这就是开源设计软件所带来的可能性。 ### 文件格式支持更具包容性 -我们都知道在几乎所有行业里面包容性的价值。在各种意义上，邀请更多的人到派对造就更壮观的场面。知道这一点，当看到有的项目或者创新公司只邀请某些人去合作，只接受某些文件格式，就让我很痛苦。这看起来很陈旧，就像某个远古时代的精英主义的遗迹，而这是即使在今天都在发生的真实问题。 - -这是一个意外而不幸的转变，而且不是因为技术上的限制。私有软件可以访问开源的文件格式，因为这些格式是开源的而且可以免费的集成到各种应用里面。集成这些格式不需要任何回报。而相比之下，私有的文件格式笼罩着秘密，只被限制于提供给几个愿意付钱的人使用。这很糟糕，而且常常，你无法在没有这些私有软件的情况下打开一些文件来获取你的数据。令人惊喜的是，开源的设计软件却是尽力的支持更多的私有文件格式。以下是一些Inkscape所支持的令人难以置信的列表样本： +我们都知道在几乎所有行业里面包容性的价值。在各种意义上，邀请更多的人到派对可以造就更壮观的场面。知道这一点，当看到有的项目或者创新公司只邀请某些人去合作，只接受某些文件格式，就让我感到很痛苦。这看起来很陈旧，就像某个远古时代的精英主义的遗迹，而这是即使在今天都在发生的真实问题。 +令人惊讶和不幸的是，这不是因为技术上的限制。专有软件可以访问开源的文件格式，因为这些格式是开源的，而且可以自由地集成到各种应用里面。集成这些格式不需要任何回报。而相比之下，专有的文件格式被笼罩在秘密之中，只被限制于提供给几个愿意付钱的人使用。这很糟糕，而且常常，你无法在没有这些专有软件的情况下打开一些文件来获取你的数据。令人惊喜的是，开源的设计软件却是尽力的支持更多的专有文件格式。以下是一些 Inkscape 所支持的令人难以置信的列表样本： ![可用的 Inkscape 文件格式][5] -Inkscape 文件格式 - -而这大部分都是在没有这些私有格式厂商的支持下开发出来的。 +而这大部分都是在没有这些专有格式厂商的支持下开发出来的。 支持开放的文件格式可以更包容，对所有人都更好。 ### 对新的创意没有限制 -我之所以爱上开源的其中一个原因是，解决一个指定任务时，有彻底的多样性。当你在当你环绕在私有软件中，你所看到的世界是基于你所能够获取得到的东西。比如说，你过你打算处理一些照片，你通常会把你的意图框限在你所知道的可能性上面。你从你的架子上的4款或10款应用中，挑选出3款，因为它们是目前你唯一能够获取得到的选项。 +我之所以爱上开源的其中一个原因是，解决一个指定任务时，有彻底的多样性。当你在专有软件周围时，你所看到的世界是基于你所能够获取得到的东西。比如说，你过你打算处理一些照片，你通常会把你的意图局限在你所知道的可能性上面。你从你的架子上的 4 款或 10 款应用中，挑选出 3 款，因为它们是目前你唯一能够获取得到的选项。 -在开源领域，你通常会有好几个“明显的”必备解决方案，但同时你还有一打的角逐者在边缘转悠，供你选择。这些选项有时只是半成品，或者它们超级专注于某项任务，又或者它们学起来有点挑战性，但最主要的是，它们是唯一的，而且充满创新的。有时候，它们是被某些不按“套路”出牌的人所开发的，因此处理的方法和市场上现有的产品截然不同。其他时候，它们是被那些熟悉做事情的“正确”方式，但还是在尝试不同策略的人所开发的。这就像是一个充满可能性的巨大的动态的头脑风暴。 +在开源领域，你通常会有好几个“显而易见的”必备解决方案，但同时你还有一打的角逐者在边缘转悠，供你选择。这些选项有时只是半成品，或者它们超级专注于某项任务，又或者它们学起来有点挑战性，但最主要的是，它们是独特的，而且充满创新的。有时候，它们是被某些不按“套路”出牌的人所开发的，因此处理的方法和市场上现有的产品截然不同。其他时候，它们是被那些熟悉做事情的“正确”方式，但还是在尝试不同策略的人所开发的。这就像是一个充满可能性的巨大的动态的头脑风暴。 -这种类型的日常创新能够引领出闪现的灵感，光辉时刻，或者影响广泛的通用性改进。比如说，著名的GIMP滤镜，（用于从图像中移除项目并自动替换背景）是如此的受欢迎以至于后来被私有图片编辑软件商拿去“借鉴”。这是成功的一步，但是对于一个艺术家而言，个人的影响才是最关键的。我常感叹于新的Linux用户的创意，而我只是在技术展会上展示给他们一个简单的音频，或者视频滤镜，或者绘图应用。没有任何的指导，或者应用场景，从简单的交互中喷发出来的关于新的工具的主意，是令人兴奋和充满启发的，通过实验中一些简单的工具，一个全新的艺术系列可以轻而易举的浮现出来。 +这种类型的日常创新能够引领出闪现的灵感、光辉时刻，或者影响广泛的通用性改进。比如说，著名的 GIMP 滤镜，（用于从图像中移除项目并自动替换背景）是如此的受欢迎以至于后来被专有图片编辑软件商拿去“借鉴”。这是成功的一步，但是对于一个艺术家而言，个人的影响才是最关键的。我常感叹于新的 Linux 用户的创意，而我只是在技术展会上展示给他们一个简单的音频，或者视频滤镜，或者绘图应用。没有任何的指导，或者应用场景，从简单的交互中喷发出来的关于新的工具的主意，是令人兴奋和充满启发的，通过实验中一些简单的工具，一个全新的艺术系列可以轻而易举的浮现出来。 -只要在适当的工具集都有的情况下，有很多方式来更有效的工作。虽然私有软件通常也不会反对更聪明的工作习惯的点子，专注于实现自动化任务让用户可以更轻松的工作，对他们也没有直接的收益。Linux和开源软件就是很大程度专为[自动化和编排][6]而建的。而不只是服务器。像 [ImageMagick][7] 和 [GIMP scripts][8]这样的工具改变了我的处理图片的方式，包括批量处理方面和纯粹实验方面。 +只要在适当的工具集都有的情况下，有很多方式来更有效的工作。虽然私有软件通常也不会反对更聪明的工作习惯的点子，专注于实现自动化任务让用户可以更轻松的工作，对他们也没有直接的收益。Linux 和开源软件就是很大程度专为 [自动化和编排][6] 而建的，而不只是服务器。像 [ImageMagick][7] 和 [GIMP 脚本][8] 这样的工具改变了我的处理图片的方式，包括批量处理方面和纯粹实验方面。 你永远不知道你可以创造什么，如果你有一个你从来想象不到会存在的工具的话。 -### Linux艺术家 +### Linux 艺术家 -这里有 [使用开源的艺术家社区][9], 从 [photography][10] 到 [makers][11] 到 [musicians][12], 还有更多更多。 如果你想要创新, 试试Linux吧。 +这里有 [使用开源的艺术家社区][9]，从 [photography][10] 到 [makers][11] 到 [musicians][12]，还有更多更多。如果你想要创新，试试 Linux 吧。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -82,7 +75,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/21/2/linux-art-design 作者：[Seth Kenlon][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[amorsu](https://github.com/amorsu) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 223ef6d4d3231ae617283b95655e82ebd53456de Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sat, 27 Feb 2021 13:59:00 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 034/309] PUB MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @amorsu 本文首发地址：https://linux.cn/article-13157-1.html 你的 LCTT 专页地址：https://linux.cn/lctt/amorsu --- .../20210212 4 reasons to choose Linux for art and design.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20210212 4 reasons to choose Linux for art and design.md (99%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20210212 4 reasons to choose Linux for art and design.md b/published/20210212 4 reasons to choose Linux for art and design.md similarity index 99% rename from translated/tech/20210212 4 reasons to choose Linux for art and design.md rename to published/20210212 4 reasons to choose Linux for art and design.md index 2ac1f85c4f..fbb040cf2e 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20210212 4 reasons to choose Linux for art and design.md +++ b/published/20210212 4 reasons to choose Linux for art and design.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (amorsu) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-13157-1.html) [#]: subject: (4 reasons to choose Linux for art and design) [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/2/linux-art-design) [#]: author: (Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth) From 5536c46de2f4bdc68aeb5dee55f463d3a9dcf381 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sat, 27 Feb 2021 14:39:35 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 035/309] PRF @geekpi --- ...tube-dl in Terminal- Use These GUI Apps.md | 47 ++++++++----------- 1 file changed, 19 insertions(+), 28 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20210221 Not Comfortable Using youtube-dl in Terminal- Use These GUI Apps.md b/translated/tech/20210221 Not Comfortable Using youtube-dl in Terminal- Use These GUI Apps.md index ee156e58d2..7e5846aff5 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20210221 Not Comfortable Using youtube-dl in Terminal- Use These GUI Apps.md +++ b/translated/tech/20210221 Not Comfortable Using youtube-dl in Terminal- Use These GUI Apps.md @@ -1,28 +1,28 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (Not Comfortable Using youtube-dl in Terminal? Use These GUI Apps) [#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/youtube-dl-gui-apps/) [#]: author: (Ankush Das https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/) -不习惯在终端使用 youtube-dl？使用这些 GUI 应用 +不习惯在终端使用 youtube-dl？可以使用这些 GUI 应用 ====== -如果你一直在关注我们，可能已经知道 [youtube-dl 项目被 GitHub 暂时下架][1]以符合要求。 +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/202102/27/143909m29a8m8kgkzmmskc.jpg) -考虑到它现在已经恢复并完全可以访问，可以说它并不是一个非法的工具。 +如果你一直在关注我们，可能已经知道 [youtube-dl 项目曾被 GitHub 暂时下架][1] 以合规。但它现在已经恢复并完全可以访问，可以说它并不是一个非法的工具。 -它是一个非常有用的命令行工具，可以让你[从 YouTube][2] 和其他一些网站下载视频。使用 [youtube-dl][3] 并不复杂，但我明白使用命令来完成这种任务并不是每个人都喜欢的方式。 +它是一个非常有用的命令行工具，可以让你 [从 YouTube][2] 和其他一些网站下载视频。使用 [youtube-dl][3] 并不复杂，但我明白使用命令来完成这种任务并不是每个人都喜欢的方式。 -好在有一些应用为 youtube-dl 工具提供了 GUI 前端。 +好在有一些应用为 `youtube-dl` 工具提供了 GUI 前端。 ### 使用 youtube-dl GUI 应用的先决条件 -在你尝试下面提到的一些选择之前，你可能需要在你的系统上安装 youtube-dl 和 [FFmpeg][4]，才能够下载/选择不同的格式进行下载。 +在你尝试下面提到的一些选择之前，你可能需要在你的系统上安装 `youtube-dl` 和 [FFmpeg][4]，才能够下载/选择不同的格式进行下载。 -你可以按照我们的 [ffmpeg 使用完整指南][5]进行设置，并探索更多关于它的内容。 +你可以按照我们的 [ffmpeg 使用完整指南][5] 进行设置，并探索更多关于它的内容。 要安装 [youtube-dl][6]，你可以在 Linux 终端输入以下命令： @@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ sudo chmod a+rx /usr/local/bin/youtube-dl 请注意，下面的列表没有特别的排名顺序。你可以根据你的要求选择。 -#### 1\. AllTube Download +#### 1、AllTube Download ![][8] @@ -52,9 +52,7 @@ sudo chmod a+rx /usr/local/bin/youtube-dl * Web GUI * 开源 - * 自我托管选择 - - + * 可以自托管 AllTube 是一个开源的 web GUI，你可以通过 来访问。 @@ -62,9 +60,9 @@ AllTube 是一个开源的 web GUI，你可以通过 Date: Sat, 27 Feb 2021 14:42:30 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 036/309] PUB @geekpi https://linux.cn/article-13158-1.html --- ...rtable Using youtube-dl in Terminal- Use These GUI Apps.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20210221 Not Comfortable Using youtube-dl in Terminal- Use These GUI Apps.md (98%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20210221 Not Comfortable Using youtube-dl in Terminal- Use These GUI Apps.md b/published/20210221 Not Comfortable Using youtube-dl in Terminal- Use These GUI Apps.md similarity index 98% rename from translated/tech/20210221 Not Comfortable Using youtube-dl in Terminal- Use These GUI Apps.md rename to published/20210221 Not Comfortable Using youtube-dl in Terminal- Use These GUI Apps.md index 7e5846aff5..e41e61a54c 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20210221 Not Comfortable Using youtube-dl in Terminal- Use These GUI Apps.md +++ b/published/20210221 Not Comfortable Using youtube-dl in Terminal- Use These GUI Apps.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-13158-1.html) [#]: subject: (Not Comfortable Using youtube-dl in Terminal? Use These GUI Apps) [#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/youtube-dl-gui-apps/) [#]: author: (Ankush Das https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/) From 9782086369bf7c63e5385a12e418742c5ffcfeba Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Sat, 27 Feb 2021 22:32:14 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 037/309] Delete 20210224 A little tool to make DNS queries.md --- ...10224 A little tool to make DNS queries.md | 155 ------------------ 1 file changed, 155 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20210224 A little tool to make DNS queries.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210224 A little tool to make DNS queries.md b/sources/tech/20210224 A little tool to make DNS queries.md deleted file mode 100644 index c771dd9f16..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20210224 A little tool to make DNS queries.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,155 +0,0 @@ -[#]: subject: (A little tool to make DNS queries) -[#]: via: (https://jvns.ca/blog/2021/02/24/a-little-tool-to-make-dns-queries/) -[#]: author: (Julia Evans https://jvns.ca/) -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) - -A little tool to make DNS queries -====== - -Hello! I made a small tool to make DNS queries over the last couple of days, and you can try it at . - -I started thinking about this because I’m working on writing a zine about owning a domain name, and I wanted to encourage people to make a bunch of DNS queries to understand what the responses look like. - -So I tried to find other tools are available to make DNS queries. - -### dig is kind of complicated - -I usually make DNS queries using `dig`, like this. - -``` -$ dig jvns.ca - -; <<>> DiG 9.16.1-Ubuntu <<>> a jvns.ca -;; global options: +cmd -;; Got answer: -;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 8447 -;; flags: qr rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 2, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 1 - -;; OPT PSEUDOSECTION: -; EDNS: version: 0, flags:; udp: 512 -;; QUESTION SECTION: -;jvns.ca. IN A - -;; ANSWER SECTION: -jvns.ca. 216 IN A 104.21.5.215 -jvns.ca. 216 IN A 172.67.133.222 - -;; Query time: 40 msec -;; SERVER: fdaa:0:bff::3#53(fdaa:0:bff::3) -;; WHEN: Wed Feb 24 08:53:22 EST 2021 -;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 68 -``` - -This is great if you’re used to reading it and if you know which parts to ignore and which parts to pay attention to, but for many people this is too much information. - -Like, what does `flags: qr rd ra` mean? Why does it say `QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 2, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 1`? What is the point of `MSG SIZE rcvd: 68`? What does `IN` mean? I mostly know the answers to these questions becuase I implemented a toy DNS server one time, but it’s kinda confusing! - -### google webmaster tools has a nice interface for making DNS queries - -Google has a [DNS lookup tool][1] with a simple web interface that lets you type in a domain name, click the kind of record you want (`A`, `AAAA`, etc), and get the response. I was really excited about this and I thought, “ok, great, this is what I can tell people to use!”. - -But then I looked at the output of the tool, which you can see in this screenshot: - -![][2] - -This is just as bad as dig! (the tool is called “dig”, so it’s not a big surprise, but still :)). So I thought it would be a fun project to make a DNS lookup tool with output that’s more comprehensible by humans - -I also wanted to add an option for people to query all the record types at once. - -### what my lookup tool looks like - -I copied the query design from the Google tool because I thought it was nice, but I put the answers in a table and left out a lot of information I thought wasn’t necessary for most people like the flags, and the `IN` (we’re all on the internet!) - -It has a GET ME ALL THE RECORDS button which will make a query for each record type. - -[![][3]][4] - -I also made a responsive version of the table because it got too wide for a phone: - -[![][5]][4] - -### to get all the record types, you need to make multiple queries - -The Google tool has an `ANY` option which makes an `ANY` DNS query for the domain. Some DNS servers support getting all the DNS records with an ANY query, but not all do – Cloudflare has a good blog post explaining [why they removed support for ANY][6]. - -So instead of making an `ANY` query (which usually doesn’t work), the tool I made just kicks off a query for each record type it wants to know about. - -### the record type isn’t redundant - -At first when I was removing redundant information I thought the record type was redundant too (if you’re making an A query, the responses you get back will be A records, right?), but then I remembered that this actually isn’t true – you can see in [this query for A records on www.twitter.com][7] that it replies with a CNAME record because [www.twitter.com][8] is CNAMEd to twitter.com. - -### how it works - -The source is on GitHub at . - -It’s basically just 3 files right now: - - * [dns.js][9] (some Javascript using vue.js) - * [index.html][10] - * [dns.go][11] is the backend, it’s a Go HTTP handler running on Netlify functions - - - -Using an AWS Lambda-style function was really nice and made this project super easy to deploy. It’s fun not to have worry about servers! - -Originally I thought I was going to use the DNS code in the Go standard library, but I ended up using to make the DNS queries because it seemed simpler. - -I also tried to use Node’s DNS library to write the backend in Javascript before I switched to Go, but I couldn’t figure out how to get that library to return a TTL for my DNS queries. I think this kind of systems-y thing is generally simpler in Go anyway. - -### other DNS lookup tools - -As always, after I made this, people told me about some other useful tools in the space. Here they are: - - * [zone.vision][12], which is nice because it queries the authoritative nameservers for a domain directly - * [mxtoolbox.com][13], which seems a bit more oriented towards MX/SPF queries but does lots more - * the [Google DNS lookup tool][1] again - - - -If you know of others I’d love to add them here! - -### things I might add - -some things on my list are: - - * maybe reverse DNS queries (technically they’re supported right now if you know how to type in 4.3.2.1.in-addr.arpa, but who has time for that) - * support for more DNS query types (I want to figure how to support all query types without cluttering up the UI too much) - * tooltips explaining what a TTL is - * maybe make the design less of a copy of that Google tool, it has kind of a material design vibe and I don’t know if I love it :) - - - -### a link to the tool again - -Here’s it is! . - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://jvns.ca/blog/2021/02/24/a-little-tool-to-make-dns-queries/ - -作者：[Julia Evans][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://jvns.ca/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://toolbox.googleapps.com/apps/dig/#A/ -[2]: https://jvns.ca/images/google-tool.png -[3]: https://jvns.ca/images/my-tool.png -[4]: https://dns-lookup.jvns.ca -[5]: https://jvns.ca/images/responsive.png -[6]: https://blog.cloudflare.com/deprecating-dns-any-meta-query-type/ -[7]: https://dns-lookup.jvns.ca/#www.twitter.com%7CA -[8]: http://www.twitter.com -[9]: https://github.com/jvns/dns-lookup/blob/4be37ca3681480ed0f15a670fbd854ca427329de/site/dns.js -[10]: https://github.com/jvns/dns-lookup/blob/4be37ca3681480ed0f15a670fbd854ca427329de/site/index.html -[11]: https://github.com/jvns/dns-lookup/blob/4be37ca3681480ed0f15a670fbd854ca427329de/dns.go -[12]: https://zone.vision/#/twitter.com -[13]: https://mxtoolbox.com/SuperTool.aspx From 6abefa56ad053e06b13e2bc655679548f77f67d3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sat, 27 Feb 2021 22:34:25 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 038/309] APL --- ...204 5 Tweaks to Customize the Look of Your Linux Terminal.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20210204 5 Tweaks to Customize the Look of Your Linux Terminal.md b/sources/tech/20210204 5 Tweaks to Customize the Look of Your Linux Terminal.md index dd90ccba6b..65008e6358 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20210204 5 Tweaks to Customize the Look of Your Linux Terminal.md +++ b/sources/tech/20210204 5 Tweaks to Customize the Look of Your Linux Terminal.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (wxy) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 2305d6f22358d80e433ba22f47c62b717db3d80c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sat, 27 Feb 2021 23:28:53 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 039/309] TSL&PRF --- ...stomize the Look of Your Linux Terminal.md | 253 ------------------ ...stomize the Look of Your Linux Terminal.md | 241 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 241 insertions(+), 253 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20210204 5 Tweaks to Customize the Look of Your Linux Terminal.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20210204 5 Tweaks to Customize the Look of Your Linux Terminal.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210204 5 Tweaks to Customize the Look of Your Linux Terminal.md b/sources/tech/20210204 5 Tweaks to Customize the Look of Your Linux Terminal.md deleted file mode 100644 index 65008e6358..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20210204 5 Tweaks to Customize the Look of Your Linux Terminal.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,253 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (wxy) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (5 Tweaks to Customize the Look of Your Linux Terminal) -[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/customize-linux-terminal/) -[#]: author: (Ankush Das https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/) - -5 Tweaks to Customize the Look of Your Linux Terminal -====== - -The terminal emulator or simply the terminal is an integral part of any Linux distribution. - -When you change the theme of your distribution, often the terminal also gets a makeover automatically. But that doesn’t mean you cannot customize the terminal further. - -In fact, many It’s FOSS readers have asked us how come the terminal in our screenshots or videos look so cool, what fonts do we use, etc. - -To answer this frequent question, I’ll show you some simple and some complex tweaks to change the appearance of the terminal. You can compare the visual difference in the image below: - -![][1] - -### Customizing Linux Terminal - -_This tutorial utilizes a GNOME terminal on Pop!_OS to customize and tweak the look of the terminal. But, most of the advice should be applicable to other terminals as well._ - -For most of the elements like color, transparency, and fonts, you can utilize the GUI to tweak it without requiring to enter any special commands. - -Open your terminal. In the top right corner, look for the hamburger menu. In here, click on “**Preferences**” as shown in the screenshot below: - -![][2] - -This is where you’ll find all the settings to change the appearance of the terminal. - -#### Tip 0: Use separate terminal profiles for your customization - -I would advise you to create a new profile for your customization. Why? Because this way, your changes won’t impact the main terminal profile. Suppose you make some weird change and cannot recall the default value? Profiles help separate the customization. - -As you can see, Abhishek has separate profiles for taking screenshots and making videos. - -![Terminal Profiles][3] - -You can easily change the terminal profiles and open a new terminal window with the new profile. - -![Change Terminal Profile][4] - -That was the suggestion I wanted to put forward. Now, let’s see those tweaks. - -#### Tip 1: Use a dark/light terminal theme - -You may change the system theme and the terminal theme gets changed. Apart from that, you may switch between the dark theme or light theme, if you do not want to change the system theme. - -Once you head in to the preferences, you will notice the general options to change the theme and other settings. - -![][5] - -#### Tip 2: Change the font and size - -Select the profile that you want to customize. Now you’ll get the option to customize the text appearance, font size, font style, spacing, cursor shape, and toggle the terminal bell sound as well. - -For the fonts, you can only change to what’s available on your system. If you want something different, download and install the font on your Linux system first. - -One more thing! Use monospaced fonts otherwise fonts might overlap and the text may not be clearly readable. If you want suggestions, go with [Share Tech Mono][6] (open source) or [Larabiefont][7] (not open source). - -Under the Text tab, select Custom font and then change the font and its size (if required). - -![][8] - -#### Tip 3: Change the color pallet and transparency - -Apart from the text and spacing, you can access the “Colors” tab and change the color of the text and background of your terminal. You can also adjust the transparency to make it look even cool. - -As you can notice, you can change the color palette from a set of pre-configured options or tweak it yourself. - -![][9] - -If you want to enable transparency just like I did, you click on “**Use transparent background**” option. - -You can also choose to use colors from your system theme, if you want a similar color setting with your theme. - -![][10] - -#### Tip 4: Tweaking the bash prompt variables - -Usually, you will see your username along with the hostname (your distribution) as the bash prompt when launching the terminal without any changes. - -For instance, it would be “ankushdas**@**pop-os**:~$**” in my case. However, I [permanently changed the hostname][11] to “**itsfoss**“, so now it looks like: - -![][12] - -To change the hostname, you can type in: - -``` -hostname CUSTOM_NAME -``` - -However, this will be applicable only for the current sessions. So, when you restart, it will revert to the default. To permanently change the hostname, you need to type in: - -``` -sudo hostnamectl set-hostname CUSTOM_NAME -``` - -Similarly, you can also change your username, but it requires some additional configuration that includes killing all the current processes associated with the active username, so we’ll avoid it to change the look/feel of the terminal. - -#### Tip 5: NOT RECOMMENDED: Changing the font and color of the bash prompt (for advanced users) - -However, you can tweak the font and color of the bash prompt (**[[email protected]][13]:~$**) using commands. - -You will need to utilize the **PS1** environment variable which controls what is being displayed as the prompt. You can learn more about it in the [man page][14]. - -For instance, when you type in: - -``` -echo $PS1 -``` - -The output in my case is: - -``` -\[\e]0;\[email protected]\h: \w\a\]${debian_chroot:+($debian_chroot)}\[\033[01;32m\]\[email protected]\h\[\033[00m\]:\[\033[01;34m\]\w\[\033[00m\]\$ -``` - -We need to focus on the first part of the output: - -``` -\[\e]0;\[email protected]\h: \w\a\]$ -``` - -Here, you need to know the following: - - * **\e** is a special character that denotes the start of a color sequence - * **\u** indicates the username followed by the @ symbol - * **\h** denotes the hostname of the system - * **\w** denotes the base directory - * **\a** indicates the active directory - * **$** indicates non-root user - - - -The output in your case can be different, but the variables will be the same, so you need to play with the commands mentioned below depending on your output. - -Before you do that, keep these in mind: - - * Codes for text format: **0** for normal text, **1** for bold, **3** for italic and **4** for underline text - * Color range for background colors: **40-47** - * Color range for text color: **30-37** - - - -You just need to type in the following to change the color and font: - -``` -PS1="\e[41;3;32m[\[email protected]\h:\w\a\$]" -``` - -This is how your bash prompt will look like after typing the command: - -![][15] - -If you notice the command properly, as mentioned above, \e helps us assign a color sequence. - -In the command above, I’ve assigned a **background color first**, then the **text style**, and then the **font color** followed by “**m**“. - -Here, “**m**” indicates the end of the color sequence. - -So, all you have to do is, play around with this part: - -``` -41;3;32 -``` - -Rest of the command should remain the same, you just need to assign different numbers to change the background color, text style, and text color. - -Do note that this is in no particular order, you can assign the text style first, background color next, and the text color at the end as “**3;41;32**“, where the command becomes: - -``` -PS1="\e[3;41;32m[\[email protected]\h:\w\a\$]" -``` - -![][16] - -As you can notice, the color customization is the same no matter the order. So, just keep in mind the codes for customization and play around with it till you’re sure you want this as a permanent change. - -The above command that I mentioned temporarily customizes the bash prompt for the current session. If you close the session, you will lose the customization. - -So, to make this a permanent change, you need to add it to **.bashrc** file (this is a configuration file that loads up every time you load up a session). - -![][17] - -You can access the file by simply typing: - -``` -nano ~/.bashrc -``` - -Unless you’re sure what you’re doing, do not change anything. And, just for the sake of restoring the settings back, you should keep a backup of the PS1 environment variable (copy-paste what’s in it by default) to a text file. - -So, even if you need the default font and color, you can again edit the **.bashrc file** and paste the PS1 environment variable. - -#### Bonus Tip: Change the terminal color pallet based on your wallpaper - -If you want to change the background and text color of the terminal but you are not sure which colors to pick, you can use a Python-based tool Pywal. It [automatically changes the color of the terminal based on your wallpaper][18] or the image you provide to it. - -![][19] - -I have written about it in details if you are interested in using this tool. - -**Recommended Read:** - -![][20] - -#### [Automatically Change Color Scheme of Your Linux Terminal Based on Your Wallpaper][18] - -### Wrapping Up - -Of course, it is easy to customize using the GUI while getting a better control of what you can change. But, the need to know the commands is also necessary in case you start [using WSL][21] or access a remote server using SSH, you can customize your experience no matter what. - -How do you customize the Linux terminal? Share your secret ricing recipe with us in the comments. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://itsfoss.com/customize-linux-terminal/ - -作者：[Ankush Das][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/default-terminal.jpg?resize=773%2C493&ssl=1 -[2]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/linux-terminal-preferences.jpg?resize=800%2C350&ssl=1 -[3]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/terminal-profiles.jpg?resize=800%2C619&ssl=1 -[4]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/change-terminal-profile.jpg?resize=796%2C347&ssl=1 -[5]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/terminal-theme.jpg?resize=800%2C363&ssl=1 -[6]: https://fonts.google.com/specimen/Share+Tech+Mono -[7]: https://www.dafont.com/larabie-font.font -[8]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/terminal-customization-1.jpg?resize=800%2C500&ssl=1 -[9]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/terminal-color-customization.jpg?resize=759%2C607&ssl=1 -[10]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/linux-terminal.jpg?resize=800%2C571&ssl=1 -[11]: https://itsfoss.com/change-hostname-ubuntu/ -[12]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/itsfoss-hostname.jpg?resize=800%2C188&ssl=1 -[13]: https://itsfoss.com/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection -[14]: https://linux.die.net/man/1/bash -[15]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/terminal-bash-prompt-customization.jpg?resize=800%2C190&ssl=1 -[16]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/linux-terminal-customization-1s.jpg?resize=800%2C158&ssl=1 -[17]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/bashrch-customization-terminal.png?resize=800%2C615&ssl=1 -[18]: https://itsfoss.com/pywal/ -[19]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/wallpy-2.jpg?resize=800%2C442&ssl=1 -[20]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/pywal-linux.jpg?fit=800%2C450&ssl=1 -[21]: https://itsfoss.com/install-bash-on-windows/ diff --git a/translated/tech/20210204 5 Tweaks to Customize the Look of Your Linux Terminal.md b/translated/tech/20210204 5 Tweaks to Customize the Look of Your Linux Terminal.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..93d541c487 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20210204 5 Tweaks to Customize the Look of Your Linux Terminal.md @@ -0,0 +1,241 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (wxy) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (5 Tweaks to Customize the Look of Your Linux Terminal) +[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/customize-linux-terminal/) +[#]: author: (Ankush Das https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/) + +定制你的 Linux 终端外观的 5 项调整 +====== + +终端仿真器（或简称终端）是任何 Linux 发行版中不可或缺的一部分。 + +当你改变发行版的主题时，往往终端也会自动得到改造。但这并不意味着你不能进一步定制终端。 + +事实上，很多读者都问过我们，为什么我们截图或视频中的终端看起来那么酷，我们用的是什么字体等等。 + +为了回答这个经常被问到的问题，我将向你展示一些简单或复杂的调整来改变终端的外观。你可以在下图中对比一下视觉上的差异： + +![][1] + +### 自定义 Linux 终端 + +本教程利用 Pop!_OS 上的 GNOME 终端来定制和调整终端的外观。但是，大多数建议也应该适用于其他终端。 + +对于大多数元素，如颜色、透明度和字体，你可以利用 GUI 来调整它，而不需要输入任何特殊的命令。 + +打开你的终端。在右上角寻找汉堡菜单。在这里，点击 “偏好设置”，如下图所示： + +![][2] + +在这里你可以找到改变终端外观的所有设置。 + +#### 技巧 0：使用独立的终端配置文件进行定制 + +我建议你建立一个新的配置文件用于你的定制。为什么要这样做？因为这样一来，你的改变就不会影响到终端的主配置文件。假设你做了一些奇怪的改变，却想不起默认值？配置文件有助于分离你的定制。 + +如你所见，我有个单独的配置文件，用于截图和制作视频。 + +![终端配置文件][3] + +你可以轻松地更改终端配置文件，并使用新的配置文件打开一个新的终端窗口。 + +![更改终端配置文件][4] + +这就是我想首先提出的建议。现在，让我们看看这些调整。 + +#### 技巧 1：使用深色/浅色终端主题 + +你可以改变系统主题，终端主题也会随之改变。除此之外，如果你不想改变系统主题。你也可以切换终端的深色主题或浅色主题， + +一旦你进入“偏好设置”，你会注意到在“常规”选项中可以改变主题和其他设置。 + +![][5] + +#### 技巧 2：改变字体和大小 + +选择你要自定义的配置文件。现在你可以选择自定义文本外观、字体大小、字体样式、间距、光标形状，还可以切换终端铃声。 + +对于字体，你只能改成你系统上可用的字体。如果你想要不同的字体，请先在你的 Linux 系统上下载并安装字体。 + +还有一点! 要使用等宽字体，否则字体可能会重叠，文字可能无法清晰阅读。如果你想要一些建议，可以选择 [Share Tech Mono][6]（开源）或 [Larabiefont][7]（不开源）。 + +在“文本”选项卡下，选择“自定义字体”，然后更改字体及其大小（如果需要）。 + +![][8] + +#### 技巧 3：改变调色板和透明度 + +除了文字和间距，你还可以进入“颜色”选项，改变终端的文字和背景的颜色。你还可以调整透明度，让它看起来更酷。 + +正如你所注意到的那样，你可以从一组预先配置的选项中选择调色板，也可以自己调整。 + +![][9] + +如果你想和我一样启用透明，点击“使用透明背景”选项。 + +如果你想要和你的系统主题类似的颜色设置，你也可以选择使用系统主题的颜色。 + +![][10] + +#### 技巧 4：调整 bash 提示符变量 + +通常当你启动终端时，无需任何修改你就会看到你的用户名和主机名（你的发行版名称）作为 bash 提示符。 + +例如，在我的例子中，它会是 “ankushdas@pop-os:~$”。然而，我把 [主机名永久地改成了][11] “itsfoss”，所以现在看起来像这样： + +![][12] + +要改变主机名，你可以键入： + +``` +hostname 定制名称 +``` + +然而，这只适用于当前会话。因此，当你重新启动时，它将恢复到默认值。要永久地更改主机名，你需要输入： + +``` +sudo hostnamectl set-hostname 定制名称 +``` + +同样，你也可以改变你的用户名，但它需要一些额外的配置，包括杀死所有与活动用户名相关联的当前进程，所以我们会跳过用它来改变终端的外观/感觉。 + +#### 技巧 5：不推荐：改变 bash 提示符的字体和颜色（面向高级用户） + +然而，你可以使用命令调整 bash 提示符的字体和颜色。 + +你需要利用 `PS1` 环境变量来控制提示符的显示内容。你可以在 [手册页][14] 中了解更多关于它的信息。 + +例如，当你键入： + +``` +echo $PS1 +``` + +在我这里输出： + +``` +\[\e]0;\u@\h: \w\a\]${debian_chroot:+($debian_chroot)}\[\033[01;32m\]\u@\h\[\033[00m\]:\[\033[01;34m\]\w\[\033[00m\]\$ +``` + +我们需要关注的是该输出的第一部分： + +``` +\[\e]0;\u@\h: \w\a\]$ +``` + +在这里，你需要知道以下几点： + + * `\e` 是一个特殊的字符，表示一个颜色序列的开始。 + * `\u` 表示用户名，后面可以跟着 `@` 符号。 + * `\h` 表示系统的主机名。 + * `\w` 表示基本目录。 + * `\a` 表示活动目录。 + * `$` 表示非 root 用户。 + +在你的情况下输出可能不一样，但变量是一样的，所以你需要根据你的输出来试验下面提到的命令。 + +在你这样做之前，请记住这些： + + * 文本格式代码：`0` 代表正常文本，`1` 代表粗体，`3` 代表斜体，`4` 代表下划线文本。 + * 背景色的颜色范围：`40` - `47`。 + * 文本颜色的颜色范围：`30` - `37`。 + +你只需要键入以下内容来改变颜色和字体： + +``` +PS1="\e[41;3;32m[\u@\h:\w\a\$]" +``` + +这是输入该命令后 bash 提示符的样子： + +![][15] + +如果你注意到这个命令，就像上面提到的，`\e` 可以帮助我们分配一个颜色序列。 + +在上面的命令中，我先分配了一个**背景色**，然后是**文字样式**，接着是**字体颜色**，然后是 `m`。这里，`m` 表示颜色序列的结束。 + +所以，你要做的就是，调整这部分： + +``` +41;3;32 +``` + +命令其余部分应该是不变的，你只需要分配不同的数字来改变背景色、文字样式和文字颜色。 + +要注意的是，这并没有特定的顺序，你可以先指定文字样式，再指定背景色，最后指定文字颜色，如 `3;41;32`，这里的命令就变成了： + +``` +PS1="\e[3;41;32m[\u@\h:\w\a\$]" +``` + +![][16] + +正如你所注意到的，无论顺序如何，颜色的定制都是一样的。所以，只要记住自定义的代码，并在你确定你想把它作为一个永久的变化之前，试试它。 + +上面我提到的命令会临时定制当前会话的 bash 提示符。如果你关闭了会话，你将失去这个自定义设置。 + +所以，要想把它变成一个永久的改变，你需要把它添加到 `.bashrc` 文件中（这是一个配置文件，每次加载会话时都会加载）。 + +![][17] + +简单键入如下命令来访问该文件： + +``` +nano ~/.bashrc +``` + +除非你明确知道你在做什么，否则不要改变任何东西。而且，为了可以恢复设置，你应该把 `PS1` 环境变量的备份（默认情况下复制粘贴其中的内容）保存到一个文本文件中。 + +所以，即使你需要默认的字体和颜色，你也可以再次编辑 `.bashrc` 文件并粘贴 `PS1` 环境变量。 + +#### 附赠技巧：根据你的墙纸改变终端的调色板 + +如果你想改变终端的背景和文字颜色，但又不知道该选哪种颜色，你可以使用一个基于 Python 的工具 Pywal，它可以 [根据你的壁纸][18] 或你提供的图片自动改变终端的颜色。 + +![][19] + +如果你有兴趣使用这个工具，我之前已经详细[介绍][18]过了。 + +### 总结 + +当然，使用 GUI 定制很容易，同时也可以更好地控制你可以改变的东西。但是，需要知道命令也是必要的，万一你开始 [使用 WSL][21] 或者使用 SSH 访问远程服务器，无论如何都可以定制你的体验。 + +你是如何定制 Linux 终端的？在评论中与我们分享你的秘方。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/customize-linux-terminal/ + +作者：[Ankush Das][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/default-terminal.jpg?resize=773%2C493&ssl=1 +[2]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/linux-terminal-preferences.jpg?resize=800%2C350&ssl=1 +[3]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/terminal-profiles.jpg?resize=800%2C619&ssl=1 +[4]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/change-terminal-profile.jpg?resize=796%2C347&ssl=1 +[5]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/terminal-theme.jpg?resize=800%2C363&ssl=1 +[6]: https://fonts.google.com/specimen/Share+Tech+Mono +[7]: https://www.dafont.com/larabie-font.font +[8]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/terminal-customization-1.jpg?resize=800%2C500&ssl=1 +[9]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/terminal-color-customization.jpg?resize=759%2C607&ssl=1 +[10]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/linux-terminal.jpg?resize=800%2C571&ssl=1 +[11]: https://itsfoss.com/change-hostname-ubuntu/ +[12]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/itsfoss-hostname.jpg?resize=800%2C188&ssl=1 +[13]: https://itsfoss.com/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection +[14]: https://linux.die.net/man/1/bash +[15]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/terminal-bash-prompt-customization.jpg?resize=800%2C190&ssl=1 +[16]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/linux-terminal-customization-1s.jpg?resize=800%2C158&ssl=1 +[17]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/bashrch-customization-terminal.png?resize=800%2C615&ssl=1 +[18]: https://itsfoss.com/pywal/ +[19]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/wallpy-2.jpg?resize=800%2C442&ssl=1 +[20]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/pywal-linux.jpg?fit=800%2C450&ssl=1 +[21]: https://itsfoss.com/install-bash-on-windows/ From caa7bcc03f183567325bc286478960003526f850 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Sat, 27 Feb 2021 23:43:08 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 040/309] Delete 20210201 Use Mac-style emoji on Linux.md --- .../20210201 Use Mac-style emoji on Linux.md | 74 ------------------- 1 file changed, 74 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20210201 Use Mac-style emoji on Linux.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210201 Use Mac-style emoji on Linux.md b/sources/tech/20210201 Use Mac-style emoji on Linux.md deleted file mode 100644 index 81c80366bc..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20210201 Use Mac-style emoji on Linux.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,74 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (Use Mac-style emoji on Linux) -[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/2/emoji-linux) -[#]: author: (Matthew Broberg https://opensource.com/users/mbbroberg) - -Use Mac-style emoji on Linux -====== -Splatmoji provides an easy way to spice up your communication with -emoji. -![Emoji keyboard][1] - -Linux provides an amazing desktop experience by default. Although advanced users have the flexibility to choose their own [window manager][2], the day-to-day flow of Gnome is better than ever since the [GNOME 3.36 improvements][3]. As a long-time Mac enthusiast turned Linux user, that's huge. - -There is, however, one shortcut I use every day on a Mac that you won't find by default on Linux. It's a task I do dozens of times a day and an essential part of my digital communication. It's the emoji launcher. - -You might laugh when you see that, but stick with me. - -Most communication includes body language, and experts estimate upwards of 80% of what people remember comes from it. According to Advancement Courses' [History of emoji][4], people have been using "typographical art" since the 1800s. It's indisputable that in 1881, _Puck Magazine_ included four emotional faces for joy, melancholy, indifference, and astonishment. There is some disagreement about whether Abraham Lincoln's use of a winking smiley face, `;)`, in 1862 was a typo or an intentional form of expression. I could speculate further back into hieroglyphics, as this [museum exhibit][5] did. However you look at it, emoji and their ancestorial predecessors have conveyed complex human emotion in writing for a long time. That power is not going away. - -Macs make it trivial to add these odd forms of expression to text with a shortcut to insert emoji into a sentence quickly. Pressing **Cmd**+**Ctrl**+**Space** launches a menu, and a quick click completes the keystroke. - -GNOME does not (yet) have this functionality by default, but there is open source software to add it. - -## My first attempts at emoji on Linux - -So how can you add emoji-shortcut functionality to a Linux window manager? I began with trial and error. I tried about a dozen different tools along the way. I found [Autokey][6], which has been a great way to insert text using shortcuts or keywords (and I still use for that), but the [emoji extension][7] did not render for me (on Fedora or Pop!_OS). I hope one day it does, so I can use colon notation to insert emoji, like `:+1:` to get a 👍️. - -It turns out that the way emoji render and interact with font choices throughout a window manager is nontrivial. Partway through my struggle, I reached out to the GNOME emoji team (yes, there's a [team for emoji][8]!) and got a small taste of its complexity. - -I did, however, find a project that works consistently across multiple Linux distributions. It's called Splatmoji. - -## Splatmoji for inserting emoji - -[Splatmoji][9] lets me consistently insert emoji into my Linux setup exactly like I would on a Mac. Here is what it looks like in action: - -![Splatmoji scroll example][10] - -(Matthew Broberg, [CC BY-SA 4.0][11]) - -It's written in Bash, which is impressive for all that it does. Splatmoji depends on a pretty interesting toolchain outside of Bash to avoid a lot of complexity in its main features. It uses: - - * **[rofi][12]** to provide a smooth window-switcher experience - * [**xdotool**][13] to input the keystrokes into the window - * [**xsel**][14] or [**xclipboard**][15] to copy the selected item - * [**jq**][16], a JSON processor, if JSON escaping is called - - - -Thanks to these dependencies, Splatmoji is a surprisingly straightforward tool that calls these pieces in the right order. - -## Set up Splatmoji - -Splatmoji offers packaged releases for dnf and apt-based systems, but I set it up using the source code to keep up with the latest updates to the project: - - -``` -# Go to whatever directory you want to store the source code. -# I keep everything in a ~/Development folder, and do so here. -# Note that `mkdir -p` will make that folder if you haven't already. -$ mkdir -p ~/Development -$ cd ~/Development -$ git clone -$ cd splatmoji/ -``` - -Install the requirements above using the syntax for your package manager. I usually use [Homebrew][17] and add `/home/linuxbrew/.linuxbrew/bin/` to my path, but I will use `dnf` for this example: - - -``` -`$ sudo dnf install rofi xdoto \ No newline at end of file From 17b9431415ecec3e294234df8e4391a4a1857748 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sat, 27 Feb 2021 23:47:25 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 041/309] APL --- sources/tech/20210119 Set up a Linux cloud on bare metal.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20210119 Set up a Linux cloud on bare metal.md b/sources/tech/20210119 Set up a Linux cloud on bare metal.md index 5445ad9141..167f215010 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20210119 Set up a Linux cloud on bare metal.md +++ b/sources/tech/20210119 Set up a Linux cloud on bare metal.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (wxy) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 68aa630895debcb7abca09fc672215010ae9831c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sun, 28 Feb 2021 00:28:17 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 042/309] TSL&PRF --- ...0119 Set up a Linux cloud on bare metal.md | 128 ------------------ ...0119 Set up a Linux cloud on bare metal.md | 119 ++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 119 insertions(+), 128 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20210119 Set up a Linux cloud on bare metal.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20210119 Set up a Linux cloud on bare metal.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210119 Set up a Linux cloud on bare metal.md b/sources/tech/20210119 Set up a Linux cloud on bare metal.md deleted file mode 100644 index 167f215010..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20210119 Set up a Linux cloud on bare metal.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,128 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (wxy) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (Set up a Linux cloud on bare metal) -[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/1/cloud-image-virt-install) -[#]: author: (Sumantro Mukherjee https://opensource.com/users/sumantro) - -Set up a Linux cloud on bare metal -====== -Create cloud images with virt-install on Fedora. -![Sky with clouds and grass][1] - -Virtualization is one of the most used technologies. Fedora Linux uses [Cloud Base images][2] to create general-purpose virtual machines (VM), but there are many ways to set up Cloud Base images. Recently, the virt-install command-line tool for provisioning VMs added support for **cloud-init**, so it can now be used to configure and run a cloud image locally. - -This article walks through how to set up a base Fedora cloud instance on bare metal. The same steps can be used with any raw or Qcow2 Cloud Base image. - -### What is --cloud-init? - -The **virt-install** command creates a KVM, Xen, or [LXC][3] guest using **libvirt**. The `--cloud-init` option uses a local file (called a **nocloud datasource**) so you don't need a network connection to create an image. The **nocloud** method derives user data and metadata for the guest from an iso9660 filesystem (an `.iso` file) during the first boot. When you use this option, **virt-install** generates a random (and temporary) password for the root user account, provides a serial console so you can log in and change your password, and then disables the `--cloud-init` option for subsequent boots.  - -### Set up a Fedora Cloud Base image - -First, [download a Fedora Cloud Base (for OpenStack) image][2]. - -![Fedora Cloud website screenshot][4] - -(Sumantro Mukherjee, [CC BY-SA 4.0][5]) - -Then install the **virt-install** command: - - -``` -`$ sudo dnf install virt-install` -``` - -Once **virt-install** is installed and the Fedora Cloud Base image is downloaded, create a small YAML file named `cloudinit-user-data.yaml` to contain a few configuration lines that virt-install will use. - - -``` -#cloud-config -password: 'r00t' -chpasswd: { expire: false } -``` - -This simple cloud-config sets the password for the default **fedora** user. If you want to use a password that expires, you can set it to expire after logging in. - -Create and boot the VM: - - -``` -$ virt-install --name local-cloud18012709 \ -\--memory 2000 --noreboot \ -\--os-variant detect=on,name=fedora-unknown \ -\--cloud-init user-data="/home/r3zr/cloudinit-user-data.yaml" \ -\--disk=size=10,backing_store="/home/r3zr/Downloads/Fedora-Cloud-Base-33-1.2.x86_64.qcow2" -``` - -In this example, `local-cloud18012709` is the name of the virtual machine, RAM is set to 2000MiB, disk size (the virtual hard drive) is set to 10GB, and `--cloud-init` and `backing_store` contain the absolute path to the YAML config file you created and the Qcow2 image you downloaded. - -### Log in - -After the image is created, you can log in with the username **fedora** and the password set in the YAML file (in my example, this is **r00t**, but you may have used something different). Change your password once you've logged in for the first time. - -To power off your virtual machine, execute the `sudo poweroff` command, or press **Ctrl**+**]** on your keyboard. - -### Start, stop, and kill VMs - -The `virsh` command is used to start, stop, and kill VMs. - -To start any VM that is running: - - -``` -`$ virsh start ` -``` - -To stop any running VM: - - -``` -`$ virsh shutdown ` -``` - -To list all VMs that are in a running state: - - -``` -`$ virsh list` -``` - -To destroy the VMs: - - -``` -`$ virsh destroy ` -``` - -![Destroying a VM][6] - -(Sumantro Mukherjee, [CC BY-SA 4.0][5]) - -### Fast and easy - -The **virt-install** command combined with the `--cloud-init` option makes it fast and easy to create cloud-ready images without worrying about whether you have a cloud to run them on yet.  Whether you're preparing for a a major deployment or just learning about containers, give `virt-install --cloud-init` a try. - -Do you have a favourite tool for your work in the cloud? Tell us about them in the comments. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://opensource.com/article/21/1/cloud-image-virt-install - -作者：[Sumantro Mukherjee][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://opensource.com/users/sumantro -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/bus-cloud.png?itok=vz0PIDDS (Sky with clouds and grass) -[2]: https://alt.fedoraproject.org/cloud/ -[3]: https://www.redhat.com/sysadmin/exploring-containers-lxc -[4]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/fedoracloud.png (Fedora Cloud website) -[5]: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ -[6]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/destroyvm.png (Destroying a VM) diff --git a/translated/tech/20210119 Set up a Linux cloud on bare metal.md b/translated/tech/20210119 Set up a Linux cloud on bare metal.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..7219aa36d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20210119 Set up a Linux cloud on bare metal.md @@ -0,0 +1,119 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (wxy) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Set up a Linux cloud on bare metal) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/1/cloud-image-virt-install) +[#]: author: (Sumantro Mukherjee https://opensource.com/users/sumantro) + +在裸机上建立 Linux 云 +====== + +> 在 Fedora 上用 virt-install 创建云镜像。 + +![云和草的天空][1] + +虚拟化是使用最多的技术之一。Fedora Linux 使用 [Cloud Base 镜像][2] 来创建通用虚拟机（VM），但设置 Cloud Base 镜像的方法有很多。最近，用于调配虚拟机的 `virt-install` 命令行工具增加了对 `cloud-init` 的支持，因此现在可以使用它在本地配置和运行云镜像。 + +本文介绍了如何在裸机上设置一个基本的 Fedora 云实例。同样的步骤可以用于任何 raw 或Qcow2 Cloud Base 镜像。 + +### 什么是 --cloud-init？ + +`virt-install` 命令使用 `libvirt` 创建一个 KVM、Xen 或 [LXC][3] 客户机。`--cloud-init` 选项使用一个本地文件（称为 “nocloud 数据源”），所以你不需要网络连接来创建镜像。在第一次启动时，`nocloud` 方法会从 iso9660 文件系统（`.iso` 文件）中获取访客机的用户数据和元数据。当你使用这个选项时，`virt-install` 会为 root 用户账户生成一个随机的（临时）密码，提供一个串行控制台，以便你可以登录并更改密码，然后在随后的启动中禁用 `--cloud-init` 选项。  + +### 设置 Fedora Cloud Base 镜像 + +首先，[下载一个 Fedora Cloud Base（for OpenStack）镜像][2]。 + +![Fedora Cloud 网站截图][4] + +然后安装 `virt-install` 命令： + +``` +$ sudo dnf install virt-install +``` + +一旦 `virt-install` 安装完毕并下载了 Fedora Cloud Base 镜像，请创建一个名为`cloudinit-user-data.yaml` 的小型 YAML 文件，其中包含 `virt-install` 将使用的一些配置行： + +``` +#cloud-config +password: 'r00t' +chpasswd: { expire: false } +``` + +这个简单的云配置可以设置默认的 `fedora` 用户的密码。如果你想使用会过期的密码，可以将其设置为登录后过期。 + +创建并启动虚拟机： + +``` +$ virt-install --name local-cloud18012709 \ +--memory 2000 --noreboot \ +--os-variant detect=on,name=fedora-unknown \ +--cloud-init user-data="/home/r3zr/cloudinit-user-data.yaml" \ +--disk=size=10,backing_store="/home/r3zr/Downloads/Fedora-Cloud-Base-33-1.2.x86_64.qcow2" +``` + +在这个例子中，`local-cloud18012709` 是虚拟机的名称，内存设置为 2000MiB，磁盘大小（虚拟硬盘）设置为 10GB，`--cloud-init` 和 `backing_store` 分别带有你创建的 YAML 配置文件和你下载的 Qcow2 镜像的绝对路径。 + +### 登录 + +在创建镜像后，你可以用用户名 `fedora` 和 YAML 文件中设置的密码登录（在我的例子中，密码是 `r00t`，但你可能用了别的密码）。一旦你第一次登录，请更改你的密码。 + +要关闭虚拟机的电源，执行 `sudo poweroff` 命令，或者按键盘上的 `Ctrl+]`。 + +### 启动、停止和销毁虚拟机 + +`virsh` 命令用于启动、停止和销毁虚拟机。 + +要启动任何停止的虚拟机： + +``` +$ virsh start +``` + +要停止任何运行的虚拟机： + +``` +$ virsh shutdown +``` + +要列出所有处于运行状态的虚拟机： + +``` +$ virsh list +``` + +要销毁虚拟机： + +``` +$ virsh destroy +``` + +![销毁虚拟机][6] + +### 快速而简单 + +`virt-install` 命令与 `--cloud-init` 选项相结合，可以快速轻松地创建云就绪镜像，而无需担心是否有云来运行它们。无论你是在为重大部署做准备，还是在学习容器，都可以试试`virt-install --cloud-init`。 + +在云计算工作中，你有喜欢的工具吗？请在评论中告诉我们。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/21/1/cloud-image-virt-install + +作者：[Sumantro Mukherjee][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/sumantro +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/bus-cloud.png?itok=vz0PIDDS (Sky with clouds and grass) +[2]: https://alt.fedoraproject.org/cloud/ +[3]: https://www.redhat.com/sysadmin/exploring-containers-lxc +[4]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/fedoracloud.png (Fedora Cloud website) +[5]: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ +[6]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/destroyvm.png (Destroying a VM) From 4c99ee273fa69f115e274177871462573c267cab Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: amorsu <33998760+amorsu@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Sun, 28 Feb 2021 01:15:12 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 043/309] translating by Amor --- .../20201215 6 container concepts you need to understand.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20201215 6 container concepts you need to understand.md b/sources/tech/20201215 6 container concepts you need to understand.md index 5e53c43ca9..9f42916700 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20201215 6 container concepts you need to understand.md +++ b/sources/tech/20201215 6 container concepts you need to understand.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (AmorSu) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) @@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/20/12/containers-101 作者：[Mike Calizo][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +译者：[AmorSu](https://github.com/amorsu) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From b14c602b872b02fa4246bf617ebbddd6be0f96c6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: amorsu <33998760+amorsu@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Sun, 28 Feb 2021 02:02:53 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 044/309] Update 20201215 6 container concepts you need to understand.md --- ...201215 6 container concepts you need to understand.md | 9 +++++++-- 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20201215 6 container concepts you need to understand.md b/sources/tech/20201215 6 container concepts you need to understand.md index 9f42916700..2dd4e15647 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20201215 6 container concepts you need to understand.md +++ b/sources/tech/20201215 6 container concepts you need to understand.md @@ -8,16 +8,21 @@ [#]: author: (Mike Calizo https://opensource.com/users/mcalizo) 6 container concepts you need to understand +6个你需要知道的关于容器的概念 ====== Containers are everywhere, and they've radically changed the IT landscape. What do you need to know about them? -![Ships at sea on the web][1] +容器现在是无所不在，它们已经快速的改变了 IT 行业。关于容器你需要知道一些什么呢？ +![网络上停泊在海里的船只][1] Containerization has radically changed the IT landscape because of the significant value and wide array of benefits it brings to business. Nearly any recent business innovation has containerization as a contributing factor, if not the central element. +因为容器给商业所带来的巨大的价值和大量的好处，它快速的改变了IT行业。几乎所有最新的商业创新，都有容器化贡献的一部分因素，甚至是主要因素。 -In modern application architectures, the ability to deliver changes quickly to the production environment gives you an edge over your competitors. Containers deliver speed by using a microservices architecture that helps development teams create functionality, fail small, and recover faster. Containerization also enables applications to start faster and automatically scale cloud resources on demand. Furthermore, [DevOps][2] maximizes containerization's benefits by enabling the flexibility, portability, and efficiency required to go to market early. +In modern application architectures, the ability to deliver changes quickly to the production environment gives you an edge over your competitors. Containers deliver speed by using a microservices architecture that helps development teams create functionality, fail small, and recover faster. Containerization also enables applications to start faster and automatically scale cloud resources on demand. Furthermore, [DevOps][2] maximizes containerization's benefits by enabling the flexibility, portability, and efficiency required to go to market early. +在现代化应用架构中，能够快速的把修改交付到生产环境的能力，让你比你的竞争对手更胜一筹。容器通过使用微服务架构，帮助开发团队开发功能、更小的失败、更快的恢复，从而加快交付速度。容器化还让应用软件能够快速启动、按需自动扩展云资源。还有，[DevOps][2]通过灵活性、移动性、和有效性让产品可以尽快进入市场，从而将容器化的所能带来的好处最大化。 While speed, agility, and flexibility are the main promises of containerization using DevOps, security is a critical factor. This led to the rise of DevSecOps, which incorporates security into application development from the start and throughout the lifecycle of a containerized application. By default, containerization massively improves security because it isolates the application from the host and other containerized applications. +在 DevOps 中，当速度，敏捷，灵活是容器化的主要保障时，安全则是一个重要的因素。这就导致了 DevSecOps 的出现。它从开始，到贯穿整个容器化应用的生命周期，都始终将安全并入应用的开发中。默认情况下，容器化大大地增强了安全，因为它将应用和宿主主机以及其他的容器化应用相互隔离开来。 ### What are containers? From 011c05926734d90046a56307766bb2f2de73671d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Sun, 28 Feb 2021 05:03:57 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 045/309] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020210227=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Getting=20started=20with=20COBOL=20development=20on=20Fedora=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Linux=2033?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20210227 Getting started with COBOL development on Fedora Linux 33.md --- ...th COBOL development on Fedora Linux 33.md | 222 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 222 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20210227 Getting started with COBOL development on Fedora Linux 33.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210227 Getting started with COBOL development on Fedora Linux 33.md b/sources/tech/20210227 Getting started with COBOL development on Fedora Linux 33.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..f19517e351 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20210227 Getting started with COBOL development on Fedora Linux 33.md @@ -0,0 +1,222 @@ +[#]: subject: (Getting started with COBOL development on Fedora Linux 33) +[#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/getting-started-with-cobol-development-on-fedora-linux-33/) +[#]: author: (donnie https://fedoramagazine.org/author/donnie/) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +Getting started with COBOL development on Fedora Linux 33 +====== + +![cobol_article_title_photo][1] + +Though its popularity has waned, COBOL is still powering business critical operations within many major organizations. As the need to update, upgrade and troubleshoot these applications grows, so may the demand for anyone with COBOL development knowledge. + +Fedora 33 represents an excellent platform for COBOL development. +This article will detail how to install and configure tools, as well as compile and run a COBOL program. + +### Installing and configuring tools + +GnuCOBOL is a free and open modern compiler maintained by volunteer developers. To install, open a terminal and execute the following command: + +``` +# sudo dnf -y install gnucobol +``` + +Once completed, execute this command to verify that GnuCOBOL is ready for work: + +``` +# cobc -v +``` + +You should see version information and build dates. Don’t worry if you see the error “no input files”. We will create a COBOL program file with the Vim text editor in the following steps. + +Fedora ships with a minimal version of Vim, but it would be nice to have some of the extra features that the full version can offer (such as COBOL syntax highlighting). Run the command below to install Vim-enhanced, which will overwrite Vim-minimal: + +``` +# sudo dnf -y install vim-enhanced +``` + +### Writing, Compiling, and Executing COBOL programs + +At this point, you are ready to write a COBOL program. For this example, I am set up with username _fedorauser_ and I will create a folder under my home directory to store my COBOL programs. I called mine _cobolcode_. + +``` +# mkdir /home/fedorauser/cobolcode +# cd /home/fedorauser/cobolcode +``` + +Now we can create and open a new file to enter our COBOL source program. I’ll call it _helloworld.cbl_. + +``` +# vim helloworld.cbl +``` + +You should now have the blank file open in Vim, ready to edit. This will be a simple program that does nothing except print out a message to our terminal. + +Enable “insert” mode in vim by pressing the “i” key, and key in the text below. Vim will assist with placement of your code sections. This can be very helpful since every character space in a COBOL file has a purpose (it’s a digital representation of the physical cards that developers would complete and feed into the computer). + +``` + IDENTIFICATION DIVISION. + PROGRAM-ID. HELLO-WORLD. +*simple helloworld program. + PROCEDURE DIVISION. + DISPLAY '##################################'. + DISPLAY '#!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!#'. + DISPLAY '#!!!!!!!!!!FEDORA RULES!!!!!!!!!!#'. + DISPLAY '#!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!#'. + DISPLAY '##################################'. + STOP RUN. +``` + +You can now press the “ESC” key to exit insert mode, and key in “:x” to save and close the file. + +Compile the program by keying in the following: + +``` +# cobc -x helloworld.cbl +``` + +It should complete quickly with return status: 0. Key in “ls” to view the contents of your current directory. You should see your original _helloworld.cbl_ file, as well as a new file simply named _helloworld_. + +Execute the COBOL program. + +``` +# ./helloworld +``` + +If you see your text output without errors, then you have sucessfully compiled and executed the program! + +![][2] + +Now that we have the basics of writing, compiling, and running a COBOL program, lets try one that does something a little more interesting. + +The following program will generate the Fibonacci sequence given your input. Use Vim to create a file called _fib.cbl_ and input the text below: + +``` +****************************************************************** + * Author: Bryan Flood + * Date: 25/10/2018 + * Purpose: Compute Fibonacci Numbers + * Tectonics: cobc + ****************************************************************** + IDENTIFICATION DIVISION. + PROGRAM-ID. FIB. + DATA DIVISION. + FILE SECTION. + WORKING-STORAGE SECTION. + 01 N0 BINARY-C-LONG VALUE 0. + 01 N1 BINARY-C-LONG VALUE 1. + 01 SWAP BINARY-C-LONG VALUE 1. + 01 RESULT PIC Z(20)9. + 01 I BINARY-C-LONG VALUE 0. + 01 I-MAX BINARY-C-LONG VALUE 0. + 01 LARGEST-N BINARY-C-LONG VALUE 92. + PROCEDURE DIVISION. + *> THIS IS WHERE THE LABELS GET CALLED + PERFORM MAIN + PERFORM ENDFIB + GOBACK. + *> THIS ACCEPTS INPUT AND DETERMINES THE OUTPUT USING A EVAL STMT + MAIN. + DISPLAY "ENTER N TO GENERATE THE FIBONACCI SEQUENCE" + ACCEPT I-MAX. + EVALUATE TRUE + WHEN I-MAX > LARGEST-N + PERFORM INVALIDN + WHEN I-MAX > 2 + PERFORM CASEGREATERTHAN2 + WHEN I-MAX = 2 + PERFORM CASE2 + WHEN I-MAX = 1 + PERFORM CASE1 + WHEN I-MAX = 0 + PERFORM CASE0 + WHEN OTHER + PERFORM INVALIDN + END-EVALUATE. + STOP RUN. + *> THE CASE FOR WHEN N = 0 + CASE0. + MOVE N0 TO RESULT. + DISPLAY RESULT. + *> THE CASE FOR WHEN N = 1 + CASE1. + PERFORM CASE0 + MOVE N1 TO RESULT. + DISPLAY RESULT. + *> THE CASE FOR WHEN N = 2 + CASE2. + PERFORM CASE1 + MOVE N1 TO RESULT. + DISPLAY RESULT. + *> THE CASE FOR WHEN N > 2 + CASEGREATERTHAN2. + PERFORM CASE1 + PERFORM VARYING I FROM 1 BY 1 UNTIL I = I-MAX + ADD N0 TO N1 GIVING SWAP + MOVE N1 TO N0 + MOVE SWAP TO N1 + MOVE SWAP TO RESULT + DISPLAY RESULT + END-PERFORM. + *> PROVIDE ERROR FOR INVALID INPUT + INVALIDN. + DISPLAY 'INVALID N VALUE. THE PROGRAM WILL NOW END'. + *> END THE PROGRAM WITH A MESSAGE + ENDFIB. + DISPLAY "THE PROGRAM HAS COMPLETED AND WILL NOW END". + END PROGRAM FIB. +``` + +As before, hit the “ESC” key to exit insert mode, and key in “:x” to save and close the file. + +Compile the program: + +``` +# cobc -x fib.cbl +``` + +Now execute the program: + +``` +# ./fib +``` + +The program will ask for you to input a number, and will then generate Fibonocci output based upon that number. + +![][3] + +### Further Study + +There are numerous resources available on the internet to consult, however vast amounts of knowledge reside only in legacy print. Keep an eye out for vintage COBOL guides when visiting used book stores and public libraries; you may find copies of endangered manuals at a rock-bottom prices! + +It is also worth noting that helpful documentation was installed on your system when you installed GnuCOBOL. You can access them with these terminal commands: + +``` +# info gnucobol +# man cobc +# cobc -h +``` + +![][4] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://fedoramagazine.org/getting-started-with-cobol-development-on-fedora-linux-33/ + +作者：[donnie][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/author/donnie/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Screenshot-from-2021-02-09-17-20-21-816x384.png +[2]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Screenshot-from-2021-01-02-21-48-22-1024x576.png +[3]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Screenshot-from-2021-02-21-22-11-51-1024x598.png +[4]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/image_50369281-1-1024x768.jpg From 7cc10da4a3c15cd66d202e4b8fe16ad0253858af Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Sun, 28 Feb 2021 05:04:23 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 046/309] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020210228=20?= =?UTF-8?q?What=20is=20GNU/Linux=20Copypasta=3F?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20210228 What is GNU-Linux Copypasta.md --- .../20210228 What is GNU-Linux Copypasta.md | 73 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 73 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20210228 What is GNU-Linux Copypasta.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210228 What is GNU-Linux Copypasta.md b/sources/tech/20210228 What is GNU-Linux Copypasta.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ebf9e7d040 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20210228 What is GNU-Linux Copypasta.md @@ -0,0 +1,73 @@ +[#]: subject: (What is GNU/Linux Copypasta?) +[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/gnu-linux-copypasta/) +[#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +What is GNU/Linux Copypasta? +====== + +As a Linux user, you might have come across a long text that starts with “I’d like to interject for a moment. What you are referring to as Linux, is in fact, GNU/Linux”. + +It makes some people confused about what is Linux and what is GNU/Linux. I have explained it in the article about the [concept of Linux distributions][1]. + +Basically, [Linux is a kernel][2] and with [GNU softwares][3], it becomes usable in the form of an operating system. + +Many purists and enthusiasts don’t want people to forget the contribution of GNU to the Linux-based operating systems. Hence, they often post this long text (known as GNU Linux copypasta) in various forums and communities. + +I am not sure of the origin of the GNU/Linux copypasta and since when it came into existence. Some people attribute it to Richard Stallman’s [article on GNU blog in 2011][4]. I cannot confirm or deny that. + +### Complete GNU/Linux Copypasta + +I’d just like to interject for a moment. What you’re refering to as Linux, is in fact, GNU/Linux, or as I’ve recently taken to calling it, GNU plus Linux. Linux is not an operating system unto itself, but rather another free component of a fully functioning GNU system made useful by the GNU corelibs, shell utilities and vital system components comprising a full OS as defined by POSIX. + +Many computer users run a modified version of the GNU system every day, without realizing it. Through a peculiar turn of events, the version of GNU which is widely used today is often called Linux, and many of its users are not aware that it is basically the GNU system, developed by the GNU Project. + +There really is a Linux, and these people are using it, but it is just a part of the system they use. Linux is the kernel: the program in the system that allocates the machine’s resources to the other programs that you run. The kernel is an essential part of an operating system, but useless by itself; it can only function in the context of a complete operating system. Linux is normally used in combination with the GNU operating system: the whole system is basically GNU with Linux added, or GNU/Linux. All the so-called Linux distributions are really distributions of GNU/Linux! + +**Recommended Read:** + +![][5] + +#### [Linux Jargon Buster: What is FOSS (Free and Open Source Software)? What is Open Source?][6] + +### What is a Copypasta, again? + +![][7] + +Did you notice that I used the term ‘copypasta’. It has nothing to do with Italian dish pasta. + +[Copypasta][8] is a block of text which is copied and pasted across the internet, often to troll or poke fun at people. It is a degeneration of the term ‘copy-paste’. + +Copypasta is also considered spam because they are repeated as it is a number of times. Take the example of GNU Linux copypasta. If a few people keep on pasting the huge text block every time someone uses Linux instead of GNU/Linux in a discussion forum, it would annoy other members. + +### Have you ever used GNU/Linux Copypasta? + +Personally, I have never done that. But, to be honest, that’s how I come to know about the term GNU/Linux when I was a new Linux users and was browsing through some Linux forum. + +How about you? Have you ever copy-pasted the “I would like to interject for a moment” in a Linux forum? Do you think it’s a tool for ‘trolls’ or is it the necessary evil to make people aware of the GNU project? + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/gnu-linux-copypasta/ + +作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://itsfoss.com/what-is-linux-distribution/ +[2]: https://itsfoss.com/what-is-linux/ +[3]: https://www.gnu.org/ +[4]: https://www.gnu.org/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html +[5]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/what-is-foss.png?fit=800%2C450&ssl=1 +[6]: https://itsfoss.com/what-is-foss/ +[7]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/copypasta.png?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1 +[8]: https://www.makeuseof.com/what-is-a-copypasta/ From 37d09c707e1da1a42517bc7e832eb8f242eaaadf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Sun, 28 Feb 2021 05:04:39 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 047/309] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020210228=20?= =?UTF-8?q?How=20to=20Install=20the=20Latest=20Erlang=20on=20Ubuntu=20Linu?= =?UTF-8?q?x?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20210228 How to Install the Latest Erlang on Ubuntu Linux.md --- ...stall the Latest Erlang on Ubuntu Linux.md | 118 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 118 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20210228 How to Install the Latest Erlang on Ubuntu Linux.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210228 How to Install the Latest Erlang on Ubuntu Linux.md b/sources/tech/20210228 How to Install the Latest Erlang on Ubuntu Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..5b62e7bae4 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20210228 How to Install the Latest Erlang on Ubuntu Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,118 @@ +[#]: subject: (How to Install the Latest Erlang on Ubuntu Linux) +[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/install-erlang-ubuntu/) +[#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +How to Install the Latest Erlang on Ubuntu Linux +====== + +[Erlang][1] is a functional programming language for building massive scalable real-time systems. Originally created by [Ericsson][2] as a proprietary software, Erlang was later open sourced. + +Erlang is available in the [Universe repository of Ubuntu][3]. With that repository enabled, you can easily install it using the following command: + +``` +sudo apt install erlang +``` + +![][4] + +However, the _**Erlang version offered by Ubuntu repositories may not be the latest one**_. + +If you want the _**latest Erlang version on Ubuntu**_, you can add the repository [offered by Erlang Solutions][5]. They provide prebuilt binaries for various Linux distributions, Windows and macOS. + +If you had installed a package named `erlang` previously, it will be upgraded to the newer version offered by the added repository. + +### Installing the latest version of Erlang on Ubuntu + +You’ll need to [download the key file in Linux terminal][6]. You can use wget tool for that so make sure that you have it installed: + +``` +sudo apt install wget +``` + +Next, use wget to download the GPG key of the Erlang Solution repository and add it your apt packaging system. With the key added, your system will trust the packages coming from the repository. + +``` +wget -O- https://packages.erlang-solutions.com/ubuntu/erlang_solutions.asc | sudo apt-key add - +``` + +Now, you should add a file for Erlang in your APT sources.list.d directory. This file will contain the information about the repository and the APT package manager will use it for getting the packages and any future updates to it. + +**For Ubuntu 20.04 (and Ubuntu 20.10)** use the following: + +``` +echo "deb https://packages.erlang-solutions.com/ubuntu focal contrib" | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/erlang-solution.list +``` + +I know that the above command mentions focal (for Ubuntu 20.04) but it also works for Ubuntu 20.10 groovy. + +For **Ubuntu 18.04**, use the following: + +``` +echo "deb https://packages.erlang-solutions.com/ubuntu bionic contrib" | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/erlang-solution.list +``` + +You must update the local package cache to inform it about the packages from the newly added repository: + +``` +sudo apt update +``` + +You’ll notice that it suggests several upgrades. If you list the available upgrades, you’ll find erlang packages there. To update the existing erlang version or install it afresh, use this command: + +``` +sudo apt install erlang +``` + +Once installed, you can test it out. + +![][7] + +To quit the Erlang shell, use Ctrl+g and then enter q. I had to do a hit and try to figure that out because I had never used Erlang before. + +#### Removing erlang + +To remove the program, use the following command: + +``` +sudo apt remove erlang +``` + +There will be a few dependencies left. You can remove them with the following command: + +``` +sudo apt autoremove +``` + +If you want, you may also remove the added repository file: + +``` +sudo rm /etc/apt/sources.list.d/erlang-solution.list +``` + +That’s about it. Enjoy learning and coding with Erlang on Ubuntu Linux. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/install-erlang-ubuntu/ + +作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://www.erlang.org/ +[2]: https://www.ericsson.com/en +[3]: https://itsfoss.com/ubuntu-repositories/ +[4]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/install-erlang-ubuntu.png?resize=800%2C445&ssl=1 +[5]: https://www.erlang-solutions.com/downloads/ +[6]: https://itsfoss.com/download-files-from-linux-terminal/ +[7]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/erlang-shell.png?resize=800%2C274&ssl=1 From fe5b7c263aa3f2b2bd8f6661d4c56dafaa7b27b4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Sun, 28 Feb 2021 05:05:02 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 048/309] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020210227=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Build=20your=20own=20technology=20on=20Linux?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20210227 Build your own technology on Linux.md --- ...0227 Build your own technology on Linux.md | 58 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 58 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20210227 Build your own technology on Linux.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210227 Build your own technology on Linux.md b/sources/tech/20210227 Build your own technology on Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..45859d081d --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20210227 Build your own technology on Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,58 @@ +[#]: subject: (Build your own technology on Linux) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/2/linux-technology) +[#]: author: (Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +Build your own technology on Linux +====== +Linux puts you in charge of your own technology so you can use it any +way you want. +![Someone wearing a hardhat and carrying code ][1] + +In 2021, there are more reasons why people love Linux than ever before. In this series, I'll share 21 different reasons to use Linux. Linux empowers its users to build their own tools. + +There's a persistent myth that tech companies must "protect" their customers from the many features of their technology. Sometimes, companies put restrictions on their users for fear of unexpected breakage, and other times they expect users to pay extra to unlock features. I love an operating system that protects me from stupid mistakes, but I want to know without a doubt that there's a manual override switch somewhere. I want to be able to control my own experience on my own computer. Whether I'm using Linux for work or my hobbies, that's precisely what it does for me. It puts me in charge of the technology I've chosen to use. + +### Customizing your tools + +It's hard for a business, even when its public face is the image of a "quirky revolutionary," to deal with the fact that reality is actually quite diverse. Literally everybody on the planet uses a computer differently than the next person. We all have our habits; we have artifacts of good and bad computer training; we have our interest levels, our distractions, and our individual goals. + +No matter what a company anticipates, there's no way to construct the ideal environment to please each and every potential user. And it's a tall order to expect a business to even attempt that. You might even think it's an unreasonable demand to have a custom tool for every individual. + +But we're living in the future, it's a high-tech world, and the technology that empowers users to design and use their own tools has been around for decades. You can witness early Unix users stringing together commands on old [_Computer Chronicles_][2] episodes way back in 1985. Today, you see it in spreadsheet applications, possibly the most well-used and malleable (and unintentional) prototype engines available. From business forms to surveys to games to video encoder frontends, I've seen everyday users claiming to have "no programming skills" design spreadsheets that rival applications developed and sold by software companies. This is the kind of creativity that technology should foster and encourage, and I think it's the way computing is heading the more that _open source_ principles become an expectation. + +Today, Linux delivers the same power: the power to construct your own utilities and offer them to other users in a portable and adaptable format. Whether you work in Bash, Python, or LibreOffice Calc, Linux invites you to build tools that make your life easier. + +### Services + +I believe one of the missing components of the modern computing experience is connectedness. That seems like a crazy thing to assert in the 21st century when we have social networks that claim to bring people together like never before. But social networks have always felt like more like a chaperoned prom than a casual hangout. You go to a place where you're expected to socialize, and you do what's expected of you, but deep down, you'd rather just invite your friends over to watch some movies and play some games. + +The deficiency of modern computing platforms is that this casual level of sharing our digital life isn't easy. In fact, it's really difficult on most computers. While we're still a long away from a great selection of sharable applications, Linux is nevertheless built for sharing. It doesn't try to block your path when you open a port to invite your friends to connect to a shared application like [Drawpile][3] or [Maptool][4]. On the contrary, it has [tools specifically to make sharing _easy_][5]. + +### Stand back; I'm doing science! + +Linux is a platform for makers, creators, and developers. It's part of its core tenet to let its users explore and to ensure that the user remains in control of their system. Linux offers you an open source environment and an [open studio][6]. All you have to do is take advantage of it. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/21/2/linux-technology + +作者：[Seth Kenlon][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/seth +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/build_structure_tech_program_code_construction.png?itok=nVsiLuag (Someone wearing a hardhat and carrying code ) +[2]: https://archive.org/details/UNIX1985 +[3]: https://opensource.com/article/20/3/drawpile +[4]: https://opensource.com/article/18/5/maptool +[5]: https://opensource.com/article/19/7/make-linux-stronger-firewalls +[6]: https://www.redhat.com/en/about/open-studio From 31ce46181346b0686ddd97133997ce2aac767ec7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Sun, 28 Feb 2021 05:05:17 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 049/309] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020210226=20?= =?UTF-8?q?3=20Linux=20terminals=20you=20need=20to=20try?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20210226 3 Linux terminals you need to try.md --- ...10226 3 Linux terminals you need to try.md | 86 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 86 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20210226 3 Linux terminals you need to try.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210226 3 Linux terminals you need to try.md b/sources/tech/20210226 3 Linux terminals you need to try.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ad095df61a --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20210226 3 Linux terminals you need to try.md @@ -0,0 +1,86 @@ +[#]: subject: (3 Linux terminals you need to try) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/2/linux-terminals) +[#]: author: (Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +3 Linux terminals you need to try +====== +Linux gives you the ability to choose the terminal interface you +like—not one it imposes. +![4 different color terminal windows with code][1] + +In 2021, there are more reasons why people love Linux than ever before. In this series, I'll share 21 different reasons to use Linux. The ability to choose your own terminal is a big reason to use Linux. + +Many people think once you've used one terminal interface, you've used them all. But users who love the terminal know there are minor but important differences between them. This article looks at three of my favorites. + +Before diving into them, though, it's important to understand the difference between a shell and a terminal. A terminal (technically a _terminal emulator_, because terminals used to be physical hardware devices) is an application that runs in a window on your desktop. A shell is the engine that's visible to you in a terminal window. Popular shells are [Bash][2], [tcsh][3], and [zsh][4], and they all run in a terminal. + +It almost goes without saying on modern Linux, but all the terminals in this article have tabbed interfaces. + +### Xfce terminal + +![Xfce ][5] + +(Seth Kenlon, [CC BY-SA 4.0][6]) + +The [lightweight Xfce desktop][7] provides a lightweight terminal that nicely balances features with simplicity. It provides access to the shell (as expected), and it has easy access to several important configuration options. You can set which characters break a string when you double-click on text, choose your default character encoding, and disable Alt shortcuts to the terminal's window so that your favorite Bash shortcuts are passed through to the shell. You can also set a font and a new color theme or load a color theme from a list of common presets. It's even got an optional toolbar across the top for easy access to your favorite functions. + +For me, Xfce's star feature is how easy it is to vary the background color for each tab you open. This is a priceless option when running a remote shell on a server—it has prevented me from making stupid mistakes by constantly keeping me aware of which tab I'm in. + +### rxvt-unicode + +![rxvt][8] + +(Seth Kenlon, [CC BY-SA 4.0][6]) + +The [rxvt terminal][9] is my favorite lightweight console. It's got many of the features you'd find in the old-school [xterm][10] terminal emulator but is more extensible. Its configuration is defined in `~/.Xdefaults`, so there's no preferences panel or settings menu—but this makes it very easy to manage and back up your setup. Using some Perl libraries, rxvt has tabs, and through xrdb, it has access to fonts and any color theme you can think of. You can set attributes like `URxvt.urlLancher: firefox` to set what web browser launches when you open URLs, change the look of the scrollbar, modify keyboard shortcuts, and do much more. + +The original rxvt didn't support Unicode (because at the time, Unicode didn't exist) but the `rxvt-unicode` (sometimes also called `urxvt`) package provides a patched version with full Unicode support. + +I keep rxvt on every computer because it's the best all-purpose terminal for me. It's not necessarily the best terminal for all users (it has no drag-and-drop interface, for instance). Still, for intermediate to advanced users looking for a fast and flexible terminal, rxvt is an easy choice. + +### Konsole + +![Konsole][11] + +(Seth Kenlon, [CC BY-SA 4.0][6]) + +Konsole, the KDE Plasma desktop's terminal, was the first terminal I used after switching to Linux, so it's the standard to which I hold all others. It does set a high bar. Konsole has all the usual nice features (and then some), such as easy color themes plus profile support, font selection, encoding, detachable tabs, renamable tabs, and so on. But that's to be expected on a modern desktop (at least, it is if your desktop is running Plasma). + +Konsole is light-years (or maybe a few months) ahead of other terminals. It can split its window vertically or horizontally. You can copy input to all tabs (as with [tmux][12]). You can set it to monitor itself for either silence or activity and configure notifications. If you use KDE Connect on your Android phone, that means you can get notifications on your mobile when a job finishes! You can save Konsole's output to a text or HTML file, bookmark open tabs, clone tabs, adjust your search settings, and more. + +Konsole is a true power user's terminal, yet it's also great for new users. You can drag and drop files into Konsole to change the directory to a specific location on your hard drive or paste in the path or even copy a file to Konsole's current working directory. It makes using the terminal easy, and that's something that translates across all users. + +### Try a terminal + +Is your aesthetic a dark office and the warm glow of green text against a black background? Or do you prefer a bright sunlit lounge and a soothing ink-black font on a paper-crisp screen? No matter your vision of a perfect computer setup, if you love the efficiency and clarity of communicating with your operating system by typing commands, then Linux has an interface for you. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/21/2/linux-terminals + +作者：[Seth Kenlon][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/seth +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/freedos.png?itok=aOBLy7Ky (4 different color terminal windows with code) +[2]: https://opensource.com/resources/what-bash +[3]: https://opensource.com/article/20/8/tcsh +[4]: https://opensource.com/article/19/9/getting-started-zsh +[5]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/terminal-xfce.jpg (Xfce ) +[6]: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ +[7]: https://opensource.com/article/19/12/xfce-linux-desktop +[8]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/terminal-rxvt.jpg (rxvt) +[9]: https://opensource.com/article/19/10/why-use-rxvt-terminal +[10]: https://opensource.com/article/20/7/xterm +[11]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/terminal-konsole.jpg (Konsole) +[12]: https://opensource.com/article/20/1/tmux-console From e4668a21edbbdc7c1305e1d59bf25cdc6cfca04d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Sun, 28 Feb 2021 05:05:31 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 050/309] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020210226=20?= =?UTF-8?q?How=20I=20became=20a=20Kubernetes=20maintainer=20in=204=20hours?= =?UTF-8?q?=20a=20week?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20210226 How I became a Kubernetes maintainer in 4 hours a week.md --- ...Kubernetes maintainer in 4 hours a week.md | 104 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 104 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20210226 How I became a Kubernetes maintainer in 4 hours a week.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210226 How I became a Kubernetes maintainer in 4 hours a week.md b/sources/tech/20210226 How I became a Kubernetes maintainer in 4 hours a week.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..5367968d8c --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20210226 How I became a Kubernetes maintainer in 4 hours a week.md @@ -0,0 +1,104 @@ +[#]: subject: (How I became a Kubernetes maintainer in 4 hours a week) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/2/kubernetes-maintainer) +[#]: author: (Matthew Broberg https://opensource.com/users/mbbroberg) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +How I became a Kubernetes maintainer in 4 hours a week +====== +If you have a small amount of time, you can make a big difference in +open source. +![Person drinking a hot drink at the computer][1] + +_"I want to contribute to Kubernetes, but I don't know where to start."_ + +I have heard (and even said) versions of this sentiment many times since [Kubernetes][2] started gaining influence. So, over the last year, I've spent time contributing to the project, and I've found it worth every minute. + +I've discovered that Kubernetes is a project with the right scale for anyone to make an impact in whatever time they have available in their schedule. For me, that was just four hours a week. No more, no less. + +After six months at four hours a week, I found myself the leader of a subgroup that's making a significant difference around non-code contributions to the project. + +I'll share some of what I've learned about contributing to Kubernetes. I hope it helps you find the focus and time to join in. + +### Where to start + +The Kubernetes community personifies the principle of showing up. I "lurked" on the community channels for a while but did not spend much time talking in them. As soon as I started to join in and (eventually) speak up, I experienced an immediate change in my sense of community. + +Join in where, you ask? Here are the key channels to keep an eye on: ** ** + + * The [Kubernetes developer mailing list][3] (k/dev for short) is the official channel for news from all Kubernetes contributors. + * The [Kubernetes Slack channel][4], where over 100,000 registered members discuss the project in hundreds of channels. + * Weekly [special interest group][5] (SIG) meetings where work gets done collaboratively via videoconference. + * The [Kubernetes Community GitHub][6] repository, which is the central repository for community activity in the project. + + + +The channels combine synchronous communication (real-time, quick feedback) with asynchronous (eventual, thoughtful feedback). More than any other project I have contributed to, Kubernetes has a subtle bias toward synchronous communication. Being in a meeting or part of a Slack discussion is a valued way to be part of the action. The more you are active in real time, the more influence you can have in the long run. Or so it seems. + +Despite the value of sync, don't discount the asynchronous work done in Kubernetes land. All significant activity, and a backlog of thoughtful ideas that need someone to work on, are tracked through GitHub issues. The mailing list is also increasingly active and a great place to show up to connect. + +Regardless of the channel, the conclusion is the same: You have to show up. + +### How I commit the time + +Many people work on Kubernetes full time. I am not one of them, and if you are reading this article, I assume you aren't one of them, either. So, when you have a 40-hour-a-week job, how do you carve out four precious hours in your day to contribute to an open source project? + +In my case, it began by understanding what my business values. I have the good fortune to work for an organization that defines itself through open source contributions. That's a good start. My organization also values open source experience in general and, more specifically, Kubernetes knowledge. So, as someone whose value to the organization can be measured in understanding Kubernetes, it's fair to assume I need to spend time with the project. + +With the business proposition clear to me, my next step was to start. I didn't begin with an email request or a proposal to do this as part of my job. It's _my_ job to manage my skill development, and I decided to maximize that through (time-limited) open source contributions. At the equivalent of a half-day of work per week, I'm trusted to budget my time. The caveat is I have to stop contributing if it (a) begins to impede my day job or (b) does not result in any meaningful value to my day job. + +After about a month of contributing, I shared some of my new Kubernetes knowledge (which I acquired by showing up regularly) with my team, my manager, and my manager's manager. They were all excited about what I was sharing. So, I proposed the idea of continuing, and they overwhelmingly agreed it was a good idea. + +Eight months later, I'm still contributing, and it's still adding value. + +### What do four hours of contribution look like? + +Here is my checklist for a sustainable contribution strategy in the Kubernetes community: + + * Join your SIG meeting once a week (1 hour) + * Skim the k-dev mailing list twice a week for 15 minutes (30 min.) + * Socialize on Slack or Twitter once a week (30 min.) + * Most weeks, block two more one-hour slots to complete your action items (1 to 2 hours). + * Once a month, take one of those hours and join the monthly community call (0-1 hour). + + + +My first three months were all about getting oriented, and they paid off. At the start, plan to spend a good bit of time soaking up the context. If no SIG immediately grabs your attention, start with [Contributor Experience][7]. This group exists to help guide and support all contributors. + +Sticking to this time commitment, in six months, I went from sitting in on the Contributor Experience SIG to leading its Upstream Marketing subgroup. In my case, the timing was right, and the role was appropriate to my skills, but it goes to show that sustained contribution can quickly pay off. + +### Contributing across time zones + +The synchronous activities—meetings and Slack messages—do have a bias toward the US Pacific Time Zone. There is no sugar-coating that part. Every Friday at our subgroup call, a handful of regulars sign in after 8pm or 10pm in Europe and Asia. It's not ideal timing for some. + +But while these synchronous calls are helpful for getting to know the group, contributors can quickly switch to asynchronous options and still significantly impact the project. GitHub, email, and even async Slack are 90% of where work gets done. For some SIGs, it's closer to 100%. Be upfront with other SIG members, and I am confident they will help you get meaningful work done asynchronously. + +### Bring your unique contribution + +Here's my big takeaway from this: Large projects thrive through sustained contribution. Making small contributions over an extended period is more valuable than a big fly-by-night pull request. + +I go through these painstaking details of how I manage my time to highlight an opportunity I believe many of us may not realize we have. Often, we have more say than we think about how we spend some of our work weeks. And I hope you can carve off some of it for open source. You will offer a unique experience that can make a difference. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/21/2/kubernetes-maintainer + +作者：[Matthew Broberg][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/mbbroberg +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/coffee_tea_laptop_computer_work_desk.png?itok=D5yMx_Dr (Person drinking a hot drink at the computer) +[2]: https://opensource.com/resources/what-is-kubernetes +[3]: https://groups.google.com/g/kubernetes-dev +[4]: https://slack.k8s.io/ +[5]: https://github.com/kubernetes/community/blob/master/sig-list.md +[6]: https://github.com/kubernetes/community +[7]: https://github.com/kubernetes/community/blob/master/sig-contributor-experience/README.md From 4898aa93224ec5e623924d937df4f87e19e68b59 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Sun, 28 Feb 2021 05:05:45 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 051/309] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020210226=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Navigate=20your=20FreeDOS=20system?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20210226 Navigate your FreeDOS system.md --- .../20210226 Navigate your FreeDOS system.md | 203 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 203 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20210226 Navigate your FreeDOS system.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210226 Navigate your FreeDOS system.md b/sources/tech/20210226 Navigate your FreeDOS system.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..9397e73e2b --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20210226 Navigate your FreeDOS system.md @@ -0,0 +1,203 @@ +[#]: subject: (Navigate your FreeDOS system) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/2/freedos-dir) +[#]: author: (Kevin O'Brien https://opensource.com/users/ahuka) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +Navigate your FreeDOS system +====== +Master the DIR command to navigate your way around FreeDOS. +![A map with a route highlighted][1] + +[FreeDOS][2] is an open source implementation of DOS. It's not a remix of Linux, and it is compatible with the operating system that introduced many people to personal computing. This makes it an important resource for running legacy applications, playing retro games, updating firmware on motherboards, and experiencing a little bit of living computer history. In this article, I'll look at some of the essential commands used to navigate a FreeDOS system. + +### Change your current directory with CD + +When you first boot FreeDOS, you're "in" the root directory, which is called `C:\`. This represents the foundation of your filesystem, specifically the system hard drive. It's labeled with a `C` because, back in the old days of MS-DOS and PC-DOS, there were always `A` and `B` floppy drives, making the physical hard drive the third drive by default. The convention has been retained to this day in FreeDOS and the operating system that grew out of MS-DOS, Windows. + +There are many reasons not to work exclusively in your root directory. First of all, there are limitations to the FAT filesystem that would make that impractical at scale. Secondly, it would make for a very poorly organized filesystem. So it's common to make new directories (or "folders," as we often refer to them) to help keep your work tidy. To access these files easily, it's convenient to change your working directory. + +The FreeDOS `CD` command changes your current working subdirectory to another subdirectory. Imagine a computer with the following directory structure: + + +``` +C:\   +\LETTERS\   +  \LOVE\ +  \BUSINESS\ + +\DND\ +\MEMOS\   +\SCHOOL\ +``` + +You start in the `C:\` directory, so to navigate to your love letter directory, you can use `CD`: + + +``` +`C:\>CD \LETTERS\LOVE\` +``` + +To navigate to your `\LETTERS\BUSINESS` directory, you must specify the path to your business letters from a common fixed point on your filesystem. The most reliable starting location is `C:\`, because it's where _everything_ on your computer is stored. + + +``` +`C:\LETTERS\LOVE\>CD C:\LETTERS\BUSINESS` +``` + +#### Navigating with dots + +There's a useful shortcut for navigating your FreeDOS system, which takes the form of dots. Two dots (`..`) tell FreeDOS you want to move "back" or "down" in your directory tree. For instance, the `LETTERS` directory in this example system contains one subdirectory called `LOVE` and another called `BUSINESS`. If you're in `LOVE` currently, and you want to step back and change over to `BUSINESS`, you can just use two dots to represent that move: + + +``` +C:\LETTERS\LOVE\>CD ..\BUSINESS +C:\LETTERS\BUSINESS\> +``` + +To get all the way back to your root directory, just use the right number of dots: + + +``` +C:\LETTERS\BUSINESS\: CD ..\\.. +C:\> +``` + +#### Navigational shortcuts + +There are some shortcuts for navigating directories, too.  + +To get back to the root directory from wherever you are: + + +``` +C:\LETTERS\BUSINESS\>CD \ +C:\> +``` + +### List directory contents with DIR + +The `DIR` command displays the contents of a subdirectory, but it can also function as a search command. This is one of the most used commands in FreeDOS, and learning to use it properly is a great time saver. + +`DIR` displays the contents of the current working subdirectory, and with an optional path argument, it displays the contents of some other subdirectory: + + +``` +C:\LETTERS\BUSINESS\>DIR +MTG_CARD    TXT  1344 12-29-2020  3:06p +NON         TXT   381 12-31-2020  8:12p +SOMUCHFO    TXT   889 12-31-2020  9:36p +TEST        BAT    32 01-03-2021 10:34a +``` + +#### Attributes + +With a special attribute argument, you can use `DIR` to find and filter out certain kinds of files. There are 10 attributes you can specify: + +`H` | Hidden +---|--- +`-H` | Not hidden +`S` | System +`-S` | Not system +`A` | Archivable files +`-A` | Already archived files +`R` | Read-only files +`-R` | Not read-only (i.e., editable and deletable) files +`D` | Directories only, no files +`-D` | Files only, no directories + +These special designators are denoted with `/A:` followed by the attribute letter. You can enter as many attributes as you like, in order, without leaving a space between them. For instance, to view only hidden directories: + + +``` +C:\MEMOS\>DIR /A:HD +.OBSCURE    <DIR>  01-08-2021 10:10p +``` + +#### Listing in order + +You can also display the results of your `DIR` command in a specific order. The syntax for this is very similar to using attributes. You leave a space after the `DIR` command or after any other switches, and enter `/O:` followed by a selection. There are 12 possible selections: + +`N` | Alphabetical order by file name +---|--- +`-N` | Reverse alphabetical order by file name +`E` | Alphabetical order by file extension +`-E` | Reverse alphabetical order by file extension +`D` | Order by date and time, earliest first +`-D` | Order by date and time, latest first +`S` | By size, increasing +`-S` | By size, decreasing +`C` | By [DoubleSpace][3] compression ratio, lowest to highest (version 6.0 only) +`-C` | By DoubleSpace compression ratio, highest to lowest (version 6.0 only) +`G` | Group directories before other files +`-G` | Group directories after other files + +To see your directory listing grouped by file extension: + + +``` +C:\>DIR /O:E +TEST        BAT 01-10-2021 7:11a +TIMER       EXE 01-11-2021 6:06a +AAA         TXT 01-09-2021 4:27p +``` + +This returns a list of files in alphabetical order of file extension. + +If you're looking for a file you were working on yesterday, you can order by modification time: + + +``` +C:\>DIR /O:-D +AAA         TXT 01-09-2021 4:27p +TEST        BAT 01-10-2021 7:11a +TIMER       EXE 01-11-2021 6:06a +``` + +If you need to clean up your hard drive because you're running out of space, you can order your list by file size, and so on. + +#### Multiple arguments + +You can use multiple arguments in a `DIR` command to achieve fairly complex results. Remember that each argument has to be separated from its neighbors by a blank space on each side: + + +``` +`C:\>DIR /A:A /O:D /P` +``` + +This command selects only those files that have not yet been backed up (`/A:A`), orders them by date, beginning with the oldest (`/O:D`), and displays the results on your monitor one page at a time (`/P`). So you can really do some slick stuff with the `DIR` command once you've mastered these arguments and switches. + +### Terminology + +In case you were wondering, anything that modifies a command is an argument. + +If it has a slash in front, it is a switch. So all switches are also arguments, but some arguments (for example, a file path) are not switches. + +### Better navigation in FreeDOS + +FreeDOS can be very different from what you're used to if you're used to Windows or macOS, and it can be just different enough if you're used to Linux. A little practice goes a long way, though, so try some of these on your own. You can always get a help message with the `/?` switch. The best way to get comfortable with these commands is to practice using them. + +* * * + +_Some of the information in this article was previously published in [DOS lesson 12: Expert DIR use][4] (CC BY-SA 4.0)._ + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/21/2/freedos-dir + +作者：[Kevin O'Brien][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/ahuka +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/map_route_location_gps_path.png?itok=RwtS4DsU (A map with a route highlighted) +[2]: https://www.freedos.org/ +[3]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DriveSpace +[4]: https://www.ahuka.com/dos-lessons-for-self-study-purposes/dos-lesson-12-expert-dir-use/ From ad7d9a8d24a6ad113e52fbd259881fe1b8d69c77 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: amorsu <33998760+amorsu@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Sun, 28 Feb 2021 07:18:41 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 052/309] Update 20201215 6 container concepts you need to understand.md --- ...5 6 container concepts you need to understand.md | 13 +++++++++++-- 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20201215 6 container concepts you need to understand.md b/sources/tech/20201215 6 container concepts you need to understand.md index 2dd4e15647..57f31f0098 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20201215 6 container concepts you need to understand.md +++ b/sources/tech/20201215 6 container concepts you need to understand.md @@ -22,29 +22,38 @@ In modern application architectures, the ability to deliver changes quickly to t 在现代化应用架构中，能够快速的把修改交付到生产环境的能力，让你比你的竞争对手更胜一筹。容器通过使用微服务架构，帮助开发团队开发功能、更小的失败、更快的恢复，从而加快交付速度。容器化还让应用软件能够快速启动、按需自动扩展云资源。还有，[DevOps][2]通过灵活性、移动性、和有效性让产品可以尽快进入市场，从而将容器化的所能带来的好处最大化。 While speed, agility, and flexibility are the main promises of containerization using DevOps, security is a critical factor. This led to the rise of DevSecOps, which incorporates security into application development from the start and throughout the lifecycle of a containerized application. By default, containerization massively improves security because it isolates the application from the host and other containerized applications. -在 DevOps 中，当速度，敏捷，灵活是容器化的主要保障时，安全则是一个重要的因素。这就导致了 DevSecOps 的出现。它从开始，到贯穿整个容器化应用的生命周期，都始终将安全并入应用的开发中。默认情况下，容器化大大地增强了安全，因为它将应用和宿主主机以及其他的容器化应用相互隔离开来。 +在 DevOps 中，当速度，敏捷，灵活是容器化的主要保障时，安全则是一个重要的因素。这就导致了 DevSecOps 的出现。它从一开始，到贯穿容器化应用的整个生命周期，都始终将安全融合到应用的开发中。默认情况下，容器化大大地增强了安全性，因为它将应用和宿主主机以及其他的容器化应用相互隔离开来。 ### What are containers? +### 什么是容器？ Containers are the solution to problems inherited from monolithic architectures. Although monoliths have strengths, they prevent organizations from moving fast the agile way. Containers allow you to break monoliths into [microservices][3]. +容器是单体式应用程序所遗留的问题的解决方案。虽然单体式有它的优点，但是它让组织无法用敏捷的方式快速前进。而容器则让你能够将单体式分解成 [微服务][3] Essentially, a container is an application bundle of lightweight components, such as application dependencies, libraries, and configuration files, that run in an isolated environment on top of traditional operating systems or in virtualized environments for easy portability and flexibility. +本质上来说，容器只是一些轻量化组件的应用集，比如软件依赖、库、配置文件等等，然后运行在一个隔离的环境之中，这个隔离的环境又是运行在传统操作系统之上的，或者为了可移植性和灵活性而运行在虚拟化环境之上。 -![Container architecture][4] +![容器的架构][4] (Michael Calizo, [CC BY-SA 4.0][5]) To summarize, containers provide isolation by taking advantage of kernel technologies like cgroups, [kernel namespaces][6], and [SELinux][7]. Containers share a kernel with the host, which allows them to use fewer resources than a virtual machine (VM) would require. +总而言之，容器通过利用像 cgroups、 [kernel namespaces][6], and [SELinux][7] 这样的内核技术来实现隔离。容器跟宿主主机共用一个内核，因此比虚拟机占用更少的资源。 ### Container advantages +### 容器的优势 This architecture provides agility that is not feasible with VMs. Furthermore, containers support a more flexible model when it comes to compute and memory resources, and they allow resource-burst modes so that applications can consume more resources, when required, within the defined boundaries. In other words, containers provide scalability and flexibility that you cannot get from running an application on top of a VM. +这种架构所带来的敏捷性是虚拟机所不可能做到的。此外，在计算和内存资源方面，容器支持一种更灵活的模型，而且它支持突发资源模式，因此应用程序可以在需要的时候，在限定的范围内，使用更多的资源。 Containers make it easy to share and deploy applications on public or private clouds. More importantly, they provide consistency that helps operations and development teams reduce the complexity that comes with multi-platform deployment. +容器让在公有云或者私有云上部署和分享应用变得非常容易。更重要的是，它所提供的连贯性，帮助运维和开发团队降低了在跨平台部署的过程中的复杂度。 Containers also enable a common set of building blocks that can be reused in any stage of development to recreate identical environments for development, testing, staging, and production, extending the concept of "write-once, deploy anywhere." +容器还有一个通用的构建组件的集合，可以在开发的任何阶段拿来复用，从而可以重建出一样的环境供开发、测试、预备、生产使用，将“一次编写、到处执行”的概念加以扩展。 Compared to virtualization, containers make it simpler to achieve flexibility, consistency, and the ability to deploy applications faster—the main principles of DevOps. +和虚拟化相比，容器让灵活性、连贯性、和快速部署应用，这些 DevOps 的原则，实现起来更简单。 ### The Docker factor From 1b7991d77f44c06d62fc6ec94b891d84850fbfea Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Sun, 28 Feb 2021 09:07:13 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 053/309] Rename sources/tech/20210226 How I became a Kubernetes maintainer in 4 hours a week.md to sources/talk/20210226 How I became a Kubernetes maintainer in 4 hours a week.md --- ...0226 How I became a Kubernetes maintainer in 4 hours a week.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename sources/{tech => talk}/20210226 How I became a Kubernetes maintainer in 4 hours a week.md (100%) diff --git a/sources/tech/20210226 How I became a Kubernetes maintainer in 4 hours a week.md b/sources/talk/20210226 How I became a Kubernetes maintainer in 4 hours a week.md similarity index 100% rename from sources/tech/20210226 How I became a Kubernetes maintainer in 4 hours a week.md rename to sources/talk/20210226 How I became a Kubernetes maintainer in 4 hours a week.md From 0cc96a10f3aab9393838e72164717d39f9ca6396 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sun, 28 Feb 2021 09:08:33 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 054/309] APL --- ...hange the Look and Feel of Your KDE-Powered Linux Desktop.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20210118 KDE Customization Guide- Here are 11 Ways You Can Change the Look and Feel of Your KDE-Powered Linux Desktop.md b/sources/tech/20210118 KDE Customization Guide- Here are 11 Ways You Can Change the Look and Feel of Your KDE-Powered Linux Desktop.md index 315e9739ee..4b849313f6 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20210118 KDE Customization Guide- Here are 11 Ways You Can Change the Look and Feel of Your KDE-Powered Linux Desktop.md +++ b/sources/tech/20210118 KDE Customization Guide- Here are 11 Ways You Can Change the Look and Feel of Your KDE-Powered Linux Desktop.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (wxy) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 821011f4da8ad62d4d16ce1a1a89d7d85d2b0b88 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?=E5=88=98=E8=B6=85=E6=99=BA?= Date: Sun, 28 Feb 2021 10:43:32 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 055/309] translate done: 20210216 What does being -technical- mean.md --- ...210216 What does being -technical- mean.md | 177 ------------------ ...210216 What does being -technical- mean.md | 168 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 168 insertions(+), 177 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/talk/20210216 What does being -technical- mean.md create mode 100644 translated/talk/20210216 What does being -technical- mean.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20210216 What does being -technical- mean.md b/sources/talk/20210216 What does being -technical- mean.md deleted file mode 100644 index 5cf2da7865..0000000000 --- a/sources/talk/20210216 What does being -technical- mean.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,177 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (Chao-zhi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (What does being 'technical' mean?) -[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/2/what-technical) -[#]: author: (Dawn Parzych https://opensource.com/users/dawnparzych) - -What does being 'technical' mean? -====== -Dividing people into "technical" and "non-technical" labels harms people -and organizations. Learn why in part 1 of this series. -![question mark in chalk][1] - -The word "technical" describes many subjects and disciplines: _technical_ knock-out, _technical_ foul, _technical_ courses for rock-climbing competitions, and _technical_ scores for figure skating in sports. The popular cooking show _The Great British Bake-Off_ includes a _technical_ baking challenge. Anybody who has participated in the theatre may be familiar with _technical_ week, the week before the opening night of play or musical. - -As you can see, the word _technical_ does not apply strictly to software engineering and operations, so when we call a person or a role "technical," what do we mean, and why do we use the term? - -Over my 20-year career in tech, these questions have intrigued me, so I decided to explore this through a series of interviews. I am not an engineer, and I don't write code, yet this does not make me non-technical. But I'm regularly labeled such. I consider myself technical, and through this series, I hope you will come to understand why. - -I know I'm not alone in this. It is important to discuss because how a person or role is defined and viewed affects their confidence and ability to do their job well. If they feel crushed or disrespected, it will bring down their work quality and squash innovation and new ideas. It all trickles down, you see, so how can we improve this situation? - -I started by interviewing seven people across a variety of roles. - -In this series, I'll explore the meaning behind the word "technical," the technical continuum, the unintended side effects of categorizing people as technical or non-technical, and technical roles that are often considered non-technical. - -### Defining technical and non-technical - -To start, we need definitions. According to Dictionary.com, "technical" is an adjective with multiple meanings, including: - - * Belonging or pertaining to an art, science, or the like - * Skilled in or familiar in a practical way with a particular art or trade - * Technically demanding or difficult (typically used in sports or arts) - - - -The term "non-technical" is often used in tech companies to describe people in non-engineering roles. The definition of "non-technical" is "not relating to, characteristic of, or skilled in a particular field of activity and its terminology." - -As somebody who writes and speaks about technology, I consider myself technical. It is impossible to write or speak about a technical subject if you aren't familiar with the field and the terminology. With this understanding, everyone who works in tech is technical. - -### Why we assign labels - -So why does technical vs. non-technical matter in the technology field? What are we trying to achieve by assigning these labels? Is there a good reason, was there a good reason, and have we gotten away from those reasons and need to re-evaluate? Let's discuss. - -When I hear people talk about technical vs. non-technical people, I can't help but think of the Dr. Seuss story [_The Sneetches_][2]. Having a star (or not) was seen as something to aspire to. The Sneetches got into an infinite loop trying to achieve the right status. - -Labels can serve a purpose, but when they force a hierarchy of one group being viewed as better than another, they can become dangerous. Think about your organization or your department: Which group—sales, support, marketing, QA, engineering, etc.—is above or below another in importance? - -Even if it's not spoken directly or written somewhere, there is likely an understood hierarchy. These hierarchies often exist within disciplines, as well. Liz Harris, a technical content manager, says there are degrees of "technicalness" within the technical writing community. "Within technical writers, there's a hierarchy where the more technical you are, the more you get paid, and often the more you get listened to in the technical writing community." - -The term "technical" is often used to refer to the level of depth or expertise a person has on a subject. A salesperson may ask for a technical resource to help a customer. By working in tech, they are technical, but they need somebody with deeper expertise and knowledge about a subject than they have. So requesting a technical resource may be vague. Do you need a person with in-depth knowledge of the product? Do you need a person with knowledge of the infrastructure stack? Or somebody to write down steps on how to configure the API? - -Instead of viewing people as either technical or not, we need to start viewing technical ability as a continuum. What does this mean? Mary Thengvall, a director of developer relations, describes how she categorizes the varying depths of technical knowledge needed for a particular role. For instance, projects can require a developer, someone with a developer background, or someone tech-savvy. It's the people who fall into the tech-savvy category who often get labeled as non-technical. - -According to Mary, you're tech-savvy if "you can explain [a technical] topic, you know your way around the product, you know the basics of what to say and what not to say. You don't have to have a technical background, but you need to know the high-level technical information and then also who to point people to for more information." - -### The problem with labels - -When we're using labels to get specific about what we need to get a job done, they can be helpful, like "developer," "developer background," and "tech-savvy." But when we use labels too broadly, putting people into one of two groups can lead to a sense of "less than" and "better than." - -When a label becomes a reality, whether intended or not, we must look at ourselves and reassess our words, labels, and intentions. - -Senior product manager Leon Stigter offers his perspective: "As a collective industry, we are building more technology to make it easier for everyone to participate. If we say to everyone, 'you're not technical, or 'you are technical' and divide them into groups, people that are labeled as non-technical may never think, 'I can do this myself.' We actually need all those people to really think about where we are going as an industry, as a community, and I would almost say as human beings." - -#### Identity - -If we attach our identities to a label, what happens when we think that label no longer applies? When Adam Gordon Bell moved from being a developer to a manager, he struggled because he always identified as technical, and as a manager, those technical skills weren't being used. He felt he was no longer contributing value. Writing code does not provide more value than helping team members grow their careers or making sure a project is delivered on time. There is value in all roles because they are all needed to ensure the creation, execution, and delivery of goods and services. - -"I think that the reason I became a manager was that we had a very smart team and a lot of really skilled people on it, and we weren't always getting the most amazing work done. So the technical skills were not the limiting factor, right? And I think that often they're not," says Adam. - -Leon Stigter says that the ability to get people to work together and get amazing work done is a highly valued skill and should not be less valued than a technical role. - -#### Confidence - -[Impostor syndrome][3] is the inability to recognize your competence and knowledge, leading to reduced confidence and the ability to get your work done and done well. Impostor syndrome can kick in when you apply to speak at a conference, submit an article to a tech publication, or apply for a job. Impostor syndrome is the tiny voice that says: - - * "I'm not technical enough for this role." - * "I know more technical people that would do a better job delivering this talk." - * "I can't write for a technical publication like Opensource.com. I work in marketing." - - - -These voices can get louder the more often you label somebody or yourself as non-technical. This can easily result in not hearing new voices at conferences or losing talented people on your team. - -#### Stereotypes - -What image do you see when you think of somebody as technical? What are they wearing? What other characteristics do they have? Are they outgoing and talkative, or are they shy and quiet? - -Shailvi Wakhlu, a senior director of data, started her career as a software engineer and transitioned to data and analytics. "When I was working as a software engineer, a lot of people made assumptions about me not being very technical because I was very talkative, and apparently that automatically means you're not technical. They're like, 'Wait. You're not isolating in a corner. That means you're not technical,'" she reports. - -Our stereotypes of who is technical vs. non-technical can influence hiring decisions or whether our community is inclusive. You may also offend somebody—even a person you need help from. Years ago, I was working at the booth at a conference and asked somebody if I could help them. "I'm looking for the most technical person here," he responded. He then went off in search of an answer to his question. A few minutes later, the sales rep in the booth walked over to me with the gentleman and said, "Dawn, you're the best person to answer this man's question." - -#### Stigma - -Over time, we've inflated the importance of "technical" skills, which has led to the label "non-technical" being used in a derogatory way. As technology boomed, the value placed on people who code increased because that skill brought new products and ways of doing business to market and directly helped the bottom line. However, now we see people intentionally place technical roles above non-technical roles in ways that hinder their companies' growth and success. - -Interpersonal skills are often referred to as non-technical skills. Yet, there are highly technical aspects to them, like providing step-by-step instructions on how to complete a task or determining the most appropriate words to convey a message or a point. These skills also are often more important in determining your ability to be successful at work. - -**[Read next: [Goodbye soft skills, hello core skills: Why IT must rebrand this critical competency][4]]** - -Reading through articles and definitions on Urban Dictionary, it's no wonder people feel justified in their labeling and others develop impostor syndrome or feel like they've lost their identity. When performing a search online, Urban Dictionary definitions often appear in the top search results. The website started about 20 years ago as a crowdsourced dictionary defining slang, cultural expressions, and other terms, and it has turned into a site filled with hostile and negative definitions. - -Here are a few examples: Urban Dictionary defines a non-technical manager as "a person that does not know what the people they manage are meant to do." - -Articles that provide tips for how to talk to "non-technical" people include phrases like: - - * "If I struggled, how on earth did the non-technical people cope?" - * "Among today's career professionals, developers and engineers have some of the most impressive skill sets around, honed by years of tech training and real-world experience." - - - -These sentences imply that non-engineers are inferior, that their years of training and real-world experiences are somehow not as impressive. One person I spoke to for this project was Therese Eberhard. Her job is what many consider non-technical. She's a scenic painter. She paints props and scenery for film and theatre. Her job is to make sure props like Gandalf's cane appear lifelike rather than like a plastic toy. There's a lot of problem-solving and experimenting with chemical reactions required to be successful in this role. Therese honed these skills over years of real-world experience, and, to me, that's quite impressive. - -#### Gatekeeping - -Using labels erects barriers and can lead to gatekeeping to decide who can be let into our organization, our teams, our communities. - -According to Eddie Jaoude, an open source developer, "The titles 'technical,' 'developer,' or 'tester' create barriers or authority where it shouldn't be. And I've really come to the point of view where it's about adding value to the team or for the project—the title is irrelevant." - -If we view each person as a team member who should contribute value in one way or another, not on whether they write documentation or test cases or code, we will be placing importance based on what really matters and creating a team that gets amazing work done. If a test engineer wants to learn to write code or a coder wants to learn how to talk to people at events, why put up barriers to prevent that growth? Embrace team members' eagerness to learn and change and evolve in any direction that serves the team and the company's mission. - -If somebody is failing in a role, instead of writing them off as "not technical enough," examine what the problem really is. Did you need somebody skilled at JavaScript, and the person is an expert in a different programming language? It's not that they're not technical. There is a mismatch in skills and knowledge. You need the right people doing the right role. If you force somebody skilled at business analysis and writing acceptance criteria into a position where they have to write automated test cases, they'll fail. - -### How to retire the labels - -If you're ready to shift the way you think about the labels technical and non-technical, here are a few tips to get started. - -#### Find alternative words - -I asked everyone I interviewed what words we could use instead of technical and non-technical. No one had an answer! I think the challenge here is that we can't boil it down to a single word. To replace the terms, you need to use more words. As I wrote earlier, what we need to do is get more specific. - -How many times have you said or heard a phrase like: - - * "I'm looking for a technical resource for this project." - * "That candidate isn't technical enough." - * "Our software is designed for non-technical users." - - - -These uses of the words technical and non-technical are vague and don't convey their full meaning. A truer and more detailed look at what you need may result in: - - * "I'm looking for a person with in-depth knowledge of how to configure Kubernetes." - * "That candidate didn't have deep enough knowledge of Go." - * "Our software is designed for sales and marketing teams." - - - -#### Embrace a growth mindset - -Knowledge and skills are not innate. They are developed over hours or years of practice and experience. Thinking, "I'm just not technical enough" or "I can't learn how to do marketing" reflects a fixed mindset. You can learn technical abilities in any direction you want to grow. Make a list of your skills—ones you think of as technical and some as non-technical—but make them specific (like in the list above). - -#### Recognize everyone's contributions - -If you work in the tech industry, you're technical. Everyone has a part to play in a project's or company's success. Share the accolades with everyone who contributes, not only a select few. Recognize the product manager who suggested a new feature, not only the engineers who built it. Recognize the writer whose article went viral and generated new leads for your company. Recognize the data analyst who found new patterns in the data. - -### Next steps - -In the next article in this series, I'll explore non-engineering roles in tech that are often labeled "non-technical." - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://opensource.com/article/21/2/what-technical - -作者：[Dawn Parzych][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[Chao-zhi](https://github.com/Chao-zhi) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://opensource.com/users/dawnparzych -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/question-mark_chalkboard.jpg?itok=DaG4tje9 (question mark in chalk) -[2]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sneetches_and_Other_Stories -[3]: https://opensource.com/business/15/9/tips-avoiding-impostor-syndrome -[4]: https://enterprisersproject.com/article/2019/8/why-soft-skills-core-to-IT diff --git a/translated/talk/20210216 What does being -technical- mean.md b/translated/talk/20210216 What does being -technical- mean.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..1890674cd0 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/talk/20210216 What does being -technical- mean.md @@ -0,0 +1,168 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (Chao-zhi) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (What does being 'technical' mean?) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/2/what-technical) +[#]: author: (Dawn Parzych https://opensource.com/users/dawnparzych) + +“技术”是什么意思？ +====== + +用“技术”和“非技术”的标签对人们进行分类，会伤害个人和组织。本文作为本系列的第 1 篇，将阐述这个问题。 + +![question mark in chalk][1] + +“技术”一词描述了许多项目和学科：**技术**淘汰赛、**技术性**犯规、攀岩比赛的**技术**课程和花样滑冰运动的**技术**得分。广受欢迎的烹饪节目 “_The Great British Bake-Off_” 包括一个“烘焙**技术**挑战”。任何参加过剧院演出的人都可能熟悉**技术**周，即戏剧或音乐剧首演前的一周。 + +如您所见，**技术**一词并不严格适用于软件工程和软件操作，所以当我们称一个人或一个角色为“技术”时，我们的意思是什么，为什么使用这个术语？ + +在我 20 年的科技生涯中，这些问题引起了我的兴趣，所以我决定通过一系列的采访来探讨这个问题。我不是工程师，也不写代码，但这并不意味着我是**非技术性**的。但我经常被贴上这样的标签。我认为自己是**技术性**的，通过这个系列，我希望你会明白为什么。 + +我知道我不是一个人。群众讨论是很重要的，因为如何定义和看待一个人或一个角色会影响他们做好工作的信心和能力。如果他们感到被压垮或不受尊重，就会降低他们的工作质量，挤压创新和新思想。你看，这一切都是循序渐进的，那么我们怎样才能改善这种状况呢？ + +我首先采访了 7 个不同角色的人。 + +在本系列中，我将探讨“技术”一词背后的含义、技术的连续性、将人分类为技术性或非技术性的意外副作用，以及通常被认为是非技术性的技术角色。 + +### 定义技术和非技术 + +首先，我们需要做个名词解释。根据字典网，“技术/技术性的”是一个具有多重含义的形容词，包括： + + * 属于或关于艺术、科学等学科的 + * 精通或熟悉某一特定的艺术或行业 + * 技术要求高或困难（通常用于体育或艺术） + +而“非技术性”一词在科技公司中经常被用来描述非工程人员。但是“非技术性”的定义是“与某一特定活动领域及其术语无关、不具有该领域的特征或不精通该领域”。 + +作为一个写作和谈论技术的人，我认为自己是技术型的。如果你不熟悉这个领域和术语，就不可能书写或谈论一个技术主题。有了这种理解，每个从事技术工作的人都是技术人员。 + +### 为什么要分配标签？ + +那么，为什么划分技术与非技术？这在技术领域有什么意义呢？我们试图通过分配这些标签来实现什么？有没有一个好的理由？而我们有没有重新评估这些理由？让我们讨论一下。 + +当我听到人们谈论技术人员和非技术人员时，我不禁想起 Seuss 教授写的童话故事 [_The Sneetches_][2]。Sneetches 的肚子上有没有星星被演化为一种渴望。Sneetches 们进入了一个无限循环，试图达到正确的状态。 + +标签可以起到一定的作用，但当它们迫使一个群体的等级被视为比另一个更好时，它们就会变得危险。想想你的组织或部门：销售、资源、营销 、QA、 工程等，哪一组的在重要性上高于或低于另一组？ + +即使它不是直接说的或写在什么地方，也可能是被人们默认的。这些等级划分通常也存在于规章制度中。技术内容经理利兹•哈里斯 （Liz Harris） 表示，在技术写作界存在着一个技术含量的评级，你越是偏技术的文章，你得到的报酬就越高，而且往往在技术写作社区里你得到的关注就越多。” + +术语“技术”通常用于指一个人在某一主题上的深度或专业知识水平。销售人员也有可能会要求需要懂技术以更好的帮助客户。从事技术工作的人，他们是技术性的，但是也许更专业的技术人员才能胜任这个项目。因此，请求技术支援可能是含糊不清的表述。你需要一个对产品有深入了解的人吗？您是需要一位了解基础架构堆栈的人员？或者有人写下如何配置 API 的步骤？ + +我们应该要把技术能力看作是一个连续函数，而不是把人简单的看作技术性的或非技术性的。这是什么意思？开发人员关系主管 Mary thengwall 描述了她如何对特定角色所需的不同深度的技术知识进行分类。例如，项目可能需要开发人员、具有开发人员经验背景的人员或精通技术的人员。反而正是那些精通技术的人经常被贴上非技术的标签。 + +根据 Mary 的说法，如果“你能解释（一个技术性的）话题，你知道你对产品的看法，你知道该说什么和不该说什么的基本知识，那么你就是技术高手。你不必有技术背景，但你需要知道高级技术信息，然后还要知道向谁提供更多信息。” + +### 标签带来的问题 + +当我们使用标签来具体说明我们需要完成一项工作时，它们可能会很有帮助，比如“开发人员”、“有开发人员背景”和“技术达人”。但是当我们使用标签的范围太广时，将人们分为两组中的一组可能会产生“弱于”和“优于”的感觉 + +当一个标签成为现实时，无论是有意还是无意，我们都必须审视自己，重新评估自己的措辞、标签和意图。 + +高级产品经理 Leon Stigter 提出了他的观点：“作为一个集体行业，我们正在构建更多的技术，让每个人都更容易参与。如果我们对每个人说：‘你不是技术型的’，或者说：‘你是技术型的’，然后把他们分成几个小组，那些被贴上非技术型标签的人可能永远不会去想：‘其实我自己就能完成这个项目’，实际上，我们需要所有这些人真正思考我们行业和社区的发展方向，我认为每一个人类都应该有这个主观能动性。” + +#### 身份 + +如果我们把我们的身份贴在一个标签上，当我们认为这个标签不再适用时会发生什么？当 Adam Gordon Bell 从一个开发人员转变为一个管理人员时，他很挣扎，因为他总是认为自己是技术人员，而作为一个管理人员，这些技术技能没有被使用。他觉得自己不再有价值了。编写代码并不能提供比帮助团队成员发展事业或确保项目按时交付更大的价值。所有角色都有价值，因为它们都是确保商品和服务的创建、执行和交付所必需的。 + +“我想我成为一名经理的原因是我们有一支非常聪明的团队和很多非常有技能的人，但是我们并不总是能完成最出色的工作。所以技术不是限制因素，对吧？”亚当说：“我想通常不是技术限制了团队的发挥”。 + +Leon Stigter 说，让人们一起合作并完成令人惊叹的工作的能力是一项很有价值的技能，不应低于技术角色的价值。 + +#### 自信 + +[负担症候群 ][3] 是指无法认识到自己的能力和知识，从而导致信心下降，以及完成工作和做好工作的能力下降。当你申请在会议上发言，向科技刊物提交文章，或申请工作时，负担症候群就会发作。负担症候群是一种微小的声音，它说： + + * “我技术不够胜任这个角色。” + * “我认识更多的技术人员，他们在演讲中会做得更好。” + * “我在市场部工作，所以我无法为 Opensource.com 这样的技术网站写文章。” + +当你把某人或你自己贴上非技术性标签的时候，这些声音就会变得更响亮。这很容易导致在会议上听不到新的声音或失去团队中的人才。 + +#### 刻板印象 + +当你认为某人是技术人员时，你会看到什么样的印象？他们穿什么？他们还有什么特点？他们是外向健谈，还是害羞安静？ + +Shailvi Wakhlu 是一位高级数据总监，她的职业生涯始于软件工程师，并过渡到数据和分析领域。“当我是一名软件工程师的时候，很多人都认为我不太懂技术，因为我很健谈，很明显这就意味着你不懂技术。他们认为你不孤独的待在角落就是不懂技术。”她说。 + +我们对谁是技术型与非技术型的刻板印象会影响招聘决策，或者我们的社区是否具有包容性。你也可能冒犯别人，甚至是能够帮助你的人。几年前，我在某个摊位上工作，问别人我能不能帮他们。“我要找最专业的人帮忙”他回答说。然后他就出发去寻找他的问题的答案。几分钟后，摊位上的销售代表和那位先生走到我跟前说：“Dawn，你是回答这个人问题的最佳人选。” + +#### 污名化 + +随着时间的推移，我们夸大了“技术”技能的重要性，这导致了“非技术”的标签被贬义地使用。随着技术的蓬勃发展，编程人员的价值也随之增加，因为这种技能为市场带来了新产品和新的商业方式，并直接帮助了盈利。然而，现在我们看到人们故意将技术角色凌驾于非技术角色之上，阻碍了公司的发展和成功。 + +人际交往技能通常被称为非技术技能。然而，它们有着高度的技术性，比如提供如何完成一项任务的分步指导，或者确定最合适的词语来传达信息或观点。这些技能也至关重要的影响你的工作能否取得成功。 + +**[Read next: [Goodbye soft skills，hello core skills: Why IT must rebrand this critical competency][4]]** + +通读《城市词典》上的文章和定义，难怪人们会觉得自己的标签有道理，而其他人会患上负担症候群，或者觉得自己失去了身份。在线搜索时，城市词典定义通常出现在搜索结果的顶部。这个网站大约 20 年前开始是一个定义俚语、文化表达和其他术语的众包词典，现在变成了一个充满敌意和负面定义的网站。 + +这里有几个例子：城市词典将非技术经理定义为“不知道他们管理的人应该做什么的人” + +提供如何与“非技术”人员交谈技巧的文章包括以下短语： + + * “如果我抗争，非技术人员究竟是如何应对的？” + * “在当今的职业专业人士中，开发人员和工程师拥有一些最令人印象深刻的技能，这些技能是由多年的技术培训和实际经验磨练而成的。” + +这些句子意味着非工程师是低人一等的，他们多年的训练和现实世界的经验在某种程度上没有那么令人印象深刻。对于这样的说辞，我可以举一个反例：Therese Eberhard。她的工作被许多人认为是非技术性的。她是个风景画家。她为电影和戏剧画道具和风景。她的工作是确保像甘道夫的手杖这样的道具看起来栩栩如生，而不是像塑料玩具。要想在这个角色上取得成功，需要有很多解决问题和实验化学反应的方法。Therese 在多年的实战经验中磨练了这些技能，对我来说，这相当令人印象深刻。 + +#### 守门人行为 + +使用标签会设置障碍，并导致守门人行为，这决定谁可以进入我们的组织，我们的团队，我们的社区。 + +据一位开源开发者 Eddie Jaoude 所说，“技术”、“开发人员”或“测试人员”的头衔在不应该出现的地方制造了障碍或权威。我们应该将重点放在谁能为团队或项目增加价值，而头衔是无关紧要的。” + +如果我们把每个人看作一个团队成员，他们应该以这样或那样的方式贡献价值，而不是看他们是否编写文档、测试用例或代码，那么我们将根据真正重要的东西来重视他们，并创建一个能完成惊人工作的团队。如果测试工程师想学习编写代码，或者程序员想学习如何在活动中与人交谈，为什么要设置障碍来阻止这种增长？拥抱团队成员学习、改变和向任何方向发展的渴望，为团队和公司的使命服务。 + +如果有人在某个角色上失败了，与其把他们说成“技术不够”，不如去看看问题到底是什么。你是否需要一个精通 JavaScript 的人，而这个人是另一种编程语言的专家？并不是说它们不专业。技能和知识不匹配。你需要合适的人来扮演合适的角色。如果你强迫一个精通业务分析和编写验收标准的人去编写自动化测试用例，他们就会失败。 + +### 如何取消标签 + +如果你已经准备好改变你对技术性和非技术性标签的看法，这里有帮助你改变的提示。 + +#### 寻找替代词 + +我问我采访过的每个人，我们可以用什么词来代替技术性和非技术性。没有人回答！我认为这里的挑战是我们不能把它归结为一个词。要替换术语，你需要使用更多的词。正如我之前写的，我们需要做的是变得更加具体。 + +你说过或听到过多少次这样的话： + + * “我正在为这个项目寻找技术资源。” + * “那个候选人技术不够。” + * “我们的软件是为非技术用户设计的。” + +技术性和非技术性词语的这些用法是模糊的，不能表达它们的全部含义。更真实、更详细地了解您的需求那么您应该说： + + * “我想找一个对如何配置 Kubernetes 有深入了解的人。” + * “那个候选人对 Go 的了解不够深入。” + * “我们的软件是为销售和营销团队设计的。” + +#### 拥抱成长心态 + +知识和技能不是天生的。它们是经过数小时或数年的实践和经验形成的。认为“我只是技术不够”或“我不能学习如何做营销”反映了一种固定的心态。你可以向任何你想发展的方向学习技能。列一张清单，列出你认为是技术性的技能，或非技术性的技能，但要具体（如上面的清单）。 + +#### 认可每个人的贡献 + +如果你在科技行业工作，你就是技术人员。在一个项目或公司的成功中，每个人都有自己的作用。与所有做出贡献的人分享荣誉，而不仅仅是少数人。认识提出新功能的产品经理，而不仅仅是开发新功能的工程师。认识一个作家，他的文章在你的公司迅速传播并产生了新的线索。认识在数据中发现新模式的数据分析师。 + +### 下一步 + +在本系列的下一篇文章中，我将探讨技术中经常被标记为“非技术”的非工程角色 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/21/2/what-technical + +作者：[Dawn Parzych][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[Chao-zhi](https://github.com/Chao-zhi) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/dawnparzych +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/question-mark_chalkboard.jpg?itok=DaG4tje9 (question mark in chalk) +[2]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sneetches_and_Other_Stories +[3]: https://opensource.com/business/15/9/tips-avoiding-impostor-syndrome +[4]: https://enterprisersproject.com/article/2019/8/why-soft-skills-core-to-IT From cdeb4a1c59d105ef6664483ce29b12985b683c1f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?=E5=88=98=E8=B6=85=E6=99=BA?= Date: Sun, 28 Feb 2021 10:59:35 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 056/309] translating by Chao-zhi --- .../talk/20210217 4 tech jobs for people who don-t code.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/talk/20210217 4 tech jobs for people who don-t code.md b/sources/talk/20210217 4 tech jobs for people who don-t code.md index 63af4450e1..dfcbee2ba3 100644 --- a/sources/talk/20210217 4 tech jobs for people who don-t code.md +++ b/sources/talk/20210217 4 tech jobs for people who don-t code.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (Chao-zhi) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) @@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/21/2/non-engineering-jobs-tech 作者：[Dawn Parzych][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +译者：[Chao-zhi](https://github.com/Chao-zhi) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 5bf874d11dd56baf3a22c9a49237c56de6c4cafb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sun, 28 Feb 2021 11:12:57 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 057/309] TSL&PRF --- ... Feel of Your KDE-Powered Linux Desktop.md | 171 ------------------ ... Feel of Your KDE-Powered Linux Desktop.md | 169 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 169 insertions(+), 171 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20210118 KDE Customization Guide- Here are 11 Ways You Can Change the Look and Feel of Your KDE-Powered Linux Desktop.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20210118 KDE Customization Guide- Here are 11 Ways You Can Change the Look and Feel of Your KDE-Powered Linux Desktop.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210118 KDE Customization Guide- Here are 11 Ways You Can Change the Look and Feel of Your KDE-Powered Linux Desktop.md b/sources/tech/20210118 KDE Customization Guide- Here are 11 Ways You Can Change the Look and Feel of Your KDE-Powered Linux Desktop.md deleted file mode 100644 index 4b849313f6..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20210118 KDE Customization Guide- Here are 11 Ways You Can Change the Look and Feel of Your KDE-Powered Linux Desktop.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,171 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (wxy) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (KDE Customization Guide: Here are 11 Ways You Can Change the Look and Feel of Your KDE-Powered Linux Desktop) -[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/kde-customization/) -[#]: author: (Dimitrios Savvopoulos https://itsfoss.com/author/dimitrios/) - -KDE Customization Guide: Here are 11 Ways You Can Change the Look and Feel of Your KDE-Powered Linux Desktop -====== - -[KDE Plasma desktop][1] is unarguably the pinnacle of customization, as you can change almost anything you want. You can go to the extent of making it act as a [tiling window manager][2]. - -KDE Plasma can confuse a beginner by the degree of customization it offers. As options tend to pile on top of options, the user starts getting lost. - -To address that issue, I’ll show you the key points of KDE Plasma customization that you should be aware of. This is some - -![][3] - -### Customizing KDE Plasma - -I have used [KDE Neon][4] in this tutorial, but you may follow it with any distribution that uses KDE Plasma desktop. - -#### 1\. **Plasma Widgets** - -Desktop widgets can add convenience to the user experience, as you can immediately access important items on the desktop. - -Students and professionals nowadays are working with computers more than ever before, a useful widget can be sticky notes. - -Right-click on the desktop and select “Add Widgets”. - -![][5] - -Choose the widget you like, and simply drag and drop it to the desktop. - -![][6] - -#### 2\. **Desktop wallpaper** - -This one is too obvious. Changing the wallpaper to change the looks of your desktop. - -![][7] - -At the wallpaper tab you can change more than just the wallpaper. From the **“Layout”** pulldown menu, you can select if your desktop will have icons or not. - -The **“Folder View”** layout is named from the traditional desktop folder in your home directory, where you can access your desktop files. Thus, the **“Folder View”** option will retain the icons on the desktop. - -If you select the **“Desktop”** layout, it will leave your desktop icon free and plain. However, you will still be able to access the desktop folder at the home directory. - -![][8] - -In **Wallpaper Type**, you can select if you want a wallpaper or not, to be still or to change and finally in **Positioning**, how it looks on your screen. - -#### 3\. Mouse Actions - -Each mouse button can be configured to one of the following actions: - - * Switch Desktop - * Paste - * Switch Window - * Standard Menu - * Application Launcher - * Switch Activity - - - -The right-click is set to **Standard Menu**, which is the menu when you right-click on the desktop. The contents of the menu can be changed by clicking on the settings icon next to it. - -![][9] - -#### 4\. Location of your desktop content - -This option is only available if you select the “Folder View” in the wallpaper tab. By default, the content shown on your desktop is what you have at the desktop folder at the home directory. The location tab gives you the option to change the content on your desktop, by selecting a different folder. - -![][10] - -#### 5\. Desktop Icons - -Here you can select how the icons will be arranged (horizontally or vertically), right or left, the sorting criteria and their size. If this is not enough, you have additional aesthetic features to explore. - -![][11] - -#### 6\. Desktop Filters - -Let’s be honest with ourselves! I believe every user ends up with a cluttered desktop at some point. If your desktop becomes messy and can’t find a file, you can apply a filter either by name or type and find what you need. Although, it’s better to make a good file housekeeping a habit! - -![][12] - -#### 7\. Application Dashboard - -If you like the GNOME 3 application launcher, you may try the KDE application dashboard. All you have to do is to right click on the menu icon > Show Alternatives. - -![][13] - -Click on “Application Dashboard”. - -![][14] - -#### 8\. Window Manager Theme - -Like you saw in [Xfce customization tutorial][15], you can change the window manager theme independently in KDE as well. This way you can choose a different theme for the panel and a different theme for the window manager. If the preinstalled themes are not enough, you can download more. - -Inspired from [MX Linux][16] Xfce edition though, I couldn’t resist to my favourite “Arc Dark”. - -Navigate to Settings > Application Style > Window decorations > Theme - -![][17] - -#### 9\. Global theme - -As mentioned above, the look and feel of the KDE plasma panel can be configured from the Settings > Global theme tab. There isn’t a good number of themes preinstalled, but you can download a theme to suit your taste. The default Breeze Dark is an eye candy, though. - -![][18] - -#### 10\. System Icons - -The system icon style can have significant impact on how the desktop looks. Whichever is your choice, you should choose the dark icon version if your global theme is dark. The only difference lies on the icon text contrast, which is inverted to the panel colour to make it readable. You can easy access the icon tab at the system settings. - -![][19] - -#### 11\. System fonts - -System fonts are not at the spotlight of customization, but if you spend half of your day in front of a screen can be one factor of the eye strain. Users with dyslexia will appreciate the [OpenDyslexic][20] font. My personal choice is the Ubuntu font, which not only I find aesthetically pleasing but also a good font to spend my day in front of a screen. - -You can, of course, [install more fonts on your Linux system][21] by downloading them for external sources. - -![][22] - -### Conclusion - -KDE Plasma is one of the most flexible and customizable desktops available to the Linux community. Whether you are a tinkerer or not, KDE Plasma is a constantly evolving desktop environment with amazing modern features. The best part is that it can also manage on moderate system configurations. - -Now I tried to make this guide beginner-friendly. Of course, there can be more advanced customization like that [window switching ani][23][mation][23]. If you are aware of some, why not share it with us in the comment section? - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://itsfoss.com/kde-customization/ - -作者：[Dimitrios Savvopoulos][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/dimitrios/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://kde.org/plasma-desktop/ -[2]: https://github.com/kwin-scripts/kwin-tiling -[3]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/kde-neon-neofetch.png?resize=800%2C600&ssl=1 -[4]: https://itsfoss.com/kde-neon-review/ -[5]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/16-kde-neon-add-widgets.png?resize=800%2C500&ssl=1 -[6]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/17-kde-neon-widgets.png?resize=800%2C768&ssl=1 -[7]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/1-kde-neon-configure-desktop.png?resize=800%2C500&ssl=1 -[8]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/2-kde-neon-wallpaper.png?resize=800%2C600&ssl=1 -[9]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/3-kde-neon-mouse-actions.png?resize=800%2C600&ssl=1 -[10]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/10-kde-neon-location.png?resize=800%2C650&ssl=1 -[11]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/4-kde-neon-desktop-icons.png?resize=798%2C635&ssl=1 -[12]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/11-kde-neon-desktop-icons-filter.png?resize=800%2C650&ssl=1 -[13]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/5-kde-neon-show-alternatives.png?resize=800%2C500&ssl=1 -[14]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/6-kde-neon-application-dashboard.png?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1 -[15]: https://itsfoss.com/customize-xfce/ -[16]: https://itsfoss.com/mx-linux-kde-edition/ -[17]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/12-kde-neon-window-manager.png?resize=800%2C512&ssl=1 -[18]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/15-kde-neon-global-theme.png?resize=800%2C524&ssl=1 -[19]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/13-kde-neon-system-icons.png?resize=800%2C524&ssl=1 -[20]: https://www.opendyslexic.org/about -[21]: https://itsfoss.com/install-fonts-ubuntu/ -[22]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/14-kde-neon-fonts.png?resize=800%2C524&ssl=1 -[23]: https://itsfoss.com/customize-task-switcher-kde/ diff --git a/translated/tech/20210118 KDE Customization Guide- Here are 11 Ways You Can Change the Look and Feel of Your KDE-Powered Linux Desktop.md b/translated/tech/20210118 KDE Customization Guide- Here are 11 Ways You Can Change the Look and Feel of Your KDE-Powered Linux Desktop.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..f08d825f38 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20210118 KDE Customization Guide- Here are 11 Ways You Can Change the Look and Feel of Your KDE-Powered Linux Desktop.md @@ -0,0 +1,169 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (wxy) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (KDE Customization Guide: Here are 11 Ways You Can Change the Look and Feel of Your KDE-Powered Linux Desktop) +[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/kde-customization/) +[#]: author: (Dimitrios Savvopoulos https://itsfoss.com/author/dimitrios/) + +KDE 桌面环境定制指南 +====== + +[KDE Plasma 桌面][1] 无疑是定制化的巅峰，因为你几乎可以改变任何你想要的东西。你甚至可以让它充当 [平铺窗口管理器][2]。 + +KDE Plasma 提供的定制化程度会让初学者感到困惑。用户会迷失在层层深入的选项之中。 + +为了解决这个问题，我将向你展示你应该注意的 KDE Plasma 定制的关键点。这里有 11 种方法可以改变你的 KDE 桌面的外观和感觉。 + +![][3] + +### 定制 KDE Plasma + +我在本教程中使用了 [KDE Neon][4]，但你可以在任何使用 KDE Plasma 桌面的发行版中遵循这些方法。 + +#### 1、Plasma 桌面小工具 + +桌面小工具可以增加用户体验的便利性，因为你可以立即访问桌面上的重要项目。 + +现在学生和专业人士使用电脑的时候越来越多，其中一个有用的小部件是便签。 + +右键点击桌面，选择“添加小工具Add Widgets”。 + +![][5] + +选择你喜欢的小部件，然后简单地将其拖放到桌面上。 + +![][6] + +#### 2、桌面壁纸 + +不用说，更换壁纸可以改变桌面的外观。 + +![][7] + +在“壁纸Wallpaper”选项卡中，你可以改变的不仅仅是壁纸。从“布局Layout”下拉菜单中，你还可以选择桌面是否放置图标。 + +“文件夹视图Folder View”布局的命名来自于主目录中的传统桌面文件夹，你可以在那里访问你的桌面文件。因此，“文件夹视图Folder View”选项将保留桌面上的图标。 + +如果你选择“桌面Desktop”布局，它会使你的桌面图标保持自由而普通。当然，你仍然可以访问主目录下的桌面文件夹。 + +![][8] + +在“壁纸类型Wallpaper Type”中，你可以选择是否要壁纸，是静止的还是变化的，最后在“位置Positioning”中，选择它在屏幕上的样子。 + +#### 3、鼠标动作 + +每一个鼠标按键都可以配置为以下动作之一： + + * 切换窗口Switch Window + * 切换桌面Switch Desktop + * 粘贴Paste + * 标准菜单Standard Menu + * 应用程序启动器Application Launcher + * 切换活动区Switch Activity + +右键默认设置为标准菜单Standard Menu，也就是在桌面上点击右键时的菜单。点击旁边的设置图标可以更改动作。 + +![][9] + +#### 4、桌面内容的位置 + +只有在壁纸选项卡中选择“文件夹视图”时，该选项才可用。默认情况下，桌面上显示的内容是你在主目录下的“桌面Desktop”文件夹中的内容。这个位置选项卡让你可以选择不同的文件夹来改变桌面上的内容。 + +![][10] + +#### 5、桌面图标 + +在这里，你可以选择图标的排列方式（水平或垂直）、左右对齐、排序标准及其大小。如果这些还不够，你还可以探索其他的美学功能。 + +![][11] + +#### 6、桌面过滤器 + +让我们坦然面对自己吧! 相信每个用户最后都会在某些时候出现桌面凌乱的情况。如果你的桌面变得乱七八糟，找不到文件，你可以按名称或类型应用过滤器，找到你需要的文件。虽然，最好是养成一个良好的文件管理习惯！ + +![][12] + +#### 7、应用仪表盘 + +如果你喜欢 GNOME 3 的应用程序启动器，那么你可以试试 KDE 应用程序仪表板。你所要做的就是右击菜单图标 > “显示替代品Show Alternatives”。 + +![][13] + +点击“应用仪表盘Application Dashboard”。 + +![][14] + +#### 8、窗口管理器主题 + +就像你在 [Xfce 自定义教程][15] 中看到的那样，你也可以在 KDE 中独立改变窗口管理器的主题。这样你就可以为面板选择一种主题，为窗口管理器选择另外一种主题。如果预装的主题不够用，你可以下载更多的主题。 + +不过受 [MX Linux][16] Xfce 版的启发，我还是忍不住选择了我最喜欢的 “Arc Dark”。 + +导航到“设置Settings” > “应用风格Application Style” > “窗口装饰Window decorations” > “主题Theme”。 + +![][17] + +#### 9、全局主题 + +如上所述，KDE Plasma 面板的外观和感觉可以从“设置Settings” > “全局主题Global theme”选项卡中进行配置。预装的主题数量并不多，但你可以下载一个适合自己口味的主题。不过默认的 “Breeze Dark” 是一款养眼的主题。 + +![][18] + +#### 10、系统图标 + +系统图标样式对桌面的外观有很大的影响。无论你选择哪一种，如果你的全局主题是深色的，你应该选择深色图标版本。唯一的区别在于图标文字对比度上，图标文字对比度应该与面板颜色反色，使其具有可读性。你可以在系统设置中轻松访问“图标Icons”标签。 + +![][19] + +#### 11、系统字体 + +系统字体并不是定制的重点，但如果你每天有一半的时间都在屏幕前，它可能是眼睛疲劳的因素之一。有阅读障碍的用户会喜欢 [OpenDyslexic][20] 字体。我个人选择的是 Ubuntu 字体，不仅我觉得美观，而且是在屏幕前度过一天的好字体。 + +当然，你也可以通过下载外部资源来 [在 Linux 系统上安装更多的字体][21]。 + +![][22] + +### 总结 + +KDE Plasma 是 Linux 社区最灵活和可定制的桌面之一。无论你是否是一个修理工，KDE Plasma 都是一个不断发展的桌面环境，具有惊人的现代功能。更好的是，它也可以在性能中等的系统配置上进行管理。 + +现在，我试图让本指南对初学者友好。当然，可以有更多的高级定制，比如那个 [窗口切换动画][23]。如果你知道一些别的技巧，为什么不在评论区与我们分享呢？ + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/kde-customization/ + +作者：[Dimitrios Savvopoulos][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/dimitrios/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://kde.org/plasma-desktop/ +[2]: https://github.com/kwin-scripts/kwin-tiling +[3]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/kde-neon-neofetch.png?resize=800%2C600&ssl=1 +[4]: https://itsfoss.com/kde-neon-review/ +[5]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/16-kde-neon-add-widgets.png?resize=800%2C500&ssl=1 +[6]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/17-kde-neon-widgets.png?resize=800%2C768&ssl=1 +[7]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/1-kde-neon-configure-desktop.png?resize=800%2C500&ssl=1 +[8]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/2-kde-neon-wallpaper.png?resize=800%2C600&ssl=1 +[9]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/3-kde-neon-mouse-actions.png?resize=800%2C600&ssl=1 +[10]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/10-kde-neon-location.png?resize=800%2C650&ssl=1 +[11]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/4-kde-neon-desktop-icons.png?resize=798%2C635&ssl=1 +[12]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/11-kde-neon-desktop-icons-filter.png?resize=800%2C650&ssl=1 +[13]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/5-kde-neon-show-alternatives.png?resize=800%2C500&ssl=1 +[14]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/6-kde-neon-application-dashboard.png?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1 +[15]: https://itsfoss.com/customize-xfce/ +[16]: https://itsfoss.com/mx-linux-kde-edition/ +[17]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/12-kde-neon-window-manager.png?resize=800%2C512&ssl=1 +[18]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/15-kde-neon-global-theme.png?resize=800%2C524&ssl=1 +[19]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/13-kde-neon-system-icons.png?resize=800%2C524&ssl=1 +[20]: https://www.opendyslexic.org/about +[21]: https://itsfoss.com/install-fonts-ubuntu/ +[22]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/14-kde-neon-fonts.png?resize=800%2C524&ssl=1 +[23]: https://itsfoss.com/customize-task-switcher-kde/ From 5229d5da441fe796d964690713085918a0ff24f2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Sun, 28 Feb 2021 11:17:30 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 058/309] Rename sources/tech/20210228 What is GNU-Linux Copypasta.md to sources/talk/20210228 What is GNU-Linux Copypasta.md --- sources/{tech => talk}/20210228 What is GNU-Linux Copypasta.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename sources/{tech => talk}/20210228 What is GNU-Linux Copypasta.md (100%) diff --git a/sources/tech/20210228 What is GNU-Linux Copypasta.md b/sources/talk/20210228 What is GNU-Linux Copypasta.md similarity index 100% rename from sources/tech/20210228 What is GNU-Linux Copypasta.md rename to sources/talk/20210228 What is GNU-Linux Copypasta.md From 0707ed9559e9122174b628782d28de2f2085771f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: MjSeven Date: Sun, 28 Feb 2021 11:42:55 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 059/309] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E5=AE=8C=E6=88=90?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...Command Quick Start Guide with Examples.md | 626 +++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 313 insertions(+), 313 deletions(-) rename {sources => translated}/tech/20200124 Ansible Ad-hoc Command Quick Start Guide with Examples.md (51%) diff --git a/sources/tech/20200124 Ansible Ad-hoc Command Quick Start Guide with Examples.md b/translated/tech/20200124 Ansible Ad-hoc Command Quick Start Guide with Examples.md similarity index 51% rename from sources/tech/20200124 Ansible Ad-hoc Command Quick Start Guide with Examples.md rename to translated/tech/20200124 Ansible Ad-hoc Command Quick Start Guide with Examples.md index 4c704ae38a..cfb8a16f55 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20200124 Ansible Ad-hoc Command Quick Start Guide with Examples.md +++ b/translated/tech/20200124 Ansible Ad-hoc Command Quick Start Guide with Examples.md @@ -1,313 +1,313 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (MjSeven) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (Ansible Ad-hoc Command Quick Start Guide with Examples) -[#]: via: (https://www.2daygeek.com/ansible-ad-hoc-command-quick-start-guide-with-examples/) -[#]: author: (Magesh Maruthamuthu https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/) - -Ansible Ad-hoc Command Quick Start Guide with Examples -====== - -Recently, we have written an article about the **[Ansible installation and configuration][1]**. - -Only a few examples of how to use it are included in that tutorial. - -If you are new to Ansible, I suggest you read the Installation and Configuration section by pressing the URL above. - -Once you’re good in that area, go ahead and play with this article. - -By default, Ansible uses only 5 parallel processes. If you want to perform a task on multiple hosts, you need to manually set the value of the fork count by adding **“-f [fork count]”**. - -### What is ad-hoc Command - -The ad-hoc command is used to automate a task on one or more managed nodes. Ad-hoc commands are very simple, but they are not re-usable. It uses the **“/usr/bin/ansible”** binary to perform all actions. - -Ad-hoc commands are best for tasks you run once. For example, if you want to check whether a given user is available or not, you can use the Ansible Quick One liner without writing a playbook. - -### Why Would You Like to Know About ad-hoc Commands? - -Ad-hoc commands prove the simplicity and power of the Ansible. It currently supports 3389 modules as of version 2.9, so you need to understand and learn the list of Ansible modules you want to use regularly. - -If you are new to Ansible, you can easily practice those modules and their arguments with the help of ad-hoc command. - -The concepts you learn here will port over directly to the playbook language. - -**General Syntax of ad-hoc command:** - -``` -ansible | [pattern] | -m [module] | -a "[module options]" - A | B | C | D -``` - -The ad-hoc command comes with four parts and the details are below. - -``` -+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ -| Details | Description | -+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ -|ansible | A command | -|pattern | Input the entire inventory or a specific group | -|module | Run the given module name | -|module options | Specify the module arguments | -+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ -``` - -### How To Use Ansible Inventory File - -If you use the default inventory file of Ansible **“/etc/ansible/hosts”**, you can call it directly. - -If not, the entire path of the Ansible Inventory file should be called with the **“-i”** option. - -### What’s Pattern and How to Use it? - -An Ansible pattern can refer to a single host, IP address, an inventory group, a set of groups, or all hosts in your inventory. - -It allows you to run commands and playbooks against them. Patterns are very flexible and you can use them according to your needs. - -For example, you can exclude hosts, use wildcards or regular expressions, and more. - -The table below describes common patterns and their use. But if it doesn’t meet your needs, you can use variables in patterns with the **“-e”** argument in the ansible-playbook. - -``` -+-----------------------+------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+ -| Description | Pattern(s) | Targets | -+-----------------------+------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+ -|All hosts | all (or *) | Run an Ansible against all servers in your inventory| -|One host | host1 | Run an Ansible against only the given host. | -|Multiple hosts | host1:host2 (or host1,host2) | Run an Ansible against the mentioned multiple hosts | -|One group | webservers | Run an Ansible against the webservers group | -|Multiple groups | webservers:dbservers | all hosts in webservers plus all hosts in dbservers | -|Excluding groups | webservers:!atlanta | all hosts in webservers except those in atlanta | -|Intersection of groups | webservers:&staging | any hosts in webservers that are also in staging | -+-----------------------+------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+ -``` - -### What is Ansible Modules and What it Does? - -Modules (also referred to as “task plugins” or “library plugins”) are units of code that can be used to perform a specific task directly on remote hosts or through Playbooks. - -Ansible executes the given module on the remote target node and collects the return values. - -Each module supports multiple arguments, allowing it to meet the user’s needs. Almost all modules take **“key=value”** arguments except few. - -You can add multiple arguments with the space at once, and the command/shell modules directly take the string of the command you want to run. - -We will add a table with the most frequently used **“module options”** arguments. - -To list all available modules, run the command below. - -``` -$ ansible-doc -l -``` - -Run the command below to read the documentation for the given module - -``` -$ ansible-doc [Module] -``` - -### 1) How to List the Contents of a Directory Using Ansible on Linux - -This can be done using the Ansible command module as follows. We have listed the contents of the **“daygeek”** user’s home directory on the **“node1.2g.lab”** and **“node2.2g.lab”** remote server. - -``` -$ ansible web -m command -a "ls -lh /home/daygeek" - -node1.2g.lab | CHANGED | rc=0 >> -total 12K -drwxr-xr-x. 2 daygeek daygeek 6 Feb 15 2019 Desktop -drwxr-xr-x. 2 daygeek daygeek 6 Feb 15 2019 Documents -drwxr-xr-x. 2 daygeek daygeek 6 Feb 15 2019 Downloads -drwxr-xr-x. 2 daygeek daygeek 6 Feb 15 2019 Music --rwxr-xr-x. 1 daygeek daygeek 159 Mar 4 2019 passwd-up.sh -drwxr-xr-x. 2 daygeek daygeek 6 Feb 15 2019 Pictures -drwxr-xr-x. 2 daygeek daygeek 6 Feb 15 2019 Public -drwxr-xr-x. 2 daygeek daygeek 6 Feb 15 2019 Templates --rwxrwxr-x. 1 daygeek daygeek 138 Mar 10 2019 user-add.sh --rw-rw-r--. 1 daygeek daygeek 18 Mar 10 2019 user-list1.txt -drwxr-xr-x. 2 daygeek daygeek 6 Feb 15 2019 Videos - -node2.2g.lab | CHANGED | rc=0 >> -total 0 -drwxr-xr-x. 2 daygeek daygeek 6 Nov 9 09:55 Desktop -drwxr-xr-x. 2 daygeek daygeek 6 Nov 9 09:55 Documents -drwxr-xr-x. 2 daygeek daygeek 6 Nov 9 09:55 Downloads -drwxr-xr-x. 2 daygeek daygeek 6 Nov 9 09:55 Music -drwxr-xr-x. 2 daygeek daygeek 6 Nov 9 09:55 Pictures -drwxr-xr-x. 2 daygeek daygeek 6 Nov 9 09:55 Public -drwxr-xr-x. 2 daygeek daygeek 6 Nov 9 09:55 Templates -drwxr-xr-x. 2 daygeek daygeek 6 Nov 9 09:55 Videos -``` - -### 2) How to Manage Files Using Ansible on Linux - -Ansible “copy module” copies a file from a local system to a remote system. Use the Ansible command module to move or copy files to a remote machine. - -``` -$ ansible web -m copy -a "src=/home/daygeek/backup/CentOS7.2daygeek.com-20191025.tar dest=/home/u1" --become - -node1.2g.lab | CHANGED => { - "ansible_facts": { - "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python" - }, - "changed": true, - "checksum": "ad8aadc0542028676b5fe34c94347829f0485a8c", - "dest": "/home/u1/CentOS7.2daygeek.com-20191025.tar", - "gid": 0, - "group": "root", - "md5sum": "ee8e778646e00456a4cedd5fd6458cf5", - "mode": "0644", - "owner": "root", - "secontext": "unconfined_u:object_r:user_home_t:s0", - "size": 30720, - "src": "/home/daygeek/.ansible/tmp/ansible-tmp-1579726582.474042-118186643704900/source", - "state": "file", - "uid": 0 -} - -node2.2g.lab | CHANGED => { - "ansible_facts": { - "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/libexec/platform-python" - }, - "changed": true, - "checksum": "ad8aadc0542028676b5fe34c94347829f0485a8c", - "dest": "/home/u1/CentOS7.2daygeek.com-20191025.tar", - "gid": 0, - "group": "root", - "md5sum": "ee8e778646e00456a4cedd5fd6458cf5", - "mode": "0644", - "owner": "root", - "secontext": "unconfined_u:object_r:user_home_t:s0", - "size": 30720, - "src": "/home/daygeek/.ansible/tmp/ansible-tmp-1579726582.4793239-237229399335623/source", - "state": "file", - "uid": 0 -} -``` - -We can verify it by running the command below. - -``` -$ ansible web -m command -a "ls -lh /home/u1" --become - -node1.2g.lab | CHANGED | rc=0 >> -total 36K --rw-r--r--. 1 root root 30K Jan 22 14:56 CentOS7.2daygeek.com-20191025.tar --rw-r--r--. 1 root root 25 Dec 9 03:31 user-add.sh - -node2.2g.lab | CHANGED | rc=0 >> -total 36K --rw-r--r--. 1 root root 30K Jan 23 02:26 CentOS7.2daygeek.com-20191025.tar --rw-rw-r--. 1 u1 u1 18 Jan 23 02:21 magi.txt -``` - -To copy a file from one location to another on the remote machine, use the following command. - -``` -$ ansible web -m command -a "cp /home/u2/magi/ansible-1.txt /home/u2/magi/2g" --become -``` - -To move a file, use the following command. - -``` -$ ansible web -m command -a "mv /home/u2/magi/ansible.txt /home/u2/magi/2g" --become -``` - -To create a new file named **“ansible.txt”** under **“u1”** user, run the following command. - -``` -$ ansible web -m file -a "dest=/home/u1/ansible.txt owner=u1 group=u1 state=touch" --become -``` - -To create a new directory named **“magi”** under the **“u1”** user, run the following command. **_“**The file module can also create directories as follows**_“**. - -``` -$ ansible web -m file -a "dest=/home/u1/magi mode=755 owner=u2 group=u2 state=directory" --become -``` - -To change the permission of the **“ansible.txt”** file to **“777”** under **“u1”** user, run the following command. - -``` -$ ansible web -m file -a "dest=/home/u1/ansible.txt mode=777" --become -``` - -To delete the “ansible.txt” file under “u1” user, run the following command. - -``` -$ ansible web -m file -a "dest=/home/u2/magi/ansible-1.txt state=absent" --become -``` - -Use the following command to delete a directory and it will delete the given directory recursively. - -``` -$ ansible web -m file -a "dest=/home/u2/magi/2g state=absent" --become -``` - -### 3) User Management - -You can easily perform the user management activity through Ansible, such as user creation, deleting a user, and adding a user to the group. - -``` -$ ansible all -m user -a "name=foo password=[crypted password here]" -``` - -To remove a user, run the following command. - -``` -$ ansible all -m user -a "name=foo state=absent" -``` - -### 4) Managing Package - -Package installation can be easily managed using the appropriate Ansible Package Manager module. For example, we are going to use the yum module to manage packages on the CentOS system. - -To install the latest Apache (httpd) package. - -``` -$ ansible web -m yum -a "name=httpd state=latest" -``` - -To uninstall the Apache (httpd) package. - -``` -$ ansible web -m yum -a "name=httpd state=absent" -``` - -### 5) Managing Service - -Use the following Ansible module command to manage any service on Linux using Ansible - -To stop the httpd service - -``` -$ ansible web -m service -a "name=httpd state=stopped" -``` - -To start the httpd service - -``` -$ ansible web -m service -a "name=httpd state=started" -``` - -To restart the httpd service - -``` -$ ansible web -m service -a "name=httpd state=restarted" -``` - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.2daygeek.com/ansible-ad-hoc-command-quick-start-guide-with-examples/ - -作者：[Magesh Maruthamuthu][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://www.2daygeek.com/install-configure-ansible-automation-tool-linux-quick-start-guide/ +[#]: collector: "lujun9972" +[#]: translator: "MjSeven" +[#]: reviewer: " " +[#]: publisher: " " +[#]: url: " " +[#]: subject: "Ansible Ad-hoc Command Quick Start Guide with Examples" +[#]: via: "https://www.2daygeek.com/ansible-ad-hoc-command-quick-start-guide-with-examples/" +[#]: author: "Magesh Maruthamuthu https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/" + +Ansible 点对点命令快速入门指南示例 +====== + +之前，我们写了一篇有关 **[Ansible 安装和配置][1]**的文章。 + +在那个教程中只包含了一些使用方法的示例。 + +如果你是 Ansible 新手，建议你阅读上篇文章。 + +一旦你熟悉了，就可以继续阅读本文了。 + +默认情况下，Ansible 仅使用 5 个并行进程。如果要在多个主机上执行任务，需要通过添加 **"-f [进程数]"** 选项来手动设置进程数。 + +### 什么是点对点 (ad-hoc) 命令？ + +点对点命令用于在一个或多个受控节点上自动执行任务。它非常简单，但是不可重用。它使用 **"/usr/bin/ansible"** 二进制文件执行所有操作。 + +点对点命令最适合运行一次的任务。例如，如果要检查指定用户是否可用，你可以使用一行命令而无需编写剧本。 + +### 为什么你要了解点对点命令？ + +点对点命令证明了 Ansible 的简单性和强大功能。从 2.9 版本开始，它支持 3389 个模块，因此你需要了解和学习要定期使用的 Ansible 模块列表。 + +如果你是一个 Ansible 新手，可以借助点对点命令轻松地练习这些模块及参数。 + +你在这里学习到的概念将直接移植到剧本中。 + +**点对点命令的一般语法：** + +``` +ansible | [pattern] | -m [module] | -a "[module options]" + A | B | C | D +``` + +点对点命令包含四个部分，详细信息如下： + +```markdown ++-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ +| Details | Description | ++-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ +|ansible | 命令 | +|pattern | I输入清单或指定组 | +|module | 运行指定的模块名称 | +|module options | 指定模块参数 | ++-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ +``` + +### 如何使用 Ansible 清单文件 + +如果使用 Ansible 的默认清单文件 **"/etc/ansible/hosts"**，你可以直接调用它。 + +如果没有默认文件，你可以使用 **"-i"** 选项调用 Ansible 清单文件的路径。 + +### 什么是模式以及如何使用它？ + +Ansible 模式可以代指某个主机、IP 地址、清单组、一组主机或者清单中的所有主机。 + +它允许你对它们运行命令和剧本。模式非常灵活，你可以根据需要使用它们。 + +例如，你可以排除主机、使用通配符或正则表达式等等。 + +下表描述了常见的模式以及用法。但是，如果它不能满足你的需求，你可以在 ansible-playbook 中使用带有 **"-e"** 参数的模式中的变量。 + +``` ++-----------------------+------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+ +| Description | Pattern(s) | Targets | ++-----------------------+------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+ +|All hosts | all (or *) | Run an Ansible against all servers in your inventory| +|One host | host1 | Run an Ansible against only the given host. | +|Multiple hosts | host1:host2 (or host1,host2) | Run an Ansible against the mentioned multiple hosts | +|One group | webservers | Run an Ansible against the webservers group | +|Multiple groups | webservers:dbservers | all hosts in webservers plus all hosts in dbservers | +|Excluding groups | webservers:!atlanta | all hosts in webservers except those in atlanta | +|Intersection of groups | webservers:&staging | any hosts in webservers that are also in staging | ++-----------------------+------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+ +``` + +### 什么是 Ansible 模块，它干了什么？ + +模块，也称为“任务插件”或“库插件“，它是一组代码单元，可以直接或通过剧本在远程主机上执行指定任务。 + +Ansible 在远程目标节点上执行指定模块并收集其返回值。 + +每个模块都支持多个参数，可以满足用户的需求。除少数模块外，几乎所有模块都采用 **"key=value"** 参数。 + +你可以一次添加带有空格的多个参数，command 或 shell 模块会直接运行你输入的字符串。 + +我们将添加一个包含最常用的”模块选项“参数的表。 + +列出所有可用的模块，运行以下命令： + +```bash +$ ansible-doc -l +``` + +运行以下命令来阅读指定模块的文档。 + +```bash +$ ansible-doc [Module] +``` + +### 1）如何在 Linux 上使用 Ansible 列出目录的内容 + +可以使用 Ansible command 模块来完成这项操作，如下所示。我们列出了 **"node1.2g.lab"** 和 **"nod2.2g.lab"** 远程服务器上 **"daygeek"** 用户主目录的内容。 + +```bash +$ ansible web -m command -a "ls -lh /home/daygeek" + +node1.2g.lab | CHANGED | rc=0 >> +total 12K +drwxr-xr-x. 2 daygeek daygeek 6 Feb 15 2019 Desktop +drwxr-xr-x. 2 daygeek daygeek 6 Feb 15 2019 Documents +drwxr-xr-x. 2 daygeek daygeek 6 Feb 15 2019 Downloads +drwxr-xr-x. 2 daygeek daygeek 6 Feb 15 2019 Music +-rwxr-xr-x. 1 daygeek daygeek 159 Mar 4 2019 passwd-up.sh +drwxr-xr-x. 2 daygeek daygeek 6 Feb 15 2019 Pictures +drwxr-xr-x. 2 daygeek daygeek 6 Feb 15 2019 Public +drwxr-xr-x. 2 daygeek daygeek 6 Feb 15 2019 Templates +-rwxrwxr-x. 1 daygeek daygeek 138 Mar 10 2019 user-add.sh +-rw-rw-r--. 1 daygeek daygeek 18 Mar 10 2019 user-list1.txt +drwxr-xr-x. 2 daygeek daygeek 6 Feb 15 2019 Videos + +node2.2g.lab | CHANGED | rc=0 >> +total 0 +drwxr-xr-x. 2 daygeek daygeek 6 Nov 9 09:55 Desktop +drwxr-xr-x. 2 daygeek daygeek 6 Nov 9 09:55 Documents +drwxr-xr-x. 2 daygeek daygeek 6 Nov 9 09:55 Downloads +drwxr-xr-x. 2 daygeek daygeek 6 Nov 9 09:55 Music +drwxr-xr-x. 2 daygeek daygeek 6 Nov 9 09:55 Pictures +drwxr-xr-x. 2 daygeek daygeek 6 Nov 9 09:55 Public +drwxr-xr-x. 2 daygeek daygeek 6 Nov 9 09:55 Templates +drwxr-xr-x. 2 daygeek daygeek 6 Nov 9 09:55 Videos +``` + +### 2）如何在 Linux 使用 Ansible 管理文件 + +Ansible 的 "copy 模块" 将文件从本地系统复制到远程系统。使用 Ansible command 模块将文件移动或复制到远程计算机。 + +```bash +$ ansible web -m copy -a "src=/home/daygeek/backup/CentOS7.2daygeek.com-20191025.tar dest=/home/u1" --become + +node1.2g.lab | CHANGED => { + "ansible_facts": { + "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python" + }, + "changed": true, + "checksum": "ad8aadc0542028676b5fe34c94347829f0485a8c", + "dest": "/home/u1/CentOS7.2daygeek.com-20191025.tar", + "gid": 0, + "group": "root", + "md5sum": "ee8e778646e00456a4cedd5fd6458cf5", + "mode": "0644", + "owner": "root", + "secontext": "unconfined_u:object_r:user_home_t:s0", + "size": 30720, + "src": "/home/daygeek/.ansible/tmp/ansible-tmp-1579726582.474042-118186643704900/source", + "state": "file", + "uid": 0 +} + +node2.2g.lab | CHANGED => { + "ansible_facts": { + "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/libexec/platform-python" + }, + "changed": true, + "checksum": "ad8aadc0542028676b5fe34c94347829f0485a8c", + "dest": "/home/u1/CentOS7.2daygeek.com-20191025.tar", + "gid": 0, + "group": "root", + "md5sum": "ee8e778646e00456a4cedd5fd6458cf5", + "mode": "0644", + "owner": "root", + "secontext": "unconfined_u:object_r:user_home_t:s0", + "size": 30720, + "src": "/home/daygeek/.ansible/tmp/ansible-tmp-1579726582.4793239-237229399335623/source", + "state": "file", + "uid": 0 +} +``` + +我们可以运行以下命令进行验证： + +```bash +$ ansible web -m command -a "ls -lh /home/u1" --become + +node1.2g.lab | CHANGED | rc=0 >> +total 36K +-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 30K Jan 22 14:56 CentOS7.2daygeek.com-20191025.tar +-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 25 Dec 9 03:31 user-add.sh + +node2.2g.lab | CHANGED | rc=0 >> +total 36K +-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 30K Jan 23 02:26 CentOS7.2daygeek.com-20191025.tar +-rw-rw-r--. 1 u1 u1 18 Jan 23 02:21 magi.txt +``` + +要将文件从一个位置复制到远程计算机上的另一个位置，使用以下命令。 + +```bash +$ ansible web -m command -a "cp /home/u2/magi/ansible-1.txt /home/u2/magi/2g" --become +``` + +移动文件，使用以下命令： + +```bash +$ ansible web -m command -a "mv /home/u2/magi/ansible.txt /home/u2/magi/2g" --become +``` + +在 **"u1"** 用户目录下创建一个名为 **"ansible.txt"** 的新文件，运行以下命令： + +```bash +$ ansible web -m file -a "dest=/home/u1/ansible.txt owner=u1 group=u1 state=touch" --become +``` + +在 **"u1"** 用户目录下创建一个名为 **"magi"** 的新目录，运行以下命令。**”file 模块还可以创建目录“**。 + +```bash +$ ansible web -m file -a "dest=/home/u1/magi mode=755 owner=u2 group=u2 state=directory" --become +``` + +将 **"u1"** 用户目录下的 **"ansible.txt"** 文件权限更改为 **"777"**，运行以下命令： + +```bash +$ ansible web -m file -a "dest=/home/u1/ansible.txt mode=777" --become +``` + +删除 **"u1"** 用户目录下的 **"ansible.txt"** 文件，运行以下命令： + +```bash +$ ansible web -m file -a "dest=/home/u2/magi/ansible-1.txt state=absent" --become +``` + +使用以下命令删除目录，它将递归删除指定目录。 + +```bash +$ ansible web -m file -a "dest=/home/u2/magi/2g state=absent" --become +``` + +### 3) 用户管理 + +你可以使用 Ansible 轻松执行用户管理活动。例如创建、删除用户以及向一个组添加用户。 + +```bash +$ ansible all -m user -a "name=foo password=[crypted password here]" +``` + +运行以下命令删除用户： + +```bash +$ ansible all -m user -a "name=foo state=absent" +``` + +### 4) 管理包 + +使用合适的 Ansible 包管理器模块可以轻松地管理安装包。例如，我们将使用 yum 模块来管理 CentOS 系统上的软件包。 + +安装最新的 Apache(httpd)： + +```bash +$ ansible web -m yum -a "name=httpd state=latest" +``` + +卸载 Apache(httpd) 包： + +```bash +$ ansible web -m yum -a "name=httpd state=absent" +``` + +### 5) 管理服务 + +使用以下 Ansible 模块命令可以在 Linux 上管理任何服务。 + +停止 httpd 服务： + +```bash +$ ansible web -m service -a "name=httpd state=stopped" +``` + +启动 httpd 服务： + +```bash +$ ansible web -m service -a "name=httpd state=started" +``` + +重启 httpd 服务： + +```bash +$ ansible web -m service -a "name=httpd state=restarted" +``` + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.2daygeek.com/ansible-ad-hoc-command-quick-start-guide-with-examples/ + +作者：[Magesh Maruthamuthu][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[MjSeven](https://github.com/MjSeven) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://www.2daygeek.com/install-configure-ansible-automation-tool-linux-quick-start-guide/ From 9e2f58fa9572afb33fee29b77ed36eb0ecb8e66a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sun, 28 Feb 2021 12:30:51 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 060/309] PRF @geekpi --- ...5 reasons to use Linux package managers.md | 43 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 22 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20210217 5 reasons to use Linux package managers.md b/translated/tech/20210217 5 reasons to use Linux package managers.md index fde73adbc0..9b40f152e6 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20210217 5 reasons to use Linux package managers.md +++ b/translated/tech/20210217 5 reasons to use Linux package managers.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (5 reasons to use Linux package managers) @@ -9,51 +9,52 @@ 使用 Linux 软件包管理器的 5 个理由 ====== -包管理器跟踪你安装的软件的所有组件，使得更新、重装和故障排除更加容易。 -![Gift box opens with colors coming out][1] + +> 包管理器可以跟踪你安装的软件的所有组件，使得更新、重装和故障排除更加容易。 + +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/202102/28/123014kuhttz1kkkexwh9j.jpg) 在 2021 年，人们喜欢 Linux 的理由比以往任何时候都多。在这个系列中，我将分享 21 个使用 Linux 的不同理由。今天，我将谈谈软件仓库。 -在我使用 Linux 之前，我认为在计算机上安装的应用是理所当然的。我会根据需要安装应用，如果我最后没有使用它们，我就会把它们忘掉，让它们占用我的硬盘空间。最终，我的硬盘空间会变得稀缺，我最终会疯狂地删除应用，为更重要的数据腾出空间。但不可避免的是，应用只能释放出有限的空间，所以我将注意力转移到与这些应用一起安装的所有其他零碎内容上，无论是媒体内容还是配置文件和文档。这不是一个管理电脑的好方法。我知道这一点，但我并没有想过要有其他的选择，因为正如人们所说，你不知道你不知道的事情。 +在我使用 Linux 之前，我认为在计算机上安装的应用是理所当然的。我会根据需要安装应用，如果我最后没有使用它们，我就会把它们忘掉，让它们占用我的硬盘空间。终于有一天，我的硬盘空间会变得稀缺，我就会疯狂地删除应用，为更重要的数据腾出空间。但不可避免的是，应用只能释放出有限的空间，所以我将注意力转移到与这些应用一起安装的所有其他零碎内容上，无论是媒体内容还是配置文件和文档。这不是一个管理电脑的好方法。我知道这一点，但我并没有想过要有其他的选择，因为正如人们所说，你不知道自己不知道什么。 -当我改用 Linux 时，我发现安装应用的方式有些不同。在 Linux 上，你被鼓励不要去网站上找应用的安装程序。取而代之的是，运行一个命令，应用就会被安装到系统上，并记录每个单独的文件、库、配置文件、文档和资产。 +当我改用 Linux 时，我发现安装应用的方式有些不同。在 Linux 上，会建议你不要去网站上找应用的安装程序。取而代之的是，运行一个命令，应用就会被安装到系统上，并记录每个单独的文件、库、配置文件、文档和媒体资产。 ### 什么是软件仓库？ -在 Linux 上安装应用的默认方法是从发行版软件仓库中安装。这可能听起来像应用商店，那是因为现代应用商店借鉴了很多软件仓库的概念。[Linux 也有应用商店][2]，但软件仓库是独一无二的。你通过一个_包管理器_从软件仓库中获得一个应用，它使你的 Linux 系统能够记录和跟踪你所安装的每一个组件。 +在 Linux 上安装应用的默认方法是从发行版软件仓库中安装。这可能听起来像应用商店，那是因为现代应用商店借鉴了很多软件仓库的概念。[Linux 也有应用商店][2]，但软件仓库是独一无二的。你通过一个*包管理器*从软件仓库中获得一个应用，它使你的 Linux 系统能够记录和跟踪你所安装的每一个组件。 这里有五个原因可以让你确切地知道你的系统上有什么东西，可以说是非常有用。 -#### 1\.移除旧应用 +#### 1、移除旧应用 -当你的计算机知道任何给定应用安装的每一个文件时，卸载你不再需要的文件真的很容易。在 Linux 上，安装 [31 个不同的文本编辑器][3]，然后卸载 30 个你不喜欢的文本编辑器是没有问题的。当你在 Linux 上卸载的时候，你就真的卸载了。 +当你的计算机知道应用安装的每一个文件时，卸载你不再需要的文件真的很容易。在 Linux 上，安装 [31 个不同的文本编辑器][3]，然后卸载 30 个你不喜欢的文本编辑器是没有问题的。当你在 Linux 上卸载的时候，你就真的卸载了。 -#### 2\. 按你的意思重新安装 +#### 2、按你的意思重新安装 -不仅卸载要彻底，_重装_也很有意义。在许多平台上，如果一个应用出了问题，有时会建议你重新安装它。通常情况下，谁也说不清为什么要重装一个应用。不过，人们还是经常会隐隐约约地怀疑某个地方的文件已经损坏了（换句话说，数据写入错误），所以希望重装可以覆盖坏的文件以让软件重新工作。这是个不错的建议，但对于任何技术人员来说，不知道是什么地方出了问题都是令人沮丧的。更糟糕的是，如果不仔细跟踪，就不能保证所有的文件都会在重装过程中被刷新，因为通常没有办法知道一开始就删除了与应用程序一起安装的所有文件。有了软件包管理器，你可以强制彻底删除旧文件，以确保新文件的全新安装。同样重要的是，你可以考虑每个文件并可能找出导致问题的文件，但这是开源和 Linux 的一个特点，而不是包管理。 +不仅卸载要彻底，*重装*也很有意义。在许多平台上，如果一个应用出了问题，有时会建议你重新安装它。通常情况下，谁也说不清为什么要重装一个应用。不过，人们还是经常会隐隐约约地怀疑某个地方的文件已经损坏了（换句话说，数据写入错误），所以希望重装可以覆盖坏的文件以让软件重新工作。这是个不错的建议，但对于任何技术人员来说，不知道是什么地方出了问题都是令人沮丧的。更糟糕的是，如果不仔细跟踪，就不能保证所有的文件都会在重装过程中被刷新，因为通常没有办法知道与应用程序一起安装的所有文件在第一时间就删除了。有了软件包管理器，你可以强制彻底删除旧文件，以确保新文件的全新安装。同样重要的是，你可以研究每个文件并可能找出导致问题的文件，但这是开源和 Linux 的一个特点，而不是包管理。 +#### 3、保持你应用的更新 -#### 3\. 保持你应用的更新 - -不要让任何人告诉你，Linux 比其他操作系统“更安全”。计算机是由代码组成的，而我们人类每天都会以新的、有趣的方式找到利用这些代码的方法。因为 Linux 上的绝大多数应用都是开源的，所以许多漏洞都会以“公共漏洞和暴露” （CVE） 的形式公开。大量涌入的安全漏洞报告似乎是一件坏事，但这绝对是一个_知道_远比_不知道_好的案例。毕竟，没有人告诉你有问题，并不意味着没有问题。漏洞报告是好的。它们对每个人都有好处。而且，当开发人员修复安全漏洞时，对你而言，及时获得这些修复程序很重要，最好不要记住自己动手进行修复。 +不要听别人告诉你的 Linux 比其他操作系统“更安全”。计算机是由代码组成的，而我们人类每天都会以新的、有趣的方式找到利用这些代码的方法。因为 Linux 上的绝大多数应用都是开源的，所以许多漏洞都会以“常见漏洞和暴露Common Vulnerability and Exposures”（CVE）的形式公开。大量涌入的安全漏洞报告似乎是一件坏事，但这绝对是一个*知道*远比*不知道*好的案例。毕竟，没有人告诉你有问题，并不意味着没有问题。漏洞报告是好的。它们对每个人都有好处。而且，当开发人员修复安全漏洞时，对你而言，及时获得这些修复程序很重要，最好不用自己记着动手修复。 包管理器正是为了实现这一点而设计的。当应用收到更新时，无论是修补潜在的安全问题还是引入令人兴奋的新功能，你的包管理器应用都会提醒你可用的更新。 -#### 4\. 保持轻便 +#### 4、保持轻便 -假设你有应用 A 和应用 B，这两个应用都需要库 C。在某些操作系统上，通过得到 A 和 B，你得到了两个 C 的副本。这显然是多余的，所以想象一下，每个应用都会发生几次。冗余的库很快就会增加，而且由于对一个给定的库没有单一的“正确”来源，所以几乎不可能确保你使用的是最新的甚至只是一个一致的版本。 +假设你有应用 A 和应用 B，这两个应用都需要库 C。在某些操作系统上，通过得到 A 和 B，就会得到了两个 C 的副本。这显然是多余的，所以想象一下，每个应用都会发生几次。冗余的库很快就会增加，而且由于对一个给定的库没有单一的“正确”来源，所以几乎不可能确保你使用的是最新的甚至是一致的版本。 -我承认我并不倾向于整天坐在这里琢磨软件库，但我确实记得我琢磨的日子，尽管我不知道这就是困扰我的原因。在我还没有改用 Linux 之前，我在处理工作用的媒体文件时遇到错误，或者在玩不同的游戏时出现故障，或者在阅读 PDF 时出现怪异，等等，这些都不是什么稀奇的事情。当时我花了很多时间去调查这些错误。我仍然记得，我的系统上有两个主要的应用分别捆绑了相同（但是不同）的图形后端技术。当一个程序的输出导入到另一个程序时，这种不匹配会导致错误。它本来是可以工作的，但是由于同一个库文件集合的旧版本中的一个错误，一个应用的热修复程序并没有给另一个应用带来好处。 +我承认我不会整天坐在这里琢磨软件库，但我确实记得我琢磨的日子，尽管我不知道这就是困扰我的原因。在我还没有改用 Linux 之前，我在处理工作用的媒体文件时遇到错误，或者在玩不同的游戏时出现故障，或者在阅读 PDF 时出现怪异的现象，等等，这些都不是什么稀奇的事情。当时我花了很多时间去调查这些错误。我仍然记得，我的系统上有两个主要的应用分别捆绑了相同（但有区别）的图形后端技术。当一个程序的输出导入到另一个程序时，这种不匹配会导致错误。它本来是可以工作的，但是由于同一个库文件集合的旧版本中的一个错误，一个应用的热修复程序并没有给另一个应用带来好处。 -包管理器知道每个应用需要哪些后端（被称为_依赖关系_），并且避免重新安装已经在你系统上的软件。 +包管理器知道每个应用需要哪些后端（被称为*依赖关系*），并且避免重新安装已经在你系统上的软件。 -#### 5\. 保持简单 +#### 5、保持简单 -作为一个 Linux 用户，我很欣赏一个好的包管理器，因为它帮助我的生活变得简单。我不必考虑我安装的软件，我需要更新的东西，也不必考虑完成后是否真的将其卸载了。我毫不犹豫地试用软件。而当我在安装一台新电脑时，我运行[一个简单的 Ansible 脚本][4]来自动安装我所依赖的所有软件的最新版本。这很简单，很智能，也是一种独特的解放。 +作为一个 Linux 用户，我要感谢包管理器，因为它帮助我的生活变得简单。我不必考虑我安装的软件，我需要更新的东西，也不必考虑完成后是否真的将其卸载了。我毫不犹豫地试用软件。而当我在安装一台新电脑时，我运行 [一个简单的 Ansible 脚本][4] 来自动安装我所依赖的所有软件的最新版本。这很简单，很智能，也是一种独特的解放。 ### 更好的包管理 -Linux 从整体看待应用和操作系统。毕竟，开源是建立在其他开源工作基础上的，所以发行版维护者理解依赖_栈_的概念。Linux 上的包管理对你的整个系统、系统上的库和支持文件以及你安装的应用都有认识。这些不同的部分一起工作，为你提供一套高效、优化和强大的应用。 +Linux 从整体看待应用和操作系统。毕竟，开源是建立在其他开源工作基础上的，所以发行版维护者理解依赖*栈*的概念。Linux 上的包管理了解你的整个系统、系统上的库和支持文件以及你安装的应用。这些不同的部分协调工作，为你提供了一套高效、优化和强大的应用。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -62,7 +63,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/21/2/linux-package-management 作者：[Seth Kenlon][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 6889f906f9878105683e877a8e6b8bdb9bef4577 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sun, 28 Feb 2021 12:31:25 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 061/309] PUB @geekpi https://linux.cn/article-13160-1.html --- .../20210217 5 reasons to use Linux package managers.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20210217 5 reasons to use Linux package managers.md (99%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20210217 5 reasons to use Linux package managers.md b/published/20210217 5 reasons to use Linux package managers.md similarity index 99% rename from translated/tech/20210217 5 reasons to use Linux package managers.md rename to published/20210217 5 reasons to use Linux package managers.md index 9b40f152e6..76842524a3 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20210217 5 reasons to use Linux package managers.md +++ b/published/20210217 5 reasons to use Linux package managers.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-13160-1.html) [#]: subject: (5 reasons to use Linux package managers) [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/2/linux-package-management) [#]: author: (Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth) From f32f74be86498827ee0da4b9b78b3f6b2ebc3bb8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sun, 28 Feb 2021 13:02:25 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 062/309] PUB @wxy https://linux.cn/article-13161-1.html --- .../20210119 Set up a Linux cloud on bare metal.md | 8 ++++---- 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20210119 Set up a Linux cloud on bare metal.md (96%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20210119 Set up a Linux cloud on bare metal.md b/published/20210119 Set up a Linux cloud on bare metal.md similarity index 96% rename from translated/tech/20210119 Set up a Linux cloud on bare metal.md rename to published/20210119 Set up a Linux cloud on bare metal.md index 7219aa36d9..a9f806b711 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20210119 Set up a Linux cloud on bare metal.md +++ b/published/20210119 Set up a Linux cloud on bare metal.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (wxy) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-13161-1.html) [#]: subject: (Set up a Linux cloud on bare metal) [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/1/cloud-image-virt-install) [#]: author: (Sumantro Mukherjee https://opensource.com/users/sumantro) -在裸机上建立 Linux 云 +在裸机上建立 Linux 云实例 ====== > 在 Fedora 上用 virt-install 创建云镜像。 -![云和草的天空][1] +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/202102/28/130111cx5pux33bt74o36g.jpg) 虚拟化是使用最多的技术之一。Fedora Linux 使用 [Cloud Base 镜像][2] 来创建通用虚拟机（VM），但设置 Cloud Base 镜像的方法有很多。最近，用于调配虚拟机的 `virt-install` 命令行工具增加了对 `cloud-init` 的支持，因此现在可以使用它在本地配置和运行云镜像。 From a13dde3c241b14c0071ebb3c21314b950a08dd17 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: amorsu <33998760+amorsu@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Sun, 28 Feb 2021 13:51:07 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 063/309] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=AE=8C=E6=88=90=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...ntainer concepts you need to understand.md | 49 +++++++------------ 1 file changed, 17 insertions(+), 32 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20201215 6 container concepts you need to understand.md b/sources/tech/20201215 6 container concepts you need to understand.md index 57f31f0098..4d83b37c46 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20201215 6 container concepts you need to understand.md +++ b/sources/tech/20201215 6 container concepts you need to understand.md @@ -7,87 +7,72 @@ [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/20/12/containers-101) [#]: author: (Mike Calizo https://opensource.com/users/mcalizo) -6 container concepts you need to understand 6个你需要知道的关于容器的概念 ====== -Containers are everywhere, and they've radically changed the IT -landscape. What do you need to know about them? 容器现在是无所不在，它们已经快速的改变了 IT 行业。关于容器你需要知道一些什么呢？ ![网络上停泊在海里的船只][1] -Containerization has radically changed the IT landscape because of the significant value and wide array of benefits it brings to business. Nearly any recent business innovation has containerization as a contributing factor, if not the central element. 因为容器给商业所带来的巨大的价值和大量的好处，它快速的改变了IT行业。几乎所有最新的商业创新，都有容器化贡献的一部分因素，甚至是主要因素。 -In modern application architectures, the ability to deliver changes quickly to the production environment gives you an edge over your competitors. Containers deliver speed by using a microservices architecture that helps development teams create functionality, fail small, and recover faster. Containerization also enables applications to start faster and automatically scale cloud resources on demand. Furthermore, [DevOps][2] maximizes containerization's benefits by enabling the flexibility, portability, and efficiency required to go to market early. 在现代化应用架构中，能够快速的把修改交付到生产环境的能力，让你比你的竞争对手更胜一筹。容器通过使用微服务架构，帮助开发团队开发功能、更小的失败、更快的恢复，从而加快交付速度。容器化还让应用软件能够快速启动、按需自动扩展云资源。还有，[DevOps][2]通过灵活性、移动性、和有效性让产品可以尽快进入市场，从而将容器化的所能带来的好处最大化。 -While speed, agility, and flexibility are the main promises of containerization using DevOps, security is a critical factor. This led to the rise of DevSecOps, which incorporates security into application development from the start and throughout the lifecycle of a containerized application. By default, containerization massively improves security because it isolates the application from the host and other containerized applications. 在 DevOps 中，当速度，敏捷，灵活是容器化的主要保障时，安全则是一个重要的因素。这就导致了 DevSecOps 的出现。它从一开始，到贯穿容器化应用的整个生命周期，都始终将安全融合到应用的开发中。默认情况下，容器化大大地增强了安全性，因为它将应用和宿主主机以及其他的容器化应用相互隔离开来。 -### What are containers? ### 什么是容器？ -Containers are the solution to problems inherited from monolithic architectures. Although monoliths have strengths, they prevent organizations from moving fast the agile way. Containers allow you to break monoliths into [microservices][3]. 容器是单体式应用程序所遗留的问题的解决方案。虽然单体式有它的优点，但是它让组织无法用敏捷的方式快速前进。而容器则让你能够将单体式分解成 [微服务][3] -Essentially, a container is an application bundle of lightweight components, such as application dependencies, libraries, and configuration files, that run in an isolated environment on top of traditional operating systems or in virtualized environments for easy portability and flexibility. 本质上来说，容器只是一些轻量化组件的应用集，比如软件依赖、库、配置文件等等，然后运行在一个隔离的环境之中，这个隔离的环境又是运行在传统操作系统之上的，或者为了可移植性和灵活性而运行在虚拟化环境之上。 ![容器的架构][4] (Michael Calizo, [CC BY-SA 4.0][5]) -To summarize, containers provide isolation by taking advantage of kernel technologies like cgroups, [kernel namespaces][6], and [SELinux][7]. Containers share a kernel with the host, which allows them to use fewer resources than a virtual machine (VM) would require. 总而言之，容器通过利用像 cgroups、 [kernel namespaces][6], and [SELinux][7] 这样的内核技术来实现隔离。容器跟宿主主机共用一个内核，因此比虚拟机占用更少的资源。 -### Container advantages ### 容器的优势 -This architecture provides agility that is not feasible with VMs. Furthermore, containers support a more flexible model when it comes to compute and memory resources, and they allow resource-burst modes so that applications can consume more resources, when required, within the defined boundaries. In other words, containers provide scalability and flexibility that you cannot get from running an application on top of a VM. -这种架构所带来的敏捷性是虚拟机所不可能做到的。此外，在计算和内存资源方面，容器支持一种更灵活的模型，而且它支持突发资源模式，因此应用程序可以在需要的时候，在限定的范围内，使用更多的资源。 +这种架构所带来的敏捷性是虚拟机所不可能做到的。此外，在计算和内存资源方面，容器支持一种更灵活的模型，而且它支持突发资源模式，因此应用程序可以在需要的时候，在限定的范围内，使用更多的资源。用另一句话来说，容器提供的扩展性和灵活性，是你在虚拟机上运行的应用程序中所无法实现的。 -Containers make it easy to share and deploy applications on public or private clouds. More importantly, they provide consistency that helps operations and development teams reduce the complexity that comes with multi-platform deployment. 容器让在公有云或者私有云上部署和分享应用变得非常容易。更重要的是，它所提供的连贯性，帮助运维和开发团队降低了在跨平台部署的过程中的复杂度。 -Containers also enable a common set of building blocks that can be reused in any stage of development to recreate identical environments for development, testing, staging, and production, extending the concept of "write-once, deploy anywhere." 容器还有一个通用的构建组件的集合，可以在开发的任何阶段拿来复用，从而可以重建出一样的环境供开发、测试、预备、生产使用，将“一次编写、到处执行”的概念加以扩展。 -Compared to virtualization, containers make it simpler to achieve flexibility, consistency, and the ability to deploy applications faster—the main principles of DevOps. 和虚拟化相比，容器让灵活性、连贯性、和快速部署应用，这些 DevOps 的原则，实现起来更简单。 -### The Docker factor +### Docker 因素 -[Docker][8] has become synonymous with containers. Docker revolutionized and popularized containers, even though the technology existed before Docker. Examples include AIX Workload partitions, Solaris Containers, and Linux containers ([LXC][9]), which was created to [run multiple Linux environments in a single Linux host][10]. +[Docker][8] 已经变成了容器的同义词。Docker 让容器技术发生彻底变革并得以推广普及，虽然早在 Docker 之前容器技术就已经存在。这些容器技术包括 AIX Worklo partition（工作负载分区）、 Solaris 容器、以及Linux 容器 ([LXC][9])（被用来[在一台Linux主机上运行多个 Linux 环境][10]）。 -### The Kubernetes effect +### Kubernetes 效应 -Kubernetes is widely recognized as the leading [orchestration engine][11]. In the last few years, [Kubernetes' popularity][12] coupled with maturing container adoption created the ideal scenario for ops, devs, and security teams to embrace the changing landscape. +Kubernetes 如今已被认为是 [编排引擎][11] 中的领导者。在过去的几年里，[Kubernetes 的普及][12] 加上容器技术的应用日趋成熟，为运维、开发、以及安全团队可以拥抱日益变革的行业，创造了一个理想的环境。 -Kubernetes provides a holistic approach to managing containers. It can run containers across a cluster to enable features like autoscaling cloud resources, including event-driven application requirements, in an automated and distributed way. This ensures high availability "for free" (i.e., neither developers nor admins expend extra effort to make it happen). +Kubernetes 为容器的管理提供了完整全面的解决方案。它可以在一个集群中运行容器，从而实现类似自动扩展云资源这样的功能，这些云资源包括：自动的，分布式的事件驱动的应用需求。这就保证了“免费的”高可用性。（比如，开发和运维都不需要花太大的劲就可以实现） -In addition, OpenShift and similar Kubernetes enterprise offerings make container adoption much easier. +此外，在 OpenShift 和 类似 Kubernetes 这样的企业的帮助下，容器的应用变得更加的容易。 -![Kubernetes cluster][13] +![Kubernetes 集群][13] (Michael Calizo, [CC BY-SA 4.0][5]) -### Will containers replace VMs? +### 容器会替代虚拟机吗？ -[KubeVirt][14] and similar [open source][15] projects show a lot of promise that containers will replace VMs. KubeVirt brings VMs into containerized workflows by converting the VMs into containers, where they run with the benefits of containerized applications. +[KubeVirt][14] 和类似的 [开源][15] 项目很大程度上表明，容器将会取代虚拟机。KubeVirt 通过将虚拟机转化成容器，把虚拟机带入到容器化的工作流中，因此他们就可以利用容器化应用的优势。 -Right now, containers and VMs work as complementary solutions rather than competing technologies. Containers run atop VMs to increase availability, especially for applications that require persistency, and take advantage of virtualization technology that makes it easier to manage the hardware infrastructure (like storage and networking) required to support containers. +现在，容器和虚拟机更多的是互补的关系，而不是相互竞争的。容器在虚拟机上面运行，因此增加可用性，特别是对于那些要求有持续性的应用。同时容器可以利用虚拟化技术的优势，让硬件的基础设施（如：内存和网络）的管理更加便捷。 -### What about Windows containers? +### 那么 Windows 容器呢？ -There is a big push from Microsoft and the open source community to make Windows containers successful. Kubernetes Operators have fast-tracked Windows container adoption, and products like OpenShift now enable [Windows worker nodes][16] to run Windows containers. +微软和开源社区方面都对 Windows 容器的成功实现做了大量的推动。Kubernetes Operators 加速了 Windows 容器的应用进程。还有像 OpenShift 这样的产品已经启用 [Windows worker nodes][16]来运行 Windows 容器。 -Windows containerization creates a lot of enticing possibilities, especially for enterprises with mixed environments. Being able to run your most critical applications on top of a Kubernetes cluster is a big advantage towards achieving a hybrid- or multi-cloud environment. +Windows 的容器化创造出巨大的诱人的可能性。特别是对于使用混合环境的企业。在 Kubernetes 集群上运行你最关键的应用程序，是你成功实现混合云/多种云环境的目标迈出的一大步。 -### The future of containers +### 容器的未来 -Containers play a big role in the shifting IT landscape because enterprises are moving towards fast, agile delivery of software and solutions to [get ahead of competitors][17]. +容器在IT行业日新月异的变革中扮演着重要的角色，因为企业在向着快速、敏捷的交付软件及解决方案的方向前进，以此来[超越竞争对手][17]. -Containers are here to stay. In the very near future, other use cases, like serverless on the edge, will emerge and further change how we think about the speed of getting information to and from digital devices. The only way to survive these changes is to adapt to them. +容器将会留下来。在不久的将来，其他的使用场景，比如边缘计算中的无服务器，将会浮现出来，并且更深地影响我们对从数字设备来回传输数据的速度的认知。唯一在这种变化中存活下来的方式，就是去应用它们。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- From b6c24d42436986ad2fb25367732a4ae16dd29c8d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: amorsu <33998760+amorsu@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Sun, 28 Feb 2021 13:57:31 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 064/309] =?UTF-8?q?=E4=BF=AE=E8=AE=A2=E5=AE=8C=E6=88=90?= =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- .../20201215 6 container concepts you need to understand.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20201215 6 container concepts you need to understand.md b/sources/tech/20201215 6 container concepts you need to understand.md index 4d83b37c46..4c44914007 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20201215 6 container concepts you need to understand.md +++ b/sources/tech/20201215 6 container concepts you need to understand.md @@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ ### 什么是容器？ -容器是单体式应用程序所遗留的问题的解决方案。虽然单体式有它的优点，但是它让组织无法用敏捷的方式快速前进。而容器则让你能够将单体式分解成 [微服务][3] +容器是单体式应用程序所遗留的问题的解决方案。虽然单体式有它的优点，但是它让组织无法用敏捷的方式快速前进。而容器则让你能够将单体式分解成 [微服务][3]。 本质上来说，容器只是一些轻量化组件的应用集，比如软件依赖、库、配置文件等等，然后运行在一个隔离的环境之中，这个隔离的环境又是运行在传统操作系统之上的，或者为了可移植性和灵活性而运行在虚拟化环境之上。 @@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ Windows 的容器化创造出巨大的诱人的可能性。特别是对于使用 ### 容器的未来 -容器在IT行业日新月异的变革中扮演着重要的角色，因为企业在向着快速、敏捷的交付软件及解决方案的方向前进，以此来[超越竞争对手][17]. +容器在IT行业日新月异的变革中扮演着重要的角色，因为企业在向着快速、敏捷的交付软件及解决方案的方向前进，以此来[超越竞争对手][17]。 容器将会留下来。在不久的将来，其他的使用场景，比如边缘计算中的无服务器，将会浮现出来，并且更深地影响我们对从数字设备来回传输数据的速度的认知。唯一在这种变化中存活下来的方式，就是去应用它们。 From 0537edd0d84f9f65113746adc630824b746693f8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: amorsu <33998760+amorsu@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Sun, 28 Feb 2021 14:02:12 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 065/309] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=AE=8C=E6=88=90=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=20?= =?UTF-8?q?=E7=A7=BB=E5=8A=A8=E5=88=B0translated?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- .../tech/20201215 6 container concepts you need to understand.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {sources => translated}/tech/20201215 6 container concepts you need to understand.md (100%) diff --git a/sources/tech/20201215 6 container concepts you need to understand.md b/translated/tech/20201215 6 container concepts you need to understand.md similarity index 100% rename from sources/tech/20201215 6 container concepts you need to understand.md rename to translated/tech/20201215 6 container concepts you need to understand.md From 385de9cf61f56f890e3b233b727e333c5d208ef3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sun, 28 Feb 2021 22:15:51 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 066/309] PRF @MjSeven --- ...Command Quick Start Guide with Examples.md | 157 ++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 69 insertions(+), 88 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20200124 Ansible Ad-hoc Command Quick Start Guide with Examples.md b/translated/tech/20200124 Ansible Ad-hoc Command Quick Start Guide with Examples.md index cfb8a16f55..c57d761523 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20200124 Ansible Ad-hoc Command Quick Start Guide with Examples.md +++ b/translated/tech/20200124 Ansible Ad-hoc Command Quick Start Guide with Examples.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ [#]: collector: "lujun9972" [#]: translator: "MjSeven" -[#]: reviewer: " " +[#]: reviewer: "wxy" [#]: publisher: " " [#]: url: " " [#]: subject: "Ansible Ad-hoc Command Quick Start Guide with Examples" @@ -10,23 +10,19 @@ Ansible 点对点命令快速入门指南示例 ====== -之前，我们写了一篇有关 **[Ansible 安装和配置][1]**的文章。 +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/202102/28/221449b8ldh7v4ll8dw774.jpg) -在那个教程中只包含了一些使用方法的示例。 +之前，我们写了一篇有关 [Ansible 安装和配置][1] 的文章。在那个教程中只包含了一些使用方法的示例。如果你是 Ansible 新手，建议你阅读上篇文章。一旦你熟悉了，就可以继续阅读本文了。 -如果你是 Ansible 新手，建议你阅读上篇文章。 +默认情况下，Ansible 仅使用 5 个并行进程。如果要在多个主机上执行任务，需要通过添加 `-f [进程数]` 选项来手动设置进程数。 -一旦你熟悉了，就可以继续阅读本文了。 +### 什么是点对点ad-hoc命令？ -默认情况下，Ansible 仅使用 5 个并行进程。如果要在多个主机上执行任务，需要通过添加 **"-f [进程数]"** 选项来手动设置进程数。 - -### 什么是点对点 (ad-hoc) 命令？ - -点对点命令用于在一个或多个受控节点上自动执行任务。它非常简单，但是不可重用。它使用 **"/usr/bin/ansible"** 二进制文件执行所有操作。 +点对点命令用于在一个或多个受控节点上自动执行任务。它非常简单，但是不可重用。它使用 `/usr/bin/ansible` 二进制文件执行所有操作。 点对点命令最适合运行一次的任务。例如，如果要检查指定用户是否可用，你可以使用一行命令而无需编写剧本。 -### 为什么你要了解点对点命令？ +#### 为什么你要了解点对点命令？ 点对点命令证明了 Ansible 的简单性和强大功能。从 2.9 版本开始，它支持 3389 个模块，因此你需要了解和学习要定期使用的 Ansible 模块列表。 @@ -37,82 +33,67 @@ Ansible 点对点命令快速入门指南示例 **点对点命令的一般语法：** ``` -ansible | [pattern] | -m [module] | -a "[module options]" - A | B | C | D +ansible [模式] -m [模块] -a "[模块选项]" ``` 点对点命令包含四个部分，详细信息如下： -```markdown -+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ -| Details | Description | -+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ -|ansible | 命令 | -|pattern | I输入清单或指定组 | -|module | 运行指定的模块名称 | -|module options | 指定模块参数 | -+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------+ -``` +| 部分 | 描述 | +|----------|-----------------------------------| +| `ansible`| 命令 | +| 模式 | 输入清单或指定组 | +| 模块 | 运行指定的模块名称 | +| 模块选项 | 指定模块参数 | -### 如何使用 Ansible 清单文件 +#### 如何使用 Ansible 清单文件 -如果使用 Ansible 的默认清单文件 **"/etc/ansible/hosts"**，你可以直接调用它。 +如果使用 Ansible 的默认清单文件 `/etc/ansible/hosts`，你可以直接调用它。否则你可以使用 `-i` 选项指定 Ansible 清单文件的路径。 -如果没有默认文件，你可以使用 **"-i"** 选项调用 Ansible 清单文件的路径。 +#### 什么是模式以及如何使用它？ -### 什么是模式以及如何使用它？ - -Ansible 模式可以代指某个主机、IP 地址、清单组、一组主机或者清单中的所有主机。 - -它允许你对它们运行命令和剧本。模式非常灵活，你可以根据需要使用它们。 +Ansible 模式可以代指某个主机、IP 地址、清单组、一组主机或者清单中的所有主机。它允许你对它们运行命令和剧本。模式非常灵活，你可以根据需要使用它们。 例如，你可以排除主机、使用通配符或正则表达式等等。 -下表描述了常见的模式以及用法。但是，如果它不能满足你的需求，你可以在 ansible-playbook 中使用带有 **"-e"** 参数的模式中的变量。 +下表描述了常见的模式以及用法。但是，如果它不能满足你的需求，你可以在 `ansible-playbook` 中使用带有 `-e` 参数的模式中的变量。 -``` -+-----------------------+------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+ -| Description | Pattern(s) | Targets | -+-----------------------+------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+ -|All hosts | all (or *) | Run an Ansible against all servers in your inventory| -|One host | host1 | Run an Ansible against only the given host. | -|Multiple hosts | host1:host2 (or host1,host2) | Run an Ansible against the mentioned multiple hosts | -|One group | webservers | Run an Ansible against the webservers group | -|Multiple groups | webservers:dbservers | all hosts in webservers plus all hosts in dbservers | -|Excluding groups | webservers:!atlanta | all hosts in webservers except those in atlanta | -|Intersection of groups | webservers:&staging | any hosts in webservers that are also in staging | -+-----------------------+------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+ -``` +| 描述 | 模式 | 目标 | +|-----|------|-----| +| 所有主机 | `all`（或 `*`） | 对清单中的所有服务器运行 Ansible | +| 一台主机 | `host1` | 只针对给定主机运行 Ansible | +| 多台主机 | `host1:host2`（或 `host1,host2`）| 对上述多台主机运行 Ansible | +| 一组 | `webservers` | 在 `webservers` 群组中运行 Ansible | +| 多组 | `webservers:dbservers` | `webservers` 中的所有主机加上 `dbservers` 中的所有主机 | +| 排除组 | `webservers:!atlanta` | `webservers` 中除 `atlanta` 以外的所有主机 | +| 组之间的交集 | `webservers:&staging` | `webservers` 中也在 `staging` 的任何主机 | -### 什么是 Ansible 模块，它干了什么？ +#### 什么是 Ansible 模块，它干了什么？ -模块，也称为“任务插件”或“库插件“，它是一组代码单元，可以直接或通过剧本在远程主机上执行指定任务。 +模块，也称为“任务插件”或“库插件”，它是一组代码单元，可以直接或通过剧本在远程主机上执行指定任务。 Ansible 在远程目标节点上执行指定模块并收集其返回值。 -每个模块都支持多个参数，可以满足用户的需求。除少数模块外，几乎所有模块都采用 **"key=value"** 参数。 +每个模块都支持多个参数，可以满足用户的需求。除少数模块外，几乎所有模块都采用 `key=value` 参数。你可以一次添加带有空格的多个参数，而 `command` 或 `shell` 模块会直接运行你输入的字符串。 -你可以一次添加带有空格的多个参数，command 或 shell 模块会直接运行你输入的字符串。 - -我们将添加一个包含最常用的”模块选项“参数的表。 +我们将添加一个包含最常用的“模块选项”参数的表。 列出所有可用的模块，运行以下命令： -```bash +``` $ ansible-doc -l ``` -运行以下命令来阅读指定模块的文档。 +运行以下命令来阅读指定模块的文档： -```bash -$ ansible-doc [Module] +``` +$ ansible-doc [模块] ``` ### 1）如何在 Linux 上使用 Ansible 列出目录的内容 -可以使用 Ansible command 模块来完成这项操作，如下所示。我们列出了 **"node1.2g.lab"** 和 **"nod2.2g.lab"** 远程服务器上 **"daygeek"** 用户主目录的内容。 +可以使用 Ansible `command` 模块来完成这项操作，如下所示。我们列出了 `node1.2g.lab` 和 `nod2.2g.lab`* 远程服务器上 `daygeek` 用户主目录的内容。 -```bash +``` $ ansible web -m command -a "ls -lh /home/daygeek" node1.2g.lab | CHANGED | rc=0 >> @@ -143,9 +124,9 @@ drwxr-xr-x. 2 daygeek daygeek 6 Nov 9 09:55 Videos ### 2）如何在 Linux 使用 Ansible 管理文件 -Ansible 的 "copy 模块" 将文件从本地系统复制到远程系统。使用 Ansible command 模块将文件移动或复制到远程计算机。 +Ansible 的 `copy` 模块将文件从本地系统复制到远程系统。使用 Ansible `command` 模块将文件移动或复制到远程计算机。 -```bash +``` $ ansible web -m copy -a "src=/home/daygeek/backup/CentOS7.2daygeek.com-20191025.tar dest=/home/u1" --become node1.2g.lab | CHANGED => { @@ -189,7 +170,7 @@ node2.2g.lab | CHANGED => { 我们可以运行以下命令进行验证： -```bash +``` $ ansible web -m command -a "ls -lh /home/u1" --become node1.2g.lab | CHANGED | rc=0 >> @@ -203,97 +184,97 @@ total 36K -rw-rw-r--. 1 u1 u1 18 Jan 23 02:21 magi.txt ``` -要将文件从一个位置复制到远程计算机上的另一个位置，使用以下命令。 +要将文件从一个位置复制到远程计算机上的另一个位置，使用以下命令： -```bash +``` $ ansible web -m command -a "cp /home/u2/magi/ansible-1.txt /home/u2/magi/2g" --become ``` 移动文件，使用以下命令： -```bash +``` $ ansible web -m command -a "mv /home/u2/magi/ansible.txt /home/u2/magi/2g" --become ``` -在 **"u1"** 用户目录下创建一个名为 **"ansible.txt"** 的新文件，运行以下命令： +在 `u1` 用户目录下创建一个名为 `ansible.txt` 的新文件，运行以下命令： -```bash +``` $ ansible web -m file -a "dest=/home/u1/ansible.txt owner=u1 group=u1 state=touch" --become ``` -在 **"u1"** 用户目录下创建一个名为 **"magi"** 的新目录，运行以下命令。**”file 模块还可以创建目录“**。 +在 `u1` 用户目录下创建一个名为 `magi` 的新目录，运行以下命令： -```bash +``` $ ansible web -m file -a "dest=/home/u1/magi mode=755 owner=u2 group=u2 state=directory" --become ``` -将 **"u1"** 用户目录下的 **"ansible.txt"** 文件权限更改为 **"777"**，运行以下命令： +将 `u1` 用户目录下的 `ansible.txt`* 文件权限更改为 `777`，运行以下命令： -```bash +``` $ ansible web -m file -a "dest=/home/u1/ansible.txt mode=777" --become ``` -删除 **"u1"** 用户目录下的 **"ansible.txt"** 文件，运行以下命令： +删除 `u1` 用户目录下的 `ansible.txt` 文件，运行以下命令： -```bash +``` $ ansible web -m file -a "dest=/home/u2/magi/ansible-1.txt state=absent" --become ``` -使用以下命令删除目录，它将递归删除指定目录。 +使用以下命令删除目录，它将递归删除指定目录： -```bash +``` $ ansible web -m file -a "dest=/home/u2/magi/2g state=absent" --become ``` -### 3) 用户管理 +### 3）用户管理 你可以使用 Ansible 轻松执行用户管理活动。例如创建、删除用户以及向一个组添加用户。 -```bash +``` $ ansible all -m user -a "name=foo password=[crypted password here]" ``` 运行以下命令删除用户： -```bash +``` $ ansible all -m user -a "name=foo state=absent" ``` -### 4) 管理包 +### 4）管理包 -使用合适的 Ansible 包管理器模块可以轻松地管理安装包。例如，我们将使用 yum 模块来管理 CentOS 系统上的软件包。 +使用合适的 Ansible 包管理器模块可以轻松地管理安装包。例如，我们将使用 `yum` 模块来管理 CentOS 系统上的软件包。 -安装最新的 Apache(httpd)： +安装最新的 Apache（httpd）： -```bash +``` $ ansible web -m yum -a "name=httpd state=latest" ``` -卸载 Apache(httpd) 包： +卸载 Apache（httpd） 包： -```bash +``` $ ansible web -m yum -a "name=httpd state=absent" ``` -### 5) 管理服务 +### 5）管理服务 使用以下 Ansible 模块命令可以在 Linux 上管理任何服务。 停止 httpd 服务： -```bash +``` $ ansible web -m service -a "name=httpd state=stopped" ``` 启动 httpd 服务： -```bash +``` $ ansible web -m service -a "name=httpd state=started" ``` 重启 httpd 服务： -```bash +``` $ ansible web -m service -a "name=httpd state=restarted" ``` @@ -304,10 +285,10 @@ via: https://www.2daygeek.com/ansible-ad-hoc-command-quick-start-guide-with-exam 作者：[Magesh Maruthamuthu][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[MjSeven](https://github.com/MjSeven) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 [a]: https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/ [b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://www.2daygeek.com/install-configure-ansible-automation-tool-linux-quick-start-guide/ +[1]: https://linux.cn/article-13142-1.html From 3149e41f8bac299afcc8d4e44c62051cd1ac8f79 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sun, 28 Feb 2021 22:17:00 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 067/309] PUB @MjSeven https://linux.cn/article-13163-1.html --- ... Ansible Ad-hoc Command Quick Start Guide with Examples.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20200124 Ansible Ad-hoc Command Quick Start Guide with Examples.md (96%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20200124 Ansible Ad-hoc Command Quick Start Guide with Examples.md b/published/20200124 Ansible Ad-hoc Command Quick Start Guide with Examples.md similarity index 96% rename from translated/tech/20200124 Ansible Ad-hoc Command Quick Start Guide with Examples.md rename to published/20200124 Ansible Ad-hoc Command Quick Start Guide with Examples.md index c57d761523..d1b5c335fe 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20200124 Ansible Ad-hoc Command Quick Start Guide with Examples.md +++ b/published/20200124 Ansible Ad-hoc Command Quick Start Guide with Examples.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: "lujun9972" [#]: translator: "MjSeven" [#]: reviewer: "wxy" -[#]: publisher: " " -[#]: url: " " +[#]: publisher: "wxy" +[#]: url: "https://linux.cn/article-13163-1.html" [#]: subject: "Ansible Ad-hoc Command Quick Start Guide with Examples" [#]: via: "https://www.2daygeek.com/ansible-ad-hoc-command-quick-start-guide-with-examples/" [#]: author: "Magesh Maruthamuthu https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/" From eb382d5a3ac30feb0579f1616cadfbb3c9c620a2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Mon, 1 Mar 2021 05:03:57 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 068/309] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020210228=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Edit=20video=20on=20Linux=20with=20this=20Python=20app?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20210228 Edit video on Linux with this Python app.md --- ...dit video on Linux with this Python app.md | 113 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 113 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20210228 Edit video on Linux with this Python app.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210228 Edit video on Linux with this Python app.md b/sources/tech/20210228 Edit video on Linux with this Python app.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..482fa3e29d --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20210228 Edit video on Linux with this Python app.md @@ -0,0 +1,113 @@ +[#]: subject: (Edit video on Linux with this Python app) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/2/linux-python-video) +[#]: author: (Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +Edit video on Linux with this Python app +====== +Three years ago I chose Openshot as my Linux video editing software of +choice. See why it's still my favorite. +![video editing dashboard][1] + +In 2021, there are more reasons why people love Linux than ever before. In this series, I'll share 21 different reasons to use Linux. Here's how I use Linux to edit videos. + +Back in 2018, I wrote an article about the [state of Linux video editing][2], in which I chose an application called [Openshot][3] as my pick for the top hobbyist video editing software. Years later, and my choices haven't changed. Openshot remains a great little video editing application for Linux, and it's managed to make creating videos on Linux _boring_ in the best of ways. + +Well, video editing may never become boring in the sense that no platform will ever get it perfect because part of the art of moviemaking is the constant improvement of image quality and visual trickery. Software and cameras will forever be pushing each other forward and forever catching up to one another. I've been editing video on Linux since 2008 at the very least, but back then, editing video was still generally mystifying to most people. Computer users have become familiar with what used to be advanced concepts since then, so video editing is taken for granted. And video editing on Linux, at the very least, is at the stage of getting an obvious shrug. Yes, of course, you can edit your videos on Linux. + +### Installing Openshot + +On Linux, you can install Openshot from your distribution's software repository. + +On Fedora and similar: + + +``` +`$ sudo dnf install openshot` +``` + +On Debian, Linux Mint, Elementary, and similar: + + +``` +`$ sudo apt install openshot` +``` + +### Importing video + +Without the politics of "not invented here" syndrome and corporate identity, Linux has the best codec support in the tech industry. With the right libraries, you can play nearly any video format on Linux. It's a liberating feeling for even a casual content creator, especially to anyone who's spent an entire day downloading plugins and converter applications in a desperate attempt to get a video format into their proprietary video editing software. Barring [un]expected leaps and bounds in camera technology, you generally don't have to do that on Linux. Openshot uses [ffmpeg][4] to import videos, so you can edit whatever format you need to edit. + +![Importing into Openshot][5] + +Import into Openshot + +**Note**: When importing video, I prefer to standardize on the formats I use. It's fine to mix formats a little, but for consistency in behavior and to eliminate variables when troubleshooting, I convert any outliers in my source material to whatever the majority of my project uses. I prefer my source to be only lightly compressed when that's an option, so I can edit at a high quality and save compression for the final render. + +### Auditioning footage + +Once you've imported your video clips, you can preview each clip right in Openshot. To play a clip, right-click the clip and select **Preview file**. This option opens a playback window so you can watch your footage. This is a common task for a production with several takes of the same material. + +When rummaging through a lot of footage, you can tag clips in Openshot to help you keep track of which ones are good and which ones you don't think you'll use, or what clip belongs to which scene, or any other meta-information you need to track. To tag a clip, right-click on it and select **File properties**. Add your tags to the **Tag** field. + +![Tagging files in Openshot][6] + +Tagging files in Openshot + +### Add video to the timeline + +Whether you have a script you're following, or you're just sorting through footage and finding a story, you eventually get a sense of how you think your video ought to happen. There are always myriad possibilities at this stage, and that's a good thing. It's why video editing is one of the single most influential stages of moviemaking. Will you start with a cold open _in media res_? Or maybe you want to start at the end and unravel your narrative to lead back up to that? Or are you a traditional story-teller, proudly beginning at the beginning? Whatever you decide now, you can always change later, so the most important thing is just to get started. + +Getting started means putting video footage in your timeline. Whatever's in the timeline at the end of your edit is what makes your movie, so start adding clips from your project files to the timeline at the bottom of the Openshot window. + +![Openshot interface to add clips to the timeline][7] + +Adding clips to the timeline + +The _rough assembly_, as the initial edit is commonly called, is a sublimely simple and quick process in Openshot. You can throw clips into the timeline hastily, either straight from the **Project files** panel (right-click and select **Add to timeline** or just press **Ctrl+W**), or by dragging and dropping. + +Once you have a bunch of clips in the timeline, in more or less the correct order, you can take another pass to refine how much of each clip plays with each cut. You can cut video clips in the timeline short with the scissors (or _Razor tool_ in Openshot's terminology, but the icon is a scissor), or you can move the order of clips, intercut from shot to shot, and so on. For quick cross dissolves, just overlay the beginning of a clip over the end of another. Openshot takes care of the transition. + +Should you find that some clips have stray background sound that you don't need, you can separate the audio from the video. To extract audio from a clip in the timeline, right-click on it and select **Separate audio**. The clip's audio appears as a new clip on the track below its parent. + +### Exporting video from Openshot + +Fast-forward several hours, days, or months, and you're done with your video edit. You're ready to release it to the world, or your family or friends, or to whomever your audience may be. It's time to export. + +To export a video, click the **File** menu and select **Export video**. This selection brings up an **Export Video** window, with a **Simple** and **Advanced** tab. + +The **Simple** tab provides a few formats for you to choose from: Bluray, DVD, Device, and Web. These are common targets for videos, and general presets are assigned by default to each. + +The **Advanced** tab offers profiles based on output video size and quality, with overrides available for both video and audio. You can manually enter the video format, codec, and bitrate you want to use for the export. I prefer to export to an uncompressed format and then use ffmpeg manually, so that I can do multipass renders and also target several different formats as a batch process. However, this is entirely optional, but this attention to the needs of many different use cases is part of what makes Openshot great. + +### Editing video on Linux with Openshot + +This short article hardly does Openshot justice. It has many more features and conveniences, but you'll discover those as you use it. + +If you're a content creator with a deadline, you'll appreciate the speed of Openshot's workflow. If you're a moviemaker with no budget, you'll appreciate Openshot's low, low price of $0. If you're a proud parent struggling to extract just the parts of the school play featuring your very own rising star, you'll appreciate how easy it is to use Openshot. Cutting to the chase: Editing videos on the Linux desktop is easy, fun, and fast. + +A review of 6 free and open source (FOSS) video editing tools. Who came out the winner? Find out in... + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/21/2/linux-python-video + +作者：[Seth Kenlon][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/seth +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/video_editing_folder_music_wave_play.png?itok=-J9rs-My (video editing dashboard) +[2]: https://opensource.com/article/18/4/new-state-video-editing-linux +[3]: http://openshot.org +[4]: https://opensource.com/article/17/6/ffmpeg-convert-media-file-formats +[5]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/openshot-import-2021.png +[6]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/openshot-tag-2021.png +[7]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/openshot-timeline-2021.png From a43b7b9363e6a76ece61f87f09a4e19488bfc7ed Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Mon, 1 Mar 2021 08:46:08 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 069/309] PRF @wxy --- ...0210216 How to install Linux in 3 steps.md | 37 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 18 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20210216 How to install Linux in 3 steps.md b/translated/tech/20210216 How to install Linux in 3 steps.md index 6e50ef1eb6..519d02d2f5 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20210216 How to install Linux in 3 steps.md +++ b/translated/tech/20210216 How to install Linux in 3 steps.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (wxy) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (How to install Linux in 3 steps) @@ -12,23 +12,23 @@ > 操作系统的安装看似神秘，但其实很简单。以下是成功安装 Linux 的步骤。 -![绿色背景的bash标志][1] +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/202103/01/084538it1188e8zeepgzyb.jpg) 在 2021 年，有更多让人们喜欢 Linux 的理由。在这个系列中，我将分享 21 种使用 Linux 的不同理由。下面是如何安装 Linux。  -安装一个操作系统（OS）总是令人生畏。对大多数人来说，这是一个难题。安装操作系统不能从操作系统内部进行，因为它要么没有被安装，要么即将被另一个操作系统取代，那么它是如何发生的呢？更糟糕的是，它通常会涉及到硬盘格式、安装目的地、时区、用户名、密码等一系列你通常不会想到的混乱问题。Linux 发行版知道这一点，所以它们多年来一直在努力将你在操作系统安装程序中花费的时间减少到最低限度。 +安装一个操作系统（OS）总是令人生畏。对大多数人来说，这是一个难题。安装操作系统不能从操作系统内部进行，因为它要么没有被安装，要么即将被另一个操作系统取代，那么它是如何发生的呢？更糟糕的是，它通常会涉及到硬盘格式、安装位置、时区、用户名、密码等一系列你通常不会想到的混乱问题。Linux 发行版知道这一点，所以它们多年来一直在努力将你在操作系统安装程序中花费的时间减少到最低限度。 ### 安装时发生了什么 无论你安装的是一个应用程序还是整个操作系统，*安装*的过程只是将文件从一种媒介复制到另一种媒介的一种花哨方式。不管是什么用户界面，还是用动画将安装过程伪装成多么高度专业化的东西，最终都是一回事：曾经存储在光盘或驱动器上的文件被复制到硬盘上的特定位置。 -当安装的是一个应用程序时，放置这些文件的有效位置被高度限制在你的*文件系统*或你的操作系统知道它可以使用的硬盘驱动器的部分。这一点很重要，因为它可以将硬盘分割成不同的空间（苹果公司在世纪初的 Bootcamp 中使用了这一技巧，允许用户将 macOS 和 Windows 安装到一个硬盘上，但作为单独的实体）。当你安装一个操作系统时，一些特殊的文件会被安装到硬盘上通常是禁区的地方。更重要的是，至少在默认情况下，你的硬盘上的所有现有数据都会被擦除，以便为新系统腾出空间，所以创建一个备份是*必要的*。 +当安装的是一个应用程序时，放置这些文件的有效位置被高度限制在你的*文件系统*或你的操作系统知道它可以使用的硬盘驱动器的部分。这一点很重要，因为它可以将硬盘分割成不同的空间（苹果公司在本世纪初的 Bootcamp 中使用了这一技巧，允许用户将 macOS 和 Windows 安装到一个硬盘上，但作为单独的实体）。当你安装一个操作系统时，一些特殊的文件会被安装到硬盘上通常是禁区的地方。更重要的是，至少在默认情况下，你的硬盘上的所有现有数据都会被擦除，以便为新系统腾出空间，所以创建一个备份是*必要的*。 ### 安装程序 -从技术上讲，你实际上不需要安装程序来安装应用程序甚至操作系统。不管你信不信，有些人通过挂载一块空白硬盘、编译代码并复制文件来手动安装 Linux。这是在一个名为 [Linux From Scratch（LFS）][2] 的项目的帮助下完成的。这个项目旨在帮助爱好者、学生和未来的操作系统设计者更多地了解计算机的工作原理以及每个组件执行的功能。这并不是推荐的安装 Linux 的方法，但你会发现，在开源中，通常是这样的：*如果*有些事情可以做，那么就有人在做。而这也是一件好事，因为这些小众的兴趣往往会带来令人惊讶的有用的创新。 +从技术上讲，你实际上不需要用安装程序来安装应用程序甚至操作系统。不管你信不信，有些人通过挂载一块空白硬盘、编译代码并复制文件来手动安装 Linux。这是在一个名为 [Linux From Scratch（LFS）][2] 的项目的帮助下完成的。这个项目旨在帮助爱好者、学生和未来的操作系统设计者更多地了解计算机的工作原理以及每个组件执行的功能。这并不是安装 Linux 的推荐方法，但你会发现，在开源中，通常是这样的：*如果*有些事情可以做，那么就有人在做。而这也是一件好事，因为这些小众的兴趣往往会带来令人惊讶的有用的创新。 -假设你不是想对 Linux 进行逆向工程，那么正常的安装方式是使用安装光盘或安装镜像。 +假设你不是想对 Linux 进行逆向工程，那么正常的安装方式是使用安装光盘或镜像。 ### 3 个简单的步骤来安装 Linux @@ -56,11 +56,11 @@ Elementary OS 有一个简单的安装程序，主要是为了在个人电脑上 * [Linux Mint][6] 提供了安装缺失驱动程序的简易选项。 * [Elementary][7] 提供了一个美丽的桌面体验和几个特殊的、定制的应用程序。 -Linux 安装程序是 `.iso` 文件，是 DVD 介质的“蓝图”。如果你还在使用光学介质，你可以把 `.iso` 文件刻录到 DVD-R 上，或者你可以把它烧录到 USB 驱动器上（确保它是一个空的 USB 驱动器，因为当镜像被烧录到它上时，它的所有内容都会被删除）。要将镜像烧录到 USB 驱动器上，你可以 [使用开源的 Etcher 应用程序][8]。 +Linux 安装程序是 `.iso` 文件，是 DVD 介质的“蓝图”。如果你还在使用光学介质，你可以把 `.iso` 文件刻录到 DVD-R 上，或者你可以把它烧录到 U 盘上（确保它是一个空的 U 盘，因为当镜像被烧录到它上时，它的所有内容都会被删除）。要将镜像烧录到 U 盘上，你可以 [使用开源的 Etcher 应用程序][8]。 -![Etcher 用于烧录 USB 驱动器][9] +![Etcher 用于烧录 U 盘][9] -*Etcher 应用程序可以烧录 USB 驱动器。* +*Etcher 应用程序可以烧录 U 盘。* 现在你可以安装 Linux 了。 @@ -72,29 +72,29 @@ Linux 安装程序是 `.iso` 文件，是 DVD 介质的“蓝图”。如果你 假设你已经将数据保存到了一个外部硬盘上，然后你将它秘密地存放在安全的地方（而不是连接到你的电脑上），那么你就可以继续了。 -首先，将装有 Linux 安装程序的 USB 驱动器连接到电脑上。打开电脑电源，观察屏幕上是否有一些如何中断其默认启动序列的指示。这通常是像 `F2`、`F8`、`Esc` 甚至 `Del` 这样的键，但根据你的主板制造商的不同而不同。如果你错过了这个时间窗口，只需等待默认操作系统加载，然后重新启动并再次尝试。 +首先，将装有 Linux 安装程序的 U 盘连接到电脑上。打开电脑电源，观察屏幕上是否有一些如何中断其默认启动序列的指示。这通常是像 `F2`、`F8`、`Esc` 甚至 `Del` 这样的键，但根据你的主板制造商不同而不同。如果你错过了这个时间窗口，只需等待默认操作系统加载，然后重新启动并再次尝试。 -当你中断启动序列时，电脑会提示你引导指令。具体来说，嵌入主板的固件需要知道该到哪个驱动器寻找可以加载的操作系统。在这种情况下，你希望计算机从包含 Linux 镜像的 USB 驱动器启动。如何提示你这些信息取决于主板制造商。有时，它会直接问你，并配有一个菜单： +当你中断启动序列时，电脑会提示你引导指令。具体来说，嵌入主板的固件需要知道该到哪个驱动器寻找可以加载的操作系统。在这种情况下，你希望计算机从包含 Linux 镜像的 U 盘启动。如何提示你这些信息取决于主板制造商。有时，它会直接问你，并配有一个菜单： ![引导设备菜单][10] *启动设备选择菜单* -其他时候，你会被带入一个简陋的界面，你可以用来设置启动顺序。计算机通常默认设置为先查看内部硬盘。如果引导失败，它就会移动到 USB 驱动器、网络驱动器或光驱。你需要告诉你的计算机先寻找一个 USB 驱动器，这样它就会绕过自己的内部硬盘驱动器，而引导 USB 驱动器上的 Linux 镜像。 +其他时候，你会被带入一个简陋的界面，你可以用来设置启动顺序。计算机通常默认设置为先查看内部硬盘。如果引导失败，它就会移动到 U 盘、网络驱动器或光驱。你需要告诉你的计算机先寻找一个 U 盘，这样它就会绕过自己的内部硬盘驱动器，而引导 U 盘上的 Linux 镜像。 ![BIOS 选择屏幕][11] *BIOS 选择屏幕* -起初，这可能会让人望而生畏，但一旦你熟悉了界面，这就是一个快速而简单的任务。一旦安装了Linux，你就不必这样做了，因为，在这之后，你会希望你的电脑再次从内部硬盘启动。这是一个很好的技巧，因为它是在 USB 驱动器上使用 Linux 的关键，在安装前测试计算机的 Linux 兼容性，以及无论涉及什么操作系统的一般性故障排除。 +起初，这可能会让人望而生畏，但一旦你熟悉了界面，这就是一个快速而简单的任务。一旦安装了Linux，你就不必这样做了，因为，在这之后，你会希望你的电脑再次从内部硬盘启动。这是一个很好的技巧，因为在 U 盘上使用 Linux 的关键原因，是在安装前测试计算机的 Linux 兼容性，以及无论涉及什么操作系统的一般性故障排除。 -一旦你选择了你的 USB 驱动器作为引导设备，保存你的设置，让电脑复位，然后启动到 Linux 镜像。 +一旦你选择了你的 U 盘作为引导设备，保存你的设置，让电脑复位，然后启动到 Linux 镜像。 #### 3、安装 Linux 一旦你启动进入 Linux 安装程序，就只需通过提示进行操作。 -Fedora 安装程序 Anaconda 为你提供了一个“菜单”，上面有你在安装前可以自定义的所有事项。大多数设置为合理的默认值，可能不需要你的互动，但有些则用警示符号标记，表示你的配置不能被安全地猜测，因此需要设置。这些配置包括你想安装操作系统的硬盘位置，以及你想为账户使用的用户名。在你解决这些问题之前，你不能继续安装。 +Fedora 安装程序 Anaconda 为你提供了一个“菜单”，上面有你在安装前可以自定义的所有事项。大多数设置为合理的默认值，可能不需要你的互动，但有些则用警示符号标记，表示不能安全地猜测出你的配置，因此需要设置。这些配置包括你想安装操作系统的硬盘位置，以及你想为账户使用的用户名。在你解决这些问题之前，你不能继续进行安装。 对于硬盘的位置，你必须知道你要擦除哪个硬盘，然后用你选择的 Linux 发行版重新写入。对于只有一个硬盘的笔记本来说，这可能是一个显而易见的选择。 @@ -110,12 +110,11 @@ Fedora 安装程序 Anaconda 为你提供了一个“菜单”，上面有你在 *Anaconda 选项已经完成，可以安装了* -其他的安装程序可能会更简单，不管你信不信，所以你看到的可能与本文中的图片不同。无论怎样，除了预装的操作系统之外，这个安装过程都是最简单的操作系统安装之一，所以不要让安装操作系统的想法吓到你。这是你的电脑。你可以也应该安装一个你拥有所有权的操作系统。 +其他的安装程序可能会更简单，所以你看到的可能与本文中的图片不同。无论怎样，除了预装的操作系统之外，这个安装过程都是最简单的操作系统安装过程之一，所以不要让安装操作系统的想法吓到你。这是你的电脑。你可以、也应该安装一个你拥有所有权的操作系统。 ### 拥有你的电脑 -最终，Linux 是你的操作系统。它是一个由来自世界各地的人们开发的操作系统，其核心是一个：创造一种参与、共同拥有、合作管理的计算文化。如果你有兴趣更好地了解开源，那么就请你迈出一步，了解它的一个光辉典范，并安装 Linux。 - +最终，Linux 成为了你的操作系统。它是一个由来自世界各地的人们开发的操作系统，其核心是一个：创造一种参与、共同拥有、合作管理的计算文化。如果你有兴趣更好地了解开源，那么就请你迈出一步，了解它的一个光辉典范 Linux，并安装它。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -124,7 +123,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/21/2/linux-installation 作者：[Seth Kenlon][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From b9cf856cbf67472fc8e01ee7dfb14b16a257bf8c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Mon, 1 Mar 2021 08:47:54 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 070/309] PUB @wxy https://linux.cn/article-13164-1.html --- .../20210216 How to install Linux in 3 steps.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20210216 How to install Linux in 3 steps.md (99%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20210216 How to install Linux in 3 steps.md b/published/20210216 How to install Linux in 3 steps.md similarity index 99% rename from translated/tech/20210216 How to install Linux in 3 steps.md rename to published/20210216 How to install Linux in 3 steps.md index 519d02d2f5..15f9d474fc 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20210216 How to install Linux in 3 steps.md +++ b/published/20210216 How to install Linux in 3 steps.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (wxy) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-13164-1.html) [#]: subject: (How to install Linux in 3 steps) [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/2/linux-installation) [#]: author: (Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth) From 841c270bc96439332c63026077019639403fc803 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Mon, 1 Mar 2021 08:51:16 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 071/309] translated --- ...riendly Alternative to du and df commands.md | 117 ------------------ ...riendly Alternative to du and df commands.md | 116 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 116 insertions(+), 117 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20210224 Check Your Disk Usage Using ‘duf- Terminal Tool -Friendly Alternative to du and df commands.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20210224 Check Your Disk Usage Using ‘duf- Terminal Tool -Friendly Alternative to du and df commands.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210224 Check Your Disk Usage Using ‘duf- Terminal Tool -Friendly Alternative to du and df commands.md b/sources/tech/20210224 Check Your Disk Usage Using ‘duf- Terminal Tool -Friendly Alternative to du and df commands.md deleted file mode 100644 index 8082df5bf6..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20210224 Check Your Disk Usage Using ‘duf- Terminal Tool -Friendly Alternative to du and df commands.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,117 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (Check Your Disk Usage Using ‘duf’ Terminal Tool [Friendly Alternative to du and df commands]) -[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/duf-disk-usage/) -[#]: author: (Ankush Das https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/) - -Check Your Disk Usage Using ‘duf’ Terminal Tool [Friendly Alternative to du and df commands] -====== - -_**Brief: duf is a terminal tool meant as an enhancement to the traditional “df” and “du” Linux commands. It lets you easily check for free disk space, sort the output, and present it in a user-friendly manner.**_ - -### duf: A Cross-Platform disk usage utility written in Golang - -![][1] - -Before I knew about this utility, I preferred using a GUI program like [Stacer][2] or the pre-installed GNOME Disk usage app to [check free disk space][3] and the disk usage numbers for my system. - -However, [duf][4] seems to be a useful terminal tool to check disk usage and free space that is written in [Golang][5]. Even though Abhishek suggested me to give this a try, I found it more interesting, especially considering that I’m currently learning Golang, what a coincidence! - -It is fairly easy to use no matter whether you are a terminal guru or just a beginner not comfortable with the terminal. It is certainly easier to understand than the [df command for checking disk space utilization][6]. - -Let me highlight some of the key features and its usage before you get it installed on your system. - -### Features of duf - -![][7] - - * Gives you an overview of all the devices mounted which is easy to understand - * Ability to specify a directory/file name and check free space for that mount point - * Change/Remove columns from the output - * List [inode][8] information - * Sort the output - * JSON output supported - * Ability to specify the theme if it does not detect your terminal’s theme automatically - - - -### Installing & Using duf on Linux - -You can find a package for Arch Linux in [AUR][9]. There’s also a package available if you’re using the [Nix package manager][10]. - -For Debian-based distros and RPM packages, you can go to its [GitHub releases section][11] and grab the package suitable for your system. - -It’s also available for Windows, Android, macOS, and FreeBSD as well. - -In my case, I had to [install the DEB package][12], and it was good to go. Once you set it up, using it is quite simple, all you have to do is type in: - -``` -duf -``` - -This should give you the details for all the local devices, any cloud storage devices mounted, and any other special devices (that includes temporary storage locations and more). - -If you want to take a look at all the available commands using **duf** at a glance, you can type in: - -``` -duf --help -``` - -![][13] - -For instance, if you just want to see the details of the local devices connected and nothing else, all you have to type is: - -``` -duf --only local -``` - -Another example would be sorting the output based on the size in a particular order, here’s what you need to type: - -``` -duf --sort size -``` - -And, the output should look like: - -![][14] - -You can explore its [GitHub page][4] for more information on additional commands and installation instructions. - -[Download duf][4] - -### Closing Thoughts - -I find the terminal tool ‘duf’ quite handy to keep an eye on the free disk space or the usage stats without needing to use a GUI program. - -Is there anything similar to this tool that you know of? Feel free to let me know your thoughts in the comments down below. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://itsfoss.com/duf-disk-usage/ - -作者：[Ankush Das][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/duf-screenshot.jpg?resize=800%2C481&ssl=1 -[2]: https://itsfoss.com/optimize-ubuntu-stacer/ -[3]: https://itsfoss.com/check-free-disk-space-linux/ -[4]: https://github.com/muesli/duf -[5]: https://golang.org/ -[6]: https://linuxhandbook.com/df-command/ -[7]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/duf-local.jpg?resize=800%2C195&ssl=1 -[8]: https://linuxhandbook.com/inode-linux/ -[9]: https://itsfoss.com/aur-arch-linux/ -[10]: https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs -[11]: https://github.com/muesli/duf/releases -[12]: https://itsfoss.com/install-deb-files-ubuntu/ -[13]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/duf-commands.jpg?resize=800%2C443&ssl=1 -[14]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/duf-sort-example.jpg?resize=800%2C365&ssl=1 diff --git a/translated/tech/20210224 Check Your Disk Usage Using ‘duf- Terminal Tool -Friendly Alternative to du and df commands.md b/translated/tech/20210224 Check Your Disk Usage Using ‘duf- Terminal Tool -Friendly Alternative to du and df commands.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..889d51fc1b --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20210224 Check Your Disk Usage Using ‘duf- Terminal Tool -Friendly Alternative to du and df commands.md @@ -0,0 +1,116 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Check Your Disk Usage Using ‘duf’ Terminal Tool [Friendly Alternative to du and df commands]) +[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/duf-disk-usage/) +[#]: author: (Ankush Das https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/) + +使用 “duf” 终端工具检查你的磁盘使用情况（du 和 df 命令的友好替代品） +====== + +_**简介：duf 是一个终端工具，旨在增强传统的 Linux 命令 “df” 和 “du”。它可以让你轻松地检查可用磁盘空间，对输出进行分类，并以用户友好的方式呈现。**_ + +### duf：一个用 Golang 编写的跨平台磁盘使用情况工具 + +![][1] + +在我知道这个工具之前，我更喜欢使用像 [Stacer][2] 这样的 GUI 程序或者预装的 GNOME 磁盘使用情况程序来[检查可用的磁盘空间][3]和系统的磁盘使用数量。 + +不过，[duf][4] 似乎是一个有用的终端工具，可以检查磁盘使用情况和可用空间，它是用 [Golang][5] 编写的。尽管 Abhishek 建议我试一试它，但我觉得它还要有趣，尤其是考虑到我目前正在学习 Golang，真是太巧了! + +无论你是终端大师还是只是一个对终端不适应的初学者，它都相当容易使用。当然，它比[检查磁盘空间利用率命令 df][6] 更容易理解。 + +在你把它安装到你的系统上之前，让我重点介绍一下它的一些主要功能和用法。 + +### duf 的特点 + +![][7] + + * 提供所有挂载设备的概览且易于理解。 + * 能够指定目录/文件名并检查该挂载点的可用空间。 + * 更改/删除输出中的列 + * 列出 [inode][8] 信息 + * 输出排序 + * 支持 JSON 输出 + * 如果不能自动检测终端的主题，可以指定主题。 + + +### 在 Linux 上安装和使用 duf + +你可以在 [AUR][9] 中找到一个 Arch Linux 的软件包。如果你使用的是 [Nix 包管理器][10]，也可以找到一个包。 + +对于基于 Debian 的发行版和 RPM 包，你可以去它的 [GitHub 发布区][11]中获取适合你系统的包。 + +它也适用于 Windows、Android、macOS 和 FreeBSD。 + +在我这里，我需要[安装 DEB 包][12]，然后就可以使用了。安装好后，使用起来很简单，你只要输入： + +``` +duf +``` + +这应该会给你提供所有本地设备、已挂载的任何云存储设备以及任何其他特殊设备（包括临时存储位置等）的详细信息。 + +如果你想一目了然地查看所有 **duf** 的可用命令，你可以输入： + +``` +duf --help +``` + +![][13] + +例如，如果你只想查看本地连接设备的详细信息，而不是其他的，你只需要输入： + +``` +duf --only local +``` + +另一个例子是根据大小按特定顺序对输出进行排序，下面是你需要输入的内容： + +``` +duf --sort size +``` + +输出应该是像这样的： + +![][14] + +你可以探索它的 [GitHub 页面][4]，以获得更多关于额外命令和安装说明的信息。 + +[下载 duf][4] + +### 结束语 + +我发现终端工具 “duf” 相当方便，可以在不需要使用 GUI 程序的情况下，随时查看可用磁盘空间或使用情况。 + +你知道有什么类似的工具吗？欢迎在下面的评论中告诉我你的想法。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/duf-disk-usage/ + +作者：[Ankush Das][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/duf-screenshot.jpg?resize=800%2C481&ssl=1 +[2]: https://itsfoss.com/optimize-ubuntu-stacer/ +[3]: https://itsfoss.com/check-free-disk-space-linux/ +[4]: https://github.com/muesli/duf +[5]: https://golang.org/ +[6]: https://linuxhandbook.com/df-command/ +[7]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/duf-local.jpg?resize=800%2C195&ssl=1 +[8]: https://linuxhandbook.com/inode-linux/ +[9]: https://itsfoss.com/aur-arch-linux/ +[10]: https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs +[11]: https://github.com/muesli/duf/releases +[12]: https://itsfoss.com/install-deb-files-ubuntu/ +[13]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/duf-commands.jpg?resize=800%2C443&ssl=1 +[14]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/duf-sort-example.jpg?resize=800%2C365&ssl=1 From 0ebd45062891d7ef33d4a3e69ad7bac9017bd9e6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Mon, 1 Mar 2021 09:01:24 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 072/309] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=BD=92=E6=A1=A3=20202102?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...171025 Typeset your docs with LaTeX and TeXstudio on Fedora.md | 0 .../20190312 When the web grew up- A browser story.md | 0 ...tel formally launches Optane for data center memory caching.md | 0 ... Tmux Command Examples To Manage Multiple Terminal Sessions.md | 0 .../20190626 Where are all the IoT experts going to come from.md | 0 ... Aims to Fill the Void Left by Antergos in Arch Linux World.md | 0 .../20191227 The importance of consistency in your Python code.md | 0 .../20191228 The Zen of Python- Why timing is everything.md | 0 ...How to tell if implementing your Python code is a good idea.md | 0 ...1230 Namespaces are the shamash candle of the Zen of Python.md | 0 ...tion Tool Installation, Configuration and Quick Start Guide.md | 0 ...0124 Ansible Ad-hoc Command Quick Start Guide with Examples.md | 0 ...rted With Pacman Commands in Arch-based Linux Distributions.md | 0 ...A new way to build cross-platform UIs for Linux ARM devices.md | 0 ...s That are Easier to Install and Use Than Arch Linux Itself.md | 0 .../{ => 202102}/20200615 LaTeX Typesetting - Part 1 (Lists).md | 0 .../{ => 202102}/20200629 LaTeX typesetting part 2 (tables).md | 0 .../20200724 LaTeX typesetting, Part 3- formatting.md | 0 ...sktop a Tiling Makeover With Material Shell GNOME Extension.md | 0 .../20201001 Navigating your Linux files with ranger.md | 0 published/{ => 202102}/20201013 My first day using Ansible.md | 0 .../{ => 202102}/20201103 How the Kubernetes scheduler works.md | 0 ... Bash tutorials to enhance your command line skills in 2021.md | 0 .../20210115 How to Create and Manage Archive Files in Linux.md | 0 .../20210118 10 ways to get started with open source in 2021.md | 0 .../{ => 202102}/20210119 Set up a Linux cloud on bare metal.md | 0 .../20210120 Learn JavaScript by writing a guessing game.md | 0 ...ow Nextcloud is the ultimate open source productivity suite.md | 0 .../20210122 3 tips for automating your email filters.md | 0 ...210125 Explore binaries using this full-featured Linux tool.md | 0 .../{ => 202102}/20210125 Use Joplin to find your notes faster.md | 0 .../{ => 202102}/20210125 Why you need to drop ifconfig for ip.md | 0 ...20210126 Use your Raspberry Pi as a productivity powerhouse.md | 0 ...20210126 Write GIMP scripts to make image processing faster.md | 0 .../20210127 3 email mistakes and how to avoid them.md | 0 ...20210127 Why I use the D programming language for scripting.md | 0 .../20210128 4 tips for preventing notification fatigue.md | 0 ...a Shell Script in Linux -Essentials Explained for Beginners.md | 0 .../20210129 Manage containers with Podman Compose.md | 0 .../20210131 3 wishes for open source productivity in 2021.md | 0 .../20210201 Generate QR codes with this open source tool.md | 0 ...s a Simple, Open Source, Raw Image Editor for Linux Desktop.md | 0 ...203 Paru - A New AUR Helper and Pacman Wrapper Based on Yay.md | 0 published/{ => 202102}/20210204 A hands-on tutorial of SQLite3.md | 0 .../20210207 Why the success of open source depends on empathy.md | 0 ...8 3 open source tools that make Linux the ideal workstation.md | 0 ...lausible for an open source alternative to Google Analytics.md | 0 ...t5-based Web Browser With A Focus on Privacy and Minimalism.md | 0 .../20210212 4 reasons to choose Linux for art and design.md | 0 .../20210215 A practical guide to JavaScript closures.md | 0 ... Plots- A Mathematical Graph Plotting App for Linux Desktop.md | 0 .../20210217 5 reasons to use Linux package managers.md | 0 ...se this bootable USB drive on Linux to rescue Windows users.md | 0 .../{ => 202102}/20210218 5 must-have Linux media players.md | 0 ...ys to Customize Cinnamon Desktop in Linux -Beginner-s Guide.md | 0 ...210219 Unlock your Chromebook-s hidden potential with Linux.md | 0 ...220 Starship- Open-Source Customizable Prompt for Any Shell.md | 0 ...omfortable Using youtube-dl in Terminal- Use These GUI Apps.md | 0 58 files changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename published/{ => 202102}/20171025 Typeset your docs with LaTeX and TeXstudio on Fedora.md (100%) rename published/{ => 202102}/20190312 When the web grew up- A browser story.md (100%) rename published/{ => 202102}/20190404 Intel formally launches Optane for data center memory caching.md (100%) rename published/{ => 202102}/20190610 Tmux Command Examples To Manage Multiple Terminal Sessions.md (100%) rename published/{ => 202102}/20190626 Where are all the IoT experts going to come from.md (100%) rename published/{ => 202102}/20190810 EndeavourOS Aims to Fill the Void Left by Antergos in Arch Linux World.md (100%) rename published/{ => 202102}/20191227 The importance of consistency in your Python code.md (100%) rename published/{ => 202102}/20191228 The Zen of Python- Why timing is everything.md (100%) rename published/{ => 202102}/20191229 How to tell if implementing your Python code is a good idea.md (100%) rename published/{ => 202102}/20191230 Namespaces are the shamash candle of the Zen of Python.md (100%) rename published/{ => 202102}/20200121 Ansible Automation Tool Installation, Configuration and Quick Start Guide.md (100%) rename published/{ => 202102}/20200124 Ansible Ad-hoc Command Quick Start Guide with Examples.md (100%) rename published/{ => 202102}/20200419 Getting Started With Pacman Commands in Arch-based Linux Distributions.md (100%) rename published/{ => 202102}/20200529 A new way to build cross-platform UIs for Linux ARM devices.md (100%) rename published/{ => 202102}/20200607 Top Arch-based User Friendly Linux Distributions That are Easier to Install and Use Than Arch Linux Itself.md (100%) rename published/{ => 202102}/20200615 LaTeX Typesetting - Part 1 (Lists).md (100%) rename published/{ => 202102}/20200629 LaTeX typesetting part 2 (tables).md (100%) rename published/{ => 202102}/20200724 LaTeX typesetting, Part 3- formatting.md (100%) rename published/{ => 202102}/20200922 Give Your GNOME Desktop a Tiling Makeover With Material Shell GNOME Extension.md (100%) rename published/{ => 202102}/20201001 Navigating your Linux files with ranger.md (100%) rename published/{ => 202102}/20201013 My first day using Ansible.md (100%) rename published/{ => 202102}/20201103 How the Kubernetes scheduler works.md (100%) rename published/{ => 202102}/20210111 7 Bash tutorials to enhance your command line skills in 2021.md (100%) rename 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make image processing faster.md (100%) rename published/{ => 202102}/20210127 3 email mistakes and how to avoid them.md (100%) rename published/{ => 202102}/20210127 Why I use the D programming language for scripting.md (100%) rename published/{ => 202102}/20210128 4 tips for preventing notification fatigue.md (100%) rename published/{ => 202102}/20210128 How to Run a Shell Script in Linux -Essentials Explained for Beginners.md (100%) rename published/{ => 202102}/20210129 Manage containers with Podman Compose.md (100%) rename published/{ => 202102}/20210131 3 wishes for open source productivity in 2021.md (100%) rename published/{ => 202102}/20210201 Generate QR codes with this open source tool.md (100%) rename published/{ => 202102}/20210202 Filmulator is a Simple, Open Source, Raw Image Editor for Linux Desktop.md (100%) rename published/{ => 202102}/20210203 Paru - A New AUR Helper and Pacman Wrapper Based on Yay.md (100%) rename published/{ => 202102}/20210204 A hands-on tutorial of SQLite3.md (100%) rename published/{ => 202102}/20210207 Why the success of open source depends on empathy.md (100%) rename published/{ => 202102}/20210208 3 open source tools that make Linux the ideal workstation.md (100%) rename published/{ => 202102}/20210208 Why choose Plausible for an open source alternative to Google Analytics.md (100%) rename published/{ => 202102}/20210209 Viper Browser- A Lightweight Qt5-based Web Browser With A Focus on Privacy and Minimalism.md (100%) rename published/{ => 202102}/20210212 4 reasons to choose Linux for art and design.md (100%) rename published/{ => 202102}/20210215 A practical guide to JavaScript closures.md (100%) rename published/{ => 202102}/20210216 Meet Plots- A Mathematical Graph Plotting App for Linux Desktop.md (100%) rename published/{ => 202102}/20210217 5 reasons to use Linux package managers.md (100%) rename published/{ => 202102}/20210217 Use this bootable USB drive on Linux to rescue Windows users.md (100%) rename 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up- A browser story.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190312 When the web grew up- A browser story.md rename to published/202102/20190312 When the web grew up- A browser story.md diff --git a/published/20190404 Intel formally launches Optane for data center memory caching.md b/published/202102/20190404 Intel formally launches Optane for data center memory caching.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190404 Intel formally launches Optane for data center memory caching.md rename to published/202102/20190404 Intel formally launches Optane for data center memory caching.md diff --git a/published/20190610 Tmux Command Examples To Manage Multiple Terminal Sessions.md b/published/202102/20190610 Tmux Command Examples To Manage Multiple Terminal Sessions.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190610 Tmux Command Examples To Manage Multiple Terminal Sessions.md rename to published/202102/20190610 Tmux Command Examples To Manage Multiple Terminal Sessions.md diff --git a/published/20190626 Where are all the IoT experts going to come from.md b/published/202102/20190626 Where are all the IoT experts going to come from.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190626 Where are all the IoT experts going to come from.md rename to published/202102/20190626 Where are all the IoT experts going to come from.md diff --git a/published/20190810 EndeavourOS Aims to Fill the Void Left by Antergos in Arch Linux World.md b/published/202102/20190810 EndeavourOS Aims to Fill the Void Left by Antergos in Arch Linux World.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190810 EndeavourOS Aims to Fill the Void Left by Antergos in Arch Linux World.md rename to published/202102/20190810 EndeavourOS Aims to Fill the Void Left by Antergos in Arch Linux World.md diff --git a/published/20191227 The importance of consistency in your Python code.md b/published/202102/20191227 The importance of consistency in your Python code.md similarity index 100% rename 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b/published/202102/20191230 Namespaces are the shamash candle of the Zen of Python.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20191230 Namespaces are the shamash candle of the Zen of Python.md rename to published/202102/20191230 Namespaces are the shamash candle of the Zen of Python.md diff --git a/published/20200121 Ansible Automation Tool Installation, Configuration and Quick Start Guide.md b/published/202102/20200121 Ansible Automation Tool Installation, Configuration and Quick Start Guide.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20200121 Ansible Automation Tool Installation, Configuration and Quick Start Guide.md rename to published/202102/20200121 Ansible Automation Tool Installation, Configuration and Quick Start Guide.md diff --git a/published/20200124 Ansible Ad-hoc Command Quick Start Guide with Examples.md b/published/202102/20200124 Ansible Ad-hoc Command Quick Start Guide with Examples.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20200124 Ansible Ad-hoc Command Quick Start Guide with Examples.md rename to published/202102/20200124 Ansible Ad-hoc Command Quick Start Guide with Examples.md diff --git a/published/20200419 Getting Started With Pacman Commands in Arch-based Linux Distributions.md b/published/202102/20200419 Getting Started With Pacman Commands in Arch-based Linux Distributions.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20200419 Getting Started With Pacman Commands in Arch-based Linux Distributions.md rename to published/202102/20200419 Getting Started With Pacman Commands in Arch-based Linux Distributions.md diff --git a/published/20200529 A new way to build cross-platform UIs for Linux ARM devices.md b/published/202102/20200529 A new way to build cross-platform UIs for Linux ARM devices.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20200529 A new way to build cross-platform UIs for Linux ARM devices.md rename to published/202102/20200529 A new way to build cross-platform UIs for Linux ARM devices.md diff --git 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(tables).md similarity index 100% rename from published/20200629 LaTeX typesetting part 2 (tables).md rename to published/202102/20200629 LaTeX typesetting part 2 (tables).md diff --git a/published/20200724 LaTeX typesetting, Part 3- formatting.md b/published/202102/20200724 LaTeX typesetting, Part 3- formatting.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20200724 LaTeX typesetting, Part 3- formatting.md rename to published/202102/20200724 LaTeX typesetting, Part 3- formatting.md diff --git a/published/20200922 Give Your GNOME Desktop a Tiling Makeover With Material Shell GNOME Extension.md b/published/202102/20200922 Give Your GNOME Desktop a Tiling Makeover With Material Shell GNOME Extension.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20200922 Give Your GNOME Desktop a Tiling Makeover With Material Shell GNOME Extension.md rename to published/202102/20200922 Give Your GNOME Desktop a Tiling Makeover With Material Shell GNOME Extension.md diff --git a/published/20201001 Navigating your Linux files with ranger.md b/published/202102/20201001 Navigating your Linux files with ranger.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20201001 Navigating your Linux files with ranger.md rename to published/202102/20201001 Navigating your Linux files with ranger.md diff --git a/published/20201013 My first day using Ansible.md b/published/202102/20201013 My first day using Ansible.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20201013 My first day using Ansible.md rename to published/202102/20201013 My first day using Ansible.md diff --git a/published/20201103 How the Kubernetes scheduler works.md b/published/202102/20201103 How the Kubernetes scheduler works.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20201103 How the Kubernetes scheduler works.md rename to published/202102/20201103 How the Kubernetes scheduler works.md diff --git a/published/20210111 7 Bash tutorials to enhance your command line skills in 2021.md b/published/202102/20210111 7 Bash tutorials to enhance your command line skills in 2021.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20210111 7 Bash tutorials to enhance your command line skills in 2021.md rename to published/202102/20210111 7 Bash tutorials to enhance your command line skills in 2021.md diff --git a/published/20210115 How to Create and Manage Archive Files in Linux.md b/published/202102/20210115 How to Create and Manage Archive Files in Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20210115 How to Create and Manage Archive Files in Linux.md rename to published/202102/20210115 How to Create and Manage Archive Files in Linux.md diff --git a/published/20210118 10 ways to get started with open source in 2021.md b/published/202102/20210118 10 ways to get started with open source in 2021.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20210118 10 ways to get started with open source in 2021.md rename to published/202102/20210118 10 ways to get started with open source in 2021.md diff --git a/published/20210119 Set up a Linux cloud on bare metal.md b/published/202102/20210119 Set up a Linux cloud on bare metal.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20210119 Set up a Linux cloud on bare metal.md rename to published/202102/20210119 Set up a Linux cloud on bare metal.md diff --git a/published/20210120 Learn JavaScript by writing a guessing game.md b/published/202102/20210120 Learn JavaScript by writing a guessing game.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20210120 Learn JavaScript by writing a guessing game.md rename to published/202102/20210120 Learn JavaScript by writing a guessing game.md diff --git a/published/20210121 How Nextcloud is the ultimate open source productivity suite.md b/published/202102/20210121 How Nextcloud is the ultimate open source productivity suite.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20210121 How Nextcloud is the ultimate open source productivity suite.md rename to published/202102/20210121 How Nextcloud is the ultimate open source productivity suite.md diff --git a/published/20210122 3 tips for automating your email filters.md b/published/202102/20210122 3 tips for automating your email filters.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20210122 3 tips for automating your email filters.md rename to published/202102/20210122 3 tips for automating your email filters.md diff --git a/published/20210125 Explore binaries using this full-featured Linux tool.md b/published/202102/20210125 Explore binaries using this full-featured Linux tool.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20210125 Explore binaries using this full-featured Linux tool.md rename to published/202102/20210125 Explore binaries using this full-featured Linux tool.md diff --git a/published/20210125 Use Joplin to find your notes faster.md b/published/202102/20210125 Use Joplin to find your notes faster.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20210125 Use Joplin to find your notes faster.md rename to published/202102/20210125 Use Joplin to find your notes faster.md diff --git a/published/20210125 Why you need to drop ifconfig for ip.md b/published/202102/20210125 Why you need to drop ifconfig for ip.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20210125 Why you need to drop ifconfig for ip.md rename to published/202102/20210125 Why you need to drop ifconfig for ip.md diff --git a/published/20210126 Use your Raspberry Pi as a productivity powerhouse.md b/published/202102/20210126 Use your Raspberry Pi as a productivity powerhouse.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20210126 Use your Raspberry Pi as a productivity powerhouse.md rename to published/202102/20210126 Use your Raspberry Pi as a productivity powerhouse.md diff --git a/published/20210126 Write GIMP scripts to make image processing faster.md b/published/202102/20210126 Write GIMP scripts to make image processing faster.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20210126 Write GIMP scripts to make image processing faster.md rename to published/202102/20210126 Write GIMP scripts to make image processing faster.md diff --git a/published/20210127 3 email mistakes and how to avoid them.md b/published/202102/20210127 3 email mistakes and how to avoid them.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20210127 3 email mistakes and how to avoid them.md rename to published/202102/20210127 3 email mistakes and how to avoid them.md diff --git a/published/20210127 Why I use the D programming language for scripting.md b/published/202102/20210127 Why I use the D programming language for scripting.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20210127 Why I use the D programming language for scripting.md rename to published/202102/20210127 Why I use the D programming language for scripting.md diff --git a/published/20210128 4 tips for preventing notification fatigue.md b/published/202102/20210128 4 tips for preventing notification fatigue.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20210128 4 tips for preventing notification fatigue.md rename to published/202102/20210128 4 tips for preventing notification fatigue.md diff --git a/published/20210128 How to Run a Shell Script in Linux -Essentials Explained for Beginners.md b/published/202102/20210128 How to Run a Shell Script in Linux -Essentials Explained for Beginners.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20210128 How to Run a Shell Script in Linux -Essentials Explained for Beginners.md rename to published/202102/20210128 How to Run a Shell Script in Linux -Essentials Explained for Beginners.md diff --git a/published/20210129 Manage containers with Podman Compose.md b/published/202102/20210129 Manage containers with Podman Compose.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20210129 Manage containers with Podman Compose.md rename to published/202102/20210129 Manage containers with Podman Compose.md diff --git a/published/20210131 3 wishes for open source productivity in 2021.md b/published/202102/20210131 3 wishes for open source productivity in 2021.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20210131 3 wishes for open source productivity in 2021.md rename to published/202102/20210131 3 wishes for open source productivity in 2021.md diff --git a/published/20210201 Generate QR codes with this open source tool.md b/published/202102/20210201 Generate QR codes with this open source tool.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20210201 Generate QR codes with this open source tool.md rename to published/202102/20210201 Generate QR codes with this open source tool.md diff --git a/published/20210202 Filmulator is a Simple, Open Source, Raw Image Editor for Linux Desktop.md b/published/202102/20210202 Filmulator is a Simple, Open Source, Raw Image Editor for Linux Desktop.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20210202 Filmulator is a Simple, Open Source, Raw Image Editor for Linux Desktop.md rename to published/202102/20210202 Filmulator is a Simple, Open Source, Raw Image Editor for Linux Desktop.md diff --git a/published/20210203 Paru - A New AUR Helper and Pacman Wrapper Based on Yay.md b/published/202102/20210203 Paru - A New AUR Helper and Pacman Wrapper Based on Yay.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20210203 Paru - A New AUR Helper and Pacman Wrapper Based on Yay.md rename to published/202102/20210203 Paru - A New AUR Helper and Pacman Wrapper Based on Yay.md diff --git a/published/20210204 A hands-on tutorial of SQLite3.md b/published/202102/20210204 A hands-on tutorial of SQLite3.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20210204 A hands-on tutorial of SQLite3.md rename to published/202102/20210204 A hands-on tutorial of SQLite3.md diff --git a/published/20210207 Why the success of open source depends on empathy.md b/published/202102/20210207 Why the success of open source depends on empathy.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20210207 Why the success of open source depends on empathy.md rename to published/202102/20210207 Why the success of open source depends on empathy.md diff --git a/published/20210208 3 open source tools that make Linux the ideal workstation.md b/published/202102/20210208 3 open source tools that make Linux the ideal workstation.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20210208 3 open source tools that make Linux the ideal workstation.md rename to published/202102/20210208 3 open source tools that make Linux the ideal workstation.md diff --git a/published/20210208 Why choose Plausible for an open source alternative to Google Analytics.md b/published/202102/20210208 Why choose Plausible for an open source alternative to Google Analytics.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20210208 Why choose Plausible for an open source alternative to Google Analytics.md rename to published/202102/20210208 Why choose Plausible for an open source alternative to Google Analytics.md diff --git a/published/20210209 Viper Browser- A Lightweight Qt5-based Web Browser With A Focus on Privacy and Minimalism.md b/published/202102/20210209 Viper Browser- A Lightweight Qt5-based Web Browser With A Focus on Privacy and Minimalism.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20210209 Viper Browser- A Lightweight Qt5-based Web Browser With A Focus on Privacy and Minimalism.md rename to published/202102/20210209 Viper Browser- A Lightweight Qt5-based Web Browser With A Focus on Privacy and Minimalism.md diff --git a/published/20210212 4 reasons to choose Linux for art and design.md b/published/202102/20210212 4 reasons to choose Linux for art and design.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20210212 4 reasons to choose Linux for art and design.md rename to published/202102/20210212 4 reasons to choose Linux for art and design.md diff --git a/published/20210215 A practical guide to JavaScript closures.md b/published/202102/20210215 A practical guide to JavaScript closures.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20210215 A practical guide to JavaScript closures.md rename to published/202102/20210215 A practical guide to JavaScript closures.md diff --git a/published/20210216 Meet Plots- A Mathematical Graph Plotting App for Linux Desktop.md b/published/202102/20210216 Meet Plots- A Mathematical Graph Plotting App for Linux Desktop.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20210216 Meet Plots- A Mathematical Graph Plotting App for Linux Desktop.md rename to published/202102/20210216 Meet Plots- A Mathematical Graph Plotting App for Linux Desktop.md diff --git a/published/20210217 5 reasons to use Linux package managers.md b/published/202102/20210217 5 reasons to use Linux package managers.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20210217 5 reasons to use Linux package managers.md rename to published/202102/20210217 5 reasons to use Linux package managers.md diff --git a/published/20210217 Use this bootable USB drive on Linux to rescue Windows users.md b/published/202102/20210217 Use this bootable USB drive on Linux to rescue Windows users.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20210217 Use this bootable USB drive on Linux to rescue Windows users.md rename to published/202102/20210217 Use this bootable USB drive on Linux to rescue Windows users.md diff --git a/published/20210218 5 must-have Linux media players.md b/published/202102/20210218 5 must-have Linux media players.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20210218 5 must-have Linux media players.md rename to published/202102/20210218 5 must-have Linux media players.md diff --git a/published/20210219 7 Ways to Customize Cinnamon Desktop in Linux -Beginner-s Guide.md b/published/202102/20210219 7 Ways to Customize Cinnamon Desktop in Linux -Beginner-s Guide.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20210219 7 Ways to Customize Cinnamon Desktop in Linux -Beginner-s Guide.md rename to published/202102/20210219 7 Ways to Customize Cinnamon Desktop in Linux -Beginner-s Guide.md diff --git a/published/20210219 Unlock your Chromebook-s hidden potential with Linux.md b/published/202102/20210219 Unlock your Chromebook-s hidden potential with Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20210219 Unlock your Chromebook-s hidden potential with Linux.md rename to published/202102/20210219 Unlock your Chromebook-s hidden potential with Linux.md diff --git a/published/20210220 Starship- Open-Source Customizable Prompt for Any Shell.md b/published/202102/20210220 Starship- Open-Source Customizable Prompt for Any Shell.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20210220 Starship- Open-Source Customizable Prompt for Any Shell.md rename to published/202102/20210220 Starship- Open-Source Customizable Prompt for Any Shell.md diff --git a/published/20210221 Not Comfortable Using youtube-dl in Terminal- Use These GUI Apps.md b/published/202102/20210221 Not Comfortable Using youtube-dl in Terminal- Use These GUI Apps.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20210221 Not Comfortable Using youtube-dl in Terminal- Use These GUI Apps.md rename to published/202102/20210221 Not Comfortable Using youtube-dl in Terminal- Use These GUI Apps.md From e3077e788c25ffcbc95d5b672acba39e0d238372 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Mon, 1 Mar 2021 09:02:53 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 073/309] translating --- ...20210228 How to Install the Latest Erlang on Ubuntu Linux.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20210228 How to Install the Latest Erlang on Ubuntu Linux.md b/sources/tech/20210228 How to Install the Latest Erlang on Ubuntu Linux.md index 5b62e7bae4..b479cd84a9 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20210228 How to Install the Latest Erlang on Ubuntu Linux.md +++ b/sources/tech/20210228 How to Install the Latest Erlang on Ubuntu Linux.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ [#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/install-erlang-ubuntu/) [#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/) [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 679d95e1538de80aa4d3d81c5753a3eebdc1c60a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Mon, 1 Mar 2021 09:16:01 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 074/309] PRF @geekpi --- ...riendly Alternative to du and df commands.md | 35 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 18 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20210224 Check Your Disk Usage Using ‘duf- Terminal Tool -Friendly Alternative to du and df commands.md b/translated/tech/20210224 Check Your Disk Usage Using ‘duf- Terminal Tool -Friendly Alternative to du and df commands.md index 889d51fc1b..e74ae068d0 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20210224 Check Your Disk Usage Using ‘duf- Terminal Tool -Friendly Alternative to du and df commands.md +++ b/translated/tech/20210224 Check Your Disk Usage Using ‘duf- Terminal Tool -Friendly Alternative to du and df commands.md @@ -1,26 +1,28 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (Check Your Disk Usage Using ‘duf’ Terminal Tool [Friendly Alternative to du and df commands]) [#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/duf-disk-usage/) [#]: author: (Ankush Das https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/) -使用 “duf” 终端工具检查你的磁盘使用情况（du 和 df 命令的友好替代品） +使用 duf 终端工具检查你的磁盘使用情况 ====== -_**简介：duf 是一个终端工具，旨在增强传统的 Linux 命令 “df” 和 “du”。它可以让你轻松地检查可用磁盘空间，对输出进行分类，并以用户友好的方式呈现。**_ +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/202103/01/091533qkx95xomkzfmsdxo.jpg) + +> `duf` 是一个终端工具，旨在增强传统的 Linux 命令 `df` 和 `du`。它可以让你轻松地检查可用磁盘空间，对输出进行分类，并以用户友好的方式呈现。 ### duf：一个用 Golang 编写的跨平台磁盘使用情况工具 ![][1] -在我知道这个工具之前，我更喜欢使用像 [Stacer][2] 这样的 GUI 程序或者预装的 GNOME 磁盘使用情况程序来[检查可用的磁盘空间][3]和系统的磁盘使用数量。 +在我知道这个工具之前，我更喜欢使用像 [Stacer][2] 这样的 GUI 程序或者预装的 GNOME 磁盘使用情况程序来 [检查可用的磁盘空间][3] 和系统的磁盘使用量。 -不过，[duf][4] 似乎是一个有用的终端工具，可以检查磁盘使用情况和可用空间，它是用 [Golang][5] 编写的。尽管 Abhishek 建议我试一试它，但我觉得它还要有趣，尤其是考虑到我目前正在学习 Golang，真是太巧了! +不过，[duf][4] 似乎是一个有用的终端工具，可以检查磁盘使用情况和可用空间，它是用 [Golang][5] 编写的。Abhishek 建议我试一试它，但我对它很感兴趣，尤其是考虑到我目前正在学习 Golang，真是太巧了! -无论你是终端大师还是只是一个对终端不适应的初学者，它都相当容易使用。当然，它比[检查磁盘空间利用率命令 df][6] 更容易理解。 +无论你是终端大师还是只是一个对终端不适应的初学者，它都相当容易使用。当然，它比 [检查磁盘空间利用率命令 df][6] 更容易理解。 在你把它安装到你的系统上之前，让我重点介绍一下它的一些主要功能和用法。 @@ -30,22 +32,21 @@ _**简介：duf 是一个终端工具，旨在增强传统的 Linux 命令 “df * 提供所有挂载设备的概览且易于理解。 * 能够指定目录/文件名并检查该挂载点的可用空间。 - * 更改/删除输出中的列 - * 列出 [inode][8] 信息 - * 输出排序 - * 支持 JSON 输出 + * 更改/删除输出中的列。 + * 列出 [inode][8] 信息。 + * 输出排序。 + * 支持 JSON 输出。 * 如果不能自动检测终端的主题，可以指定主题。 - ### 在 Linux 上安装和使用 duf 你可以在 [AUR][9] 中找到一个 Arch Linux 的软件包。如果你使用的是 [Nix 包管理器][10]，也可以找到一个包。 -对于基于 Debian 的发行版和 RPM 包，你可以去它的 [GitHub 发布区][11]中获取适合你系统的包。 +对于基于 Debian 的发行版和 RPM 包，你可以去它的 [GitHub 发布区][11] 中获取适合你系统的包。 它也适用于 Windows、Android、macOS 和 FreeBSD。 -在我这里，我需要[安装 DEB 包][12]，然后就可以使用了。安装好后，使用起来很简单，你只要输入： +在我这里，我需要 [安装 DEB 包][12]，然后就可以使用了。安装好后，使用起来很简单，你只要输入： ``` duf @@ -53,7 +54,7 @@ duf 这应该会给你提供所有本地设备、已挂载的任何云存储设备以及任何其他特殊设备（包括临时存储位置等）的详细信息。 -如果你想一目了然地查看所有 **duf** 的可用命令，你可以输入： +如果你想一目了然地查看所有 `duf` 的可用命令，你可以输入： ``` duf --help @@ -79,11 +80,11 @@ duf --sort size 你可以探索它的 [GitHub 页面][4]，以获得更多关于额外命令和安装说明的信息。 -[下载 duf][4] +- [下载 duf][4] ### 结束语 -我发现终端工具 “duf” 相当方便，可以在不需要使用 GUI 程序的情况下，随时查看可用磁盘空间或使用情况。 +我发现终端工具 `duf` 相当方便，可以在不需要使用 GUI 程序的情况下，随时查看可用磁盘空间或使用情况。 你知道有什么类似的工具吗？欢迎在下面的评论中告诉我你的想法。 @@ -94,7 +95,7 @@ via: https://itsfoss.com/duf-disk-usage/ 作者：[Ankush Das][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 48e190f45e24bc060f4d37b4304c05582753bfbc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Mon, 1 Mar 2021 09:16:35 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 075/309] PUB @geekpi https://linux.cn/article-13165-1.html --- ...Terminal Tool -Friendly Alternative to du and df commands.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20210224 Check Your Disk Usage Using ‘duf- Terminal Tool -Friendly Alternative to du and df commands.md (98%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20210224 Check Your Disk Usage Using ‘duf- Terminal Tool -Friendly Alternative to du and df commands.md b/published/20210224 Check Your Disk Usage Using ‘duf- Terminal Tool -Friendly Alternative to du and df commands.md similarity index 98% rename from translated/tech/20210224 Check Your Disk Usage Using ‘duf- Terminal Tool -Friendly Alternative to du and df commands.md rename to published/20210224 Check Your Disk Usage Using ‘duf- Terminal Tool -Friendly Alternative to du and df commands.md index e74ae068d0..4a72a2ac46 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20210224 Check Your Disk Usage Using ‘duf- Terminal Tool -Friendly Alternative to du and df commands.md +++ b/published/20210224 Check Your Disk Usage Using ‘duf- Terminal Tool -Friendly Alternative to du and df commands.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-13165-1.html) [#]: subject: (Check Your Disk Usage Using ‘duf’ Terminal Tool [Friendly Alternative to du and df commands]) [#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/duf-disk-usage/) [#]: author: (Ankush Das https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/) From d6c60bdb601e227cd3689f0b64242f050128ba15 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?=E5=88=98=E8=B6=85=E6=99=BA?= Date: Mon, 1 Mar 2021 16:39:05 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 076/309] translate done: 20210217 4 tech jobs for people who don-t code.md --- ...7 4 tech jobs for people who don-t code.md | 144 ------------------ ...7 4 tech jobs for people who don-t code.md | 133 ++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 133 insertions(+), 144 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/talk/20210217 4 tech jobs for people who don-t code.md create mode 100644 translated/talk/20210217 4 tech jobs for people who don-t code.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20210217 4 tech jobs for people who don-t code.md b/sources/talk/20210217 4 tech jobs for people who don-t code.md deleted file mode 100644 index dfcbee2ba3..0000000000 --- a/sources/talk/20210217 4 tech jobs for people who don-t code.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,144 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (Chao-zhi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (4 tech jobs for people who don't code) -[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/2/non-engineering-jobs-tech) -[#]: author: (Dawn Parzych https://opensource.com/users/dawnparzych) - -4 tech jobs for people who don't code -====== -There are many roles in tech for people who aren't engineers. Explore -some of them in part 2 of this series. -![Looking at a map][1] - -In the [first article in this series][2], I explained how the tech industry divides people and roles into "technical" or "non-technical" categories and the problems associated with this. The tech industry makes it difficult for people interested in tech—but not coding—to figure out where they fit in and what they can do. - -If you're interested in technology or open source but aren't interested in coding, there are roles available for you. Any of these positions at a tech company likely require somebody who is tech-savvy but does not necessarily write code. You do, however, need to know the terminology and understand the product. - -I've recently noticed the addition of the word "technical" onto job titles such as technical account manager, technical product manager, technical community manager, etc. This mirrors the trend a few years ago where the word "engineer" was tacked onto titles to indicate the role's technical needs. After a while, everybody has the word "engineer" in their title, and the classification loses some of its allure. - -As I sat down to write these articles, this tweet from Tim Banks appeared in my timeline: - -> Women who've made career changes into tech, but aren't developers (think like infosec, data science/analysts, infra engineers, etc), what are some things you'd wished you'd known, resources that were valuable, or advice you'd have for someone looking to make a similar change? -> -> — Tim Banks is a buttery biscuit (@elchefe) [December 15, 2020][3] - -This follows the advice in my first article: Tim does not simply ask about "non-technical roles"; he provides more significant context. On a medium like Twitter, where every character counts, those extra characters make a difference. These are _technical_ roles. Calling them non-technical to save characters in a tweet would have changed the impact and meaning. - -Here's a sampling of non-engineering roles in tech that require technical knowledge. - -### Technical writer - -A [technical writer's job][4] is to transfer factual information between two or more parties. Traditionally, a technical writer provides instructions or documentation on how to use a technology product. Recently, I've seen the term "technical writer" refer to people who write other forms of content. Tech companies want a person to write blog posts for their developer audience, and this skill is different from copywriting or content marketing. - -**Technical skills required:** - - * Writing - * User knowledge or experience with a specific technology - * The ability to quickly come up to speed on a new product or feature - * Skill in various authoring environments - - - -**Good for people who:** - - * Can plainly provide step-by-step instructions - * Enjoy collaborating - * Have a passion for the active voice and Oxford comma - * Enjoy describing the what and how - - - -### Product manager - -A [product manager][5] is responsible for leading a product's strategy. Responsibilities may include gathering and prioritizing customers' requirements, writing business cases, and training the sales force. Product managers work cross-functionally to successfully launch a product using a combination of creative and technical skills. Product managers require deep product expertise. - -**Technical skills required:** - - * Hands-on product knowledge and the ability to configure or run a demo - * Knowledge of the technological ecosystem related to the product - * Analytical and research skills - - - -**Good for people who:** - - * Enjoy strategizing and planning what comes next - * Can see a common thread in different people's needs - * Can articulate the business needs and requirements - * Enjoy describing the why - - - -### Data analyst - -Data analysts are responsible for collecting and interpreting data to help drive business decisions such as whether to enter a new market, what customers to target, or where to invest. The role requires knowing how to use all of the potential data available to make decisions. We tend to oversimplify things, and data analysis is often over-simplified. Getting the right information isn't as simple as writing a query to "select all limit 10" to get the top 10 rows. You need to know what tables to join. You need to know how to sort. You need to know whether the data needs to be cleaned up in some way before or after running the query. - -**Technical skills required:** - - * Knowledge of SQL, Python, and R - * Ability to see and extract patterns in data - * Understanding how things function end to end - * Critical thinking - * Machine learning - - - -**Good for people who:** - - * Enjoy problem-solving - * Desire to learn and ask questions - - - -### Developer relations - -[Developer relations][6] is a relatively new discipline in technology. It encompasses the roles of [developer advocate][7], developer evangelist, and developer marketing, among others. These roles require you to communicate with developers, build relationships with them, and help them be more productive. You advocate for the developers' needs to the company and represent the company to the developer. Developer relations can include writing articles, creating tutorials, recording podcasts, speaking at conferences, and creating integrations and demos. Some say you need to have worked as a developer to move into developer relations. I did not take that path, and I know many others who haven't. - -**Technical skills required:** - -These will be highly dependent on the company and the role. You will need some (not all) depending on your focus. - - * Understanding technical concepts related to the product - * Writing - * Video and audio editing for tutorials and podcasts - * Speaking - - - -**Good for people who:** - - * Have empathy and want to teach and empower others - * Can advocate for others - * Are creative - - - -### Endless possibilities - -This is not a comprehensive list of all the non-engineering roles available in tech, but a sampling of some of the roles available for people who don't enjoy writing code daily. If you're interested in a tech career, look at your skills and what roles would be a good fit. The possibilities are endless. To help you in your journey, in the final article in this series, I'll share some advice from people who are in these roles. - -There are lots of non-code ways to contribute to open source: Here are three alternatives. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://opensource.com/article/21/2/non-engineering-jobs-tech - -作者：[Dawn Parzych][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[Chao-zhi](https://github.com/Chao-zhi) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://opensource.com/users/dawnparzych -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/tips_map_guide_ebook_help_troubleshooting_lightbulb_520.png?itok=L0BQHgjr (Looking at a map) -[2]: https://opensource.com/article/21/2/what-does-it-mean-be-technical -[3]: https://twitter.com/elchefe/status/1338933320147750915?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw -[4]: https://opensource.com/article/17/5/technical-writing-job-interview-tips -[5]: https://opensource.com/article/20/2/product-management-open-source-company -[6]: https://www.marythengvall.com/blog/2019/5/22/what-is-developer-relations-and-why-should-you-care -[7]: https://opensource.com/article/20/10/open-source-developer-advocates diff --git a/translated/talk/20210217 4 tech jobs for people who don-t code.md b/translated/talk/20210217 4 tech jobs for people who don-t code.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ad7ccc3b55 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/talk/20210217 4 tech jobs for people who don-t code.md @@ -0,0 +1,133 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (Chao-zhi) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (4 tech jobs for people who don't code) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/2/non-engineering-jobs-tech) +[#]: author: (Dawn Parzych https://opensource.com/users/dawnparzych) + +不懂代码的人也可以干的 4 种技术工作 +====== + +对于不是工程师的人来说也有很多技术工作可以做。本文作为本系列的第二篇，就具体阐述这些工作。 + +![Looking at a map][1] + +在[本系列的第一篇文章 ][2] 中，我解释了技术行业如何将人员和角色划分为“技术”或“非技术”类别，以及与此相关的问题。科技行业使得那些对科技感兴趣但不懂编程的人很难找到适合自己的角色。 + +如果您对技术或开源感兴趣，但对编程不感兴趣，这也有一些工作适合你。科技公司的任何一个职位都可能需要一个精通科技但不一定会写代码的人。但是，您确实需要了解术语并理解产品。 + +我最近注意到，在诸如技术客户经理、技术产品经理、技术社区经理等职位头衔上增加了“技术”一词。这反映了几年前的趋势，即在头衔上加上“工程师”一词，以表示该职位的技术需要。过了一段时间，每个人的头衔中都有“工程师”这个词，这样的分类就失去了一些吸引力。 + +当我坐下来写这些文章时，Tim Banks 的这条推特出现在我的通知栏上： + +> 已经将职业生涯规划为技术行业的非开发人员（除了信息安全、数据科学/分析师、基础设施工程师等以外的人员）的女性，你希望知道的事情有哪些，有价值的资源有哪些，或者对希望做出类似改变的人有哪些建议？ +> +> —— Tim Banks is a buttery biscuit (@elchefe) [December 15，2020][3] + +这遵循了我第一篇文章中的建议：Tim 并不是简单地询问“非技术角色”；他提供了更重要的详细描述。在 Twitter 这样的媒体上，每一个字符都很重要，这些额外的字符会产生不同的效果。这些是技术角色。如果为了节约笔墨，而简单的称呼他们为非技术人员，会改变你的原意，产生不好的影响。 + +以下是需要技术知识的非工程类角色的示例。 + +### 技术作家 + +[技术作家的工作 ][4] 是在两方或多方之间传递事实信息。传统上，技术作家提供有关如何使用技术产品的说明或文档。最近，我看到术语“技术作家”指的是写其他形式内容的人。科技公司希望一个人为他们的开发者读者写博客文章，而这种技巧不同于文案或内容营销。 + +**需要的技术技能：** + + * 写作 + * 特定技术或产品的用户知识或经验 + * 快速跟上新产品或新特性的速度的能力 + * 在各种环境中创作的技能 + + +**适合人群：** + + * 可以清楚地提供分步说明 + * 享受合作 + * 对活跃的声音和音乐有热情 + * 喜欢描述事物和解释原理 + + +### 产品经理 + +[产品经理 ][5] 负责领导产品战略。职责可能包括收集客户需求并确定其优先级，撰写业务案例，以及培训销售人员。产品经理跨职能工作，利用创造性和技术技能的结合，成功地推出产品。产品经理需要深厚的产品专业知识。 + +**所需技术技能：** + + * 掌握产品知识，并且会配置或运行演示模型 + * 与产品相关的技术生态系统知识 + * 分析和研究技能 + +**适合以下人群：** + + * 享受制定战略和规划下一步的工作 + * 在不同的人的需求中可以看到一条共同的线索 + * 能够清楚地表达业务需求和要求 + * 喜欢描述原因 + +### 数据分析师 + +数据分析师负责收集和解释数据，以帮助推动业务决策，如是否进入新市场、瞄准哪些客户或在何处投资。这个角色需要知道如何使用所有可用的潜在数据来做出决策。我们常常希望把事情简单化，而数据分析往往过于简单化。获取正确的信息并不像编写查询 “select all limit 10” 来获取前 10 行那么简单。您需要知道要加入哪些表。你需要知道如何分类。您需要知道是否需要在运行查询之前或之后以某种方式清理数据。 + +**所需技术技能：** + + * 了解 SQL、Python 和 R + * 能够看到和提取数据中的样本 + * 了解事物如何端到端运行 + * 批判性思维 + * 机器学习 + +**适合以下人群：** + + * 享受解决问题的乐趣 + * 渴望学习和提出问题 + + + +### 开发者关系 + +[Developer relations][6] 是一门相对较新的技术学科。它包括[开发人员代言人 ][7]、 开发人员传道者和开发人员营销等角色。这些角色要求您与开发人员沟通，与他们建立关系，并帮助他们提高工作效率。你向公司倡导开发者的需求，并向开发者代表公司。开发人员关系可以包括撰写文章、创建教程、录制播客、在会议上发言以及创建集成和演示。有人说你需要做过开发人员才能进入开发人员关系。我没有走那条路，我知道很多人没有。 + +**所需技术技能：** + +这些将高度依赖于公司和具体角色。你需要部分技能（不是全部）取决于你自己。 + + * 了解与产品相关的技术概念 + * 写作 + * 教程和播客的视频和音频编辑 + * 说话 + +**适合以下人群：** + + * 有同情心，想要教导和授权他人 + * 可以为他人辩护 + * 你很有创意 + + +### 无限的可能性 + +这并不是一个完整的清单，并没有列出技术领域中所有的非工程类角色，而是一些不喜欢每天编写代码的人可以尝试的工作。如果你对科技职业感兴趣，看看你的技能和什么角色最适合。可能性是无穷的。为了帮助您完成旅程，在本系列的最后一篇文章中，我将与这些角色的人分享一些建议。 +有很多非代码方式可以为开源做出贡献：这里有三种选择。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/21/2/non-engineering-jobs-tech + +作者：[Dawn Parzych][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[Chao-zhi](https://github.com/Chao-zhi) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/dawnparzych +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/tips_map_guide_ebook_help_troubleshooting_lightbulb_520.png?itok=L0BQHgjr (Looking at a map) +[2]: https://opensource.com/article/21/2/what-does-it-mean-be-technical +[3]: https://twitter.com/elchefe/status/1338933320147750915?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw +[4]: https://opensource.com/article/17/5/technical-writing-job-interview-tips +[5]: https://opensource.com/article/20/2/product-management-open-source-company +[6]: https://www.marythengvall.com/blog/2019/5/22/what-is-developer-relations-and-why-should-you-care +[7]: https://opensource.com/article/20/10/open-source-developer-advocates From 0f983cb4f9db0a4a989f33b924ad1cd446db4605 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Mon, 1 Mar 2021 22:57:38 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 077/309] PRF @MjSeven --- ...aybooks Quick Start Guide with Examples.md | 86 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 42 insertions(+), 44 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20200129 Ansible Playbooks Quick Start Guide with Examples.md b/translated/tech/20200129 Ansible Playbooks Quick Start Guide with Examples.md index b2e80cc517..90ffa5a074 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20200129 Ansible Playbooks Quick Start Guide with Examples.md +++ b/translated/tech/20200129 Ansible Playbooks Quick Start Guide with Examples.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ [#]: collector: "lujun9972" [#]: translator: "MjSeven" -[#]: reviewer: " " +[#]: reviewer: "wxy" [#]: publisher: " " [#]: url: " " [#]: subject: "Ansible Playbooks Quick Start Guide with Examples" @@ -14,22 +14,20 @@ Ansible 剧本快速入门指南 如果你是 Ansible 新手，我建议你阅读下面这两篇文章，它会教你一些 Ansible 的基础以及它是什么。 - * **第一篇: [在 Linux 如何安装和配置 Ansible][1]** - * **第二篇: [Ansible ad-hoc 命令快速入门指南][2]** + * 第一篇: [Ansible 自动化工具安装、配置和快速入门指南][1] + * 第二篇: [Ansible 点对点命令快速入门指南示例][2] 如果你已经阅读过了，那么在阅读本文时你才不会感到突兀。 ### 什么是 Ansible 剧本? -剧本比临时命令模式更强大，而且完全不同。 +剧本playbook比点对点命令模式更强大，而且完全不同。 -它使用了 **"/usr/bin/ansible-playbook"** 二进制文件，并且提供丰富的特性使得复杂的任务变得更容易。 +它使用了 `/usr/bin/ansible-playbook` 二进制文件，并且提供丰富的特性使得复杂的任务变得更容易。 -如果你想经常运行一个任务，剧本是非常有用的。 +如果你想经常运行一个任务，剧本是非常有用的。此外，如果你想在服务器组上执行多个任务，它也是非常有用的。 -此外，如果你想在服务器组上执行多个任务，它也是非常有用的。 - -剧本由 YAML 语言编写。YAML 代表一种标记语言，它比其它常见的数据格式（如 XML 或 JSON）更容易读写。 +剧本是由 YAML 语言编写。YAML 代表一种标记语言，它比其它常见的数据格式（如 XML 或 JSON）更容易读写。 下面这张 Ansible 剧本流程图将告诉你它的详细结构。 @@ -37,22 +35,22 @@ Ansible 剧本快速入门指南 ### 理解 Ansible 剧本的术语 - * **控制节点:** Ansible 安装的机器，它负责管理客户端节点。 - * **被控节点:** 被控制节点管理的主机列表。 - * **剧本:** 一个剧本文件，包含一组自动化任务。 - * **主机清单:*** 这个文件包含有关管理的服务器的信息。 - * **任务:** 每个剧本都有大量的任务。任务在指定机器上依次执行（一个主机或多个主机）。 - * **模块:** 模块是一个代码单元，用于从客户端节点收集信息。 - * **角色:** 角色是根据已知文件结构自动加载一些变量文件、任务和处理程序的方法。 - * **Play:** 每个剧本含有大量的 play, 一个 play 从头到尾执行一个特定的自动化。 - * **Handlers:** 它可以帮助你减少在剧本中的重启任务。处理程序任务列表实际上与常规任务没有什么不同，更改由通知程序通知。如果处理程序没有收到任何通知，它将不起作用。 + * 控制节点Control node：Ansible 安装的机器，它负责管理客户端节点。 + * 受控节点Managed node：控制节点管理的主机列表。 + * 剧本playbook：一个剧本文件包含一组自动化任务。 + * 主机清单Inventory：这个文件包含有关管理的服务器的信息。 + * 任务Task：每个剧本都有大量的任务。任务在指定机器上依次执行（一个主机或多个主机）。 + * 模块Module： 模块是一个代码单元，用于从客户端节点收集信息。 + * 角色Role：角色是根据已知文件结构自动加载一些变量文件、任务和处理程序的方法。 + * 动作Play：每个剧本含有大量的动作，一个动作从头到尾执行一个特定的自动化。 + * 处理程序Handler： 它可以帮助你减少在剧本中的重启任务。处理程序任务列表实际上与常规任务没有什么不同，更改由通知程序通知。如果处理程序没有收到任何通知，它将不起作用。 ### 基本的剧本是怎样的？ 下面是一个剧本的模板： -```yaml ---- [YAML 文件应该以三个破折号开头] +``` +--- [YAML 文件应该以三个破折号开头] - name: [脚本描述] hosts: group [添加主机或主机组] become: true [如果你想以 root 身份运行任务，则标记它] @@ -69,14 +67,14 @@ Ansible 剧本快速入门指南 Ansible 剧本的输出有四种颜色，下面是具体含义： - * **绿色:** **ok –** 代表成功，关联的任务数据已经存在，并且已经根据需要进行了配置。 - * **黄色: 已更改 –** 指定的数据已经根据任务的需要更新或修改。 - * **红色: 失败–** 如果在执行任务时出现任何问题，它将返回一个失败消息，它可能是任何东西，你需要相应地修复它。 - * **白色:** 表示有多个参数。 + * **绿色**：`ok` 代表成功，关联的任务数据已经存在，并且已经根据需要进行了配置。 + * **黄色**：`changed` 指定的数据已经根据任务的需要更新或修改。 + * **红色**：`FAILED` 如果在执行任务时出现任何问题，它将返回一个失败消息，它可能是任何东西，你需要相应地修复它。 + * **白色**：表示有多个参数。 为此，创建一个剧本目录，将它们都放在同一个地方。 -```bash +``` $ sudo mkdir /etc/ansible/playbooks ``` @@ -84,7 +82,7 @@ $ sudo mkdir /etc/ansible/playbooks 这个示例剧本允许你在指定的目标机器上安装 Apache Web 服务器： -```bash +``` $ sudo nano /etc/ansible/playbooks/apache.yml --- @@ -102,7 +100,7 @@ $ sudo nano /etc/ansible/playbooks/apache.yml state: started ``` -```bash +``` $ ansible-playbook apache1.yml ``` @@ -112,7 +110,7 @@ $ ansible-playbook apache1.yml 使用以下命令来查看语法错误。如果没有发现错误，它只显示剧本文件名。如果它检测到任何错误，你将得到一个如下所示的错误，但内容可能根据你的输入文件而有所不同。 -```bash +``` $ ansible-playbook apache1.yml --syntax-check ERROR! Syntax Error while loading YAML. @@ -139,9 +137,9 @@ Should be written as: 或者，你可以使用这个 URL [YAML Lint][4] 在线检查 Ansible 剧本内容。 -执行以下命令进行**“演练”**。当你运行带有 **"-check"** 选项的剧本时，它不会对远程机器进行任何修改。相反，它会告诉你它将要做什么改变但不是真的执行。 +执行以下命令进行“演练”。当你运行带有 `--check` 选项的剧本时，它不会对远程机器进行任何修改。相反，它会告诉你它将要做什么改变但不是真的执行。 -```bash +``` $ ansible-playbook apache.yml --check PLAY [Install and Configure Apache Webserver] ******************************************************************** @@ -163,9 +161,9 @@ node1.2g.lab : ok=3 changed=2 unreachable=0 failed=0 s node2.2g.lab : ok=3 changed=2 unreachable=0 failed=0 skipped=0 rescued=0 ignored=0 ``` -如果你想要知道 ansible 剧本实现的详细信息，使用 **"-vv"** 选项，它会展示如何收集这些信息。 +如果你想要知道 ansible 剧本实现的详细信息，使用 `-vv` 选项，它会展示如何收集这些信息。 -```bash +``` $ ansible-playbook apache.yml --check -vv ansible-playbook 2.9.2 @@ -210,7 +208,7 @@ node2.2g.lab : ok=3 changed=2 unreachable=0 failed=0 s 这个示例剧本允许你在指定的目标节点上安装 Apache Web 服务器。 -```bash +``` $ sudo nano /etc/ansible/playbooks/apache-ubuntu.yml --- @@ -248,9 +246,9 @@ $ sudo nano /etc/ansible/playbooks/apache-ubuntu.yml 这个示例剧本允许你在指定的目标节点上安装软件包。 -**方法-1:** +**方法-1：** -```bash +``` $ sudo nano /etc/ansible/playbooks/packages-redhat.yml --- @@ -267,9 +265,9 @@ $ sudo nano /etc/ansible/playbooks/packages-redhat.yml - htop ``` -**方法-2:** +**方法-2：** -```bash +``` $ sudo nano /etc/ansible/playbooks/packages-redhat-1.yml --- @@ -286,9 +284,9 @@ $ sudo nano /etc/ansible/playbooks/packages-redhat-1.yml - htop ``` -**方法-3: 使用数组变量** +**方法-3：使用数组变量** -```bash +``` $ sudo nano /etc/ansible/playbooks/packages-redhat-2.yml --- @@ -307,7 +305,7 @@ $ sudo nano /etc/ansible/playbooks/packages-redhat-2.yml 这个示例剧本允许你在基于 Red Hat 或 Debian 的 Linux 系统上安装更新。 -```bash +``` $ sudo nano /etc/ansible/playbooks/security-update.yml --- @@ -331,13 +329,13 @@ via: https://www.2daygeek.com/ansible-playbooks-quick-start-guide-with-examples/ 作者：[Magesh Maruthamuthu][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[MjSeven](https://github.com/MjSeven) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 [a]: https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/ [b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://www.2daygeek.com/install-configure-ansible-automation-tool-linux-quick-start-guide/ -[2]: https://www.2daygeek.com/ansible-ad-hoc-command-quick-start-guide-with-examples/ -[3]: data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7 +[1]: https://linux.cn/article-13142-1.html +[2]: https://linux.cn/article-13163-1.html +[3]: https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/ansible-playbook-structure-flow-chart-explained.png [4]: http://www.yamllint.com/ From f19211ebe7ae396dfe53b087d785543d9cffd77d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Mon, 1 Mar 2021 22:58:15 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 078/309] PUB @MjSeven https://linux.cn/article-13167-1.html --- ...00129 Ansible Playbooks Quick Start Guide with Examples.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20200129 Ansible Playbooks Quick Start Guide with Examples.md (99%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20200129 Ansible Playbooks Quick Start Guide with Examples.md b/published/20200129 Ansible Playbooks Quick Start Guide with Examples.md similarity index 99% rename from translated/tech/20200129 Ansible Playbooks Quick Start Guide with Examples.md rename to published/20200129 Ansible Playbooks Quick Start Guide with Examples.md index 90ffa5a074..bf14ca23c7 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20200129 Ansible Playbooks Quick Start Guide with Examples.md +++ b/published/20200129 Ansible Playbooks Quick Start Guide with Examples.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: "lujun9972" [#]: translator: "MjSeven" [#]: reviewer: "wxy" -[#]: publisher: " " -[#]: url: " " +[#]: publisher: "wxy" +[#]: url: "https://linux.cn/article-13167-1.html" [#]: subject: "Ansible Playbooks Quick Start Guide with Examples" [#]: via: "https://www.2daygeek.com/ansible-playbooks-quick-start-guide-with-examples/" [#]: author: "Magesh Maruthamuthu https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/" From ebb2fe713d5f768a4fb63a659177c16ac28be3af Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Tue, 2 Mar 2021 00:32:38 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 079/309] PRF @Chao-zhi --- ...210216 What does being -technical- mean.md | 76 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 37 insertions(+), 39 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/talk/20210216 What does being -technical- mean.md b/translated/talk/20210216 What does being -technical- mean.md index 1890674cd0..85903ca41f 100644 --- a/translated/talk/20210216 What does being -technical- mean.md +++ b/translated/talk/20210216 What does being -technical- mean.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (Chao-zhi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (What does being 'technical' mean?) @@ -10,31 +10,31 @@ “技术”是什么意思？ ====== -用“技术”和“非技术”的标签对人们进行分类，会伤害个人和组织。本文作为本系列的第 1 篇，将阐述这个问题。 +> 用“技术”和“非技术”的标签对人们进行分类，会伤害个人和组织。本文作为本系列的第 1 篇，将阐述这个问题。 -![question mark in chalk][1] +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/202103/02/003141oz1l1765c598t6u7.jpg) -“技术”一词描述了许多项目和学科：**技术**淘汰赛、**技术性**犯规、攀岩比赛的**技术**课程和花样滑冰运动的**技术**得分。广受欢迎的烹饪节目 “_The Great British Bake-Off_” 包括一个“烘焙**技术**挑战”。任何参加过剧院演出的人都可能熟悉**技术**周，即戏剧或音乐剧首演前的一周。 +“技术technical”一词描述了许多项目和学科：**技术**淘汰赛、**技术性**犯规、攀岩比赛的**技术**课程和花样滑冰运动的**技术**得分。广受欢迎的烹饪节目 “_The Great British Bake-Off_” 包括一个“烘焙**技术**挑战”。任何参加过剧院演出的人都可能熟悉**技术**周，即戏剧或音乐剧首演前的一周。 -如您所见，**技术**一词并不严格适用于软件工程和软件操作，所以当我们称一个人或一个角色为“技术”时，我们的意思是什么，为什么使用这个术语？ +如你所见，**技术**一词并不严格适用于软件工程和软件操作，所以当我们称一个人或一个角色为“技术”时，我们的意思是什么，为什么使用这个术语？ -在我 20 年的科技生涯中，这些问题引起了我的兴趣，所以我决定通过一系列的采访来探讨这个问题。我不是工程师，也不写代码，但这并不意味着我是**非技术性**的。但我经常被贴上这样的标签。我认为自己是**技术性**的，通过这个系列，我希望你会明白为什么。 +在我 20 年的技术生涯中，这些问题引起了我的兴趣，所以我决定通过一系列的采访来探讨这个问题。我不是工程师，也不写代码，但这并不意味着我是**非技术型**的。但我经常被贴上这样的标签。我认为自己是**技术型**的，通过这个系列，我希望你会明白为什么。 -我知道我不是一个人。群众讨论是很重要的，因为如何定义和看待一个人或一个角色会影响他们做好工作的信心和能力。如果他们感到被压垮或不受尊重，就会降低他们的工作质量，挤压创新和新思想。你看，这一切都是循序渐进的，那么我们怎样才能改善这种状况呢？ +我知道我不是孤独一个人。群众讨论是很重要的，因为如何定义和看待一个人或一个角色会影响他们做好工作的信心和能力。如果他们感到被压垮或不受尊重，就会降低他们的工作质量，挤压创新和新思想。你看，这一切都是循序渐进的，那么我们怎样才能改善这种状况呢？ 我首先采访了 7 个不同角色的人。 -在本系列中，我将探讨“技术”一词背后的含义、技术的连续性、将人分类为技术性或非技术性的意外副作用，以及通常被认为是非技术性的技术角色。 +在本系列中，我将探讨“技术”一词背后的含义、技术的连续性、将人分类为技术型或非技术型的意外副作用，以及通常被认为是非技术性的技术角色。 ### 定义技术和非技术 首先，我们需要做个名词解释。根据字典网，“技术/技术性的”是一个具有多重含义的形容词，包括： - * 属于或关于艺术、科学等学科的 - * 精通或熟悉某一特定的艺术或行业 + * 属于或与艺术、科学等学科有关的 + * 精通或熟悉某一特定的艺术或行业的实际操作 * 技术要求高或困难（通常用于体育或艺术） -而“非技术性”一词在科技公司中经常被用来描述非工程人员。但是“非技术性”的定义是“与某一特定活动领域及其术语无关、不具有该领域的特征或不精通该领域”。 +而“非技术性”一词在科技公司中经常被用来描述非工程人员。但是“非技术性”的定义是“不涉及、不具有某个特定活动领域及其术语的特点，或不熟练”。 作为一个写作和谈论技术的人，我认为自己是技术型的。如果你不熟悉这个领域和术语，就不可能书写或谈论一个技术主题。有了这种理解，每个从事技术工作的人都是技术人员。 @@ -42,17 +42,17 @@ 那么，为什么划分技术与非技术？这在技术领域有什么意义呢？我们试图通过分配这些标签来实现什么？有没有一个好的理由？而我们有没有重新评估这些理由？让我们讨论一下。 -当我听到人们谈论技术人员和非技术人员时，我不禁想起 Seuss 教授写的童话故事 [_The Sneetches_][2]。Sneetches 的肚子上有没有星星被演化为一种渴望。Sneetches 们进入了一个无限循环，试图达到正确的状态。 +当我听到人们谈论技术人员和非技术人员时，我不禁想起 Seuss 教授写的童话故事 《[The Sneetches][2]》。Sneetches 有没有星星被演化为一种渴望。Sneetches 们进入了一个无限循环，试图达到正确的状态。 -标签可以起到一定的作用，但当它们迫使一个群体的等级被视为比另一个更好时，它们就会变得危险。想想你的组织或部门：销售、资源、营销 、QA、 工程等，哪一组的在重要性上高于或低于另一组？ +标签可以起到一定的作用，但当它们迫使一个群体的等级被视为比另一个更好时，它们就会变得危险。想想你的组织或部门：销售、资源、营销、质控、工程等，哪一组的在重要性上高于或低于另一组？ -即使它不是直接说的或写在什么地方，也可能是被人们默认的。这些等级划分通常也存在于规章制度中。技术内容经理利兹•哈里斯 （Liz Harris） 表示，在技术写作界存在着一个技术含量的评级，你越是偏技术的文章，你得到的报酬就越高，而且往往在技术写作社区里你得到的关注就越多。” +即使它不是直接说的或写在什么地方，也可能是被人们默认的。这些等级划分通常也存在于规章制度中。技术内容经理 Liz Harris 表示，“在技术写作界存在着一个技术含量的评级，你越是偏技术的文章，你得到的报酬就越高，而且往往在技术写作社区里你得到的关注就越多。” -术语“技术”通常用于指一个人在某一主题上的深度或专业知识水平。销售人员也有可能会要求需要懂技术以更好的帮助客户。从事技术工作的人，他们是技术性的，但是也许更专业的技术人员才能胜任这个项目。因此，请求技术支援可能是含糊不清的表述。你需要一个对产品有深入了解的人吗？您是需要一位了解基础架构堆栈的人员？或者有人写下如何配置 API 的步骤？ +术语“技术”通常用于指一个人在某一主题上的深度或专业知识水平。销售人员也有可能会要求需要懂技术以更好的帮助客户。从事技术工作的人，他们是技术型的，但是也许更专业的技术人员才能胜任这个项目。因此，请求技术支援可能是含糊不清的表述。你需要一个对产品有深入了解的人吗？你需要一位了解基础设施堆栈的人员吗？还是需要一个能写下如何配置 API 的步骤的人？ -我们应该要把技术能力看作是一个连续函数，而不是把人简单的看作技术性的或非技术性的。这是什么意思？开发人员关系主管 Mary thengwall 描述了她如何对特定角色所需的不同深度的技术知识进行分类。例如，项目可能需要开发人员、具有开发人员经验背景的人员或精通技术的人员。反而正是那些精通技术的人经常被贴上非技术的标签。 +我们应该要把技术能力看作是一个连续体，而不是把人简单的看作技术型的或非技术型的。这是什么意思？开发人员关系主管 Mary thengwall 描述了她如何对特定角色所需的不同深度的技术知识进行分类。例如，项目可能需要一个开发人员、一个具有开发人员背景的人员，或一个精通技术的人员。就是那些被归类为精通技术的人也经常被贴上非技术的标签。 -根据 Mary 的说法，如果“你能解释（一个技术性的）话题，你知道你对产品的看法，你知道该说什么和不该说什么的基本知识，那么你就是技术高手。你不必有技术背景，但你需要知道高级技术信息，然后还要知道向谁提供更多信息。” +根据 Mary 的说法，如果“你能解释（一个技术性的）话题，你知道你的产品工作方式，你知道该说什么和不该说什么的基本知识，那么你就是技术高手。你不必有技术背景，但你需要知道高层次的技术信息，然后还要知道向谁提供更多信息。” ### 标签带来的问题 @@ -60,25 +60,25 @@ 当一个标签成为现实时，无论是有意还是无意，我们都必须审视自己，重新评估自己的措辞、标签和意图。 -高级产品经理 Leon Stigter 提出了他的观点：“作为一个集体行业，我们正在构建更多的技术，让每个人都更容易参与。如果我们对每个人说：‘你不是技术型的’，或者说：‘你是技术型的’，然后把他们分成几个小组，那些被贴上非技术型标签的人可能永远不会去想：‘其实我自己就能完成这个项目’，实际上，我们需要所有这些人真正思考我们行业和社区的发展方向，我认为每一个人类都应该有这个主观能动性。” +高级产品经理 Leon Stigter 提出了他的观点：“作为一个集体行业，我们正在构建更多的技术，让每个人都更容易参与。如果我们对每个人说：‘你不是技术型的’，或者说：‘你是技术型的’，然后把他们分成几个小组，那些被贴上非技术型标签的人可能永远不会去想：‘其实我自己就能完成这个项目’，实际上，我们需要所有这些人真正思考我们行业和社区的发展方向，我认为每一个人都应该有这个主观能动性。” #### 身份 -如果我们把我们的身份贴在一个标签上，当我们认为这个标签不再适用时会发生什么？当 Adam Gordon Bell 从一个开发人员转变为一个管理人员时，他很挣扎，因为他总是认为自己是技术人员，而作为一个管理人员，这些技术技能没有被使用。他觉得自己不再有价值了。编写代码并不能提供比帮助团队成员发展事业或确保项目按时交付更大的价值。所有角色都有价值，因为它们都是确保商品和服务的创建、执行和交付所必需的。 +如果我们把我们的身份贴在一个标签上，当我们认为这个标签不再适用时会发生什么？当 Adam Gordon Bell 从一个开发人员转变为一个管理人员时，他很纠结，因为他总是认为自己是技术人员，而作为一个管理人员，这些技术技能没有被使用。他觉得自己不再有价值了。编写代码并不能提供比帮助团队成员发展事业或确保项目按时交付更大的价值。所有角色都有价值，因为它们都是确保商品和服务的创建、执行和交付所必需的。 -“我想我成为一名经理的原因是我们有一支非常聪明的团队和很多非常有技能的人，但是我们并不总是能完成最出色的工作。所以技术不是限制因素，对吧？”亚当说：“我想通常不是技术限制了团队的发挥”。 +“我想我成为一名经理的原因是，我们有一支非常聪明的团队和很多非常有技能的人，但是我们并不总是能完成最出色的工作。所以技术不是限制因素，对吧？”Adam 说：“我想通常不是技术限制了团队的发挥”。 Leon Stigter 说，让人们一起合作并完成令人惊叹的工作的能力是一项很有价值的技能，不应低于技术角色的价值。 #### 自信 -[负担症候群 ][3] 是指无法认识到自己的能力和知识，从而导致信心下降，以及完成工作和做好工作的能力下降。当你申请在会议上发言，向科技刊物提交文章，或申请工作时，负担症候群就会发作。负担症候群是一种微小的声音，它说： +[冒充者综合症][3]Impostor syndrome 是指无法认识到自己的能力和知识，从而导致信心下降，以及完成工作和做好工作的能力下降。当你申请在会议上发言，向科技刊物提交文章，或申请工作时，冒充者综合症就会发作。冒充者综合症是一种微小的声音，它说： * “我技术不够胜任这个角色。” * “我认识更多的技术人员，他们在演讲中会做得更好。” - * “我在市场部工作，所以我无法为 Opensource.com 这样的技术网站写文章。” + * “我在市场部工作，所以我无法为这样的技术网站写文章。” -当你把某人或你自己贴上非技术性标签的时候，这些声音就会变得更响亮。这很容易导致在会议上听不到新的声音或失去团队中的人才。 +当你把某人或你自己贴上非技术型标签的时候，这些声音就会变得更响亮。这很容易导致在会议上听不到新的声音或失去团队中的人才。 #### 刻板印象 @@ -86,36 +86,34 @@ Leon Stigter 说，让人们一起合作并完成令人惊叹的工作的能力 Shailvi Wakhlu 是一位高级数据总监，她的职业生涯始于软件工程师，并过渡到数据和分析领域。“当我是一名软件工程师的时候，很多人都认为我不太懂技术，因为我很健谈，很明显这就意味着你不懂技术。他们认为你不孤独的待在角落就是不懂技术。”她说。 -我们对谁是技术型与非技术型的刻板印象会影响招聘决策，或者我们的社区是否具有包容性。你也可能冒犯别人，甚至是能够帮助你的人。几年前，我在某个摊位上工作，问别人我能不能帮他们。“我要找最专业的人帮忙”他回答说。然后他就出发去寻找他的问题的答案。几分钟后，摊位上的销售代表和那位先生走到我跟前说：“Dawn，你是回答这个人问题的最佳人选。” +我们对谁是技术型与非技术型的刻板印象会影响招聘决策或我们的社区是否具有包容性。你也可能冒犯别人，甚至是能够帮助你的人。几年前，我在某个展台工作，问别人我能不能帮他们。“我要找最专业的人帮忙”他回答说。然后他就出发去寻找他的问题的答案。几分钟后，摊位上的销售代表和那位先生走到我跟前说：“Dawn，你是回答这个人问题的最佳人选。” #### 污名化 随着时间的推移，我们夸大了“技术”技能的重要性，这导致了“非技术”的标签被贬义地使用。随着技术的蓬勃发展，编程人员的价值也随之增加，因为这种技能为市场带来了新产品和新的商业方式，并直接帮助了盈利。然而，现在我们看到人们故意将技术角色凌驾于非技术角色之上，阻碍了公司的发展和成功。 -人际交往技能通常被称为非技术技能。然而，它们有着高度的技术性，比如提供如何完成一项任务的分步指导，或者确定最合适的词语来传达信息或观点。这些技能也至关重要的影响你的工作能否取得成功。 +人际交往技能通常被称为非技术技能。然而，它们有着高度的技术性，比如提供如何完成一项任务的分步指导，或者确定最合适的词语来传达信息或观点。这些技能往往也是决定你能否在工作中取得成功的更重要因素。 -**[Read next: [Goodbye soft skills，hello core skills: Why IT must rebrand this critical competency][4]]** +通读“城市词典Urban Dictionary”上的文章和定义，难怪人们会觉得自己的标签有道理，而其他人会患上冒充者综合症，或者觉得自己失去了身份。在线搜索时，“城市词典”定义通常出现在搜索结果的顶部。这个网站大约 20 年前开始是一个定义俚语、文化表达和其他术语的众包词典，现在变成了一个充满敌意和负面定义的网站。 -通读《城市词典》上的文章和定义，难怪人们会觉得自己的标签有道理，而其他人会患上负担症候群，或者觉得自己失去了身份。在线搜索时，城市词典定义通常出现在搜索结果的顶部。这个网站大约 20 年前开始是一个定义俚语、文化表达和其他术语的众包词典，现在变成了一个充满敌意和负面定义的网站。 - -这里有几个例子：城市词典将非技术经理定义为“不知道他们管理的人应该做什么的人” +这里有几个例子：“城市词典”将非技术经理定义为“不知道他们管理的人应该做什么的人” 提供如何与“非技术”人员交谈技巧的文章包括以下短语： * “如果我抗争，非技术人员究竟是如何应对的？” * “在当今的职业专业人士中，开发人员和工程师拥有一些最令人印象深刻的技能，这些技能是由多年的技术培训和实际经验磨练而成的。” -这些句子意味着非工程师是低人一等的，他们多年的训练和现实世界的经验在某种程度上没有那么令人印象深刻。对于这样的说辞，我可以举一个反例：Therese Eberhard。她的工作被许多人认为是非技术性的。她是个风景画家。她为电影和戏剧画道具和风景。她的工作是确保像甘道夫的手杖这样的道具看起来栩栩如生，而不是像塑料玩具。要想在这个角色上取得成功，需要有很多解决问题和实验化学反应的方法。Therese 在多年的实战经验中磨练了这些技能，对我来说，这相当令人印象深刻。 +这些句子意味着非工程师是低人一等的，他们多年的训练和现实世界的经验在某种程度上没有那么令人印象深刻。对于这样的说辞，我可以举一个反例：Therese Eberhard，她的工作被许多人认为是非技术性的。她是个风景画家。她为电影和戏剧画道具和风景。她的工作是确保像甘道夫的手杖这样的道具看起来栩栩如生，而不是像塑料玩具。要想在这个角色上取得成功，需要有很多解决问题和实验化学反应的方法。Therese 在多年的实战经验中磨练了这些技能，对我来说，这相当令人印象深刻。 #### 守门人行为 使用标签会设置障碍，并导致守门人行为，这决定谁可以进入我们的组织，我们的团队，我们的社区。 -据一位开源开发者 Eddie Jaoude 所说，“技术”、“开发人员”或“测试人员”的头衔在不应该出现的地方制造了障碍或权威。我们应该将重点放在谁能为团队或项目增加价值，而头衔是无关紧要的。” +据一位开源开发者 Eddie Jaoude 所说，“`技术’、`开发人员‘或`测试人员’的头衔在不应该出现的地方制造了障碍或权威。我们应该将重点放在谁能为团队或项目增加价值，而头衔是无关紧要的。” -如果我们把每个人看作一个团队成员，他们应该以这样或那样的方式贡献价值，而不是看他们是否编写文档、测试用例或代码，那么我们将根据真正重要的东西来重视他们，并创建一个能完成惊人工作的团队。如果测试工程师想学习编写代码，或者程序员想学习如何在活动中与人交谈，为什么要设置障碍来阻止这种增长？拥抱团队成员学习、改变和向任何方向发展的渴望，为团队和公司的使命服务。 +如果我们把每个人看作一个团队成员，他们应该以这样或那样的方式贡献价值，而不是看他们是否编写文档、测试用例或代码，那么我们将根据真正重要的东西来重视他们，并创建一个能完成惊人工作的团队。如果测试工程师想学习编写代码，或者程序员想学习如何在活动中与人交谈，为什么要设置障碍来阻止这种成长呢？拥抱团队成员学习、改变和向任何方向发展的渴望，为团队和公司的使命服务。 -如果有人在某个角色上失败了，与其把他们说成“技术不够”，不如去看看问题到底是什么。你是否需要一个精通 JavaScript 的人，而这个人是另一种编程语言的专家？并不是说它们不专业。技能和知识不匹配。你需要合适的人来扮演合适的角色。如果你强迫一个精通业务分析和编写验收标准的人去编写自动化测试用例，他们就会失败。 +如果有人在某个角色上失败了，与其把他们说成“技术不够”，不如去看看问题到底是什么。你是否需要一个精通 JavaScript 的人，而这个人又是另一种编程语言的专家？并不是说他们不专业，是技能和知识不匹配。你需要合适的人来扮演合适的角色。如果你强迫一个精通业务分析和编写验收标准的人去编写自动化测试用例，他们就会失败。 ### 如何取消标签 @@ -123,7 +121,7 @@ Shailvi Wakhlu 是一位高级数据总监，她的职业生涯始于软件工 #### 寻找替代词 -我问我采访过的每个人，我们可以用什么词来代替技术性和非技术性。没有人回答！我认为这里的挑战是我们不能把它归结为一个词。要替换术语，你需要使用更多的词。正如我之前写的，我们需要做的是变得更加具体。 +我问我采访过的每个人，我们可以用什么词来代替技术和非技术。没有人能回答！我认为这里的挑战是我们不能把它归结为一个词。要替换术语，你需要使用更多的词。正如我之前写的，我们需要做的是变得更加具体。 你说过或听到过多少次这样的话： @@ -131,7 +129,7 @@ Shailvi Wakhlu 是一位高级数据总监，她的职业生涯始于软件工 * “那个候选人技术不够。” * “我们的软件是为非技术用户设计的。” -技术性和非技术性词语的这些用法是模糊的，不能表达它们的全部含义。更真实、更详细地了解您的需求那么您应该说： +技术和非技术词语的这些用法是模糊的，不能表达它们的全部含义。更真实、更详细地了解你的需求那么你应该说： * “我想找一个对如何配置 Kubernetes 有深入了解的人。” * “那个候选人对 Go 的了解不够深入。” @@ -139,15 +137,15 @@ Shailvi Wakhlu 是一位高级数据总监，她的职业生涯始于软件工 #### 拥抱成长心态 -知识和技能不是天生的。它们是经过数小时或数年的实践和经验形成的。认为“我只是技术不够”或“我不能学习如何做营销”反映了一种固定的心态。你可以向任何你想发展的方向学习技能。列一张清单，列出你认为是技术性的技能，或非技术性的技能，但要具体（如上面的清单）。 +知识和技能不是天生的。它们是经过数小时或数年的实践和经验形成的。认为“我只是技术不够”或“我不能学习如何做营销”反映了一种固定的心态。你可以向任何你想发展的方向学习技能。列一张清单，列出你认为哪些是技术技能，或非技术技能，但要具体（如上面的清单）。 #### 认可每个人的贡献 -如果你在科技行业工作，你就是技术人员。在一个项目或公司的成功中，每个人都有自己的作用。与所有做出贡献的人分享荣誉，而不仅仅是少数人。认识提出新功能的产品经理，而不仅仅是开发新功能的工程师。认识一个作家，他的文章在你的公司迅速传播并产生了新的线索。认识在数据中发现新模式的数据分析师。 +如果你在科技行业工作，你就是技术人员。在一个项目或公司的成功中，每个人都有自己的作用。与所有做出贡献的人分享荣誉，而不仅仅是少数人。认可提出新功能的产品经理，而不仅仅是开发新功能的工程师。认可一个作家，他的文章在你的公司迅速传播并产生了新的线索。认可在数据中发现新模式的数据分析师。 ### 下一步 -在本系列的下一篇文章中，我将探讨技术中经常被标记为“非技术”的非工程角色 +在本系列的下一篇文章中，我将探讨技术中经常被标记为“非技术”的非工程角色。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -156,7 +154,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/21/2/what-technical 作者：[Dawn Parzych][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[Chao-zhi](https://github.com/Chao-zhi) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 8bf1f5b7129472d200620fa2268a85a22ce97e65 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Tue, 2 Mar 2021 00:33:11 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 080/309] PUB @Chao-zhi https://linux.cn/article-13168-1.html --- .../20210216 What does being -technical- mean.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/talk => published}/20210216 What does being -technical- mean.md (99%) diff --git a/translated/talk/20210216 What does being -technical- mean.md b/published/20210216 What does being -technical- mean.md similarity index 99% rename from translated/talk/20210216 What does being -technical- mean.md rename to published/20210216 What does being -technical- mean.md index 85903ca41f..896988d23d 100644 --- a/translated/talk/20210216 What does being -technical- mean.md +++ b/published/20210216 What does being -technical- mean.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (Chao-zhi) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-13168-1.html) [#]: subject: (What does being 'technical' mean?) [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/2/what-technical) [#]: author: (Dawn Parzych https://opensource.com/users/dawnparzych) From cc2889b88dd2d7dd9d41ff94578774f6df38c0af Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Tue, 2 Mar 2021 05:04:05 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 081/309] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020210302=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Meet=20SysMonTask:=20A=20Windows=20Task=20Manager=20Lookalike?= =?UTF-8?q?=20for=20Linux?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20210302 Meet SysMonTask- A Windows Task Manager Lookalike for Linux.md --- ...indows Task Manager Lookalike for Linux.md | 130 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 130 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20210302 Meet SysMonTask- A Windows Task Manager Lookalike for Linux.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210302 Meet SysMonTask- A Windows Task Manager Lookalike for Linux.md b/sources/tech/20210302 Meet SysMonTask- A Windows Task Manager Lookalike for Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..95ad648a39 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20210302 Meet SysMonTask- A Windows Task Manager Lookalike for Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,130 @@ +[#]: subject: (Meet SysMonTask: A Windows Task Manager Lookalike for Linux) +[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/sysmontask/) +[#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +Meet SysMonTask: A Windows Task Manager Lookalike for Linux +====== + +Thanks to the desktop environments, almost all [Linux distributions come with a task manager application][1]. In addition to that, there are [several other system monitoring applications for Linux][2] that have additional features. + +But recently I came across a task manager created for Linux that looks like … wait for it … the task manager of Windows. + +You take a look at it and decide for yourself. + +![][3] + +Personally, I am not sure if the likeness in the user interface is such a big deal but the developer and probably some other Linux users might disagree with me. + +### SysMonTask: A system monitor with the looks of Windows task manager + +![][4] + +The open source software, [SysMonTask][5], describes itself as a “Linux system monitor with the compactness and usefulness of windows task manager to allow higher control and monitoring”. + +Coded in Python, SysMonTask boasts of the following features: + + * System monitoring graphs. + * Shows stats for CPU, Memory, Disks, Network adapters, single Nvidia GPU. + * Support for listing mounted disks was added in recent version. + * User Processess tab can do process filtering, show recursive-CPU, recursive-Memery and aggregate values on coloumn headers. + * You can, of course, kill a process from the processes tab. + * Also supports system themes (dark and light). + + + +### Experience with SysMonTask + +SysMonTask needs elevated privileges. You’ll be asked for your admin password when you launch it. I don’t like a task manager running with sudo all the time but that’s just my preference. + +I played with a little to explore its features. The disk usage was pretty constant so I copied a 10 GB file from external SSD to my laptop’s disk a couple of times. You can see the spikes corresponding to the file transfer. + +![][6] + +The process tab is also handy. It shows the accumulated resource utilization on the top of the columns. + +The kill button is added at the bottom so all you have to do is to select a process and hit the ‘Killer’ button. It asks for your conformation before [killing the process][7]. + +![][8] + +### Installing SysMonTask on Linux distributions + +For a simple application, it downloads 50 MB of archive files and takes around 200 MB on the disk. I think it is because of the Python dependencies. + +One more thing is that since it reads the env + +At the moment of writing this article, SysMonTask is available for Ubuntu-based distributions via [PPA][9]. + +On an Ubuntu-based distribution, open a terminal and use the following command to add the PPA repository: + +``` +sudo add-apt-repository ppa:camel-neeraj/sysmontask +``` + +You’ll be asked to enter your password, of course. On newer versions, the repository list is automatically updated. So, you can install the application straightaway: + +``` +sudo apt install sysmontask +``` + +Debian-based distributions may also try to install it from the deb file. It can be found at the release page. + +There is no ready-to-use package for other distributions. Whayt surprises me is that it is basically a Python application so a PIP installer could have been added for other distributions. Perhaps the developers will add it in the future version. + +Since it is open source software, you can always get the source code. + +[SysMonTask Deb files and Source Code][10] + +Once installed, look for SysMonTask in the menu and start it from there. + +#### Remove SysMonTask + +If you want to remove it, use the following command: + +``` +sudo apt remove sysmontask +``` + +It will be a good idea to [delete the PPA][11] as well: + +``` +sudo add-apt-repository -r ppa:camel-neeraj/sysmontask +``` + +You may also [use PPA Purge][12] tool here which is a handy utility for dealing with PPA application removal. + +### Would you try it? + +For me, the features are more important than the looks. SysMonTask does have the additional feature of monitoring disk performance and checking GPU stats which is something other system monitors usually do not include. + +If you try and like it, perhaps you’ll like to add Ctrl+Alt+Del shortcut to launch SysMonTask to get the complete feel :) + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/sysmontask/ + +作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://itsfoss.com/task-manager-linux/ +[2]: https://itsfoss.com/linux-system-monitoring-tools/ +[3]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/sysmontask-1.png?resize=800%2C559&ssl=1 +[4]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/SysMonTask-CPU.png?resize=800%2C537&ssl=1 +[5]: https://github.com/KrispyCamel4u/SysMonTask +[6]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/sysmontask-disk-usage.png?resize=800%2C498&ssl=1 +[7]: https://itsfoss.com/how-to-find-the-process-id-of-a-program-and-kill-it-quick-tip/ +[8]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/kill-process-sysmontask.png?resize=800%2C500&ssl=1 +[9]: https://itsfoss.com/ppa-guide/ +[10]: https://github.com/KrispyCamel4u/SysMonTask/releases +[11]: https://itsfoss.com/how-to-remove-or-delete-ppas-quick-tip/ +[12]: https://itsfoss.com/ppa-purge/ From 1b25022256b1b4f63ec77ecd574dc0fb787c6368 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Tue, 2 Mar 2021 05:04:29 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 082/309] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020210301=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Build=20a=20home=20thermostat=20with=20a=20Raspberry=20Pi?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20210301 Build a home thermostat with a Raspberry Pi.md --- ...d a home thermostat with a Raspberry Pi.md | 258 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 258 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20210301 Build a home thermostat with a Raspberry Pi.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210301 Build a home thermostat with a Raspberry Pi.md b/sources/tech/20210301 Build a home thermostat with a Raspberry Pi.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..434e6a5796 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20210301 Build a home thermostat with a Raspberry Pi.md @@ -0,0 +1,258 @@ +[#]: subject: (Build a home thermostat with a Raspberry Pi) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/3/thermostat-raspberry-pi) +[#]: author: (Joe Truncale https://opensource.com/users/jtruncale) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +Build a home thermostat with a Raspberry Pi +====== +The ThermOS project is an answer to the many downsides of off-the-shelf +smart thermostats. +![Orange home vintage thermostat][1] + +My wife and I moved into a new home in October 2020. As soon as it started getting cold, we realized some shortcomings of the home's older heating system (including one heating zone that was _always_ on). We had Nest thermostats in our previous home, and the current setup was not nearly as convenient. There are multiple thermostats in our house, and some had programmed heating schedules, others had different schedules, some had none at all. + +![Old thermostats][2] + +The home's previous owner left notes explaining how some of the thermostats worked. (Joseph Truncale, [CC BY-SA 4.0][3]) + +It was time for a change, but the house has some constraints: + + * It was built in the late 1960s with a renovation during the '90s. + * The heat is hydronic (hot water baseboard). + * It has six thermostats for the six heating zones. + * There are only two wires that go to each thermostat for heat (red and white). + + + +![Furnace valves][4] + +Taco (pronounced TAY-KO) zone valves at the furnace. (Joseph Truncale, [CC BY-SA 4.0][3]) + +### To buy or to build? + +I wanted "smart" thermostat control for all of the heat zones (schedules, automations, home/away, etc.). I had several options if I wanted to buy something off the shelf, but all of them have drawbacks: + +**Option 1: A Nest or Ecobee** + + * It's expensive: No smart thermostat can handle multiple zones, so I would need one for each zone (~$200*6 = $1,200). + * It's difficult: I would have to rerun the thermostat wire to get the infamous [C wire][5], which enables continuous power to the thermostat. The wires are 20 to 100 feet each, in-wall, and _might_ be stapled to the studs. + + + +**Option 2: A battery-powered thermostat** such as the [Sensi WiFi thermostat][6] + + * The batteries last only a month or two. + * It's not HomeKit-compatible in battery-only mode. + + + +**Option 3: A commercial-off-the-shelf thermostat**, but only one exists (kind of): [Honeywell's TrueZONE][7]  + + * It's old and poorly supported (it was released in 2008). + * It's expensive—more than $300 for just the controller, and you need a [RedLINK gateway][8] for a shoddy app to work. + + + +And the winner is…  + +**Option 4: Build my own!** +I decided to build my own multizone smart thermostat, which I named [ThermOS][9]. + + * It's centralized at the furnace (you need one device, not six). + * It uses the existing in-wall thermostat wires. + * It's HomeKit compatible, complete with automation, scheduling, home/away, etc. + * Anddddd it's… fun? Yeah, fun… I think. + + + +### The ThermOS hardware + +I knew that I wanted to use a Raspberry Pi. Since they've gotten so inexpensive, I decided to use a Raspberry Pi 4 Model B 2GB. I'm sure I could get by with a Raspberry Pi Zero W, but that will be for a future revision. + +Here's a full list of the parts I used: + +Name | Quantity | Price +---|---|--- +Raspberry Pi 4 Model B 2GB | 1 | $29.99 +Raspberry Pi 4 official 15W power supply | 1 | $6.99 +Inland 400 tie-point breadboard | 1 | $2.99 +Inland 8 channel 5V relay module for Arduino | 1 | $8.99 +Inland DuPont jumper wire 20cm (3 pack) | 1 | $4.99 +DS18B20 temperature sensor (genuine) from Mouser.com | 6 | $6.00 +3-pin screw terminal blocks (40 pack) | 1 | $7.99 +RPi GPIO terminal block breakout board module for Raspberry Pi | 1 | $17.99 +Alligator clip test leads (10 pack) | 1 | $5.89 +Southwire 18/2 thermostat wire (50ft) | 1 | $10.89 +Shrinkwrap | 1 | $4.99 +Solderable breadboard (5 pack) | 1 | $11.99 +PCB mounting brackets (50 pack) | 1 | $7.99 +Plastic housing/enclosure | 1 | $27.92 + +I began drawing out the hardware diagram on [draw.io][10] and realized I lacked some crucial knowledge about the furnace. I opened the side panel and found the step-down transformer that takes the 120V electrical line and makes it 24V for the heating system. If your heating system is anything like mine, you'll see a lot of jumper wires between the Taco zone valves. Terminal 3 on the Taco is jumped across all of my zone valves. This is because it doesn't matter how many valves are on/open—it just controls the circulator pump. If any combination of one to five valves is open, it should be on; if no valves are open, it should be off… simple! + +![Furnace wiring architecture][11] + +ThermOS architecture using one zone. (Joseph Truncale, [CC BY-SA 4.0][3]) + +At its core, a thermostat is just a type of switch. Once the thermistor (temp sensor) inside the thermostat detects a lower temperature, the switch closes and completes the 24V circuit. Instead of having a thermostat in every room, this project keeps all of them right next to the furnace so that all six-zone valves can be controlled by a relay module using six of the eight relays. The Raspberry Pi acts as the brains of the thermostat and controls each relay independently. + +![Manually setting relays using Raspberry Pi and Python][12] + +Manually setting the relays using the Raspberry Pi and Python. (Joseph Truncale, [CC BY-SA 4.0][3]) + +The next problem was how to get temperature readings from each room. I could have a wireless temperature sensor in each room running on an Arduino or Raspberry Pi, but that can get expensive and complicated. Instead, I wanted to reuse the existing thermostat wire in the walls but purely for temperature sensors. + +The "1-wire" [DS18B20][13] temperature sensor appeared to fit the bill: + + * It has an accuracy of +/- 0.5°C or 0.9°F. + * It uses the "1-wire" protocol for data. + * Most importantly, the DS18B20 can use "[parasitic power][14]" mode where it needs just two wires for power and data. Just a heads up… almost all of the DS18B20s out there are [counterfeit][15]. I purchased a few (hoping they were genuine), but they wouldn't work when I tried to use parasitic power. I then bought real ones from [Mouser.com][16], and they worked like a charm! + + + +![Temperature sensors][17] + +Three DS18B20s connected using parasitic power on the same GPIO bus. (Joseph Truncale, [CC BY-SA 4.0][3]) + +Starting with a breadboard and all the components locally, I started writing code to interact with all of it. Once I proved out the concept, I added the existing in-wall thermostat wire into the mix. I got consistent readings with that setup, so I set out to make them a bit more polished. With help from my [dad][18], the self-proclaimed "just good enough" solderer, we soldered leads to the three-pin screw terminals (to avoid overheating the sensor) and then attached the sensor into the terminals. Now the sensors can be attached with wire nuts to the existing in-wall wiring. + +![Attaching temperature sensors][19] + +The DS18B20s are attached to the old thermostat location using the existing wires. (Joseph Truncale, [CC BY-SA 4.0][3]) + +I'm still in the process of "prettifying" my temperature sensor wall mounts, but I've gone through a few 3D printing revisions, and I think I'm almost there. + +![Wall mounts][20] + +I started with a Nest-style mount and made my way to a flush-mount style. (Joseph Truncale, [CC BY-SA 4.0][3]) + +### The ThermOS software + +As usual, writing the logic wasn't the hard part. However, deciding on the application architecture and framework was a confusing, multi-day process. I started out evaluating open source projects like [PiHome][21], but it relied on specific hardware _and_ was written in PHP. I'm a Python fan and decided to start from scratch and write my own REST API. + +Since HomeKit integration was so important, I figured I would eventually write a [HomeBridge][22] plugin to integrate it. I didn't realize that there was an entire Python HomeKit framework called [HAP-Python][23] that implements the accessory protocol. It helped me get a proof of concept running and controlled through my iPhone's Home app within 30 minutes. + +![ThermOS HomeKit integration][24] + +Initial version of Apple HomeKit integration, with help from the HAP-Python framework. (Joseph Truncale, [CC BY-SA 4.0][3]) + +![ThermOS software architecture][25] + +ThermOS software architecture (Joseph Truncale, [CC BY-SA 4.0][3]) + +The rest of the "temp" logic is relatively straightforward, but I do want to highlight a piece that I initially missed. My code was running for a few days, and I was working on the hardware, when I noticed that my relays were turning on and off every few seconds. This "short-cycling" isn't necessarily harmful, but it certainly isn't efficient. To avoid that, I added some thresholding to make sure the heat toggles only when it's +/- 0.5C°. + +Here is the threshold logic (you can see the [rubber-duck debugging][26] in the comments): + + +``` +# check that we want heat +if self.target_state.value == 1: +    # if heat relay is already on, check if above threshold +    # if above, turn off .. if still below keep on +    if GPIO.input(self.relay_pin): +        if self.current_temp.value - self.target_temp.value >= 0.5: +            status = 'HEAT ON - TEMP IS ABOVE TOP THRESHOLD, TURNING OFF' +            GPIO.output(self.relay_pin, GPIO.LOW) +        else: +            status = 'HEAT ON - TEMP IS BELOW TOP THRESHOLD, KEEPING ON' +            GPIO.output(self.relay_pin, GPIO.HIGH) +    # if heat relay is not already on, check if below threshold +    elif not GPIO.input(self.relay_pin): +        if self.current_temp.value - self.target_temp.value <= -0.5: +            status = 'HEAT OFF - TEMP IS BELOW BOTTOM THRESHOLD, TURNING ON' +            GPIO.output(self.relay_pin, GPIO.HIGH) +        else: +          status = 'HEAT OFF - KEEPING OFF' +``` + +![Thresholding][27] + +Thresholding allows longer stretches of time where the heat is off. (Joseph Truncale, [CC BY-SA 4.0][3]) + +And I achieved my ultimate goal—to be able to control all of it from my phone. + +![ThermOS as a HomeKit Hub][28] + +ThermOS as a HomeKit Hub (Joseph Truncale, [CC BY-SA 4.0][3]) + +### Putting my ThermOS in a lunchbox + +My proof of concept was pretty messy. + +![Initial ThermOS setup][29] + +ThermOS controlling a single zone (before packaging it) (Joseph Truncale, [CC BY-SA 4.0][3]) + +With the software and general hardware design in place, I started figuring out how to package all of the components in a more permanent and polished form. One of my main concerns for a permanent installation was to use a breadboard with DuPont jumper wires. I ordered some [solderable breadboards][30] and a [screw terminal breakout board][31] (thanks [@arduima][32] for the Raspberry Pi GPIO pins). + +Here's what the solderable breadboard with mounts and enclosure looked like in progress. + +![ThermOS hardware being packaged][33] + +Putting the ThermOS in a lunchbox. (Joseph Truncale, [CC BY-SA 4.0][3]) + +And here it is, mounted in the boiler room. + +![ThermOS mounted][34] + +ThermOS mounted (Joseph Truncale, [CC BY-SA 4.0][3]) + +Now I just need to organize and label the wires, and then I can start swapping the remainder of the thermostats over to ThermOS. And I'll be on to my next project: ThermOS for my central air conditioning. + +* * * + +_This originally appeared on [Medium][35] and is republished with permission._ + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/21/3/thermostat-raspberry-pi + +作者：[Joe Truncale][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/jtruncale +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/home-thermostat.jpg?itok=wuV1XL7t (Orange home vintage thermostat) +[2]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/oldthermostats.jpeg (Old thermostats) +[3]: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ +[4]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/furnacevalves.jpeg (Furnace valves) +[5]: https://smartthermostatguide.com/thermostat-c-wire-explained/ +[6]: https://www.amazon.com/Emerson-Thermostat-Version-Energy-Certified/dp/B01NB1OB0I +[7]: https://www.honeywellhome.com/us/en/products/air/forced-air-zone-panels/truezone-hz432-panel-hz432-u/ +[8]: https://www.amazon.com/Honeywell-Redlink-Enabled-Internet-THM6000R7001/dp/B0783HK9ZZ +[9]: https://github.com/truncj/thermos +[10]: http://draw.io/ +[11]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/furnacewiring.png (Furnace wiring architecture) +[12]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/settingrelays.gif (Manually setting relays using Raspberry Pi and Python) +[13]: https://datasheets.maximintegrated.com/en/ds/DS18B20.pdf +[14]: https://learn.openenergymonitor.org/electricity-monitoring/temperature/DS18B20-temperature-sensing +[15]: https://github.com/cpetrich/counterfeit_DS18B20 +[16]: https://www.mouser.com/ +[17]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/tempsensors.png (Temperature sensors) +[18]: https://twitter.com/jofredrick +[19]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/attachingsensors.jpeg (Attaching temperature sensors) +[20]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/wallmount.jpeg (Wall mounts) +[21]: https://github.com/pihome-shc/pihome +[22]: https://github.com/homebridge/homebridge +[23]: https://github.com/ikalchev/HAP-python +[24]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/iphoneintegration.gif (ThermOS HomeKit integration) +[25]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/thermosarchitecture.png (ThermOS software architecture) +[26]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubber_duck_debugging +[27]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/thresholding.png (Thresholding) +[28]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/thermoshomekit.png (ThermOS as a HomeKit Hub) +[29]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/unpackaged.jpeg (Initial ThermOS setup) +[30]: https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B07ZV8FWM4/r +[31]: https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B084C69VSQ/ +[32]: https://twitter.com/dimitri_koshkin +[33]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/breadboard.png (ThermOS hardware being packaged) +[34]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/mounted.png (ThermOS mounted) +[35]: https://joetruncale.medium.com/thermos-d089e1c4974b From 0a2be24441a2d991f20dac9b9bc942e34ad0fe19 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Tue, 2 Mar 2021 05:04:44 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 083/309] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020210301=20?= =?UTF-8?q?4=20open=20source=20tools=20for=20running=20a=20Linux=20server?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20210301 4 open source tools for running a Linux server.md --- ...source tools for running a Linux server.md | 104 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 104 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20210301 4 open source tools for running a Linux server.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210301 4 open source tools for running a Linux server.md b/sources/tech/20210301 4 open source tools for running a Linux server.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..fe66266b72 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20210301 4 open source tools for running a Linux server.md @@ -0,0 +1,104 @@ +[#]: subject: (4 open source tools for running a Linux server) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/3/linux-server) +[#]: author: (Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +4 open source tools for running a Linux server +====== +With Linux, you can turn any device into a server to share data, media +files, and other resources. +![A rack of servers, blue background][1] + +In 2021, there are more reasons why people love Linux than ever before. In this series, I'll share 21 different reasons to use Linux. Here are four open source tools for turning any device into a Linux server.  + +Sometimes I detect a certain mystique around the idea of a server. Many people, should they have an image in their mind at all, think servers must be big, heavy, rack-mounted machines, carefully maintained by an overly deliberate sysadmin and a group of magical tinker gnomes. Other people envision servers as vaporous clouds that somehow power the internet. + +While this reverence is good for IT job security, the reality is that nobody in open source computing believes that servers are or should be the exclusive domain of specialists. File and resource sharing are integral to open source, and open source makes it easier than ever, as these four open source server projects show. + +### Samba + +The [Samba project][2] is a Windows interoperability suite of programs for Linux and Unix. Although it's mostly low-level code that many users never knowingly interact with, its importance can't be understated. Historically, it was the biggest and most important target back when Microsoft was fighting to eliminate Linux and open source. Times have changed, and Microsoft has met with the Samba team to offer support (for now, at least), and through it all, the project has continued to ensure that Linux and Windows computers can easily co-exist on the same network. In other words, Samba makes it easy to share files over your local network, regardless of what platforms are used. + +In the [KDE Plasma][3] desktop, you can right-click on any directory you own and select **Properties**. In the **Properties** dialogue box, click the **Share** tab, and enable **Share with Samba (Microsoft Windows)**. + +![Samba][4] + +(Seth Kenlon, [CC BY-SA 4.0][5]) + +Just like that, you've opened a directory for read-only access for users on your local network. That means that when you're home, anyone in your house on the same WiFi network can access that folder, or if you're at work, anyone on your workplace network can access that folder. Of course, to access it, other users need to know where to find it. The path to a computer can be expressed as either an [IP address][6] or, depending on your network configuration, a hostname. + +### Snapdrop + +If navigating a network through IP addresses and hostnames is confusing, or if you don't like the idea of opening a folder for sharing and forgetting that it's open for perusal, then you might prefer [Snapdrop][7]. This is an open source project that you can run yourself or use the demonstration instance on the internet to connect computers through WebRTC. WebRTC enables peer-to-peer connections through a web browser, meaning that two users on the same network can find each other by navigating to Snapdrop and then communicate with each other directly, without going through an external server. + +![Snapdrop][8] + +(Seth Kenlon, [CC BY-SA 4.0][5]) + +Once two or more clients have contacted a Snapdrop service, users can trade files and chat messages back and forth, right over the local network. The transfer is fast, and your data stays local. + +### VLC + +Streaming services are more common than ever, but I have unconventional tastes in music and movies, so the typical services rarely seem to have what I'm looking for. Fortunately, it's easy to beam my own content around my house from my computer with my big media drive connected to it. For instance, when I want to watch a movie on a screen other than my computer monitor, I can stream the movie file on my network and play it through any app that can receive HTTP, whether that app is on my TV, game console, or mobile. + +[VLC][9] makes it easy to set up a stream. In fact, it's an option in the **Media** menu, or you can press **Ctrl**+**S** on your keyboard. Add a file or group of files to your streaming queue, and then click the **Stream** button. + +![VLC][10] + +(Seth Kenlon, [CC BY-SA 4.0][5]) + +VLC steps you through a configuration wizard to help you decide what protocol to use when streaming your data. I tend to use HTTP because it's generally available on any device. Once VLC starts playing the file, navigate to the IP address or hostname of the computer playing the file at the port you assigned to the stream (it's 8080 by default when using HTTP), then sit back and enjoy. + +### PulseAudio + +One of my favorite modern Linux features is [PulseAudio][11]. Pulse has enabled staggering flexibility for audio on Linux, including auto-discoverable local network streaming. The advantage of this feature for me is that I can play podcasts and tech conference videos on my workstation in my office and take that audio with me by streaming it over my mobile. I have perfect audio whether I wander into the kitchen, the lounge, or to the farthest border of my backyard. This ability existed long before PulseAudio, but Pulse makes it as easy as a button click. + +Some setup is required. First, you must ensure that the PulseAudio preferences (**paprefs**) package is installed so that you can enable network audio in your PulseAudio configuration. + +![PulseAudio][12] + +(Seth Kenlon, [CC BY-SA 4.0][5]) + +In **paprefs**, enable network access to your local sound device, probably without authentication (assuming you trust the other people on your local network), and enable your computer as a **Multicast/RTP sender**. I usually just choose to stream any audio playing through my speakers, but you can create a separate audio device in your Pulse output tab so that you can choose exactly what gets streamed. You have three options here: + + * Stream whatever is playing on your speakers + * Stream all sound on all outputs + * Stream only audio you direct to the multicast device (on demand) + + + +Once enabled, your sound streams on your network and can be received by other local Linux devices. It's easy and dynamic audio sharing. + +### Sharing more than just code + +Linux is about sharing. It's famous on servers because it's great at _serving_. Whether it's serving audio streams, video streams, files, or a great user experience, every Linux computer is a great Linux server. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/21/3/linux-server + +作者：[Seth Kenlon][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/seth +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/rack_server_sysadmin_cloud_520.png?itok=fGmwhf8I (A rack of servers, blue background) +[2]: http://samba.org +[3]: https://opensource.com/article/19/12/linux-kde-plasma +[4]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/samba_0.jpg (Samba) +[5]: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ +[6]: https://opensource.com/article/18/5/how-find-ip-address-linux +[7]: https://github.com/RobinLinus/snapdrop +[8]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/snapdrop.jpg (Snapdrop) +[9]: https://www.videolan.org/index.html +[10]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/vlc-stream.jpg (VLC) +[11]: https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/PulseAudio/ +[12]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/pulse.jpg (PulseAudio) From 5606dbfb3a62e77936c0a94a928e5bae0c89c3f9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Tue, 2 Mar 2021 05:04:58 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 084/309] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020210301=20?= =?UTF-8?q?5=20tips=20for=20choosing=20an=20Ansible=20collection=20that's?= =?UTF-8?q?=20right=20for=20you?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20210301 5 tips for choosing an Ansible collection that-s right for you.md --- ...Ansible collection that-s right for you.md | 186 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 186 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20210301 5 tips for choosing an Ansible collection that-s right for you.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210301 5 tips for choosing an Ansible collection that-s right for you.md b/sources/tech/20210301 5 tips for choosing an Ansible collection that-s right for you.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..5d7b220c05 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20210301 5 tips for choosing an Ansible collection that-s right for you.md @@ -0,0 +1,186 @@ +[#]: subject: (5 tips for choosing an Ansible collection that's right for you) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/3/ansible-collections) +[#]: author: (Tadej Borovšak https://opensource.com/users/tadeboro) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +5 tips for choosing an Ansible collection that's right for you +====== +Try these strategies to find and vet collections of Ansible plugins and +modules before you install them. +![Woman sitting in front of her computer][1] + +In August 2020, Ansible issued its first release since the developers split the core functionality from the vast majority of its modules and plugins. A few [basic Ansible modules][2] remain part of core Ansible—modules for templating configuration files, managing services, and installing packages. All the other modules and plugins found their homes in dedicated [Ansible collections][3]. + +This article offers a quick look at Ansible collections in general and—especially—how to recognize high-quality ones. + +### What are Ansible collections? + +At its core, an Ansible collection is a collection (pun intended) of related modules and plugins that you can manage independently from Ansible's core engine. For example, the [Sensu Go Ansible collection][4] contains Ansible content for managing all aspects of Sensu Go. It includes Ansible roles for installing Sensu Go components and modules for creating, updating, and deleting monitoring resources. Another example is the [Sops Ansible collection][5] that integrates [Mozilla's Secret Operations editor][6] with Ansible. + +With the introduction of Ansible collections, [Ansible Galaxy][7] became the central hub for all Ansible content. Authors publish their Ansible collections there, and Ansible users use Ansible Galaxy's search function to find Ansible content they need. + +Ansible comes bundled with the `ansible-galaxy` tool for installing collections. Once you know what Ansible collection you want to install, things are relatively straightforward: Run the installation command listed on the Ansible Galaxy page. Ansible takes care of downloading and installing it. For example: + + +``` +$ ansible-galaxy collection install sensu.sensu_go +Process install dependency map +Starting collection install process +Installing 'sensu.sensu_go:1.7.1' to +  '/home/user/.ansible/collections/ansible_collections/sensu/sensu_go' +``` + +But finding the Ansible collection you need and vetting its contents are the harder parts. + +### How to select an Ansible collection + +In the old times of monolithic Ansible, using third-party Ansible modules and plugins was not for the faint of heart. As a result, most users used whatever came bundled with their version of Ansible. + +The ability to install Ansible collections offered a lot more control over the content you use in your Ansible playbooks. You can install the core Ansible engine and then equip it with the modules, plugins, and roles you need. But, as always, with great power comes great responsibility. + +Now users are solely responsible for the quality of content they use to build Ansible playbooks. But how can you separate high-quality content from the rest? Here are five things to check when evaluating an Ansible collection. + +#### 1\. Documentation + +Once you find a potential candidate on Ansible Galaxy, check its documentation first. In an ideal world, each Ansible collection would have a dedicated documentation site. For example, the [Sensu Go][8] and [F5 Networks][9] Ansible collections have them. Most other Ansible collections come only with a README file, but this will change for the better once the documentation tools mature. + +The Ansible collection's documentation should contain at least a quickstart tutorial with installation instructions. This part of the documentation aims to have users up and running in a matter of minutes. For example, the Sensu Go Ansible collection has a [dedicated quickstart guide][10], while the Sops Ansible collection includes this information in [its README][11] file. + +Another essential part of the documentation is a detailed module, plugin, and role reference guide. Collection authors do not always publish those guides on the internet, but they should always be accessible with the `ansible-doc` tool. + + +``` +$ ansible-doc community.sops.sops_encrypt +> SOPS_ENCRYPT    (/home/tadej/.ansible/collections/ansible> + +        Allows to encrypt binary data (Base64 encoded), text +        data, JSON or YAML data with sops. + +  * This module is maintained by The Ansible Community +OPTIONS (= is mandatory): + +\- attributes +        The attributes the resulting file or directory should +        have. +        To get supported flags look at the man page for +        `chattr' on the target system. +        This string should contain the attributes in the same +        order as the one displayed by `lsattr'. +        The `=' operator is assumed as default, otherwise `+' +        or `-' operators need to be included in the string. +        (Aliases: attr)[Default: (null)] +        type: str +        version_added: 2.3 +... +``` + +#### 2\. Playbook readability + +An Ansible playbook should serve as a human-readable description of the desired state. To achieve that, modules from the Ansible collection under evaluation should have a consistent user interface and descriptive parameter names. + +For example, if Ansible modules interact with a web service, authentication parameters should be separated from the rest. And all modules should use the same authentication parameters if possible. + + +``` +\- name: Create a check that runs every 30 seconds +  sensu.sensu_go.check: +    auth: &auth +      url: +      user: demo +      password: demo-pass +    name: check +    command: check-cpu.sh -w 75 -c 90 +    interval: 30 +    publish: true + +\- name: Create a filter +  sensu.sensu_go.filter: +    # Reuse the authentication data from before +    auth: *auth +    name: filter +    action: deny +    expressions: +      - event.check.interval == 10 +      - event.check.occurrences == 1 +``` + +#### 3\. Basic functionality + +Before you start using third-party Ansible content in production, always check each Ansible module's basic functionality. + +Probably the most critical property to look for is the result. Ansible modules and roles that enforce a state are much easier to use than their action-executing counterparts. This is because you can update your Ansible playbook and rerun it without risking a significant breakage. + + +``` +\- name: Command module executes an action -> fails on re-run +  ansible.builtin.command: useradd demo + +\- name: User module enforces a state -> safe to re-run +  ansible.builtin.user: +    name: demo +``` + +You should also expect support for [check mode][12], which simulates the change without making it. If you combine check mode with state enforcement, you get a configuration drift detector for free. + + +``` +$ ansible-playbook --check playbook.yaml + +PLAY [host] ************************************************ + +TASK [Create user] ***************************************** +ok: [host] + +... + +PLAY RECAP ************************************************* +host        : ok=5    changed=2    unreachable=0    failed=0 +                      skipped=3        rescued=0   ignored=0 +``` + +#### 4\. Implementation robustness + +A robustness check is a bit harder to perform if you've never developed an Ansible module or role before. Checking the continuous integration/continuous delivery (CI/CD) configuration files should give you a general idea of what is tested. Finding `ansible-test` and `molecule` commands in the test suite is an excellent sign. + +#### 5\. Maintenance + +During your evaluation, you should also take a look at the issue tracker and development activity. Finding old issues with no response from maintainers is one sign of a poorly maintained Ansible collection. + +Judging the health of a collection by the development activity is a bit trickier. No commits in the last year are a sure sign of an unmaintained Ansible collection because the Ansible ecosystem is developing rapidly. Seeing a few commits per month is usually a sign of a mature project that receives timely updates. + +### Time well-spent + +Evaluating Ansible collections is not an entirely trivial task. Hopefully, these tips will make your selection process somewhat more manageable. It does take time and effort to find the appropriate content for your use case. But with automation becoming an integral part of almost everything, all this effort is well-spent and will pay dividends in the future. + +If you are thinking about creating your own Ansible Collection, you can download a [free eBook from Steampunk][13] packed full of advice on building and maintaining high-quality Ansible integrations. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/21/3/ansible-collections + +作者：[Tadej Borovšak][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/tadeboro +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/OSDC_women_computing_3.png?itok=qw2A18BM (Woman sitting in front of her computer) +[2]: https://docs.ansible.com/ansible/latest/collections/ansible/builtin/ +[3]: https://docs.ansible.com/ansible/latest/collections/index.html#list-of-collections +[4]: https://galaxy.ansible.com/sensu/sensu_go +[5]: https://galaxy.ansible.com/community/sops +[6]: https://github.com/mozilla/sops +[7]: https://galaxy.ansible.com/ +[8]: https://sensu.github.io/sensu-go-ansible/ +[9]: https://clouddocs.f5.com/products/orchestration/ansible/devel/ +[10]: https://sensu.github.io/sensu-go-ansible/quickstart-sensu-go-6.html +[11]: https://github.com/ansible-collections/community.sops#using-this-collection +[12]: https://docs.ansible.com/ansible/latest/user_guide/playbooks_checkmode.html#using-check-mode +[13]: https://steampunk.si/pdf/Importance_of_High_quality_Ansible_Collections_XLAB_Steampunk_ebook.pdf From 5846b632b28d4d5a25a0e778e6b1292faed53179 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Tue, 2 Mar 2021 09:01:47 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 085/309] translated --- ...ual environments with virtualenvwrapper.md | 143 ----------------- ...ual environments with virtualenvwrapper.md | 144 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 144 insertions(+), 143 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20210223 A guide to Python virtual environments with virtualenvwrapper.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20210223 A guide to Python virtual environments with virtualenvwrapper.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210223 A guide to Python virtual environments with virtualenvwrapper.md b/sources/tech/20210223 A guide to Python virtual environments with virtualenvwrapper.md deleted file mode 100644 index b6a7f763b8..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20210223 A guide to Python virtual environments with virtualenvwrapper.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,143 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (A guide to Python virtual environments with virtualenvwrapper) -[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/2/python-virtualenvwrapper) -[#]: author: (Ben Nuttall https://opensource.com/users/bennuttall) - -A guide to Python virtual environments with virtualenvwrapper -====== -Virtual environments are key to safely tinkering with different versions -of Python and combinations of packages -![Python in a coffee cup.][1] - -For some time, Python has included support for managing virtual environments. Python 3.3 even added the built-in **venv** module for creating environments without third-party libraries. Python programmers use several different tools to manage their environments, and the one I use is called [**virtualenvwrapper**][2]. - -Virtual environments are a way of separating your Python project and its dependencies from your system-installed Python. If you use a macOS or Linux-based operating system, it very likely comes with a version of Python as part of the installation, and in fact, it will probably be dependent on that particular version of Python to function properly. But it's your computer, and you may want to use it for your own purposes. You may need to install another version of Python than the operating system provides. You may need to install some additional libraries, too. Although it's possible to upgrade your system Python, it's not recommended. It's also possible to install other libraries, but you must take care not to interfere with anything the system relies on. - -Virtual environments are key to creating the isolation you need to safely tinker with different versions of Python and different combinations of packages. They also allow you to install different versions of the same library for different projects, which resolves what would be impossible if all of your projects' requirements were installed in the same environment. - -Why virtualenvwrapper over other tools? In short: - - * Rather than having a `venv` directory inside or alongside your project directory, virtualenvwrapper keeps all your environments in one place: `~/.virtualenvs` by default. - * It provides commands for creating and activating environments easily, and the activation doesn't rely on locating the right `activate` script. It's just `workon projectname` (from anywhere) rather than `source ~/Projects/flashylights-env/bin/activate`.  - - - -### Getting started - -First of all, it's important to take the time to understand how your system Python is configured and a bit about how the **pip** tool works. - -To use the Raspberry Pi OS as an example, the operating system comes with both Python 2.7 and 3.7 installed. It also provides separate instances of **pip**, one for each version: - - * The command `python` runs Python 2.7 and is located at `/usr/bin/python`. - * The command `python3` runs Python 3.7 and is located at `/usr/bin/python3`. - * The command `pip` installs packages for Python 2.7 and is located at `/usr/bin/pip`. - * The command `pip3` installs packages for Python 3.7 and is located at `/usr/bin/pip3`. - - - -![Python commands on Raspberry Pi][3] - -(Ben Nuttall, [CC BY-SA 4.0][4]) - -It's useful to verify your own state of affairs when it comes to the `python` and `pip` commands before starting to use virtual environments. More information about your `pip` instances can be found by running the command `pip debug` or `pip3 debug`. - -The equivalent information on my Linux computer, which runs Ubuntu, is almost identical (except that it's Python 3.8); and it's very similar on my Macbook, except that the only system Python is 2.6, and I used `brew` to install Python 3.8, so it's located at `/usr/local/bin/python3` instead (along with `pip3`). - -### Installing virtualenvwrapper - -You'll need to install virtualenvwrapper using your system `pip` for Python 3: - - -``` -`sudo pip3 install virtualenvwrapper` -``` - -The next step is to configure your shell to load the virtualenvwrapper commands. You do this by editing your shell's RC file (e.g. `.bashrc`, `.bash_profile`, or `.zshrc`) and adding the following lines: - - -``` -export VIRTUALENVWRAPPER_PYTHON=/usr/bin/python3 -export VIRTUALENVWRAPPER_VIRTUALENV=/usr/local/bin/virtualenv -source /usr/local/bin/virtualenvwrapper.sh -``` - -![bashrc][5] - -(Ben Nuttall, [CC BY-SA 4.0][4]) - -If your Python 3 is located elsewhere, change the first line according to your setup. - -Close your terminal and reopen it for this to take effect. The first time you open the terminal, you should see some output from virtualenvwrapper. This will only happen once, as some directories are created as part of the setup. - -Now you should be able to type the command `mkvirtualenv --version` to verify that virtualenvwrapper is installed. - -### Creating a new virtual environment - -Say you're working on a project called **flashylights**. To create a virtual environment with this name, run the command: - - -``` -`mkvirtualenv flashylights` -``` - -The environment has been created and activated, so you'll see that `(flashlylights)` appears before your prompt: - -![Flashylights prompt][6] - -(Ben Nuttall, [CC BY-SA 4.0][4]) - -Now that the environment is activated, things have changed. The `python` now points at a completely different Python instance than the one(s) you identified on your system earlier. It's created a directory for your environment and placed a copy of the Python 3 binary, the pip command, and more inside it. Type `which python` and `which pip` to see where they're located: - -![Flashylights command][7] - -(Ben Nuttall, [CC BY-SA 4.0][4]) - -If you run a Python program now, you can run it with `python` instead of `python3`, and you can use `pip` instead of `pip3`. Any packages you install using `pip` will be installed within this environment alone, and they will not interfere with your other projects, other environments, or your system installation. - -To deactivate the environment, run the command `deactivate`. To re-enable it, run `workon flashylights`. - -You can list all available environments with `workon` or use `lsvirtualenv`. You can delete an environment with `rmvirtualenv flashylights`. - -Adding virtual environments to your development routine is a sensible thing to do. In my experience, it keeps me from installing libraries I'm experimenting with system-wide, which can lead to problems. I find virtualenvwrapper the easiest way for me to get into that routine and manage my project environments hassle-free without thinking too much or remembering too many commands. - -### Advanced features - - * You can install multiple Python versions on your system (e.g., using the [deadsnakes PPA][8] on Ubuntu) and create a virtual environment with that particular version using, for example, `mkvirtualenv -p /usr/bin/python3.9 myproject`. - * You can automate activation/deactivation upon entering/leaving a directory. - * You can use the `postmkvirtualenv` hook to install common tools every time a new environment is created. - - - -See more tips in [the docs][9]. - -* * * - -_This article is based on Ben Nuttall's [Tooling Tuesday post][10] on virtualenvwrapper and is reused with permission._ - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://opensource.com/article/21/2/python-virtualenvwrapper - -作者：[Ben Nuttall][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://opensource.com/users/bennuttall -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/coffee_python.jpg?itok=G04cSvp_ (Python in a coffee cup.) -[2]: https://virtualenvwrapper.readthedocs.io/en/latest/index.html -[3]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/pi-python-cmds.png (Python commands on Raspberry Pi) -[4]: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ -[5]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/bashrc.png (bashrc) -[6]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/flashylights-activated-prompt.png (Flashylights prompt) -[7]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/flashylights-activated-cmds.png (Flashylights command) -[8]: https://tooling.bennuttall.com/deadsnakes/ -[9]: https://virtualenvwrapper.readthedocs.io/en/latest/tips.html -[10]: https://tooling.bennuttall.com/virtualenvwrapper/ diff --git a/translated/tech/20210223 A guide to Python virtual environments with virtualenvwrapper.md b/translated/tech/20210223 A guide to Python virtual environments with virtualenvwrapper.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..888adf0f06 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20210223 A guide to Python virtual environments with virtualenvwrapper.md @@ -0,0 +1,144 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (A guide to Python virtual environments with virtualenvwrapper) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/2/python-virtualenvwrapper) +[#]: author: (Ben Nuttall https://opensource.com/users/bennuttall) + +使用 virtualenvwrapper 构建 Python 虚拟环境指南 +====== +虚拟环境是安全地使用不同版本的 Python 和软件包组合的关键。 +![Python in a coffee cup.][1] + +一段时间以来，Python 已经包含了对管理虚拟环境的支持。Python 3.3 甚至增加了内置的 **venv** 模块，用于创建没有第三方库的环境。Python 程序员使用几种不同的工具来管理他们的环境，我使用的工具叫做 [**virtualenvwrapper**][2]。 + +虚拟环境是将你的 Python 项目和它的依赖关系与你的系统安装的 Python 分离的一种方式。如果你使用的是基于 macOS 或 Linux 的操作系统，它很可能在安装中附带了一个 Python 版本，事实上，它很可能依赖于那个特定版本的 Python 才能正常运行。但这是你的计算机，你可能想用它来达到自己的目的。你可能需要安装另一个版本的 Python，而不是操作系统提供的版本。你可能还需要安装一些额外的库。尽管你可以升级你的系统 Python，但不推荐这样做。也可以安装其他库，但你必须注意不要干扰系统所依赖的任何东西。 + +虚拟环境是创建隔离的关键，你需要安全地修改不同版本的 Python 和不同组合的包。它们还允许你为不同的项目安装同一库的不同版本，这解决了在相同环境满足所有项目需求这个不可能的问题。 + +为什么选择 virtualenvwrapper 而不是其他工具？简而言之： + + * 与 `venv` 需要在项目目录内或旁边有一个 `venv` 目录不同，virtualenvwrapper 将所有环境保存在一个地方：默认在 `~/.virtualenvs` 中。 + * 它提供了用于创建和激活环境的命令，而且激活环境不依赖于找到正确的 `activate` 脚本。它只需要 `workon projectname`（从任何地方)而不需要 `source ~/Projects/flashylights-env/bin/activate`。  + + + +### 开始使用 + +首先，花点时间了解一下你的系统 Python 是如何配置的，以及 **pip** 工具是如何工作的。 + + +以树莓派系统为例，该系统同时安装了 Python 2.7 和 3.7。它还提供了单独的 **pip** 实例，每个版本一个： + + * 命令 `python` 运行 Python 2.7，位于 `/usr/bin/python`。 + * 命令 `python3` 运行 Python 3.7，位于 `/usr/bin/python3`。 + * 命令 `pip` 安装 Python 2.7 的软件包，位于 `/usr/bin/pip`。 + * 命令 `pip3` 安装 Python 3.7 的包，位于 `/usr/bin/pip3`。 + + + +![Python commands on Raspberry Pi][3] + +（Ben Nuttall, [CC BY-SA 4.0][4]） + +在开始使用虚拟环境之前，验证一下使用 `python` 和 `pip` 命令的状态是很有用的。关于你的 `pip` 实例的更多信息可以通过运行 `pip debug` 或 `pip3 debug` 命令找到。 + +在我运行 Ubuntu Linux 的电脑上几乎是相同的信息（除了它是 Python 3.8）。在我的 Macbook 上也很相似，除了唯一的系统 Python 是 2.6，而我用 `brew` 安装 Python 3.8，所以它位于 `/usr/local/bin/python3` (和 `pip3` 一起)。 + +### 安装 virtualenvwrapper + +你需要使用系统 Python 3 的 `pip` 安装 virtualenvwrapper： + + +``` +`sudo pip3 install virtualenvwrapper` +``` + +下一步是配置你的 shell 来加载 virtualenvwrapper 命令。你可以通过编辑 shell 的 RC 文件（例如 `.bashrc`、`.bash_profile` 或 `.zshrc`）并添加以下几行： + + +``` +export VIRTUALENVWRAPPER_PYTHON=/usr/bin/python3 +export VIRTUALENVWRAPPER_VIRTUALENV=/usr/local/bin/virtualenv +source /usr/local/bin/virtualenvwrapper.sh +``` + +![bashrc][5] + +（Ben Nuttall, [CC BY-SA 4.0][4]） + +如果你的 Python 3 位于其他地方，请根据你的设置修改第一行。 + +关闭你的终端，然后重新打开它，这样才能生效。第一次打开终端时，你应该看到 virtualenvwrapper 的一些输出。这只会发生一次，因为一些目录是作为设置的一部分被创建的。 + +现在你应该可以输入 `mkvirtualenv --version` 命令来验证 virtualenvwrapper 是否已经安装。 + +### 创建一个新的虚拟环境 + +假设你正在进行一个名为 **flashylights** 的项目。要用这个名字创建一个虚拟环境，请运行该命令： + + +``` +`mkvirtualenv flashylights` +``` + +环境已经创建并激活，所以你会看到 `(flashlylights)` 出现在你的提示前： + +![Flashylights prompt][6] + +（Ben Nuttall, [CC BY-SA 4.0][4]） + +现在环境被激活了，事情发生了变化。`python` 现在指向一个与你之前在系统中识别的 Python 实例完全不同的 Python 实例。它为你的环境创建了一个目录，并在其中放置了 Python 3 二进制文件、pip 命令等的副本。输入 `which python` 和 `which pip` 来查看它们的位置。 + +![Flashylights command][7] + +（Ben Nuttall, [CC BY-SA 4.0][4]） + +如果你现在运行一个 Python 程序，你可以用 `python` 代替 `python3` 来运行，你可以用 `pip` 代替 `pip3`。你使用 `pip`安装的任何包都将只安装在这个环境中，它们不会干扰你的其他项目、其他环境或系统安装。 + +要停用这个环境，运行 `deactivate` 命令。要重新启用它，运行 `workon flashylights`。 + +你可以用 `workon` 或使用 `lsvirtualenv` 列出所有可用的环境。你可以用 `rmvirtualenv flashylights` 删除一个环境。 + + +在你的开发流程中添加虚拟环境是一件明智的事情。根据我的经验，它可以防止我在系统范围内安装我正在试验的库，这可能会导致问题。我发现 virtualenvwrapper 是最简单的可以让我进入流程的方法，并无忧无虑地管理我的项目环境，而不需要考虑太多，也不需要记住太多命令。 + +### 高级特性 + + * 你可以在你的系统上安装多个 Python 版本（例如，在 Ubuntu 上使用 [deadsnakes PPA][8]），并使用该版本创建一个虚拟环境，例如，`mkvirtualenv -p /usr/bin/python3.9 myproject`。 + * 可以在进入/离开目录时自动激活/停用。 + * 你可以使用 `postmkvirtualenv` 钩子在每次创建新环境时安装常用工具。 + + + +更多提示请参见[文档][9]。 + +* * * + +_本文基于 Ben Nuttall 在 [Tooling Tuesday 上关于 virtualenvwrapper 的帖子][10]，经许可后重用。_ + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/21/2/python-virtualenvwrapper + +作者：[Ben Nuttall][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/bennuttall +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/coffee_python.jpg?itok=G04cSvp_ (Python in a coffee cup.) +[2]: https://virtualenvwrapper.readthedocs.io/en/latest/index.html +[3]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/pi-python-cmds.png (Python commands on Raspberry Pi) +[4]: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ +[5]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/bashrc.png (bashrc) +[6]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/flashylights-activated-prompt.png (Flashylights prompt) +[7]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/flashylights-activated-cmds.png (Flashylights command) +[8]: https://tooling.bennuttall.com/deadsnakes/ +[9]: https://virtualenvwrapper.readthedocs.io/en/latest/tips.html +[10]: https://tooling.bennuttall.com/virtualenvwrapper/ From 4947c6fb25d748c9964219116c473709fefcf704 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Tue, 2 Mar 2021 09:50:45 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 086/309] translating --- sources/tech/20210226 3 Linux terminals you need to try.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20210226 3 Linux terminals you need to try.md b/sources/tech/20210226 3 Linux terminals you need to try.md index ad095df61a..dd0f42925d 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20210226 3 Linux terminals you need to try.md +++ b/sources/tech/20210226 3 Linux terminals you need to try.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/2/linux-terminals) [#]: author: (Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth) [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 859cae108782fc16aedf603117ac459c6f59b72e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Tue, 2 Mar 2021 20:48:26 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 087/309] PRF @AmorSu --- ...ntainer concepts you need to understand.md | 46 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 22 insertions(+), 24 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20201215 6 container concepts you need to understand.md b/translated/tech/20201215 6 container concepts you need to understand.md index 4c44914007..d15481a1e6 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20201215 6 container concepts you need to understand.md +++ b/translated/tech/20201215 6 container concepts you need to understand.md @@ -1,34 +1,34 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (AmorSu) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (6 container concepts you need to understand) [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/20/12/containers-101) [#]: author: (Mike Calizo https://opensource.com/users/mcalizo) -6个你需要知道的关于容器的概念 +6 个必知必会的关于容器的概念 ====== -容器现在是无所不在，它们已经快速的改变了 IT 行业。关于容器你需要知道一些什么呢？ -![网络上停泊在海里的船只][1] -因为容器给商业所带来的巨大的价值和大量的好处，它快速的改变了IT行业。几乎所有最新的商业创新，都有容器化贡献的一部分因素，甚至是主要因素。 +> 容器现在是无所不在，它们已经快速的改变了 IT 格局。关于容器你需要知道一些什么呢？ -在现代化应用架构中，能够快速的把修改交付到生产环境的能力，让你比你的竞争对手更胜一筹。容器通过使用微服务架构，帮助开发团队开发功能、更小的失败、更快的恢复，从而加快交付速度。容器化还让应用软件能够快速启动、按需自动扩展云资源。还有，[DevOps][2]通过灵活性、移动性、和有效性让产品可以尽快进入市场，从而将容器化的所能带来的好处最大化。 +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/202103/02/204713fgp7fasvm4ii2ire.jpg) -在 DevOps 中，当速度，敏捷，灵活是容器化的主要保障时，安全则是一个重要的因素。这就导致了 DevSecOps 的出现。它从一开始，到贯穿容器化应用的整个生命周期，都始终将安全融合到应用的开发中。默认情况下，容器化大大地增强了安全性，因为它将应用和宿主主机以及其他的容器化应用相互隔离开来。 +因为容器给企业所带来的巨大的价值和大量的好处，它快速的改变了 IT 格局。几乎所有最新的业务创新，都有容器化贡献的一部分因素，甚至是主要因素。 + +在现代化应用架构中，能够快速的把变更交付到生产环境的能力，让你比你的竞争对手更胜一筹。容器通过使用微服务架构，帮助开发团队开发功能、更小的失败、更快的恢复，从而加快交付速度。容器化还让应用软件能够快速启动、按需自动扩展云资源。还有，[DevOps][2] 通过灵活性、移动性、和有效性让产品可以尽快进入市场，从而将容器化的所能带来的好处最大化。 + +在 DevOps 中，虽然速度、敏捷、灵活是容器化的主要保障，但安全则是一个重要的因素。这就导致了 DevSecOps 的出现。它从一开始，到贯穿容器化应用的整个生命周期，都始终将安全融合到应用的开发中。默认情况下，容器化大大地增强了安全性，因为它将应用和宿主机以及其他的容器化应用相互隔离开来。 ### 什么是容器？ -容器是单体式应用程序所遗留的问题的解决方案。虽然单体式有它的优点，但是它让组织无法用敏捷的方式快速前进。而容器则让你能够将单体式分解成 [微服务][3]。 +容器是单体式应用程序所遗留的问题的解决方案。虽然单体式有它的优点，但是它阻碍了组织以敏捷的方式快速前进。而容器则让你能够将单体式分解成 [微服务][3]。 本质上来说，容器只是一些轻量化组件的应用集，比如软件依赖、库、配置文件等等，然后运行在一个隔离的环境之中，这个隔离的环境又是运行在传统操作系统之上的，或者为了可移植性和灵活性而运行在虚拟化环境之上。 ![容器的架构][4] -(Michael Calizo, [CC BY-SA 4.0][5]) - -总而言之，容器通过利用像 cgroups、 [kernel namespaces][6], and [SELinux][7] 这样的内核技术来实现隔离。容器跟宿主主机共用一个内核，因此比虚拟机占用更少的资源。 +总而言之，容器通过利用像 cgroup、 [内核命名空间][6] 和 [SELinux][7] 这样的内核技术来实现隔离。容器跟宿主机共用一个内核，因此比虚拟机占用更少的资源。 ### 容器的优势 @@ -36,43 +36,41 @@ 容器让在公有云或者私有云上部署和分享应用变得非常容易。更重要的是，它所提供的连贯性，帮助运维和开发团队降低了在跨平台部署的过程中的复杂度。 -容器还有一个通用的构建组件的集合，可以在开发的任何阶段拿来复用，从而可以重建出一样的环境供开发、测试、预备、生产使用，将“一次编写、到处执行”的概念加以扩展。 +容器还可以实现一套通用的构建组件，可以在开发的任何阶段拿来复用，从而可以重建出一样的环境供开发、测试、预备、生产使用，将“一次编写、到处执行”的概念加以扩展。 -和虚拟化相比，容器让灵活性、连贯性、和快速部署应用，这些 DevOps 的原则，实现起来更简单。 +和虚拟化相比，容器使实现灵活性、连贯性和快速部署应用的能力变得更加简单 —— 这是 DevOps 的主要原则。 ### Docker 因素 -[Docker][8] 已经变成了容器的同义词。Docker 让容器技术发生彻底变革并得以推广普及，虽然早在 Docker 之前容器技术就已经存在。这些容器技术包括 AIX Worklo partition（工作负载分区）、 Solaris 容器、以及Linux 容器 ([LXC][9])（被用来[在一台Linux主机上运行多个 Linux 环境][10]）。 +[Docker][8] 已经变成了容器的代名词。Docker 让容器技术发生彻底变革并得以推广普及，虽然早在 Docker 之前容器技术就已经存在。这些容器技术包括 AIX 工作负载分区、 Solaris 容器、以及 Linux 容器（[LXC][9]），后者被用来 [在一台 Linux 宿主机上运行多个 Linux 环境][10]。 ### Kubernetes 效应 -Kubernetes 如今已被认为是 [编排引擎][11] 中的领导者。在过去的几年里，[Kubernetes 的普及][12] 加上容器技术的应用日趋成熟，为运维、开发、以及安全团队可以拥抱日益变革的行业，创造了一个理想的环境。 +Kubernetes 如今已被广泛认为是 [编排引擎][11] 中的领导者。在过去的几年里，[Kubernetes 的普及][12] 加上容器技术的应用日趋成熟，为运维、开发、以及安全团队可以拥抱日益变革的行业，创造了一个理想的环境。 -Kubernetes 为容器的管理提供了完整全面的解决方案。它可以在一个集群中运行容器，从而实现类似自动扩展云资源这样的功能，这些云资源包括：自动的，分布式的事件驱动的应用需求。这就保证了“免费的”高可用性。（比如，开发和运维都不需要花太大的劲就可以实现） +Kubernetes 为容器的管理提供了完整全面的解决方案。它可以在一个集群中运行容器，从而实现类似自动扩展云资源这样的功能，这些云资源包括：自动的、分布式的事件驱动的应用需求。这就保证了“免费的”高可用性。（比如，开发和运维都不需要花太大的劲就可以实现） 此外，在 OpenShift 和 类似 Kubernetes 这样的企业的帮助下，容器的应用变得更加的容易。 ![Kubernetes 集群][13] -(Michael Calizo, [CC BY-SA 4.0][5]) - ### 容器会替代虚拟机吗？ -[KubeVirt][14] 和类似的 [开源][15] 项目很大程度上表明，容器将会取代虚拟机。KubeVirt 通过将虚拟机转化成容器，把虚拟机带入到容器化的工作流中，因此他们就可以利用容器化应用的优势。 +[KubeVirt][14] 和类似的 [开源][15] 项目很大程度上表明，容器将会取代虚拟机。KubeVirt 通过将虚拟机转化成容器，把虚拟机带入到容器化的工作流中，因此它们就可以利用容器化应用的优势。 -现在，容器和虚拟机更多的是互补的关系，而不是相互竞争的。容器在虚拟机上面运行，因此增加可用性，特别是对于那些要求有持续性的应用。同时容器可以利用虚拟化技术的优势，让硬件的基础设施（如：内存和网络）的管理更加便捷。 +现在，容器和虚拟机更多的是互补的关系，而不是相互竞争的。容器在虚拟机上面运行，因此增加可用性，特别是对于那些要求有持久性的应用。同时容器可以利用虚拟化技术的优势，让硬件的基础设施（如：内存和网络）的管理更加便捷。 ### 那么 Windows 容器呢？ -微软和开源社区方面都对 Windows 容器的成功实现做了大量的推动。Kubernetes Operators 加速了 Windows 容器的应用进程。还有像 OpenShift 这样的产品已经启用 [Windows worker nodes][16]来运行 Windows 容器。 +微软和开源社区方面都对 Windows 容器的成功实现做了大量的推动。Kubernetes 操作器Operator 加速了 Windows 容器的应用进程。还有像 OpenShift 这样的产品现在可以启用 [Windows 工作节点][16] 来运行 Windows 容器。 Windows 的容器化创造出巨大的诱人的可能性。特别是对于使用混合环境的企业。在 Kubernetes 集群上运行你最关键的应用程序，是你成功实现混合云/多种云环境的目标迈出的一大步。 ### 容器的未来 -容器在IT行业日新月异的变革中扮演着重要的角色，因为企业在向着快速、敏捷的交付软件及解决方案的方向前进，以此来[超越竞争对手][17]。 +容器在 IT 行业日新月异的变革中扮演着重要的角色，因为企业在向着快速、敏捷的交付软件及解决方案的方向前进，以此来 [超越竞争对手][17]。 -容器将会留下来。在不久的将来，其他的使用场景，比如边缘计算中的无服务器，将会浮现出来，并且更深地影响我们对从数字设备来回传输数据的速度的认知。唯一在这种变化中存活下来的方式，就是去应用它们。 +容器会继续存在下去。在不久的将来，其他的使用场景，比如边缘计算中的无服务器，将会浮现出来，并且更深地影响我们对从数字设备来回传输数据的速度的认知。唯一在这种变化中存活下来的方式，就是去应用它们。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -81,7 +79,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/20/12/containers-101 作者：[Mike Calizo][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[AmorSu](https://github.com/amorsu) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 3a3071f1a27e78b0ad85707018bcc0e8d2ad48d3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Tue, 2 Mar 2021 20:49:02 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 088/309] PUB @AmorSu https://linux.cn/article-13170-1.html --- .../20201215 6 container concepts you need to understand.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20201215 6 container concepts you need to understand.md (99%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20201215 6 container concepts you need to understand.md b/published/20201215 6 container concepts you need to understand.md similarity index 99% rename from translated/tech/20201215 6 container concepts you need to understand.md rename to published/20201215 6 container concepts you need to understand.md index d15481a1e6..30d8ba7631 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20201215 6 container concepts you need to understand.md +++ b/published/20201215 6 container concepts you need to understand.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (AmorSu) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-13170-1.html) [#]: subject: (6 container concepts you need to understand) [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/20/12/containers-101) [#]: author: (Mike Calizo https://opensource.com/users/mcalizo) From 17b878767ceb2c9085583494ac68a5bac121c39c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Tue, 2 Mar 2021 21:12:31 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 089/309] APL --- ...et SysMonTask- A Windows Task Manager Lookalike for Linux.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20210302 Meet SysMonTask- A Windows Task Manager Lookalike for Linux.md b/sources/tech/20210302 Meet SysMonTask- A Windows Task Manager Lookalike for Linux.md index 95ad648a39..84f9779159 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20210302 Meet SysMonTask- A Windows Task Manager Lookalike for Linux.md +++ b/sources/tech/20210302 Meet SysMonTask- A Windows Task Manager Lookalike for Linux.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ [#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/sysmontask/) [#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/) [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (wxy) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 8d325e081e0b6770f8f2455f1fc28dcc340b2720 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Tue, 2 Mar 2021 21:38:05 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 090/309] TSL&PRF --- ...indows Task Manager Lookalike for Linux.md | 130 ------------------ ...indows Task Manager Lookalike for Linux.md | 128 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 128 insertions(+), 130 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20210302 Meet SysMonTask- A Windows Task Manager Lookalike for Linux.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20210302 Meet SysMonTask- A Windows Task Manager Lookalike for Linux.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210302 Meet SysMonTask- A Windows Task Manager Lookalike for Linux.md b/sources/tech/20210302 Meet SysMonTask- A Windows Task Manager Lookalike for Linux.md deleted file mode 100644 index 84f9779159..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20210302 Meet SysMonTask- A Windows Task Manager Lookalike for Linux.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,130 +0,0 @@ -[#]: subject: (Meet SysMonTask: A Windows Task Manager Lookalike for Linux) -[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/sysmontask/) -[#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/) -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (wxy) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) - -Meet SysMonTask: A Windows Task Manager Lookalike for Linux -====== - -Thanks to the desktop environments, almost all [Linux distributions come with a task manager application][1]. In addition to that, there are [several other system monitoring applications for Linux][2] that have additional features. - -But recently I came across a task manager created for Linux that looks like … wait for it … the task manager of Windows. - -You take a look at it and decide for yourself. - -![][3] - -Personally, I am not sure if the likeness in the user interface is such a big deal but the developer and probably some other Linux users might disagree with me. - -### SysMonTask: A system monitor with the looks of Windows task manager - -![][4] - -The open source software, [SysMonTask][5], describes itself as a “Linux system monitor with the compactness and usefulness of windows task manager to allow higher control and monitoring”. - -Coded in Python, SysMonTask boasts of the following features: - - * System monitoring graphs. - * Shows stats for CPU, Memory, Disks, Network adapters, single Nvidia GPU. - * Support for listing mounted disks was added in recent version. - * User Processess tab can do process filtering, show recursive-CPU, recursive-Memery and aggregate values on coloumn headers. - * You can, of course, kill a process from the processes tab. - * Also supports system themes (dark and light). - - - -### Experience with SysMonTask - -SysMonTask needs elevated privileges. You’ll be asked for your admin password when you launch it. I don’t like a task manager running with sudo all the time but that’s just my preference. - -I played with a little to explore its features. The disk usage was pretty constant so I copied a 10 GB file from external SSD to my laptop’s disk a couple of times. You can see the spikes corresponding to the file transfer. - -![][6] - -The process tab is also handy. It shows the accumulated resource utilization on the top of the columns. - -The kill button is added at the bottom so all you have to do is to select a process and hit the ‘Killer’ button. It asks for your conformation before [killing the process][7]. - -![][8] - -### Installing SysMonTask on Linux distributions - -For a simple application, it downloads 50 MB of archive files and takes around 200 MB on the disk. I think it is because of the Python dependencies. - -One more thing is that since it reads the env - -At the moment of writing this article, SysMonTask is available for Ubuntu-based distributions via [PPA][9]. - -On an Ubuntu-based distribution, open a terminal and use the following command to add the PPA repository: - -``` -sudo add-apt-repository ppa:camel-neeraj/sysmontask -``` - -You’ll be asked to enter your password, of course. On newer versions, the repository list is automatically updated. So, you can install the application straightaway: - -``` -sudo apt install sysmontask -``` - -Debian-based distributions may also try to install it from the deb file. It can be found at the release page. - -There is no ready-to-use package for other distributions. Whayt surprises me is that it is basically a Python application so a PIP installer could have been added for other distributions. Perhaps the developers will add it in the future version. - -Since it is open source software, you can always get the source code. - -[SysMonTask Deb files and Source Code][10] - -Once installed, look for SysMonTask in the menu and start it from there. - -#### Remove SysMonTask - -If you want to remove it, use the following command: - -``` -sudo apt remove sysmontask -``` - -It will be a good idea to [delete the PPA][11] as well: - -``` -sudo add-apt-repository -r ppa:camel-neeraj/sysmontask -``` - -You may also [use PPA Purge][12] tool here which is a handy utility for dealing with PPA application removal. - -### Would you try it? - -For me, the features are more important than the looks. SysMonTask does have the additional feature of monitoring disk performance and checking GPU stats which is something other system monitors usually do not include. - -If you try and like it, perhaps you’ll like to add Ctrl+Alt+Del shortcut to launch SysMonTask to get the complete feel :) - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://itsfoss.com/sysmontask/ - -作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://itsfoss.com/task-manager-linux/ -[2]: https://itsfoss.com/linux-system-monitoring-tools/ -[3]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/sysmontask-1.png?resize=800%2C559&ssl=1 -[4]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/SysMonTask-CPU.png?resize=800%2C537&ssl=1 -[5]: https://github.com/KrispyCamel4u/SysMonTask -[6]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/sysmontask-disk-usage.png?resize=800%2C498&ssl=1 -[7]: https://itsfoss.com/how-to-find-the-process-id-of-a-program-and-kill-it-quick-tip/ -[8]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/kill-process-sysmontask.png?resize=800%2C500&ssl=1 -[9]: https://itsfoss.com/ppa-guide/ -[10]: https://github.com/KrispyCamel4u/SysMonTask/releases -[11]: https://itsfoss.com/how-to-remove-or-delete-ppas-quick-tip/ -[12]: https://itsfoss.com/ppa-purge/ diff --git a/translated/tech/20210302 Meet SysMonTask- A Windows Task Manager Lookalike for Linux.md b/translated/tech/20210302 Meet SysMonTask- A Windows Task Manager Lookalike for Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e905ffbdf1 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20210302 Meet SysMonTask- A Windows Task Manager Lookalike for Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,128 @@ +[#]: subject: (Meet SysMonTask: A Windows Task Manager Lookalike for Linux) +[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/sysmontask/) +[#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (wxy) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +SysMonTask：一个类似于 Windows 任务管理器的 Linux 系统监控器 +====== + +得益于桌面环境，几乎所有的 [Linux 发行版都带有任务管理器应用程序][1]。除此之外，还有 [一些其他的 Linux 的系统监控应用程序][2]，它们具有更多的功能。 + +但最近我遇到了一个为 Linux 创建的任务管理器，它看起来像……嗯……Windows 的任务管理器。 + +你自己看看就知道了。 + +![][3] + +就我个人而言，我不确定用户界面的相似性是否有意义，但开发者和其他一些 Linux 用户可能不同意我的观点。 + +### SysMonTask: 一个具有 Windows 任务管理器外观的系统监控器 + +![][4] + +开源软件 [SysMonTask][5] 将自己描述为“具有 Windows 任务管理器的紧凑性和实用性的 Linux 系统监控器，以实现更高的控制和监控”。 + +SysMonTask 以 Python 编写，拥有以下功能： + + * 系统监控图。 + * 显示 CPU、内存、磁盘、网络适配器、单个 Nvidia GPU 的统计数据。 + * 在最近的版本中增加了对挂载磁盘列表的支持。 + * 用户进程选项卡可以进行进程过滤，显示递归-CPU、递归-内存和列头的汇总值。 + * 当然，你可以在进程选项卡中杀死一个进程。 + * 还支持系统主题（深色和浅色）。 + +### 体验 SysMonTask + +SysMonTask 需要提升权限。当你启动它时，你会被要求提供你的管理员密码。我不喜欢一个任务管理器一直用 `sudo` 运行，但这只是我的喜好。 + +我玩了一下，探索它的功能。磁盘的使用量基本稳定不变，所以我把一个 10GB 的文件从外部 SSD 复制到笔记本的磁盘上几次。你可以看到文件传输时对应的峰值。 + +![][6] + +进程标签也很方便。它在列的顶部显示了累积的资源利用率。 + +杀死按钮被添加在底部，所以你要做的就是选择一个进程，然后点击“Killer” 按钮。它在 [杀死进程][7] 之前会询问你的确认。 + +![][8] + +### 在 Linux 发行版上安装 SysMonTask + +对于一个简单的应用程序，它需要下载 50 MB 的存档文件，并占用了大约 200 MB 的磁盘。我想这是因为 Python 的依赖性。 + +还有就是它读取的是 env。 + +在写这篇文章的时候，SysMonTask 可以通过 [PPA][9] 在基于 Ubuntu 的发行版上使用。 + +在基于 Ubuntu 的发行版上，打开一个终端，使用以下命令添加 PPA 仓库： + +``` +sudo add-apt-repository ppa:camel-neeraj/sysmontask +``` + +当然，你会被要求输入密码。在新版本中，仓库列表会自动更新。所以，你可以直接安装应用程序： + +``` +sudo apt install sysmontask +``` + +基于 Debian 的发行版也可以尝试从 deb 文件中安装它。它可以在发布页面找到。 + +对于其他发行版，没有现成的软件包。令我惊讶的是，它基本上是一个 Python 应用程序，所以可以为其他发行版添加一个 PIP 安装程序。也许开发者会在未来的版本中添加它。 + +由于它是开源软件，你可以随时得到源代码。 + +- [SysMonTask Deb 文件和源代码][10] + +安装完毕后，在菜单中寻找 SysMonTask，并从那里启动它。 + +#### 删除 SysMonTask + +如果你想删除它，使用以下命令： + +``` +sudo apt remove sysmontask +``` + +最好也 [删除 PPA][11]： + +``` +sudo add-apt-repository -r ppa:camel-neeraj/sysmontask +``` + +你也可以在这里 [使用 PPA 清除][12] 工具，这是一个处理 PPA 应用程序删除的方便工具。 + +### 你会尝试吗？ + +对我来说，功能比外观更重要。SysMonTask 确实有额外的功能，监测磁盘性能和检查 GPU 统计数据，这是其他系统监视器通常不包括的东西。 + +如果你尝试并喜欢它，也许你会喜欢添加 `Ctrl+Alt+Del` 快捷键来启动 SysMonTask，以获得完整的感觉 :) + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/sysmontask/ + +作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://itsfoss.com/task-manager-linux/ +[2]: https://itsfoss.com/linux-system-monitoring-tools/ +[3]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/sysmontask-1.png?resize=800%2C559&ssl=1 +[4]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/SysMonTask-CPU.png?resize=800%2C537&ssl=1 +[5]: https://github.com/KrispyCamel4u/SysMonTask +[6]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/sysmontask-disk-usage.png?resize=800%2C498&ssl=1 +[7]: https://itsfoss.com/how-to-find-the-process-id-of-a-program-and-kill-it-quick-tip/ +[8]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/kill-process-sysmontask.png?resize=800%2C500&ssl=1 +[9]: https://itsfoss.com/ppa-guide/ +[10]: https://github.com/KrispyCamel4u/SysMonTask/releases +[11]: https://itsfoss.com/how-to-remove-or-delete-ppas-quick-tip/ +[12]: https://itsfoss.com/ppa-purge/ From fd23574aa7c77a699d6673d1820a9f891aad29e9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Wed, 3 Mar 2021 05:05:35 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 091/309] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020210303=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Guake=20Terminal:=20A=20Customizable=20Linux=20Terminal=20for?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Power=20Users=20[Inspired=20by=20an=20FPS=20Game]?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20210303 Guake Terminal- A Customizable Linux Terminal for Power Users -Inspired by an FPS Game.md --- ...or Power Users -Inspired by an FPS Game.md | 104 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 104 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20210303 Guake Terminal- A Customizable Linux Terminal for Power Users -Inspired by an FPS Game.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210303 Guake Terminal- A Customizable Linux Terminal for Power Users -Inspired by an FPS Game.md b/sources/tech/20210303 Guake Terminal- A Customizable Linux Terminal for Power Users -Inspired by an FPS Game.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..d0685b5164 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20210303 Guake Terminal- A Customizable Linux Terminal for Power Users -Inspired by an FPS Game.md @@ -0,0 +1,104 @@ +[#]: subject: (Guake Terminal: A Customizable Linux Terminal for Power Users [Inspired by an FPS Game]) +[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/guake-terminal/) +[#]: author: (Ankush Das https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +Guake Terminal: A Customizable Linux Terminal for Power Users [Inspired by an FPS Game] +====== + +_**Brief: Quickly access your terminal that is customizable and powerful for a variety of users with Guake Terminal emulator.**_ + +### Guake Terminal: Top-Down Terminal for GNOME Desktop + +![][1] + +[Guake][2] is a terminal emulator that’s tailored for GNOME desktop with a top-down design. + +It was originally inspired from the terminal seen in an FPS game ([Quake][3]). Even though it was initially built as a quick and accessible terminal, it is much more than that. + +Guake terminal offers a ton of features, and customizable options. Here, I’ll highlight the key features of the terminal along with the process of getting it installed on any of your Linux distribution. + +### Features of Guake Terminal + +![][4] + + * Keyboard Shortcut (**F12**) to launch the terminal anywhere as an overlay + * Guake terminal runs in the background for persistent access + * Ability to split tabs horizontally and vertically + * Change the default shell from available options (if any) + * Re-alignment option + * Change appearance of the terminal from a wide selection of color palettes + * Ability to save the content of the terminal to a file using GUI option + * Toggle Full screen option when needed + * You can easily save the tabs or open new tabs when needed + * Ability to restore tabs + * Option to configure and learn new keyboard shortcuts to quickly access the terminal and perform tasks + * Change colors of specific tabs + * Easily rename the tabs to quickly access what you already need + * Quick open feature to open text files directly from your terminal on your favorite editor with a click + * Ability to add your own command or scripts when starting up or showing up the Guake terminal + * Multi-monitor support + + + +![][5] + +Just to have fun, you can do a great deal of things. But, I also believe that power users can make use of the features to make their terminal experience easier and more productive. + +For the time I used it to test out a few things and write this article, I felt like I was summoning the terminal to be honest. So, I definitely find it cool! + +### Installing Guake Terminal on Linux + +![][6] + +**Guake Terminal is available through the default repositories on Ubuntu, Fedora, and Arch**. + +You can follow its official instructions to know the commands you can use or if you’re using an Ubuntu-based distro, simply type in: + +``` +sudo apt install guake +``` + +Do note that you may not get the latest version using this method. So, if you want to have the latest version, you can opt to use the PPA by [Linux Uprising][7] to get the latest version: + +``` +sudo add-apt-repository ppa:linuxuprising/guake +sudo apt update +sudo apt install guake +``` + +In either case, you can also get it using [Pypi][8] or from source by referring to the [official documentation][9] or the [GitHub page][10]. + +[Guake Terminal][10] + +What do you think about Guake Terminal? Do you think of it as a useful terminal emulator? Anything similar that you know of? + +Feel free to let me know what you think in the comments down below. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/guake-terminal/ + +作者：[Ankush Das][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/guake-terminal-1.png?resize=800%2C363&ssl=1 +[2]: http://guake-project.org/ +[3]: https://quake.bethesda.net/en +[4]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/guake-terminal.jpg?resize=800%2C245&ssl=1 +[5]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/guake-preferences.jpg?resize=800%2C559&ssl=1 +[6]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/guake-terminal-2.png?resize=800%2C432&ssl=1 +[7]: https://www.linuxuprising.com/ +[8]: https://pypi.org/ +[9]: https://guake.readthedocs.io/en/latest/user/installing.html +[10]: https://github.com/Guake/guake From 1f445bf9e67672abab6c3fd6ff0ad2aba9b379e3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Wed, 3 Mar 2021 05:06:10 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 092/309] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020210302=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Learn=20Java=20with=20object=20orientation=20by=20building=20a?= =?UTF-8?q?=20classic=20Breakout=20game?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20210302 Learn Java with object orientation by building a classic Breakout game.md --- ...ion by building a classic Breakout game.md | 409 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 409 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20210302 Learn Java with object orientation by building a classic Breakout game.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210302 Learn Java with object orientation by building a classic Breakout game.md b/sources/tech/20210302 Learn Java with object orientation by building a classic Breakout game.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..121fe21b62 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20210302 Learn Java with object orientation by building a classic Breakout game.md @@ -0,0 +1,409 @@ +[#]: subject: (Learn Java with object orientation by building a classic Breakout game) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/3/java-object-orientation) +[#]: author: (Vaneska Sousa https://opensource.com/users/vaneska) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +Learn Java with object orientation by building a classic Breakout game +====== +Practice how to structure a project and write Java code while having fun +building a fun game. +![Learning and studying technology is the key to success][1] + +As a second-semester student in systems and digital media at the Federal University of Ceará in Brazil, I was given the assignment to remake the classic Atari 2600 [Breakout game][2] from 1978. I am still in my infancy in learning software development, and this was a challenging experience. It was also a gainful one because I learned a lot, especially about applying object-oriented concepts. + +![Breakout game][3] + +(Vaneska Karen, [CC BY-SA 4.0][4]) + +I'll explain how I accomplished this challenge, and if you follow the step-by-step instructions, at the end of this article, you will have the first pieces of your own classic Breakout game. + +### Choosing Java and TotalCross + +Several of my courses use [Processing][5], a software engine that uses [Java][6]. Java is a great language for learning programming concepts, in part because it's a strongly typed language. + +Despite being free to choose any language or framework for my Breakout project, I chose to continue in Java to apply what I've learned in my coursework. I also wanted to use a framework so that I did not need to do everything from scratch. I considered using Godot, but that would mean I would hardly need to program at all. + +Instead, I chose [TotalCross][7]. It is an open source software development kit (SDK) and framework with a simple game engine that generates code for [Linux Arm][8] devices (like the Raspberry Pi) and smartphones. Also, because I work for TotalCross, I have access to developers with much more experience than I have and know the platform very well. It seemed to be the safest way and, despite some strife, I don't regret it one bit. It was very cool to develop the whole project and see it running on the phone and the [Raspberry Pi][9]. + +![Breakout remake][10] + +Breakout remake built with Java and TotalCross running on Raspberry Pi 3 Model B. (Vaneska Karen, [CC BY-SA 4.0][4]) + +### Define the project mechanics and structure + +When starting to develop any application, and especially a game, you need to consider the main features or mechanics that will be implemented. I watched the original Breakout gameplay a few times and played some versions on the internet. Then I defined the game mechanics and project structure based on what I learned. + +#### Game mechanics + + 1. The platform moves left or right, according to the user's command. When it reaches an end, it hits the "wall" (edge). + 2. When the ball hits the platform, it returns in the opposite direction it came from. + 3. Each time the ball hits a "brick" (blue, green, yellow, orange, or red), the brick disappears. + 4. When all the bricks in level 01 have been destroyed, new ones appear (in the same position as the previous one), and the ball's speed increases. + 5. When all the bricks in level 02 have been destroyed, the game continues without obstacles on the screen. + 6. The game ends when the ball falls. + + + +#### Project structure + + * `RunBreakoutApplication.java` is the class responsible for calling the class that inherits the `GameEngine` and runs the simulator. + * `Breakout.java` is the main class, which inherits from the `GameEngine` class and "assembles" the game, where it will call objects, define positions, etc. + * The `sprites` package is where all the classes responsible for the sprites (e.g., the image and behavior of the blocks, platform, and ball) go. + * The `util` packages contain classes used to facilitate project maintenance, such as constants, image initialization, and colors. + + + +### Get hands-on with code + +First, install the [TotalCross plugin from VSCode][11]. If you are using another [integrated development environment][12] (IDE), check TotalCross's documentation for installation instructions.  + +If you're using the plugin, just press `Ctrl`+`P`, type `totalcross`, and click `Create new project`. Fill in the requested information: + + * `Folder name:` gameTC + * `ArtifactId:` com.totalcross + * `Project name:` Breakout + * `TotalCross version:` 6.1.1 (or the most recent one) + * `Build platforms:` -Android and -Linux_arm (select the platforms you want) + + + +When filling in the fields above and generating the project, if you are in the `RunBreakoutApplication.java` class, right-clicking on it and clicking "run" will open the simulator, and "Hello World!" will appear on your screen if you have created your Java project with TotalCross properly. + +![HelloWorld project structure][13] + +(Vaneska Karen, [CC BY-SA 4.0][4]) + +If you have a problem, check the [documentation][14] or ask the [TotalCross community][15] on Telegram for help. + +After the project is configured, the next step is to add the project's images in `Resources` > `Sprites`. Create two packages named `util` and `sprites` to work on later. + +The structure of your project will be: + +![Project structure][16] + +(Vaneska Karen, [CC BY-SA 4.0][4]) + +### Go behind the scenes + +To make it easier to maintain the code and change the images to the colors you want to use, it's a good practice to [centralize everything by creating classes][17]. Place all of the classes for this function inside the `util` package. + +#### Constants.java + +First, create the `constants.java` class, which is where placement patterns (such as the edge between the screen and where the platform starts), speed, number of blocks, etc., reside. This is good for playing, changing numbers, and understanding where things change and why. It is a great exercise for those just starting with Java. + + +``` +package com.totacross.util; + +import totalcross.sys.Settings; +import totalcross.ui.Control; +import totalcross.util.UnitsConverter; + +public class Constants { +    //Position +    public static final int BOTTOM_EDGE = UnitsConverter.toPixels(430 + [Control][18].DP); +    public static final int DP_23 = UnitsConverter.toPixels(23 + [Control][18].DP); +    public static final int DP_50 = UnitsConverter.toPixels(50 + [Control][18].DP); +    public static final int DP_100 = UnitsConverter.toPixels(100 + [Control][18].DP); + +    //Sprites +    public static final int EDGE_RACKET = UnitsConverter.toPixels(20 + [Control][18].DP); +    public static final int WIDTH_BALL =  UnitsConverter.toPixels(15 + [Control][18].DP); +    public static final int HEIGHT_BALL =  UnitsConverter.toPixels(15 + [Control][18].DP); + +    //Bricks +    public static final int NUM_BRICKS = 10; +    public static final int WIDTH_BRICKS = Settings.screenWidth / NUM_BRICKS; +    public static final int HEIGHT_BRICKS = Settings.screenHeight / 32; + +    //Brick Points +    public static final int BLUE_POINT = 1; +    public static final int GREEN_POINT = 2; +    public static final int YELLOW_POINT = 3; +    public static final int DARK_ORANGE_POINT = 4; +    public static final int ORANGE_POINT = 5; +    public static final int RED_POINT = 6; +} +``` + +If you want to know more about the pixel density (DP) unit, I recommend reading the [Material Design description][19]. + +#### Colors.java + +As the name suggests, this class is where you define the colors used in the game. I recommend naming things according to the color's purpose, such as background, font color, etc. This will make it easier to update your project's color palette in a single class. + + +``` +package com.totacross.util; + +public class Colors { +    public static int PRIMARY = 0x161616; +    public static int P_FONT = 0xFFFFFF; +    public static int SECONDARY = 0xE63936; +    public static int SECONDARY_DARK = 0xCE3737; +} +``` + +#### Images.java + +The `images.java` class is undoubtedly the most frequently used. + + +``` +package com.totacross.util; + +import static com.totacross.util.Constants.*; +import totalcross.ui.dialog.MessageBox; +import totalcross.ui.image.Image; + +public class Images { + +    public static [Image][20] paddle, ball; +    public static [Image][20] red, orange, dark_orange, yellow, green, blue; + +    public static void loadImages() { +        try { +            // general +            paddle = new [Image][20]("sprites/paddle.png"); +            ball = new [Image][20]("sprites/ball.png").getScaledInstance(WIDTH_BALL, HEIGHT_BALL); + +            // Bricks +            red = new [Image][20]("sprites/red_brick.png").getScaledInstance(WIDTH_BRICKS, HEIGHT_BRICKS); +            orange = new [Image][20]("sprites/orange_brick.png").getScaledInstance(WIDTH_BRICKS, HEIGHT_BRICKS); +            dark_orange = new [Image][20]("sprites/orange2_brick.png").getScaledInstance(WIDTH_BRICKS, HEIGHT_BRICKS); +            yellow = new [Image][20]("sprites/yellow_brick.png").getScaledInstance(WIDTH_BRICKS, HEIGHT_BRICKS); +            green = new [Image][20]("sprites/green_brick.png").getScaledInstance(WIDTH_BRICKS, HEIGHT_BRICKS); +            blue = new [Image][20]("sprites/blue_brick.png").getScaledInstance(WIDTH_BRICKS, HEIGHT_BRICKS); + +        } catch ([Exception][21] e) { +            MessageBox.showException(e, true); +        } +    } +} +``` + +The `getScaledInstance()` method will manipulate the image to match the values passed through the constant. Try to change these values and observe the impact on the game. + +#### Recap + +At this point, your project should look like this: + +![Project structure][22] + +(Vaneska Karen, [CC BY-SA 4.0][4]) + +### Create your first sprite + +Now that the project is structured properly, you're ready to create your first class in the sprite package: `paddle.java`, which is the platform—the user's object of interaction. + +#### Paddle.java + +The `paddle.java` class must inherit from `sprite`, which is the class responsible for objects in games. This is a fundamental concept in game engine development, so when inheriting from sprites, the TotalCross framework will already be concerned with delimiting movement within the screen, detecting collisions between sprites, and other important functions. You can check all the details in [Javadoc][23]. + +In Breakout, the paddle moves on the X-axis at a speed determined by the user's command (by touch screen or mouse movement). The `paddle.java` class is responsible for defining this movement and the sprite's image (the "face"): + + +``` +package com.totacross.sprites; + +import com.totacross.util.Images; + +import totalcross.game.Sprite; +import totalcross.ui.image.ImageException; + +public class Paddle extends Sprite { +  private static final int SPEED = 4; + +  public Paddle() throws [IllegalArgumentException][24], [IllegalStateException][25], ImageException { +    super(Images.paddle, -1, true, null); +  } + +  //Move the platform according the speed and the direction +  public final void move(boolean left, int speed) { +    if (left) { +      centerX -= SPEED; +    } else { +      centerX += SPEED; +    } + +    setPos(centerX, centerY, true); +  } +} +``` + +You indicate the image (`Images.paddle`) within the constructor, and the `move` method (a TotalCross feature) receives the speed defined at the beginning of the class. Experiment with other values and observe what happens with the movement. + +When the paddle is moving to the left, the center of the paddle at any moment is defined as itself minus the speed, and when it's moving to the right, it's itself plus the speed. Ultimately, you define the position of the sprite on the screen. + +Now your sprite is ready, so you need to add it on the screen and include the user's movement to call the `move` method and create movement. Do this in your main class, `Breakout.java`. + +#### Add onscreen and user interaction + +When building your game engine, you need to focus on some standard points. For the sake of brevity, I'll add comments in the code. + +Basically, you will delete the automatically generated `initUI()` method and, instead of inheriting from `MainWindow`, you will inherit it from `GameEngine`. A "red" will appear in the name of your class, so just click on the lamp or the suggestion symbol for your IDE and click `Add unimplemented methods`. This will automatically generate the `onGameInit()` method, which is responsible for the moment when the game starts, i.e., the moment the `breakout` class is called. + +Inside the constructor, you must add the style type (`MaterialUI`) and the refresh time on the screen (`70`), and signal that the game has an interface (`gameHasUI = true;`). + +Last but not least, you have to start the game through `this.start()` on `onGameInit()` and focus on some other methods: + + * `onGameInit()` is the first method called. In it, you must initialize the sprites and images (`Images.loadImages`), and tell the game that it can start. + * `onGameStart()`is called when the game starts. It sets the platform's initial position (in the center of the screen on the X-axis and below the center with a border on the Y-axis). + * `onPaint()` is where you say what will be drawn for each frame. First, it paints the background black (to not leave traces of the sprites), then it displays the sprites with `.show()`. + * The `onPenDrag` and `onPenDown` methods identify when the user moves the paddle (by dragging a finger on a touch screen or moving the mouse while pressing the left button). These methods change the paddle movement through the `setPos()` method, which triggers the `move` method in the `Paddle.java` class. Note that the last parameter of the `racket.setPos` method is `true` to precisely limit the paddle's movement within the screen so that it never disappears from the user's field of view. + + + + +``` +package com.totacross; + +import com.totacross.sprites.Paddle; +import com.totacross.util.Colors; +import com.totacross.util.Constants; +import com.totacross.util.Images; + +import totalcross.game.GameEngine; +import totalcross.sys.Settings; +import totalcross.ui.MainWindow; +import totalcross.ui.dialog.MessageBox; +import totalcross.ui.event.PenEvent; +import totalcross.ui.gfx.Graphics; + +public class Breakout extends GameEngine { + +    private Paddle racket; + +    public Breakout() { +        setUIStyle(Settings.MATERIAL_UI); +        gameName = "Breakout"; +        gameVersion = 100; +        gameHasUI = true; +        gameRefreshPeriod = 70; + +    } + +    @Override +    public void onGameInit() { +        setBackColor(Colors.PRIMARY); +        Images.loadImages(); + +        try { +            racket = new Paddle(); + +        } catch ([Exception][21] e) { +            MessageBox.showException(e, true); +            MainWindow.exit(0); +        } +        this.start(); +    } +    public void onGameStart() { +        racket.setPos(Settings.screenWidth / 2, (Settings.screenHeight - racket.height) - Constants.EDGE_RACKET, true); +    } + +     //to draw the interface +     @Override +     public void onPaint([Graphics][26] g) { +         super.onPaint(g); +         if (gameIsRunning) { +             g.backColor = Colors.PRIMARY; +             g.fillRect(0, 0, this.width, this.height); + +             if (racket != null) { +                 racket.show(); +             } +         } +     } +     //To make the paddle moving with the mouse/press moviment +     @Override +     public final void onPenDown(PenEvent evt) { +         if (gameIsRunning) { +             racket.setPos(evt.x, racket.centerY, true); +         } +     } + +     @Override +     public final void onPenDrag(PenEvent evt) { +         if (gameIsRunning) { +             racket.setPos(evt.x, racket.centerY, true); +         } +     } +} +``` + +### Run the game + +To run the game, just click `RunBreakoutApplication.java` with the right mouse button, then click `run` to see how it looks. + +![Breakout game remake on phone][27] + +(Vaneska Karen, [CC BY-SA 4.0][4]) + +If you want to run it on a Raspberry Pi, change the parameters in the `RunBreakoutApplication.java` class to: + + +``` +`        TotalCrossApplication.run(Breakout.class, "/scr", "848x480");` +``` + +This sets the screen size to match the Raspberry Pi. + +![Breakout on Raspberry Pi][28] + +(Vaneska Karen, [CC BY-SA 4.0][4]) + +The first sprite and game mechanics are ready! + +### Next steps + +In the next article, I'll show how to add the ball sprite and make collisions. If you need help, call me in the [community group][15] on Telegram or post in the TotalCross [forum][29], where I'm available to help. + +If you put this article into practice, share your experience in the comments. All feedback is important! If you wish, favorite [TotalCross on GitHub][30], as it improves the project's relevance on the platform. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/21/3/java-object-orientation + +作者：[Vaneska Sousa][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/vaneska +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/studying-books-java-couch-education.png?itok=C9gasCXr (Learning and studying technology is the key to success) +[2]: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cr6z3AyhRr8 +[3]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/originalbreakout.gif (Breakout game) +[4]: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ +[5]: https://processing.org/ +[6]: https://opensource.com/resources/java +[7]: https://opensource.com/article/20/7/totalcross-cross-platform-development +[8]: https://www.arm.linux.org.uk/docs/whatis.php +[9]: https://opensource.com/resources/raspberry-pi +[10]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/breakoutremake.gif (Breakout remake) +[11]: https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=totalcross.vscode-totalcross +[12]: https://www.redhat.com/en/topics/middleware/what-is-ide +[13]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/helloworld.png (HelloWorld project structure) +[14]: https://learn.totalcross.com/ +[15]: https://t.me/guiforembedded +[16]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/projectstructure.png (Project structure) +[17]: https://learn.totalcross.com/documentation/guides/app-architecture/colors-fonts-and-images +[18]: http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=allinurl%3Adocs.oracle.com+javase+docs+api+control +[19]: https://material.io/design/layout/pixel-density.html +[20]: http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=allinurl%3Adocs.oracle.com+javase+docs+api+image +[21]: http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=allinurl%3Adocs.oracle.com+javase+docs+api+exception +[22]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/projectstructure2.png (Project structure) +[23]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javadoc +[24]: http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=allinurl%3Adocs.oracle.com+javase+docs+api+illegalargumentexception +[25]: http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=allinurl%3Adocs.oracle.com+javase+docs+api+illegalstateexception +[26]: http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=allinurl%3Adocs.oracle.com+javase+docs+api+graphics +[27]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/runbreakout.gif (Breakout game remake on phone) +[28]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/runbreakout2.gif (Breakout on Raspberry Pi) +[29]: http://forum.totalcross.com +[30]: https://github.com/totalcross/totalcross From f8894c26e0346230017146c4b28f9e8851cf4ed1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Wed, 3 Mar 2021 05:06:29 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 093/309] add done: 20210302 Learn Java with object orientation by building a classic Breakout game.md --- ... Monitor your Raspberry Pi with Grafana Cloud.md | 13 +++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20210302 Monitor your Raspberry Pi with Grafana Cloud.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210302 Monitor your Raspberry Pi with Grafana Cloud.md b/sources/tech/20210302 Monitor your Raspberry Pi with Grafana Cloud.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..69d0430f5c --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20210302 Monitor your Raspberry Pi with Grafana Cloud.md @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +[#]: subject: (Monitor your Raspberry Pi with Grafana Cloud) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/3/raspberry-pi-grafana-cloud) +[#]: author: (Matthew Helmke https://opensource.com/users/matthew-helmke) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +Monitor your Raspberry Pi with Grafana Cloud +====== +Find out what's going on in your Internet of Things environment without +having to host Grafana yourself. From 6e9206208c9e6cd108c4d0d9b85d647d017d4a35 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Wed, 3 Mar 2021 09:16:09 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 094/309] translating --- ...stall the Latest Erlang on Ubuntu Linux.md | 118 ----------------- ...stall the Latest Erlang on Ubuntu Linux.md | 119 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 119 insertions(+), 118 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20210228 How to Install the Latest Erlang on Ubuntu Linux.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20210228 How to Install the Latest Erlang on Ubuntu Linux.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210228 How to Install the Latest Erlang on Ubuntu Linux.md b/sources/tech/20210228 How to Install the Latest Erlang on Ubuntu Linux.md deleted file mode 100644 index b479cd84a9..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20210228 How to Install the Latest Erlang on Ubuntu Linux.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,118 +0,0 @@ -[#]: subject: (How to Install the Latest Erlang on Ubuntu Linux) -[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/install-erlang-ubuntu/) -[#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/) -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) - -How to Install the Latest Erlang on Ubuntu Linux -====== - -[Erlang][1] is a functional programming language for building massive scalable real-time systems. Originally created by [Ericsson][2] as a proprietary software, Erlang was later open sourced. - -Erlang is available in the [Universe repository of Ubuntu][3]. With that repository enabled, you can easily install it using the following command: - -``` -sudo apt install erlang -``` - -![][4] - -However, the _**Erlang version offered by Ubuntu repositories may not be the latest one**_. - -If you want the _**latest Erlang version on Ubuntu**_, you can add the repository [offered by Erlang Solutions][5]. They provide prebuilt binaries for various Linux distributions, Windows and macOS. - -If you had installed a package named `erlang` previously, it will be upgraded to the newer version offered by the added repository. - -### Installing the latest version of Erlang on Ubuntu - -You’ll need to [download the key file in Linux terminal][6]. You can use wget tool for that so make sure that you have it installed: - -``` -sudo apt install wget -``` - -Next, use wget to download the GPG key of the Erlang Solution repository and add it your apt packaging system. With the key added, your system will trust the packages coming from the repository. - -``` -wget -O- https://packages.erlang-solutions.com/ubuntu/erlang_solutions.asc | sudo apt-key add - -``` - -Now, you should add a file for Erlang in your APT sources.list.d directory. This file will contain the information about the repository and the APT package manager will use it for getting the packages and any future updates to it. - -**For Ubuntu 20.04 (and Ubuntu 20.10)** use the following: - -``` -echo "deb https://packages.erlang-solutions.com/ubuntu focal contrib" | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/erlang-solution.list -``` - -I know that the above command mentions focal (for Ubuntu 20.04) but it also works for Ubuntu 20.10 groovy. - -For **Ubuntu 18.04**, use the following: - -``` -echo "deb https://packages.erlang-solutions.com/ubuntu bionic contrib" | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/erlang-solution.list -``` - -You must update the local package cache to inform it about the packages from the newly added repository: - -``` -sudo apt update -``` - -You’ll notice that it suggests several upgrades. If you list the available upgrades, you’ll find erlang packages there. To update the existing erlang version or install it afresh, use this command: - -``` -sudo apt install erlang -``` - -Once installed, you can test it out. - -![][7] - -To quit the Erlang shell, use Ctrl+g and then enter q. I had to do a hit and try to figure that out because I had never used Erlang before. - -#### Removing erlang - -To remove the program, use the following command: - -``` -sudo apt remove erlang -``` - -There will be a few dependencies left. You can remove them with the following command: - -``` -sudo apt autoremove -``` - -If you want, you may also remove the added repository file: - -``` -sudo rm /etc/apt/sources.list.d/erlang-solution.list -``` - -That’s about it. Enjoy learning and coding with Erlang on Ubuntu Linux. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://itsfoss.com/install-erlang-ubuntu/ - -作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://www.erlang.org/ -[2]: https://www.ericsson.com/en -[3]: https://itsfoss.com/ubuntu-repositories/ -[4]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/install-erlang-ubuntu.png?resize=800%2C445&ssl=1 -[5]: https://www.erlang-solutions.com/downloads/ -[6]: https://itsfoss.com/download-files-from-linux-terminal/ -[7]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/erlang-shell.png?resize=800%2C274&ssl=1 diff --git a/translated/tech/20210228 How to Install the Latest Erlang on Ubuntu Linux.md b/translated/tech/20210228 How to Install the Latest Erlang on Ubuntu Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..239090e9b3 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20210228 How to Install the Latest Erlang on Ubuntu Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,119 @@ +[#]: subject: (How to Install the Latest Erlang on Ubuntu Linux) +[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/install-erlang-ubuntu/) +[#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +如何在 Ubuntu Linux 上安装最新的 Erlang？ +====== + +[Erlang][1] 是一种用于构建大规模可扩展实时系统的函数式编程语言。Erlang 最初是由[爱立信][2]创建的专有软件，后来被开源。 + +Erlang 在 [Ubuntu 的 Universe 仓库][3]中可用。启用该仓库后，你可以使用下面的命令轻松安装它： + +``` +sudo apt install erlang +``` + +![][4] + +但是，_**Ubuntu 仓库提供的 Erlang 版本可能不是最新的**_。 + + +如果你想要 _**Ubuntu 上最新的 Erlang 版本**_，你可以添加 [Erlang Solutions 提供的][5]仓库。它们为各种 Linux 发行版、Windows 和 macOS 提供了预编译的二进制文件。 + +如果你之前安装了一个名为 `erlang` 的包，那么它将会被升级到由添加的仓库提供的较新版本。 + +### 在 Ubuntu 上安装最新版本的 Erlang + +你需要[在 Linux 终端下载密钥文件][6]。你可以使用 wget 工具，所以请确保你已经安装了它： + +``` +sudo apt install wget +``` + +接下来，使用 wget 下载 Erlang Solution 仓库的 GPG 密钥，并将其添加到你的 apt 打包系统中。添加了密钥后，你的系统就会信任来自该仓库的包。 + +``` +wget -O- https://packages.erlang-solutions.com/ubuntu/erlang_solutions.asc | sudo apt-key add - +``` + +现在，你应该在你的 APT sources.list.d 目录下为 Erlang 添加一个文件，这个文件将包含有关仓库的信息，APT 包管理器将使用它来获取包和未来的更新。 + +**对于 Ubuntu 20.04（和Ubuntu 20.10）**，使用以下命令： + +``` +echo "deb https://packages.erlang-solutions.com/ubuntu focal contrib" | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/erlang-solution.list +``` + +我知道上面的命令提到了 focal（适用于 Ubuntu 20.04），但它也适用于 Ubuntu 20.10 groovy。 + +对于 **Ubuntu 18.04**，使用以下命令： + +``` +echo "deb https://packages.erlang-solutions.com/ubuntu bionic contrib" | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/erlang-solution.list +``` + +你必须更新本地的包缓存，以通知它关于新添加的仓库的包。 + +``` +sudo apt update +``` + +你会注意到，它建议你进行一些升级。如果你列出了可用的升级，你会在那里找到 erlang 包。要更新现有的 erlang 版本或重新安装，使用这个命令： + +``` +sudo apt install erlang +``` + +安装好后，你可以测试一下。 + +![][7] + +要退出 Erlang shell，使用 Ctrl+g，然后输入 q，由于我从来没有用过 Erlang，所以我只好尝试了一些按键，然后发现做法。 + +#### 删除 erlang + +要删除该程序，请使用以下命令： + +``` +sudo apt remove erlang +``` + +还会有一些依赖关系。你可以用下面的命令删除它们： + +``` +sudo apt autoremove +``` + +如果你愿意，你也可以删除添加的仓库文件。 + +``` +sudo rm /etc/apt/sources.list.d/erlang-solution.list +``` + +就是这样。享受在 Ubuntu Linux 上使用 Erlang 学习和编码的乐趣。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/install-erlang-ubuntu/ + +作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://www.erlang.org/ +[2]: https://www.ericsson.com/en +[3]: https://itsfoss.com/ubuntu-repositories/ +[4]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/install-erlang-ubuntu.png?resize=800%2C445&ssl=1 +[5]: https://www.erlang-solutions.com/downloads/ +[6]: https://itsfoss.com/download-files-from-linux-terminal/ +[7]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/erlang-shell.png?resize=800%2C274&ssl=1 From 9bdfded9a75c111a08ecdb53570e6612c139030a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Wed, 3 Mar 2021 09:20:48 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 095/309] translating --- ...e Linux Terminal for Power Users -Inspired by an FPS Game.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20210303 Guake Terminal- A Customizable Linux Terminal for Power Users -Inspired by an FPS Game.md b/sources/tech/20210303 Guake Terminal- A Customizable Linux Terminal for Power Users -Inspired by an FPS Game.md index d0685b5164..038c1bb1d8 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20210303 Guake Terminal- A Customizable Linux Terminal for Power Users -Inspired by an FPS Game.md +++ b/sources/tech/20210303 Guake Terminal- A Customizable Linux Terminal for Power Users -Inspired by an FPS Game.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ [#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/guake-terminal/) [#]: author: (Ankush Das https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/) [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 82bf1df4df4cbbfc3e99709d1ac72c13a90992de Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?=E9=83=91?= Date: Wed, 3 Mar 2021 09:41:03 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 096/309] Translated --- ... favorite Windows applications on Linux.md | 99 ------------------- ... favorite Windows applications on Linux.md | 98 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 98 insertions(+), 99 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20210220 Run your favorite Windows applications on Linux.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20210220 Run your favorite Windows applications on Linux.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210220 Run your favorite Windows applications on Linux.md b/sources/tech/20210220 Run your favorite Windows applications on Linux.md deleted file mode 100644 index 851e3db710..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20210220 Run your favorite Windows applications on Linux.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,99 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (robsean) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (Run your favorite Windows applications on Linux) -[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/2/linux-wine) -[#]: author: (Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth) - -Run your favorite Windows applications on Linux -====== -WINE is an open source project that helps many Windows applications run -on Linux as if they were native programs. -![Computer screen with files or windows open][1] - -In 2021, there are more reasons why people love Linux than ever before. In this series, I'll share 21 different reasons to use Linux. Here's how switching from Windows to Linux can be made seamless with WINE. - -Do you have an application that only runs on Windows? Is that one application the one and only thing holding you back from switching to Linux? If so, you'll be happy to know about WINE, an open source project that has all but reinvented key Windows libraries so that applications compiled for Windows can run on Linux. - -WINE stands for "Wine Is Not an Emulator," which references the code driving this technology. Open source developers have worked since 1993 to translate any incoming Windows API calls an application makes to [POSIX][2] calls. - -This is an astonishing feat of programming, especially given that the project operated independently, with no help from Microsoft (to say the least), but there are limits. The farther an application strays from the "core" of the Windows API, the less likely it is that WINE could have anticipated its requests. There are vendors that may make up for this, notably [Codeweavers][3] and [Valve Software][4]. There's no coordination between the producers of the applications requiring translation and the people and companies doing the translation, so there can be some lag time between, for instance, an updated software title and when it earns a "gold" status from [WINE headquarters][5]. - -However, if you're looking to run a well-known Windows application on Linux, the chances are good that WINE is ready for it. - -### Installing WINE - -You can install WINE from your Linux distribution's software repository. On Fedora, CentOS Stream, or RHEL: - - -``` -`$ sudo dnf install wine` -``` - -On Debian, Linux Mint, Elementary, and similar: - - -``` -`$ sudo apt install wine` -``` - -WINE isn't an application that you launch on its own. It's a backend that gets invoked when a Windows application is launched. Your first interaction with WINE will most likely occur when you launch the installer of a Windows application. - -### Installing an application - -[TinyCAD][6] is a nice open source application for designing circuits, but it's only available for Windows. While it is a small application, it does incorporate some .NET components, so that ought to stress test WINE a little. - -First, download the installer for TinyCAD. As is often the case for Windows installers, it's a `.exe` file. Once downloaded, double-click the file to launch it. - -![WINE TinyCAD installation wizard][7] - -WINE installation wizard for TinyCAD - -Step through the installer as you would on Windows. It's usually best to accept the defaults, especially where WINE is concerned. The WINE environment is largely self-contained, hidden away on your hard drive in a **drive_c** directory that gets used by a Windows application as the fake root directory of the file system. - -![WINE TinyCAD installation and destination drive][8] - -WINE TinyCAD destination drive - -Once it's installed, the application usually offers to launch for you. If you're ready to test it out, launch the application. - -### Launching a Windows application - -Aside from the first launch immediately after installation, you normally launch a WINE application the same way as you launch a native Linux application. Whether you use an applications menu or an Activities screen or just type the application's name into a runner, desktop Windows applications running in WINE are treated essentially as native applications on Linux. - -![TinyCAD running with WINE][9] - -TinyCAD running with WINE support - -### When WINE fails - -Most applications I run in WINE, TinyCAD included, run as expected. There are exceptions, however. In those cases, you can either wait a few months to see whether WINE developers (or, if it's a game, Valve Software) manage to catch up, or you can contact a vendor like Codeweavers to find out whether they sell support for the application you require. - -### WINE is cheating, but in a good way - -Some Linux users feel that if you use WINE, you're "cheating" on Linux. It might feel that way, but WINE is an open source project that's enabling users to switch to Linux and still run required applications for their work or hobbies. If WINE solves your problem and lets you use Linux, then use it, and embrace the flexibility of Linux. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://opensource.com/article/21/2/linux-wine - -作者：[Seth Kenlon][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://opensource.com/users/seth -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/browser_screen_windows_files.png?itok=kLTeQUbY (Computer screen with files or windows open) -[2]: https://opensource.com/article/19/7/what-posix-richard-stallman-explains -[3]: https://www.codeweavers.com/crossover -[4]: https://github.com/ValveSoftware/Proton -[5]: http://winehq.org -[6]: https://sourceforge.net/projects/tinycad/ -[7]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/wine-tinycad-install.jpg -[8]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/wine-tinycad-drive_0.jpg -[9]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/wine-tinycad-running.jpg diff --git a/translated/tech/20210220 Run your favorite Windows applications on Linux.md b/translated/tech/20210220 Run your favorite Windows applications on Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..98755f5e63 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20210220 Run your favorite Windows applications on Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,98 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (robsean) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Run your favorite Windows applications on Linux) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/2/linux-wine) +[#]: author: (Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth) + +在 Linux 上运行你最喜欢的 Windows 应用程序 +====== +WINE 是一个开放源文件的项目，它协助很多 Windows 应用程序在 Linux 上运行，就好像它们是本地程序一样。 +![打开文件或窗口的计算机屏幕][1] + +在 2021 年，有很多人们比为什么以往更喜欢 Linux 的原因。在这系列中，我将分享使用 Linux 的 21 种的不同原因。这里是如何使用 WINE 来实现从 Windows 到 Linux 的无缝切换。 + +你有仅在 Windows 上运行的应用程序吗？是这个应用程序的事情阻碍你切换到 Linux 吗？如果是这样的话，你将会很高兴知道 WINE, 一个开放源文件工程，几乎彻底改造了关键的 Windows 库，以便为 Windows 编译的应用程序可以在 Linux 上运行。 + +WINE 代表着 "Wine Is Not an Emulator" ，它引用驱动这项技术的代码。开放源文件开发者从 1993 年开始致力将应用程序任何传入的 Windows API调用翻译为 [POSIX][2] 调用。 + +这是一个令人十分惊讶的编程壮举，尤其是考虑到这个项目是独立运行的，没有来自 Microsoft （客观的说）的帮助，但是这里有局限性。一个应用程序偏离 Windows API 的 “内核” 越远，WINE 就越不能预期应用程序的请求。这里有一些供应商可以弥补这一点，尤其是 [Codeweavers][3] 和 [Valve Software][4]。在需要翻译应用程序的制作者和制作翻译的人们和公司之间没有协调配合，因此，在两者之间可能会有一些时间上的滞后，例如，一个更新的软件标题和当它从 [WINE 总部][5] 获得“黄金”身份时。 + +然而，如果你想在 Linux 上运行一个著名的 Windows 应用程序，WINE 可能已经为它准备好了可能性。 + +### 安装 WINE + +你可以从你的 Linux 发行版的软件包存储库中安装 WINE 。在 Fedora ，CentOS Stream ，或 RHEL 系统上： + + +``` +`$ sudo dnf install wine` +``` + +在 Debian ，Linux Mint ，Elementary 及相似的系统上： + + +``` +`$ sudo apt install wine` +``` + +WINE 不是一个你启动它本身的应用程序。当启动一个 Windows 应用程序时，它是一个被调用的后端。你与 WINE 的第一次交互很可能就发生在你启动一个 Windows 应用程序的安装程序。 + +### 安装一个应用程序 + +[TinyCAD][6] 是一个极好的用于设计电路的开放源文件的应用程序，但是它仅在 Windows 上可用。虽然它是一个小型的应用程序，但是它确实包含一些 .NET 组件，因此应该能对 WINE 进行一些压力测试。 + +首先，下载 TinyCAD 的安装程序。Windows 安装程序通常都是这样，它是一个 `.exe` 文件。在下载后，双击文件来启动它。 + +![WINE TinyCAD 安装向导][7] + +针对 TinyCAD 的 WINE 安装向导 + +像你在 Windows 上一样逐步a完成安装程序。通常最好接受默认选项，尤其是与 WINE 有关的地方。WINE 环境基本上是独立的，隐藏在你的硬盘驱动器上的一个 **drive_c** 目录中，作为Windows 应用程序使用的一个文件系统的仿真根目录。 + +![WINE TinyCAD 安装和明白驱动器][8] + +WINE TinyCAD 目标驱动器 + +在它安装后，应用程序通常会为你提供启动器。如果你正准备测试一下它的话，启动应用程序。 + +### 启动一个 Windows 应用程序 + +除了在安装后的第一次启动外，在正常情况下，你启动一个 WINE 应用程序的方式与你启动一个本地 Linux 应用程序相同。不管你使用一个应用程序菜单或一个 Activities 屏幕或者只是在一个运行器中输入应用程序的名称，在 WINE 中运行的桌面 Windows 应用程序都会被视为在 Linux 上的本地应用程序。 + +![TinyCAD 使用 WINE 运行][9] + +通过 WINE 的支持来运行 TinyCAD + +### 当 WINE 失败时 + +我在 WINE 中的大多数应用程序，包括 TinyCAD ，都能如期运行。不过，也会有意外。在这些情况下，你可以静候几个月来查看 WINE 开发者 (或者，如果它是一款游戏，等候 Valve Software) 是否进行追加修补，或者你可以联系一个像or you can contact a vendor like Codeweavers 这样的供应商来查看他们是否出售对你所需要的应用程序的服务支持。 + +### WINE 是作弊的，但是它使用了一种很好的方法。 + +一些 Linux 用户觉得：如果你使用 WINE 的话，你就是在 Linux 上“作弊”。它可能会让人有这种感觉，但是 WINE 是一个开放源文件的项目，它能够使用户切换到 Linux ，并且仍然能为他们运行工作或爱好所必要的应用程序。如果 WINE 能解决你的问题，并且让你使用 Linux 的话，那么就使用它，并拥抱 Linux 的灵活性。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/21/2/linux-wine + +作者：[Seth Kenlon][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[robsean](https://github.com/robsean) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/seth +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/browser_screen_windows_files.png?itok=kLTeQUbY (Computer screen with files or windows open) +[2]: https://opensource.com/article/19/7/what-posix-richard-stallman-explains +[3]: https://www.codeweavers.com/crossover +[4]: https://github.com/ValveSoftware/Proton +[5]: http://winehq.org +[6]: https://sourceforge.net/projects/tinycad/ +[7]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/wine-tinycad-install.jpg +[8]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/wine-tinycad-drive_0.jpg +[9]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/wine-tinycad-running.jpg From 9d6e467140024bb6301e85213ff3bd1f6c0c848b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?=E9=83=91?= Date: Wed, 3 Mar 2021 09:42:39 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 097/309] Translating --- sources/tech/20210224 Set your path in FreeDOS.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20210224 Set your path in FreeDOS.md b/sources/tech/20210224 Set your path in FreeDOS.md index 079f892fc1..c92990c1d3 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20210224 Set your path in FreeDOS.md +++ b/sources/tech/20210224 Set your path in FreeDOS.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/2/path-freedos) [#]: author: (Kevin O'Brien https://opensource.com/users/ahuka) [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (robsean) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 777f5eed531e3b6f4a2bf316d97c8971396bd35d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Wed, 3 Mar 2021 23:49:07 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 098/309] PUB @wxy https://linux.cn/article-13172-1.html --- ...e the Look and Feel of Your KDE-Powered Linux Desktop.md | 6 ++++-- 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20210118 KDE Customization Guide- Here are 11 Ways You Can Change the Look and Feel of Your KDE-Powered Linux Desktop.md (98%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20210118 KDE Customization Guide- Here are 11 Ways You Can Change the Look and Feel of Your KDE-Powered Linux Desktop.md b/published/20210118 KDE Customization Guide- Here are 11 Ways You Can Change the Look and Feel of Your KDE-Powered Linux Desktop.md similarity index 98% rename from translated/tech/20210118 KDE Customization Guide- Here are 11 Ways You Can Change the Look and Feel of Your KDE-Powered Linux Desktop.md rename to published/20210118 KDE Customization Guide- Here are 11 Ways You Can Change the Look and Feel of Your KDE-Powered Linux Desktop.md index f08d825f38..5f5ced02d5 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20210118 KDE Customization Guide- Here are 11 Ways You Can Change the Look and Feel of Your KDE-Powered Linux Desktop.md +++ b/published/20210118 KDE Customization Guide- Here are 11 Ways You Can Change the Look and Feel of Your KDE-Powered Linux Desktop.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (wxy) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-13172-1.html) [#]: subject: (KDE Customization Guide: Here are 11 Ways You Can Change the Look and Feel of Your KDE-Powered Linux Desktop) [#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/kde-customization/) [#]: author: (Dimitrios Savvopoulos https://itsfoss.com/author/dimitrios/) @@ -10,6 +10,8 @@ KDE 桌面环境定制指南 ====== +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/202103/03/234801udzaled8erltd78u.jpg) + [KDE Plasma 桌面][1] 无疑是定制化的巅峰，因为你几乎可以改变任何你想要的东西。你甚至可以让它充当 [平铺窗口管理器][2]。 KDE Plasma 提供的定制化程度会让初学者感到困惑。用户会迷失在层层深入的选项之中。 From 160edd4f6315b67a0ff3340b1c0b4b79ee95354d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Thu, 4 Mar 2021 05:04:52 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 099/309] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020210304=20?= =?UTF-8?q?You=20Can=20Now=20Install=20Official=20Evernote=20Client=20on?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Ubuntu=20and=20Debian-based=20Linux=20Distributions?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20210304 You Can Now Install Official Evernote Client on Ubuntu and Debian-based Linux Distributions.md --- ...tu and Debian-based Linux Distributions.md | 104 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 104 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20210304 You Can Now Install Official Evernote Client on Ubuntu and Debian-based Linux Distributions.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210304 You Can Now Install Official Evernote Client on Ubuntu and Debian-based Linux Distributions.md b/sources/tech/20210304 You Can Now Install Official Evernote Client on Ubuntu and Debian-based Linux Distributions.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e56ec46833 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20210304 You Can Now Install Official Evernote Client on Ubuntu and Debian-based Linux Distributions.md @@ -0,0 +1,104 @@ +[#]: subject: (You Can Now Install Official Evernote Client on Ubuntu and Debian-based Linux Distributions) +[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/install-evernote-ubuntu/) +[#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +You Can Now Install Official Evernote Client on Ubuntu and Debian-based Linux Distributions +====== + +[Evernote][1] is a popular note-taking application. It was a revolutionary product at the time of its launch. Since then, there have been several such application that allow you to save web clippings, notes etc into notebook formats. + +For years, the desktop client of Evernote was not available for Linux. Evernote promised a Linux application some time ago and its beta version is finally available for Ubuntu-based distributions. + +Non-FOSS alert! + +Evernote Linux client is not open source. It’s been covered here because the application is made available on Linux and we cover popular non-foss applications for Linux users from time to time. This helps with regular desktop Linux users. + +### Installing Evernote on Ubuntu and Debian-based Linux distributions + +Go to the following page on Evernote’s website: + +[Evernote Linux Beta Program][2] + +Scroll down a bit to accept the terms and conditions of ‘early testing program’. You’ll see a ‘Install Now’ button appearing on the screen. Click on it to download the DEB file. + +![][3] + +To [install the application from the DEB file][4], double-click on it. It should open the Software Center app and give you the option to install it. + +![][5] + +Once the installation completes, search for Evernote in the system menu and launch it. + +![][6] + +When you start the application for the first time, you’ll need to log in to your Evernote account. + +![][7] + +The first run brings you to the ‘Home screen’ where you can organize your notebooks for even quicker access. + +![][8] + +You may enjoy using Evernote on Linux now. + +### Experiencing the beta version of Evernote Linux client + +There are a few annoyances here and there with the software being in beta. + +As you can notice in the image above, Evernote Linux client detected the [dark mode in Ubuntu][9] and switched to dark theme automatically. However, when I changed the system theme to light or standard, it didn’t change theme application theme immediately. The changes took into effect only after I restarted Evernote app. + +Another issue is about closing the application. If you click on the X button to close the Evernote application, the program goes in background instead of exiting. + +There is an app indicator that seems like a way to launch a minimized Evernote application, like [Skype on Linux][10]. Unfortunately, that’s not the case. It opens the Scratch Pad for you to type a quick note. + +This gives you another [note taking application on Linux][11] but it also presents a problem. There is no option to quit Evernote here. It is only for opening the quick note taking app. + +![][12] + +So, how do you quit the Evernote application? For that, open the Evernote application again. If it is running in the background, search for it in the menu and launch it as if you are opening it afresh. + +When Evernote application is running in the foreground, go to File->Quit Evernote. + +![][13] + +This is something the developers should look to improve in the future versions. + +I also cannot say how will the beta version of the program be updated in the future. It doesn’t add any repository. I just hope that the application itself notifies about the availability of a newer version so that users could download the new DEB file. + +I do NOT have a premium Evernote subscription but still, I could access the saved web articles and notes without internet connection. Strange, right? + +Overall, I am happy to see that Evernote finally made the effort to bring the application to Linux. Now you don’t have to try third-party applications to use Evernote on Linux, at least on Ubuntu and Debian-based distributions. You may, of course, use an [Evernote alternative][14] like [Joplin][15] that are actually open source. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/install-evernote-ubuntu/ + +作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://evernote.com/ +[2]: https://evernote.com/intl/en/b1433t1422 +[3]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/evernote-early-access-linux.png?resize=799%2C495&ssl=1 +[4]: https://itsfoss.com/install-deb-files-ubuntu/ +[5]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/install-evernote-linux.png?resize=800%2C539&ssl=1 +[6]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/evernote-ubuntu.jpg?resize=800%2C230&ssl=1 +[7]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/evernote-running-ubuntu.png?resize=800%2C505&ssl=1 +[8]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/evernote-on-ubuntu.png?resize=800%2C537&ssl=1 +[9]: https://itsfoss.com/dark-mode-ubuntu/ +[10]: https://itsfoss.com/install-skype-ubuntu-1404/ +[11]: https://itsfoss.com/note-taking-apps-linux/ +[12]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/evernote-app-indicator.png?resize=800%2C480&ssl=1 +[13]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/quit-evernote-linux.png?resize=799%2C448&ssl=1 +[14]: https://itsfoss.com/5-evernote-alternatives-linux/ +[15]: https://itsfoss.com/joplin/ From 3ce9007331e0cea42096bf481e4f3defb7e9113d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Thu, 4 Mar 2021 05:05:12 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 100/309] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020210303=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Host=20your=20website=20with=20dynamic=20content=20and=20a=20da?= =?UTF-8?q?tabase=20on=20a=20Raspberry=20Pi?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20210303 Host your website with dynamic content and a database on a Raspberry Pi.md --- ...ontent and a database on a Raspberry Pi.md | 509 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 509 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20210303 Host your website with dynamic content and a database on a Raspberry Pi.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210303 Host your website with dynamic content and a database on a Raspberry Pi.md b/sources/tech/20210303 Host your website with dynamic content and a database on a Raspberry Pi.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..805f04dafa --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20210303 Host your website with dynamic content and a database on a Raspberry Pi.md @@ -0,0 +1,509 @@ +[#]: subject: (Host your website with dynamic content and a database on a Raspberry Pi) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/3/web-hosting-raspberry-pi) +[#]: author: (Marty Kalin https://opensource.com/users/mkalindepauledu) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +Host your website with dynamic content and a database on a Raspberry Pi +====== +You can use free software to support a web application on a very +lightweight computer. +![Digital creative of a browser on the internet][1] + +Raspberry Pi's single-board machines have set the mark for cheap, real-world computing. With its model 4, the Raspberry Pi can host web applications with a production-grade web server, a transactional database system, and dynamic content through scripting. This article explains the installation and configuration details with a full code example. Welcome to web applications hosted on a very lightweight computer. + +### The snowfall application + +Imagine a downhill ski area large enough to have microclimates, which can mean dramatically different snowfalls across the area. The area is divided into regions, each of which has devices that record snowfall in centimeters; the recorded information then guides decisions on snowmaking, grooming, and other maintenance operations. The devices communicate, say, every 20 minutes with a server that updates a database that supports reports. Nowadays, the server-side software for such an application can be free _and_ production-grade. + +This snowfall application uses the following technologies: + + * A [Raspberry Pi 4][2] running Debian + * Nginx web server: The free version hosts over 400 million websites. This web server is easy to install, configure, and use. + * [SQLite relational database system][3], which is file-based: A database, which can hold many tables, is a file on the local system. SQLite is lightweight but also [ACID-compliant][4]; it is suited for low to moderate volume. SQLite is likely the most widely used database system in the world, and the source code for SQLite is in the public domain. The current version is 3. A more powerful (but still free) option is PostgreSQL. + * Python: The Python programming language can interact with databases such as SQLite and web servers such as Nginx. Python (version 3) comes with Linux and macOS systems. + + + +Python includes a software driver for communicating with SQLite. There are options for connecting Python scripts with Nginx and other web servers. One option is [uWSGI][5] (Web Server Gateway Interface), which updates the ancient CGI (Common Gateway Interface) from the 1990s. + +Several factors speak for uWSGI: + + * uWSGI is flexible. It can be used as either a lightweight concurrent web server or the backend application server connected to a web server such as Nginx. + * Its setup is minimal. + * The snowfall application involves a low to moderate volume of hits on the web server and database system. In general, CGI technologies are not fast by modern standards, but CGI performs well enough for department-level web applications such as this one. + + + +Various acronyms describe the uWSGI option. Here's a sketch of the three principal ones: + + * **WSGI** is a Python specification for an interface between a web server on one side, and an application or an application framework (e.g., Django) on the other side. This specification defines an API whose implementation is left open. + * **uWSGI** implements the WSGI interface by providing an application server, which connects applications to a web server. A uWSGI application server's main job is to translate HTTP requests into a format that a web application can consume and, afterward, to format the application's response into an HTTP message. + * **uwsgi** is a binary protocol implemented by a uWSGI application server to communicate with a full-featured web server such as Nginx; it also includes utilities such as a lightweight web server. The Nginx web server "speaks" uwsgi out of the box. + + + +For convenience, I will use "uwsgi" as shorthand for the binary protocol, the application server, and the very lightweight web server. + +### Setting up the database + +On a Debian-based system, you can install SQLite the usual way (with `%` representing the command-line prompt): + + +``` +`% sudo apt-get install sqlite3` +``` + +This database system is a collection of C libraries and utilities, all of which come to about 500KB in size. There is no database server to start, stop, or otherwise maintain. + +Once SQLite is installed, create a database at the command-line prompt: + + +``` +`% sqlite3 snowfall.db` +``` + +If this succeeds, the command creates the file `snowfall.db` in the current working directory. The database name is arbitrary (e.g., no extension is required), and the command opens the SQLite client utility with `>sqlite` as the prompt: + + +``` +Enter ".help" for usage hints. +sqlite> +``` + +Create the snowfall table in the snowfall database with the following command. The table name, like the database name, is arbitrary: + + +``` +sqlite> CREATE TABLE snowfall (id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT, +                               region TEXT NOT NULL, +                               device TEXT NOT NULL, +                               amount DECIMAL NOT NULL, +                               tstamp DECIMAL NOT NULL); +``` + +SQLite commands are case-insensitive, but it is traditional to use uppercase for SQL terms and lowercase for user terms. Check that the table was created: + + +``` +`sqlite> .schema` +``` + +The command echoes the `CREATE TABLE` statement. + +The database is now ready for business, although the single-table snowfall is empty. You can add rows interactively to the table, but an empty table is fine for now. + +### A first look at the overall architecture + +Recall that uwsgi can be used in two ways: either as a lightweight web server or as an application server connected to a production-grade web server such as Nginx. The second use is the goal, but the first is suited for developing and testing the programmer's request-handling code. Here's the architecture with Nginx in play as the web server: + + +``` +       HTTP       uwsgi +client<\---->Nginx<\----->appServer<\--->request-handling code<\--->SQLite +``` + +The client could be a browser, a utility such as [curl][6], or a hand-crafted program fluent in HTTP. Communications between the client and Nginx occur through HTTP, but then uwsgi takes over as a binary-transport protocol between Nginx and the application server, which interacts with request-handling code such as `requestHandler.py` (described below). This architecture delivers a clean division of labor. Nginx alone manages the client, and only the request-handling code interacts with the database. In turn, the application server separates the web server from the programmer-written code, which has a high-level API to read and write HTTP messages delivered over uwsgi. + +I'll examine these architectural pieces and cover the steps for installing, configuring, and using uwsgi and Nginx in the next sections. + +### The snowfall application code + +Below is the source code file `requestHandler.py` for the snowfall application. (It's also available on my [website][7].) Different functions within this code help clarify the software architecture that connects SQLite, Nginx, and uwsgi. + +#### The request-handling program + + +``` +import sqlite3 +import cgi + +PATH_2_DB = '/home/marty/wsgi/snowfall.db' + +## Dispatches HTTP requests to the appropriate handler. +def application(env, start_line): +    if env['REQUEST_METHOD'] == 'POST':   ## add new DB record +        return handle_post(env, start_line) +    elif env['REQUEST_METHOD'] == 'GET':  ## create HTML-fragment report +        return handle_get(start_line) +    else:                                 ## no other option for now +        start_line('405 METHOD NOT ALLOWED', [('Content-Type', 'text/plain')]) +        response_body = 'Only POST and GET verbs supported.' +        return [response_body.encode()]                             + +def handle_post(env, start_line):     +    form = get_field_storage(env)  ## body of an HTTP POST request +    +    ## Extract fields from POST form. +    region = form.getvalue('region') +    device = form.getvalue('device') +    amount = form.getvalue('amount') +    tstamp = form.getvalue('tstamp') + +    ## Missing info? +    if (region is not None and +        device is not None and +        amount is not None and +        tstamp is not None): +        add_record(region, device, amount, tstamp) +        response_body = "POST request handled.\n" +        start_line('201 OK', [('Content-Type', 'text/plain')]) +    else: +        response_body = "Missing info in POST request.\n" +        start_line('400 Bad Request', [('Content-Type', 'text/plain')]) +  +    return [response_body.encode()] + +def handle_get(start_line): +    conn = sqlite3.connect(PATH_2_DB)        ## connect to DB +    cursor = conn.cursor()                   ## get a cursor +    cursor.execute("select * from snowfall") + +    response_body = "<h3>Snowfall report</h3><ul>" +    rows = cursor.fetchall() +    for row in rows: +        response_body += "<li>" + str(row[0]) + '|'  ## primary key +        response_body += row[1] + '|'                ## region +        response_body += row[2] + '|'                ## device +        response_body += str(row[3]) + '|'           ## amount +        response_body += str(row[4]) + "</li>"       ## timestamp +    response_body += "</ul>" + +    conn.commit()  ## commit +    conn.close()   ## cleanup +    +    start_line('200 OK', [('Content-Type', 'text/html')]) +    return [response_body.encode()] + +## Add a record from a device to the DB. +def add_record(reg, dev, amt, tstamp): +    conn = sqlite3.connect(PATH_2_DB)      ## connect to DB +    cursor = conn.cursor()                 ## get a cursor + +    sql = "INSERT INTO snowfall(region,device,amount,tstamp) values (?,?,?,?)" +    cursor.execute(sql, (reg, dev, amt, tstamp)) ## execute INSERT + +    conn.commit()  ## commit +    conn.close()   ## cleanup + +def get_field_storage(env): +    input = env['wsgi.input'] +    form = env.get('wsgi.post_form') +    if (form is not None and form[0] is input): +        return form[2] + +    fs = cgi.FieldStorage(fp = input, +                          environ = env, +                          keep_blank_values = 1) +    return fs +``` + +A constant at the start of the source file defines the path to the database file: + + +``` +`PATH_2_DB = '/home/marty/wsgi/snowfall.db'` +``` + +Make sure to update the path for your Raspberry Pi. + +As noted earlier, uwsgi includes a lightweight web server that can host this request-handling application. To begin, install uwsgi with these two commands (`##` introduces my comments): + + +``` +% sudo apt-get install build-essential python-dev ## C header files, etc. +% pip install uwsgi                               ## pip = Python package manager +``` + +Next, launch a bare-bones snowfall application using uwsgi as the web server: + + +``` +`% uwsgi --http 127.0.0.1:9999 --wsgi-file requestHandler.py  ` +``` + +The flag `--http` runs uwsgi in web-server mode, with 9999 as the web server's listening port on localhost (127.0.0.1). By default, uwsgi dispatches HTTP requests to a programmer-defined function named `application`. For review, here's the full function from the top of the `requestHandler.py` code: + + +``` +def application(env, start_line): +    if env['REQUEST_METHOD'] == 'POST':   ## add new DB record +        return handle_post(env, start_line) +    elif env['REQUEST_METHOD'] == 'GET':  ## create HTML-fragment report +        return handle_get(start_line) +    else:                                 ## no other option for now +        start_line('405 METHOD NOT ALLOWED', [('Content-Type', 'text/plain')]) +        response_body = 'Only POST and GET verbs supported.' +        return [response_body.encode()] +``` + +The snowfall application accepts only two request types: + + * A POST request, if up to snuff, creates a new entry in the snowfall table. The request should include the ski area region, the device in the region, the snowfall amount in centimeters, and a Unix-style timestamp. A POST request is dispatched to the `handle_post` function (which I'll clarify shortly). + * A GET request returns an HTML fragment (an unordered list) with the records currently in the snowfall table. + + + +Requests with an HTTP verb other than POST and GET will generate an error message. + +You can use a utility such as curl to generate HTTP requests for testing. Here are three sample POST requests to start populating the database: + + +``` +% curl -X POST -d "region=R1&device=D9&amount=1.42&tstamp=1604722088.0158753" localhost:9999/ +% curl -X POST -d "region=R7&device=D4&amount=2.11&tstamp=1604722296.8862638" localhost:9999/ +% curl -X POST -d "region=R5&device=D1&amount=1.12&tstamp=1604942236.1013834" localhost:9999/ +``` + +These commands add three records to the snowfall table. A subsequent GET request from curl or a browser displays an HTML fragment that lists the rows in the snowfall table. Here's the equivalent as non-HTML text: + + +``` +Snowfall report + +    1|R1|D9|1.42|1604722088.0158753 +    2|R7|D4|2.11|1604722296.8862638 +    3|R5|D1|1.12|1604942236.1013834 +``` + +A professional report would convert the numeric timestamps into human-readable ones. But the emphasis, for now, is on the architectural components in the snowfall application, not on the user interface. + +The uwsgi utility accepts various flags, which can be given either through a configuration file or in the launch command. For example, here's a richer launch of uwsgi as a web server: + + +``` +`% uwsgi --master --processes 2 --http 127.0.0.1:9999 --wsgi-file requestHandler.py` +``` + +This version creates a master (supervisory) process and two worker processes, which can handle the HTTP requests concurrently. + +In the snowfall application, the functions `handle_post` and `handle_get` process POST and GET requests, respectively. Here's the `handle_post` function in full: + + +``` +def handle_post(env, start_line):     +    form = get_field_storage(env)  ## body of an HTTP POST request +    +    ## Extract fields from POST form. +    region = form.getvalue('region') +    device = form.getvalue('device') +    amount = form.getvalue('amount') +    tstamp = form.getvalue('tstamp') + +    ## Missing info? +    if (region is not None and +        device is not None and +        amount is not None and +        tstamp is not None): +        add_record(region, device, amount, tstamp) +        response_body = "POST request handled.\n" +        start_line('201 OK', [('Content-Type', 'text/plain')]) +    else: +        response_body = "Missing info in POST request.\n" +        start_line('400 Bad Request', [('Content-Type', 'text/plain')]) +  +    return [response_body.encode()] +``` + +The two arguments to the `handle_post` function (`env` and `start_line`) represent the system environment and a communications channel, respectively. The `start_line` channel sends the HTTP start line (in this case, either `400 Bad Request` or `201 OK`) and any HTTP headers (in this case, just `Content-Type: text/plain`) of an HTTP response. + +The `handle_post` function tries to extract the relevant data from the HTTP POST request and, if it's successful, calls the function `add_record` to add another row to the snowfall table: + + +``` +def add_record(reg, dev, amt, tstamp): +    conn = sqlite3.connect(PATH_2_DB)      ## connect to DB +    cursor = conn.cursor()                 ## get a cursor + +    sql = "INSERT INTO snowfall(region,device,amount,tstamp) VALUES (?,?,?,?)" +    cursor.execute(sql, (reg, dev, amt, tstamp)) ## execute INSERT + +    conn.commit()  ## commit +    conn.close()   ## cleanup +``` + +SQLite automatically wraps single SQL statements (such as `INSERT` above) in a transaction, which accounts for the call to `conn.commit()` in the code. SQLite also supports multi-statement transactions. After calling `add_record`, the `handle_post` function winds up its work by sending an HTTP response confirmation message to the requester. + +The `handle_get` function also touches the database, but only to read the records in the snowfall table: + + +``` +def handle_get(start_line): +    conn = sqlite3.connect(PATH_2_DB)        ## connect to DB +    cursor = conn.cursor()                   ## get a cursor +    cursor.execute("SELECT * FROM snowfall") + +    response_body = "<h3>Snowfall report</h3><ul>" +    rows = cursor.fetchall() +    for row in rows: +        response_body += "<li>" + str(row[0]) + '|'  ## primary key +        response_body += row[1] + '|'                ## region +        response_body += row[2] + '|'                ## device +        response_body += str(row[3]) + '|'           ## amount +        response_body += str(row[4]) + "</li>"       ## timestamp +    response_body += "</ul>" + +    conn.commit()  ## commit +    conn.close()   ## cleanup +    +    start_line('200 OK', [('Content-Type', 'text/html')]) +    return [response_body.encode()] +``` + +A user-friendly version of the snowfall application would support additional (and fancier) reports, but even this version of `handle_get` underscores the clean interface between Python and SQLite. By the way, uwsgi expects a response body to be a list of bytes. In the `return` statement, the call to `response_body.encode()` inside the square brackets generates the byte list from the `response_body` string. + +### Moving up to Nginx + +The Nginx web server can be installed on a Debian-based system with one command: + + +``` +`% sudo apt-get install nginx` +``` + +As a web server, Nginx provides the expected services, such as wire-level security, HTTPS, user authentication, load balancing, media streaming, response compression, file uploading, etc. The Nginx engine is high-performance and stable, and this server can support dynamic content through a variety of programming languages. Using uwsgi as a very lightweight web server is an attractive option but switching to Nginx is a move up to industrial-strength web hosting with high-volume capability. Nginx and uwsgi are both implemented in C. + +With Nginx in play, uwsgi takes on a communication protocol's restricted roles and an application server; it no longer acts as an HTTP web server. Here's the revised architecture: + + +``` +          HTTP       uwsgi                   +requester<\---->Nginx<\----->app server<\--->requestHandler.py +``` + +As noted earlier, Nginx includes uwsgi support and now acts as a reverse-proxy server that forwards designated HTTP requests to the uwsgi application server, which in turn interacts with the Python script `requestHandler.py`. Responses from the Python script move in the reverse direction so that Nginx sends the HTTP response back to the requesting client. + +Two changes bring this new architecture to life. The first launches uwsgi as an application server: + + +``` +`% uwsgi --socket 127.0.0.1:8001 --wsgi-file requestHandler.py` +``` + +Socket 8001 is the Nginx default for uwsgi communications. For robustness, you could use the full path to the Python script so that the command above does not have to be executed in the directory that houses the Python script. In a production environment, uwsgi would start and stop automatically; for now, however, the emphasis remains on how the architectural pieces fit together. + +The second change involves Nginx configuration, which can be tricky on Debian-based systems. The main configuration file for Nginx is `/etc/nginx/nginx.conf`, but this file may have `include` directives for other files, in particular, files in one of three `/etc/nginx` subdirectories: `nginx.d`, `sites-available`, and `sites-enabled`. The `include` directives can be eliminated to simplify matters; in this case, the configuration occurs only in `nginx.conf`. I recommend the simple approach. + +However the configuration is distributed, the key section for having Nginx talk to the uwsgi application server begins with `http` and has one or more `server` subsections, which in turn have `location` subsections. Here's an example from the Nginx documentation: + + +``` +... +http { +    # Configuration specific to HTTP and affecting all virtual servers   +    ... +    server { # simple reverse-proxy +       listen       80; +       server_name  domain2.com [www.domain2.com][8]; +       access_log   logs/domain2.access.log  main; + +       # serve static files +       location ~ ^/(images|javascript|js|css|flash|media|static)/  { +         root    /var/www/virtual/big.server.com/htdocs; +         expires 30d; +       } + +       # pass requests for dynamic content to rails/turbogears/zope, et al +       location / { +         proxy_pass      ; +       } +     } +     ... +} +``` + +The `location` subsections are the ones of interest. For the snowfall application, here's the added `location` entry with its two configuration lines: + + +``` +... +server { +   listen 80 default_server; +   listen [::]:80 default_server; + +   root /var/www/html; +   index index.html index.htm index.nginx-debian.html; + +   server_name _; + +   ### key addition for uwsgi communication +   location /snowfall { +      include uwsgi_params;       ## comes with Nginx +      uwsgi_pass 127.0.0.1:8001;  ## 8001 is the default for uwsgi +   } +   ... +} +... +``` + +To keep things simple for now, make `/snowfall` the only `location` in the configuration. With this configuration in place, Nginx listens on port 80 and dispatches HTTP requests ending with the `/snowfall` path to the uwsgi application server: + + +``` +% curl -X POST -d "..." localhost/snowfall ## new POST +% curl -X GET localhost/snowfall           ## new GET +``` + +The port number 80 can be dropped from the request because 80 is the default server port for HTTP requests. + +If the configured location were simply `/` instead of `/snowfall`, then any HTTP request with `/` at the start of the path would be dispatched to the uwsgi application server. Accordingly, the `/snowfall` path leaves room for other locations and, therefore, for further actions in response to HTTP requests. + +Once you've changed the Nginx configuration with the added `location` subsection, you can start the web server: + + +``` +`% sudo systemctl start nginx` +``` + +There are other commands similar to `stop` and `restart` Nginx. In a production environment, you could automate these actions so that Nginx starts on a system boot and stops on a system shutdown. + +With uwsgi and Nginx both running, you can use a browser to test whether the architectural components cooperate as expected. For example, if you enter the URL `localhost/` in the browser's input window, then the Nginx welcome page should appear with (HTML) content similar to this: + + +``` +Welcome to nginx! +... +Thank you for using nginx. +``` + +By contrast, the URL `localhost/snowfall` should display the rows currently in the snowfall table: + + +``` +Snowfall report + +    1|R1|D9|1.42|1604722088.0158753 +    2|R7|D4|2.11|1604722296.8862638 +    3|R5|D1|1.12|1604942236.1013834 +``` + +### Wrapping up + +The snowfall application shows how free software components—a high-powered web server, an ACID-compliant database system, and scripting for dynamic content—can support a realistic web application on a Raspberry Pi 4 platform. This lightweight machine lifts above its weight class, and Debian eases the lifting. + +The software components in the web application work well together and require very little configuration. For higher volume hits against a relational database, recall that a free and feature-rich alternative to SQLite is PostgreSQL. If you're eager to play on the Raspberry Pi 4—in particular, to explore server-side web programming on this platform—then Nginx, SQLite or PostgreSQL, uwsgi, and Python are worth considering. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/21/3/web-hosting-raspberry-pi + +作者：[Marty Kalin][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/mkalindepauledu +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/browser_web_internet_website.png?itok=g5B_Bw62 (Digital creative of a browser on the internet) +[2]: https://www.raspberrypi.org/products/raspberry-pi-4-model-b/ +[3]: https://opensource.com/article/21/2/sqlite3-cheat-sheet +[4]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACID +[5]: https://uwsgi-docs.readthedocs.io/en/latest/ +[6]: https://opensource.com/article/20/5/curl-cheat-sheet +[7]: https://condor.depaul.edu/mkalin +[8]: http://www.domain2.com From ec9050cc8634fd976ae92e6e9e680b5ee66f1894 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Thu, 4 Mar 2021 05:05:26 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 101/309] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020210303=20?= =?UTF-8?q?5=20signs=20you=20might=20be=20a=20Rust=20programmer?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20210303 5 signs you might be a Rust programmer.md --- ... 5 signs you might be a Rust programmer.md | 71 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 71 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20210303 5 signs you might be a Rust programmer.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210303 5 signs you might be a Rust programmer.md b/sources/tech/20210303 5 signs you might be a Rust programmer.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..8c73cc5220 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20210303 5 signs you might be a Rust programmer.md @@ -0,0 +1,71 @@ +[#]: subject: (5 signs you might be a Rust programmer) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/3/rust-programmer) +[#]: author: (Mike Bursell https://opensource.com/users/mikecamel) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +5 signs you might be a Rust programmer +====== +During my journey to learning Rust, I've noticed a few common behaviors +of fellow Rustaceans. +![name tag that says hello my name is open source][1] + +I'm a fairly recent [convert to Rust][2], which I started to learn around the end of April 2020. But, like many converts, I'm an enthusiastic evangelist. I'm also not a very good Rustacean, truth be told, in that my coding style isn't great, and I don't write particularly idiomatic Rust. I suspect this is partly because I never really finished learning Rust before diving in and writing quite a lot of code (some of which is coming back to haunt me) and partly because I'm just not that good a programmer. + +But I love Rust, and so should you. It's friendly—well, more friendly than C or C++; it's ready for low-level systems tasks—more so than Python, it's well-structured—more than Perl; and, best of all, it's completely open source from the design level up—much more than Java, for instance. + +Despite my lack of expertise, I noticed a few things that I suspect are common to many Rust enthusiasts and programmers. If you say "yes" to the following five signs (the first of which was sparked by some exciting recent news), you, too, might be a Rust programmer. + +### 1\. The word "foundation" excites you + +For Rust programmers, the word "foundation" will no longer be associated first and foremost with Isaac Asimov but with the newly formed [Rust Foundation][3]. Microsoft, Huawei, Google, AWS, and Mozilla are providing the directors (and presumably most of the initial funding) for the Foundation, which will look after all aspects of the language, "heralding Rust's arrival as an enterprise production-ready technology," [according to interim executive director][4] Ashley Williams. (On a side note, it's great to see a woman heading up such a major industry initiative.) + +The Foundation seems committed to safeguarding the philosophy of Rust and ensuring that everybody has the opportunity to get involved. Rust is, in many ways, a poster-child example of an open source project. Not that it's perfect (neither the language nor the community), but in that there seem to be sufficient enthusiasts who are dedicated to preserving the high-involvement, low-bar approach to community, which I think of as core to much of open source. I strongly welcome the move, which I think can only help promote Rust's adoption and maturity over the coming years and months. + +### 2\. You get frustrated by newsfeed references to Rust (the game) + +There's another computer-related thing out there that goes by the name "Rust," and it's a "multi-player only survival video game." It's newer than Rust the language (having been announced in 2013 and released in 2018), but I was once searching for Rust-related swag and made the mistake of searching for the game by that name. The interwebs being what they are, this meant that my news feed is now infected with this alternative Rust beast, and I now get random updates from their fandom and PR folks. This is low-key annoying, but I'm pretty sure I'm not alone in the Rust (language) community. I strongly suggest that if you _do_ want to find out more about this upstart in the computing world, you use a privacy-improving (I refuse to say "privacy-preserving") [open source browser][5] to do your research. + +### 3\. The word "unsafe" makes you recoil in horror + +Rust (the language, again) does a _really_ good job of helping you do the Right Thing™, certainly in terms of memory safety, which is a major concern within C and C++ (not because it's impossible but because it's really hard to get right consistently). Dave Herman wrote a post in 2016 on why safety is such a positive attribute of the Rust language: [_Safety is Rust's fireflower_][6]. Safety (memory, type safety) may not be glamourous, but it's something you become used to—and grateful for—as you write more Rust, particularly if you're involved in any systems programming, which is where Rust often excels. + +Now, Rust doesn't _stop_ you from doing the Wrong Thing™, but it does make you make a conscious decision when you wish to go outside the bounds of safety by making you use the `unsafe` keyword. This is good not only for you, as it will (hopefully) make you think really, really carefully about what you're putting in any code block that uses it; it is also good for anyone reading your code. It's a trigger-word that makes any half-sane Rustacean shiver at least slightly, sit upright in their chair, and think, "hmm, what's going on here? I need to pay special attention." If you're lucky, the person reading your code may be able to think of ways of rewriting it such that it _does_ make use of Rust's safety features or at least reduces the amount of unsafe code that gets committed and released. + +### 4\. You wonder why there's no emoji for `?;` or `{:?}` or `::<>` + +Everybody loves (to hate) the turbofish (`::<>`) but there are other semantic constructs that you see regularly in Rust code. In particular, `{:?}` (for string formatting) and `?;` (`?` is a way of propagating errors up the calling stack, and `;` ends the line/block, so you often see them together). They're so common in Rust code that you just learn to parse them as you go, and they're also so useful that I sometimes wonder why they've not made it into normal conversation, at least as emojis. There are probably others, too. What would be your suggestions? + +### 5\. Clippy is your friend (and not an animated paperclip) + +Clippy, the Microsoft animated paperclip, was a "feature" that Office users learned very quickly to hate and has become the starting point for many [memes][7]. On the other hand, `cargo clippy` is one of those [amazing Cargo commands][8] that should become part of every Rust programmer's toolkit. Clippy is a language linter and helps improve your code to make it cleaner, tidier, more legible, more idiomatic, and generally less embarrassing when you share it with your colleagues or the rest of the world. Cargo has arguably rehabilitated the name "Clippy," and although it's not something I'd choose to name one of my kids, I don't feel a sense of unease whenever I come across the term on the web anymore. + +* * * + +_This article was originally published on [Alice, Eve, and Bob][9] and is reprinted with the author's permission._ + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/21/3/rust-programmer + +作者：[Mike Bursell][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/mikecamel +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/EDU_OSDC_IntroOS_520x292_FINAL.png?itok=woiZamgj (name tag that says hello my name is open source) +[2]: https://opensource.com/article/20/6/why-rust +[3]: https://foundation.rust-lang.org/ +[4]: https://foundation.rust-lang.org/posts/2021-02-08-hello-world/ +[5]: https://opensource.com/article/19/7/open-source-browsers +[6]: https://www.thefeedbackloop.xyz/safety-is-rusts-fireflower/ +[7]: https://knowyourmeme.com/memes/clippy +[8]: https://opensource.com/article/20/11/commands-rusts-cargo +[9]: https://aliceevebob.com/2021/02/09/5-signs-that-you-may-be-a-rust-programmer/ From 4ed1b9f90d15c05825a96f6d46d2f32b663778e3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Thu, 4 Mar 2021 07:24:21 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 102/309] PRF @geekpi --- ...ual environments with virtualenvwrapper.md | 66 +++++++------------ 1 file changed, 24 insertions(+), 42 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20210223 A guide to Python virtual environments with virtualenvwrapper.md b/translated/tech/20210223 A guide to Python virtual environments with virtualenvwrapper.md index 888adf0f06..0cf7554cb5 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20210223 A guide to Python virtual environments with virtualenvwrapper.md +++ b/translated/tech/20210223 A guide to Python virtual environments with virtualenvwrapper.md @@ -1,63 +1,57 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (A guide to Python virtual environments with virtualenvwrapper) [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/2/python-virtualenvwrapper) [#]: author: (Ben Nuttall https://opensource.com/users/bennuttall) -使用 virtualenvwrapper 构建 Python 虚拟环境指南 +使用 virtualenvwrapper 构建 Python 虚拟环境 ====== -虚拟环境是安全地使用不同版本的 Python 和软件包组合的关键。 -![Python in a coffee cup.][1] -一段时间以来，Python 已经包含了对管理虚拟环境的支持。Python 3.3 甚至增加了内置的 **venv** 模块，用于创建没有第三方库的环境。Python 程序员使用几种不同的工具来管理他们的环境，我使用的工具叫做 [**virtualenvwrapper**][2]。 +> 虚拟环境是安全地使用不同版本的 Python 和软件包组合的关键。 -虚拟环境是将你的 Python 项目和它的依赖关系与你的系统安装的 Python 分离的一种方式。如果你使用的是基于 macOS 或 Linux 的操作系统，它很可能在安装中附带了一个 Python 版本，事实上，它很可能依赖于那个特定版本的 Python 才能正常运行。但这是你的计算机，你可能想用它来达到自己的目的。你可能需要安装另一个版本的 Python，而不是操作系统提供的版本。你可能还需要安装一些额外的库。尽管你可以升级你的系统 Python，但不推荐这样做。也可以安装其他库，但你必须注意不要干扰系统所依赖的任何东西。 +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/202103/04/072251y8wkis7c40i8crkw.jpg) + +Python 对管理虚拟环境的支持，已经提供了一段时间了。Python 3.3 甚至增加了内置的 `venv` 模块，用于创建没有第三方库的环境。Python 程序员可以使用几种不同的工具来管理他们的环境，我使用的工具叫做 [virtualenvwrapper][2]。 + +虚拟环境是将你的 Python 项目及其依赖关系与你的系统安装的 Python 分离的一种方式。如果你使用的是基于 macOS 或 Linux 的操作系统，它很可能在安装中附带了一个 Python 版本，事实上，它很可能依赖于那个特定版本的 Python 才能正常运行。但这是你的计算机，你可能想用它来达到自己的目的。你可能需要安装另一个版本的 Python，而不是操作系统提供的版本。你可能还需要安装一些额外的库。尽管你可以升级你的系统 Python，但不推荐这样做。你也可以安装其他库，但你必须注意不要干扰系统所依赖的任何东西。 虚拟环境是创建隔离的关键，你需要安全地修改不同版本的 Python 和不同组合的包。它们还允许你为不同的项目安装同一库的不同版本，这解决了在相同环境满足所有项目需求这个不可能的问题。 -为什么选择 virtualenvwrapper 而不是其他工具？简而言之： - - * 与 `venv` 需要在项目目录内或旁边有一个 `venv` 目录不同，virtualenvwrapper 将所有环境保存在一个地方：默认在 `~/.virtualenvs` 中。 - * 它提供了用于创建和激活环境的命令，而且激活环境不依赖于找到正确的 `activate` 脚本。它只需要 `workon projectname`（从任何地方)而不需要 `source ~/Projects/flashylights-env/bin/activate`。  - +为什么选择 `virtualenvwrapper` 而不是其他工具？简而言之： + * 与 `venv` 需要在项目目录内或旁边有一个 `venv` 目录不同，`virtualenvwrapper` 将所有环境保存在一个地方：默认在 `~/.virtualenvs` 中。 + * 它提供了用于创建和激活环境的命令，而且激活环境不依赖于找到正确的 `activate` 脚本。它只需要（从任何地方）`workon projectname`而不需要 `source ~/Projects/flashylights-env/bin/activate`。  ### 开始使用 -首先，花点时间了解一下你的系统 Python 是如何配置的，以及 **pip** 工具是如何工作的。 +首先，花点时间了解一下你的系统 Python 是如何配置的，以及 `pip` 工具是如何工作的。 - -以树莓派系统为例，该系统同时安装了 Python 2.7 和 3.7。它还提供了单独的 **pip** 实例，每个版本一个： +以树莓派系统为例，该系统同时安装了 Python 2.7 和 3.7。它还提供了单独的 `pip` 实例，每个版本一个： * 命令 `python` 运行 Python 2.7，位于 `/usr/bin/python`。 * 命令 `python3` 运行 Python 3.7，位于 `/usr/bin/python3`。 * 命令 `pip` 安装 Python 2.7 的软件包，位于 `/usr/bin/pip`。 * 命令 `pip3` 安装 Python 3.7 的包，位于 `/usr/bin/pip3`。 - - ![Python commands on Raspberry Pi][3] -（Ben Nuttall, [CC BY-SA 4.0][4]） - 在开始使用虚拟环境之前，验证一下使用 `python` 和 `pip` 命令的状态是很有用的。关于你的 `pip` 实例的更多信息可以通过运行 `pip debug` 或 `pip3 debug` 命令找到。 -在我运行 Ubuntu Linux 的电脑上几乎是相同的信息（除了它是 Python 3.8）。在我的 Macbook 上也很相似，除了唯一的系统 Python 是 2.6，而我用 `brew` 安装 Python 3.8，所以它位于 `/usr/local/bin/python3` (和 `pip3` 一起)。 +在我运行 Ubuntu Linux 的电脑上几乎是相同的信息（除了它是 Python 3.8）。在我的 Macbook 上也很相似，除了唯一的系统 Python 是 2.6，而我用 `brew` 安装 Python 3.8，所以它位于 `/usr/local/bin/python3`（和 `pip3` 一起）。 ### 安装 virtualenvwrapper -你需要使用系统 Python 3 的 `pip` 安装 virtualenvwrapper： +你需要使用系统 Python 3 的 `pip` 安装 `virtualenvwrapper`： ``` -`sudo pip3 install virtualenvwrapper` +sudo pip3 install virtualenvwrapper ``` -下一步是配置你的 shell 来加载 virtualenvwrapper 命令。你可以通过编辑 shell 的 RC 文件（例如 `.bashrc`、`.bash_profile` 或 `.zshrc`）并添加以下几行： - +下一步是配置你的 shell 来加载 `virtualenvwrapper` 命令。你可以通过编辑 shell 的 RC 文件（例如 `.bashrc`、`.bash_profile` 或 `.zshrc`）并添加以下几行： ``` export VIRTUALENVWRAPPER_PYTHON=/usr/bin/python3 @@ -67,56 +61,44 @@ source /usr/local/bin/virtualenvwrapper.sh ![bashrc][5] -（Ben Nuttall, [CC BY-SA 4.0][4]） - 如果你的 Python 3 位于其他地方，请根据你的设置修改第一行。 -关闭你的终端，然后重新打开它，这样才能生效。第一次打开终端时，你应该看到 virtualenvwrapper 的一些输出。这只会发生一次，因为一些目录是作为设置的一部分被创建的。 +关闭你的终端，然后重新打开它，这样才能生效。第一次打开终端时，你应该看到 `virtualenvwrapper` 的一些输出。这只会发生一次，因为一些目录是作为设置的一部分被创建的。 -现在你应该可以输入 `mkvirtualenv --version` 命令来验证 virtualenvwrapper 是否已经安装。 +现在你应该可以输入 `mkvirtualenv --version` 命令来验证 `virtualenvwrapper` 是否已经安装。 ### 创建一个新的虚拟环境 -假设你正在进行一个名为 **flashylights** 的项目。要用这个名字创建一个虚拟环境，请运行该命令： - +假设你正在进行一个名为 `flashylights` 的项目。要用这个名字创建一个虚拟环境，请运行该命令： ``` -`mkvirtualenv flashylights` +mkvirtualenv flashylights ``` 环境已经创建并激活，所以你会看到 `(flashlylights)` 出现在你的提示前： ![Flashylights prompt][6] -（Ben Nuttall, [CC BY-SA 4.0][4]） - 现在环境被激活了，事情发生了变化。`python` 现在指向一个与你之前在系统中识别的 Python 实例完全不同的 Python 实例。它为你的环境创建了一个目录，并在其中放置了 Python 3 二进制文件、pip 命令等的副本。输入 `which python` 和 `which pip` 来查看它们的位置。 ![Flashylights command][7] -（Ben Nuttall, [CC BY-SA 4.0][4]） - 如果你现在运行一个 Python 程序，你可以用 `python` 代替 `python3` 来运行，你可以用 `pip` 代替 `pip3`。你使用 `pip`安装的任何包都将只安装在这个环境中，它们不会干扰你的其他项目、其他环境或系统安装。 要停用这个环境，运行 `deactivate` 命令。要重新启用它，运行 `workon flashylights`。 你可以用 `workon` 或使用 `lsvirtualenv` 列出所有可用的环境。你可以用 `rmvirtualenv flashylights` 删除一个环境。 - -在你的开发流程中添加虚拟环境是一件明智的事情。根据我的经验，它可以防止我在系统范围内安装我正在试验的库，这可能会导致问题。我发现 virtualenvwrapper 是最简单的可以让我进入流程的方法，并无忧无虑地管理我的项目环境，而不需要考虑太多，也不需要记住太多命令。 +在你的开发流程中添加虚拟环境是一件明智的事情。根据我的经验，它可以防止我在系统范围内安装我正在试验的库，这可能会导致问题。我发现 `virtualenvwrapper` 是最简单的可以让我进入流程的方法，并无忧无虑地管理我的项目环境，而不需要考虑太多，也不需要记住太多命令。 ### 高级特性 * 你可以在你的系统上安装多个 Python 版本（例如，在 Ubuntu 上使用 [deadsnakes PPA][8]），并使用该版本创建一个虚拟环境，例如，`mkvirtualenv -p /usr/bin/python3.9 myproject`。 - * 可以在进入/离开目录时自动激活/停用。 + * 可以在进入和离开目录时自动激活、停用。 * 你可以使用 `postmkvirtualenv` 钩子在每次创建新环境时安装常用工具。 - - 更多提示请参见[文档][9]。 -* * * - _本文基于 Ben Nuttall 在 [Tooling Tuesday 上关于 virtualenvwrapper 的帖子][10]，经许可后重用。_ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -126,7 +108,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/21/2/python-virtualenvwrapper 作者：[Ben Nuttall][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From c449d53ec204079ffc336d1ce81fc30ed174ac3b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Thu, 4 Mar 2021 07:24:44 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 103/309] PUB @geekpi https://linux.cn/article-13174-1.html --- ...e to Python virtual environments with virtualenvwrapper.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20210223 A guide to Python virtual environments with virtualenvwrapper.md (99%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20210223 A guide to Python virtual environments with virtualenvwrapper.md b/published/20210223 A guide to Python virtual environments with virtualenvwrapper.md similarity index 99% rename from translated/tech/20210223 A guide to Python virtual environments with virtualenvwrapper.md rename to published/20210223 A guide to Python virtual environments with virtualenvwrapper.md index 0cf7554cb5..35b591cf1b 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20210223 A guide to Python virtual environments with virtualenvwrapper.md +++ b/published/20210223 A guide to Python virtual environments with virtualenvwrapper.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-13174-1.html) [#]: subject: (A guide to Python virtual environments with virtualenvwrapper) [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/2/python-virtualenvwrapper) [#]: author: (Ben Nuttall https://opensource.com/users/bennuttall) From fcedad588d656dbdade65e8caaa29ace1ff98e54 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Thu, 4 Mar 2021 08:49:17 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 104/309] translated --- ...10226 3 Linux terminals you need to try.md | 86 ------------------- ...10226 3 Linux terminals you need to try.md | 85 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 85 insertions(+), 86 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20210226 3 Linux terminals you need to try.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20210226 3 Linux terminals you need to try.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210226 3 Linux terminals you need to try.md b/sources/tech/20210226 3 Linux terminals you need to try.md deleted file mode 100644 index dd0f42925d..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20210226 3 Linux terminals you need to try.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,86 +0,0 @@ -[#]: subject: (3 Linux terminals you need to try) -[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/2/linux-terminals) -[#]: author: (Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth) -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) - -3 Linux terminals you need to try -====== -Linux gives you the ability to choose the terminal interface you -like—not one it imposes. -![4 different color terminal windows with code][1] - -In 2021, there are more reasons why people love Linux than ever before. In this series, I'll share 21 different reasons to use Linux. The ability to choose your own terminal is a big reason to use Linux. - -Many people think once you've used one terminal interface, you've used them all. But users who love the terminal know there are minor but important differences between them. This article looks at three of my favorites. - -Before diving into them, though, it's important to understand the difference between a shell and a terminal. A terminal (technically a _terminal emulator_, because terminals used to be physical hardware devices) is an application that runs in a window on your desktop. A shell is the engine that's visible to you in a terminal window. Popular shells are [Bash][2], [tcsh][3], and [zsh][4], and they all run in a terminal. - -It almost goes without saying on modern Linux, but all the terminals in this article have tabbed interfaces. - -### Xfce terminal - -![Xfce ][5] - -(Seth Kenlon, [CC BY-SA 4.0][6]) - -The [lightweight Xfce desktop][7] provides a lightweight terminal that nicely balances features with simplicity. It provides access to the shell (as expected), and it has easy access to several important configuration options. You can set which characters break a string when you double-click on text, choose your default character encoding, and disable Alt shortcuts to the terminal's window so that your favorite Bash shortcuts are passed through to the shell. You can also set a font and a new color theme or load a color theme from a list of common presets. It's even got an optional toolbar across the top for easy access to your favorite functions. - -For me, Xfce's star feature is how easy it is to vary the background color for each tab you open. This is a priceless option when running a remote shell on a server—it has prevented me from making stupid mistakes by constantly keeping me aware of which tab I'm in. - -### rxvt-unicode - -![rxvt][8] - -(Seth Kenlon, [CC BY-SA 4.0][6]) - -The [rxvt terminal][9] is my favorite lightweight console. It's got many of the features you'd find in the old-school [xterm][10] terminal emulator but is more extensible. Its configuration is defined in `~/.Xdefaults`, so there's no preferences panel or settings menu—but this makes it very easy to manage and back up your setup. Using some Perl libraries, rxvt has tabs, and through xrdb, it has access to fonts and any color theme you can think of. You can set attributes like `URxvt.urlLancher: firefox` to set what web browser launches when you open URLs, change the look of the scrollbar, modify keyboard shortcuts, and do much more. - -The original rxvt didn't support Unicode (because at the time, Unicode didn't exist) but the `rxvt-unicode` (sometimes also called `urxvt`) package provides a patched version with full Unicode support. - -I keep rxvt on every computer because it's the best all-purpose terminal for me. It's not necessarily the best terminal for all users (it has no drag-and-drop interface, for instance). Still, for intermediate to advanced users looking for a fast and flexible terminal, rxvt is an easy choice. - -### Konsole - -![Konsole][11] - -(Seth Kenlon, [CC BY-SA 4.0][6]) - -Konsole, the KDE Plasma desktop's terminal, was the first terminal I used after switching to Linux, so it's the standard to which I hold all others. It does set a high bar. Konsole has all the usual nice features (and then some), such as easy color themes plus profile support, font selection, encoding, detachable tabs, renamable tabs, and so on. But that's to be expected on a modern desktop (at least, it is if your desktop is running Plasma). - -Konsole is light-years (or maybe a few months) ahead of other terminals. It can split its window vertically or horizontally. You can copy input to all tabs (as with [tmux][12]). You can set it to monitor itself for either silence or activity and configure notifications. If you use KDE Connect on your Android phone, that means you can get notifications on your mobile when a job finishes! You can save Konsole's output to a text or HTML file, bookmark open tabs, clone tabs, adjust your search settings, and more. - -Konsole is a true power user's terminal, yet it's also great for new users. You can drag and drop files into Konsole to change the directory to a specific location on your hard drive or paste in the path or even copy a file to Konsole's current working directory. It makes using the terminal easy, and that's something that translates across all users. - -### Try a terminal - -Is your aesthetic a dark office and the warm glow of green text against a black background? Or do you prefer a bright sunlit lounge and a soothing ink-black font on a paper-crisp screen? No matter your vision of a perfect computer setup, if you love the efficiency and clarity of communicating with your operating system by typing commands, then Linux has an interface for you. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://opensource.com/article/21/2/linux-terminals - -作者：[Seth Kenlon][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://opensource.com/users/seth -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/freedos.png?itok=aOBLy7Ky (4 different color terminal windows with code) -[2]: https://opensource.com/resources/what-bash -[3]: https://opensource.com/article/20/8/tcsh -[4]: https://opensource.com/article/19/9/getting-started-zsh -[5]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/terminal-xfce.jpg (Xfce ) -[6]: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ -[7]: https://opensource.com/article/19/12/xfce-linux-desktop -[8]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/terminal-rxvt.jpg (rxvt) -[9]: https://opensource.com/article/19/10/why-use-rxvt-terminal -[10]: https://opensource.com/article/20/7/xterm -[11]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/terminal-konsole.jpg (Konsole) -[12]: https://opensource.com/article/20/1/tmux-console diff --git a/translated/tech/20210226 3 Linux terminals you need to try.md b/translated/tech/20210226 3 Linux terminals you need to try.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ad216d770b --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20210226 3 Linux terminals you need to try.md @@ -0,0 +1,85 @@ +[#]: subject: (3 Linux terminals you need to try) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/2/linux-terminals) +[#]: author: (Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +你需要尝试的 3 种 Linux 终端 +====== +Linux 让你能够选择你喜欢的终端界面，而不是它强加的界面。 +![4 different color terminal windows with code][1] + +在 2021 年，人们喜欢 Linux 的理由比以往任何时候都多。在这个系列中，我将分享 21 个使用 Linux 的不同理由。能够选择自己的终端是使用 Linux 的一个重要原因。 + +很多人认为一旦你用过一个终端界面，你就已经用过所有的终端了。但喜欢终端的用户都知道，它们之间有一些细微但重要的区别。本文将介绍我最喜欢的三种。 + +不过在深入研究它们之前，先要了解 shell 和终端之间的区别。终端（技术上说是_终端模拟器_，因为终端曾经是物理硬件设备）是一个在桌面上的窗口中运行的应用。shell 是在终端窗口中对你可见的引擎。流行的 shell 有 [Bash][2]、[tcsh][3] 和 [zsh][4]，它们都在终端中运行。 + +在现代 Linux 上几乎不用说，但本文中所有的终端都有标签界面。 + +### Xfce 终端 + +![Xfce ][5] + +（Seth Kenlon, [CC BY-SA 4.0][6]） + +[轻量级 Xfce 桌面][7]提供了一个轻量级的终端，很好地平衡了功能和简单性。它提供了对 shell 的访问（如预期的那样），并且它可以轻松访问几个重要的配置选项。你可以设置当你双击文本时哪些字符会断字，选择你的默认字符编码，并禁用终端窗口的 Alt 快捷方式，这样你最喜欢的 Bash 快捷方式就会传递到 shell。你还可以设置字体和新的颜色主题，或者从常用预设列表中加载颜色主题。它甚至在顶部有一个可选的工具栏，方便你访问你最喜欢的功能。 + +对我来说，Xfce 的亮点功能是非常容易地为你打开的每一个标签页改变背景颜色。当在服务器上运行远程 shell 时，这是非常有价值的。它让我知道自己在哪个标签页中，从而避免了我犯愚蠢的错误。 + +### rxvt-unicode + +![rxvt][8] + +（Seth Kenlon, [CC BY-SA 4.0][6]） + +[rxvt 终端][9]是我最喜欢的轻量级控制台。它有许多老式 [xterm][10] 终端仿真器的功能，但它的扩展性更强。它的配置是在 `~/.Xdefaults` 中定义的，所以没有偏好面板或设置菜单，但这使得它很容易管理和备份你的设置。使用一些 Perl 库，rxvt 有标签，并且通过 xrdb，它可以访问字体和任何你能想到的颜色主题。你可以设置像 `URxvt.urlLancher: firefox` 这样的属性来设置当你打开 URL 时启动的网页浏览器，改变滚动条的外观，修改键盘快捷键等等。 + +最初的 rxvt 不支持 Unicode（因为当时 Unicode 还不存在），但 `rxvt-unicode`（有时也叫 `urxvt`）包提供了一个完全支持 Unicode 的补丁版本。 + +我在每台电脑上都有 rxvt，因为对我来说它是最好的通用终端。它不一定是所有用户的最佳终端（例如，它没有拖放界面）。不过，对于寻找快速和灵活终端的中高级用户来说，rxvt 是一个简单的选择。 + +### Konsole + +![Konsole][11] + +（Seth Kenlon, [CC BY-SA 4.0][6]） + +Konsole，KDE Plasma 桌面的终端，是我转到 Linux 后使用的第一个终端，所以它是我对所有其他终端的标准。它确实设定了一个很高的标准。Konsole 有所有通常的不错的功能（还有些其他的），比如简单的颜色主题加上配置文件支持、字体选择、编码、可分离标签、可重命名标签等等。但这在现代桌面上是可以预期的（至少，如果你的桌面运行的是 Plasma 的话）。 + +Konsole 比其他终端领先许多年（或者几个月）。它可以垂直或水平地分割窗口。你可以把输入复制到所有的标签页上（就像 [tmux][12] 一样）。你可以将其设置为监视自身是否静音或活动并配置通知。如果你在 Android 手机上使用 KDE Connect，这意味着当一个任务完成时，你可以在手机上收到通知。你可以将 Konsole 的输出保存到文本或 HTML 文件中，为打开的标签页添加书签，克隆标签页，调整搜索设置等等。 + +Konsole 是一个真正的高级用户终端，但它也非常适合新用户。你可以将文件拖放到 Konsole 中，将目录改为硬盘上的特定位置，也可以将路径粘贴进去，甚至可以将文件复制到 Konsole 的当前工作目录中。这让使用终端变得很简单，这也是所有用户都能理解的。 + +### 尝试一个终端 + +你的审美观念是黑暗的办公室和黑色背景下绿色文字的温暖光芒吗？还是喜欢阳光明媚的休息室和屏幕上舒缓的墨黑色字体？无论你对完美电脑设置的愿景是什么，如果你喜欢通过输入命令高效地与操作系统交流，那么 Linux 已经为你提供了一个接口。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/21/2/linux-terminals + +作者：[Seth Kenlon][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/seth +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/freedos.png?itok=aOBLy7Ky (4 different color terminal windows with code) +[2]: https://opensource.com/resources/what-bash +[3]: https://opensource.com/article/20/8/tcsh +[4]: https://opensource.com/article/19/9/getting-started-zsh +[5]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/terminal-xfce.jpg (Xfce ) +[6]: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ +[7]: https://opensource.com/article/19/12/xfce-linux-desktop +[8]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/terminal-rxvt.jpg (rxvt) +[9]: https://opensource.com/article/19/10/why-use-rxvt-terminal +[10]: https://opensource.com/article/20/7/xterm +[11]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/terminal-konsole.jpg (Konsole) +[12]: https://opensource.com/article/20/1/tmux-console From cc74586ecde6a18096ca7be51136b04fca2099e7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Thu, 4 Mar 2021 08:53:49 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 105/309] translating --- ...ote Client on Ubuntu and Debian-based Linux Distributions.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20210304 You Can Now Install Official Evernote Client on Ubuntu and Debian-based Linux Distributions.md b/sources/tech/20210304 You Can Now Install Official Evernote Client on Ubuntu and Debian-based Linux Distributions.md index e56ec46833..effd0202d7 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20210304 You Can Now Install Official Evernote Client on Ubuntu and Debian-based Linux Distributions.md +++ b/sources/tech/20210304 You Can Now Install Official Evernote Client on Ubuntu and Debian-based Linux Distributions.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ [#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/install-evernote-ubuntu/) [#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/) [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 16f3df4d713a6a1fff06a19ceadf671922f659b1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Fri, 5 Mar 2021 05:05:01 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 106/309] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020210304=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Measure=20your=20Internet=20of=20Things=20with=20Raspberry=20Pi?= =?UTF-8?q?=20and=20open=20source=20tools?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20210304 Measure your Internet of Things with Raspberry Pi and open source tools.md --- ...with Raspberry Pi and open source tools.md | 351 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 351 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20210304 Measure your Internet of Things with Raspberry Pi and open source tools.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210304 Measure your Internet of Things with Raspberry Pi and open source tools.md b/sources/tech/20210304 Measure your Internet of Things with Raspberry Pi and open source tools.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..41f528b552 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20210304 Measure your Internet of Things with Raspberry Pi and open source tools.md @@ -0,0 +1,351 @@ +[#]: subject: (Measure your Internet of Things with Raspberry Pi and open source tools) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/3/iot-measure-raspberry-pi) +[#]: author: (Darin London https://opensource.com/users/dmlond) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +Measure your Internet of Things with Raspberry Pi and open source tools +====== +Setting up an environment-monitoring system demonstrates how to use open +source tools to keep tabs on temperature, humidity, and more. +![Metrics and a graph illustration][1] + +If you are interested in measuring and interacting with the world around you through the Internet of Things (IoT), there are a variety of inexpensive microcontrollers and microcomputers you can use. There are also many sensors available that connect to these devices to measure many aspects of the physical world. + +These sensors interface with the microcontroller boards using the [I2C][2] message bus, which programs that run on the boards can access using open source libraries in [MicroPython][3], Java, C#, and other popular programming languages. These devices and libraries make it very easy to create sophisticated data-collection systems. + +To demonstrate how easy and powerful this is, I built a greenhouse monitoring system using the following components that I purchased from [SparkFun][4]: + + * [Raspberry Pi Zero W with headers][5] + * [Power supply][6] + * [Qwiic pHAT][7] + * [Qwiic cables][8] + * [Qwiic Environmental Combo breakout][9] + * [Qwiic ambient light detector][10] + * [32GB microSD card][11] + * [Metal standoffs][12], [screws][13], and [nuts][14] + + + +Adafruit has very similar offerings and connection systems. + +### Getting to know Prometheus + +One of the first things you can do to start interacting with your world is to collect and analyze data acquired by sensors. Open source software makes it easy to collect, analyze, display, and even take action on your data. + +The [Prometheus][15] family of applications makes it easy to collect, store, and analyze data as a time series of individual events. I will briefly introduce the relevant parts of the Prometheus architecture; if you would like to learn more, there are many great articles about Prometheus on Opensource.com, including [_An introduction to monitoring with Prometheus_][16] and [_Achieve high-scale application monitoring with Prometheus_][17]. + +The Prometheus suite includes the following applications, which can be plugged together in various ways. + +#### [Prometheus][18] + +The main Prometheus service is a powerful time-series database that runs on a general-purpose computer, such as a Linux machine, cloud service, or Raspberry Pi (the Raspberry Pi 4 is recommended). A Prometheus instance can be configured to regularly "scrape" various file- and network-connected exporter services (e.g., HTTP, TCP, etc.) in the [Prometheus exposition format][19]. A single Prometheus service can be configured to scrape multiple targets, each with a unique job name. A scrape target publishes data in the form of events with a user-defined name, timestamp, value, and optional set of key-value annotations. If a data source publishes data without a timestamp, the scrape's exact time is automatically added to the event when it is stored. It can also be configured to communicate with one or more Alertmanager instances running on the same host or another host on the same network. + +Once events are published in a Prometheus service, they can be queried using the [Prometheus Query Language][20]. PromQL queries can be used to create tables and graphs of events. They can also be used to configure alerts, whereby a PromQL query condition's truth causes the Prometheus service to set the configured alert's firing state as `true`; this alert will remain in the firing state as long as the condition is true. Once the condition becomes false, the alert firing state is set to `false`. + +Multiple instances of an exporting service can publish the same metrics but differentiated by annotations to identify the sensor. For example, if you have three greenhouse monitors, each can publish its temperature, humidity, and other metrics, annotated with something like `greenhouse=1`, `greenhouse=2`, or `greenhouse=3`. Graphs, tables, and alerts can be configured to show all instances for a particular metric or just the metrics with specific annotations. + +All metrics stored in Prometheus are annotated with the job defined for the scrape target in the configuration. Every scrape target configured in a Prometheus service has a Boolean metric called `up`, which is set to `true` each time the service successfully scrapes the target and `false` when it cannot. This is a useful metric to use in PromQL queries to define alerts when a service goes down. + +#### [Alertmanager][21] + +The main Prometheus service does not act on alerts—it just holds the alerts' state as firing or not firing at any particular moment. The Alertmanager service works with a Prometheus service to set up notifications when alerts defined in Prometheus are firing. One or more Alertmanager services can be configured to run on general-purpose computers on the same network as the Prometheus service. + +Alertmanager notifications can be configured to communicate with various external systems, including email gateways, web service endpoints, chat services, and popular ticketing systems. Each notification can be templated to use various attributes about the event, including all of its annotations, to produce the notification message. + +#### [Node Exporter][22] + +Node Exporter is a very simple daemon that runs on a general-purpose computer host as a web service and exports data about that host via HTTP in the Prometheus exposition format. It is programmed to produce many different metrics about its host, such as CPU and memory utilization, using logic defined for each specific host architecture (e.g., proc filesystem, Windows Registry, etc.). + +A Node Exporter instance can also be configured to present one or more Prometheus exposition format compliant files on the host filesystem. This makes it useful for publishing metrics produced by another application running on the same host. The example greenhouse monitoring system uses a Python program to collect data from the sensors and produce a Prometheus-formatted export file, and Node Exporter publishes these metrics. + +#### [Pushgateway][23] + +A Raspberry Pi Zero, 3, or 4 can host a Node Exporter, but other microcontrollers (such as an Arduino or Raspberry Pi Pico) cannot. Pushgateway enables these devices to publish their metrics. It is a microservice that can run on another general-purpose computer host (such as a desktop, a cloud, or even a Rasberry Pi Zero, 3, or 4) and present a prometheus exposition formatted feed for a Prometheus service to scrape, and a REST API that other processes connected to its network can use to report custom metrics. + +A Pushgateway instance can run on the same host as the Prometheus service or a different host on the same network. If the microprocessor can communicate with the network using the Pushgateway and Prometheus services (e.g., an Ethernet cable, WiFi, or [LoRaWAN][24]), the process running on the microcontroller can use a standard HTTP library to report metrics using the Pushgateway REST API as part of its process loop. + +#### [Grafana][25] + +Grafana is not part of the Prometheus suite. It is an open source observability system designed to pull in data from multiple external data sources and integrate the data into customizable visualization dashboards. Grafana can pull data in from a variety of external system types, including Prometheus. It's another powerful, open source application that you can use to create sophisticated dashboards with the data produced by your devices. Grafana can also be installed onto a general-purpose computer, such as a desktop or a Raspberry Pi Zero, 3, or 4. (I installed it on the Raspberry Pi 4 that hosts the Prometheus and Alertmanager services.) + +There are plenty of tutorials available to help you get up and running with Grafana, including several on Opensource.com, such as _[The perfect combo with Prometheus and Grafana, and more industry trends][26]_ and _[Monitoring Linux performance with Grafana][27]_. + +Once Grafana is installed, use your browser to navigate to the Grafana host's hostname or internet protocol address (IP) at port 3000, and log in with the default credentials (**blank** / **admin**). Make sure to change the admin password. You can then add a data source and use the menu to choose the Prometheus main server's IP or host and port. Once you add the data source, you can start to graph data from Prometheus or create dashboards. + +If you are installing any of the above on a Raspberry Pi, ensure you download the [Prometheus][28] and [Grafana][29] binary distributions for your CPU's architecture. On a running Raspberry Pi, you can use either of these commands: + + * `uname -m` + * `cat /proc/cpuinfo` + + + +to get cpu architecture. It will say something like armv7. + +### Connect the Raspberry Pi Zero's sensors + +Once you have somewhere to store the data, you can assemble and configure the greenhouse monitoring device. I flashed the MicroSD card with the [Raspberry Pi OS Lite][30] image and configured it for [headless connection over WiFi][31]. I plugged the Qwiiic pHAT onto the Pi Zero headers and connected the Qwiic cables from the Qwiic pHAT to each of the light and environmental combo sensors. (Be sure to plug the yellow cable into the Qwiic pHAT on the side with the Pi header connection and into the sensors on the side with the I2C solder connection holes.) It is also possible to daisy-chain the sensors if you have only one Qwiic connection to your Raspberry Pi. + +![Wiring architecture][32] + +(Darin London, [CC BY-SA 4.0][33]) + +Once the Raspberry Pi is connected to the sensors, plug the SD card into its slot, connect the power supply, and power it up. It will boot up, and then you should be able to connect to the Raspberry Pi using: + + +``` +`ssh pi@raspbberrypi.local` +``` + +The default password is **raspberry**, but change it to something more secure using the `passwd` command. You can also use ping on your desktop to get the host's IP address and use it instead of the `raspberrypi.local` address. (This is useful if you have multiple Pis on your network.) + +### Install Node Exporter + +Install the Node Exporter application on your Raspberry Pi Zero by [downloading][34] the binary distribution for your architecture from the Prometheus website. Once it is installed, [configure it as a systemd service][35] so that it automatically starts and stops with the Raspberry Pi. + +### Install Python sensor libraries + +Raspberry Pi OS comes with Python 3, but it does not include the libraries required to interact with the sensors. Fortunately, there are Python libraries available. + +Install SparkFun's official [Qwiic_Py library][36] to access the sensors on the Environmental Combo breakout. If you are using Raspberry Pi OS Lite, you have to install [pip][37] (the Python package installer) for Python 3: + + +``` +`sudo apt install python3-pip` +``` + +The light sensor does not yet have an official SparkFun or Adafruit Python package, but you can get an open source [vml6030.py package][38] from its GitHub repo and copy it to `/home/pi` to use it in your monitoring application. It is based on the official SparkFun Arduino library. + +### Install the greenhouse monitor code + +The `greenhouse_monitor.py` script in this project's [GitHub repo][39] uses the Python sensor libraries to append metrics for `ambient_temperature`, `ambient_humidity`, and `ambient_light` every 11 seconds to a file named `/home/pi/metrics.prom` in the format Prometheus expects: + + +``` +#!/usr/bin/python3 + +from veml6030 import VEML6030 +import smbus2 +import qwiic_bme280 +import time +import sys + +def instrument_metrics(light,temp,humidity): +  metrics_out = open('/home/pi/metrics.prom', 'w+') +  print('# HELP ambient_temperature temperature in fahrenheit', flush=True, file=metrics_out) +  print('# TYPE ambient_temperature gauge', flush=True, file=metrics_out) +  print(f'ambient_temperature {temp}', flush=True, file=metrics_out) +  print('# HELP ambient_light light in lux', flush=True, file=metrics_out) +  print('# TYPE ambient_light gauge', flush=True, file=metrics_out) +  print(f'ambient_light {light}', flush=True, file=metrics_out) +  print('# HELP ambient_humidity humidity in %RH', flush=True, file=metrics_out) +  print('# TYPE ambient_humidity gauge', flush=True, file=metrics_out) +  print(f'ambient_humidity {humidity}', flush=True, file=metrics_out) +  metrics_out.close() + +print("Starting Greenhouse Monitor") +bus = smbus2.SMBus(1)  # For Raspberry Pi +light_sensor = VEML6030(bus) +environment_sensor = qwiic_bme280.QwiicBme280() + +if environment_sensor.is_connected() == False: +        print("The Environment Sensor isn't connected to the system. Please check your connection", file=sys.stderr) +        exit(1) +environment_sensor.begin() +while True: +        light = light_sensor.read_light() +        temp = environment_sensor.temperature_fahrenheit +        humidity = environment_sensor.humidity +        instrument_metrics(light, temp, humidity) +        time.sleep(11) +``` + +This can be set up as a systemd service, `/etc/systemd/system/greenhouse_montor.service`: + + +``` +[Unit] +Description=Greenhouse Monitor +Documentation= +After=network-online.target + +[Service] +User=pi +Restart=on-failure + +ExecStart=/home/pi/greenhouse_monitor.py + +[Install] +WantedBy=multi-user.target +``` + +A Node Exporter can also be configured as a systemd service to publish the metrics file produced by the `greenhouse_montitor.py` script at `/etc/systemd/system/node_exporter.service`: + + +``` +[Unit] +Description=Node Exporter +Documentation= +After=network-online.target + +[Service] +User=pi +Restart=on-failure + +ExecStart=/usr/local/bin/node_exporter \ +  --no-collector.arp \ +  --no-collector.bcache \ +  --no-collector.bonding \ +  --no-collector.btrfs \ +  --no-collector.cpu --no-collector.cpufreq --no-collector.edac --no-collector.entropy --no-collector.filefd --no-collector.hwmon --no-collector.ipvs \ +  --no-collector.loadavg \ +  --no-collector.mdadm \ +  --no-collector.meminfo \ +  --no-collector.netdev \ +  --no-collector.netstat \ +  --no-collector.nfs \ +  --no-collector.nfsd \ +  --no-collector.rapl \ +  --no-collector.softnet \ +  --no-collector.stat \ +  --no-collector.time \ +  --no-collector.timex \ +  --no-collector.uname \ +  --no-collector.vmstat \ +  --no-collector.xfs \ +  --no-collector.zfs \ +  --no-collector.netclass \ +  --no-collector.powersupplyclass \ +  --no-collector.pressure \ +  --no-collector.diskstats \ +  --no-collector.filesystem \ +  --no-collector.conntrack \ +  --no-collector.infiniband \ +  --no-collector.schedstat \ +  --no-collector.sockstat \ +  --no-collector.thermal_zone \ +  --no-collector.udp_queues \ +  --collector.textfile.directory=/home/pi + +[Install] +WantedBy=multi-user.target +``` + +Note that you can leave off all the `--nocollector.*` arguments, and `node_exporter` will export lots of metrics about the Raspberry Pi host and the `greenhouse_monitor` data. + +Once the systemd service definitions are in place, you can add and enable them using systemctl, and they will start as soon as your Raspberry Pi boots up and has a network: + + +``` +sudo systemctl enable greenhouse_monitor.py +sudo systemctl enable node_exporter +``` + +You can troubleshoot these services using: + + +``` +`sudo systemctl status $servicename` +``` + +The Python script and systemd service definition files are available in the [project's GitHub repo][39]. + +### Restart the Raspberry Pi Zero and start monitoring + +When the Raspberry Pi starts, it will start `greenhouse_monitor.py` and the `node_exporter` service. You can visit the `node_exporter` service using the IP or hostname of the Raspberry Pi running the greenhouse monitor at port 9100 (e.g., `http://$ip:9100`). Refresh every 11 seconds to see new entries. + +### Configure the Prometheus server scrape endpoint + +Once your greenhouse monitor's Node Exporter is exporting metrics, you can configure the Prometheus service to scrape it. Add the following lines to the `prometheus.yml` configuration file within the `scrape_configs` section (replace the IP in the targets with the IP of the device running the greenhouse_monitoring service on your network): + + +``` + - job_name: 'greenhouse_monitor' +  +        # metrics_path defaults to '/metrics' +        # scheme defaults to 'http'. +  +        static_configs: +        - targets: ['192.168.1.12:9100'] +``` + +Prometheus will automatically load the configuration file every few seconds and start scraping your greenhouse monitor. You can verify that it has started scraping (and get its up/down status) by visiting the Prometheus web user interface (UI) targets page at `http://$prometheus_host:9090/targets`. + +If it is up (and green), you can query metrics in the Prometheus web UI graphs page `http://$prometheus_host:9090/graph`. + +![Prometheus web UI graphs page][40] + +(Darin London, [CC BY-SA 4.0][33]) + +Once you are getting data in Prometheus, you can visit the Grafana service at `http://$graphana_host:3000`. I created a dashboard called Greenhouse with the panels for the three metrics exported by the greenhouse monitor. You can set Grafana to show data in the panels using the time controls. I was able to get the values for a 24-hour period from midnight to 11:59:59pm on the same day using the format `from: YYYY-MM-DD 00:00:00` and `To: YYYY-MM-DD 23:59:59`. + +![24-hour metrics][41] + +(Darin London, [CC BY-SA 4.0][33]) + +Notice the time of day when the sun was shining through a window onto the device? + +### What should you measure next? + +You have a treasure-trove of data at your fingertips to examine the physical world. Next, you could [configure Alertmanager][42] to send notifications through various communication technologies (e.g., webhooks, Slack, Gmail, PagerDuty, etc.) when alerts configured in Prometheus are firing. + +Now that you know how to measure your world, the question becomes: What do you want to measure? + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/21/3/iot-measure-raspberry-pi + +作者：[Darin London][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/dmlond +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/metrics_graph_stats_blue.png?itok=OKCc_60D (Metrics and a graph illustration) +[2]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C2%B2C +[3]: https://micropython.org/ +[4]: https://www.sparkfun.com/ +[5]: https://www.sparkfun.com/products/15470 +[6]: https://www.sparkfun.com/products/13831 +[7]: https://www.sparkfun.com/products/15945 +[8]: https://www.sparkfun.com/products/15081 +[9]: https://www.sparkfun.com/products/14348 +[10]: https://www.sparkfun.com/products/15436 +[11]: https://www.sparkfun.com/products/14832 +[12]: https://www.sparkfun.com/products/10463 +[13]: https://www.sparkfun.com/products/10453 +[14]: https://www.sparkfun.com/products/10454 +[15]: https://prometheus.io/ +[16]: https://opensource.com/article/19/11/introduction-monitoring-prometheus +[17]: https://opensource.com/article/19/10/application-monitoring-prometheus +[18]: https://prometheus.io/docs/introduction/overview/ +[19]: https://github.com/prometheus/docs/blob/master/content/docs/instrumenting/exposition_formats.md +[20]: https://prometheus.io/docs/prometheus/latest/querying/basics/ +[21]: https://prometheus.io/docs/alerting/latest/alertmanager/ +[22]: https://prometheus.io/docs/guides/node-exporter/ +[23]: https://prometheus.io/docs/practices/pushing +[24]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LoRa#LoRaWAN +[25]: https://grafana.com/ +[26]: https://opensource.com/article/20/5/Prometheus-Grafana-and-more-industry-trends +[27]: https://opensource.com/article/17/8/linux-grafana +[28]: https://prometheus.io/download/ +[29]: https://grafana.com/grafana/download +[30]: https://www.raspberrypi.org/software/operating-systems/ +[31]: https://www.raspberrypi.org/documentation/configuration/wireless/headless.md +[32]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/raspberrypi-qwiic-wiring.jpg (Wiring architecture) +[33]: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ +[34]: https://prometheus.io/docs/guides/node-exporter/#installing-and-running-the-node-exporter +[35]: https://pimylifeup.com/raspberry-pi-prometheus +[36]: https://github.com/sparkfun/Qwiic_Py +[37]: https://pypi.org/project/pip/ +[38]: https://github.com/n8many/VEML6030py +[39]: https://github.com/dmlond/greenhouse +[40]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/pictures/prometheus-web-ui-graphs-page.png (Prometheus web UI graphs page) +[41]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/24-hour-metrics.png (24-hour metrics) +[42]: https://prometheus.io/docs/alerting/latest/configuration/ From b552d4a388471a28dfa12c61ef99a3bdd27bf392 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Fri, 5 Mar 2021 05:05:21 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 107/309] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020210304=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Learn=20to=20debug=20code=20with=20the=20GNU=20Debugger?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20210304 Learn to debug code with the GNU Debugger.md --- ...arn to debug code with the GNU Debugger.md | 318 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 318 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20210304 Learn to debug code with the GNU Debugger.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210304 Learn to debug code with the GNU Debugger.md b/sources/tech/20210304 Learn to debug code with the GNU Debugger.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..d67ddda72f --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20210304 Learn to debug code with the GNU Debugger.md @@ -0,0 +1,318 @@ +[#]: subject: (Learn to debug code with the GNU Debugger) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/3/debug-code-gdb) +[#]: author: (Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +Learn to debug code with the GNU Debugger +====== +Troubleshoot your code with the GNU Debugger. Download our new cheat +sheet. +![magnifying glass on computer screen, finding a bug in the code][1] + +The GNU Debugger, more commonly known by its command, `gdb`, is an interactive console to help you step through source code, analyze what gets executed, and essentially reverse-engineer what's going wrong in a buggy application. + +The trouble with troubleshooting is that it's complex. [GNU Debugger][2] isn't exactly a complex application, but it can be overwhelming if you don't know where to start or even when and why you might need to turn to GDB to do your troubleshooting. If you've been using print, echo, or [printf statements][3] to debug your code, but you're beginning to suspect there may be something more powerful, then this tutorial is for you. + +### Code is buggy + +To get started with GDB, you need some code. Here's a sample application written in C++ (it's OK if you don't typically write in C++, the principles are the same across all languages), derived from one of the examples in the [guessing game series][4] here on Opensource.com: + + +``` +#include <iostream> +#include <stdlib.h> //srand +#include <stdio.h>  //printf + +using namespace std; + +int main () { + +srand (time(NULL)); +int alpha = rand() % 8; +cout << "Hello world." << endl; +int beta = 2; + +printf("alpha is set to is %s\n", alpha); +printf("kiwi is set to is %s\n", beta); + + return 0; +} // main +``` + +There's a bug in this code sample, but it does compile (at least as of GCC 5). If you're familiar with C++, you may already see it, but it's a simple problem that can help new GDB users understand the debugging process. Compile it and run it to see the error: + + +``` +$ g++ -o buggy example.cpp +$ ./buggy +Hello world. +Segmentation fault +``` + +### Troubleshooting a segmentation fault + +From this output, you can surmise that the variable `alpha` was set correctly because otherwise, you wouldn't expect the line of code that came _after_ it. That's not always true, of course, but it's a good working theory, and it's essentially the same conclusion you'd likely come to if you were using `printf` as a log and debugger. From here, you can assume that the bug lies in _some line_ after the one that printed successfully. However, it's not clear whether the bug is in the very next line or several lines later. + +GNU Debugger is an interactive troubleshooter, so you can use the `gdb` command to run buggy code. For best results, you should recompile your buggy application from source code with _debug symbols_ included. First, take a look at what information GDB can provide without recompiling: + + +``` +$ gdb ./buggy +Reading symbols from ./buggy...done. +(gdb) start +Temporary breakpoint 1 at 0x400a44 +Starting program: /home/seth/demo/buggy + +Temporary breakpoint 1, 0x0000000000400a44 in main () +(gdb) +``` + +When you start GDB with a binary executable as the argument, GDB loads the application and then waits for your instructions. Because this is the first time you're running GDB on this executable, it makes sense to try to repeat the error in hopes that GDB can provide further insight. GDB's command to launch the application it has loaded is, intuitively enough, `start`. By default, there's a _breakpoint_ built into GDB so that when it encounters the `main` function of your application, it pauses execution. To allow GDB to proceed, use the command `continue`: + + +``` +(gdb) continue +Continuing. +Hello world. + +Program received signal SIGSEGV, Segmentation fault. +0x00007ffff71c0c0b in vfprintf () from /lib64/libc.so.6 +(gdb) +``` + +No surprises here: the application crashed shortly after printing "Hello world," but GDB can provide the function call that was happening when the crash occurred. This could potentially be all you need to find the bug that's causing the crash, but to get a better idea of GDB's features and the general debugging process, imagine that the problem hasn't become clear yet, and you want to dig even deeper into what's happening with this code. + +### Compiling code with debug symbols + +To get the most out of GDB, you need debug symbols compiled into your executable. You can generate this with the `-g` option in GCC: + + +``` +$ g++ -o debuggy example.cpp +$ ./debuggy +Hello world. +Segmentation fault +``` + +Compiling debug symbols into an executable results in a much larger file, so they're usually not distributed with the added convenience. However, if you're debugging open source code, it makes sense to recompile with debug symbols for testing: + + +``` +$ ls -l *buggy* *cpp +-rw-r--r--    310 Feb 19 08:30 debug.cpp +-rwxr-xr-x  11624 Feb 19 10:27 buggy* +-rwxr-xr-x  22952 Feb 19 10:53 debuggy* +``` + +### Debugging with GDB + +Launch GDB with your new executable (`debuggy`, in this example) loaded: + + +``` +$ gdb ./debuggy +Reading symbols from ./debuggy...done. +(gdb) start +Temporary breakpoint 1 at 0x400a44 +Starting program: /home/seth/demo/debuggy + +Temporary breakpoint 1, 0x0000000000400a44 in main () +(gdb) +``` + +As before, use the `start` command to proceed: + + +``` +(gdb) start +Temporary breakpoint 1 at 0x400a48: file debug.cpp, line 9. +Starting program: /home/sek/demo/debuggy + +Temporary breakpoint 1, main () at debug.cpp:9 +9       srand (time(NULL)); +(gdb) +``` + +This time, the automatic `main` breakpoint can specify what line number GDB paused on and what code the line contains. You could resume normal operation with `continue` but you already know that the application crashes before completion, so instead, you can step through your code line-by-line using the `next` keyword: + + +``` +(gdb) next +10  int alpha = rand() % 8; +(gdb) next +11  cout << "Hello world." << endl; +(gdb) next +Hello world. +12  int beta = 2; +(gdb) next +14      printf("alpha is set to is %s\n", alpha); +(gdb) next + +Program received signal SIGSEGV, Segmentation fault. +0x00007ffff71c0c0b in vfprintf () from /lib64/libc.so.6 +(gdb) +``` + +From this process, you can confirm that the crash didn't happen when the `beta` variable was being set but when the `printf` line was executed. The bug has been exposed several times in this article (spoiler: the wrong data type is being provided to `printf`), but assume for a moment that the solution remains unclear and that further investigation is required. + +### Setting breakpoints + +Once your code is loaded into GDB, you can ask GDB about the data that the code has produced so far. To try some data introspection, restart your application by issuing the `start` command again and then proceed to line 11. An easy way to get to 11 quickly is to set a breakpoint that looks for a specific line number: + + +``` +(gdb) start +The program being debugged has been started already. +Start it from the beginning? (y or n) y +Temporary breakpoint 2 at 0x400a48: file debug.cpp, line 9. +Starting program: /home/sek/demo/debuggy + +Temporary breakpoint 2, main () at debug.cpp:9 +9       srand (time(NULL)); +(gdb) break 11 +Breakpoint 3 at 0x400a74: file debug.cpp, line 11. +``` + +With the breakpoint established, continue the execution with `continue`: + + +``` +(gdb) continue +Continuing. + +Breakpoint 3, main () at debug.cpp:11 +11      cout << "Hello world." << endl; +(gdb) +``` + +You're now paused at line 11, just after the `alpha` variable has been set, and just before `beta` gets set. + +### Doing variable introspection with GDB + +To see the value of a variable, use the `print` command. The value of `alpha` is random in this example code, so your actual results may vary from mine: + + +``` +(gdb) print alpha +$1 = 3 +(gdb) +``` + +Of course, you can't see the value of a variable that has not yet been established: + + +``` +(gdb) print beta +$2 = 0 +``` + +### Using flow control + +To proceed, you could step through the lines of code to get to the point where `beta` is set to a value: + + +``` +(gdb) next +Hello world. +12  int beta = 2; +(gdb) next +14  printf("alpha is set to is %s\n", alpha); +(gdb) print beta +$3 = 2 +``` + +Alternatively, you could set a watchpoint. A watchpoint, like a breakpoint, is a way to control the flow of how GDB executes the code. In this case, you know that the `beta` variable should be set to `2`, so you could set a watchpoint to alert you when the value of `beta` changes: + + +``` +(gdb) watch beta > 0 +Hardware watchpoint 5: beta > 0 +(gdb) continue +Continuing. + +Breakpoint 3, main () at debug.cpp:11 +11      cout << "Hello world." << endl; +(gdb) continue +Continuing. +Hello world. + +Hardware watchpoint 5: beta > 0 + +Old value = false +New value = true +main () at debug.cpp:14 +14      printf("alpha is set to is %s\n", alpha); +(gdb) +``` + +You can step through the code execution manually with `next`, or you can control how the code executes with breakpoints, watchpoints, and catchpoints. + +### Analyzing data with GDB + +You can see data in different formats. For instance, to see the value of `beta` as an octal value: + + +``` +(gdb) print /o beta +$4 = 02 +``` + +To see its address in memory: + + +``` +(gdb) print /o beta +$5 = 0x2 +``` + +You can also see the data type of a variable: + + +``` +(gdb) whatis beta +type = int +``` + +### Solving bugs with GDB + +This kind of introspection better informs you about not only what code is getting executed but how it's getting executed. In this example, the `whatis` command on a variable gives you a clue that your `alpha` and `beta` variables are integers, which might jog your memory about `printf` syntax, making you realize that instead of `%s` in your `printf` statements, you must use the `%d` designator. Making that change causes the application to run as expected, with no more obvious bugs present. + +It's especially frustrating when code compiles but then reveals that there are bugs present, but that's how the trickiest of bugs work. If they were easy to catch, they wouldn't be bugs. Using GDB is one way to hunt them down and eliminate them. + +### Download our cheatsheet + +It's a fact of life, in even the most basic forms of programming, that code has bugs. Not all bugs are so crippling that they stop an application from running (or even from compiling), and not all bugs are caused by incorrect code. Sometimes bugs happen intermittently based on an unexpected combination of choices made by a particularly creative user. Sometimes programmers inherit bugs from the libraries they use in their own code. Whatever the cause, bugs are basically everywhere, and it's part of the programmer's job to find and neutralize them. + +GNU Debugger is a useful tool in finding bugs. There's a lot more you can do with it than I demonstrated in this article. You can read about its many functions with the GNU Info reader: + + +``` +`$ info gdb` +``` + +Whether you're just learning GDB or you're a pro at it, it never hurts to have a reminder of what commands are available to you and what the syntax for those commands are. + +### [Download our cheatsheet for GDB today.][5] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/21/3/debug-code-gdb + +作者：[Seth Kenlon][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/seth +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/mistake_bug_fix_find_error.png?itok=PZaz3dga (magnifying glass on computer screen, finding a bug in the code) +[2]: https://www.gnu.org/software/gdb/ +[3]: https://opensource.com/article/20/8/printf +[4]: https://opensource.com/article/20/12/learn-c-game +[5]: https://opensource.com/downloads/gnu-debugger-cheat-sheet From 778f36bfda7cb7e1321e0b41915eacec840125a4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Fri, 5 Mar 2021 09:15:58 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 108/309] translated --- ...or Power Users -Inspired by an FPS Game.md | 104 ------------------ ...or Power Users -Inspired by an FPS Game.md | 103 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 103 insertions(+), 104 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20210303 Guake Terminal- A Customizable Linux Terminal for Power Users -Inspired by an FPS Game.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20210303 Guake Terminal- A Customizable Linux Terminal for Power Users -Inspired by an FPS Game.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210303 Guake Terminal- A Customizable Linux Terminal for Power Users -Inspired by an FPS Game.md b/sources/tech/20210303 Guake Terminal- A Customizable Linux Terminal for Power Users -Inspired by an FPS Game.md deleted file mode 100644 index 038c1bb1d8..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20210303 Guake Terminal- A Customizable Linux Terminal for Power Users -Inspired by an FPS Game.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,104 +0,0 @@ -[#]: subject: (Guake Terminal: A Customizable Linux Terminal for Power Users [Inspired by an FPS Game]) -[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/guake-terminal/) -[#]: author: (Ankush Das https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/) -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) - -Guake Terminal: A Customizable Linux Terminal for Power Users [Inspired by an FPS Game] -====== - -_**Brief: Quickly access your terminal that is customizable and powerful for a variety of users with Guake Terminal emulator.**_ - -### Guake Terminal: Top-Down Terminal for GNOME Desktop - -![][1] - -[Guake][2] is a terminal emulator that’s tailored for GNOME desktop with a top-down design. - -It was originally inspired from the terminal seen in an FPS game ([Quake][3]). Even though it was initially built as a quick and accessible terminal, it is much more than that. - -Guake terminal offers a ton of features, and customizable options. Here, I’ll highlight the key features of the terminal along with the process of getting it installed on any of your Linux distribution. - -### Features of Guake Terminal - -![][4] - - * Keyboard Shortcut (**F12**) to launch the terminal anywhere as an overlay - * Guake terminal runs in the background for persistent access - * Ability to split tabs horizontally and vertically - * Change the default shell from available options (if any) - * Re-alignment option - * Change appearance of the terminal from a wide selection of color palettes - * Ability to save the content of the terminal to a file using GUI option - * Toggle Full screen option when needed - * You can easily save the tabs or open new tabs when needed - * Ability to restore tabs - * Option to configure and learn new keyboard shortcuts to quickly access the terminal and perform tasks - * Change colors of specific tabs - * Easily rename the tabs to quickly access what you already need - * Quick open feature to open text files directly from your terminal on your favorite editor with a click - * Ability to add your own command or scripts when starting up or showing up the Guake terminal - * Multi-monitor support - - - -![][5] - -Just to have fun, you can do a great deal of things. But, I also believe that power users can make use of the features to make their terminal experience easier and more productive. - -For the time I used it to test out a few things and write this article, I felt like I was summoning the terminal to be honest. So, I definitely find it cool! - -### Installing Guake Terminal on Linux - -![][6] - -**Guake Terminal is available through the default repositories on Ubuntu, Fedora, and Arch**. - -You can follow its official instructions to know the commands you can use or if you’re using an Ubuntu-based distro, simply type in: - -``` -sudo apt install guake -``` - -Do note that you may not get the latest version using this method. So, if you want to have the latest version, you can opt to use the PPA by [Linux Uprising][7] to get the latest version: - -``` -sudo add-apt-repository ppa:linuxuprising/guake -sudo apt update -sudo apt install guake -``` - -In either case, you can also get it using [Pypi][8] or from source by referring to the [official documentation][9] or the [GitHub page][10]. - -[Guake Terminal][10] - -What do you think about Guake Terminal? Do you think of it as a useful terminal emulator? Anything similar that you know of? - -Feel free to let me know what you think in the comments down below. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://itsfoss.com/guake-terminal/ - -作者：[Ankush Das][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/guake-terminal-1.png?resize=800%2C363&ssl=1 -[2]: http://guake-project.org/ -[3]: https://quake.bethesda.net/en -[4]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/guake-terminal.jpg?resize=800%2C245&ssl=1 -[5]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/guake-preferences.jpg?resize=800%2C559&ssl=1 -[6]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/guake-terminal-2.png?resize=800%2C432&ssl=1 -[7]: https://www.linuxuprising.com/ -[8]: https://pypi.org/ -[9]: https://guake.readthedocs.io/en/latest/user/installing.html -[10]: https://github.com/Guake/guake diff --git a/translated/tech/20210303 Guake Terminal- A Customizable Linux Terminal for Power Users -Inspired by an FPS Game.md b/translated/tech/20210303 Guake Terminal- A Customizable Linux Terminal for Power Users -Inspired by an FPS Game.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..de4461f1a3 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20210303 Guake Terminal- A Customizable Linux Terminal for Power Users -Inspired by an FPS Game.md @@ -0,0 +1,103 @@ +[#]: subject: (Guake Terminal: A Customizable Linux Terminal for Power Users [Inspired by an FPS Game]) +[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/guake-terminal/) +[#]: author: (Ankush Das https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +Guake 终端：一个为专业用户定制的 Linux 终端（灵感来自于一个 FPS 游戏） +====== + +_**简介：使用 Guake 终端这个可自定义且强大的适合各种用户的工具快速访问你的终端**_ + +### Guake 终端：GNOME 桌面中自上而下终端 + +![][1] + +[Guake][2] 是一款为 GNOME 桌面量身定做的终端模拟器，采用自上而下的设计。 + +它最初的灵感来自于一款 FPS 游戏（[Quake][3]）中的终端。尽管它最初是作为一个快速和易于使用的终端而设计的，但它的功能远不止于此。 + +Guake 终端提供了大量的功能，以及可定制的选项。在这里，我将重点介绍终端的主要功能，以及如何将它安装到你的任何 Linux 发行版上。 + +### Guake 终端的特点 + +![][4] + + * 键盘快捷键（**F12**）以覆盖方式在任何地方启动终端 + * Guake 终端在后台运行，以便持久访问 + * 能够横向和纵向分割标签页 + * 从可用选项中更改默认的 shell（如果有的话） + * 重新对齐选项 + * 从多种调色板中选择改变终端的外观 + * 能够使用 GUI 选项将终端内容保存到文件中 + * 需要时切换全屏选项 + * 你可以轻松地保存标签或在需要时打开新的标签 + * 恢复标签的能力 + * 可选择配置和学习新的键盘快捷键，以快速访问终端和执行任务 + * 改变特定选项卡的颜色 + * 轻松重命名标签，快速访问你需要的内容 + * 快速打开功能，只需点击一下，就可直接在终端中用你最喜欢的编辑器打开文件 + * 能够在启动或显示 Guake 终端时添加自己的命令或脚本。 + * 支持多显示器 + + +![][5] + +只是为了乐趣，你可以做很多事情。 但是，我也相信，高级用户可以利用这些功能使他们的终端体验更轻松，更高效。 + +就我用它来测试一些东西和写这篇文章的时候，说实话，我觉得我是在召唤终端。所以，我绝对觉得它很酷！ + +### 在 Linux 上安装 Guake + +![][6] + +**在 Ubuntu、Fedora 和 Arch 的默认仓库中都有 Guake 终端。** + +你可以按照它的官方说明来了解你可以使用的命令，如果你使用的是基于 Ubuntu 的发行版，只需输入： + +``` +sudo apt install guake +``` + +请注意，使用这种方法可能无法获得最新版本。所以，如果你想获得最新的版本，你可以选择使用 [Linux Uprising][7] 的 PPA 来获得最新版本： + +``` +sudo add-apt-repository ppa:linuxuprising/guake +sudo apt update +sudo apt install guake +``` + +无论是哪种情况，你也可以使用 [Pypi][8] 或者参考[官方文档][9]或从 [GitHub 页面][10]获取源码。 + +[Guake Terminal][10] + +你觉得 Guake 终端怎么样？你认为它是一个有用的终端仿真器吗？你知道有什么类似的软件吗？ + +欢迎在下面的评论中告诉我你的想法。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/guake-terminal/ + +作者：[Ankush Das][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/guake-terminal-1.png?resize=800%2C363&ssl=1 +[2]: http://guake-project.org/ +[3]: https://quake.bethesda.net/en +[4]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/guake-terminal.jpg?resize=800%2C245&ssl=1 +[5]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/guake-preferences.jpg?resize=800%2C559&ssl=1 +[6]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/guake-terminal-2.png?resize=800%2C432&ssl=1 +[7]: https://www.linuxuprising.com/ +[8]: https://pypi.org/ +[9]: https://guake.readthedocs.io/en/latest/user/installing.html +[10]: https://github.com/Guake/guake From f7503f0d01b1b0cb8e296f1c393176dcbf6b928c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Fri, 5 Mar 2021 09:23:18 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 109/309] translating --- .../20210301 4 open source tools for running a Linux server.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20210301 4 open source tools for running a Linux server.md b/sources/tech/20210301 4 open source tools for running a Linux server.md index fe66266b72..33552f10bc 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20210301 4 open source tools for running a Linux server.md +++ b/sources/tech/20210301 4 open source tools for running a Linux server.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/3/linux-server) [#]: author: (Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth) [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 5149c90769639092a2f2805c0eeba5187d4df34f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Fri, 5 Mar 2021 22:42:58 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 110/309] PRF PART 4 --- ...21 lawyer The MIT License, Line by Line.md | 46 ++++++++----------- 1 file changed, 20 insertions(+), 26 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/talk/20160921 lawyer The MIT License, Line by Line.md b/translated/talk/20160921 lawyer The MIT License, Line by Line.md index 7877f106e6..dead416fbf 100644 --- a/translated/talk/20160921 lawyer The MIT License, Line by Line.md +++ b/translated/talk/20160921 lawyer The MIT License, Line by Line.md @@ -127,59 +127,53 @@ MIT 许可证的实质是许可证（你猜对了）。一般来说，许可证 最后，由于这种法律、行业、一般知识产权和一般使用条款的混杂，并不清楚 MIT 许可证是否包括专利许可。一般性语言“处置deal in”和一些例子动词，尤其是“使用”，都指向了一个专利许可，尽管是一个非常不明确的许可。许可证来自于版权人，而版权人可能对软件中的发明拥有或不拥有专利权，以及大多数的例子动词和“软件the Software”本身的定义，都强烈地指向版权许可证。诸如 [Apache 2.0][8] 之类的较新的宽容开源许可分别具体地处理了版权，专利甚至商标问题。 -##### 三个许可条件 +#### 三个许可条件 > subject to the following conditions: -总有一个陷阱！麻省理工有三个！ +总有一个陷阱！MIT 有三个！ -如果你不遵守麻省理工学院许可证的条件，你就得不到许可证提供的许可。因此，如果不按照条件所说的去做，至少在理论上会让你面临一场诉讼，很可能是一场版权诉讼。 +如果你不遵守 MIT 许可证的条件，你就得不到许可证提供的许可。因此，如果不按照条件所说的去做，至少在理论上会让你面临一场诉讼，很可能是一场版权诉讼。 -开源软件的第二个好主意是，利用软件对被许可人的价值来激发对条件的遵守，即使被许可人不为许可支付任何费用。 最后一个想法，在《麻省理工学院许可证》中没有，它建立在许可证条件之上。像[GNU 通用公共许可证][9]这样的 "Copyleft "许可证，使用许可证条件来控制那些进行修改的人如何对其修改后的版本进行许可和发布。 +开源软件的第二个伟大思想是，利用软件对被许可人的价值来激励被许可人遵守条件，即使被许可人没有支付任何许可费用。后者，在 MIT 许可证中没有，它建立在许可证条件之上。像 [GNU 通用公共许可证][9]（GPL）这样的左版许可证，使用许可证条件来控制那些修改者如何对其修改后的版本进行许可和发布。 -##### 通知条件 +#### 通知条件 > The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. -如果你给别人一份软件的副本，你需要包括许可证文本和任何版权声明。这有几个关键目的。 - - 1. 给别人一个通知，说明他们在公共许可证下对软件有许可。这是直接授权模式的一个关键部分，在这种模式下，每个用户都能直接从版权持有人那里获得授权。 +如果你给别人一份软件的副本，你需要包括许可证文本和任何版权声明。这有几个关键目的： + 1. 给别人一个通知，说明他们获得了公共许可证下的软件许可。这是直接授权模式的一个关键部分，在这种模式下，每个用户都能直接从版权持有人那里获得授权。 2. 让人们知道谁是软件的幕后推手，这样他们就可以得到赞美、荣耀和冷冰冰的现金捐赠。 - 3. 确保保修免责声明和责任限制（下一步）跟在软件后面。每一个得到副本的人也应该得到一份这些许可人保护的副本。 +没有什么可以阻止你对提供一个副本，甚至是一个没有源代码的编译形式的副本而收费。但是当你这么做的时候，你不能假装 MIT 代码是你自己的专有代码，或者是在其他许可下提供的。接受的人要知道自己在“公共许可证”下的权利。 -没有任何东西可以阻止你为提供一个没有源代码的副本，甚至是编译形式的副本而收费。但是当你这么做的时候，你不能假装 MIT 代码是你自己的专有代码，或者是在其他许可下提供的。获得“公共许可证”的人可以了解他们在“公共许可证”下的权利。 +坦率地说，遵守这个条件是崩溃的。几乎所有的开源许可证都有这样的“归属attribution”条件。系统和装机软件的制作者往往明白，他们需要为自己的每一个发行版本编制一个通知文件或“许可证信息”屏幕，并附上库和组件的许可证文本副本。项目监管基金会在教授这些做法方面起到了重要作用。但是 Web 开发者作为一个整体，还没有得到备忘录。这不能用缺乏工具来解释，工具有很多，也不能用 npm 和其他资源库中的包的高度模块化来解释，它们统一了许可证信息的元数据格式。所有好的 JavaScript minifiers 都有命令行标志来保存许可证头注释。其他工具会从包树中连接 `LICENSE` 文件。这实在是无可厚非。 -坦率地说，遵守这个条件是崩溃的。几乎所有的开源许可证都有这样的"归属"条件。系统和装机软件的制作者往往明白，他们需要为自己的每一个发行版本编制一个通知文件或 "许可证信息 "屏幕，并附上库和组件的许可证文本副本。项目统筹基金会在教授这些做法方面起到了重要作用。但是网络开发者作为一个整体，还没有得到备忘录。这不能用缺乏工具来解释，工具有很多，也不能用 npm 和其他资源库中的包的高度模块化来解释，它们统一了许可证信息的元数据格式。所有好的 JavaScript minifiers 都有命令行标志来保存许可证头注释。其他工具会从包树中连接`LICENSE`文件。这实在是无可厚非。 - -##### 免责声明 +#### 免责声明 > The Software is provided “as is”, without warranty of any kind, express or implied, including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement. -美国几乎每个州都颁布了统一商业法典的版本，该法典是规范商业交易的法律范本。 UCC 的第2条（加利福尼亚州的“第2分部”）规定了商品销售合同，从批量购买的二手车到大批工业化学品再到制造厂。 +美国几乎每个州都颁布了《统一商业法典Uniform Commercial Code》（UCC）的版本，该法典是规范商业交易的法律范本。UCC 的第 2 条（加利福尼亚州的“第 2 部分”）规定了商品销售合同，从现成购买的二手汽车到向制造厂运送大量工业化学品。 -UCC 关于销售合同的某些规则是强制性的。 这些规则始终适用，无论买卖双方是否喜欢。 其他只是“默认值”。 除非买卖双方以书面形式选择退出，否则 UCC 表示他们希望在 UCC 文本中找到交易的基准规则。 默认规则中包括隐含的“保证”，或卖方对买方关于所售商品的质量和可用性的承诺。 +UCC 关于销售合同的某些规则是强制性的。这些规则始终适用，无论买卖双方是否喜欢。其他只是“默认”。除非买卖双方以书面形式选择不适用这些默认，否则 UCC 潜在视作他们希望在 UCC 文本中找到交易的基准规则。默认规则中包括隐含的“保证”，或卖方对买方关于所售商品的质量和可用性的承诺。 -关于诸如 MIT 许可证之类的公共许可证是合同（许可方和被许可方之间的可执行协议）还是仅仅是许可，这在理论上存在很大争议，这是一种方式，但可能附带条件。 关于软件是否被视为“商品”，从而触发了 UCC 的规则，争论较少。 许可人之间没有就赔偿责任进行辩论：如果他们免费提供的软件可以免费休息，造成问题，无法正常工作或以其他方式引起麻烦，那么他们就不会被起诉要求巨额赔偿。 这与“默示保证”的三个默认规则完全相反： +关于诸如 MIT 许可证之类的公共许可证是合同（许可方和被许可方之间的可执行协议）还是仅仅是许可证（单向的，但可能有附加条件），这在理论上存在很大争议。关于软件是否被视为“商品”，从而触发 UCC 规则的争论较少。许可人之间没有就赔偿责任进行辩论：如果他们免费提供的软件出现故障、问题，无法正常工作或以其他方式引起麻烦，他们不想被起诉和被要求巨额赔偿。这与“默示保证implied warranty”的三个默认规则完全相反： - 1. [UCC 第2-314节][26]所隐含的“可商购性”保证是对“商品”（即软件）的质量至少为平均水平，并经过适当包装和标记，并符合其常规用途， 意在服务。 仅当提供该软件的人是该软件的“商人”时，此保证才适用，这意味着他们从事软件交易并表现出对软件的熟练程度。 + 1. 据 [UCC 第 2-314 节][26]，“适销性merchantability”的默示保证是一种承诺：“商品”（即软件）的质量至少为平均水平，并经过适当包装和标记，并适用于其常规用途。仅当提供该软件的人是该软件的“商人”时，此保证才适用，这意味着他们从事软件交易，并表现出对软件的熟练程度。 + 2. 据 [UCC 第 2-315 节][27]，当卖方知道买方依靠他们提供用于特定目的的货物时，“适用于某一特定目的fitness for a particular purpose”的默示保证就会生效。为此，商品需要实际“适用”。 + 3. “非侵权noninfringement”的默示保证不是 UCC 的一部分，而是一般合同法的共同特征。如果事实证明买方收到的商品侵犯了他人的知识产权，则该默示承诺将保护买方。如果根据 MIT 许可证获得的软件实际上并不属于尝试许可该软件的软件，或者属于他人拥有的专利，那就属于这种情况。 - 2. 当卖方知道买方依靠他们提供用于特定目的的货物时，[UCC第 2-315节][27]中的“针对特定目的的适用性”的隐含担保即刻生效。 为此，商品实际上需要“适合”。 +UCC 的 [第2-316（3）节][28] 要求，选择不适用或“排除”适销性和适用于某一特定目的的默示保证的措辞必须醒目。“醒目”意味着书面化或格式化，以引起人们的注意，这与旨在从不小心的消费者身边溜走的细小字体相反。各州法律可以对不侵权的免责声明提出类似的引人注目的要求。 - 3. 隐含的“非侵权”保证不是 UCC 的一部分，而是一般合同法的共同特征。 如果事实证明买方收到的商品侵犯了他人的知识产权，则该隐含的承诺将保护买方。 如果根据MIT许可获得的软件实际上并不属于尝试许可该软件的软件，或者属于他人拥有的专利，那就属于这种情况。 +长期以来，律师们都有一种错觉，认为用“全大写”写任何东西都符合明显的要求。这是不正确的。法庭曾批评律师协会自以为是，而且大多数人都认为，全大写更多的是阻止阅读，而不是强制阅读。同样的，大多数开源许可证的表格都将其担保免责声明设置为全大写，部分原因是这是在纯文本的 `LICENSE` 文件中唯一明显的方式。我更喜欢使用星号或其他 ASCII 艺术，但那是很久很久以前的事了。 - -UCC 的[第2-316（3）节][28]要求，出于明显的目的，选择退出或“排除”隐含的适销性和适用性的默示保证。 反过来，“显眼”是指书写或格式化以引起人们的注意，这与微观精细印刷的反义词相反，意在溜过粗心的消费者。 州法律可能会对不侵权免责声明施加类似的引人注目的要求。 - -长期以来，律师们都有一种错觉，认为用 "全大写 "写任何东西都符合明显的要求。这是不正确的。法庭曾批评律师协会自以为是，而且大多数人都认为，全大写更多的是阻止阅读，而不是强制阅读。同样的，大多数开源许可表格都将其担保免责声明设置为全大写，部分原因是这是在纯文本的 `LICENSE` 文件中唯一明显的方式。我更喜欢使用星号或其他 ASCII 艺术，但那是很久很久以前的事了。 - -##### 责任限制 +#### 责任限制 > In no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim, damages or other liability, whether in an action of contract, tort or otherwise, arising from, out of or in connection with the Software or the use or other dealings in the Software. -麻省理工学院许可证允许 "免费 "使用软件，但法律并不认为接受免费许可证的人在出错时放弃了起诉的权利，而要责怪许可人。"责任限制"，通常与 "损害赔偿排除条款 "搭配使用，其作用与许可证很像，是不起诉的承诺。但这些都是保护许可人免受被许可人起诉的保护措施。 +MIT 许可证允许“免费”使用软件，但法律并不认为接受免费许可证的人在出错时放弃了起诉的权利，而要责怪许可人。“责任限制”，通常与“损害赔偿排除条款”搭配使用，其作用与许可证很像，是不起诉的承诺。但这些都是保护许可人免受被许可人起诉的保护措施。 一般来说，法庭对责任限制和损害赔偿排除条款的解读非常谨慎，因为这些条款可以将大量的风险从一方转移到另一方。为了保护社会的重大利益，让人们有办法在法庭上纠正错误，他们 "严格解释 "限制责任的语言，在可能的情况下对受其保护的一方进行解读。责任限制必须具体才能成立。特别是在 "消费者 "合同和其他放弃起诉权的人缺乏复杂性或讨价还价能力的情况下，法庭有时会拒绝尊重那些似乎被埋没在视线之外的语言。部分是出于这个原因，部分是出于习惯，律师们往往也会给责任限制以全称处理。 From 0f1b33e4d84d9f7f4bb63ff24ae68a5622e9a06e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Sat, 6 Mar 2021 05:04:08 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 111/309] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020210304=20?= =?UTF-8?q?An=20Introduction=20to=20WebAssembly?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20210304 An Introduction to WebAssembly.md --- ...20210304 An Introduction to WebAssembly.md | 86 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 86 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20210304 An Introduction to WebAssembly.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210304 An Introduction to WebAssembly.md b/sources/tech/20210304 An Introduction to WebAssembly.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..d843af5d42 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20210304 An Introduction to WebAssembly.md @@ -0,0 +1,86 @@ +[#]: subject: (An Introduction to WebAssembly) +[#]: via: (https://www.linux.com/news/an-introduction-to-webassembly/) +[#]: author: (Dan Brown https://training.linuxfoundation.org/announcements/an-introduction-to-webassembly/) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +An Introduction to WebAssembly +====== + +_By Marco Fioretti_ + +## **What on Earth is WebAssembly?** + +[WebAssembly, also called Wasm][1], is a Web-optimized code format and API (Application Programming Interface) that can greatly improve the performances and capabilities of websites. Version 1.0 of WebAssembly, was released in 2017, and became an official W3C standard in 2019. + +The standard is actively supported by all major browser suppliers, for obvious reasons: the official list of [“inside the browser” use cases][2] mentions, among other things, video editing, 3D games, virtual and augmented reality, p2p services, and scientific simulations. Besides making browsers much more powerful than JavaScript could, this standard may even extend the lifespan of websites: for example, it is WebAssembly that powers the continued support of [Flash animations and games at the Internet Archive][3]. + +WebAssembly isn’t just for browsers though; it is currently being used in mobile and edge based environments with such products as Cloudflare Workers. + +## **How WebAssembly works** + +Files in .wasm format contain low level binary instructions (bytecode), executable at “near CPU-native speed” by a virtual machine that uses a common stack. The code is packaged in modules – that is objects that are directly executable by a browser – and each module can be instantiated multiple times by a web page. The functions defined inside modules are listed in one dedicated array, or Table, and the corresponding data are contained in another structure, called arraybuffer. Developers can explicitly allocate memory for .wasm code with the Javascript WebAssembly.memory() call. + +A pure text version of the .wasm format – that can greatly simplify learning and debugging – is also available. WebAssembly, however, is not really intended for direct human use. Technically speaking, .wasm is just a browser-compatible **compilation target**: a format in which software compilers can automatically translate code written in high-level programming languages. + +This choice is exactly what allows developers to program directly for the preferred user interface of billions of people, in languages they already know (C/C++, Python, Go, Rust and others) but could not be efficiently used by browsers before. Even better, programmers would get this – at least in theory – without ever looking directly at WebAssembly code or worrying (since the target is a **virtual** machine) about which physical CPUs will actually run their code. + +## **But we already have JavaScript. Do we really need WebAssembly?** + +Yes, for several reasons. To begin with, being binary instructions, .wasm files can be much smaller – that is much faster to download – than JavaScript files of equivalent functionality. Above all, Javascript files must be fully parsed and verified before a browser can convert them to bytecode usable by its internal virtual machine. + +.wasm files, instead, can be verified and compiled in a single pass, thus making “Streaming Compilation” possible: a browser can start to compile and execute them the moment it starts **downloading them**, just like happens with streaming movies. + +This said, not all conceivable WebAssembly applications would surely be faster – or smaller – than equivalent JavaScript ones that are manually optimized by expert programmers. This may happen, for example, if some .wasm needed to include libraries that are not needed with JavaScript. + +## **Does WebAssembly make JavaScript obsolete?** + +In a word: no. Certainly not for a while, at least inside browsers. WebAssembly modules still need JavaScript because by design they cannot access the Document Object Model (DOM), that is the [main API made to modify web pages][4]. Besides, .wasm code cannot make system calls or read the browser’s memory. WebAssembly only runs in a sandbox and, in general, can interact with the outside world even less than JavaScript can, and only through JavaScript interfaces. + +Therefore – at least in the near future – .wasm modules will just provide, through JavaScript, the parts that would consume much more bandwidth, memory or CPU time if they were written in that language. + +## **How web browsers run WebAssembly** + +In general, a browser needs at least two pieces to handle dynamic applications: a virtual machine (VM) that runs the app code and standard APIs that that code can use to modify both the behaviour of the browser, and the content of the web page that it displays. + +The VMs inside modern browsers support both JavaScript and WebAssembly in the following way: + + 1. The browser downloads a web page written in the HTML markup language, and renders it + 2. if that HTML calls JavaScript code, the browser’s VM executes it. But… + 3. if that JavaScript code contains an instance of a WebAssembly module, that one is fetched as explained above, and then used as needed by JavaScript, via the WebAssembly APIs + 4. and when the WebAssembly code produces something that would alter the DOM – that is the structure of the “host” web page – the JavaScript code receives it and proceeds to the actual alteration. + + + +## **How can I create usable WebAssembly code?** + +There are more and more programming language communities that are supporting compiling to Wasm directly, we recommend looking at the [introductory guides][5] from webassembly.org as a starting point depending what language you work with. Note that not all programming languages have the same level of Wasm support, so your mileage may vary.  + +We plan to release a series of articles in the coming months providing more information about WebAssembly. To get started using it yourself, you can enroll in The Linux Foundation’s free [Introduction to WebAssembly][6] online training course. + +The post [An Introduction to WebAssembly][7] appeared first on [Linux Foundation – Training][8]. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.linux.com/news/an-introduction-to-webassembly/ + +作者：[Dan Brown][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://training.linuxfoundation.org/announcements/an-introduction-to-webassembly/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://webassembly.org/ +[2]: https://webassembly.org/docs/use-cases/ +[3]: https://blog.archive.org/2020/11/19/flash-animations-live-forever-at-the-internet-archive/ +[4]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Document_Object_Model/Introduction +[5]: https://webassembly.org/getting-started/developers-guide/ +[6]: https://training.linuxfoundation.org/training/introduction-to-webassembly-lfd133/ +[7]: https://training.linuxfoundation.org/announcements/an-introduction-to-webassembly/ +[8]: https://training.linuxfoundation.org/ From df238f87a92f69ca6e060806a72377439908d26b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sat, 6 Mar 2021 09:19:56 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 112/309] PRF PART 5 --- .../talk/20160921 lawyer The MIT License, Line by Line.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translated/talk/20160921 lawyer The MIT License, Line by Line.md b/translated/talk/20160921 lawyer The MIT License, Line by Line.md index dead416fbf..08db6c582c 100644 --- a/translated/talk/20160921 lawyer The MIT License, Line by Line.md +++ b/translated/talk/20160921 lawyer The MIT License, Line by Line.md @@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ UCC 的 [第2-316（3）节][28] 要求，选择不适用或“排除”适销 MIT 许可证允许“免费”使用软件，但法律并不认为接受免费许可证的人在出错时放弃了起诉的权利，而要责怪许可人。“责任限制”，通常与“损害赔偿排除条款”搭配使用，其作用与许可证很像，是不起诉的承诺。但这些都是保护许可人免受被许可人起诉的保护措施。 -一般来说，法庭对责任限制和损害赔偿排除条款的解读非常谨慎，因为这些条款可以将大量的风险从一方转移到另一方。为了保护社会的重大利益，让人们有办法在法庭上纠正错误，他们 "严格解释 "限制责任的语言，在可能的情况下对受其保护的一方进行解读。责任限制必须具体才能成立。特别是在 "消费者 "合同和其他放弃起诉权的人缺乏复杂性或讨价还价能力的情况下，法庭有时会拒绝尊重那些似乎被埋没在视线之外的语言。部分是出于这个原因，部分是出于习惯，律师们往往也会给责任限制以全称处理。 +一般来说，法庭对责任限制和损害赔偿排除条款的解读非常谨慎，因为这些条款可以将大量的风险从一方转移到另一方。为了保护社会的重大利益，让人们有办法在法庭上纠正错误，他们“严格解释”限制责任的语言，在可能的情况下对受其保护的一方进行解读。责任限制必须具体才能成立。特别是在“消费者”合同和其他放弃起诉权的人缺乏复杂性或讨价还价能力的情况下，法庭有时会拒绝尊重那些似乎被埋没在视线之外的语言。部分是出于这个原因，部分是出于习惯，律师们往往也会给责任限制以全称处理。 再往下看，"责任限制 "部分是对被许可人可以起诉的金额的上限。在开源许可证中，这个上限总是没有钱，0元，"不负责任"。相比之下，在商业许可证中，它通常是过去 12 个月内支付的许可证费用的倍数，尽管它通常是经过谈判的。 From b4bb876bfbfd0b2d4232c838f13d0297ee3b0eac Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sat, 6 Mar 2021 09:41:12 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 113/309] PRF @Chao-zhi --- ...7 4 tech jobs for people who don-t code.md | 34 ++++++++----------- 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/talk/20210217 4 tech jobs for people who don-t code.md b/translated/talk/20210217 4 tech jobs for people who don-t code.md index ad7ccc3b55..7d0ea1b0db 100644 --- a/translated/talk/20210217 4 tech jobs for people who don-t code.md +++ b/translated/talk/20210217 4 tech jobs for people who don-t code.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (Chao-zhi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (4 tech jobs for people who don't code) @@ -10,13 +10,13 @@ 不懂代码的人也可以干的 4 种技术工作 ====== -对于不是工程师的人来说也有很多技术工作可以做。本文作为本系列的第二篇，就具体阐述这些工作。 +> 对于不是工程师的人来说也有很多技术工作可以做。本文作为本系列的第二篇，就具体阐述这些工作。 -![Looking at a map][1] +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/202103/06/094041jnrriww0g6ggjn0p.jpg) -在[本系列的第一篇文章 ][2] 中，我解释了技术行业如何将人员和角色划分为“技术”或“非技术”类别，以及与此相关的问题。科技行业使得那些对科技感兴趣但不懂编程的人很难找到适合自己的角色。 +在 [本系列的第一篇文章][2] 中，我解释了技术行业如何将人员和角色划分为“技术”或“非技术”类别，以及与此相关的问题。科技行业使得那些对科技感兴趣但不懂编程的人很难找到适合自己的角色。 -如果您对技术或开源感兴趣，但对编程不感兴趣，这也有一些工作适合你。科技公司的任何一个职位都可能需要一个精通科技但不一定会写代码的人。但是，您确实需要了解术语并理解产品。 +如果你对技术或开源感兴趣，但对编程不感兴趣，这也有一些工作适合你。科技公司的任何一个职位都可能需要一个精通科技但不一定会写代码的人。但是，你确实需要了解术语并理解产品。 我最近注意到，在诸如技术客户经理、技术产品经理、技术社区经理等职位头衔上增加了“技术”一词。这反映了几年前的趋势，即在头衔上加上“工程师”一词，以表示该职位的技术需要。过了一段时间，每个人的头衔中都有“工程师”这个词，这样的分类就失去了一些吸引力。 @@ -26,13 +26,13 @@ > > —— Tim Banks is a buttery biscuit (@elchefe) [December 15，2020][3] -这遵循了我第一篇文章中的建议：Tim 并不是简单地询问“非技术角色”；他提供了更重要的详细描述。在 Twitter 这样的媒体上，每一个字符都很重要，这些额外的字符会产生不同的效果。这些是技术角色。如果为了节约笔墨，而简单的称呼他们为非技术人员，会改变你的原意，产生不好的影响。 +这遵循了我第一篇文章中的建议：Tim 并不是简单地询问“非技术角色”；他提供了更重要的详细描述。在 Twitter 这样的媒体上，每一个字符都很重要，这些额外的字符会产生不同的效果。这些是技术角色。如果为了节约笔墨，而简单的称呼他们为“非技术人员”，会改变你的原意，产生不好的影响。 以下是需要技术知识的非工程类角色的示例。 -### 技术作家 +### 技术作者 -[技术作家的工作 ][4] 是在两方或多方之间传递事实信息。传统上，技术作家提供有关如何使用技术产品的说明或文档。最近，我看到术语“技术作家”指的是写其他形式内容的人。科技公司希望一个人为他们的开发者读者写博客文章，而这种技巧不同于文案或内容营销。 +[技术作者的工作][4] 是在两方或多方之间传递事实信息。传统上，技术作者提供有关如何使用技术产品的说明或文档。最近，我看到术语“技术作者”指的是写其他形式内容的人。科技公司希望一个人为他们的开发者读者写博客文章，而这种技巧不同于文案或内容营销。 **需要的技术技能：** @@ -41,7 +41,6 @@ * 快速跟上新产品或新特性的速度的能力 * 在各种环境中创作的技能 - **适合人群：** * 可以清楚地提供分步说明 @@ -49,10 +48,9 @@ * 对活跃的声音和音乐有热情 * 喜欢描述事物和解释原理 - ### 产品经理 -[产品经理 ][5] 负责领导产品战略。职责可能包括收集客户需求并确定其优先级，撰写业务案例，以及培训销售人员。产品经理跨职能工作，利用创造性和技术技能的结合，成功地推出产品。产品经理需要深厚的产品专业知识。 +[产品经理][5] 负责领导产品战略。职责可能包括收集客户需求并确定其优先级，撰写业务案例，以及培训销售人员。产品经理跨职能工作，利用创造性和技术技能的结合，成功地推出产品。产品经理需要深厚的产品专业知识。 **所需技术技能：** @@ -69,7 +67,7 @@ ### 数据分析师 -数据分析师负责收集和解释数据，以帮助推动业务决策，如是否进入新市场、瞄准哪些客户或在何处投资。这个角色需要知道如何使用所有可用的潜在数据来做出决策。我们常常希望把事情简单化，而数据分析往往过于简单化。获取正确的信息并不像编写查询 “select all limit 10” 来获取前 10 行那么简单。您需要知道要加入哪些表。你需要知道如何分类。您需要知道是否需要在运行查询之前或之后以某种方式清理数据。 +数据分析师负责收集和解释数据，以帮助推动业务决策，如是否进入新市场、瞄准哪些客户或在何处投资。这个角色需要知道如何使用所有可用的潜在数据来做出决策。我们常常希望把事情简单化，而数据分析往往过于简单化。获取正确的信息并不像编写查询 `select all limit 10` 来获取前 10 行那么简单。你需要知道要加入哪些表。你需要知道如何分类。你需要知道是否需要在运行查询之前或之后以某种方式清理数据。 **所需技术技能：** @@ -84,11 +82,9 @@ * 享受解决问题的乐趣 * 渴望学习和提出问题 - - ### 开发者关系 -[Developer relations][6] 是一门相对较新的技术学科。它包括[开发人员代言人 ][7]、 开发人员传道者和开发人员营销等角色。这些角色要求您与开发人员沟通，与他们建立关系，并帮助他们提高工作效率。你向公司倡导开发者的需求，并向开发者代表公司。开发人员关系可以包括撰写文章、创建教程、录制播客、在会议上发言以及创建集成和演示。有人说你需要做过开发人员才能进入开发人员关系。我没有走那条路，我知道很多人没有。 +[开发者关系][6] 是一门相对较新的技术学科。它包括 [开发者代言人][7] developer advocate、开发者传道者developer evangelist和开发者营销developer marketing等角色。这些角色要求你与开发人员沟通，与他们建立关系，并帮助他们提高工作效率。你向公司倡导开发者的需求，并向开发者代表公司。开发者关系可以包括撰写文章、创建教程、录制播客、在会议上发言以及创建集成和演示。有人说你需要做过开发才能进入开发者关系。我没有走那条路，我知道很多人没有。 **所需技术技能：** @@ -105,11 +101,9 @@ * 可以为他人辩护 * 你很有创意 - ### 无限的可能性 -这并不是一个完整的清单，并没有列出技术领域中所有的非工程类角色，而是一些不喜欢每天编写代码的人可以尝试的工作。如果你对科技职业感兴趣，看看你的技能和什么角色最适合。可能性是无穷的。为了帮助您完成旅程，在本系列的最后一篇文章中，我将与这些角色的人分享一些建议。 -有很多非代码方式可以为开源做出贡献：这里有三种选择。 +这并不是一个完整的清单，并没有列出技术领域中所有的非工程类角色，而是一些不喜欢每天编写代码的人可以尝试的工作。如果你对科技职业感兴趣，看看你的技能和什么角色最适合。可能性是无穷的。为了帮助你完成旅程，在本系列的最后一篇文章中，我将与这些角色的人分享一些建议。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -118,14 +112,14 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/21/2/non-engineering-jobs-tech 作者：[Dawn Parzych][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[Chao-zhi](https://github.com/Chao-zhi) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 [a]: https://opensource.com/users/dawnparzych [b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 [1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/tips_map_guide_ebook_help_troubleshooting_lightbulb_520.png?itok=L0BQHgjr (Looking at a map) -[2]: https://opensource.com/article/21/2/what-does-it-mean-be-technical +[2]: https://linux.cn/article-13168-1.html [3]: https://twitter.com/elchefe/status/1338933320147750915?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw [4]: https://opensource.com/article/17/5/technical-writing-job-interview-tips [5]: https://opensource.com/article/20/2/product-management-open-source-company From d84041e6708984c0fe90db64b6ba6eab23ff2e15 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sat, 6 Mar 2021 09:41:53 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 114/309] PUB @Chao-zhi https://linux.cn/article-13178-1.html --- .../20210217 4 tech jobs for people who don-t code.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/talk => published}/20210217 4 tech jobs for people who don-t code.md (99%) diff --git a/translated/talk/20210217 4 tech jobs for people who don-t code.md b/published/20210217 4 tech jobs for people who don-t code.md similarity index 99% rename from translated/talk/20210217 4 tech jobs for people who don-t code.md rename to published/20210217 4 tech jobs for people who don-t code.md index 7d0ea1b0db..4252efa8a5 100644 --- a/translated/talk/20210217 4 tech jobs for people who don-t code.md +++ b/published/20210217 4 tech jobs for people who don-t code.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (Chao-zhi) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-13178-1.html) [#]: subject: (4 tech jobs for people who don't code) [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/2/non-engineering-jobs-tech) [#]: author: (Dawn Parzych https://opensource.com/users/dawnparzych) From a85cd8be02ea2889aad2399a0d7794d1f45474f4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: MjSeven <33125422+MjSeven@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Sat, 6 Mar 2021 16:59:23 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 115/309] Translating --- ...222 A friendly guide to the syntax of C-- method pointers.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20210222 A friendly guide to the syntax of C-- method pointers.md b/sources/tech/20210222 A friendly guide to the syntax of C-- method pointers.md index 2f059ce95e..36600f7f63 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20210222 A friendly guide to the syntax of C-- method pointers.md +++ b/sources/tech/20210222 A friendly guide to the syntax of C-- method pointers.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (MjSeven) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 47c4d591149b5bf83f606e9ff3f62086ec3d7e39 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sat, 6 Mar 2021 17:41:04 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 116/309] PRF AGAIN --- ...21 lawyer The MIT License, Line by Line.md | 68 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 33 insertions(+), 35 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/talk/20160921 lawyer The MIT License, Line by Line.md b/translated/talk/20160921 lawyer The MIT License, Line by Line.md index 08db6c582c..ddf23b52ac 100644 --- a/translated/talk/20160921 lawyer The MIT License, Line by Line.md +++ b/translated/talk/20160921 lawyer The MIT License, Line by Line.md @@ -16,7 +16,9 @@ ### 阅读许可证 -如果你参与了开源软件，但还没有花时间从头到尾的阅读过这个许可证（它只有 171 个单词），你需要现在就去读一下。尤其如果许可证不是你日常每天都会接触的，把任何看起来不对劲或不清楚的地方记下来，然后继续阅读。我会分段、按顺序、加入上下文和注释，把每一个词再重复一遍。但最重要的还是要有个整体概念。 +如果你参与了开源软件，但还没有花时间从头到尾的阅读过这个许可证（它只有 171 个单词），你需要现在就去读一下。尤其是如果许可证不是你日常每天都会接触的，把任何看起来不对劲或不清楚的地方记下来，然后继续阅读。我会分段、按顺序、加入上下文和注释，把每一个词再重复一遍。但最重要的还是要有个整体概念。 + +（LCTT 译注：MIT 许可证并无官方的中文文本，我们也没找到任何可靠的、精确的非官方中文文本。在本文中，我们仅作为参考目的提供一份逐字逐行的中文翻译文本，但该文本及对其的理解**不能**作为 MIT 许可证使用，我们也不为此中文翻译文本的使用承担任何责任，这份中文文本，我们以公共领域的方式提供给所有人。） > The MIT License (MIT) > @@ -48,11 +50,13 @@ > The MIT License (MIT) +> MIT 许可证（MIT） + “MIT 许可证”不是一个单一的许可证，而是根据麻省理工学院Massachusetts Institute of Technology（MIT）为发行版本准备的语言衍生出来一系列许可证形式。多年来，无论是对于使用它的原始项目，还是作为其他项目的范本，它经历了许多变化。Fedora 项目一直保持着 [收藏 MIT 许可证的好奇心][2]，以纯文本的方式记录了那些平淡的变化，如同泡在甲醛中的解剖标本一般，追溯了它的各种演变。 -幸运的是，[开放源码倡议组织][3]Open Source Initiative（OSI） 和 [软件数据包交换][4]Software Package Data eXchange组织（SPDX）已经将一种通用的 MIT 式的许可证形式标准化为“MIT 许可证The MIT License”。OSI 则采用了 SPDX 标准化的[字符串标志符][5]，并将其中的 “MIT” 明确的指向标准化形式的“MIT 许可证”。如果你想为一个新项目使用 MIT 式的条款，请使用[标准化的形式][1]。 +幸运的是，[开放源码倡议组织][3]Open Source Initiative（OSI） 和 [软件数据包交换][4]Software Package Data eXchange组织（SPDX）已经将一种通用的 MIT 式的许可证形式标准化为“MIT 许可证The MIT License”。OSI 反过来又采用了 SPDX 通用开源许可证的标准化 [字符串标志符][5]，并将其中的 “MIT” 明确指向了标准化形式的“MIT 许可证”。如果你想为一个新项目使用 MIT 式的条款，请使用其 [标准化的形式][1]。 -即使你在 `LICENSE` 文件中包含 The MIT License” 或 “SPDX:MIT”，任何负责的审查者仍会将文本与标准格式进行比较，以确保安全。尽管自称为“MIT 许可证”的各种许可证形式只在细微的细节上有所不同，但什么视作“MIT 许可证”的松散性已经诱使了一些作者加入麻烦的“自定义”。典型的糟糕、不好的、非常坏的例子是 [JSON 许可证][6]，一个 MIT 家族的许可证被加上了“本软件应用于善，而非恶”。这件事情可能是“非常克罗克福特”的（LCTT 译者注，JSON 格式和 JSON.org 的作者）。这绝对是一件麻烦事，也许这个玩笑本来是开在律师身上的。但他们却笑得前仰后合。 +即使你在 `LICENSE` 文件中包含 “The MIT License” 或 “SPDX:MIT”，任何负责的审查者仍会将文本与标准格式进行比较，以确保安全。尽管自称为“MIT 许可证”的各种许可证形式只在细微的细节上有所不同，但什么可以视作“MIT 许可证”的松散性已经诱使了一些作者加入麻烦的“自定义”。典型的糟糕、不好的、非常坏的例子是 [JSON 许可证][6]，一个 MIT 家族的许可证被加上了“本软件应用于善，而非恶”。这件事情可能是“非常克罗克福特”的（LCTT 译者注，Crockford 是 JSON 格式和 JSON.org 的作者）。这绝对是一件麻烦事，也许这个玩笑本来是开在律师身上的，但他们却笑得前仰后合。 这个故事的寓意是：“MIT 许可证”本身就是模棱两可的。大家可能很清楚你的意思，但你只需要把标准的 MIT 许可证文本复制到你的项目中，就可以节省每个人的时间。如果使用元数据（如包管理器中的元数据文件）来指定 “MIT 许可证”，请确保 `LICENSE` 文件和任何头部的注释都使用标准的许可证文本。所有的这些都可以 [自动化完成][7]。 @@ -131,25 +135,25 @@ MIT 许可证的实质是许可证（你猜对了）。一般来说，许可证 > subject to the following conditions: -总有一个陷阱！MIT 有三个！ +总有一个陷阱！MIT 许可证有三个！ 如果你不遵守 MIT 许可证的条件，你就得不到许可证提供的许可。因此，如果不按照条件所说的去做，至少在理论上会让你面临一场诉讼，很可能是一场版权诉讼。 开源软件的第二个伟大思想是，利用软件对被许可人的价值来激励被许可人遵守条件，即使被许可人没有支付任何许可费用。后者，在 MIT 许可证中没有，它建立在许可证条件之上。像 [GNU 通用公共许可证][9]（GPL）这样的左版许可证，使用许可证条件来控制那些修改者如何对其修改后的版本进行许可和发布。 -#### 通知条件 +#### 声明条件 > The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. 如果你给别人一份软件的副本，你需要包括许可证文本和任何版权声明。这有几个关键目的： - 1. 给别人一个通知，说明他们获得了公共许可证下的软件许可。这是直接授权模式的一个关键部分，在这种模式下，每个用户都能直接从版权持有人那里获得授权。 + 1. 给别人一个申明，说明他们获得了公共许可证下的软件许可。这是直接授权模式的一个关键部分，在这种模式下，每个用户都能直接从版权持有人那里获得授权。 2. 让人们知道谁是软件的幕后推手，这样他们就可以得到赞美、荣耀和冷冰冰的现金捐赠。 3. 确保保修免责声明和责任限制（下一步）跟在软件后面。每一个得到副本的人也应该得到一份这些许可人保护的副本。 -没有什么可以阻止你对提供一个副本，甚至是一个没有源代码的编译形式的副本而收费。但是当你这么做的时候，你不能假装 MIT 代码是你自己的专有代码，或者是在其他许可下提供的。接受的人要知道自己在“公共许可证”下的权利。 +没有什么可以阻止你对提供一个副本、甚至是一个没有源代码的编译形式的副本而收费。但是当你这么做的时候，你不能假装 MIT 代码是你自己的专有代码，或者是在其他许可下提供的。接受的人要知道自己在“公共许可证”下的权利。 -坦率地说，遵守这个条件是崩溃的。几乎所有的开源许可证都有这样的“归属attribution”条件。系统和装机软件的制作者往往明白，他们需要为自己的每一个发行版本编制一个通知文件或“许可证信息”屏幕，并附上库和组件的许可证文本副本。项目监管基金会在教授这些做法方面起到了重要作用。但是 Web 开发者作为一个整体，还没有得到备忘录。这不能用缺乏工具来解释，工具有很多，也不能用 npm 和其他资源库中的包的高度模块化来解释，它们统一了许可证信息的元数据格式。所有好的 JavaScript minifiers 都有命令行标志来保存许可证头注释。其他工具会从包树中连接 `LICENSE` 文件。这实在是无可厚非。 +坦率地说，遵守这个条件是崩溃的。几乎所有的开源许可证都有这样的“归属attribution”条件。系统和装机软件的制作者往往明白，他们需要为自己的每一个发行版本编制一个声明文件或“许可证信息”屏幕，并附上库和组件的许可证文本副本。项目监管基金会在教授这些做法方面起到了重要作用。但是 Web 开发者作为一个整体，还没有得到备忘录。这不能用缺乏工具来解释，工具有很多，也不能用 npm 和其他资源库中的包的高度模块化来解释，它们统一了许可证信息的元数据格式。所有好的 JavaScript minifiers 都有命令行标志来保存许可证头注释。其他工具会从包树中连接 `LICENSE` 文件。这实在是无可厚非。 #### 免责声明 @@ -173,51 +177,45 @@ UCC 的 [第2-316（3）节][28] 要求，选择不适用或“排除”适销 > In no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim, damages or other liability, whether in an action of contract, tort or otherwise, arising from, out of or in connection with the Software or the use or other dealings in the Software. -MIT 许可证允许“免费”使用软件，但法律并不认为接受免费许可证的人在出错时放弃了起诉的权利，而要责怪许可人。“责任限制”，通常与“损害赔偿排除条款”搭配使用，其作用与许可证很像，是不起诉的承诺。但这些都是保护许可人免受被许可人起诉的保护措施。 +MIT 许可证允许“免费”使用软件，但法律并不认为接受免费许可证的人在出错时放弃了起诉的权利，而许可人应该受到责备。“责任限制”，通常与“损害赔偿排除条款”搭配使用，其作用与许可证很像，是不起诉的承诺。但这些都是保护许可人免受被许可人起诉的保护措施。 -一般来说，法庭对责任限制和损害赔偿排除条款的解读非常谨慎，因为这些条款可以将大量的风险从一方转移到另一方。为了保护社会的重大利益，让人们有办法在法庭上纠正错误，他们“严格解释”限制责任的语言，在可能的情况下对受其保护的一方进行解读。责任限制必须具体才能成立。特别是在“消费者”合同和其他放弃起诉权的人缺乏复杂性或讨价还价能力的情况下，法庭有时会拒绝尊重那些似乎被埋没在视线之外的语言。部分是出于这个原因，部分是出于习惯，律师们往往也会给责任限制以全称处理。 +一般来说，法庭对责任限制和损害赔偿排除条款的解读非常谨慎，因为这些条款可以将大量的风险从一方转移到另一方。为了保护社会的重大利益，让人们有办法在法庭上纠正错误，他们“严格地”用语言限制责任，尽可能地对受其保护的一方进行解读。责任限制必须具体才能成立。特别是在“消费者”合同和其他放弃起诉权的人缺乏成熟度或讨价还价能力的情况下，法庭有时会拒绝尊重那些似乎被埋没在视线之外的语言。部分是出于这个原因，部分是出于习惯，律师们往往也会给责任限制以全大写处理。 -再往下看，"责任限制 "部分是对被许可人可以起诉的金额的上限。在开源许可证中，这个上限总是没有钱，0元，"不负责任"。相比之下，在商业许可证中，它通常是过去 12 个月内支付的许可证费用的倍数，尽管它通常是经过谈判的。 +再往下看，“责任限制”部分是对被许可人可以起诉的金额的上限。在开源许可证中，这个上限总是没有钱，0 元，“不承担责任”。相比之下，在商业许可证中，它通常是过去 12 个月内支付的许可证费用的倍数，尽管它通常是经过谈判的。 -“排除”部分具体列出了各种法律主张，即请求赔偿的理由，许可人无法使用。 像许多其他法律形式一样，MIT 许可证 提到了“违反合同”的行为（即违反合同）和“侵权”的行为。 侵权规则是防止粗心或恶意伤害他人的一般规则。 如果您在发短信时在路上撞人，则表示您犯了侵权行为。 如果您的公司销售的有问题的耳机会烧伤人们的耳朵，则说明您的公司已经侵权。 如果合同没有明确排除侵权索赔，那么法庭有时会在合同中使用排除语言，以仅阻止合同索赔。 出于很好的考虑， MIT 许可证抛出“或其他”字样，只是为了抓住奇怪的海事法或其他奇特的法律主张。 +“排除”部分具体列出了各种法律主张，即请求赔偿的理由，许可人无法使用。像许多其他法律形式一样，MIT 许可证 提到了“违约of contract”行为（即违反合同）和“侵权of tort”行为。侵权规则是防止粗心或恶意伤害他人的一般规则。如果你在发短信时在路上撞倒了人，则表示你犯了侵权行为。如果你的公司销售的有问题的耳机会烧伤人们的耳朵，则说明贵公司已经侵权。如果合同没有明确排除侵权索赔，那么法庭有时会在合同中使用排除语言，以仅阻止合同索赔。出于很好的考虑，MIT 许可证抛出“或其他”字样，只是为了截住奇怪的海事法或其他奇特的法律主张。 -“产生于、来自或与之相关”这句话是法律起草人固有的、焦虑的不安全感的反复出现的症状。关键是，任何与软件有关的诉讼都包含在限制和排除范围内。在偶然的情况下，有些东西可以“产生”，但不能“产生”，或者“与之相关”，把这三者都放在形式上感觉更好，所以把它们打包。更不用说，任何法庭被迫在表格的这一部分分头讨论的问题，都必须对每一个问题给出不同的含义，前提是专业的起草者不会在一行中使用不同的词来表示同一件事。更不用说，在实践中，如果法庭对一开始不受欢迎的限制感觉不好，那么他们将更愿意狭隘地解读范围触发器。但我离题了。同样的语言出现在数以百万计的合同中。 +“产生于、来自或与之相关”这句话是法律起草人固有的、焦虑的不安全感反复出现的症状。关键是，任何与软件有关的诉讼都包含在限制和排除范围内。在偶然的情况下，有些东西可以“产生”，但不能“来自”，或者“与之相关”，把这三者都放在形式上感觉更好，所以把它们打包。更不用说，任何法庭被迫在这一部分分头讨论的问题，都必须对每一个问题给出不同的含义，前提是专业的起草者不会在一行中使用不同的词来表示同一件事。更不用说，在实践中，如果法庭对一开始不利的限制感觉不好，那么他们将更愿意狭隘地解读范围触发器。但我离题了，同样的语言出现在数以百万计的合同中。 -#### 总结 +### 总结 -所有这些诡辩都有点像在进教堂的路上吐口香糖。MIT 许可证是一个法律经典且有效。 它绝不是所有软件 IP 弊病的灵丹妙药，尤其是它早在几十年前就已经出现的软件专利灾难。但麻省理工学院风格的许可证发挥了令人钦佩的作用，实现了一个狭隘的目的，用最少的谨慎的法律工具组合扭转了版权、销售和合同法等棘手的默认规则。在计算的大背景下，它的寿命是惊人的。麻省理工学院的许可证已经和将要超过绝大多数的软件许可证。我们只能猜测，当它最终失宠时，它将提供多少年忠实的法律服务。对于那些付不起自己律师的人来说，这是特别慷慨的。 +所有这些诡辩都有点像在进教堂的路上吐口香糖。MIT 许可证是一个法律经典，且有效。它绝不是所有软件知识产权弊病的灵丹妙药，尤其是它比已经出现的软件专利灾难还要早几十年。但 MIT 风格的许可证发挥了令人钦佩的作用，实现了一个狭隘的目的，用最少的、谨慎的法律工具组合扭转了版权、销售和合同法等棘手的默认规则。在计算机技术的大背景下，它的寿命是惊人的。MIT 许可证已经超过、并将要超过绝大多数的软件许可证。我们只能猜测，当它最终失去青睐时，它将提供多少年的忠实法律服务。对于那些无法提供自己律师的人来说，这尤其慷慨。 -我们已经看到，我们今天所知道的麻省理工学院的许可证是一套具体的、标准化的条款，最终将秩序带入了一个混乱的机构特定的、随意的变化。 +我们已经看到，我们今天所知道的 MIT 许可证是如何成为一套具体的、标准化的条款，最终将秩序带入了一个混乱的机构特定的、随意的变化。 -我们已经看到了它的方法，归因和版权通知通知知识产权管理的做法，学术，标准，商业和基础机构。 +我们已经看到了其归因和版权通知方法如何为学术、标准、商业和基金会机构的知识产权管理实践提供信息。 -我们已经看到了麻省理工学院的许可证是如何免费授予所有人软件许可的，但前提是要保护许可人不受担保和责任的影响。 +我们已经看到了 MIT 许可证是如何授予所有人软件许可的，免费，但前提是要保护许可人不受担保和责任的影响。 -我们已经看到，尽管有一些刻薄的措辞和律师的矫揉造作，但一百七十一个小词可以完成大量的法律工作，通过密集的知识产权和合同丛林为开源软件扫清了一条道路。 -我非常感谢所有花时间阅读这篇相当长的文章的人，让我知道他们发现它很有用，并帮助改进它。一如既往，我欢迎您通过[e-mail][29]、[Twitter][30]和[GitHub][31]发表评论。 +我们已经看到，尽管有一些刻薄的措辞和律师的矫揉造作，但一百七十一个小词可以完成大量的法律工作，穿过密集的知识产权和合同丛林为开源软件扫清了一条道路。 +我非常感谢所有花时间阅读这篇相当长的文章的人，让我知道他们发现它很有用，并帮助改进它。一如既往，我欢迎你通过 [e-mail][29]、[Twitter][30] 和 [GitHub][31] 发表评论。 + +--- 有很多人问，他们在哪里可以读到更多的东西，或者找到其他许可证，比如 GNU 通用公共许可证或 Apache 2.0 许可证。无论你的兴趣是什么，我都会向你推荐以下书籍: - * Andrew M. St. Laurent 的 [Understanding Open Source & Free Software Licensing][32], 来自 O’Reilly. - -我先说这本，因为虽然它有些过时，但它的方法也最接近上面使用的逐行方法。O'Reilly 已经把它[放在网上][33]。 - - * Heather Meeker’s [Open (Source) for Business][34] - -在我看来，这是迄今为止关于 GN U通用公共许可证和更广泛的 copyleft 的最佳著作。这本书涵盖了历史、许可证、它们的发展，以及兼容性和合规性。这本书是我给那些考虑或处理 GPL 的客户的书。 - - * Larry Rosen’s [Open Source Licensing][35], from Prentice Hall. - -一本很棒的第一本书，也可以免费[在线阅读][36]。对于从零开始的程序员来说，这是开源许可和相关法律的最好介绍。这本在一些具体细节上也有点过时了，但 Larry 的许可证分类法和对开源商业模式的简洁总结经得起时间的考验。 - - + * Andrew M. St. Laurent 的 [Understanding Open Source & Free Software Licensing][32]，来自 O’Reilly。 + > 我先说这本，因为虽然它有些过时，但它的方法也最接近上面使用的逐行方法。O'Reilly 已经把它[放在网上][33]。 + * Heather Meeker 的 [Open (Source) for Business][34] + > 在我看来，这是迄今为止关于 GNU 通用公共许可证和更广泛的左版的最佳著作。这本书涵盖了历史、许可证、它们的发展，以及兼容性和合规性。这本书是我给那些考虑或处理 GPL 的客户的书。 + * Larry Rosen 的 [Open Source Licensing][35]，来自 Prentice Hall。 + > 一本很棒的入门书，也可以免费 [在线阅读][36]。对于从零开始的程序员来说，这是开源许可和相关法律的最好介绍。这本在一些具体细节上也有点过时了，但 Larry 的许可证分类法和对开源商业模式的简洁总结经得起时间的考验。 所有这些都对我作为一个开源许可律师的教育至关重要。它们的作者都是我的职业英雄。请读一读吧 — K.E.M 我将此文章基于 [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 license][37] 授权 - -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: https://writing.kemitchell.com/2016/09/21/MIT-License-Line-by-Line.html @@ -225,7 +223,7 @@ via: https://writing.kemitchell.com/2016/09/21/MIT-License-Line-by-Line.html 作者：[Kyle E. Mitchell][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[bestony](https://github.com/bestony) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From c56999d69398f319bd880f24a822752fdb8b89df Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sat, 6 Mar 2021 22:17:52 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 117/309] PRF FIN MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @bestony 总算校对完了。回头可以将链接提交给原文作者了。 --- ...21 lawyer The MIT License, Line by Line.md | 144 +++++++++++------- 1 file changed, 85 insertions(+), 59 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/talk/20160921 lawyer The MIT License, Line by Line.md b/translated/talk/20160921 lawyer The MIT License, Line by Line.md index ddf23b52ac..01b16515e5 100644 --- a/translated/talk/20160921 lawyer The MIT License, Line by Line.md +++ b/translated/talk/20160921 lawyer The MIT License, Line by Line.md @@ -18,8 +18,6 @@ 如果你参与了开源软件，但还没有花时间从头到尾的阅读过这个许可证（它只有 171 个单词），你需要现在就去读一下。尤其是如果许可证不是你日常每天都会接触的，把任何看起来不对劲或不清楚的地方记下来，然后继续阅读。我会分段、按顺序、加入上下文和注释，把每一个词再重复一遍。但最重要的还是要有个整体概念。 -（LCTT 译注：MIT 许可证并无官方的中文文本，我们也没找到任何可靠的、精确的非官方中文文本。在本文中，我们仅作为参考目的提供一份逐字逐行的中文翻译文本，但该文本及对其的理解**不能**作为 MIT 许可证使用，我们也不为此中文翻译文本的使用承担任何责任，这份中文文本，我们以公共领域的方式提供给所有人。） - > The MIT License (MIT) > > Copyright (c) \ \ @@ -30,16 +28,28 @@ > > *The Software is provided “as is”, without warranty of any kind, express or implied, including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement. In no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim, damages or other liability, whether in an action of contract, tort or otherwise, arising from, out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the Software.* +（LCTT 译注：MIT 许可证并无官方的中文文本，我们也没找到任何可靠的、精确的非官方中文文本。在本文中，我们仅作为参考目的提供一份逐字逐行而没有经过润色的中文翻译文本，但该文本及对其的理解**不能**作为 MIT 许可证使用，我们也不为此中文翻译文本的使用承担任何责任，这份中文文本，我们贡献给公共领域。） + +> MIT 许可证（MIT） +> +> 版权 (c) <年份> <版权人> +> +> 特此免费授予任何获得本软件副本和相关文档文件（下称“软件”）的人不受限制地处置该软件，包括不受限制地使用、复制、修改、合并、发布、分发、转授许可和/或出售该软件副本，以及允许被配发了本软件的人这样做的权利，须在下列条件下： +> +> 上述版权声明和本许可声明应包含在该软件的所有副本或实质成分中。 +> +> 本软件是“如此”提供的，没有任何形式的明示或暗示的保证，包括但不限于对适销性、特定用途的适用性和不侵权的保证。在任何情况下，作者或版权持有人都不对任何索赔、损害或其他责任负责，无论这些追责来自合同、侵权或其它行为中，还是产生于、源于或有关于本软件以及本软件的使用或其它处置。 + 该许可证分为五段，按照逻辑划分如下： * **头部** * **许可证名称**：“MIT 许可证” - * **版权说明**：“Copyright (c) …” - * **许可证授予**：“特此批准 …” - * **授予范围**：“… 处理软件 …” - * **条件**：“… 但需符合 …” - * **归属和通知**：“上述 … 应当被包含在内 …” - * **免责声明**：“软件按照‘原状’提供 …” + * **版权说明**：“版权 (c) …” + * **许可证授予**：“特此授予 …” + * **授予范围**：“… 处置软件 …” + * **条件**：“… 须在 …” + * **归属和通知**：“上述 … 应包含在 …” + * **免责声明**：“本软件是‘如此’提供的 …” * **责任限制**：“在任何情况下 …” 接下来详细看看。 @@ -56,7 +66,7 @@ 幸运的是，[开放源码倡议组织][3]Open Source Initiative（OSI） 和 [软件数据包交换][4]Software Package Data eXchange组织（SPDX）已经将一种通用的 MIT 式的许可证形式标准化为“MIT 许可证The MIT License”。OSI 反过来又采用了 SPDX 通用开源许可证的标准化 [字符串标志符][5]，并将其中的 “MIT” 明确指向了标准化形式的“MIT 许可证”。如果你想为一个新项目使用 MIT 式的条款，请使用其 [标准化的形式][1]。 -即使你在 `LICENSE` 文件中包含 “The MIT License” 或 “SPDX:MIT”，任何负责的审查者仍会将文本与标准格式进行比较，以确保安全。尽管自称为“MIT 许可证”的各种许可证形式只在细微的细节上有所不同，但什么可以视作“MIT 许可证”的松散性已经诱使了一些作者加入麻烦的“自定义”。典型的糟糕、不好的、非常坏的例子是 [JSON 许可证][6]，一个 MIT 家族的许可证被加上了“本软件应用于善，而非恶”。这件事情可能是“非常克罗克福特”的（LCTT 译者注，Crockford 是 JSON 格式和 JSON.org 的作者）。这绝对是一件麻烦事，也许这个玩笑本来是开在律师身上的，但他们却笑得前仰后合。 +即使你在 `LICENSE` 文件中包含 “The MIT License” 或 “SPDX:MIT”，任何负责的审查者仍会将文本与标准格式进行比较，以确保安全。尽管自称为“MIT 许可证”的各种许可证形式只在细微的细节上有所不同，但所谓的“MIT 许可证”的松散性已经诱使了一些作者加入麻烦的“自定义”。典型的糟糕、不好的、非常坏的例子是 [JSON 许可证][6]，一个 MIT 家族的许可证被加上了“本软件应用于善，而非恶”。这件事情可能是“非常克罗克福特”的（LCTT 译者注，Crockford 是 JSON 格式和 JSON.org 的作者）。这绝对是一件麻烦事，也许这个玩笑本来是开在律师身上的，但他们却笑得前仰后合。 这个故事的寓意是：“MIT 许可证”本身就是模棱两可的。大家可能很清楚你的意思，但你只需要把标准的 MIT 许可证文本复制到你的项目中，就可以节省每个人的时间。如果使用元数据（如包管理器中的元数据文件）来指定 “MIT 许可证”，请确保 `LICENSE` 文件和任何头部的注释都使用标准的许可证文本。所有的这些都可以 [自动化完成][7]。 @@ -64,37 +74,41 @@ > Copyright (c) -在 1976 年《版权法》颁布之前，美国的版权法规要求采取具体的行动，即所谓的“手续”来确保创意作品的版权。如果你不遵守这些手续，你起诉他人未经授权使用你的作品的权力就会受到限制，往往完全丧失权力，其中一项手续就是“声明notice”。在你的作品上打上记号，以其他方式让市场知道你拥有版权。“©” 是一个标准符号，用于标记受版权保护的作品，以发出版权声明。ASCII 字符集没有 © 符号，但 `Copyright (c)` 可以表达同样的意思。 +> 版权 (c) <年份> <版权持有人> + +在 1976 年（美国）《版权法》颁布之前，美国的版权法规要求采取具体的行动，即所谓的“手续”来确保创意作品的版权。如果你不遵守这些手续，你起诉他人未经授权使用你的作品的权力就会受到限制，往往会完全丧失权力，其中一项手续就是“声明notice”。在你的作品上打上记号，以其他方式让市场知道你拥有版权。“©” 是一个标准符号，用于标记受版权保护的作品，以发出版权声明。ASCII 字符集没有 © 符号，但 `Copyright (c)` 可以表达同样的意思。 1976 年的《版权法》“落实”了国际《伯尔尼公约Berne Convention》的许多要求，取消了确保版权的手续。至少在美国，著作权人在起诉侵权之前，仍然需要对自己的版权作品进行登记，如果在侵权行为开始之前进行登记，可能会获得更高的赔偿。但在实践中，很多人在对某个人提起诉讼之前，都会先注册版权。你并不会因为没有在上面贴上声明、注册它、向国会图书馆寄送副本等而失去版权。 -即使版权声明不像过去那样绝对必要，但它们仍然有很多用处。说明作品的创作年份和版权属于谁，可以让人知道作品的版权何时到期，从而使作品进入公共领域。作者或作者们的身份也很有用。美国法律对个人作者和“公司”作者的版权条款的计算方式不同。特别是在商业用途中，公司在使用已知竞争对手的软件时，可能也要三思而行，即使许可条款给予了非常慷慨的许可。如果你希望别人看到你的作品并想从你这里获得授权，版权声明可以很好地起到归属作用。 +即使版权声明不像过去那样绝对必要，但它们仍然有很多用处。说明作品的创作年份和版权属于谁，可以让人知道作品的版权何时到期，从而使作品纳入公共领域。作者或作者们的身份也很有用。美国法律对个人作者和“公司”作者的版权条款的计算方式不同。特别是在商业用途中，公司在使用已知竞争对手的软件时，可能也要三思而行，即使许可条款给予了非常慷慨的许可。如果你希望别人看到你的作品并想从你这里获得许可，版权声明可以很好地起到归属作用。 -至于“版权持有人copyright holder”。并非所有标准形式的许可证都有写明这一点的空间。最新的许可证形式，如 [Apache 2.0][8] 和 [GPL 3.0][9]，发布的 `LICENSE` 文本是要逐字复制的，并在其他地方加上标题注释和单独的文件，以表明谁拥有版权和谁提供许可证。这些办法巧妙地阻止了对“标准”文本的意外或故意的修改。这还使自动许可证识别更加可靠。 +至于“版权持有人copyright holder”。并非所有标准形式的许可证都有写明这一点的空间。最新的许可证形式，如 [Apache 2.0][8] 和 [GPL 3.0][9]，发布的许可证文本是要逐字复制的，并在其他地方加上标题注释和单独文件，以表明谁拥有版权并提供许可证。这些办法巧妙地阻止了对“标准”文本的意外或故意的修改。这还使自动许可证识别更加可靠。 -麻省理工学院的许可证是从为机构发布的代码而写的语言演变而来。对于机构发布的代码，只有一个明确的“版权持有人”，即发布代码的机构。其他机构则抄袭了这些许可证，用他们自己的名字代替 “MIT”，最终形成了我们现在的通用形式。这一过程同样适用于该时代的其他简短的机构许可证，特别是加州大学伯克利分校的最初的 [四句式 BSD 许可证][10]four-clause BSD License、现在使用的 [三句式][11] 和 [两句式][12] 变体，以及麻省理工学院许可证的变体互联网系统联盟Internet Systems Consortium的[ISC 许可证][13]。 +MIT 许可证是从为机构发布的代码而写的语言演变而来。对于机构发布的代码，只有一个明确的“版权持有人”，即发布代码的机构。其他机构抄袭了这些许可证，用他们自己的名字代替了 “MIT”，最终形成了我们现在拥有的通用形式。这一过程同样适用于该时代的其他简短的机构许可证，特别是加州大学伯克利分校的最初的 [四条款 BSD 许可证][10]four-clause BSD License 成为了现在使用的 [三条款][11] 和 [两条款][12] 变体，以及 MIT 许可证的变体互联网系统联盟Internet Systems Consortium的 [ISC 许可证][13]。 -在每一种情况下，该机构都根据版权所有权规则将自己列为版权持有人，这些规则称为“[雇佣作品][14]”规则，这些规则赋予雇主和客户对其雇员和承包商代表其从事的某些工作的版权所有权。这些规则通常不适用于自愿提交代码的分布式协作者。这给项目监管型基金会（如 Apache 基金会和 Eclipse 基金会）带来了一个问题，因为它们接受来自更多不同的贡献者的贡献。到目前为止，通常的基础方法是使用一个单一的许可证，它规定了一个版权持有者，如 [Apache 2.0][8] 和 [EPL 1.0][15] — 并由贡献者许可协议contributor license agreements [Apache CLA][16] 以及 [Eclipse CLA][17] 为后盾，以从贡献者中收集权利。在像 GPL 这样的左版copyleft许可证下，将版权所有权收集在一个地方就更加重要了，因为 GPL 依靠版权所有者来执行许可证条件，以促进软件自由的价值。 +在每一种情况下，该机构都根据版权所有权规则将自己列为版权持有人，这些规则称为“[雇佣作品][14]”规则，这些规则赋予雇主和客户在其雇员和承包商代表其从事的某些工作中的版权所有权。这些规则通常不适用于自愿提交代码的分布式协作者。这给项目监管型基金会（如 Apache 基金会和 Eclipse 基金会）带来了一个问题，因为它们接受来自更多不同的贡献者的贡献。到目前为止，通常的基础方法是使用一个单一的许可证，它规定了一个版权持有者，如 [Apache 2.0][8] 和 [EPL 1.0][15]，并由贡献者许可协议contributor license agreements [Apache CLA][16] 以及 [Eclipse CLA][17] 为后盾，以从贡献者中收集权利。在像 GPL 这样的左版copyleft许可证下，将版权所有权收集在一个地方就更加重要了，因为 GPL 依靠版权所有者来执行许可证条件，以促进软件自由的价值。 -如今，大量没有机构或商业管理人的项目都在使用 MIT 风格的许可条款。SPDX 和 OSI 通过标准化不涉及特定实体或机构版权持有人的 MIT 和 ISC 之类的许可证形式，为这些用例提供了帮助。有了这些许可证，项目作者的普遍做法是在许可证的版权声明中早早就填上自己的名字...也许还会在这里或那里填上年份。至少根据美国的版权法，由此产生的版权声明并不能说明全部情况。 +如今，大量没有机构或商业管理人的项目都在使用 MIT 风格的许可条款。SPDX 和 OSI 通过标准化不涉及特定实体或机构版权持有人的 MIT 和 ISC 之类的许可证形式，为这些用例提供了帮助。有了这些许可证形式，项目作者的普遍做法是在许可证的版权声明中尽早填上自己的名字...也许还会在这里或那里填上年份。至少根据美国的版权法，由此产生的版权声明并不能说明全部情况。 -某个软件的原始所有者保留其工作的所有权。但是，尽管 MIT 风格的许可条款赋予了他人开发和更改软件的权利，创造了法律上所谓的“衍生作品”，但它们并没有赋予原始作者对他人的贡献的所有权。相反，每个贡献者都对他们以现有代码为起点所做的任何 [哪怕是稍有一点创意][18] 的作品拥有版权。 +软件的原始所有者保留其工作的所有权。但是，尽管 MIT 风格的许可条款赋予了他人开发和更改软件的权利，创造了法律上所谓的“衍生作品”，但它们并没有赋予原始作者对他人的贡献的所有权。相反，每个贡献者在以现有代码为起点所做的任何作品都拥有版权，[即使是稍做了一点创意][18]。 -这些项目大多数也对接受贡献者许可协议contributor license agreements（CLA）的想法嗤之以鼻，更不用说签署版权转让协议了。这既幼稚又可以理解。尽管一些较新的开源开发人员认为，在 GitHub 上发送拉取请求Pull Request，就会“自动”根据项目现有的许可证条款授权分发贡献，但美国法律不承认任何此类规则。强有力的版权保护，而不是允许性许可，是默认的。 +这些项目大多数也对接受贡献者许可协议contributor license agreements（CLA）的想法嗤之以鼻，更不用说签署版权转让协议了。这既幼稚又可以理解。尽管一些较新的开源开发人员认为，在 GitHub 上发送拉取请求Pull Request，就会“自动”根据项目现有的许可证条款授权分发贡献，但美国法律不承认任何此类规则。强有力的版权保护是默认的，而不是宽松许可。 -> 更新：GitHub 后来修改了全站的服务条款，包括试图改变这一默认值，至少在 GitHub.com 上是这样。我在 [另一篇][19] 中写了一些对这一发展的想法，并非都是正面的。 +> 更新：GitHub 后来修改了全站的服务条款，包括试图至少在 GitHub.com 上改变这一默认值。我在 [另一篇文章][19] 中写了一些对这一发展的想法，并非所有想法都是积极的。 -为了填补法律上有效的、有据可查的贡献权利授予与完全没有纸质痕迹之间的差距，一些项目采用了 [开发者原创证书][20]Developer Certificate of Origin，这是贡献者在 Git 提交中使用 `Signed-Off-By` 元数据标签暗示的标准声明。开发者原创证书是在臭名昭著的 SCO 诉讼之后为 Linux 内核开发而开发的，该诉讼称 Linux 的大部分代码源自 SCO 拥有的 Unix 源代码。作为创建显示 Linux 的每一行都来自贡献者的书面记录的一种方法，开发者原创证书的功能很好。尽管开发者原创证书不是许可证，但它确实提供了许多充分的证据，证明提交代码的人希望项目分发其代码，并让其他人根据内核现有的许可证条款使用该代码。内核还维护着一个机器可读的 `CREDITS` 文件，其中列出了贡献者的名字、所属机构、贡献领域和其他元数据。我做了 [一些][21] [实验][22]，把这种方法改编成适用于不使用内核开发流程的项目。 +为了填补法律上有效的、有据可查的贡献权利授予与完全没有纸质痕迹之间的差距，一些项目采用了 [开发者原创证书][20]Developer Certificate of Origin，这是贡献者在 Git 提交中使用 `Signed-Off-By` 元数据标签暗示的标准声明。开发者原创证书是在臭名昭著的 SCO 诉讼之后为 Linux 内核开发而开发的，该诉讼称 Linux 的大部分代码源自 SCO 拥有的 Unix 源代码。作为创建显示 Linux 的每一行都来自贡献者的书面记录的一种方法，开发者原创证书的功能良好。尽管开发者原创证书不是许可证，但它确实提供了大量证据，证明提交代码的人希望项目分发其代码，并让其他人根据内核现有的许可证条款使用该代码。内核还维护着一个机器可读的 `CREDITS` 文件，其中列出了贡献者的名字、所属机构、贡献领域和其他元数据。我做了 [一些][21] [实验][22]，把这种方法改编成适用于不使用内核开发流程的项目。 ### 许可证授权 > Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), -MIT 许可证的实质是许可证（你猜对了）。一般来说，许可证是一个人或法律实体“许可人licensor”给予另一个人“被许可人licensee”做一些法律允许他们起诉的事情的许可。MIT 许可证是一种不起诉的承诺。 +> 特此免费授予任何获得本软件副本和相关文档文件（下称“软件”）的人 -法律有时将许可证与给予许可证的承诺区分开来。如果有人违背了提供许可证的承诺，你可以起诉他们违背了承诺，但你最终可能得不到许可证。“特此Hereby”是律师们永远摆脱不了的一个似是而非、老生常谈的词。这里使用它来表明，许可证文本本身提供了许可证，而不仅仅是许可证的承诺。这是合法的 [IIFE][23]。 +MIT 许可证的实质是许可证（你猜对了）。一般来说，许可证是一个人或法律实体（“许可人licensor”）给予另一个人（“被许可人licensee”）做一些法律允许他们起诉的事情的许可。MIT 许可证是一种不起诉的承诺。 -尽管许多许可证都是授予特定的、指定的被许可人的许可，但 MIT 许可证是“公共许可证public license”。公共许可证授予所有人（整个公众）许可。这是开源许可中的三大理念之一。MIT 许可证通过“向任何获得……软件副本的人”授予许可证来体现这一思想。稍后我们将看到，获得此许可证还有一个条件，即确保其他人也可以了解他们的许可。 +法律有时将许可证与给予许可证的承诺区分开来。如果有人违背了提供许可证的承诺，你可以起诉他们违背了承诺，但你最终可能得不到许可证。“特此Hereby”是律师们永远摆脱不了的一个矫揉造作、老生常谈的词。这里使用它来表明，许可证文本本身提供了许可证，而不仅仅是许可证的承诺。这是一个合法的 [即调函数表达式（IIFE）][23]。 + +尽管许多许可证都是授予特定的、指定的被许可人的，但 MIT 许可证是一个“公共许可证public license”。公共许可证授予所有人（整个公众）许可。这是开源许可中的三大理念之一。MIT 许可证通过“向任何获得……软件副本的人”授予许可证来体现这一思想。稍后我们将看到，获得此许可证还有一个条件，以确保其他人也可以了解他们的许可。 在美国式法律文件中，括号中带引号的首字母大写词汇是赋予术语特定含义的标准方式（“定义”）。当法庭看到文件中其他地方使用了一个已定义的大写术语时，法庭会可靠地回顾定义中的术语。 @@ -102,102 +116,114 @@ MIT 许可证的实质是许可证（你猜对了）。一般来说，许可证 > to deal in the Software without restriction, -从被许可人的角度来看，这是 MIT 许可证中最重要的七个字。关键的法律问题是被起诉侵犯版权和被起诉侵犯专利。无论是版权法还是专利法都没有将 “处置to deal in” 作为一个术语，它在法庭上没有特定的含义。因此，任何法庭在裁决许可人和被许可人之间的纠纷时，都会问双方对这种语言的含义和理解。法庭将看到的是，该措辞有意宽泛和开放。它为被许可人提供了一个强有力的论据，反对许可人提出的任何主张 —— 即他们没有许可被许可人使用该软件做那件具体的事情，即使在授予许可时双方都没有明显想到。 +> 不受限制地处置该软件， + +从被许可人的角度来看，这是 MIT 许可证中最重要的七个字。主要的法律问题就是因侵犯版权而被起诉，和因侵犯专利而被起诉。无论是版权法还是专利法都没有将 “处置to deal in” 作为一个术语，它在法庭上没有特定的含义。因此，任何法庭在裁决许可人和被许可人之间的纠纷时，都会询问当事人对这一措辞的含义和理解。法庭将看到的是，该措辞有意宽泛和开放。它为被许可人提供了一个强有力的论据，反对许可人提出的任何主张 —— 即他们不允许被许可人使用该软件做那件特定的事情，即使在授予许可证时双方都没有明显想到。 > including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, -任何一篇法律文章都不是完美的、“意义上完全确定”、或明确无误的。小心那些装作不完美的人。这是 MIT 许可证中最不完美的部分。主要有三个问题： +> 包括不受限制地使用、复制、修改、合并、发布、分发、转授许可和/或出售该软件副本，以及允许被配发了本软件的人这样做的权利， -首先，“包括但不限于including without limitation”是一种法律反模式。它有多种衍生： +没有一篇法律是完美的、“意义上完全确定”、或明确无误的。小心那些假装不然的人。这是 MIT 许可证中最不完美的部分。主要有三个问题： - * 包括，但不限于including, without limitation - * 包括，但不限于前述条文的一般性including, without limiting the generality of the foregoing +首先，“包括不受限制地including without limitation”是一种法律反模式。它有多种衍生： + + * 包括，但不受限制including, without limitation + * 包括，但不限于前述的一般性including, without limiting the generality of the foregoing * 包括，但不限于including, but not limited to - * 很多，很多毫无意义的变化 + * 很多、很多毫无意义的变化 -所有这些都有一个共同的目标，但都未能可靠地实现。从根本上说，使用它们的起草者也会尽量试探着去做。在 MIT 许可证中，这意味着引入“处置软件dealing in the Software”的具体例子 — “使用、复制、修改”等等，但不意味着被许可方的行为必须与给出的例子类似，才能算作“处置”。问题是，如果你最终需要法庭来审查和解释许可证的条款，法庭将把它的工作看作是找出这些语言的含义。如果法庭需要决定“处置deal in”的含义，它不能“无视”这些例子，即使你告诉它。我认为“不受限制地处置本软件”本身对被许可人更好，也更短。 +所有这些都有一个共同的目标，但都未能可靠地实现。从根本上说，使用它们的起草者也会尽量试探着去做。在 MIT 许可证中，这意味着引入“处置软件dealing in the Software”的具体例子 — “使用、复制、修改”等等，但不意味着被许可方的行为必须与给出的例子类似，才能算作“处置”。问题是，如果你最终需要法庭来审查和解释许可证的条款，法庭将把它的工作看作是找出这些语言的含义。如果法庭需要决定“处置deal in”的含义，它不能“无视”这些例子，即使你告诉它。我认为，“不受限制地处置本软件”本身对被许可人更好，也更短。 -其次，作为“处置deal in”例子的动词是一个大杂烩。有些在版权法或专利法下有特定的含义，有些几乎有或根本没有： +其次，作为“处置deal in”的例子的那些动词是一个大杂烩。有些在版权法或专利法下有特定的含义，有些稍微有或根本没有含义： * “使用use”出现在 [《美国法典》第 35 篇，第 271(a)节][24]，这是专利法中专利权人可以起诉他人未经许可的行为的清单。 * “复制copy”出现在 [《美国法典》第 17 篇，第 106 节][25]，即版权法列出的版权所有人可以起诉他人未经许可的行为。 - * “修改modify”既不出现在版权法中，也不出现在专利法中。它可能最接近版权法下的“准备衍生作品”，但也可能涉及改进或其他衍生发明。 + * “修改modify”既不出现在版权法中，也不出现在专利法中。它可能最接近版权法下的“准备衍生作品prepare derivative works”，但也可能涉及改进或其他衍生发明。 * 无论是在版权法还是专利法中，“合并merge”都没有出现。“合并merger”在版权方面有特定的含义，但这显然不是这里的意图。相反，法庭可能会根据其在行业中的含义来解读“合并”，如“合并代码”。 * 无论是在版权法还是专利法中，都没有“发布publish”。由于“软件”是被发布的内容，根据《[版权法][25]》，它可能最接近于“分发distribute”。该法令还包括“公开”表演和展示作品的权利，但这些权利只适用于特定类型的受版权保护的作品，如戏剧、录音和电影。 * “分发distribute”出现在《[版权法][25]》中。 - * “转授许可权sublicense”是知识产权法中的一个总称。转授许可权是指吧自己的许可授予他人，进行你所许可的部分或全部活动的权利。实际上，MIT 许可证的转授许可权权利在开源代码许可证中并不常见。通常的做法是 Heather Meeker 所说的“直接授权direct licensing”方式，在这种方法中，每个获得该软件及其许可证条款副本的人都直接从所有者那里获得授权。任何可能根据 MIT 许可证获得转授许可证的人都可能会得到一份许可证副本，告诉他们他们也有直接许可证。 - * “出售副本sell copies”是个混杂品。它接近于《[专利法][24]》中的“要约出售offer to sell”和“出售sell”，但指的是“副本”，这是一种版权概念。在版权方面，它似乎接近于“分发distribute”，但《[版权法][25]》没有提到销售。 - * “允许向其提供软件的人员这样做permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so”似乎是多余的“转授许可权”。这也是不必要的，因为获得副本的人也可以直接获得许可证。 + * “转授许可sublicense”是知识产权法中的一个总称。转授许可的权利是指把自己的许可证授予他人，有权进行你所许可的部分或全部活动。实际上，MIT 许可证的转授许可的权利在开源代码许可证中并不常见。通常的做法是 Heather Meeker 所说的“直接许可direct licensing”方式，在这种方法中，每个获得该软件及其许可证条款副本的人都直接从所有者那里获得授权。任何可能根据 MIT 许可证获得转授许可的人都可能会得到一份许可证副本，告诉他们其也有直接许可证。 + * “出售副本sell copies”是个混杂品。它接近于《[专利法][24]》中的“要约出售offer to sell”和“出售sell”，但指的是“副本coyies”，这是一种版权概念。在版权方面，它似乎接近于“分发distribute”，但《[版权法][25]》没有提到销售。 + * “允许被配发了本软件的人这样做permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so”似乎是多余的“转授许可”。这也是不必要的，因为获得副本的人也可以直接获得许可证。 -最后，由于这种法律、行业、一般知识产权和一般使用条款的混杂，并不清楚 MIT 许可证是否包括专利许可。一般性语言“处置deal in”和一些例子动词，尤其是“使用”，都指向了一个专利许可，尽管是一个非常不明确的许可。许可证来自于版权人，而版权人可能对软件中的发明拥有或不拥有专利权，以及大多数的例子动词和“软件the Software”本身的定义，都强烈地指向版权许可证。诸如 [Apache 2.0][8] 之类的较新的宽容开源许可分别具体地处理了版权，专利甚至商标问题。 +最后，由于这种法律、行业、一般知识产权和一般使用条款的混杂，并不清楚 MIT 许可证是否包括专利许可。一般性语言“处置deal in”和一些例子动词，尤其是“使用”，指向了一个专利许可，尽管是一个非常不明确的许可。许可证来自于版权持有人，而版权持有人可能对软件中的发明拥有或不拥有专利权，以及大多数的例子动词和“软件the Software”本身的定义，都强烈地指向版权许可证。诸如 [Apache 2.0][8] 之类的较新的宽容开源许可分别具体地处理了版权、专利甚至商标问题。 #### 三个许可条件 > subject to the following conditions: +> 须在下列条件下： + 总有一个陷阱！MIT 许可证有三个！ -如果你不遵守 MIT 许可证的条件，你就得不到许可证提供的许可。因此，如果不按照条件所说的去做，至少在理论上会让你面临一场诉讼，很可能是一场版权诉讼。 +如果你不遵守 MIT 许可证的条件，你就得不到许可证提供的许可。因此，如果不能履行条件，至少从理论上说，会让你面临一场诉讼，很可能是一场版权诉讼。 -开源软件的第二个伟大思想是，利用软件对被许可人的价值来激励被许可人遵守条件，即使被许可人没有支付任何许可费用。后者，在 MIT 许可证中没有，它建立在许可证条件之上。像 [GNU 通用公共许可证][9]（GPL）这样的左版许可证，使用许可证条件来控制那些修改者如何对其修改后的版本进行许可和发布。 +开源软件的第二个伟大思想是，利用软件对被许可人的价值来激励被许可人遵守条件，即使被许可人没有支付任何许可费用。最后一个伟大思想，在 MIT 许可证中没有，它构建了许可证条件：像 [GNU 通用公共许可证][9]（GPL）这样的左版许可证，使用许可证条件来控制如何对修改后的版本进行许可和发布。 #### 声明条件 > The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. +> 上述版权声明和本许可声明应包含在该软件的所有副本或实质成分中。 + 如果你给别人一份软件的副本，你需要包括许可证文本和任何版权声明。这有几个关键目的： - 1. 给别人一个申明，说明他们获得了公共许可证下的软件许可。这是直接授权模式的一个关键部分，在这种模式下，每个用户都能直接从版权持有人那里获得授权。 - 2. 让人们知道谁是软件的幕后推手，这样他们就可以得到赞美、荣耀和冷冰冰的现金捐赠。 - 3. 确保保修免责声明和责任限制（下一步）跟在软件后面。每一个得到副本的人也应该得到一份这些许可人保护的副本。 + 1. 给别人一个声明，说明他们有权使用该公共许可证下的软件。这是直接授权模式的一个关键部分，在这种模式下，每个用户直接从版权持有人那里获得许可证。 + 2. 让人们知道谁是软件的幕后人物，这样他们就可以得到赞美、荣耀和冷冰冰的现金捐赠。 + 3. 确保保修免责声明和责任限制（在后面）伴随该软件。每个得到该副本的人也应该得到一份这些许可人保护的副本。 -没有什么可以阻止你对提供一个副本、甚至是一个没有源代码的编译形式的副本而收费。但是当你这么做的时候，你不能假装 MIT 代码是你自己的专有代码，或者是在其他许可下提供的。接受的人要知道自己在“公共许可证”下的权利。 +没有什么可以阻止你对提供一个副本、甚至是一个没有源代码的编译形式的副本而收费。但是当你这么做的时候，你不能假装 MIT 代码是你自己的专有代码，也不能在其他许可证下提供。接受的人要知道自己在“公共许可证”下的权利。 -坦率地说，遵守这个条件是崩溃的。几乎所有的开源许可证都有这样的“归属attribution”条件。系统和装机软件的制作者往往明白，他们需要为自己的每一个发行版本编制一个声明文件或“许可证信息”屏幕，并附上库和组件的许可证文本副本。项目监管基金会在教授这些做法方面起到了重要作用。但是 Web 开发者作为一个整体，还没有得到备忘录。这不能用缺乏工具来解释，工具有很多，也不能用 npm 和其他资源库中的包的高度模块化来解释，它们统一了许可证信息的元数据格式。所有好的 JavaScript minifiers 都有命令行标志来保存许可证头注释。其他工具会从包树中连接 `LICENSE` 文件。这实在是无可厚非。 +坦率地说，遵守这个条件正在崩溃。几乎所有的开源许可证都有这样的“归因attribution”条件。系统和装机软件的制作者往往明白，他们需要为自己的每一个发行版本编制一个声明文件或“许可证信息”屏，并附上库和组件的许可证文本副本。项目监管型基金会在教授这些做法方面起到了重要作用。但是整个 Web 开发者群体还没有取得这种经验。这不能用缺乏工具来解释，工具有很多，也不能用 npm 和其他资源库中的包的高度模块化来解释，它们统一了许可证信息的元数据格式。所有好的 JavaScript 压缩器都有保存许可证标题注释的命令行标志。其他工具可以从包树中串联 `LICENSE` 文件。这实在是没有借口。 #### 免责声明 > The Software is provided “as is”, without warranty of any kind, express or implied, including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement. -美国几乎每个州都颁布了《统一商业法典Uniform Commercial Code》（UCC）的版本，该法典是规范商业交易的法律范本。UCC 的第 2 条（加利福尼亚州的“第 2 部分”）规定了商品销售合同，从现成购买的二手汽车到向制造厂运送大量工业化学品。 +> 本软件是“如此”提供的，没有任何形式的明示或暗示的保证，包括但不限于对适销性、特定用途的适用性和不侵权的保证。 -UCC 关于销售合同的某些规则是强制性的。这些规则始终适用，无论买卖双方是否喜欢。其他只是“默认”。除非买卖双方以书面形式选择不适用这些默认，否则 UCC 潜在视作他们希望在 UCC 文本中找到交易的基准规则。默认规则中包括隐含的“保证”，或卖方对买方关于所售商品的质量和可用性的承诺。 +美国几乎每个州都颁布了一个版本的《统一商业法典Uniform Commercial Code》（UCC），这是一部规范商业交易的示范性法律。UCC 的第 2 条（加利福尼亚州的“第 2 部分”）规定了商品销售合同，包括了从二手汽车的购买到向制造厂运送大量工业化学品。 -关于诸如 MIT 许可证之类的公共许可证是合同（许可方和被许可方之间的可执行协议）还是仅仅是许可证（单向的，但可能有附加条件），这在理论上存在很大争议。关于软件是否被视为“商品”，从而触发 UCC 规则的争论较少。许可人之间没有就赔偿责任进行辩论：如果他们免费提供的软件出现故障、问题，无法正常工作或以其他方式引起麻烦，他们不想被起诉和被要求巨额赔偿。这与“默示保证implied warranty”的三个默认规则完全相反： +UCC 关于销售合同的某些规则是强制性的。这些规则始终适用，无论买卖双方是否喜欢。其他只是“默认”。除非买卖双方以书面形式选择不适用这些默认，否则 UCC 潜在视作他们希望在 UCC 文本中找到交易的基准规则。默认规则中包括隐含的“免责warranties”，或卖方对买方关于所售商品的质量和可用性的承诺。 + +关于诸如 MIT 许可证之类的公共许可证是合同（许可方和被许可方之间的可执行协议）还是仅仅是许可证（单向的，但可能有附加条件），这在理论上存在很大争议。关于软件是否被视为“商品”，从而触发 UCC 规则的争论较少。许可人之间没有就赔偿责任进行辩论：如果他们免费提供的软件出现故障、导致问题、无法正常工作或以其他方式引起麻烦，他们不想被起诉和被要求巨额赔偿。这与“默示保证implied warranty”的三个默认规则完全相反： 1. 据 [UCC 第 2-314 节][26]，“适销性merchantability”的默示保证是一种承诺：“商品”（即软件）的质量至少为平均水平，并经过适当包装和标记，并适用于其常规用途。仅当提供该软件的人是该软件的“商人”时，此保证才适用，这意味着他们从事软件交易，并表现出对软件的熟练程度。 - 2. 据 [UCC 第 2-315 节][27]，当卖方知道买方依靠他们提供用于特定目的的货物时，“适用于某一特定目的fitness for a particular purpose”的默示保证就会生效。为此，商品需要实际“适用”。 - 3. “非侵权noninfringement”的默示保证不是 UCC 的一部分，而是一般合同法的共同特征。如果事实证明买方收到的商品侵犯了他人的知识产权，则该默示承诺将保护买方。如果根据 MIT 许可证获得的软件实际上并不属于尝试许可该软件的软件，或者属于他人拥有的专利，那就属于这种情况。 + 2. 据 [UCC 第 2-315 节][27]，当卖方知道买方依靠他们提供用于特定目的的货物时，“适用于某一特定目的fitness for a particular purpose”的默示保证就会生效。商品实际上需要“适用”这一目的。 + 3. “非侵权noninfringement”的默示保证不是 UCC 的一部分，而是一般合同法的共同特征。如果事实证明买方收到的商品侵犯了他人的知识产权，则这种默示的承诺将保护买方。如果根据 MIT 许可证获得的软件实际上并不属于尝试许可该软件的许可人，或者属于他人拥有的专利，那就属于这种情况。 -UCC 的 [第2-316（3）节][28] 要求，选择不适用或“排除”适销性和适用于某一特定目的的默示保证的措辞必须醒目。“醒目”意味着书面化或格式化，以引起人们的注意，这与旨在从不小心的消费者身边溜走的细小字体相反。各州法律可以对不侵权的免责声明提出类似的引人注目的要求。 +UCC 的 [第2-316（3）节][28] 要求，选择不适用或“排除”适销性和适用于某一特定目的的默示保证措辞必须醒目。“醒目”意味着书面化或格式化，以引起人们的注意，这与旨在从不小心的消费者身边溜走的细小字体相反。各州法律可以对不侵权的免责声明提出类似的引人注目的要求。 -长期以来，律师们都有一种错觉，认为用“全大写”写任何东西都符合明显的要求。这是不正确的。法庭曾批评律师协会自以为是，而且大多数人都认为，全大写更多的是阻止阅读，而不是强制阅读。同样的，大多数开源许可证的表格都将其担保免责声明设置为全大写，部分原因是这是在纯文本的 `LICENSE` 文件中唯一明显的方式。我更喜欢使用星号或其他 ASCII 艺术，但那是很久很久以前的事了。 +长期以来，律师们都有一种错觉，认为用“全大写”写任何东西都符合明显的要求。这是不正确的。法庭曾批评律师协会自以为是，而且大多数人都认为，全大写更多的是阻止阅读，而不是强制阅读。同样的，大多数开源许可证的形式都将其免责声明设置为全大写，部分原因是这是在纯文本的 `LICENSE` 文件中唯一明显的方式。我更喜欢使用星号或其他 ASCII 艺术，但那是很久很久以前的事了。 #### 责任限制 > In no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim, damages or other liability, whether in an action of contract, tort or otherwise, arising from, out of or in connection with the Software or the use or other dealings in the Software. -MIT 许可证允许“免费”使用软件，但法律并不认为接受免费许可证的人在出错时放弃了起诉的权利，而许可人应该受到责备。“责任限制”，通常与“损害赔偿排除条款”搭配使用，其作用与许可证很像，是不起诉的承诺。但这些都是保护许可人免受被许可人起诉的保护措施。 +> 在任何情况下，作者或版权持有人都不对任何索赔、损害或其他责任负责，无论这些追责来自合同、侵权或其它行为中，还是产生于、源于或有关于本软件以及本软件的使用或其它处置。 -一般来说，法庭对责任限制和损害赔偿排除条款的解读非常谨慎，因为这些条款可以将大量的风险从一方转移到另一方。为了保护社会的重大利益，让人们有办法在法庭上纠正错误，他们“严格地”用语言限制责任，尽可能地对受其保护的一方进行解读。责任限制必须具体才能成立。特别是在“消费者”合同和其他放弃起诉权的人缺乏成熟度或讨价还价能力的情况下，法庭有时会拒绝尊重那些似乎被埋没在视线之外的语言。部分是出于这个原因，部分是出于习惯，律师们往往也会给责任限制以全大写处理。 +MIT 许可证授予软件“免费”许可，但法律并不认为接受免费许可证的人在出错时放弃了起诉的权利，而许可人应该受到责备。“责任限制”，通常与“损害赔偿排除”条款搭配使用，其作用与许可证很像，是不起诉的承诺。但这些都是保护许可人免受被许可人起诉的保护措施。 -再往下看，“责任限制”部分是对被许可人可以起诉的金额的上限。在开源许可证中，这个上限总是没有钱，0 元，“不承担责任”。相比之下，在商业许可证中，它通常是过去 12 个月内支付的许可证费用的倍数，尽管它通常是经过谈判的。 +一般来说，法庭对责任限制和损害赔偿排除条款的解读非常谨慎，因为这些条款可以将大量的风险从一方转移到另一方。为了保护社会的切身利益，让民众有办法纠正在法庭上所犯的错误，他们“严格地”用措辞限制责任，尽可能地对受其保护的一方进行解读。责任限制必须具体才能成立。特别是在“消费者”合同和其他放弃起诉权的人缺乏成熟度或讨价还价能力的情况下，法庭有时会拒绝尊重那些似乎被埋没在视线之外的措辞。部分是出于这个原因，部分是出于习惯，律师们往往也会给责任限制以全大写处理。 -“排除”部分具体列出了各种法律主张，即请求赔偿的理由，许可人无法使用。像许多其他法律形式一样，MIT 许可证 提到了“违约of contract”行为（即违反合同）和“侵权of tort”行为。侵权规则是防止粗心或恶意伤害他人的一般规则。如果你在发短信时在路上撞倒了人，则表示你犯了侵权行为。如果你的公司销售的有问题的耳机会烧伤人们的耳朵，则说明贵公司已经侵权。如果合同没有明确排除侵权索赔，那么法庭有时会在合同中使用排除语言，以仅阻止合同索赔。出于很好的考虑，MIT 许可证抛出“或其他”字样，只是为了截住奇怪的海事法或其他奇特的法律主张。 +再往下看，“责任限制”部分是对被许可人可以起诉的金额上限。在开源许可证中，这个上限总是没有钱，0 元，“不承担责任”。相比之下，在商业许可证中，它通常是过去 12 个月内支付的许可证费用的倍数，尽管它通常是经过谈判的。 -“产生于、来自或与之相关”这句话是法律起草人固有的、焦虑的不安全感反复出现的症状。关键是，任何与软件有关的诉讼都包含在限制和排除范围内。在偶然的情况下，有些东西可以“产生”，但不能“来自”，或者“与之相关”，把这三者都放在形式上感觉更好，所以把它们打包。更不用说，任何法庭被迫在这一部分分头讨论的问题，都必须对每一个问题给出不同的含义，前提是专业的起草者不会在一行中使用不同的词来表示同一件事。更不用说，在实践中，如果法庭对一开始不利的限制感觉不好，那么他们将更愿意狭隘地解读范围触发器。但我离题了，同样的语言出现在数以百万计的合同中。 +“排除”部分具体列出了各种法律主张，即请求赔偿的理由，许可人不能使用。像许多其他法律形式一样，MIT 许可证 提到了“违约of contract”行为（即违反合同）和“侵权of tort”行为。侵权规则是防止粗心或恶意伤害他人的一般规则。如果你在发短信时在路上撞倒了人，你就犯了侵权行为。如果你的公司销售的有问题的耳机会烧伤人们的耳朵，则说明贵公司已经侵权。如果合同没有明确排除侵权索赔，那么法庭有时会在合同中使用排除措辞以防止合同索赔。出于很好的考虑，MIT 许可证抛出“或其它”字样，只是为了截住奇怪的海事法或其它异国情调的法律主张。 + +“产生于、源于或有关于arising from, out of or in connection with”这句话是法律起草人固有的、焦虑的不安全感反复出现的症状。关键是，任何与软件有关的诉讼都被这些限制和排除范围所覆盖。万一某些事情可以“产生于arising from”，但不能“源于out of”或“有关于in connection with”，那就最好把这三者都写在里面，所以要把它们打包在一起。更不用说，任何被迫在这部分内容中斤斤计较的法庭将不得不为每个词提出不同的含义，前提是专业的起草者不会在一行中使用不同的词来表示同一件事。更不用说，在实践中，如果法庭对一开始就不利的限制感觉不好，那么他们会更愿意狭隘地解读范围触发器。但我离题了，同样的语言出现在数以百万计的合同中。 ### 总结 -所有这些诡辩都有点像在进教堂的路上吐口香糖。MIT 许可证是一个法律经典，且有效。它绝不是所有软件知识产权弊病的灵丹妙药，尤其是它比已经出现的软件专利灾难还要早几十年。但 MIT 风格的许可证发挥了令人钦佩的作用，实现了一个狭隘的目的，用最少的、谨慎的法律工具组合扭转了版权、销售和合同法等棘手的默认规则。在计算机技术的大背景下，它的寿命是惊人的。MIT 许可证已经超过、并将要超过绝大多数的软件许可证。我们只能猜测，当它最终失去青睐时，它将提供多少年的忠实法律服务。对于那些无法提供自己律师的人来说，这尤其慷慨。 +所有这些诡辩都有点像在进教堂的路上吐口香糖。MIT 许可证是一个法律经典，且有效。它绝不是解决所有软件知识产权弊病的灵丹妙药，尤其是它比已经出现的软件专利灾难还要早几十年。但 MIT 风格的许可证发挥了令人钦佩的作用，实现了一个狭隘的目的，用最少的、谨慎的法律工具组合扭转了版权、销售和合同法等棘手的默认规则。在计算机技术的大背景下，它的寿命是惊人的。MIT 许可证已经超过、并将要超过绝大多数软件许可证。我们只能猜测，当它最终失去青睐时，它能提供多少年的忠实法律服务。对于那些无法提供自己的律师的人来说，这尤其慷慨。 -我们已经看到，我们今天所知道的 MIT 许可证是如何成为一套具体的、标准化的条款，最终将秩序带入了一个混乱的机构特定的、随意的变化。 +我们已经看到，我们今天所知道的 MIT 许可证是如何成为一套具体的、标准化的条款，使机构特有的、杂乱无章的变化终于有了秩序。 -我们已经看到了其归因和版权通知方法如何为学术、标准、商业和基金会机构的知识产权管理实践提供信息。 +我们已经看到了它对归因和版权声明的处理方法如何为学术、标准、商业和基金会机构的知识产权管理实践提供信息。 -我们已经看到了 MIT 许可证是如何授予所有人软件许可的，免费，但前提是要保护许可人不受担保和责任的影响。 +我们已经看到了 MIT 许可证是如何运行所有人免费试用软件的，但前提是要保护许可人不受担保和责任的影响。 -我们已经看到，尽管有一些刻薄的措辞和律师的矫揉造作，但一百七十一个小词可以完成大量的法律工作，穿过密集的知识产权和合同丛林为开源软件扫清了一条道路。 +我们已经看到，尽管有一些生硬的措辞和律师的矫揉造作，但一百七十一个小词可以完成大量的法律工作，为开源软件在知识产权和合同的密集丛林中开辟一条道路。 我非常感谢所有花时间阅读这篇相当长的文章的人，让我知道他们发现它很有用，并帮助改进它。一如既往，我欢迎你通过 [e-mail][29]、[Twitter][30] 和 [GitHub][31] 发表评论。 From 7731d629999e09aff73b72c446d486842ef6cbc9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sat, 6 Mar 2021 22:27:45 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 118/309] PRF --- .../talk/20160921 lawyer The MIT License, Line by Line.md | 6 +++--- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/talk/20160921 lawyer The MIT License, Line by Line.md b/translated/talk/20160921 lawyer The MIT License, Line by Line.md index 01b16515e5..28aebc7d87 100644 --- a/translated/talk/20160921 lawyer The MIT License, Line by Line.md +++ b/translated/talk/20160921 lawyer The MIT License, Line by Line.md @@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ > > 版权 (c) <年份> <版权人> > -> 特此免费授予任何获得本软件副本和相关文档文件（下称“软件”）的人不受限制地处置该软件，包括不受限制地使用、复制、修改、合并、发布、分发、转授许可和/或出售该软件副本，以及允许被配发了本软件的人这样做的权利，须在下列条件下： +> 特此免费授予任何获得本软件副本和相关文档文件（下称“软件”）的人不受限制地处置该软件的权利，包括不受限制地使用、复制、修改、合并、发布、分发、转授许可和/或出售该软件副本，以及再授权被配发了本软件的人如上的权利，须在下列条件下： > > 上述版权声明和本许可声明应包含在该软件的所有副本或实质成分中。 > @@ -116,13 +116,13 @@ MIT 许可证的实质是许可证（你猜对了）。一般来说，许可证 > to deal in the Software without restriction, -> 不受限制地处置该软件， +> 不受限制地处置该软件的权利， 从被许可人的角度来看，这是 MIT 许可证中最重要的七个字。主要的法律问题就是因侵犯版权而被起诉，和因侵犯专利而被起诉。无论是版权法还是专利法都没有将 “处置to deal in” 作为一个术语，它在法庭上没有特定的含义。因此，任何法庭在裁决许可人和被许可人之间的纠纷时，都会询问当事人对这一措辞的含义和理解。法庭将看到的是，该措辞有意宽泛和开放。它为被许可人提供了一个强有力的论据，反对许可人提出的任何主张 —— 即他们不允许被许可人使用该软件做那件特定的事情，即使在授予许可证时双方都没有明显想到。 > including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, -> 包括不受限制地使用、复制、修改、合并、发布、分发、转授许可和/或出售该软件副本，以及允许被配发了本软件的人这样做的权利， +> 包括不受限制地使用、复制、修改、合并、发布、分发、转授许可和/或出售该软件副本，以及再授权被配发了本软件的人如上的权利， 没有一篇法律是完美的、“意义上完全确定”、或明确无误的。小心那些假装不然的人。这是 MIT 许可证中最不完美的部分。主要有三个问题： From ccb2d7159422c951340c05b00d18cf2b38d7b1bd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sat, 6 Mar 2021 22:50:29 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 119/309] PRF&PUB @bestony https://linux.cn/article-13180-1.html --- .../20160921 lawyer The MIT License, Line by Line.md | 8 +++++--- 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) rename {translated/talk => published}/20160921 lawyer The MIT License, Line by Line.md (99%) diff --git a/translated/talk/20160921 lawyer The MIT License, Line by Line.md b/published/20160921 lawyer The MIT License, Line by Line.md similarity index 99% rename from translated/talk/20160921 lawyer The MIT License, Line by Line.md rename to published/20160921 lawyer The MIT License, Line by Line.md index 28aebc7d87..8679330528 100644 --- a/translated/talk/20160921 lawyer The MIT License, Line by Line.md +++ b/published/20160921 lawyer The MIT License, Line by Line.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (bestony) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-13180-1.html) [#]: subject: (lawyer The MIT License, Line by Line) [#]: via: (https://writing.kemitchell.com/2016/09/21/MIT-License-Line-by-Line.html) [#]: author: (Kyle E. Mitchell https://kemitchell.com/) @@ -10,6 +10,8 @@ 逐行解读 MIT 许可证 ====== +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/202103/06/224509d0zt70ctxtt7iibo.png) + > 每个程序员都应该明白的 171 个字。 [MIT 许可证][1] 是世界上最流行的开源软件许可证。以下是它的逐行解读。 @@ -48,7 +50,7 @@ * **许可证授予**：“特此授予 …” * **授予范围**：“… 处置软件 …” * **条件**：“… 须在 …” - * **归属和通知**：“上述 … 应包含在 …” + * **归因和声明**：“上述 … 应包含在 …” * **免责声明**：“本软件是‘如此’提供的 …” * **责任限制**：“在任何情况下 …” From ba40c326397523a9536087243b3b022c42794a1a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sat, 6 Mar 2021 23:29:58 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 120/309] PUB @wxy https://linux.cn/article-13181-1.html --- ...5 Tweaks to Customize the Look of Your Linux Terminal.md | 6 ++++-- 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20210204 5 Tweaks to Customize the Look of Your Linux Terminal.md (98%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20210204 5 Tweaks to Customize the Look of Your Linux Terminal.md b/published/20210204 5 Tweaks to Customize the Look of Your Linux Terminal.md similarity index 98% rename from translated/tech/20210204 5 Tweaks to Customize the Look of Your Linux Terminal.md rename to published/20210204 5 Tweaks to Customize the Look of Your Linux Terminal.md index 93d541c487..6170252cc3 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20210204 5 Tweaks to Customize the Look of Your Linux Terminal.md +++ b/published/20210204 5 Tweaks to Customize the Look of Your Linux Terminal.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (wxy) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-13181-1.html) [#]: subject: (5 Tweaks to Customize the Look of Your Linux Terminal) [#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/customize-linux-terminal/) [#]: author: (Ankush Das https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/) @@ -10,6 +10,8 @@ 定制你的 Linux 终端外观的 5 项调整 ====== +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/202103/06/232911eg4g65gp4g2ww24u.jpg) + 终端仿真器（或简称终端）是任何 Linux 发行版中不可或缺的一部分。 当你改变发行版的主题时，往往终端也会自动得到改造。但这并不意味着你不能进一步定制终端。 From e33dbe6c53e92ab92ad5d06e692aac384437f989 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: stevenzdg988 <3442417@qq.com> Date: Sat, 6 Mar 2021 23:39:37 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 121/309] Translated by stevenzdg988 --- .../tech/20190221 Testing Bash with BATS.md | 107 +++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 52 insertions(+), 55 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190221 Testing Bash with BATS.md b/sources/tech/20190221 Testing Bash with BATS.md index 1499b811e7..9b704bed95 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190221 Testing Bash with BATS.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190221 Testing Bash with BATS.md @@ -7,23 +7,23 @@ [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/2/testing-bash-bats) [#]: author: (Darin London https://opensource.com/users/dmlond) -Testing Bash with BATS +利用 BATS 测试 Bash ====== -The Bash Automated Testing System puts Bash code through the same types of testing processes used by Java, Ruby, and Python developers. +Bash 自动测试系统通过 Java，Ruby 和 Python 开发人员所使用的相同类型的测试进程来提交 Bash 代码。 ![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/todo_checklist_team_metrics_report.png?itok=oB5uQbzf) -Software developers writing applications in languages such as Java, Ruby, and Python have sophisticated libraries to help them maintain their software's integrity over time. They create tests that run applications through a series of executions in structured environments to ensure all of their software's aspects work as expected. +用Java，Ruby和Python等语言编写应用程序的软件开发人员拥有完善的库，可以帮助他们随着时间的推移保持软件的完整性。他们创建测试，以在结构化环境中通过一系列执行来运行应用程序，以确保其所有软件方面均按预期工作。 -These tests are even more powerful when they're automated in a continuous integration (CI) system, where every push to the source repository causes the tests to run, and developers are immediately notified when tests fail. This fast feedback increases developers' confidence in the functional integrity of their applications. +当这些测试在持续集成（CI）系统中自动化时甚至会更加健壮，在这种情况下，每次推送到源知识库都会使测试运行，并且在测试失败时会立即通知开发人员。这种快速反馈提高了开发人员对其应用程序功能完整性的信心。 -The Bash Automated Testing System ([BATS][1]) enables developers writing Bash scripts and libraries to apply the same practices used by Java, Ruby, Python, and other developers to their Bash code. +Bash 自动测试系统（[BATS][1]）使开发人员能够编写 Bash 脚本和库，以将Java，Ruby，Python 和其他开发人员所使用的相同惯例应用于其 Bash 代码。 -### Installing BATS +### 安装 BATS -The BATS GitHub page includes installation instructions. There are two BATS helper libraries that provide more powerful assertions or allow overrides to the Test Anything Protocol ([TAP][2]) output format used by BATS. These can be installed in a standard location and sourced by all scripts. It may be more convenient to include a complete version of BATS and its helper libraries in the Git repository for each set of scripts or libraries being tested. This can be accomplished using the **[git submodule][3]** system. +BATS GitHub 页面包含安装指令。有两个 BATS 帮助程序函数库，它们提供更强大的断言或允许使用 BATS 重写 Test Anything Protocol(测试协议)([TAP][2])输出格式。可以将它们安装在标准位置，并由所有脚本提供。在 Git 知识库中包含完整版本的 BATS 及其帮助函数库对于要测试的每组脚本或函数库可能会更实用。这可以使用 **[git submodule][3]** (git 子模块)系统来完成。 -The following commands will install BATS and its helper libraries into the **test** directory in a Git repository. +以下命令会将 BATS 及其帮助函数库安装到 Git 知识库中的 **test** 目录中。 ``` git submodule init @@ -34,16 +34,16 @@ git add . git commit -m 'installed bats' ``` -To clone a Git repository and install its submodules at the same time, use the -**\--recurse-submodules** flag to **git clone**. +要克隆 Git 知识库并同时安装其子模块，请使用 +**\-recurse-submodules** 为 **git clone** 标记。 -Each BATS test script must be executed by the **bats** executable. If you installed BATS into your source code repo's **test/libs** directory, you can invoke the test with: +每个 BATS 测试脚本必须由 **bats** 可执行文件执行。如果您将 BATS 安装到源代码知识库的 **test/libs** 目录中，则可以使用以下命令调用测试： ``` ./test/libs/bats/bin/bats ``` -Alternatively, add the following to the beginning of each of your BATS test scripts: +或者，将以下内容添加到每个 BATS 测试脚本的开头： ``` #!/usr/bin/env ./test/libs/bats/bin/bats @@ -51,19 +51,19 @@ load 'libs/bats-support/load' load 'libs/bats-assert/load' ``` -and **chmod +x **. This will a) make them executable with the BATS installed in **./test/libs/bats** and b) include these helper libraries. BATS test scripts are typically stored in the **test** directory and named for the script being tested, but with the **.bats** extension. For example, a BATS script that tests **bin/build** should be called **test/build.bats**. +并且执行命令 **chmod +x <测试脚本的路径>**。 这将 a) 使它们与安装在 **./test/libs/bats** 中的 BATS 可执行，并且 b) 包括这些帮助函数库。BATS 测试脚本通常存储在 **test** 目录中，并为要测试的脚本命名，扩展名为 **.bats**。例如，测试 **bin/build** 的 BATS 脚本应称为 **test/build.bats**。 -You can also run an entire set of BATS test files by passing a regular expression to BATS, e.g., **./test/lib/bats/bin/bats test/*.bats**. +您还可以通过正则表达式传递给 BATS 来运行整套 BATS 测试文件，例如 **./test/lib/bats/bin/bats test/*.bats**。 -### Organizing libraries and scripts for BATS coverage +### 为 BATS 组织函数库和脚本的重写范围 -Bash scripts and libraries must be organized in a way that efficiently exposes their inner workings to BATS. In general, library functions and shell scripts that run many commands when they are called or executed are not amenable to efficient BATS testing. +Bash 脚本和库必须以一种有效地将其内部工作暴露给 BATS 的方式进行组织。通常，在调用或执行时库函数和运行诸多命令的 Shell 脚本不适合进行有效的 BATS 测试。 -For example, [build.sh][4] is a typical script that many people write. It is essentially a big pile of code. Some might even put this pile of code in a function in a library. But it's impossible to run a big pile of code in a BATS test and cover all possible types of failures it can encounter in separate test cases. The only way to test this pile of code with sufficient coverage is to break it into many small, reusable, and, most importantly, independently testable functions. +例如，[build.sh][4] 是许多人编写的典型脚本。本质上是一大堆代码。有些人甚至可能将这堆代码放入库中的函数中。但是，不可能在 BATS 测试中运行大量代码并涵盖在单独的测试用例中可能遇到的所有类型的故障。测试具有足够重写范围的这堆代码的唯一方法是将其分解为许多小的，可重用的，最重要的是可独立测试的功能。 -It's straightforward to add more functions to a library. An added benefit is that some of these functions can become surprisingly useful in their own right. Once you have broken your library function into lots of smaller functions, you can **source** the library in your BATS test and run the functions as you would any other command to test them. +向库添加更多功能(函数)很简单。额外的好处是其中一些功能本身可以变得出奇的有用。将库函数分解为许多较小的函数后，您可以在 BATS 测试中 **source** 库，并像测试任何其他命令一样运行这些函数。 -Bash scripts must also be broken down into multiple functions, which the main part of the script should call when the script is executed. In addition, there is a very useful trick to make it much easier to test Bash scripts with BATS: Take all the code that is executed in the main part of the script and move it into a function, called something like **run_main**. Then, add the following to the end of the script: +Bash 脚本还必须分解为多个函数，执行脚本时，脚本的主要部分应调用这些函数。此外，还有一个非常有用的技巧，可以使使用 BATS 测试 Bash 脚本变得更加容易：将脚本主要部分中执行的所有代码都移到一个函数中，称为 **run_main**。然后，将以下内容添加到脚本的末尾： ``` if [[ "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}" == "${0}" ]] @@ -72,11 +72,11 @@ then fi ``` -This bit of extra code does something special. It makes the script behave differently when it is executed as a script than when it is brought into the environment with **source**. This trick enables the script to be tested the same way a library is tested, by sourcing it and testing the individual functions. For example, here is [build.sh refactored for better BATS testability][5]. +这段额外的代码做了一些特殊的事情。它使脚本当作为脚本执行时与使用 **source** 进入环境时的行为有所不同。此技巧使通过与测试库相同的方式测试脚本和测试各个函数功能成为可能。例如，利用脚本 [build.sh 重构以获得更好的 BATS 可测试性][5]。 -### Writing and running tests +### 编写和运行测试 -As mentioned above, BATS is a TAP-compliant testing framework with a syntax and output that will be familiar to those who have used other TAP-compliant testing suites, such as JUnit, RSpec, or Jest. Its tests are organized into individual test scripts. Test scripts are organized into one or more descriptive **@test** blocks that describe the unit of the application being tested. Each **@test** block will run a series of commands that prepares the test environment, runs the command to be tested, and makes assertions about the exit and output of the tested command. Many assertion functions are imported with the **bats** , **bats-assert** , and **bats-support** libraries, which are loaded into the environment at the beginning of the BATS test script. Here is a typical BATS test block: +如上所述，BATS 是一个 TAP 兼容测试框架，其语法和输出对于使用过其他 TAP 兼容测试套件（例如 JUnit，RSpec 或 Jest）的用户来说将是熟悉的。它的测试被组织进各个测试脚本。测试脚本被组织进一个或多个描述性 **@test** 块中，它们描述了被测试应用程序的单元。每个 **@test** 块都将运行一系列准备测试环境命令，运行要测试的命令，并对退出和被测试命令的输出进行断言。许多断言函数是通过 **bats** , **bats-assert** , 和 **bats-support** 库导入的，这些库在 BATS 测试脚本的开头加载到环境中。下面是一个典型的 BATS 测试块： ``` @test "requires CI_COMMIT_REF_SLUG environment variable" { @@ -88,9 +88,9 @@ As mentioned above, BATS is a TAP-compliant testing framework with a syntax and } ``` -If a BATS script includes **setup** and/or **teardown** functions, they are automatically executed by BATS before and after each test block runs. This makes it possible to create environment variables, test files, and do other things needed by one or all tests, then tear them down after each test runs. [**Build.bats**][6] is a full BATS test of our newly formatted **build.sh** script. (The **mock_docker** command in this test will be explained below, in the section on mocking/stubbing.) +如果 BATS 脚本包含 **setup(安装)** 和/或 **teardown(拆卸)** 功能，则 BATS 将在每个测试块运行之前和之后自动执行它们。这样就可以创建环境变量，测试文件以及执行一个或所有测试所需的其他操作，然后在每次测试运行后将其拆卸。[**Build.bats**][6] 是对我们新格式化的 **build.sh** 脚本的完整 BATS 测试。（此测试中的 **mock_docker** 命令将在以下关于模拟/桩的部分中进行说明。） -When the test script runs, BATS uses **exec** to run each **@test** block as a separate subprocess. This makes it possible to export environment variables and even functions in one **@test** without affecting other **@test** s or polluting your current shell session. The output of a test run is a standard format that can be understood by humans and parsed or manipulated programmatically by TAP consumers. Here is an example of the output for the **CI_COMMIT_REF_SLUG** test block when it fails: +当测试脚本运行时，BATS 使用 **exec** 来将每个 **@test** 块作为单独的子进程运行。这样就可以在一个 **@test** 中导出环境变量甚至函数，而不会影响其他 **@test** 或污染您当前的 Shell 会话。测试运行的输出是一种标准格式，可以被人理解，并且可以由 TAP 用户以编程方式进行解析或操作。下面是 **CI_COMMIT_REF_SLUG** 测试块失败时的输出示例： ```  ✗ requires CI_COMMIT_REF_SLUG environment variable @@ -112,17 +112,17 @@ When the test script runs, BATS uses **exec** to run each **@test** block as a s 1 test, 1 failure ``` -Here is the output of a successful test: +下面是成功测试的输出： ``` ✓ requires CI_COMMIT_REF_SLUG environment variable ``` -### Helpers +### 助手 -Like any shell script or library, BATS test scripts can include helper libraries to share common code across tests or enhance their capabilities. These helper libraries, such as **bats-assert** and **bats-support** , can even be tested with BATS. +像任何 Shell 脚本或库一样，BATS 测试脚本可以包括帮助程序库，以在测试之间共享通用代码或增强其性能。这些帮助程序库，例如 **bats-assert** 和 **bats-support** 甚至可以使用 BATS 进行测试。 -Libraries can be placed in the same test directory as the BATS scripts or in the **test/libs** directory if the number of files in the test directory gets unwieldy. BATS provides the **load** function that takes a path to a Bash file relative to the script being tested (e.g., **test** , in our case) and sources that file. Files must end with the prefix **.bash** , but the path to the file passed to the **load** function can't include the prefix. **build.bats** loads the **bats-assert** and **bats-support** libraries, a small **[helpers.bash][7]** library, and a **docker_mock.bash** library (described below) with the following code placed at the beginning of the test script below the interpreter magic line: +如果测试目录中的文件数量庞大，则可以将库放置在同一测试目录中作为 BATS 脚本，也可以将它们放置在 **test/libs** 目录中。BATS 提供了 **load** 函数，该函数采用相对于要测试的脚本的 Bash 文件的路径（例如，在我们的示例中的 **test**），并声明该文件。文件必须以前缀 **.bash** 结尾，但是传递给 **load** 函数的文件路径不能包含前缀。**build.bats** 加载 **bats-assert** 和 **bats-support** 库，一个小型 **[helpers.bash][7]** 库以及 **docker_mock.bash** 库（如下所述），以下代码位于解释器调谐线下方的测试脚本的开头： ``` load 'libs/bats-support/load' @@ -131,18 +131,18 @@ load 'helpers' load 'docker_mock' ``` -### Stubbing test input and mocking external calls +### 测试输入桩和模拟外部调用 -The majority of Bash scripts and libraries execute functions and/or executables when they run. Often they are programmed to behave in specific ways based on the exit status or output ( **stdout** , **stderr** ) of these functions or executables. To properly test these scripts, it is often necessary to make fake versions of these commands that are designed to behave in a specific way during a specific test, a process called "stubbing." It may also be necessary to spy on the program being tested to ensure it calls a specific command, or it calls a specific command with specific arguments, a process called "mocking." For more on this, check out this great [discussion of mocking and stubbing][8] in Ruby RSpec, which applies to any testing system. +大多数 Bash 脚本和库运行时执行函数和(或)可执行文件。通常，它们被程序化为基于特定方式运行退出状态或这些函数或可执行文件的输出（**stdout**，**stderr**）。为了正确地测试这些脚本，通常需要制作这些命令的伪版本，这些被设计用来在特定测试过程中以特定方式运行，称为“桩(桩？)”。可能还需要监视正在测试的程序，以确保其调用了特定命令，或者使用特定参数调用了特定命令，此过程称为“模拟”。有关更多信息，请查看在 Ruby RSpec 中适用于任何测试系统的伟大的 [有关模拟和桩的讨论][8]。 -The Bash shell provides tricks that can be used in your BATS test scripts to do mocking and stubbing. All require the use of the Bash **export** command with the **-f** flag to export a function that overrides the original function or executable. This must be done before the tested program is executed. Here is a simple example that overrides the **cat** executable: +Bash shell 提供了的技巧，可以在您的 BATS 测试脚本中使用进行模拟和桩。所有这些都需要使用带有 **-f** 标志的 Bash **export** 命令来导出重写原始函数或可执行文件的函数。必须在测试程序执行之前完成此操作。下面是重写可执行命令 **cat** 的简单示例： ``` function cat() { echo "THIS WOULD CAT ${*}" } export -f cat ``` -This method overrides a function in the same manner. If a test needs to override a function within the script or library being tested, it is important to source the tested script or library before the function is stubbed or mocked. Otherwise, the stub/mock will be replaced with the actual function when the script is sourced. Also, make sure to stub/mock before you run the command you're testing. Here is an example from **build.bats** that mocks the **raise** function described in **build.sh** to ensure a specific error message is raised by the login fuction: +此方法以相同的方式重写函数。如果测试需要重写要测试的脚本或库中的函数，则在对函数进行桩或模拟之前，必须先声明已测试脚本或库，这一点很重要。否则，在声明脚本时，桩/模拟将被原函数替代。另外，在运行即将进行的测试命令之前确认桩/模拟。下面是**build.bats**的示例，该示例模拟**build.sh**中描述的**raise**函数，以确保利用登录函数引发特定的错误消息： ``` @test ".login raises on oc error" { @@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ This method overrides a function in the same manner. If a test needs to override } ``` -Normally, it is not necessary to unset a stub/mock function after the test, since **export** only affects the current subprocess during the **exec** of the current **@test** block. However, it is possible to mock/stub commands (e.g. **cat** , **sed** , etc.) that the BATS **assert** * functions use internally. These mock/stub functions must be **unset** before these assert commands are run, or they will not work properly. Here is an example from **build.bats** that mocks **sed** , runs the **build_deployable** function, and unsets **sed** before running any assertions: +一般情况下，没有必要在测试后复原桩/模拟功能，因为 **export**（输出）仅在当前 **@test** 块的 **exec**（执行）期间影响当前子进程。但是，可以模拟/桩 BATS **assert** 函数在内部使用的命令（例如**cat**，**sed**等）是可能的。在运行这些断言命令之前，必须对这些模拟/桩函数进行 **unset**（复原） ，否则它们将无法正常工作。下面是 **build.bats** 中的一个示例，该示例模拟 **sed**，运行 **build_deployable** 函数并在运行任何断言之前复原 **sed**： ``` @test ".build_deployable prints information, runs docker build on a modified Dockerfile.production and publish_image when its not a dry_run" { @@ -185,17 +185,15 @@ Normally, it is not necessary to unset a stub/mock function after the test, sinc } ``` -Sometimes the same command, e.g. foo, will be invoked multiple times, with different arguments, in the same function being tested. These situations require the creation of a set of functions: +有的时候相同的命令，例如 `foo`，将在被测试的同一函数中使用不同的参数多次调用。 这些情况需要创建一组函数： - * mock_foo: takes expected arguments as input, and persists these to a TMP file - * foo: the mocked version of the command, which processes each call with the persisted list of expected arguments. This must be exported with export -f. - * cleanup_foo: removes the TMP file, for use in teardown functions. This can test to ensure that a @test block was successful before removing. + * mock_foo：将期望的参数作为输入，并将其持久化到 TMP 文件中 + * foo：命令的模拟版本，该命令使用持久化的预期参数列表处理每个调用。必须使用 `export -f` 将其导出。 + * cleanup_foo：删除 TMP 文件，用于拆卸函数。这可以进行测试以确保在删除之前成功完成 `@test` 块。 +由于此功能通常在不同的测试中重复使用，因此创建可以像其他库一样加载的帮助程序库会变得有意义。 - -Since this functionality is often reused in different tests, it makes sense to create a helper library that can be loaded like other libraries. - -A good example is **[docker_mock.bash][9]**. It is loaded into **build.bats** and used in any test block that tests a function that calls the Docker executable. A typical test block using **docker_mock** looks like: +**[docker_mock.bash][9]**是一个很棒的例子。它被加载到 **build.bats** 中，并在任何测试调用 Docker 可执行文件的函数的测试块中使用。使用 **docker_mock** 典型的测试块如下所示： ``` @test ".publish_image fails if docker push fails" { @@ -214,30 +212,29 @@ A good example is **[docker_mock.bash][9]**. It is loaded into **build.bats** an } ``` -This test sets up an expectation that Docker will be called twice with different arguments. With the second call to Docker failing, it runs the tested command, then tests the exit status and expected calls to Docker. +该测试建立了一个使用不同的参数两次调用 Docker 的预期。在对Docker 的第二次调用失败时，将运行测试命令，然后测试退出状态和对 Docker 调用的预期。 -One aspect of BATS introduced by **mock_docker.bash** is the **${BATS_TMPDIR}** environment variable, which BATS sets at the beginning to allow tests and helpers to create and destroy TMP files in a standard location. The **mock_docker.bash** library will not delete its persisted mocks file if a test fails, but it will print where it is located so it can be viewed and deleted. You may need to periodically clean old mock files out of this directory. +一方面 BATS 利用 **mock_docker.bash** 引入 **${BATS_TMPDIR}** 环境变量，BATS 在测试开始的位置对其进行了设置，以允许测试和助手程序在标准位置创建和销毁 TMP 文件。如果测试失败，**mock_docker.bash** 库将不会删除其持久化的模拟文件，但会在其所在位置进行打印，以便可以查看和删除它。您可能需要定期从该目录中清除旧的模拟文件。 -One note of caution regarding mocking/stubbing: The **build.bats** test consciously violates a dictum of testing that states: [Don't mock what you don't own!][10] This dictum demands that calls to commands that the test's developer didn't write, like **docker** , **cat** , **sed** , etc., should be wrapped in their own libraries, which should be mocked in tests of scripts that use them. The wrapper libraries should then be tested without mocking the external commands. +请注意关于模拟/桩的警告：**build.bats** 测试有意识地违反了关于测试声明的规定：[不要模拟没有拥有的！][10]该规定要求调用开发人员没有编写代码的测试命令，例如 **docker**，**cat**，**sed**等，应封装在自己的库中，应在使用它们脚本的测试中对其进行模拟。然后应该在不模拟外部命令的情况下测试封装库。 -This is good advice and ignoring it comes with a cost. If the Docker CLI API changes, the test scripts will not detect this change, resulting in a false positive that won't manifest until the tested **build.sh** script runs in a production setting with the new version of Docker. Test developers must decide how stringently they want to adhere to this standard, but they should understand the tradeoffs involved with their decision. +这是一个很好的建议，而忽略它是有代价的。如果 Docker CLI API 发生变化，则测试脚本将不会检测到此变化，从而导致一个错误内容直到经过测试的 **build.sh** 脚本在使用新版本 Docker 的生产环境中运行后才显示出来。测试开发人员必须确定要严格遵守此标准的程度，但是他们应该了解其所涉及的权衡。 -### Conclusion +### 总结 -Introducing a testing regime to any software development project creates a tradeoff between a) the increase in time and organization required to develop and maintain code and tests and b) the increased confidence developers have in the integrity of the application over its lifetime. Testing regimes may not be appropriate for all scripts and libraries. +在任何软件开发项目中引入测试方案都会在 a）增加开发和维护代码及测试所需的时间和组织与 b）增加开发人员在对应用程序整个生命周期中完整性的信心之间进行权衡。测试方案可能不适用于所有脚本和库。 -In general, scripts and libraries that meet one or more of the following should be tested with BATS: +通常，满足以下一个或多个条件的脚本和库才可以使用 BATS 测试： - * They are worthy of being stored in source control - * They are used in critical processes and relied upon to run consistently for a long period of time - * They need to be modified periodically to add/remove/modify their function * They are used by others + * 值得存储在源代码管理中 + * 用于关键进程中，并可以长期稳定运行 + * 需要定期对其进行修改以添加/删除/修改其函数 + * 可以被其他人使用 +一旦决定将测试规则应用于一个或多个 Bash 脚本或库，BATS 将提供其他软件开发环境中可用的全面测试功能。 - -Once the decision is made to apply a testing discipline to one or more Bash scripts or libraries, BATS provides the comprehensive testing features that are available in other software development environments. - -Acknowledgment: I am indebted to [Darrin Mann][11] for introducing me to BATS testing. +致谢：感激[Darrin Mann][11]向我引荐了 BATS 测试。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- From 1e0850a31b468bf377bb22709b580db97c46deff Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: stevenzdg988 <3442417@qq.com> Date: Sat, 6 Mar 2021 23:51:01 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 122/309] Translated --- {sources => translated}/tech/20190221 Testing Bash with BATS.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {sources => translated}/tech/20190221 Testing Bash with BATS.md (100%) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190221 Testing Bash with BATS.md b/translated/tech/20190221 Testing Bash with BATS.md similarity index 100% rename from sources/tech/20190221 Testing Bash with BATS.md rename to translated/tech/20190221 Testing Bash with BATS.md From 9d8eace2fba720f84fbf7593f47ef312baecaca7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sun, 7 Mar 2021 00:20:28 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 123/309] PRF&PUB @geekpi https://linux.cn/article-13182-1.html --- ...stall the Latest Erlang on Ubuntu Linux.md | 33 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 17 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20210228 How to Install the Latest Erlang on Ubuntu Linux.md (63%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20210228 How to Install the Latest Erlang on Ubuntu Linux.md b/published/20210228 How to Install the Latest Erlang on Ubuntu Linux.md similarity index 63% rename from translated/tech/20210228 How to Install the Latest Erlang on Ubuntu Linux.md rename to published/20210228 How to Install the Latest Erlang on Ubuntu Linux.md index 239090e9b3..57d06c19bb 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20210228 How to Install the Latest Erlang on Ubuntu Linux.md +++ b/published/20210228 How to Install the Latest Erlang on Ubuntu Linux.md @@ -3,16 +3,18 @@ [#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/) [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-13182-1.html) -如何在 Ubuntu Linux 上安装最新的 Erlang？ +如何在 Ubuntu Linux 上安装最新的 Erlang ====== -[Erlang][1] 是一种用于构建大规模可扩展实时系统的函数式编程语言。Erlang 最初是由[爱立信][2]创建的专有软件，后来被开源。 +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/202103/07/001753blfwcg2gc2c2lcgl.jpg) -Erlang 在 [Ubuntu 的 Universe 仓库][3]中可用。启用该仓库后，你可以使用下面的命令轻松安装它： +[Erlang][1] 是一种用于构建大规模可扩展实时系统的函数式编程语言。Erlang 最初是由 [爱立信][2] 创建的专有软件，后来被开源。 + +Erlang 在 [Ubuntu 的 Universe 仓库][3] 中可用。启用该仓库后，你可以使用下面的命令轻松安装它： ``` sudo apt install erlang @@ -20,36 +22,35 @@ sudo apt install erlang ![][4] -但是，_**Ubuntu 仓库提供的 Erlang 版本可能不是最新的**_。 +但是，*Ubuntu 仓库提供的 Erlang 版本可能不是最新的*。 - -如果你想要 _**Ubuntu 上最新的 Erlang 版本**_，你可以添加 [Erlang Solutions 提供的][5]仓库。它们为各种 Linux 发行版、Windows 和 macOS 提供了预编译的二进制文件。 +如果你想要 Ubuntu 上最新的 Erlang 版本，你可以添加 [Erlang Solutions 提供的][5]仓库。它们为各种 Linux 发行版、Windows 和 macOS 提供了预编译的二进制文件。 如果你之前安装了一个名为 `erlang` 的包，那么它将会被升级到由添加的仓库提供的较新版本。 ### 在 Ubuntu 上安装最新版本的 Erlang -你需要[在 Linux 终端下载密钥文件][6]。你可以使用 wget 工具，所以请确保你已经安装了它： +你需要[在 Linux 终端下载密钥文件][6]。你可以使用 `wget` 工具，所以请确保你已经安装了它： ``` sudo apt install wget ``` -接下来，使用 wget 下载 Erlang Solution 仓库的 GPG 密钥，并将其添加到你的 apt 打包系统中。添加了密钥后，你的系统就会信任来自该仓库的包。 +接下来，使用 `wget` 下载 Erlang Solution 仓库的 GPG 密钥，并将其添加到你的 apt 打包系统中。添加了密钥后，你的系统就会信任来自该仓库的包。 ``` wget -O- https://packages.erlang-solutions.com/ubuntu/erlang_solutions.asc | sudo apt-key add - ``` -现在，你应该在你的 APT sources.list.d 目录下为 Erlang 添加一个文件，这个文件将包含有关仓库的信息，APT 包管理器将使用它来获取包和未来的更新。 +现在，你应该在你的 APT `sources.list.d` 目录下为 Erlang 添加一个文件，这个文件将包含有关仓库的信息，APT 包管理器将使用它来获取包和未来的更新。 -**对于 Ubuntu 20.04（和Ubuntu 20.10）**，使用以下命令： +对于 Ubuntu 20.04（和 Ubuntu 20.10），使用以下命令： ``` echo "deb https://packages.erlang-solutions.com/ubuntu focal contrib" | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/erlang-solution.list ``` -我知道上面的命令提到了 focal（适用于 Ubuntu 20.04），但它也适用于 Ubuntu 20.10 groovy。 +我知道上面的命令提到了 Ubuntu 20.04 focal，但它也适用于 Ubuntu 20.10 groovy。 对于 **Ubuntu 18.04**，使用以下命令： @@ -73,7 +74,7 @@ sudo apt install erlang ![][7] -要退出 Erlang shell，使用 Ctrl+g，然后输入 q，由于我从来没有用过 Erlang，所以我只好尝试了一些按键，然后发现做法。 +要退出 Erlang shell，使用 `Ctrl+g`，然后输入 `q`，由于我从来没有用过 Erlang，所以我只好尝试了一些按键，然后发现了操作方法。 #### 删除 erlang @@ -104,7 +105,7 @@ via: https://itsfoss.com/install-erlang-ubuntu/ 作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 846f5033b82a1ad947330b0b4b87e4e0d489b049 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Sun, 7 Mar 2021 05:05:32 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 124/309] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020210307=20?= =?UTF-8?q?How=20to=20Install=20Nvidia=20Drivers=20on=20Linux=20Mint=20[Be?= =?UTF-8?q?ginner=E2=80=99s=20Guide]?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20210307 How to Install Nvidia Drivers on Linux Mint -Beginner-s Guide.md --- ...Drivers on Linux Mint -Beginner-s Guide.md | 201 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 201 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20210307 How to Install Nvidia Drivers on Linux Mint -Beginner-s Guide.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210307 How to Install Nvidia Drivers on Linux Mint -Beginner-s Guide.md b/sources/tech/20210307 How to Install Nvidia Drivers on Linux Mint -Beginner-s Guide.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..2a9a7650f4 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20210307 How to Install Nvidia Drivers on Linux Mint -Beginner-s Guide.md @@ -0,0 +1,201 @@ +[#]: subject: (How to Install Nvidia Drivers on Linux Mint [Beginner’s Guide]) +[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/nvidia-linux-mint/) +[#]: author: (Ankush Das https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +How to Install Nvidia Drivers on Linux Mint [Beginner’s Guide] +====== + +[Linux Mint][1] is a fantastic Ubuntu-based Linux distribution that aims to make it easy for newbies to experience Linux by minimizing the learning curve. + +Not just limited to being one of the [best beginner-friendly Linux distros][2], it also does a [few things better than Ubuntu][3]. Of course, if you’re using Linux Mint like I do, you’re probably already aware of it. + +We have many beginner-focused Mint tutorials on It’s FOSS. Recently some readers requested help with Nvidia drivers with Linux Mint and hence I came up with this article. + +I have tried to mention different methods with a bit of explaining what’s going on and what you are doing in these steps. + +But before that, you should know this: + + * Nvidia has two categories of drivers. Open source drivers called Nouveau and proprietary drivers from Nvidia itself. + * Most of the time, Linux distributions install the open source Nouveau driver and you can manually enable the proprietary drivers. + * Graphics drivers are tricky things. For some systems, Nouveau works pretty well while for some it could create issues like blank screen or poor display. You may switch to proprietary drivers in such cases. + * The proprietary driver from Nvidia has different version numbers like 390, 450, 460. The higher the number, the more recent is the driver. I’ll show you how to change between them in this tutorial. + * If you are opting for proprietary drivers, you should go with the latest one unless you encounter some graphics issue. In those cases, opt for an older version of the driver and see if that works fine for you. + + + +Now that you have some familiarity with the terms, let’s see how to go about installing Nvidia drivers on Linux Mint. + +### How to Install Nvidia Drivers on Linux Mint: The Easy Way (Recommended) + +Linux Mint comes baked in with a [Driver Manager][4] which easily lets you choose/install a driver that you need for your hardware using the GUI. + +By default, you should see the open-source [xserver-xorg-video-nouveau][5] driver for Nvidia cards installed, and it works pretty well until you start playing a high-res video or want to play a [game on Linux][6]. + +So, to get the best possible experience, proprietary drivers should be preferred. + +You should get different proprietary driver versions when you launch the Driver Manager as shown in the image below: + +![][7] + +Basically, the higher the number, the latest driver it is. At the time of writing this article, driver **version 460** was the latest recommendation for my Graphics Card. You just need to select the driver version and hit “**Apply Changes**“. + +Once done, all you need to do is just reboot your system and if the driver works, you should automatically get the best resolution image and the refresh rate depending on your monitor for the display. + +For instance, here’s how it looks for me (while it does not detect the correct size of the monitor): + +![][8] + +#### Troubleshooting tips + +Depending on your card, the list would appear to be different. So, **what driver version should you choose?** Here are some pointers for you: + + * The latest drivers should ensure compatibility with the latest games and should technically offer better performance overall. Hence, it is the recommended solution. + * If the latest driver causes issues or fails to work, choose the next best offering. For instance, version 460 didn’t work, so I tried applying driver version 450, and it worked! + + + +Initially, in my case (**Linux Mint 20.1** with **Linux Kernel 5.4**), the latest driver 460 version did not work. Technically, it was successfully installed but did not load up every time I booted. + +**What to do if drivers fail to load at boot** + +_How do you know when it does not work?_ You will boot up with a low-resolution screen, and you will be unable to tweak the resolution or the refresh rate of the monitor. + +It will also inform you about the same in the form of an error: + +![][9] + +Fortunately, a solution from [Linux Mint’s forum][10] solved it for me. Here’s what you need to do: + +1\. Access the modules file using the command: + +``` +xed admin:///etc/modules +``` + +2\. You’ll be prompted to authenticate the access with your account password. Once done, you just need to add the following lines at the bottom: + +``` +nvidia +nvidia-drm +nvidia-modeset +``` + +Here’s what it looks like: + +![][11] + +If that doesn’t work, you can launch the Driver Manager and opt for another version of Nvidia driver. It’s more of a hit and try. + +### Install Nvidia Driver Using the Terminal (Special Use-Cases) + +For some reasons, if you are not getting the latest drivers for your Graphics Card using the Driver Manager, opting for the terminal method could help. + +It may not be the safest way to do it, but I did not have any issues installing the latest Nvidia driver 460 version. + +I’ll always recommend sticking to the Driver Manager app unless you have your reasons. + +To get started, first you have to check the available drivers for your GPU. Type in the following command to get the list: + +``` +ubuntu-drivers devices +``` + +Here’s how it looks in my case: + +![][12] + +**non-free** refers to the proprietary drivers and **free** points at the open-source nouveau Nvidia drivers. + +As mentioned above, usually, it is preferred to try installing the recommended driver. In order to do that, you just type in: + +``` +sudo ubuntu-drivers autoinstall +``` + +If you want something specific, type in: + +``` +sudo apt install nvidia-driver-450 +``` + +You just have to replace “**450**” with the driver version that you want and it will install the driver in the same way that you install an application via the terminal. + +Once installed, you just need to restart the system or type it in the terminal: + +``` +reboot +``` + +**To check the Nvidia driver version and verify the installation, you can type the following command in the terminal:** + +``` +nvidia-smi +``` + +Here’s how it may look like: + +![][13] + +To remove the driver and its associated dependencies, simply mention the exact version of the driver: + +``` +sudo apt remove nvidia-driver-450 +sudo apt autoremove +``` + +And, simply reboot. It should fallback to use the open-source nouveau driver. + +install the open-source driver using the following command and then reboot to revert to the default open-source driver: + +``` +sudo apt install xserver-xorg-video-nouveau +``` + +### Installing Nvidia Drivers using the .run file from Official Website (Time Consuming/Not Recommended) + +Unless you want the latest version of the driver from the official website or just want to experiment the process, you can opt to download the file (.run) and install it. + +To proceed, you need to first disable the X server and then install the Nvidia driver which could turn out to be troublesome and risky. + +You can follow the [official documentation][14] if you want to explore this method, but you may not need it at all. + +### Wrapping Up + +While it’s easy to install Nvidia drivers in Linux Mint, occasionally, you might find something that does not work for your hardware. + +If one driver version does not work, I’d suggest you to try other available versions for your Graphics Card and stick to the one that works. Unless you’re gaming and want the latest software/hardware compatibility, you don’t really need the latest Nvidia drivers installed. + +Feel free to share your experiences with installing Nvidia drivers on Linux Mint in the comments down below. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/nvidia-linux-mint/ + +作者：[Ankush Das][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://linuxmint.com/ +[2]: https://itsfoss.com/best-linux-beginners/ +[3]: https://itsfoss.com/linux-mint-vs-ubuntu/ +[4]: https://github.com/linuxmint/mintdrivers +[5]: https://nouveau.freedesktop.org/ +[6]: https://itsfoss.com/linux-gaming-guide/ +[7]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/linux-mint-driver-manager.jpg?resize=800%2C548&ssl=1 +[8]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/linux-mint-display-settings.jpg?resize=800%2C566&ssl=1 +[9]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/linux-mint-no-driver.jpg?resize=593%2C299&ssl=1 +[10]: https://forums.linuxmint.com/viewtopic.php?p=1895521#p1895521 +[11]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/etc-modules-nvidia.jpg?resize=800%2C587&ssl=1 +[12]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/linux-mint-device-drivers-list.jpg?resize=800%2C506&ssl=1 +[13]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/nvidia-smi.jpg?resize=800%2C556&ssl=1 +[14]: https://download.nvidia.com/XFree86/Linux-x86_64/440.82/README/installdriver.html From 19304133c514dee5346d3dcbaf5d0ada2144317d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Sun, 7 Mar 2021 05:05:56 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 125/309] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020210306=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Manage=20containers=20on=20Raspberry=20Pi=20with=20this=20open?= =?UTF-8?q?=20source=20tool?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20210306 Manage containers on Raspberry Pi with this open source tool.md --- ...Raspberry Pi with this open source tool.md | 284 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 284 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20210306 Manage containers on Raspberry Pi with this open source tool.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210306 Manage containers on Raspberry Pi with this open source tool.md b/sources/tech/20210306 Manage containers on Raspberry Pi with this open source tool.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..8b31abd533 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20210306 Manage containers on Raspberry Pi with this open source tool.md @@ -0,0 +1,284 @@ +[#]: subject: (Manage containers on Raspberry Pi with this open source tool) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/3/bastille-raspberry-pi) +[#]: author: (Peter Czanik https://opensource.com/users/czanik) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +Manage containers on Raspberry Pi with this open source tool +====== +Create and maintain your containers (aka jails) at scale on FreeBSD with +Bastille. +![Parts, modules, containers for software][1] + +Containers became widely popular because of Docker on Linux, but there are [much earlier implementations][2], including the [jail][3] system on FreeBSD. A container is called a "jail" in FreeBSD terminology. The jail system was first released in FreeBSD 4.0 way back in 2000, and it has continuously improved since. While 20 years ago it was used mostly on large servers, now you can run it on your Raspberry Pi. + +### Jails vs. containers on Linux + +Container development took a very different path on FreeBSD than on Linux. On FreeBSD, containerization was developed as a strict security feature in the late '90s for virtual hosting and its flexibility grew over the years. Limiting a container's computing resources was not part of the original concept; this was added later. + +When I started to use jails in production in 2001, it was quite painful. I had to prepare my own scripts to automate working with them. + +On the Linux side, there were quite a few attempts at containerization, including [lxc][4]. + +Docker brought popularity, accessibility, and ease of use to containers. There are now many other tools on Linux (for example, I prefer to use [Podman on my laptop][5]). And Kubernetes allows you to work with containers at really large scale. + +[Bastille][6] is one of several tools available in [FreeBSD ports][7] to manage jails. It is comparable to Docker or Podman and allows you to create and maintain jails at scale instead of manually. It has a template system to automatically install and configure applications within jails, similar to Dockerfile. It also supports advanced FreeBSD functionality, like ZFS or VNET. + +### Install FreeBSD on Raspberry Pi + +Installing [BSD on Raspberry Pi][8] is pretty similar to installing Linux. You download a compressed image from the FreeBSD website and `dd` it to an SD card. You can also use a dedicated image writer tool; there are many available for all operating systems (OS). Download and write an image from the command line with: + + +``` +wget +xzcat FreeBSD-13.0-BETA1-arm64-aarch64-RPI.img.xz | dd of=/dev/XXX +``` + +That writes the latest beta image available for 64-bit Raspberry Pi boards; check the [download page][9] if you use another Raspberry Pi board or want to use another build. Replace `XXX` with your SD card's device name, which depends on your OS and how the card connects to your machine. I purposefully did not use a device name so that you won't overwrite anything if you just copy and paste the instructions mindlessly. I did that and was lucky to have a recent backup of my laptop, but it was _not_ a pleasant experience. + +Once you've written the SD card, put it in your Raspberry Pi and boot it. The first boot takes a bit longer than usual; I suspect the partition sizes are being adjusted to the SD card's size. After a while, you will receive the familiar login prompt on a good old text-based screen. The username is **root**, and the password is the same as the user name. The SSH server is enabled by default, but don't worry; the root user cannot log in. It is still a good idea to change the password to something else. The network is automatically configured by DHCP for the Ethernet connection (I did not test WiFi). + +The easiest way to configure Bastille on the system is to SSH into Raspberry Pi and copy and paste the commands and configuration in this article. You have a couple of options, depending on how much you care about industry best practices or are willing to treat it as a test system. You can either enable root login in the SSHD configuration (scary, but this is what I did at first) or create a regular user that can log in remotely. In the latter case, make sure that the user is part of the "wheel" group so that it can use `su -` to become root and use Bastille: + + +``` +root@generic:~ # adduser +Username: czanik +Full name: Peter Czanik +Uid (Leave empty for default): +Login group [czanik]: +Login group is czanik. Invite czanik into other groups? []: wheel +Login class [default]: +Shell (sh csh tcsh bash rbash git-shell nologin) [sh]: bash +Home directory [/home/czanik]: +Home directory permissions (Leave empty for default): +Use password-based authentication? [yes]: +Use an empty password? (yes/no) [no]: +Use a random password? (yes/no) [no]: +Enter password: +Enter password again: +Lock out the account after creation? [no]: +Username   : czanik +Password   : ***** +Full Name  : Peter Czanik +Uid        : 1002 +Class      : +Groups     : czanik wheel +Home       : /home/czanik +Home Mode  : +Shell      : /usr/local/bin/bash +Locked     : no +OK? (yes/no): yes +adduser: INFO: Successfully added (czanik) to the user database. +Add another user? (yes/no): no +Goodbye! +``` + +The fifth line adds the user to the wheel group. Note that you might have a different list of shells on your system, and Bash is not part of the base system. Install Bash before adding the user: + + +``` +`pkg install bash` +``` + +PKG needs to bootstrap itself on the first run, so invoking the command takes a bit longer this time. + +### Get started with Bastille + +Managing jails with the tools in the FreeBSD base system is possible—but not really convenient. Using a tool like Bastille can simplify it considerably. It is not part of the base system, so install it: + + +``` +`pkg install bastille` +``` + +As you can see from the command's output, Bastille has no external dependencies. It is a shell script that relies on commands in the FreeBSD base system (with an exception I'll note later when explaining templates). + +If you want to start your containers on boot, enable Bastille: + + +``` +`sysrc bastille_enable="YES"` +``` + +Start with a simple use case. Many people use containers to install different development tools in different containers to avoid conflicts or simplify their environments. For example, no sane person wants to install Python 2 on a brand-new system—but you might need to run an ancient script every once in a while. So, create a jail for Python 2. + +Before creating your first jail, you need to bootstrap a FreeBSD release and configure networking. Just make sure that you bootstrap the same or an older release than the host is running. For example: + + +``` +`bastille bootstrap 12.2-RELEASE` +``` + +It downloads and extracts this release under the `/usr/local/bastille` directory structure. + +Networking can be configured in many different ways using Bastille. One option that works everywhere—on your local machine and in the cloud—is using cloned interfaces. This allows jails to use an internal network that does not interfere with the external network. Configure and start this internal network: + + +``` +sysrc cloned_interfaces+=lo1 +sysrc ifconfig_lo1_name="bastille0" +service netif cloneup +``` + +With this network setup, services in your jails are not accessible from the outside network, nor can they reach outside. You need forward ports from your host's external interface to the jails and to enable network access translation (NAT). Bastille integrates with BSD's [PF firewall][10] for this task. The following `pf.conf` configures the PF firewall such that Bastille can add port forwarding rules to the firewall dynamically: + + +``` +ext_if="ue0" + +set block-policy return +scrub in on $ext_if all fragment reassemble +set skip on lo + +table <jails> persist +nat on $ext_if from <jails> to any -> ($ext_if) + +rdr-anchor "rdr/*" + +block in all +pass out quick modulate state +antispoof for $ext_if inet +pass in inet proto tcp from any to any port ssh flags S/SA modulate state +``` + +You also need to enable and start PF for these rules to take effect. Note that if you work through an SSH connection, starting PF will terminate your connection, and you will need to log in again: + + +``` +sysrc pf_enable="YES" +service pf restart +``` + +### Create your first jail + +To create a jail, Bastille needs a few parameters. First, it needs a name for the jail you're creating. It is an important parameter, as you will always refer to a jail by its name. I chose the name of the most famous Hungarian jail for the most elite criminals, but in real life, jail names often refer to the jail's function, like `syslogserver`. You also need to set the FreeBSD release you're using and an internet protocol (IP) address. I used a random `10.0.0.0/8` IP address range, but if your internal network already uses addresses from that, then using the `192.168.0.0/16` is probably a better idea: + + +``` +`bastille create csillag 12.2-RELEASE 10.17.89.51` +``` + +Your new jail should be up and running within a few seconds. It is a complete FreeBSD base system without any extra packages. So install some packages, like my favorite text editor, inside the jail: + + +``` +root@generic:~ # bastille pkg csillag install joe +[csillag]: +Updating FreeBSD repository catalogue... +FreeBSD repository is up to date. +All repositories are up to date. +The following 1 package(s) will be affected (of 0 checked): + +New packages to be INSTALLED: +        joe: 4.6,1 + +Number of packages to be installed: 1 + +The process will require 2 MiB more space. +442 KiB to be downloaded. + +Proceed with this action? [y/N]: y +[csillag] [1/1] Fetching joe-4.6,1.txz: 100%  442 KiB 452.5kB/s    00:01     +Checking integrity... done (0 conflicting) +[csillag] [1/1] Installing joe-4.6,1... +[csillag] [1/1] Extracting joe-4.6,1: 100% +``` + +You can install multiple packages at the same time. Install Python 2, Bash, and Git: + + +``` +`bastille pkg csillag install bash python2 git` +``` + +Now you can start working in your new, freshly created jail. There are no network services installed in it, but you can reach it through its console: + + +``` +root@generic:~ # bastille console csillag +[csillag]: +root@csillag:~ # python2 +Python 2.7.18 (default, Feb  2 2021, 01:53:44) +[GCC FreeBSD Clang 10.0.1 ([git@github.com][11]:llvm/llvm-project.git llvmorg-10.0.1- on freebsd12 +Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information. +>>> +root@csillag:~ # logout + +root@generic:~ # +``` + +### Work with templates + +The previous example manually installed some packages inside a jail. Setting up jails manually is no fun, even if Bastille makes it easy. Templates make the process even easier; they are similar to Dockerfiles but not entirely the same concept. You bootstrap templates for Bastille just like FreeBSD releases and then apply them to jails. When you apply a template, it will install the necessary packages and change configurations as needed. + +To use templates, you need to install Git on the host: + + +``` +`pkg install git` +``` + +For example, to bootstrap the `syslog-ng` template, use: + + +``` +`bastille bootstrap https://gitlab.com/BastilleBSD-Templates/syslog-ng` +``` + +Create a new jail, apply the template, and redirect an external port to it: + + +``` +bastille create alcatraz 12.2-RELEASE 10.17.89.50 +bastille template alcatraz BastilleBSD-Templates/syslog-ng +bastille rdr alcatraz tcp 514 514 +``` + +To test the new service within the jail, use telnet to connect port 514 of your host and enter some random text. Use the `tail` command within your jail to see what you just entered: + + +``` +root@generic:~ # tail /usr/local/bastille/jails/alcatraz/root/var/log/messages +Feb  6 03:57:27 alcatraz sendmail[3594]: gethostbyaddr(10.17.89.50) failed: 1 +Feb  6 04:07:13 alcatraz syslog-ng[1186]: Syslog connection accepted; fd='23', client='AF_INET(192.168.1.126:50104)', local='AF_INET(0.0.0.0:514)' +Feb  6 04:07:18 192.168.1.126 this is a test +Feb  6 04:07:20 alcatraz syslog-ng[1186]: Syslog connection closed; fd='23', client='AF_INET(192.168.1.126:50104)', local='AF_INET(0.0.0.0:514)' +``` + +Since I'm a [syslog-ng][12] evangelist, I used the syslog-ng template in my example, but there are many more available. Check the full list of [Bastille templates][13] to learn about them. + +### What's next? + +I hope that this article inspires you to try FreeBSD and Bastille on your Raspberry Pi. It was just enough information to get you started; to learn about all of Bastille's cool features—like auditing your jails for vulnerabilities and updating software within them—in the [documentation][14]. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/21/3/bastille-raspberry-pi + +作者：[Peter Czanik][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/czanik +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/containers_modules_networking_hardware_parts.png?itok=rPpVj92- (Parts, modules, containers for software) +[2]: https://opensource.com/article/18/1/history-low-level-container-runtimes +[3]: https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/jails/ +[4]: https://opensource.com/article/18/11/behind-scenes-linux-containers +[5]: https://opensource.com/article/18/10/podman-more-secure-way-run-containers +[6]: https://bastillebsd.org/ +[7]: https://www.freebsd.org/ports/ +[8]: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/netbsd-raspberry-pi +[9]: https://www.freebsd.org/where/ +[10]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PF_(firewall) +[11]: mailto:git@github.com +[12]: https://www.syslog-ng.com/ +[13]: https://gitlab.com/BastilleBSD-Templates/ +[14]: https://bastille.readthedocs.io/en/latest/ From 4358e25c9a5b2265ada39a94a07b1f6a40030cfb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Sun, 7 Mar 2021 05:06:18 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 126/309] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020210305=20?= =?UTF-8?q?5=20surprising=20things=20you=20can=20do=20with=20LibreOffice?= =?UTF-8?q?=20from=20the=20command=20line?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20210305 5 surprising things you can do with LibreOffice from the command line.md --- ... with LibreOffice from the command line.md | 186 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 186 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20210305 5 surprising things you can do with LibreOffice from the command line.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210305 5 surprising things you can do with LibreOffice from the command line.md b/sources/tech/20210305 5 surprising things you can do with LibreOffice from the command line.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..8c0e941d7a --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20210305 5 surprising things you can do with LibreOffice from the command line.md @@ -0,0 +1,186 @@ +[#]: subject: (5 surprising things you can do with LibreOffice from the command line) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/3/libreoffice-command-line) +[#]: author: (Don Watkins https://opensource.com/users/don-watkins) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +5 surprising things you can do with LibreOffice from the command line +====== +Convert, print, protect, and do more with your files directly from the +command line. +![hot keys for shortcuts or features on computer keyboard][1] + +LibreOffice has all the productivity features you'd want from an office software suite, making it a popular open source alternative to Microsoft Office or Google Suite. One of LibreOffice's powers is the ability to operate from the command line. For example, Seth Kenlon recently explained how he uses a global [command-line option to convert multiple files][2] from DOCX to EPUB with LibreOffice. His article inspired me to share some other LibreOffice command-line tips and tricks. + +Before we look at some hidden features of LibreOffice commands, you need to understand how to use options with applications. Not all applications accept options (aside from the basics like the `--help` option, which works in most Linux applications). + + +``` +`$ libreoffice --help` +``` + +This returns descriptions of other options LibreOffice accepts. Some applications don't have many options, but LibreOffice has a few screens worth, so there's plenty to play with. + +That said, here are five useful things you can do with LibreOffice at the terminal to make the software even more useful. + +### 1\. Customize your launch options + +You can modify how you launch LibreOffice. For instance, if you want to open just LibreOffice's word processor component: + + +``` +`$ libreoffice --writer  #starts the word processor` +``` + +You can open its other components similarly: + + +``` +$ libreoffice --calc  #starts the Calc document +$ libreoffice --draw  #starts an empty Draw document +$ libreoffice --web  #starts and empty HTML document +``` + +You also can access specific help files from the command line: + + +``` +`$ libreoffice --helpwriter` +``` + +![LibreOffice Writer help][3] + +(Don Watkins, [CC BY-SA 4.0][4]) + +Or if you need help with the spreadsheet application: + + +``` +`$ libreoffice --helpcalc` +``` + +You can start LibreOffice without the splash screen: + + +``` +`$ libreoffice --writer --nologo` +``` + +You can even have it launch minimized in the background while you finish working in your current window: + + +``` +`$ libreoffice --writer --minimized` +``` + +### 2\. Open a file in read-only mode + +You can open files in read-only mode using `--view` to prevent accidentally making and saving changes to an important file: + + +``` +`$ libreoffice --view example.odt` +``` + +### 3\. Open a document as a template + +Have you ever created a document to use as a letterhead or invoice form? LibreOffice has a rich built-in template system, but you can make any document a template with the `-n` option: + + +``` +`$ libreoffice --writer -n example.odt` +``` + +Your document will open in LibreOffice and you can make changes to it, but you won't overwrite the original file when you save it. + +### 4\. Convert documents + +When you need to do a small task like converting a file to a new format, it can take as long for the application to launch as it takes to do the task. The solution is the `--headless` option, which executes LibreOffice processes without launching the graphical user interface. + +For example, converting a document to EPUB is a pretty simple task in LibreOffice—but it's even easier with the `libreoffice` command: + + +``` +`$ libreoffice --headless --convert-to epub example.odt` +``` + +Using wildcards means you can convert dozens of documents at once: + + +``` +`$ libreoffice --headless --convert-to epub *.odt` +``` + +You can convert files to several formats, including PDF, HTML, DOC, DOCX, EPUB, plain text, and many more. + +### 5\. Print from the terminal + +You can print LibreOffice documents from the command line without opening the application: + + +``` +`$ libreoffice --headless -p example.odt` +``` + +This option prints to the default printer without opening LibreOffice; it just sends the document to your printer. + +To print all the files in a directory: + + +``` +`$ libreoffice -p *.odt` +``` + +(More than once, I've issued this command and then run out of paper, so make sure you have enough paper loaded in your printer before you start.) + +You can also print files to PDF. There's usually no difference between this and using the `--convert-to-pdf` option but it's easy to remember: + + +``` +`$ libreoffice --print-to-file example.odt --headless` +``` + +### Bonus: Flatpak and command options + +If you installed LibreOffice as a [Flatpak][5], all of these command options work, but you have to pass them through Flatpak. Here's an example: + + +``` +`$ flatpak run org.libreoffice.LibreOffice --writer` +``` + +It's a lot more verbose than a local install, so you might be inspired to [write a Bash alias][6] to make it easier to interact with LibreOffice directly. + +### Surprising terminal options + +Find out how you can extend the power of LibreOffice from the command line by consulting the man pages: + + +``` +`$ man libreoffice` +``` + +Were you aware that LibreOffice had such a rich set of command-line options? Have you discovered other options that nobody else seems to know about? Share them in the comments! + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/21/3/libreoffice-command-line + +作者：[Don Watkins][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/don-watkins +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/shortcut_command_function_editing_key.png?itok=a0sEc5vo (hot keys for shortcuts or features on computer keyboard) +[2]: https://opensource.com/article/21/2/linux-workday +[3]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/libreoffice-help.png (LibreOffice Writer help) +[4]: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ +[5]: https://www.libreoffice.org/download/flatpak/ +[6]: https://opensource.com/article/19/7/bash-aliases From b76472cc2d36529d6428fe571a79568cfd8344f1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Sun, 7 Mar 2021 05:06:38 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 127/309] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020210305=20?= =?UTF-8?q?5=20useful=20Moodle=20plugins=20to=20engage=20students?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20210305 5 useful Moodle plugins to engage students.md --- ...seful Moodle plugins to engage students.md | 105 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 105 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20210305 5 useful Moodle plugins to engage students.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210305 5 useful Moodle plugins to engage students.md b/sources/tech/20210305 5 useful Moodle plugins to engage students.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..9e504c2cec --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20210305 5 useful Moodle plugins to engage students.md @@ -0,0 +1,105 @@ +[#]: subject: (5 useful Moodle plugins to engage students) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/3/moodle-plugins) +[#]: author: (Sergey Zarubin https://opensource.com/users/sergey-zarubin) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +5 useful Moodle plugins to engage students +====== +Use plugins to give your e-learning platform new capabilities that +motivate students. +![Person reading a book and digital copy][1] + +A good e-learning platform is important for education all over the world. Teachers need a way to hold classes, students need a friendly user interface to facilitate learning, and administrators need a way to monitor the educational system's effectiveness. + +Moodle is an open source software package that allows you to create a private website with interactive online courses. It's helping people gather virtually, teach and learn from one another, and stay organized while doing it. + +What makes Moodle unique is its high usability that can significantly increase with third-party solutions. If you visit the [Moodle plugins directory][2], you'll find over 1,700 plugins developed by the open source community. + +Picking the best plugins for your learners might be a challenge with so many choices. To help get you started, here my top five plugins to add to your e-learning platform. + +### Level up! + +![Level up Moodle plugin][3] + +Level up! Source:  + +Motivating and engaging learners is one of the most difficult tasks for educators. The [Level up plugin][4] allows you to gamify the learning experience by attributing points to students for completing actions and allowing them to show progress and level up. This encourages your students to compete in a healthy atmosphere and be better learners. + +What's more, you can take total control over the points your students earn, and they can unlock content when they reach a certain level. All of these features are available for free. If you are ready to pay, you can buy some extra functionality, such as individual rewards and team leaderboards. + +### BigBlueButton + +![BigBlueButton Moodle plugin][5] + +BigBlueButton. Source:  + +[BigBlueButton][6] is probably the most well-known Moodle plugin. This open source videoconferencing solution allows educators to engage remote students with live online classes and group collaboration activities. It offers important features such as real-time screen sharing, audio and video calls, chat, emojis, and breakout rooms. This plugin also allows you to record your live sessions. + +BigBlueButton enables you to create multiple activity links within any course, restrict your students from joining a session until you join, create a custom welcome message, manage your recordings, and more. All in all, BigBlueButton has everything you need to teach and participate in online classes. + +### ONLYOFFICE + +![ONLYOFFICE Moodle plugin][7] + +ONLYOFFICE. Source:  + +The [ONLYOFFICE plugin][8] allows learners and educators to create and edit text documents, spreadsheets, and presentations right in their browser. Without installing any additional apps, they can work with .docx, .xlsx, .pptx, .txt, and .csv files attached to their courses; open .pdf files for viewing; and apply advanced formatting and objects including autoshapes, tables, charts, equations, and more. + +Moreover, ONLYFFICE makes it possible to co-edit documents in real time, which means several users can simultaneously work on the same document. Different permission rights (full access, commenting, reviewing, read-only, and form filling) make it easier to manage access to your documents flexibly. + +### Global Chat + +![Global Chat Moodle plugin][9] + +Global Chat. Source:  + +The [Global Chat plugin][10] allows educators and learners to communicate in real time via Moodle. The plugin provides a list of all the users in your courses, and when you click a user's name, it opens a chat window at the bottom of the page so that you can communicate. + +With this easy-to-use tool, you don't need to open a separate window to start an online conversation. You can change between web pages, and your conversations will always remain open. + +### Custom certificate + +![Custom certificate Moodle plugin][11] + +Custom certificate. Source:  + +Another effective way to engage students is to offer certificates as a reward for course completion. The promise of a completion certificate helps keep students on track and committed to their training. + +The [Custom certificate plugin][12] allows you to generate fully customizable PDF certificates in your web browser. Importantly, the plugin is compatible with GDPR requirements, and the certificates have unique verification codes, so you can use them for authentic accreditation. + +### Oodles of Moodle plugins + +These are my top five favorite Moodle plugins. You can try them out by [signing up for an account][13] on Moodle.org, or you can host your own installation (or talk to your systems administrator or IT staff to set one up for you). + +If these plugins aren't the right options for your learning goals, take a look at the many other plugins available. If you find a good one, leave a comment and tell everyone about it! + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/21/3/moodle-plugins + +作者：[Sergey Zarubin][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/sergey-zarubin +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/read_book_guide_tutorial_teacher_student_apaper.png?itok=_GOufk6N (Person reading a book and digital copy) +[2]: https://moodle.org/plugins/ +[3]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/gamification.png (Level up Moodle plugin) +[4]: https://moodle.org/plugins/block_xp +[5]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/bigbluebutton.png (BigBlueButton Moodle plugin) +[6]: https://moodle.org/plugins/mod_bigbluebuttonbn +[7]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/onlyoffice_editors.png (ONLYOFFICE Moodle plugin) +[8]: https://github.com/logicexpertise/moodle-mod_onlyoffice +[9]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/global_chat.png (Global Chat Moodle plugin) +[10]: https://moodle.org/plugins/block_gchat +[11]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/certificate.png (Custom certificate Moodle plugin) +[12]: https://moodle.org/plugins/mod_customcert +[13]: https://moodle.com/getstarted/ From 0ffb3b9aec5afddbe7ff763fd045119c26cb72c9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Sun, 7 Mar 2021 05:07:03 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 128/309] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020210305=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Build=20a=20printer=20UI=20for=20Raspberry=20Pi=20with=20XML=20?= =?UTF-8?q?and=20Java?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20210305 Build a printer UI for Raspberry Pi with XML and Java.md --- ...r UI for Raspberry Pi with XML and Java.md | 282 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 282 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20210305 Build a printer UI for Raspberry Pi with XML and Java.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210305 Build a printer UI for Raspberry Pi with XML and Java.md b/sources/tech/20210305 Build a printer UI for Raspberry Pi with XML and Java.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..7e9be8dfd0 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20210305 Build a printer UI for Raspberry Pi with XML and Java.md @@ -0,0 +1,282 @@ +[#]: subject: (Build a printer UI for Raspberry Pi with XML and Java) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/3/raspberry-pi-totalcross) +[#]: author: (Edson Holanda Teixeira Junior https://opensource.com/users/edsonhtj) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +Build a printer UI for Raspberry Pi with XML and Java +====== +TotalCross makes it quick to build user interfaces for embedded +applications. +![Tips and gears turning][1] + +Creating a GUI from scratch is a very time consuming process, dealing with all the positions and alignments in hard code can be really tough for some programmers. In this article, I demonstrate how to speed up this process using XML. + +This project uses [TotalCross][2] as the target framework. TotalCross is an open source, cross-platform software development kit (SDK) developed to create GUIs for embedded devices faster. TotalCross provides Java's development benefits without needing to run Java on a device because it uses its own bytecode and virtual machine (TC bytecode and TCVM) for performance enhancement. + +I also use Knowcode-XML, an open source XML parser for the TotalCross framework, which converts XML files into TotalCross components. + +### Project requirements + +To reproduce this project, you need: + + * [KnowCode-XML][3] + * [VSCode][4] [or VSCodium][5] + * [An Android development environment][6] + * [TotalCross plugin for VSCode][7] + * Java 11 or greater for your development platform ([Linux][8], [Mac][9], or [Windows][10]) + * [Git][11] + + + +### Building the embedded application + +This application consists of an embedded GUI with basic print functionalities, such as scan, print, and copy. + +![printer init screen][12] + +(Edson Holanda Teixeira Jr, [CC BY-SA 4.0][13]) + +Several steps are required to create this GUI, including generating the GUI with Android-XML and then using the Knowcode-XML parser to run it on the TotalCross Framework. + +#### 1\. Generate the Android XML + +For creating the XML file, first create a simple Android screen, and then customize it. If you don't know how to write Android-XM, or you just want a headstart, you can download this application’s XML from this [GitHub project][14]. This project also contains the images you need to render the GUI. + +#### 2\. Adjust the XML + +After generating the XML files, you need to make some fine adjustments to make sure everything is aligned, with the right proportions, and has the correct path to the images. + +Add the XML layouts to the **Layouts** folder and all the assets to the **Drawable** folder. Then you can start to customize the XML. + +For example, if you want to change an XML object's background, change the `android:background` attribute: + + +``` +`android:background="@drawable/scan"` +``` + +You can change the object's position with `tools:layout_editor_absoluteX` and `tools:layout_editor_absoluteY`: + + +``` +tools:layout_editor_absoluteX="830dp" +tools:layout_editor_absoluteY="511dp" +``` + +Change the object's size with `android:layout_width` and `android:layout_height`: + + +``` +android:layout_width="70dp" +android:layout_height="70dp" +``` + +If you want to put text on an object, you can use `android:textSize`, `android:text`, `android:textStyle`, and `android:textColor`: + + +``` +android:textStyle="bold" +android:textColor="#000000" +android:textSize="20dp" +android:text="2:45PM" +``` + +Here is an example of a complete XML object: + + +``` +    <ImageButton +           android:id="@+id/ImageButton" +           android:layout_width="70dp" +           android:layout_height="70dp" +           tools:layout_editor_absoluteX="830dp" +           tools:layout_editor_absoluteY="511dp" +           android:background="@drawable/home_config" /> +``` + +#### 3\. Run the GUI on TotalCross + +After you make all the XML adjustments, it's time to run it on TotalCross. Create a new project on the TotalCross extension and add the **XML** and **Drawable** folders to the **Main** folder. If you're not sure how to create a TotalCross project, see our [get started guide][15]. + +After configuring the environment, use `totalcross.knowcode.parse.XmlContainerFactory` and `import totalcross.knowcode.parse.XmlContainerLayout` to use the XML GUI on the TotalCross framework. You can find more information about using KnowCode-XML on its [GitHub page][3]. + +#### 4\. Add transitions + +This project's smooth transition effect is created by the `SlidingNavigator` class, which uses TotalCross' `ControlAnimation` class to slide from one screen to the other. + +Call `SlidingNavigator` on the `XMLpresenter` class: + + +``` +`new SlidingNavigator(this).present(HomePresenter.class);` +``` + +Implement the `present` function on the `SlidingNavigator` class: + + +``` +public void present(Class<? extends XMLPresenter> presenterClass) +         throws [InstantiationException][16], [IllegalAccessException][17] { +      final XMLPresenter presenter = cache.containsKey(presenterClass) ? cache.get(presenterClass) +            : presenterClass.newInstance(); +      if (!cache.containsKey(presenterClass)) { +         cache.put(presenterClass, presenter); +      } + +      if (presenters.isEmpty()) { +         window.add(presenter.content, LEFT, TOP, FILL, FILL); +      } else { +         XMLPresenter previous = presenters.lastElement(); + +         window.add(presenter.content, AFTER, TOP, SCREENSIZE, SCREENSIZE, previous.content); +``` + +`PathAnimation` in animation control creates the sliding animation from one screen to another: + + +``` +         PathAnimation.create(previous.content, -Settings.screenWidth, 0, new ControlAnimation.AnimationFinished() { +            @Override +            public void onAnimationFinished(ControlAnimation anim) { +               window.remove(previous.content); +            } +         }, 1000).with(PathAnimation.create(presenter.content, 0, 0, new ControlAnimation.AnimationFinished() { +            @Override +            public void onAnimation Finished(Control Animation anim) { +               presenter.content.setRect(LEFT, TOP, FILL, FILL); +            } +         }, 1000)).start(); +      } +      presenter.setNavigator(this); +      presenters.push(presenter); +      presenter.bind2(); +      if (presenter.isFirstPresent) { +         presenter.onPresent(); +         presenter.isFirstPresent = false; +      } +``` + +#### 5\. Load spinners + +Another nice feature in the printer application is the loading screen animation that shows progress. It includes text and a spinning animation. + +![Loading Spinner][18] + +(Edson Holanda Teixeira Jr, [CC BY-SA 4.0][13]) + +Implement this feature by adding a timer and a timer listener to update the progress label, then call the function `spinner.start()`. All of the animations are auto-generated by TotalCross and KnowCode: + + +``` +public void startSpinner() { +        time = content.addTimer(500); +        content.addTimerListener((e) -> { +            try { +                progress(); // Updates the Label +            } catch (InstantiationException | IllegalAccessException e1) { +                // TODO Auto-generated catch block +                e1.printStackTrace(); +            } +        }); +        Spinner spinner = (Spinner) ((XmlContainerLayout) content).getControlByID("@+id/spinner"); +        spinner.start(); +    } +``` + +The spinner is instantiated as a reference to the `XmlContainerLayout` spinner described in the XML file: + + +``` +<ProgressBar +android:id="@+id/spinner" +android:layout_width="362dp" +android:layout_height="358dp" +tools:layout_editor_absoluteX="296dp" +tools:layout_editor_absoluteY="198dp" +   android:indeterminateTint="#2B05C7" +style="?android:attr/progressBarStyle" /> +``` + +#### 6\. Build the application + +It's time to build the application. You can see and change the target systems in `pom.xml`. Make sure the **Linux Arm** target is available. + +If you are using VSCode, press **F1** on the keyboard, select **TotalCross: Package** and wait for the package to finish. Then you can see the installation files in the **Target** folder. + +#### 7\. Deploy and run the application on Raspberry Pi + +To deploy the application on a [Raspberry Pi 4][19] with the SSH protocol, press **F1** on the keyboard. Select **TotalCross: Deploy&Run** and provide information about your SSH connection: User, IP, Password, and Application Path. + +![TotalCross: Deploy&Run][20] + +(Edson Holanda Teixeira Jr, [CC BY-SA 4.0][13]) + +![SSH user][21] + +(Edson Holanda Teixeira Jr, [CC BY-SA 4.0][13]) + +![IP address][22] + +(Edson Holanda Teixeira Jr, [CC BY-SA 4.0][13]) + +![Password][23] + +(Edson Holanda Teixeira Jr, [CC BY-SA 4.0][13]) + +![Path][24] + +(Edson Holanda Teixeira Jr, [CC BY-SA 4.0][13]) + +Here's what the application looks like running on the machine. + +### What's next? + +KnowCode makes it easier to create and manage your application screens using Java. Knowcode-XML translates your XML into a TotalCross GUI that in turn generates the binary to run on your Raspberry Pi. + +Combining KnowCode technology with TotalCross enables you to create embedded applications faster. Find out what else you can do by accessing our [embedded samples][25] on GitHub and editing your own application. + +If you have questions, need help, or just want to interact with other embedded GUI developers, feel free to join our [Telegram][26] group to discuss embedded applications on any framework. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/21/3/raspberry-pi-totalcross + +作者：[Edson Holanda Teixeira Junior][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/edsonhtj +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/gears_devops_learn_troubleshooting_lightbulb_tips_520.png?itok=HcN38NOk (Tips and gears turning) +[2]: https://opensource.com/article/20/7/totalcross-cross-platform-development +[3]: https://github.com/TotalCross/knowcode-xml +[4]: https://code.visualstudio.com/ +[5]: https://opensource.com/article/20/6/open-source-alternatives-vs-code +[6]: https://developer.android.com/studio +[7]: https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=totalcross.vscode-totalcross +[8]: https://opensource.com/article/19/11/install-java-linux +[9]: https://opensource.com/article/20/7/install-java-mac +[10]: http://adoptopenjdk.net +[11]: https://opensource.com/life/16/7/stumbling-git +[12]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/01_printergui.png (printer init screen) +[13]: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ +[14]: https://github.com/TotalCross/embedded-samples/tree/main/printer-application/src/main/resources/layout +[15]: https://totalcross.com/get-started/?utm_source=opensource&utm_medium=article&utm_campaign=printer +[16]: http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=allinurl%3Adocs.oracle.com+javase+docs+api+instantiationexception +[17]: http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=allinurl%3Adocs.oracle.com+javase+docs+api+illegalaccessexception +[18]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/03progressspinner.png (Loading Spinner) +[19]: https://www.raspberrypi.org/products/raspberry-pi-4-model-b/ +[20]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/04_totalcross-deployrun.png (TotalCross: Deploy&Run) +[21]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/05_ssh.png (SSH user) +[22]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/06_ip.png (IP address) +[23]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/07_password.png (Password) +[24]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/08_path.png (Path) +[25]: https://github.com/TotalCross/embedded-samples +[26]: https://t.me/totalcrosscommunity From f2ab837d1876a54db7389c8510a8e56cc586b7b2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sun, 7 Mar 2021 23:12:44 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 129/309] PRF @robsean --- ... favorite Windows applications on Linux.md | 54 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 27 insertions(+), 27 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20210220 Run your favorite Windows applications on Linux.md b/translated/tech/20210220 Run your favorite Windows applications on Linux.md index 98755f5e63..bd13635b13 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20210220 Run your favorite Windows applications on Linux.md +++ b/translated/tech/20210220 Run your favorite Windows applications on Linux.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (robsean) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (Run your favorite Windows applications on Linux) @@ -9,70 +9,70 @@ 在 Linux 上运行你最喜欢的 Windows 应用程序 ====== -WINE 是一个开放源文件的项目，它协助很多 Windows 应用程序在 Linux 上运行，就好像它们是本地程序一样。 -![打开文件或窗口的计算机屏幕][1] -在 2021 年，有很多人们比为什么以往更喜欢 Linux 的原因。在这系列中，我将分享使用 Linux 的 21 种的不同原因。这里是如何使用 WINE 来实现从 Windows 到 Linux 的无缝切换。 +> WINE 是一个开源项目，它可以协助很多 Windows 应用程序在 Linux 上运行，就好像它们是原生程序一样。 -你有仅在 Windows 上运行的应用程序吗？是这个应用程序的事情阻碍你切换到 Linux 吗？如果是这样的话，你将会很高兴知道 WINE, 一个开放源文件工程，几乎彻底改造了关键的 Windows 库，以便为 Windows 编译的应用程序可以在 Linux 上运行。 +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/202103/07/231159kwsn2snlilwbs9ns.jpg) -WINE 代表着 "Wine Is Not an Emulator" ，它引用驱动这项技术的代码。开放源文件开发者从 1993 年开始致力将应用程序任何传入的 Windows API调用翻译为 [POSIX][2] 调用。 +在 2021 年，有很多比以往更喜欢 Linux 的原因。在这系列中，我将分享使用 Linux 的 21 种原因。这里是如何使用 WINE 来实现从 Windows 到 Linux 的无缝切换。 -这是一个令人十分惊讶的编程壮举，尤其是考虑到这个项目是独立运行的，没有来自 Microsoft （客观的说）的帮助，但是这里有局限性。一个应用程序偏离 Windows API 的 “内核” 越远，WINE 就越不能预期应用程序的请求。这里有一些供应商可以弥补这一点，尤其是 [Codeweavers][3] 和 [Valve Software][4]。在需要翻译应用程序的制作者和制作翻译的人们和公司之间没有协调配合，因此，在两者之间可能会有一些时间上的滞后，例如，一个更新的软件标题和当它从 [WINE 总部][5] 获得“黄金”身份时。 +你有只能在 Windows 上运行的应用程序吗？那一个应用程序阻碍你切换到 Linux 的唯一因素吗？如果是这样的话，你将会很高兴知道 WINE，这是一个开源项目，它几乎重新发明了关键的 Windows 库，使为 Windows 编译的应用程序可以在 Linux 上运行。 + +WINE 代表着“Wine Is Not an Emulator” ，它指的是驱动这项技术的代码。开源开发者从 1993 年就开始致力将应用程序的任何传入 Windows API 调用翻译为 [POSIX][2] 调用。 + +这是一个令人十分惊讶的编程壮举，尤其是考虑到这个项目是独立运行的，没有来自微软的帮助（至少可以这样说），但是也有局限性。一个应用程序偏离 Windows API 的 “内核” 越远，WINE 就越不能预期应用程序的请求。有一些供应商可以弥补这一点，尤其是 [Codeweavers][3] 和 [Valve Software][4]。在需要翻译应用程序的制作者和翻译的人们及公司之间没有协调配合，因此，比如说一个更新的软件作品和从 [WINE 总部][5] 获得完美适配状态之间可能会有一些时间上的滞后。 然而，如果你想在 Linux 上运行一个著名的 Windows 应用程序，WINE 可能已经为它准备好了可能性。 ### 安装 WINE -你可以从你的 Linux 发行版的软件包存储库中安装 WINE 。在 Fedora ，CentOS Stream ，或 RHEL 系统上： - +你可以从你的 Linux 发行版的软件包存储库中安装 WINE 。在 Fedora、CentOS Stream 或 RHEL 系统上： ``` -`$ sudo dnf install wine` +$ sudo dnf install wine ``` -在 Debian ，Linux Mint ，Elementary 及相似的系统上： - +在 Debian、Linux Mint、Elementary 及相似的系统上： ``` -`$ sudo apt install wine` +$ sudo apt install wine ``` -WINE 不是一个你启动它本身的应用程序。当启动一个 Windows 应用程序时，它是一个被调用的后端。你与 WINE 的第一次交互很可能就发生在你启动一个 Windows 应用程序的安装程序。 +WINE 不是一个你自己启动的应用程序。当启动一个 Windows 应用程序时，它是一个被调用的后端。你与 WINE 的第一次交互很可能就发生在你启动一个 Windows 应用程序的安装程序时。 ### 安装一个应用程序 -[TinyCAD][6] 是一个极好的用于设计电路的开放源文件的应用程序，但是它仅在 Windows 上可用。虽然它是一个小型的应用程序，但是它确实包含一些 .NET 组件，因此应该能对 WINE 进行一些压力测试。 +[TinyCAD][6] 是一个极好的用于设计电路的开源应用程序，但是它仅在 Windows 上可用。虽然它是一个小型的应用程序，但是它确实包含一些 .NET 组件，因此应该能对 WINE 进行一些压力测试。 首先，下载 TinyCAD 的安装程序。Windows 安装程序通常都是这样，它是一个 `.exe` 文件。在下载后，双击文件来启动它。 ![WINE TinyCAD 安装向导][7] -针对 TinyCAD 的 WINE 安装向导 +*TinyCAD 的 WINE 安装向导* -像你在 Windows 上一样逐步a完成安装程序。通常最好接受默认选项，尤其是与 WINE 有关的地方。WINE 环境基本上是独立的，隐藏在你的硬盘驱动器上的一个 **drive_c** 目录中，作为Windows 应用程序使用的一个文件系统的仿真根目录。 +像你在 Windows 上一样逐步完成安装程序。通常最好接受默认选项，尤其是与 WINE 有关的地方。WINE 环境基本上是独立的，隐藏在你的硬盘驱动器上的一个 `drive_c` 目录中，作为 Windows 应用程序使用的一个文件系统的仿真根目录。 -![WINE TinyCAD 安装和明白驱动器][8] +![WINE TinyCAD 安装和目标驱动器][8] -WINE TinyCAD 目标驱动器 +*WINE TinyCAD 目标驱动器* -在它安装后，应用程序通常会为你提供启动器。如果你正准备测试一下它的话，启动应用程序。 +安装完成后，应用程序通常会为你提供启动机会。如果你正准备测试一下它的话，启动应用程序。 -### 启动一个 Windows 应用程序 +### 启动 Windows 应用程序 -除了在安装后的第一次启动外，在正常情况下，你启动一个 WINE 应用程序的方式与你启动一个本地 Linux 应用程序相同。不管你使用一个应用程序菜单或一个 Activities 屏幕或者只是在一个运行器中输入应用程序的名称，在 WINE 中运行的桌面 Windows 应用程序都会被视为在 Linux 上的本地应用程序。 +除了在安装后的第一次启动外，在正常情况下，你启动一个 WINE 应用程序的方式与你启动一个本地 Linux 应用程序相同。不管你使用应用程序菜单、活动屏幕或者只是在运行器中输入应用程序的名称，在 WINE 中运行的桌面 Windows 应用程序都会被视为在 Linux 上的本地应用程序。 ![TinyCAD 使用 WINE 运行][9] -通过 WINE 的支持来运行 TinyCAD +*通过 WINE 的支持来运行 TinyCAD* ### 当 WINE 失败时 -我在 WINE 中的大多数应用程序，包括 TinyCAD ，都能如期运行。不过，也会有意外。在这些情况下，你可以静候几个月来查看 WINE 开发者 (或者，如果它是一款游戏，等候 Valve Software) 是否进行追加修补，或者你可以联系一个像or you can contact a vendor like Codeweavers 这样的供应商来查看他们是否出售对你所需要的应用程序的服务支持。 +我在 WINE 中的大多数应用程序，包括 TinyCAD ，都能如期运行。不过，也会有例外。在这些情况下，你可以等几个月来查看 WINE 开发者 （或者，如果是一款游戏，就等候 Valve Software）是否进行追加修补，或者你可以联系一个像 Codeweavers 这样的供应商来查看他们是否出售对你所需要的应用程序的服务支持。 -### WINE 是作弊的，但是它使用了一种很好的方法。 +### WINE 是种欺骗，但它用于正道 -一些 Linux 用户觉得：如果你使用 WINE 的话，你就是在 Linux 上“作弊”。它可能会让人有这种感觉，但是 WINE 是一个开放源文件的项目，它能够使用户切换到 Linux ，并且仍然能为他们运行工作或爱好所必要的应用程序。如果 WINE 能解决你的问题，并且让你使用 Linux 的话，那么就使用它，并拥抱 Linux 的灵活性。 +一些 Linux 用户觉得：如果你使用 WINE 的话，你就是在“欺骗” Linux。它可能会让人有这种感觉，但是 WINE 是一个开源项目，它使用户能够切换到 Linux ，并且仍然能够运行工作或爱好所需的应用程序。如果 WINE 解决了你的问题，让你使用 Linux，那就使用它，并拥抱 Linux 的灵活性。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/21/2/linux-wine 作者：[Seth Kenlon][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[robsean](https://github.com/robsean) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From cb1d6be20da15e39984cdbfa9ba25cd915171154 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sun, 7 Mar 2021 23:13:14 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 130/309] PUB @robsean https://linux.cn/article-13184-1.html --- ...0210220 Run your favorite Windows applications on Linux.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20210220 Run your favorite Windows applications on Linux.md (98%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20210220 Run your favorite Windows applications on Linux.md b/published/20210220 Run your favorite Windows applications on Linux.md similarity index 98% rename from translated/tech/20210220 Run your favorite Windows applications on Linux.md rename to published/20210220 Run your favorite Windows applications on Linux.md index bd13635b13..4ecc4a59e2 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20210220 Run your favorite Windows applications on Linux.md +++ b/published/20210220 Run your favorite Windows applications on Linux.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (robsean) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-13184-1.html) [#]: subject: (Run your favorite Windows applications on Linux) [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/2/linux-wine) [#]: author: (Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth) From 20096041670e4beae9c1c67e9caa9cafbbd244a2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Mon, 8 Mar 2021 05:05:09 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 131/309] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020210307=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Track=20your=20family=20calendar=20with=20a=20Raspberry=20Pi=20?= =?UTF-8?q?and=20a=20low-power=20display?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20210307 Track your family calendar with a Raspberry Pi and a low-power display.md --- ... a Raspberry Pi and a low-power display.md | 89 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 89 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20210307 Track your family calendar with a Raspberry Pi and a low-power display.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210307 Track your family calendar with a Raspberry Pi and a low-power display.md b/sources/tech/20210307 Track your family calendar with a Raspberry Pi and a low-power display.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..a24fbf4b8d --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20210307 Track your family calendar with a Raspberry Pi and a low-power display.md @@ -0,0 +1,89 @@ +[#]: subject: (Track your family calendar with a Raspberry Pi and a low-power display) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/3/family-calendar-raspberry-pi) +[#]: author: (Javier Pena https://opensource.com/users/jpena) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +Track your family calendar with a Raspberry Pi and a low-power display +====== +Help everyone keep up with your family's schedule using open source +tools and an E Ink display. +![Calendar with coffee and breakfast][1] + +Some families have a complex schedule: the kids have school and afterschool activities, you have important events you want to remember, everyone has multiple appointments, and so forth. While you can keep track of everything using your cellphone and an app, wouldn't it be better to have a large, low-power display at home to show your family's calendar? Meet the E Ink calendar! + +![E Ink calendar][2] + +(Javier Pena, [CC BY-SA 4.0][3]) + +### The hardware + +The calendar started as a holiday project, so I tried to reuse as much as I could. This included a Raspberry Pi 2 that had been unused for too long. I did not have an E Ink display, so I had to buy it. Fortunately, I found a vendor that provided [open source drivers and examples][4] for its Raspberry Pi-ready screen, which is connected using some [GPIO][5] ports. + +My family also wanted to switch between different calendars, and that required some form of input. Instead of adding a USB keyboard, I opted for a simpler solution and bought a 1x4 matrix keypad, similar to the one described in [this article][6]. This allowed me to connect the keypad to some GPIO ports in the Raspberry Pi. + +Finally, I needed a photo frame to house the whole setup. It looks a bit messy on the back, but it gets the job done. + +![Calendar internals][7] + +(Javier Pena, [CC BY-SA 4.0][3]) + +### The software + +I took inspiration from a [similar project][8] and started writing the Python code for my project. I needed to get data from two areas: + + * Weather data, which I got from the [OpenWeather API][9] + * Calendar data; I decided to use the [CalDav standard][10], which lets me connect to a calendar running on my home server + + + +Since I had to wait for some parts to arrive, I used a modular approach for the input and display so that I could debug most of the code without the hardware. The calendar application supports drivers, and I wrote a [Pygame][11] driver to run it on a desktop PC. + +The best part of writing the code was being able to reuse existing open source projects, so accessing the different APIs was easy. I could focus on the user interface—having per-person weekly and everyone daily calendars, allowing calendar selection using the keypad—and I had time to add some extra touches, like custom screen savers for special days. + +![E Ink calendar screensaver][12] + +(Javier Pena, [CC BY-SA 4.0][3]) + +The final integration step was making sure my calendar application would run on startup and be resilient to errors. I used a base [Raspberry Pi OS][13] image and installed the application as a systemd service so that it would survive failures and system restarts. + +Once I finished everything, I uploaded the code [to GitHub][14]. So if you want to create a similar calendar, feel free to have a look and reuse it! + +### The result + +The calendar has become an everyday appliance in our kitchen. It helps us remember our daily activities, and even our kids use it to check their schedule before going to school. + +On a personal note, the project helped me appreciate the _power of open_. Without open source drivers and libraries and open APIs, we would still be organizing our schedule with paper and a pen. Crazy, isn't it? + +Need to keep your schedule straight? Learn how to do it using open source with these free... + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/21/3/family-calendar-raspberry-pi + +作者：[Javier Pena][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/jpena +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/calendar-coffee.jpg?itok=9idm1917 (Calendar with coffee and breakfast) +[2]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/calendar.jpg (E Ink calendar) +[3]: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ +[4]: https://github.com/waveshare/e-Paper +[5]: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/gpio-pins-raspberry-pi +[6]: https://www.instructables.com/1x4-Membrane-Keypad-w-Arduino/ +[7]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/calendar_internals.jpg (Calendar internals) +[8]: https://github.com/zli117/EInk-Calendar +[9]: https://openweathermap.org +[10]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CalDAV +[11]: https://github.com/pygame/pygame +[12]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/calendar_screensaver.jpg (E Ink calendar screensaver) +[13]: https://www.raspberrypi.org/software/ +[14]: https://github.com/javierpena/eink-calendar From 09851c67c557c8052b9989355e3d6dd2c2d00d89 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: frstlist <48125063@qq.com> Date: Mon, 8 Mar 2021 08:49:18 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 132/309] Translating by stevenzdg988 --- .../20201014 Teach a virtual class with Moodle on Linux.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20201014 Teach a virtual class with Moodle on Linux.md b/sources/tech/20201014 Teach a virtual class with Moodle on Linux.md index 065fdeb69d..5a3a25c6b5 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20201014 Teach a virtual class with Moodle on Linux.md +++ b/sources/tech/20201014 Teach a virtual class with Moodle on Linux.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (stevenzdg988) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) @@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/20/10/moodle 作者：[Don Watkins][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +译者：[stevenzdg988](https://github.com/stevenzdg988) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 5d5e43ec15b70c3d85f244f695d94d90f3b944b8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Mon, 8 Mar 2021 08:50:03 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 133/309] translating --- ...tu and Debian-based Linux Distributions.md | 104 ------------------ ...tu and Debian-based Linux Distributions.md | 104 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 104 insertions(+), 104 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20210304 You Can Now Install Official Evernote Client on Ubuntu and Debian-based Linux Distributions.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20210304 You Can Now Install Official Evernote Client on Ubuntu and Debian-based Linux Distributions.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210304 You Can Now Install Official Evernote Client on Ubuntu and Debian-based Linux Distributions.md b/sources/tech/20210304 You Can Now Install Official Evernote Client on Ubuntu and Debian-based Linux Distributions.md deleted file mode 100644 index effd0202d7..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20210304 You Can Now Install Official Evernote Client on Ubuntu and Debian-based Linux Distributions.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,104 +0,0 @@ -[#]: subject: (You Can Now Install Official Evernote Client on Ubuntu and Debian-based Linux Distributions) -[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/install-evernote-ubuntu/) -[#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/) -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) - -You Can Now Install Official Evernote Client on Ubuntu and Debian-based Linux Distributions -====== - -[Evernote][1] is a popular note-taking application. It was a revolutionary product at the time of its launch. Since then, there have been several such application that allow you to save web clippings, notes etc into notebook formats. - -For years, the desktop client of Evernote was not available for Linux. Evernote promised a Linux application some time ago and its beta version is finally available for Ubuntu-based distributions. - -Non-FOSS alert! - -Evernote Linux client is not open source. It’s been covered here because the application is made available on Linux and we cover popular non-foss applications for Linux users from time to time. This helps with regular desktop Linux users. - -### Installing Evernote on Ubuntu and Debian-based Linux distributions - -Go to the following page on Evernote’s website: - -[Evernote Linux Beta Program][2] - -Scroll down a bit to accept the terms and conditions of ‘early testing program’. You’ll see a ‘Install Now’ button appearing on the screen. Click on it to download the DEB file. - -![][3] - -To [install the application from the DEB file][4], double-click on it. It should open the Software Center app and give you the option to install it. - -![][5] - -Once the installation completes, search for Evernote in the system menu and launch it. - -![][6] - -When you start the application for the first time, you’ll need to log in to your Evernote account. - -![][7] - -The first run brings you to the ‘Home screen’ where you can organize your notebooks for even quicker access. - -![][8] - -You may enjoy using Evernote on Linux now. - -### Experiencing the beta version of Evernote Linux client - -There are a few annoyances here and there with the software being in beta. - -As you can notice in the image above, Evernote Linux client detected the [dark mode in Ubuntu][9] and switched to dark theme automatically. However, when I changed the system theme to light or standard, it didn’t change theme application theme immediately. The changes took into effect only after I restarted Evernote app. - -Another issue is about closing the application. If you click on the X button to close the Evernote application, the program goes in background instead of exiting. - -There is an app indicator that seems like a way to launch a minimized Evernote application, like [Skype on Linux][10]. Unfortunately, that’s not the case. It opens the Scratch Pad for you to type a quick note. - -This gives you another [note taking application on Linux][11] but it also presents a problem. There is no option to quit Evernote here. It is only for opening the quick note taking app. - -![][12] - -So, how do you quit the Evernote application? For that, open the Evernote application again. If it is running in the background, search for it in the menu and launch it as if you are opening it afresh. - -When Evernote application is running in the foreground, go to File->Quit Evernote. - -![][13] - -This is something the developers should look to improve in the future versions. - -I also cannot say how will the beta version of the program be updated in the future. It doesn’t add any repository. I just hope that the application itself notifies about the availability of a newer version so that users could download the new DEB file. - -I do NOT have a premium Evernote subscription but still, I could access the saved web articles and notes without internet connection. Strange, right? - -Overall, I am happy to see that Evernote finally made the effort to bring the application to Linux. Now you don’t have to try third-party applications to use Evernote on Linux, at least on Ubuntu and Debian-based distributions. You may, of course, use an [Evernote alternative][14] like [Joplin][15] that are actually open source. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://itsfoss.com/install-evernote-ubuntu/ - -作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://evernote.com/ -[2]: https://evernote.com/intl/en/b1433t1422 -[3]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/evernote-early-access-linux.png?resize=799%2C495&ssl=1 -[4]: https://itsfoss.com/install-deb-files-ubuntu/ -[5]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/install-evernote-linux.png?resize=800%2C539&ssl=1 -[6]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/evernote-ubuntu.jpg?resize=800%2C230&ssl=1 -[7]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/evernote-running-ubuntu.png?resize=800%2C505&ssl=1 -[8]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/evernote-on-ubuntu.png?resize=800%2C537&ssl=1 -[9]: https://itsfoss.com/dark-mode-ubuntu/ -[10]: https://itsfoss.com/install-skype-ubuntu-1404/ -[11]: https://itsfoss.com/note-taking-apps-linux/ -[12]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/evernote-app-indicator.png?resize=800%2C480&ssl=1 -[13]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/quit-evernote-linux.png?resize=799%2C448&ssl=1 -[14]: https://itsfoss.com/5-evernote-alternatives-linux/ -[15]: https://itsfoss.com/joplin/ diff --git a/translated/tech/20210304 You Can Now Install Official Evernote Client on Ubuntu and Debian-based Linux Distributions.md b/translated/tech/20210304 You Can Now Install Official Evernote Client on Ubuntu and Debian-based Linux Distributions.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..50cde6a52d --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20210304 You Can Now Install Official Evernote Client on Ubuntu and Debian-based Linux Distributions.md @@ -0,0 +1,104 @@ +[#]: subject: (You Can Now Install Official Evernote Client on Ubuntu and Debian-based Linux Distributions) +[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/install-evernote-ubuntu/) +[#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +你现在可以在 Ubuntu 和基于 Debian 的 Linux 发行版上安装官方 Evernote 客户端了 +====== + +[Evernote][1] 是一款流行的笔记应用。它在推出时是一个革命性的产品。从那时起，已经有好几个这样的应用，可以将网络剪报、笔记等保存为笔记本格式。 + +多年来，Evernote 的桌面客户端一直没有在 Linux 上使用。前段时间 Evernote 承诺推出 Linux 应用，其测试版终于可以在基于 Ubuntu 的发行版上使用了。 + +非 FOSS 警报！ + +Evernote Linux 客户端不是开源的。之所以在这里介绍它，是因为该应用是在 Linux 上提供的，我们也会不定期地介绍 Linux 用户常用的非 foss 应用。这对普通桌面 Linux 用户有帮助。 + +### 在 Ubuntu 和基于 Debian 的 Linux 发行版上安装 Evernote + +进入下面这个 Evernote 的网站页面： + +[Evernote Linux Beta Program][2] + +向下滚动一点，接受“早期测试计划”的条款和条件。你会看到一个“立即安装”的按钮出现在屏幕上。点击它来下载 DEB 文件。 + +![][3] + +要[从 DEB 文件安装应用][4]，请双击它。它应该会打开软件中心，并给你选择安装它。 + +![][5] + +安装完成后，在系统菜单中搜索 Evernote 并启动它。 + +![][6] + +当你第一次启动应用时，你需要登录到你的 Evernote 账户。 + +![][7] + +第一次运行会带你进入“主页面”，在这里你可以整理你的笔记本，以便更快速地访问。 + +![][8] + +你现在可以享受在 Linux 上使用 Evernote 了。 + +### 体验 Evernote 的 Linux 测试版客户端 + +由于软件处于测试版，因此这里或那里会有些问题。 + +如上图所示，Evernote Linux 客户端检测到 [Ubuntu 中的深色模式][9]并自动切换到深色主题。然而，当我把系统主题改为浅色或标准主题时，它并没有立即改变应用主题。这些变化是在我重启 Evernote 应用后才生效的。 + +另一个问题是关于关闭应用。如果你点击 X 按钮关闭 Evernote，程序会进入后台而不是退出。 + +有一个应用指示器，似乎可以启动最小化的 Evernote，就像 [Linux 上的 Skype][10]。不幸的是，事实并非如此。它打开了便笺，让你快速输入笔记。 + +这为你提供了另一个 [Linux 上的笔记应用][11]，但它也带来了一个问题。这里没有退出 Evernote 的选项。它只用于打开快速记事应用。 + +![][12] + +那么，如何退出 Evernote 应用呢？为此，再次打开 Evernote 应用。如果它在后台运行，在菜单中搜索它，并启动它，就像你重新打开它一样。 + +当 Evernote 应用在前台运行时，点击 File->Quit 退出 Evernote。 + +![][13] + +这一点开发者应该在未来的版本中寻求改进。 + +我也不能说测试版的程序将来会如何更新。它没有添加任何仓库。我只是希望程序本身能够通知用户有新的版本，这样用户就可以下载新的 DEB 文件。 + +我并没有订阅 Evernote Premium，但我仍然可以在没有网络连接的情况下访问保存的网络文章和笔记。很奇怪，对吧？ + +总的来说，我很高兴看到 Evernote 终于努力把这个应用带到了 Linux 上。现在，你不必再尝试第三方应用来在 Linux 上使用 Evernote 了，至少在 Ubuntu 和基于 Debian 的发行版上是这样。当然，你可以使用 [Evernote 替代品][14]，比如 [Joplin][15]，它们都是开源的。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/install-evernote-ubuntu/ + +作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://evernote.com/ +[2]: https://evernote.com/intl/en/b1433t1422 +[3]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/evernote-early-access-linux.png?resize=799%2C495&ssl=1 +[4]: https://itsfoss.com/install-deb-files-ubuntu/ +[5]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/install-evernote-linux.png?resize=800%2C539&ssl=1 +[6]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/evernote-ubuntu.jpg?resize=800%2C230&ssl=1 +[7]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/evernote-running-ubuntu.png?resize=800%2C505&ssl=1 +[8]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/evernote-on-ubuntu.png?resize=800%2C537&ssl=1 +[9]: https://itsfoss.com/dark-mode-ubuntu/ +[10]: https://itsfoss.com/install-skype-ubuntu-1404/ +[11]: https://itsfoss.com/note-taking-apps-linux/ +[12]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/evernote-app-indicator.png?resize=800%2C480&ssl=1 +[13]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/quit-evernote-linux.png?resize=799%2C448&ssl=1 +[14]: https://itsfoss.com/5-evernote-alternatives-linux/ +[15]: https://itsfoss.com/joplin/ From b514f973f93cca25a808841a55d4c49d10df5d30 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Mon, 8 Mar 2021 08:55:31 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 134/309] translating --- sources/tech/20210304 An Introduction to WebAssembly.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20210304 An Introduction to WebAssembly.md b/sources/tech/20210304 An Introduction to WebAssembly.md index d843af5d42..36830b808d 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20210304 An Introduction to WebAssembly.md +++ b/sources/tech/20210304 An Introduction to WebAssembly.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ [#]: via: (https://www.linux.com/news/an-introduction-to-webassembly/) [#]: author: (Dan Brown https://training.linuxfoundation.org/announcements/an-introduction-to-webassembly/) [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 7b9c82f5dec1c16dba6f51173477282fd618a309 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: stevenzdg988 <3442417@qq.com> Date: Mon, 8 Mar 2021 21:00:29 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 135/309] Translating by stevenzdg988 --- sources/tech/20200410 Get started with Bash programming.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20200410 Get started with Bash programming.md b/sources/tech/20200410 Get started with Bash programming.md index 875adb9876..b9ffcc5e43 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20200410 Get started with Bash programming.md +++ b/sources/tech/20200410 Get started with Bash programming.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (stevenzdg988) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) @@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/20/4/bash-programming-guide 作者：[Seth Kenlon][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +译者：[stevenzdg988](https://github.com/stevenzdg988) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 5b68af45ca24d287423f7a4d5140e48b16a4dac6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Tue, 9 Mar 2021 05:03:40 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 136/309] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020210308=20?= =?UTF-8?q?How=20to=20use=20Poetry=20to=20manage=20your=20Python=20project?= =?UTF-8?q?s=20on=20Fedora?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20210308 How to use Poetry to manage your Python projects on Fedora.md --- ...o manage your Python projects on Fedora.md | 206 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 206 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20210308 How to use Poetry to manage your Python projects on Fedora.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210308 How to use Poetry to manage your Python projects on Fedora.md b/sources/tech/20210308 How to use Poetry to manage your Python projects on Fedora.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..40b3e19d37 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20210308 How to use Poetry to manage your Python projects on Fedora.md @@ -0,0 +1,206 @@ +[#]: subject: (How to use Poetry to manage your Python projects on Fedora) +[#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/how-to-use-poetry-to-manage-your-python-projects-on-fedora/) +[#]: author: (Kader Miyanyedi https://fedoramagazine.org/author/moonkat/) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +How to use Poetry to manage your Python projects on Fedora +====== + +![Python & Poetry on Fedora][1] + +Python developers often create a new virtual environment to separate project dependencies and then manage them with tools such as _pip, pipenv, etc._ Poetry is a tool for simplifying dependency management and packaging in Python. This post will show you how to use Poetry to manage your Python projects on Fedora. + +Unlike other tools, Poetry uses only a single configuration file for dependency management, packaging, and publishing. This eliminates the need for different files such as _Pipfile, MANIFEST.in, setup.py_, etc. It is also faster than **using multiple tools. + +Detailed below is a brief overview of commands used when getting started with Poetry. + +### **Installing Poetry on Fedora** + +If you already use Fedora 32 or above, you can install Poetry directly from the command line using this command: + +``` +$ sudo dnf install poetry +``` + +``` +Editor note: on Fedora Silverblue or CoreOs Python 3.9.2 is part of the core commit, you would layer Poetry with ' +``` + +rpm-ostree install poetry + +``` +' +``` + +### Initialize a project + +Create a new project using the _new_ command. + +``` +$ poetry new poetry-project +``` + +The structure of a project created with Poetry looks like this: + +``` +├── poetry_project +│ └── init.py +├── pyproject.toml +├── README.rst +└── tests + ├── init.py + └── test_poetry_project.py +``` + +Poetry uses _pyproject.toml_ to manage the dependencies of your project. Initially, this file will look similar to this: + +``` +[tool.poetry] +name = "poetry-project" +version = "0.1.0" +description = "" +authors = ["Kadermiyanyedi "] + +[tool.poetry.dependencies] +python = "^3.9" + +[tool.poetry.dev-dependencies] +pytest = "^5.2" + +[build-system] +requires = ["poetry>=0.12"] +build-backend = "poetry.masonry.api" +``` + +This file contains 4 sections: + + * The first section contains information describing the project such as project name, project version, etc. + * The second section contains project dependencies. These dependencies are necessary to build the project. + * The third section contains development dependencies. + * The fourth section describes a building system as in [PEP 517][2] + + + +If you already have a project, or create your own project folder, and you want to use poetry, run the _init_ command within your project. + +``` +$ poetry init +``` + +After this command, you will see an interactive shell to configure your project. + +### Create a virtual environment + +If you want to create a virtual environment or activate an existing virtual environment, use the command below: + +``` +$ poetry shell +``` + +Poetry creates the virtual environment in the _/home/username/.cache/pypoetry_ project by default. You can change the default path by editing the poetry config. Use the command below to see the config list: + +``` +$ poetry config --list + +cache-dir = "/home/username/.cache/pypoetry" +virtualenvs.create = true +virtualenvs.in-project = true +virtualenvs.path = "{cache-dir}/virtualenvs" +``` + +Change the _virtualenvs.in-project_ configuration variable to create a virtual environment within your project directory. The Poetry command is: + +``` +$ poetry config virtualenv.in-project true +``` + +### Add dependencies + +Install a dependency for the project with the _poetry add_ command. + +``` +$ poetry add django +``` + +You can identify any dependencies that you use only for the development environment using the _add_ command with the _–dev_ option. + +``` +$ poetry add black --dev +``` + +The **add** command creates a _poetry.lock file_ that is used to track package versions. If the _poetry.lock_ file doesn’t exist, the latest versions of all dependencies in _pyproject.toml_ are installed. If _poetry.lock_ does exist, Poetry uses the exact versions listed in the file to ensure that the package versions are consistent for everyone working on your project. + +Use the poetry _install_ command to install all dependencies in your current project. + +``` +$ poetry install +``` + +Prevent development dependencies from being installed by using the _no-dev_ option. + +``` +$ poetry install --no-dev +``` + +### List packages + +The _show_ command lists all of the available packages. The _tree_ option will list packages as a tree. + +``` +$ poetry show --tree + +django 3.1.7 A high-level Python Web framework that encourages rapid development and clean, pragmatic design. +├── asgiref >=3.2.10,<4 +├── pytz * +└── sqlparse >=0.2.2 +``` + +Include the package name to list details of a specific package. + +``` +$ poetry show requests + +name : requests +version : 2.25.1 +description : Python HTTP for Humans. + +dependencies + - certifi >=2017.4.17 + - chardet >=3.0.2,<5 + - idna >=2.5,<3 + - urllib3 >=1.21.1,<1.27 +``` + +Finally, if you want to learn the latest version of the packages, you can pass the _latest_ option. + +``` +$ poetry show --latest + +idna 2.10 3.1 Internationalized Domain Names in Applications +asgiref 3.3.1 3.3.1 ASGI specs, helper code, and adapters +``` + +### Further information + +More details on Poetry are available in the [documentation][3]. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://fedoramagazine.org/how-to-use-poetry-to-manage-your-python-projects-on-fedora/ + +作者：[Kader Miyanyedi][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/author/moonkat/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Poetry_Python-816x345.jpg +[2]: https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0517/ +[3]: https://python-poetry.org/docs/ From 2f95c3966bb442904dc674701fc61176496c7ce6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Tue, 9 Mar 2021 05:04:09 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 137/309] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020210309=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Use=20gImageReader=20to=20Extract=20Text=20From=20Images=20and?= =?UTF-8?q?=20PDFs=20on=20Linux?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20210309 Use gImageReader to Extract Text From Images and PDFs on Linux.md --- ...ract Text From Images and PDFs on Linux.md | 105 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 105 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20210309 Use gImageReader to Extract Text From Images and PDFs on Linux.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210309 Use gImageReader to Extract Text From Images and PDFs on Linux.md b/sources/tech/20210309 Use gImageReader to Extract Text From Images and PDFs on Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e810b78f86 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20210309 Use gImageReader to Extract Text From Images and PDFs on Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,105 @@ +[#]: subject: (Use gImageReader to Extract Text From Images and PDFs on Linux) +[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/gimagereader-ocr/) +[#]: author: (Ankush Das https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +Use gImageReader to Extract Text From Images and PDFs on Linux +====== + +_Brief: gImageReader is a GUI tool to utilize tesseract OCR engine for extracting texts from images and PDF files in Linux._ + +[gImageReader][1] is a front-end for [Tesseract Open Source OCR Engine][2]. _Tesseract_ was originally developed at HP and then was open-sourced in 2006. + +Basically, the OCR (Optical Character Recognition) engine lets you scan texts from a picture or a file (PDF). It can detect several languages by default and also supports scanning through Unicode characters. + +However, the Tesseract by itself is a command-line tool without any GUI. So, here, gImageReader comes to the rescue to let any user utilize it to extract text from images and files. + +Let me highlight a few things about it while mentioning my experience with it for the time I tested it out. + +### gImageReader: A Cross-Platform Front-End to Tesseract OCR + +![][3] + +To simplify things, gImageReader comes in handy to extract text from a PDF file or an image that contains any kind of text. + +Whether you need it for spellcheck or translation, it should be useful for a specific group of users. + +To sum up the features in a list, here’s what you can do with it: + + * Add PDF documents and images from disk, scanning devices, clipboard and screenshots + * Ability to rotate images + * Common image controls to adjust brightness, contrast, and resolution + * Scan images directly through the app + * Ability to process multiple images or files in one go + * Manual or automatic recognition area definition + * Recognize to plain text or to [hOCR][4] documents + * Editor to display the recognized text + * Can spellcheck the text extracted + * Convert/Export to PDF documents from hOCR document + * Export extracted text as a .txt file + * Cross-platform (Windows) + + + +### Installing gImageReader on Linux + +**Note**: _You need to explicitly install Tesseract language packs to detect from images/files from your software manager._ + +![][5] + +You can find gImageReader in the default repositories for some Linux distributions like Fedora and Debian. + +For Ubuntu, you need to add a PPA and then install it. To do that, here’s what you need to type in the terminal: + +``` +sudo add-apt-repository ppa:sandromani/gimagereader +sudo apt update +sudo apt install gimagereader +``` + +You can also find it for openSUSE from its build service and [AUR][6] will be the place for Arch Linux users. + +All the links to the repositories and the packages can be found in their [GitHub page][1]. + +[gImageReader][1] + +### Experience with gImageReader + +gImageReader is a quite useful tool for extracting texts from images when you need them. It works great when you try from a PDF file. + +For extracting images from a picture shot on a smartphone, the detection was close but a bit inaccurate. Maybe when you scan something, recognition of characters from the file could be better. + +So, you’ll have to try it for yourself to see how well it works for your use-case. I tried it on Linux Mint 20.1 (based on Ubuntu 20.04). + +I just had an issue to manage languages from the settings and I didn’t get a quick solution for that. If you encounter the issue, you might want to troubleshoot it and explore more about it how to fix it. + +![][7] + +Other than that, it worked just fine. + +Do give it a try and let me know how it worked for you! If you know of something similar (and better), do let me know about it in the comments below. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/gimagereader-ocr/ + +作者：[Ankush Das][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://github.com/manisandro/gImageReader +[2]: https://tesseract-ocr.github.io/ +[3]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/gImageReader.png?resize=800%2C456&ssl=1 +[4]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HOCR +[5]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/tesseract-language-pack.jpg?resize=800%2C620&ssl=1 +[6]: https://itsfoss.com/aur-arch-linux/ +[7]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/gImageReader-1.jpg?resize=800%2C460&ssl=1 From 87373bb849ee838ad22b4e359bc8c02f04eb3c8a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Tue, 9 Mar 2021 05:04:34 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 138/309] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020210308=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Cast=20your=20Android=20device=20with=20a=20Raspberry=20Pi?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20210308 Cast your Android device with a Raspberry Pi.md --- ...your Android device with a Raspberry Pi.md | 151 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 151 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20210308 Cast your Android device with a Raspberry Pi.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210308 Cast your Android device with a Raspberry Pi.md b/sources/tech/20210308 Cast your Android device with a Raspberry Pi.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..320b422d43 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20210308 Cast your Android device with a Raspberry Pi.md @@ -0,0 +1,151 @@ +[#]: subject: (Cast your Android device with a Raspberry Pi) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/3/android-raspberry-pi) +[#]: author: (Sudeshna Sur https://opensource.com/users/sudeshna-sur) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +Cast your Android device with a Raspberry Pi +====== +Use Scrcpy to turn your phone screen into an app running alongside your +applications on a Raspberry Pi or any other Linux-based device. +![A person looking at a phone][1] + +It's hard to stay away from the gadgets we use on a daily basis. In the hustle and bustle of modern life, I want to make sure I don't miss out on the important notifications from friends and family that pop up on my phone screen. I'm also busy and do not want to get lost in distractions, and picking up a phone and replying to messages tends to be distracting. + +To further complicate matters, there are a lot of devices out there. Luckily, most of them, from powerful workstations to laptops and even the humble Raspberry Pi, can run Linux. Because they run Linux, almost every solution I find for one device is a perfect fit for the others. + +### One size fits all + +I wanted a way to unify the different sources of data in my life on whatever screen I am staring at. + +I decided to solve this problem by copying my phone's screen onto my computer. In essence, I made my phone into an app running alongside all of my other applications. This helps me keep my attention on my desktop, prevents me from mentally wandering away, and makes it easier for me to reply to urgent notifications. + +Sound appealing? Here's how you can do it too. + +### Set up Scrcpy + +[Scrcpy][2], commonly known as Screen Copy, is an open source screen-mirroring tool that displays and controls Android devices from Linux, Windows, or macOS. Communication between the Android device and the computer is primarily done over a USB connection and Android Debug Bridge (ADB). It uses TCP/IP and does not require any root access. + +Scrcpy's setup and configuration are very easy. If you're running Fedora, you can install it from a Copr repository: + + +``` +$ sudo dnf copr enable zeno/scrcpy +$ sudo dnf install scrcpy -y +``` + +On Debian or Ubuntu: + + +``` +`$ sudo apt install scrcpy` +``` + +You can also compile scrcpy yourself. It doesn't take long to build, even on a Raspberry Pi, using the instructions on [scrcpy's GitHub page][3]. + +### Set up the phone + +Once scrcpy is installed, you must enable USB debugging and authorize each device (your Raspberry Pi, laptop, or workstation) as a trusted controller. + +Open the **Settings** app on your Android and scroll down to **Developer options.** If Developer options is not activated, follow Android's [instructions to unlock it][4]. + +Next, enable **USB debugging**. + +![Enable USB Debugging option][5] + +(Sudeshna Sur, [CC BY-SA 4.0][6]) + +Then connect the phone to your Raspberry Pi or laptop (or whatever device you're using) over USB and set the mode to [PTP][7], if that's an option. If your phone doesn't use PTP, set the mode your phone uses for transferring files (rather than, for instance, serving as a tethering or MIDI device). + +Your phone will probably prompt you to authorize your computer, identified by its RSA fingerprint. You only have to do this the first time you connect; after that, your phone will recognize and trust your computer. + +Confirm the setting with the `lsusb` command: + + +``` +$ lsusb +Bus 007 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub +Bus 011 Device 004: ID 046d:c21d Logitech, Inc. F310 Gamepad +Bus 005 Device 005: ID 0951:1666 Kingston Technology DataTraveler G4 +Bus 005 Device 004: ID 05e3:0608 Genesys Logic, Inc. Hub +Bus 004 Device 001: ID 18d1:4ee6 Google Inc. Nexus/Pixel Device (PTP + debug) +Bus 003 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub +Bus 002 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0003 Linux Foundation 3.0 root hub +Bus 001 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub +``` + +Then execute `$ scrcpy` to launch it with the default settings. + +![Scrcpy running on a Raspberry Pi][8] + +(Opensource.com, [CC BY-SA 4.0][6]) + +Performance and responsiveness vary depending on what device you're using to control your mobile. On a Pi, some of the animations can be slow, and even the response sometimes lags. Scrcpy provides an easy fix for this: Reducing the bitrate and resolution of the image scrcpy displays makes it easier for your computer to keep up. Do this with: + + +``` +`$ scrcpy --bit-rate 1M --max-size 800` +``` + +Try different values to find the one you prefer. To make it easier to type, once you've settled on a command, consider [making your own Bash alias][9]. + +### Cut the cord + +Once scrcpy is running, you can even connect your mobile and your computer over WiFi. The scrcpy installation process also installs `adb`, a command to communicate with Android devices. Scrcpy also uses this command to communicate with your device and `adb` can connect over TCP/IP. + +![Scrcpy running on a computer][10] + +(Sudeshna Sur, [CC BY-SA 4.0][6]) + +To try it, make sure your phone is connected over WiFi on the same wireless network your computer is using. Do NOT disconnect your phone from USB yet! + +Next, get your phone's IP address by navigating to **Settings** and selecting **About phone**. Look at the **Status** option to get your address. It usually starts with 192.168 or 10. + +Alternately, you can get your mobile's IP address using `adb`: + + +``` +$ adb shell ip route | awk '{print $9}' + +To connect to your device over WiFi, you must enable TCP/IP connections. This, you must do through the adb command: +$ adb tcpip 5555 +Now you can disconnect your mobile from USB. +Whenever you want to connect over WiFi, first connect to the mobile with the command adb connect. For instance, assuming my mobile's IP address is 10.1.1.22, the command is: +$ adb connect 10.1.1.22:5555 +``` + +Once it's connected, you can run scrcpy as usual. + +### Remote control + +Scrcpy is easy to use. You can try it in a terminal or as [a GUI application][11]. + +Do you use another screen-mirroring application? If so, let us know about it in the comments. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/21/3/android-raspberry-pi + +作者：[Sudeshna Sur][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/sudeshna-sur +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/idea_innovation_mobile_phone.png?itok=RqVtvxkd (A person looking at a phone) +[2]: https://github.com/Genymobile/scrcpy +[3]: https://github.com/Genymobile/scrcpy/blob/master/BUILD.md +[4]: https://developer.android.com/studio/debug/dev-options +[5]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/usb-debugging.jpg (Enable USB Debugging option) +[6]: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ +[7]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picture_Transfer_Protocol +[8]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/scrcpy-pi.jpg (Scrcpy running on a Raspberry Pi) +[9]: https://opensource.com/article/19/7/bash-aliases +[10]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/ssur-desktop.png (Scrcpy running on a computer) +[11]: https://opensource.com/article/19/9/mirror-android-screen-guiscrcpy From 0d1ae0ed6042585893accb8b3a2903c8e89eca7d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Tue, 9 Mar 2021 05:04:50 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 139/309] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020210308=20?= =?UTF-8?q?6=20open=20source=20tools=20for=20wedding=20planning?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20210308 6 open source tools for wedding planning.md --- ... open source tools for wedding planning.md | 111 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 111 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20210308 6 open source tools for wedding planning.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210308 6 open source tools for wedding planning.md b/sources/tech/20210308 6 open source tools for wedding planning.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e261941a4c --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20210308 6 open source tools for wedding planning.md @@ -0,0 +1,111 @@ +[#]: subject: (6 open source tools for wedding planning) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/3/open-source-wedding-planning) +[#]: author: (Jessica Cherry https://opensource.com/users/cherrybomb) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +6 open source tools for wedding planning +====== +Create the event of your dreams with open source software. +![Outdoor wedding sign][1] + +If I were to say I had planned on writing this article a year or so ago, I would be wrong. So, I'll give you a small amount of backstory about how this came to be. + +On March 21st, I will be "getting married." I put that in quotes because I got married in Las Vegas on March 21, 2019. But I'm getting married again because my mom, who told us to elope, decided she was wrong and wanted a real wedding. So here I am, planning a wedding. + +![Vegas wedding][2] + +(Jess Cherry, [CC BY-SA 4.0][3]) + +Planning hasn't been smooth. We have moved the event twice due to the pandemic. My wedding planner got pregnant in the middle of it all, and since she's due in March, everything is now in my lap. About three-quarters of our invitations did not make it to their destinations because of weird mail issues, so we're sorting out our guests by text messages. + +But all of my poor luck has led to this, a moment when I can share my list of open source tools that are helping me survive wedding planning, even at the last minute. + +### Budgeting this whole thing + +Let's talk about budgets. As seems to be typical, mine went above and beyond what I'd originally allocated. I chose [HomeBank][4], which I wrote about last year, so I am familiar with it. + +I put all my wedding expenses in HomeBank as debts so that I could show my overall basic costs (not counting all the extra stuff I bought for the most expensive party I will ever throw). Once they are marked as debts, I can add a transaction and an income to it to pay for everything and keep track of what I owe. + +Here's an example of what such a budgeting might look like in HomeBank. + +![HomeBank][5] + +(Jess Cherry, [CC BY-SA 4.0][3]) + +### Keep track of invitations and guests + +I did not have a proper guest list at the outset, so I needed a way to manage my guests. I went with [LibreOffice Calc][6], because everyone needs sheets with counts and plans. Here is an example of what I ended up with. I used it to tally up numbers, so I could move on to planning how many tables I needed at the party. I summed the number of guests at the bottom of Column B to get the total. + +![LibreOffice Calc][7] + +(Jess Cherry, [CC BY-SA 4.0][3]) + +### Table time + +Certain venues, like mine, require you to provide table arrangements a month before the event so that they can be prepared for the right amount of settings and silverware. And drinks, because that's important to have for dancing and whatnot. + +The venue gave me a PDF for my table setup, but I decided to use [LibreOffice Draw][8] instead because I had an extra table I didn't need, and my counts were off due to our original guest list dropping considerably. But here's my drawing of where I want the tables to be (including the table I tossed due to our lower number of guests). + +![LibreOffice Draw][9] + +(Jess Cherry, [CC BY-SA 4.0][3]) + +### How about a timeline? + +One of the major pieces of event planning is having a timeline for the day to make sure everything goes according to plan. Spoiler alert: I can promise mine won't. I asked Opensource.com's productivity expert [Kevin Sonney][10] for help finding something to help me outline the big day and the rehearsal dinner the day before. + +I have two problems. One, I need to share the timeline with multiple people. Two, those people do not do computers for a living, like we do, so a heavily command-line option wouldn't work. I selected something Kevin wrote about in his [productivity article series][11] this year: KDE Plasma Kontact's [KOrganizer][12] using the timeline mode. I stacked an entire day into one timeline and produced this fancy set of blocks. (Don't mind this looking weird; it's a first draft.) + +![KOrganizer][13] + +(Jess Cherry, [CC BY-SA 4.0][3]) + +I also suggest keeping everything on your to-do lists inside KOrganizer, so you don't get lost while you're working through everything. Best of all, if you need to export all of this information and put it somewhere like a popular, regularly used application (e.g., Google, because well, it's Google), it exports and imports well. + +### Open source wedding tools for the pandemic + +OK, so before we all rush to judgment on this, I am aware we're still in the middle of a pandemic. The wedding planning started forever ago, and guess when the pandemic started. March… It all started in March of last year. That should tell you exactly how my plans have been going. + +In case you are wondering about my backup plan (since nearly three-quarters of the original guest list can't attend), the plan is to livestream this show. This leads me to two different conversations. One, I believe this is the future of weddings because it's cool to show everyone in your life this amazing moment, so from now on, wedding planners will have to add this to their services list, pandemic or not. + +Two, how can I achieve this goal of livestreaming the whole event? That's easy: I have a laptop and a camera, the DJ has clip-on microphones, and a bunch of cool people write about livestreaming all the time. [Seth Kenlon][14] wrote an entire article on [live streaming with OBS][15], so I can just walk through everything about a week before and share it out. If I decide to edit and publish the video, [Don Watkins][16] gave a great walkthrough of [Kaltura][17] to get me through the post-wedding things. + +### Final thoughts + +If you are good with open source software and organizing, you can be the wedding planner of anyone's dreams, or you can just plan your own wedding and stay organized. I would give bonus points to anyone who can get all of this running on a [Raspberry Pi 400][18] because that would be the easiest way to have everything with you in a package that's smaller than a laptop. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/21/3/open-source-wedding-planning + +作者：[Jessica Cherry][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/cherrybomb +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/wedding-sign.jpg?itok=e3zagA4b (Outdoor wedding sign) +[2]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/wedding.jpg (Vegas wedding) +[3]: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ +[4]: https://opensource.com/article/20/2/open-source-homebank +[5]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/homebank.png (HomeBank) +[6]: https://www.libreoffice.org/discover/calc/ +[7]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/libreofficecalc.png (LibreOffice Calc) +[8]: https://www.libreoffice.org/discover/draw/ +[9]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/libreofficedraw.png (LibreOffice Draw) +[10]: https://opensource.com/users/ksonney +[11]: https://opensource.com/article/21/1/kde-kontact +[12]: https://kontact.kde.org/components/korganizer.html +[13]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/kontact-korganizer.png (KOrganizer) +[14]: https://opensource.com/users/seth +[15]: https://opensource.com/article/20/4/open-source-live-stream +[16]: https://opensource.com/users/don-watkins +[17]: https://opensource.com/article/18/9/kaltura-video-editing +[18]: https://www.raspberrypi.org/products/raspberry-pi-400/ From 871fe03d5180e670c3cc039001409d7c50ecf95e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Tue, 9 Mar 2021 05:05:29 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 140/309] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[talk]:=2020210308=20?= =?UTF-8?q?How=20the=20ARPANET=20Protocols=20Worked?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/talk/20210308 How the ARPANET Protocols Worked.md --- ...210308 How the ARPANET Protocols Worked.md | 138 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 138 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20210308 How the ARPANET Protocols Worked.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20210308 How the ARPANET Protocols Worked.md b/sources/talk/20210308 How the ARPANET Protocols Worked.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..50c5d37f56 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20210308 How the ARPANET Protocols Worked.md @@ -0,0 +1,138 @@ +[#]: subject: (How the ARPANET Protocols Worked) +[#]: via: (https://twobithistory.org/2021/03/08/arpanet-protocols.html) +[#]: author: (Two-Bit History https://twobithistory.org) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +How the ARPANET Protocols Worked +====== + +The ARPANET changed computing forever by proving that computers of wildly different manufacture could be connected using standardized protocols. In my [post on the historical significance of the ARPANET][1], I mentioned a few of those protocols, but didn’t describe them in any detail. So I wanted to take a closer look at them. I also wanted to see how much of the design of those early protocols survives in the protocols we use today. + +The ARPANET protocols were, like our modern internet protocols, organized into layers.[1][2] The protocols in the higher layers ran on top of the protocols in the lower layers. Today the TCP/IP suite has five layers (the Physical, Link, Network, Transport, and Application layers), but the ARPANET had only three layers—or possibly four, depending on how you count them. + +I’m going to explain how each of these layers worked, but first an aside about who built what in the ARPANET, which you need to know to understand why the layers were divided up as they were. + +### Some Quick Historical Context + +The ARPANET was funded by the US federal government, specifically the Advanced Research Projects Agency within the Department of Defense (hence the name “ARPANET”). The US government did not directly build the network; instead, it contracted the work out to a Boston-based consulting firm called Bolt, Beranek, and Newman, more commonly known as BBN. + +BBN, in turn, handled many of the responsibilities for implementing the network but not all of them. What BBN did was design and maintain a machine known as the Interface Message Processor, or IMP. The IMP was a customized Honeywell minicomputer, one of which was delivered to each site across the country that was to be connected to the ARPANET. The IMP served as a gateway to the ARPANET for up to four hosts at each host site. It was basically a router. BBN controlled the software running on the IMPs that forwarded packets from IMP to IMP, but the firm had no direct control over the machines that would connect to the IMPs and become the actual hosts on the ARPANET. + +The host machines were controlled by the computer scientists that were the end users of the network. These computer scientists, at host sites across the country, were responsible for writing the software that would allow the hosts to talk to each other. The IMPs gave hosts the ability to send messages to each other, but that was not much use unless the hosts agreed on a format to use for the messages. To solve that problem, a motley crew consisting in large part of graduate students from the various host sites formed themselves into the Network Working Group, which sought to specify protocols for the host computers to use. + +So if you imagine a single successful network interaction over the ARPANET, (sending an email, say), some bits of engineering that made the interaction successful were the responsibility of one set of people (BBN), while other bits of engineering were the responsibility of another set of people (the Network Working Group and the engineers at each host site). That organizational and logistical happenstance probably played a big role in motivating the layered approach used for protocols on the ARPANET, which in turn influenced the layered approach used for TCP/IP. + +### Okay, Back to the Protocols + +![ARPANET Network Stack][3] _The ARPANET protocol hierarchy._ + +The protocol layers were organized into a hierarchy. At the very bottom was “level 0.”[2][4] This is the layer that in some sense doesn’t count, because on the ARPANET this layer was controlled entirely by BBN, so there was no need for a standard protocol. Level 0 governed how data passed between the IMPs. Inside of BBN, there were rules governing how IMPs did this; outside of BBN, the IMP sub-network was a black box that just passed on any data that you gave it. So level 0 was a layer without a real protocol, in the sense of a publicly known and agreed-upon set of rules, and its existence could be ignored by software running on the ARPANET hosts. Loosely speaking, it handled everything that falls under the Physical, Link, and Internet layers of the TCP/IP suite today, and even quite a lot of the Transport layer, which is something I’ll come back to at the end of this post. + +The “level 1” layer established the interface between the ARPANET hosts and the IMPs they were connected to. It was an API, if you like, for the black box level 0 that BBN had built. It was also referred to at the time as the IMP-Host Protocol. This protocol had to be written and published because, when the ARPANET was first being set up, each host site had to write its own software to interface with the IMP. They wouldn’t have known how to do that unless BBN gave them some guidance. + +The IMP-Host Protocol was specified by BBN in a lengthy document called [BBN Report 1822][5]. The document was revised many times as the ARPANET evolved; what I’m going to describe here is roughly the way the IMP-Host protocol worked as it was initially designed. According to BBN’s rules, hosts could pass _messages_ to their IMPs no longer than 8095 bits, and each message had a _leader_ that included the destination host number and something called a _link number_.[3][6] The IMP would examine the designation host number and then dutifully forward the message into the network. When messages were received from a remote host, the receiving IMP would replace the destination host number with the source host number before passing it on to the local host. Messages were not actually what passed between the IMPs themselves—the IMPs broke the messages down into smaller _packets_ for transfer over the network—but that detail was hidden from the hosts. + +![1969 Host-IMP Leader][7] _The Host-IMP message leader format, as of 1969. Diagram from [BBN Report 1763][8]._ + +The link number, which could be any number from 0 to 255, served two purposes. It was used by higher level protocols to establish more than one channel of communication between any two hosts on the network, since it was conceivable that there might be more than one local user talking to the same destination host at any given time. (In other words, the link numbers allowed communication to be multiplexed between hosts.) But it was also used at the level 1 layer to control the amount of traffic that could be sent between hosts, which was necessary to prevent faster computers from overwhelming slower ones. As initially designed, the IMP-Host Protocol limited each host to sending just one message at a time over each link. Once a given host had sent a message along a link to a remote host, it would have to wait to receive a special kind of message called an RFNM (Request for Next Message) from the remote IMP before sending the next message along the same link. Later revisions to this system, made to improve performance, allowed a host to have up to eight messages in transit to another host at a given time.[4][9] + +The “level 2” layer is where things really start to get interesting, because it was this layer and the one above it that BBN and the Department of Defense left entirely to the academics and the Network Working Group to invent for themselves. The level 2 layer comprised the Host-Host Protocol, which was first sketched in RFC 9 and first officially specified by RFC 54. A more readable explanation of the Host-Host Protocol is given in the [ARPANET Protocol Handbook][10]. + +The Host-Host Protocol governed how hosts created and managed _connections_ with each other. A connection was a one-way data pipeline between a _write socket_ on one host and a _read socket_ on another host. The “socket” concept was introduced on top of the limited level-1 link facility (remember that the link number can only be one of 256 values) to give programs a way of addressing a particular process running on a remote host. Read sockets were even-numbered while write sockets were odd-numbered; whether a socket was a read socket or a write socket was referred to as the socket’s gender. There were no “port numbers” like in TCP. Connections could be opened, manipulated, and closed by specially formatted Host-Host control messages sent between hosts using link 0, which was reserved for that purpose. Once control messages were exchanged over link 0 to establish a connection, further data messages could then be sent using another link number picked by the receiver. + +Host-Host control messages were identified by a three-letter mnemonic. A connection was established when two hosts exchanged a STR (sender-to-receiver) message and a matching RTS (receiver-to-sender) message—these control messages were both known as Request for Connection messages. Connections could be closed by the CLS (close) control message. There were further control messages that changed the rate at which data messages were sent from sender to receiver, which were needed to ensure again that faster hosts did not overwhelm slower hosts. The flow control already provided by the level 1 protocol was apparently not sufficient at level 2; I suspect this was because receiving an RFNM from a remote IMP was only a guarantee that the remote IMP had passed the message on to the destination host, not that the host had fully processed the message. There was also an INR (interrupt-by-receiver) control message and an INS (interrupt-by-sender) control message that were primarily for use by higher-level protocols. + +The higher-level protocols all lived in “level 3”, which was the Application layer of the ARPANET. The Telnet protocol, which provided a virtual teletype connection to another host, was perhaps the most important of these protocols, but there were many others in this level too, such as FTP for transferring files and various experiments with protocols for sending email. + +One protocol in this level was not like the others: the Initial Connection Protocol (ICP). ICP was considered to be a level-3 protocol, but really it was a kind of level-2.5 protocol, since other level-3 protocols depended on it. ICP was needed because the connections provided by the Host-Host Protocol at level 2 were only one-way, but most applications required a two-way (i.e. full-duplex) connection to do anything interesting. ICP specified a two-step process whereby a client running on one host could connect to a long-running server process on another host. The first step involved establishing a one-way connection from the server to the client using the server process’ well-known socket number. The server would then send a new socket number to the client over the established connection. At that point, the existing connection would be discarded and two new connections would be opened, a read connection based on the transmitted socket number and a write connection based on the transmitted socket number plus one. This little dance was a necessary prelude to most things—it was the first step in establishing a Telnet connection, for example. + +That finishes our ascent of the ARPANET protocol hierarchy. You may have been expecting me to mention a “Network Control Protocol” at some point. Before I sat down to do research for this post and my last one, I definitely thought that the ARPANET ran on a protocol called NCP. The acronym is occasionally used to refer to the ARPANET protocols as a whole, which might be why I had that idea. [RFC 801][11], for example, talks about transitioning the ARPANET from “NCP” to “TCP” in a way that makes it sound like NCP is an ARPANET protocol equivalent to TCP. But there has never been a “Network Control Protocol” for the ARPANET (even if [Encyclopedia Britannica thinks so][12]), and I suspect people have mistakenly unpacked “NCP” as “Network Control Protocol” when really it stands for “Network Control Program.” The Network Control Program was the kernel-level program running in each host responsible for handling network communication, equivalent to the TCP/IP stack in an operating system today. “NCP”, as it’s used in RFC 801, is a metonym, not a protocol. + +### A Comparison with TCP/IP + +The ARPANET protocols were all later supplanted by the TCP/IP protocols (with the exception of Telnet and FTP, which were easily adapted to run on top of TCP). Whereas the ARPANET protocols were all based on the assumption that the network was built and administered by a single entity (BBN), the TCP/IP protocol suite was designed for an _inter_-net, a network of networks where everything would be more fluid and unreliable. That led to some of the more immediately obvious differences between our modern protocol suite and the ARPANET protocols, such as how we now distinguish between a Network layer and a Transport layer. The Transport layer-like functionality that in the ARPANET was partly implemented by the IMPs is now the sole responsibility of the hosts at the network edge. + +What I find most interesting about the ARPANET protocols though is how so much of the transport-layer functionality now in TCP went through a janky adolescence on the ARPANET. I’m not a networking expert, so I pulled out my college networks textbook (Kurose and Ross, let’s go), and they give a pretty great outline of what a transport layer is responsible for in general. To summarize their explanation, a transport layer protocol must minimally do the following things. Here _segment_ is basically equivalent to _message_ as the term was used on the ARPANET: + + * Provide a delivery service between _processes_ and not just host machines (transport layer multiplexing and demultiplexing) + * Provide integrity checking on a per-segment basis (i.e. make sure there is no data corruption in transit) + + + +A transport layer could also, like TCP does, provide _reliable data transfer_, which means: + + * Segments are delivered in order + * No segments go missing + * Segments aren’t delivered so fast that they get dropped by the receiver (flow control) + + + +It seems like there was some confusion on the ARPANET about how to do multiplexing and demultiplexing so that processes could communicate—BBN introduced the link number to do that at the IMP-Host level, but it turned out that socket numbers were necessary at the Host-Host level on top of that anyway. Then the link number was just used for flow control at the IMP-Host level, but BBN seems to have later abandoned that in favor of doing flow control between unique pairs of hosts, meaning that the link number started out as this overloaded thing only to basically became vestigial. TCP now uses port numbers instead, doing flow control over each TCP connection separately. The process-process multiplexing and demultiplexing lives entirely inside TCP and does not leak into a lower layer like on the ARPANET. + +It’s also interesting to see, in light of how Kurose and Ross develop the ideas behind TCP, that the ARPANET started out with what Kurose and Ross would call a strict “stop-and-wait” approach to reliable data transfer at the IMP-Host level. The “stop-and-wait” approach is to transmit a segment and then refuse to transmit any more segments until an acknowledgment for the most recently transmitted segment has been received. It’s a simple approach, but it means that only one segment is ever in flight across the network, making for a very slow protocol—which is why Kurose and Ross present “stop-and-wait” as merely a stepping stone on the way to a fully featured transport layer protocol. On the ARPANET, “stop-and-wait” was how things worked for a while, since, at the IMP-Host level, a Request for Next Message had to be received in response to every outgoing message before any further messages could be sent. To be fair to BBN, they at first thought this would be necessary to provide flow control between hosts, so the slowdown was intentional. As I’ve already mentioned, the RFNM requirement was later relaxed for the sake of better performance, and the IMPs started attaching sequence numbers to messages and keeping track of a “window” of messages in flight in the more or less the same way that TCP implementations do today.[5][13] + +So the ARPANET showed that communication between heterogeneous computing systems is possible if you get everyone to agree on some baseline rules. That is, as I’ve previously argued, the ARPANET’s most important legacy. But what I hope this closer look at those baseline rules has revealed is just how much the ARPANET protocols also influenced the protocols we use today. There was certainly a lot of awkwardness in the way that transport-layer responsibilities were shared between the hosts and the IMPs, sometimes redundantly. And it’s really almost funny in retrospect that hosts could at first only send each other a single message at a time over any given link. But the ARPANET experiment was a unique opportunity to learn those lessons by actually building and operating a network, and it seems those lessons were put to good use when it came time to upgrade to the internet as we know it today. + +_If you enjoyed this post, more like it come out every four weeks! Follow [@TwoBitHistory][14] on Twitter or subscribe to the [RSS feed][15] to make sure you know when a new post is out._ + +_Previously on TwoBitHistory…_ + +> Trying to get back on this horse! +> +> My latest post is my take (surprising and clever, of course) on why the ARPANET was such an important breakthrough, with a fun focus on the conference where the ARPANET was shown off for the first time: +> +> — TwoBitHistory (@TwoBitHistory) [February 7, 2021][16] + + 1. The protocol layering thing was invented by the Network Working Group. This argument is made in [RFC 871][17]. The layering thing was also a natural extension of how BBN divided responsibilities between hosts and IMPs, so BBN deserves some credit too. [↩︎][18] + + 2. The “level” terminology was used by the Network Working Group. See e.g. [RFC 100][19]. [↩︎][20] + + 3. In later revisions of the IMP-Host protocol, the leader was expanded and the link number was upgraded to a _message ID_. But the Host-Host protocol continued to make use of only the high-order eight bits of the message ID field, treating it as a link number. See the “Host-to-Host” protocol section of the [ARPANET Protocol Handbook][10]. [↩︎][21] + + 4. John M. McQuillan and David C. Walden. “The ARPA Network Design Decisions,” p. 284, . Accessed 8 March 2021. [↩︎][22] + + 5. Ibid. [↩︎][23] + + + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://twobithistory.org/2021/03/08/arpanet-protocols.html + +作者：[Two-Bit History][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://twobithistory.org +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://twobithistory.org/2021/02/07/arpanet.html +[2]: tmp.szauPoOKtk#fn:1 +[3]: https://twobithistory.org/images/arpanet-stack.png +[4]: tmp.szauPoOKtk#fn:2 +[5]: https://walden-family.com/impcode/BBN1822_Jan1976.pdf +[6]: tmp.szauPoOKtk#fn:3 +[7]: https://twobithistory.org/images/host-imp-1969.png +[8]: https://walden-family.com/impcode/1969-initial-IMP-design.pdf +[9]: tmp.szauPoOKtk#fn:4 +[10]: http://mercury.lcs.mit.edu/~jnc/tech/arpaprot.html +[11]: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc801 +[12]: https://www.britannica.com/topic/ARPANET +[13]: tmp.szauPoOKtk#fn:5 +[14]: https://twitter.com/TwoBitHistory +[15]: https://twobithistory.org/feed.xml +[16]: https://twitter.com/TwoBitHistory/status/1358487195905064960?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw +[17]: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc871 +[18]: tmp.szauPoOKtk#fnref:1 +[19]: https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc100 +[20]: tmp.szauPoOKtk#fnref:2 +[21]: tmp.szauPoOKtk#fnref:3 +[22]: tmp.szauPoOKtk#fnref:4 +[23]: tmp.szauPoOKtk#fnref:5 From 6d20c07fdc93eed91f286a1255bbf729c9d241c8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Tue, 9 Mar 2021 05:41:27 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 141/309] PRF @geekpi --- ...10226 3 Linux terminals you need to try.md | 30 ++++++++----------- 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20210226 3 Linux terminals you need to try.md b/translated/tech/20210226 3 Linux terminals you need to try.md index ad216d770b..a4a1f9aa01 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20210226 3 Linux terminals you need to try.md +++ b/translated/tech/20210226 3 Linux terminals you need to try.md @@ -3,40 +3,38 @@ [#]: author: (Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth) [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) -你需要尝试的 3 种 Linux 终端 +值得尝试的 3 个 Linux 终端 ====== -Linux 让你能够选择你喜欢的终端界面，而不是它强加的界面。 -![4 different color terminal windows with code][1] + +> Linux 让你能够选择你喜欢的终端界面，而不是它强加的界面。 + +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/202103/09/054053zum6n77cpnnug0x1.jpg) 在 2021 年，人们喜欢 Linux 的理由比以往任何时候都多。在这个系列中，我将分享 21 个使用 Linux 的不同理由。能够选择自己的终端是使用 Linux 的一个重要原因。 很多人认为一旦你用过一个终端界面，你就已经用过所有的终端了。但喜欢终端的用户都知道，它们之间有一些细微但重要的区别。本文将介绍我最喜欢的三种。 -不过在深入研究它们之前，先要了解 shell 和终端之间的区别。终端（技术上说是_终端模拟器_，因为终端曾经是物理硬件设备）是一个在桌面上的窗口中运行的应用。shell 是在终端窗口中对你可见的引擎。流行的 shell 有 [Bash][2]、[tcsh][3] 和 [zsh][4]，它们都在终端中运行。 +不过在深入研究它们之前，先要了解 shell 和终端terminal之间的区别。终端（技术上说是终端模拟器terminal emulator，因为终端曾经是物理硬件设备）是一个在桌面上的窗口中运行的应用。shell 是在终端窗口中对你可见的引擎。流行的 shell 有 [Bash][2]、[tcsh][3] 和 [zsh][4]，它们都在终端中运行。 -在现代 Linux 上几乎不用说，但本文中所有的终端都有标签界面。 +在现代 Linux 上几乎不用说，至少本文中所有的终端都有标签界面。 ### Xfce 终端 ![Xfce ][5] -（Seth Kenlon, [CC BY-SA 4.0][6]） +[轻量级 Xfce 桌面][7] 提供了一个轻量级的终端，很好地平衡了功能和简单性。它提供了对 shell 的访问（如预期的那样），并且它可以轻松访问几个重要的配置选项。你可以设置当你双击文本时哪些字符会断字、选择你的默认字符编码，并禁用终端窗口的 Alt 快捷方式，这样你最喜欢的 Bash 快捷方式就会传递到 shell。你还可以设置字体和新的颜色主题，或者从常用预设列表中加载颜色主题。它甚至在顶部有一个可选的工具栏，方便你访问你最喜欢的功能。 -[轻量级 Xfce 桌面][7]提供了一个轻量级的终端，很好地平衡了功能和简单性。它提供了对 shell 的访问（如预期的那样），并且它可以轻松访问几个重要的配置选项。你可以设置当你双击文本时哪些字符会断字，选择你的默认字符编码，并禁用终端窗口的 Alt 快捷方式，这样你最喜欢的 Bash 快捷方式就会传递到 shell。你还可以设置字体和新的颜色主题，或者从常用预设列表中加载颜色主题。它甚至在顶部有一个可选的工具栏，方便你访问你最喜欢的功能。 - -对我来说，Xfce 的亮点功能是非常容易地为你打开的每一个标签页改变背景颜色。当在服务器上运行远程 shell 时，这是非常有价值的。它让我知道自己在哪个标签页中，从而避免了我犯愚蠢的错误。 +对我来说，Xfce 的亮点功能是可以非常容易地为你打开的每一个标签页改变背景颜色。当在服务器上运行远程 shell 时，这是非常有价值的。它让我知道自己在哪个标签页中，从而避免了我犯愚蠢的错误。 ### rxvt-unicode ![rxvt][8] -（Seth Kenlon, [CC BY-SA 4.0][6]） - -[rxvt 终端][9]是我最喜欢的轻量级控制台。它有许多老式 [xterm][10] 终端仿真器的功能，但它的扩展性更强。它的配置是在 `~/.Xdefaults` 中定义的，所以没有偏好面板或设置菜单，但这使得它很容易管理和备份你的设置。使用一些 Perl 库，rxvt 有标签，并且通过 xrdb，它可以访问字体和任何你能想到的颜色主题。你可以设置像 `URxvt.urlLancher: firefox` 这样的属性来设置当你打开 URL 时启动的网页浏览器，改变滚动条的外观，修改键盘快捷键等等。 +[rxvt 终端][9] 是我最喜欢的轻量级控制台。它有许多老式 [xterm][10] 终端仿真器的功能，但它的扩展性更强。它的配置是在 `~/.Xdefaults` 中定义的，所以没有偏好面板或设置菜单，但这使得它很容易管理和备份你的设置。通过使用一些 Perl 库，rxvt 可以有标签，并且通过 xrdb，它可以访问字体和任何你能想到的颜色主题。你可以设置像 `URxvt.urlLancher: firefox` 这样的属性来设置当你打开 URL 时启动的网页浏览器，改变滚动条的外观，修改键盘快捷键等等。 最初的 rxvt 不支持 Unicode（因为当时 Unicode 还不存在），但 `rxvt-unicode`（有时也叫 `urxvt`）包提供了一个完全支持 Unicode 的补丁版本。 @@ -46,9 +44,7 @@ Linux 让你能够选择你喜欢的终端界面，而不是它强加的界面 ![Konsole][11] -（Seth Kenlon, [CC BY-SA 4.0][6]） - -Konsole，KDE Plasma 桌面的终端，是我转到 Linux 后使用的第一个终端，所以它是我对所有其他终端的标准。它确实设定了一个很高的标准。Konsole 有所有通常的不错的功能（还有些其他的），比如简单的颜色主题加上配置文件支持、字体选择、编码、可分离标签、可重命名标签等等。但这在现代桌面上是可以预期的（至少，如果你的桌面运行的是 Plasma 的话）。 +Konsole 是 KDE Plasma 桌面的终端，是我转到 Linux 后使用的第一个终端，所以它是我对所有其他终端的标准。它确实设定了一个很高的标准。Konsole 有所有通常的不错的功能（还有些其他的），比如简单的颜色主题加上配置文件支持、字体选择、编码、可分离标签、可重命名标签等等。但这在现代桌面上是可以预期的（至少，如果你的桌面运行的是 Plasma 的话）。 Konsole 比其他终端领先许多年（或者几个月）。它可以垂直或水平地分割窗口。你可以把输入复制到所有的标签页上（就像 [tmux][12] 一样）。你可以将其设置为监视自身是否静音或活动并配置通知。如果你在 Android 手机上使用 KDE Connect，这意味着当一个任务完成时，你可以在手机上收到通知。你可以将 Konsole 的输出保存到文本或 HTML 文件中，为打开的标签页添加书签，克隆标签页，调整搜索设置等等。 @@ -65,7 +61,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/21/2/linux-terminals 作者：[Seth Kenlon][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From f8eb4620db734000ab5fe8222112994754984279 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Tue, 9 Mar 2021 05:42:03 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 142/309] PUB @geekpi https://linux.cn/article-13186-1.html --- .../20210226 3 Linux terminals you need to try.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20210226 3 Linux terminals you need to try.md (98%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20210226 3 Linux terminals you need to try.md b/published/20210226 3 Linux terminals you need to try.md similarity index 98% rename from translated/tech/20210226 3 Linux terminals you need to try.md rename to published/20210226 3 Linux terminals you need to try.md index a4a1f9aa01..8a70f27572 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20210226 3 Linux terminals you need to try.md +++ b/published/20210226 3 Linux terminals you need to try.md @@ -4,8 +4,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-13186-1.html) 值得尝试的 3 个 Linux 终端 ====== From 88c257e47c2db5e1933e6676b56d20d25c0f8660 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Tue, 9 Mar 2021 06:17:15 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 143/309] PRF @geekpi --- ...or Power Users -Inspired by an FPS Game.md | 29 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20210303 Guake Terminal- A Customizable Linux Terminal for Power Users -Inspired by an FPS Game.md b/translated/tech/20210303 Guake Terminal- A Customizable Linux Terminal for Power Users -Inspired by an FPS Game.md index de4461f1a3..c8a9d3cf91 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20210303 Guake Terminal- A Customizable Linux Terminal for Power Users -Inspired by an FPS Game.md +++ b/translated/tech/20210303 Guake Terminal- A Customizable Linux Terminal for Power Users -Inspired by an FPS Game.md @@ -3,20 +3,20 @@ [#]: author: (Ankush Das https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/) [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) -Guake 终端：一个为专业用户定制的 Linux 终端（灵感来自于一个 FPS 游戏） +Guake 终端：一个灵感来自于 FPS 游戏的 Linux 终端 ====== -_**简介：使用 Guake 终端这个可自定义且强大的适合各种用户的工具快速访问你的终端**_ +> 使用 Guake 终端这个可自定义且强大的适合各种用户的工具快速访问你的终端。 ### Guake 终端：GNOME 桌面中自上而下终端 ![][1] -[Guake][2] 是一款为 GNOME 桌面量身定做的终端模拟器，采用自上而下的设计。 +[Guake][2] 是一款为 GNOME 桌面量身定做的终端模拟器，采用下拉式设计。 它最初的灵感来自于一款 FPS 游戏（[Quake][3]）中的终端。尽管它最初是作为一个快速和易于使用的终端而设计的，但它的功能远不止于此。 @@ -26,15 +26,15 @@ Guake 终端提供了大量的功能，以及可定制的选项。在这里， ![][4] - * 键盘快捷键（**F12**）以覆盖方式在任何地方启动终端 + * 按下键盘快捷键（`F12`）以覆盖方式在任何地方启动终端 * Guake 终端在后台运行，以便持久访问 * 能够横向和纵向分割标签页 - * 从可用选项中更改默认的 shell（如果有的话） - * 重新对齐选项 + * 从可用的 shell 中（如果有的话）更改默认的 shell + * 重新对齐 * 从多种调色板中选择改变终端的外观 - * 能够使用 GUI 选项将终端内容保存到文件中 - * 需要时切换全屏选项 - * 你可以轻松地保存标签或在需要时打开新的标签 + * 能够使用 GUI 方式将终端内容保存到文件中 + * 需要时切换全屏 + * 你可以轻松地保存标签，或在需要时打开新的标签 * 恢复标签的能力 * 可选择配置和学习新的键盘快捷键，以快速访问终端和执行任务 * 改变特定选项卡的颜色 @@ -43,10 +43,9 @@ Guake 终端提供了大量的功能，以及可定制的选项。在这里， * 能够在启动或显示 Guake 终端时添加自己的命令或脚本。 * 支持多显示器 - ![][5] -只是为了乐趣，你可以做很多事情。 但是，我也相信，高级用户可以利用这些功能使他们的终端体验更轻松，更高效。 +只是出于乐趣，你可以做很多事情。但是，我也相信，高级用户可以利用这些功能使他们的终端体验更轻松，更高效。 就我用它来测试一些东西和写这篇文章的时候，说实话，我觉得我是在召唤终端。所以，我绝对觉得它很酷！ @@ -54,7 +53,7 @@ Guake 终端提供了大量的功能，以及可定制的选项。在这里， ![][6] -**在 Ubuntu、Fedora 和 Arch 的默认仓库中都有 Guake 终端。** +在 Ubuntu、Fedora 和 Arch 的默认仓库中都有 Guake 终端。 你可以按照它的官方说明来了解你可以使用的命令，如果你使用的是基于 Ubuntu 的发行版，只需输入： @@ -72,7 +71,7 @@ sudo apt install guake 无论是哪种情况，你也可以使用 [Pypi][8] 或者参考[官方文档][9]或从 [GitHub 页面][10]获取源码。 -[Guake Terminal][10] +- [Guake Terminal][10] 你觉得 Guake 终端怎么样？你认为它是一个有用的终端仿真器吗？你知道有什么类似的软件吗？ @@ -85,7 +84,7 @@ via: https://itsfoss.com/guake-terminal/ 作者：[Ankush Das][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 0749ef631ccb36c78ea14250f644497522694a00 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Tue, 9 Mar 2021 06:22:07 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 144/309] PUB @geekpi https://linux.cn/article-13187-1.html --- ...nux Terminal for Power Users -Inspired by an FPS Game.md | 6 +++--- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20210303 Guake Terminal- A Customizable Linux Terminal for Power Users -Inspired by an FPS Game.md (96%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20210303 Guake Terminal- A Customizable Linux Terminal for Power Users -Inspired by an FPS Game.md b/published/20210303 Guake Terminal- A Customizable Linux Terminal for Power Users -Inspired by an FPS Game.md similarity index 96% rename from translated/tech/20210303 Guake Terminal- A Customizable Linux Terminal for Power Users -Inspired by an FPS Game.md rename to published/20210303 Guake Terminal- A Customizable Linux Terminal for Power Users -Inspired by an FPS Game.md index c8a9d3cf91..14688c7cde 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20210303 Guake Terminal- A Customizable Linux Terminal for Power Users -Inspired by an FPS Game.md +++ b/published/20210303 Guake Terminal- A Customizable Linux Terminal for Power Users -Inspired by an FPS Game.md @@ -4,8 +4,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-13187-1.html) Guake 终端：一个灵感来自于 FPS 游戏的 Linux 终端 ====== @@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ Guake 终端：一个灵感来自于 FPS 游戏的 Linux 终端 ### Guake 终端：GNOME 桌面中自上而下终端 -![][1] +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/202103/09/062119ba36tottztz4torn.jpg) [Guake][2] 是一款为 GNOME 桌面量身定做的终端模拟器，采用下拉式设计。 From d3bd8e97a9ee32dc7b4304cf81450a7a06cdc93e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: frstlist <48125063@qq.com> Date: Tue, 9 Mar 2021 07:58:19 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 145/309] Translated by stevenzdg988 --- ...ch a virtual class with Moodle on Linux.md | 110 +++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 54 insertions(+), 56 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20201014 Teach a virtual class with Moodle on Linux.md b/sources/tech/20201014 Teach a virtual class with Moodle on Linux.md index 5a3a25c6b5..180e4c021b 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20201014 Teach a virtual class with Moodle on Linux.md +++ b/sources/tech/20201014 Teach a virtual class with Moodle on Linux.md @@ -7,153 +7,151 @@ [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/20/10/moodle) [#]: author: (Don Watkins https://opensource.com/users/don-watkins) -Teach a virtual class with Moodle on Linux +基于 Linux 的 Moodle 虚拟课堂教学 ====== -Teach school remotely with the Moodle learning management system on -Linux. -![Digital images of a computer desktop][1] +基于 Linux 的 Moodle 学习管理系统远程学校教学。 -The pandemic has created a greater need for remote education than ever before. This makes a learning management system (LMS) like [Moodle][2] more important than ever for ensuring that education stays on track as more and more schooling is delivered virtually. +![计算机桌面的数字图像][1] -Moodle is a free LMS written in PHP and distributed under the open source [GNU Public License][3] (GPL). It was developed by [Martin Dougiamas][4] and has been under continuous development since its release in 2002. Moodle can be used for blended learning, distance learning, flipped classrooms, and other forms of e-learning. There are currently over [190 million users][5] and 145,000 registered Moodle sites worldwide. +远程教育创造的需求大流行比以往任何时候都更大。像 [Moodle][2] 这样的学习管理系统（LMS）变得比以往任何时候都重要，越来越多的借助虚拟现实技术提供教育的学校确保教育步入正轨。 -I have used Moodle as an administrator, teacher, and student, and in this article, I'll show you how to set it up and get started using it. +Moodle 是用 PHP 编写的免费 LMS，并以开源 [GNU Public License(GNU 公共许可)][3]（GPL）分发。它是由[Martin Dougiamas][4] 开发的，自 2002 年发布以来一直在不断发展。Moodle 可用于混合学习，远程学习，翻转课堂和其他形式的在线学习。目前，全球有超过 [1.9 亿用户][5] 和 145,000 个注册的 Moodle 网站。 -### Install Moodle on Linux +我已经使用 Moodle 作为管理员，教师和学生等角色，在本文中，我将向您展示如何设置并开始使用它。 -Moodle's [system requirements][6] are modest, and there is plenty of documentation to help you. My favorite installation method is by downloading it as an ISO from [Turnkey Linux][7] and installing a Moodle site in VirtualBox. +### 在 Linux 系统上安装 Moodle -First, download the [Moodle ISO][8] and save it to your computer. +Moodle 对 [系统要求][6] 适中，并且有大量文档可为您提供帮助。我最喜欢的安装方法是从 [Turnkey Linux][7] 下载并制作 ISO 在 VirtualBox 中安装 Moodle 站点。 -Next, install VirtualBox from the Linux command line with +首先，下载 [Moodle ISO][8] 保存到电脑中。 +下一步，安装 VirtualBox 的 Linux 命令行如下 ``` $ sudo apt install virtualbox ``` -or - +或 ``` $ sudo dnf install virtualbox ``` -Once the download completes, start VirtualBox and select the **New** button on the console. +当下载完成后，启动 VirtualBox 并在控制台中选择 **New** 按钮。 -![Create a new VirtualBox][9] +![创建一个新的 VirtualBox(虚拟机)][9] (Don Watkins, [CC BY-SA 4.0][10]) -Choose a name for your virtual machine, your operating system (Linux), and the type of Linux you're using (e.g., Debian 64-bit). +选择使用的虚拟机的名称，操作系统（Linux）和 Linux 类型（例如 Debian 64 位）。 -![Naming the VirtualBox VM][11] +![命名 VirtualBox VM(虚拟机)][11] (Don Watkins, [CC BY-SA 4.0][10]) -Next, set your virtual machine (VM) memory size—use the default 1024MB. Then, choose a **dynamically allocated** virtual disk and attach the Moodle.iso to your virtual machine. +下一步，配置虚拟机(VM)内存大小-使用默认值 1024 MB。接下来选择 **dynamically allocated** (动态分配)虚拟磁盘并在虚拟机中添加 `Moodle.iso` 镜像。 -![Attaching Moodle.iso to VM][12] +![添加 Moodle.iso 到 VM(虚拟机)][12] (Don Watkins, [CC BY-SA 4.0][10]) -Change your network settings from NAT to **Bridged adapter**. Then start the machine and install the ISO to create the Moodle virtual machine. During installation, you will be prompted to create passwords for the root account, MySQL, and Moodle. The Moodle password must include at least eight characters, one upper case letter, and one special character. +将您的网络设置从 NAT 更改为 **Bridged adapter**(桥接模式)。然后启动虚拟机并安装 ISO 以创建 Moodle 虚拟机。在安装过程中，系统将提示为 root 帐户，MySQL 和Moodle 创建密码。 Moodle 密码必须至少包含八个字符，至少一个大写字母和至少一个特殊字符。 -Reboot the virtual machine. When the installation finishes, be sure to record your Moodle appliance settings somewhere safe. (After the installation, you can delete the ISO file if you want.) +重启虚拟机。安装完成后，请确保将 Moodle 应用配置内容记录在安全的地方。（安装后，可以根据需要删除ISO文件。） -![Moodle appliance settings][13] +![Moodle 应用配置][13] (Don Watkins, [CC BY-SA 4.0][10]) -It's important to note that your Moodle instance isn't visible by anyone on the Internet yet. It only exists in your local network: only people in your building who are connected to the same router or wifi access point as you can access your site right now. The worldwide Internet can't get to it because you're behind a firewall (embedded in your router, and possibly also in your computer). For more information on configuring your network, read Seth Kenlon's article on [opening ports and routing traffic through your firewall.][14] +重要提示，在 Internet(互联网)上的任何人还看不到你的 Moodle 实例。它仅存在于你的本地网络中：现在只有建筑物中与您连接到相同的路由器或 wifi 接入点的人可以访问您的站点。世界范围的 Internet(互联网)无法连接到它，因为您位于防火墙（嵌入在路由器中，还可能嵌入在计算机中）的后面。有关网络配置的更多信息，请阅读 Seth Kenlon 在 [打开端口并选择路由通信通过防火墙。][14] 上的文章。 -### Start using Moodle +### 开始使用 Moodle -Now you are ready to log into your Moodle machine and get familiar with the software. Log into Moodle using the default login username, **admin**, and the password you set when you created the Moodle VM. +现在您可以登录到 Moodle 机器并熟悉该软件了。使用默认的用户名 **admin** 和创建 Moodle VM 时设置的密码登录 Moodle。 -![Moodle login screen][15] +![Moodle 登录界面][15] (Don Watkins, [CC BY-SA 4.0][10]) -After logging in for the first time, you'll see your new Moodle site's main Dashboard.  +首次登录后，您将看到初始的 Moodle 网站的主仪表盘。 -![Moodle admin dashboard][16] +![Moodle 管理员仪表盘][16] (Don Watkins, [CC BY-SA 4.0][10]) -The default appliance name is **Turnkey Moodle**, but it's easy to change it to suit your school, classroom, or other needs and preferences. To personalize your Moodle site, in the menu on the left-hand side of the user interface, select **Site home**. Then click on the **Settings** icon on the right side of the display, and choose **Edit settings**. +默认的应用名称是 **Turnkey Moodle**，但是可以很容易地对其进行更改以适合您的学校，课堂或其他需要和选择。要使您的Moodle网站个性化，请在用户界面左侧的菜单中，选择 **Site home** (站点首页)。然后，点击屏幕右侧的 **Settings** (设置)图标，然后选择 **Edit settings**(编辑设置)。 -![Moodle settings][17] +![Moodle 设置][17] (Don Watkins, [CC BY-SA 4.0][10]) -You can change your site's name and add a short name and site description if you'd like. +您可以根据需要更改站点名称，并添加简短名称和站点描述。 -![Name Moodle site][18] +![Moodle 网站名][18] (Don Watkins, [CC BY-SA 4.0][10]) -Be sure to scroll to the bottom and save your changes. Now your site is personalized. +确保滚动到底部并保存更改。现在，您的网站已定制。 -![Moodle changes saved][19] +![Moodle 保存更改][19] (Don Watkins, [CC BY-SA 4.0][10]) -The default category is Miscellaneous, which won't help people identify your site's purpose. To add a category, return to the main Dashboard and select **Site administration** from the left-hand menu. Under **Courses**, select **Add a category **and enter details about your site. +默认类别为其他，这不会帮助人们识别您网站的目的。要添加类别，请返回主仪表盘，然后从左侧菜单中选择 **Site administration** (站点管理)。 在 **Courses**(**课程**)下，选择 **Add a category**(**添加类别**)并输入有关您的网站的详细信息。 -![Add category option in Moodle][20] +![在 Moodle 中添加类别选项][20] (Don Watkins, [CC BY-SA 4.0][10]) -To add a course, return to **Site administration**, and click **Add a new course**. You will see a series of options, such as naming your course, providing a short name, assigning a category, and setting the course start and end dates. You can also set options for the course's format, such as social, weekly, and topic, as well as its appearance, file upload size, completion tracking, and more. +要添加课程，请返回 **Site administration**(**站点管理**)，然后单击 **Add a new course**(**添加新课程**)。您将看到一系列选项，例如为课程命名，提供简短名称，设定类别以及设置课程的开始和结束日期。您还可以为课程格式设置选项，例如社交，每周的和主题，以及其外观，文件上传大小，完成情况跟踪等等。 -![Add course option in Moodle][21] +![在 Moodle 中添加课程选项][21] (Don Watkins, [CC BY-SA 4.0][10]) -### Add and manage users +### 添加和管理用户 -Now that you have set up a course, you can add users. There are a variety of ways to do this. Manual entry is a good place to start if you are a homeschooler. Moodle supports email-based registration, [LDAP][22], [Shibboleth][23], and many others. School districts and other larger installations can upload users with a comma-delimited file. Passwords can be added in bulk, too, with a forced password change at first login. For more information, be sure to consult Moodle's [documentation][24]. +现在，您已经设置了课程，您可以添加用户。有多种方法可以做到这一点。如果您是自学者，则手动入门是一个不错的开始。Moodle 支持基于电子邮件的注册，[LDAP][22]，[Shibboleth(口令或暗语)][23]等。学区和其他较大的装置支持用逗号分隔的文件上传用户。也可以批量添加密码，并在首次登录时强制更改密码。有关更多信息，请确保查阅 Moodle [文档][24]。 -Moodle is a very granular, permission-oriented environment. It is easy to assign policies and roles to users and enforce those assignments using Moodle's menus. +Moodle是一个非常细化的，面向许可的环境。使用 Moodle 的菜单将策略和角色分配给用户并执行这些分配很容易。 -There are many roles within Moodle, and each has specific privileges and permissions. The default roles are manager, course creator, teacher, non-editing teacher, student, guest, and authenticated user, but you can add other ones. +Moodle 中有许多角色，每个角色都有特定的特权和许可。 默认角色是管理员，课程创建者，教师，非编辑教师，学生，来宾和经过身份验证的用户，但您可以添加其他角色。 -### Add content to your course +### 为课程添加内容 -Once you have your Moodle site and a course set up, you can add content to the course. Moodle has all the tools you need to create great content, and it's built on solid pedagogy that emphasizes a [social constructionist][25] view. +一旦搭建了 Moodle 网站并设置了课程，就可以向课程中添加内容。Moodle 具有创建出色内容所需要的所有工具，并且它以强调 [社会建构主义][25] 观点的扎实的教学法为基础。 -I created a sample course called Code with [Mu][26]. It is in the **Programming** category and **Python** subcategory. +我用 [Mu][26] 创建了一个名为 Code 的示例课程。它在 **Programming**(**编程**)类别和 **Python** 子类别中。 -![Moodle course list][27] +![Moodle 课程列表][27] (Don Watkins, [CC BY-SA 4.0][10]) -I chose a weekly format for my course with the default of four weeks. Using the editing tools, I hid all but the first week of the course. This ensures my students stay focused on the material. +我为课程选择了每周格式，默认为四个星期。使用编辑工具，我隐藏了除课程第一周以外的所有内容。这样可以确保我的学生始终专注于材料。 -As the teacher or Moodle administrator, I can add activities to each week's instruction by clicking **Add an activity** **or resource**. +作为教师或 Moodle 管理员，我可以通过单击 **Add an activity**(**添加活动**) **or resource**(**或资源**)来将活动添加到每周的教学中。 -![Add activity in Moodle][28] +![在 Moodle 中添加活动][28] (Don Watkins, [CC BY-SA 4.0][10]) -I get a pop-up window with a variety of activities I can assign to my students. +我会看到一个弹出窗口，其中包含可以分配给我的学生的各种活动。 -![Moodle activities menu][29] +![Moodle 活动菜单][29] (Don Watkins, [CC BY-SA 4.0][10]) -Moodle's tools and activities make it easy for me to create learning materials and cap off the week with a short quiz. +Moodle 的工具和活动使我可以轻松地创建学习材料并进行简短的测验来结束一周的学习。 -![Moodle activities checklist][30] +![Moodle 活动清单][30] (Don Watkins, [CC BY-SA 4.0][10]) -There are more than 1,600 plugins you can use to extend Moodle with new activities, question types, integrations with other systems, and more. For example, the [BigBlueButton][31] plugin supports slide sharing, a whiteboard, audio and video chat, and breakout rooms. Others to consider include the [Jitsi][32] plugin for videoconferencing, a [plagiarism checker][33], and an [Open Badge Factory][34] for awarding badges. +您可以使用 1,600 多个插件来扩展 Moodle 的新活动，问题类型，与其他系统的集成等等。例如，[BigBlueButton][31] 插件支持幻灯片共享，白板，音频和视频聊天以及小组讨论室。其他需要考虑的包括用于视频会议的 [Jitsi][32] 插件，用于复制徽章的 [抄袭检查器][33] 和 [开放徽章工厂][34]。 -### Keep exploring Moodle +### 继续探索 Moodle -Moodle is a powerful LMS, and I hope this introduction whets your appetite to learn more. There are excellent [tutorials][35] to help you improve your skills, and you can see Moodle in action on its [demonstration site][36] or access [Moodle's source code][37] if you want to see what's under the hood or [contribute][38] to development. Moodle also has a great [mobile app][39] for iOS and Android, if you like to work on the go. Follow Moodle on [Twitter][40], [Facebook][41], and [LinkedIn][42] to stay up to date on what's new. +Moodle 是功能强大的 LMS，我希望此介绍能引起你的兴趣，以了解更多信息。有很多出色的 [指南][35] 可以帮助您提高技能，如果想要查看 Moodle 的内容，可以在其 [演示站点][36] 上查看运行中的 Moodle，或访问 [Moodle的源代码][37] 查看罩或对发展作出 [贡献][38]。如果您喜欢在旅途中工作，Moodle 也有一款出色的 [移动应用][39]，适用于 iOS 和 Android。在[Twitter][40]，[Facebook][41] 和 [LinkedIn][42] 上关注 Moodle，以了解最新消息。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- From ba8cb23faa6498c9f66f7d3d8929d95dd341d330 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: frstlist <48125063@qq.com> Date: Tue, 9 Mar 2021 08:03:19 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 146/309] Modify Translated file --- .../tech/20201014 Teach a virtual class with Moodle on Linux.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {sources => translated}/tech/20201014 Teach a virtual class with Moodle on Linux.md (100%) diff --git a/sources/tech/20201014 Teach a virtual class with Moodle on Linux.md b/translated/tech/20201014 Teach a virtual class with Moodle on Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from sources/tech/20201014 Teach a virtual class with Moodle on Linux.md rename to translated/tech/20201014 Teach a virtual class with Moodle on Linux.md From e52dab5b100230e6d4a3acaaa86295924302227d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Tue, 9 Mar 2021 08:35:30 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 147/309] translated --- ...source tools for running a Linux server.md | 104 ------------------ ...source tools for running a Linux server.md | 102 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 102 insertions(+), 104 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20210301 4 open source tools for running a Linux server.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20210301 4 open source tools for running a Linux server.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210301 4 open source tools for running a Linux server.md b/sources/tech/20210301 4 open source tools for running a Linux server.md deleted file mode 100644 index 33552f10bc..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20210301 4 open source tools for running a Linux server.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,104 +0,0 @@ -[#]: subject: (4 open source tools for running a Linux server) -[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/3/linux-server) -[#]: author: (Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth) -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) - -4 open source tools for running a Linux server -====== -With Linux, you can turn any device into a server to share data, media -files, and other resources. -![A rack of servers, blue background][1] - -In 2021, there are more reasons why people love Linux than ever before. In this series, I'll share 21 different reasons to use Linux. Here are four open source tools for turning any device into a Linux server.  - -Sometimes I detect a certain mystique around the idea of a server. Many people, should they have an image in their mind at all, think servers must be big, heavy, rack-mounted machines, carefully maintained by an overly deliberate sysadmin and a group of magical tinker gnomes. Other people envision servers as vaporous clouds that somehow power the internet. - -While this reverence is good for IT job security, the reality is that nobody in open source computing believes that servers are or should be the exclusive domain of specialists. File and resource sharing are integral to open source, and open source makes it easier than ever, as these four open source server projects show. - -### Samba - -The [Samba project][2] is a Windows interoperability suite of programs for Linux and Unix. Although it's mostly low-level code that many users never knowingly interact with, its importance can't be understated. Historically, it was the biggest and most important target back when Microsoft was fighting to eliminate Linux and open source. Times have changed, and Microsoft has met with the Samba team to offer support (for now, at least), and through it all, the project has continued to ensure that Linux and Windows computers can easily co-exist on the same network. In other words, Samba makes it easy to share files over your local network, regardless of what platforms are used. - -In the [KDE Plasma][3] desktop, you can right-click on any directory you own and select **Properties**. In the **Properties** dialogue box, click the **Share** tab, and enable **Share with Samba (Microsoft Windows)**. - -![Samba][4] - -(Seth Kenlon, [CC BY-SA 4.0][5]) - -Just like that, you've opened a directory for read-only access for users on your local network. That means that when you're home, anyone in your house on the same WiFi network can access that folder, or if you're at work, anyone on your workplace network can access that folder. Of course, to access it, other users need to know where to find it. The path to a computer can be expressed as either an [IP address][6] or, depending on your network configuration, a hostname. - -### Snapdrop - -If navigating a network through IP addresses and hostnames is confusing, or if you don't like the idea of opening a folder for sharing and forgetting that it's open for perusal, then you might prefer [Snapdrop][7]. This is an open source project that you can run yourself or use the demonstration instance on the internet to connect computers through WebRTC. WebRTC enables peer-to-peer connections through a web browser, meaning that two users on the same network can find each other by navigating to Snapdrop and then communicate with each other directly, without going through an external server. - -![Snapdrop][8] - -(Seth Kenlon, [CC BY-SA 4.0][5]) - -Once two or more clients have contacted a Snapdrop service, users can trade files and chat messages back and forth, right over the local network. The transfer is fast, and your data stays local. - -### VLC - -Streaming services are more common than ever, but I have unconventional tastes in music and movies, so the typical services rarely seem to have what I'm looking for. Fortunately, it's easy to beam my own content around my house from my computer with my big media drive connected to it. For instance, when I want to watch a movie on a screen other than my computer monitor, I can stream the movie file on my network and play it through any app that can receive HTTP, whether that app is on my TV, game console, or mobile. - -[VLC][9] makes it easy to set up a stream. In fact, it's an option in the **Media** menu, or you can press **Ctrl**+**S** on your keyboard. Add a file or group of files to your streaming queue, and then click the **Stream** button. - -![VLC][10] - -(Seth Kenlon, [CC BY-SA 4.0][5]) - -VLC steps you through a configuration wizard to help you decide what protocol to use when streaming your data. I tend to use HTTP because it's generally available on any device. Once VLC starts playing the file, navigate to the IP address or hostname of the computer playing the file at the port you assigned to the stream (it's 8080 by default when using HTTP), then sit back and enjoy. - -### PulseAudio - -One of my favorite modern Linux features is [PulseAudio][11]. Pulse has enabled staggering flexibility for audio on Linux, including auto-discoverable local network streaming. The advantage of this feature for me is that I can play podcasts and tech conference videos on my workstation in my office and take that audio with me by streaming it over my mobile. I have perfect audio whether I wander into the kitchen, the lounge, or to the farthest border of my backyard. This ability existed long before PulseAudio, but Pulse makes it as easy as a button click. - -Some setup is required. First, you must ensure that the PulseAudio preferences (**paprefs**) package is installed so that you can enable network audio in your PulseAudio configuration. - -![PulseAudio][12] - -(Seth Kenlon, [CC BY-SA 4.0][5]) - -In **paprefs**, enable network access to your local sound device, probably without authentication (assuming you trust the other people on your local network), and enable your computer as a **Multicast/RTP sender**. I usually just choose to stream any audio playing through my speakers, but you can create a separate audio device in your Pulse output tab so that you can choose exactly what gets streamed. You have three options here: - - * Stream whatever is playing on your speakers - * Stream all sound on all outputs - * Stream only audio you direct to the multicast device (on demand) - - - -Once enabled, your sound streams on your network and can be received by other local Linux devices. It's easy and dynamic audio sharing. - -### Sharing more than just code - -Linux is about sharing. It's famous on servers because it's great at _serving_. Whether it's serving audio streams, video streams, files, or a great user experience, every Linux computer is a great Linux server. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://opensource.com/article/21/3/linux-server - -作者：[Seth Kenlon][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://opensource.com/users/seth -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/rack_server_sysadmin_cloud_520.png?itok=fGmwhf8I (A rack of servers, blue background) -[2]: http://samba.org -[3]: https://opensource.com/article/19/12/linux-kde-plasma -[4]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/samba_0.jpg (Samba) -[5]: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ -[6]: https://opensource.com/article/18/5/how-find-ip-address-linux -[7]: https://github.com/RobinLinus/snapdrop -[8]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/snapdrop.jpg (Snapdrop) -[9]: https://www.videolan.org/index.html -[10]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/vlc-stream.jpg (VLC) -[11]: https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/PulseAudio/ -[12]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/pulse.jpg (PulseAudio) diff --git a/translated/tech/20210301 4 open source tools for running a Linux server.md b/translated/tech/20210301 4 open source tools for running a Linux server.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..aa28273001 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20210301 4 open source tools for running a Linux server.md @@ -0,0 +1,102 @@ +[#]: subject: (4 open source tools for running a Linux server) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/3/linux-server) +[#]: author: (Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +运行 Linux 服务器的 4 个开源工具 +====== +通过 Linux，你可以将任何设备变成服务器，以共享数据、媒体文件，以及其他资源。 +![A rack of servers, blue background][1] + +在 2021 年，人们喜欢 Linux 的理由比以往任何时候都多。在这个系列中，我将分享 21 个使用 Linux 的不同理由。这里有四个开源工具，可以将任何设备变成 Linux 服务器。  + +有时，我会发现有关服务器概念的某种神秘色彩。许多人，如果他们在脑海中有一个形象的话，他们认为服务器一定是又大又重的机架式机器，由一个谨慎的系统管理员和一群神奇的修理工精心维护。另一些人则把服务器设想成虚无缥缈的云朵，以某种方式为互联网提供动力。 + +虽然这种敬畏对 IT 工作的安全性是有好处的，但事实上，在开源计算中，没有人认为服务器是或应该是专家的专属领域。文件和资源共享是开源不可或缺的，而开源让它变得比以往任何时候都更容易，正如这四个开源服务器项目所展示的那样。 + +### Samba + +[Samba 项目][2]是 Linux 和 Unix 的 Windows 互操作程序套件。尽管它是大多数用户从未与之交互的底层代码，但它的重要性却不容小觑。从历史上看，早在微软争相消灭 Linux 和开源的时候，它就是最大最重要的目标。时代变了，微软已经与 Samba 团队会面以提供支持（至少目前是这样），在这一切中，该项目继续确保 Linux 和 Windows 计算机可以轻松地在同一网络上共存。换句话说，无论你使用什么平台，Samba 都可以让你可以轻松地在本地网络上共享文件。 + +在 [KDE Plasma][3] 桌面上，你可以右键点击自己的任何目录，选择**属性**。在**属性**对话框中，点击**共享**选项卡，并启用**与 Samba 共享 （Microsoft Windows）**。 + +![Samba][4] + +（Seth Kenlon, [CC BY-SA 4.0][5]） + +就这样，你已经为本地网络上的用户打开了一个只读访问的目录。也就是说，当你在家的时候，你家同一个 WiFi 网络上的任何人都可以访问该文件夹，如果你在工作，工作场所网络上的任何人都可以访问该文件夹。当然，要访问它，其他用户需要知道在哪里可以找到它。通往计算机的路径可以用 [IP 地址][6]表示，也可以根据你的网络配置，用主机名表示。 + +### Snapdrop + +如果通过 IP 地址和主机名来打开网络是令人困惑的，或者如果你不喜欢打开一个文件夹进行共享而忘记它是开放的，那么你可能更喜欢 [Snapdrop][7]。这是一个开源项目，你可以自己运行，也可以使用互联网上的演示实例通过 WebRTC 连接计算机。WebRTC 可以通过 Web 浏览器实现点对点的连接，也就是说同一网络上的两个用户可以通过 Snapdrop 找到对方，然后直接进行通信，而不需要通过外部服务器。 + +![Snapdrop][8] + +（Seth Kenlon, [CC BY-SA 4.0][5]） + +一旦两个或更多的客户端连接了同一个 Snapdrop 服务，用户就可以通过本地网络来回交换文件和聊天信息。传输的速度很快，而且你的数据也保持在本地。 + +### VLC + +流媒体服务比以往任何时候都更常见，但我在音乐和电影方面有非常规的口味，所以典型的服务似乎很少有我想要的东西。幸运的是，通过连接到媒体驱动器，我可以很容易地将自己的内容从我的电脑上传送到我的房子各个角落。例如，当我想在电脑显示器以外的屏幕上观看一部电影时，我可以在我的网络上串流电影文件，并通过任何可以接收 HTTP 的应用来播放它，无论该应用是在我的电视、游戏机还是手机上。 + +[VLC][9] 可以轻松设置流媒体。事实上，它是**媒体**菜单中的一个选项，或者你可以按下键盘 **Ctrl**+**S**。将一个文件或一组文件添加到你的流媒体队列中，然后点击 **Stream** 按钮。 + +![VLC][10] + +（Seth Kenlon, [CC BY-SA 4.0][5]） + +VLC 通过配置向导来帮助你决定流媒体数据时使用什么协议。我倾向于使用 HTTP，因为它通常在任何设备上可用。当 VLC 开始播放文件时， 请进入播放文件计算机的 IP 或主机名以及给它分配的端口 （当使用 HTTP，默认是 8080）, 然后坐下来享受。 + +### PulseAudio + +我最喜欢的现代 Linux 功能之一是 [PulseAudio][11]。Pulse 为 Linux 上的音频实现了惊人的灵活性，包括可自动发现的本地网络流媒体。这个功能对我来说的好处是，我可以在办公室的工作站上播放播客和技术会议视频，并通过手机串流音频。无论我走进厨房、休息室还是后院最远的地方，我都能获得完美的音频。此功能在 PulseAudio 之前很久就存在，但是 Pulse 使它像单击按钮一样容易。 + +需要进行一些设置。首先，你必须确保安装 PulseAudio preferences（**paprefs**）包，以便在 PulseAudio 配置中启用网络音频。 + +![PulseAudio][12] + +（Seth Kenlon, [CC BY-SA 4.0][5]） + +在 **paprefs** 中，启用网络访问你的本地声音设备，可能不需要认证（假设你信任本地网络上的其他人），并启用你的计算机作为 **Multicast/RTP 发送者**。我通常只选择串流通过我的扬声器播放的任何音频，但你可以在 Pulse 输出选项卡中创建一个单独的音频设备，这样你就可以准确地选择串流的内容。你在这里有三个选项： + + * 串流任何在扬声器上播放的音频 + * 串流所有输出的声音 + * 只将音频直接串流到多播设备（按需）。 + + +一旦启用，你的声音就会串流道网络中，并可被其他本地 Linux 设备接收。这是简单和动态的音频共享。 + +### 分享的不仅仅是代码 + +Linux 是关于共享的。它在服务器领域很有名，因为它很擅长_服务_。无论是提供音频流、视频流、文件，还是出色的用户体验，每一台 Linux 电脑都是一台出色的 Linux 服务器。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/21/3/linux-server + +作者：[Seth Kenlon][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/seth +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/rack_server_sysadmin_cloud_520.png?itok=fGmwhf8I (A rack of servers, blue background) +[2]: http://samba.org +[3]: https://opensource.com/article/19/12/linux-kde-plasma +[4]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/samba_0.jpg (Samba) +[5]: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ +[6]: https://opensource.com/article/18/5/how-find-ip-address-linux +[7]: https://github.com/RobinLinus/snapdrop +[8]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/snapdrop.jpg (Snapdrop) +[9]: https://www.videolan.org/index.html +[10]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/vlc-stream.jpg (VLC) +[11]: https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/PulseAudio/ +[12]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/pulse.jpg (PulseAudio) From 5b1c27941ec9c0d1649da0bddef615f07844cbf5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Tue, 9 Mar 2021 08:40:47 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 148/309] translating --- ...ow to use Poetry to manage your Python projects on Fedora.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20210308 How to use Poetry to manage your Python projects on Fedora.md b/sources/tech/20210308 How to use Poetry to manage your Python projects on Fedora.md index 40b3e19d37..b6682956fa 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20210308 How to use Poetry to manage your Python projects on Fedora.md +++ b/sources/tech/20210308 How to use Poetry to manage your Python projects on Fedora.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ [#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/how-to-use-poetry-to-manage-your-python-projects-on-fedora/) [#]: author: (Kader Miyanyedi https://fedoramagazine.org/author/moonkat/) [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From f34383f605a0875f6584bffa42caf198ff5ebeaf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Tue, 9 Mar 2021 23:23:56 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 149/309] PUB @wxy https://linux.cn/article-13189-1.html --- ...ysMonTask- A Windows Task Manager Lookalike for Linux.md | 6 ++++-- 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20210302 Meet SysMonTask- A Windows Task Manager Lookalike for Linux.md (97%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20210302 Meet SysMonTask- A Windows Task Manager Lookalike for Linux.md b/published/20210302 Meet SysMonTask- A Windows Task Manager Lookalike for Linux.md similarity index 97% rename from translated/tech/20210302 Meet SysMonTask- A Windows Task Manager Lookalike for Linux.md rename to published/20210302 Meet SysMonTask- A Windows Task Manager Lookalike for Linux.md index e905ffbdf1..f26fb208ae 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20210302 Meet SysMonTask- A Windows Task Manager Lookalike for Linux.md +++ b/published/20210302 Meet SysMonTask- A Windows Task Manager Lookalike for Linux.md @@ -4,12 +4,14 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (wxy) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-13189-1.html) SysMonTask：一个类似于 Windows 任务管理器的 Linux 系统监控器 ====== +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/202103/09/232304ljsr5jfgluffn4a4.jpg) + 得益于桌面环境，几乎所有的 [Linux 发行版都带有任务管理器应用程序][1]。除此之外，还有 [一些其他的 Linux 的系统监控应用程序][2]，它们具有更多的功能。 但最近我遇到了一个为 Linux 创建的任务管理器，它看起来像……嗯……Windows 的任务管理器。 From a5267479e49b66e2b3df178b003533f2def274e6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Wed, 10 Mar 2021 05:20:25 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 150/309] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020210310=20?= =?UTF-8?q?How=20to=20Update=20openSUSE=20Linux=20System?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20210310 How to Update openSUSE Linux System.md --- ...310 How to Update openSUSE Linux System.md | 107 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 107 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20210310 How to Update openSUSE Linux System.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210310 How to Update openSUSE Linux System.md b/sources/tech/20210310 How to Update openSUSE Linux System.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..78bf584035 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20210310 How to Update openSUSE Linux System.md @@ -0,0 +1,107 @@ +[#]: subject: (How to Update openSUSE Linux System) +[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/update-opensuse/) +[#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +How to Update openSUSE Linux System +====== + +I have been an Ubuntu user for as long as I remember. I distrohopped a little but keep on coming back to Ubuntu. But recently, I have started using openSUSE to try something non-Debian. + +As I keep exploring [openSUSE][1], I keep on stumbling upon things that are slightly different in SUSE-worse and I plan to cover them in tutorials on It’s FOSS. + +As a first, I am writing about updating openSUSE system. There are two ways you can do that: + + * Using terminal (valid for openSUSE desktops and servers) + * Using a graphical tool (valid for openSUSE desktops) + + + +### Update openSUSE via command line + +The simplest way to update openSUSE is by using the zypper command. It provides full functionality of patches and updates management. It takes care of the file conflicts and dependency problems. The updates also include Linux kernel. + +If you are using openSUSE Leap, use this command: + +``` +sudo zypper update +``` + +You may also use `up` instead of `update` but I find it easier to remember. + +If you are using openSUSE Tumbleweed, use the `dist-upgrade` or `dup` (in short). Tumbleweed is [rolling release distribution][2] and hence it is advised to use dist-upgrade option. + +``` +sudo zypper dist-upgrade +``` + +It will show you the list of the packages to be upgraded, removed or installed. + +![][3] + +You’ll be notified if your system requires reboots. + +If you just want to refresh the repositories (like sudo apt update), you may use this command: + +``` +sudo zypper refresh +``` + +If you want to list the available updates, you can also do that: + +``` +sudo zypper list-updates +``` + +### Graphical way to update openSUSE + +If you are using openSUSE as a desktop, you’ll have the additional option of using the GUI tools for installing the updates. This tool may change depending on [which desktop environment you are using][4]. + +For example, KDE has its own Software center called Discover. You can use it to search and install new applications. You can also use it to install system updates. + +![][5] + +In fact, KDE notifies you of available system updates in the notification area. You’ll have to open Discover explicitly because clicking on the notification doesn’t automatically take you to Discover. + +![][6] + +If you find that annoying, you may disable it using these commands: + +``` +sudo zypper remove plasma5-pk-updates +sudo zypper addlock plasma5-pk-updates +``` + +I wouldn’t recommend it though. It’s better to get notified of available updates. + +There is also the YAST Software Management [GUI tool][7] which you can use for more granular control on package managements. + +![][8] + +That’s it. It was a short one. In the next SUSE tutorial, I’ll show you some common zypper commands with examples. Stay tuned. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/update-opensuse/ + +作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://www.opensuse.org/ +[2]: https://itsfoss.com/rolling-release/ +[3]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/update-opensuse-with-zypper.png?resize=800%2C406&ssl=1 +[4]: https://itsfoss.com/find-desktop-environment/ +[5]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/opensuse-update-gui.png?resize=800%2C500&ssl=1 +[6]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/update-notification-opensuse.png?resize=800%2C259&ssl=1 +[7]: https://itsfoss.com/gui-cli-tui/ +[8]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/yast-software-management-suse.png?resize=800%2C448&ssl=1 From 1d16e70d54b23dbf584a2f3c6dd1f200862cb94b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Wed, 10 Mar 2021 05:20:54 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 151/309] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020210309=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Collect=20sensor=20data=20with=20your=20Raspberry=20Pi=20and=20?= =?UTF-8?q?open=20source=20tools?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20210309 Collect sensor data with your Raspberry Pi and open source tools.md --- ...your Raspberry Pi and open source tools.md | 276 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 276 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20210309 Collect sensor data with your Raspberry Pi and open source tools.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210309 Collect sensor data with your Raspberry Pi and open source tools.md b/sources/tech/20210309 Collect sensor data with your Raspberry Pi and open source tools.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..0c5f528946 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20210309 Collect sensor data with your Raspberry Pi and open source tools.md @@ -0,0 +1,276 @@ +[#]: subject: (Collect sensor data with your Raspberry Pi and open source tools) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/3/sensor-data-raspberry-pi) +[#]: author: (Peter Czanik https://opensource.com/users/czanik) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +Collect sensor data with your Raspberry Pi and open source tools +====== +Learning more about what is going on in your home is not just useful; +it's fun! +![Working from home at a laptop][1] + +I have lived in 100-plus-year-old brick houses for most of my life. They look nice, they are comfortable, and usually, they are not too expensive. However, humidity is high in the winter in my climate, and mold is a recurring problem. A desktop thermometer that displays relative humidity is useful for measuring it, but it does not provide continuous monitoring. + +In comes the Raspberry Pi: It is small, inexpensive, and has many sensor options, including temperature and relative humidity. It can collect data around the clock, do some alerting, and forward data for analysis. + +Recently, I participated in an experiment by [miniNodes][2] to collect and process environmental data on an all-[Arm][3] network of computers. One of my network's nodes was a [Raspberry Pi][4] that collected environmental data above my desk. Once the project was over, I was allowed to keep the hardware and play with it. This became my winter holiday project. Learning [Python][5] or [Elasticsearch][6] just to know more about them is boring. Having a practical project that utilizes these technologies is not just useful but also makes learning fun. + +Originally, I planned to utilize only these two technologies. Unfortunately, my good old Arm "server," an [OverDrive 1000][7] machine for developers, and my Xeon server are too loud for continuous use above my desk. I turn them on only when I need them, which means some kind of buffering is necessary when the servers are offline. Implementing buffering for Elasticsearch as a beginner Python coder looked a bit difficult. Luckily, I know a tool that can buffer data and send it to Elasticsearch: [syslog-ng][8]. + +### A note about licensing + +Elastic, the maintainer of Elasticsearch, has recently changed the project's license from the Apache License, an extremely permissive license approved by the Open Source Initiative, to a more restrictive license "[to protect our products and brand from abuse][9]." The term "abuse" in this context refers to the tendency of companies using Elasticsearch and Kibana and providing them to customers directly as a service without collaborating with Elastic or the Elastic community (a common critique of permissive licenses). It's still unclear how this affects users, but it's an important discussion for the open source community to have, especially as cloud services become more and more common. + +To keep your project open source, use Elasticsearch version 7.10 under the Apache License. + +### Configure data collection + +For data collection, I have a [Raspberry Pi Model 3B+][10] with the latest Raspberry Pi OS version and a set of sensors from [SparkFun][11] connected to a [Qwiic pHat][12] add-on board (this board has been discontinued, but there are more recent boards that provide the same functionality). Since monitoring GPS does not make much sense with a fixed location and there is no lightning to detect during the winter, I connected only the environmental sensor. You can collect data from the sensor using [Python scripts available on GitHub][13]. + +Install the Python modules locally as a user: + + +``` +`pip3 install sparkfun-qwiic-bme280` +``` + +There are three example scripts you can use to check data collection. You can download them using your browser or Git: + + +``` +`git clone https://github.com/sparkfun/Qwiic_BME280_Py/` +``` + +When you start the script, it will print data in a nice, human-readable format: + + +``` +pi@raspberrypi:~/Documents/Qwiic_BME280_Py/examples $ python3 qwiic_bme280_ex1.py + +SparkFun BME280 Sensor  Example 1 + +Humidity:       58.396 +Pressure:       128911.984 +Altitude:       -6818.388 +Temperature:    70.43 + +Humidity:       58.390 +Pressure:       128815.051 +Altitude:       -6796.598 +Temperature:    70.41 + +^C +Ending Example 1 +``` + +I am from Europe, so the default temperature data did not make much sense to me. Luckily, you can easily rewrite the code to use the metric system: just replace `temperature_fahrenheit` with `temperature_celsius`. Pressure and altitude showed some crazy values, even when I changed to the metric system, but I did not debug them. The humidity and temperature values were pretty close to what I expected (based on my desktop thermometer). + +Once I verified that the relevant sensors work as expected, I started to develop my own code. It is pretty simple. First, I made sure that it printed values every second to the terminal, then I added syslog support: + + +``` +#!/usr/bin/python3 + +import qwiic_bme280 +import time +import sys +import syslog + +# initialize sensor +sensor = qwiic_bme280.QwiicBme280() +if sensor.connected == False: +  print("Sensor not connected. Exiting") +  sys.exit(1) +sensor.begin() + +# collect and log time, humidity and temperature +while True: +  t = time.localtime() +  current_time = time.strftime("%H:%M:%S", t) +  current_humidity = sensor.humidity +  current_temperature = sensor.temperature_celsius +  print("time={} humidity={} temperature={}".format(current_time,current_humidity,current_temperature)) +  message = "humidity=" + str(current_humidity) + " temperature=" + str(current_temperature) +  syslog.syslog(message) +  time.sleep(1) +``` + +As I start the Python script using the [screen][14] utility, I also print data to the terminal. Check if the collected data arrives into syslog-ng using the `tail` command: + + +``` +pi@raspberrypi:~ $ tail -3 /var/log/messages +Jan  5 12:11:24 raspberrypi sensor2syslog_v2.py[6213]: humidity=58.294921875 temperature=21.4 +Jan  5 12:11:25 raspberrypi sensor2syslog_v2.py[6213]: humidity=58.294921875 temperature=21.4 +Jan  5 12:11:26 raspberrypi sensor2syslog_v2.py[6213]: humidity=58.294921875 temperature=21.39 +``` + +### Configure Elasticsearch + +The 1GB RAM in my Pi 3B+ is way too low to run Elasticsearch and [Kibana][15], so I host them on a second machine. [Installing Elasticsearch and Kibana][16] is different on every platform, so I will not cover that. What I will cover is mapping. By default, syslog-ng sends all data as text. If you want to prepare nice graphs in Kibana, you need temperature and humidity values as floating-point numbers. + +You need to set up mapping before sending data from syslog-ng. The syslog-ng configuration expects that the Sensors index uses this mapping: + + +``` +{ +  "mappings": { +    "_doc": { +      "properties": { +        "@timestamp": { +          "type": "date" +        }, +        "sensors": { +          "properties": { +            "humidity": { +              "type": "float" +            }, +            "temperature": { +              "type": "float" +            } +          } +        } +      } +    } +  } +} +``` + +Elasticsearch is now ready to collect data from syslog-ng. + +### Install and configure syslog-ng + +Version 3.19 of syslog-ng is included in Raspberry Pi OS, but it does not yet have Elasticsearch support. Therefore, I installed the latest version of syslog-ng from an unofficial repository. First, I added the repository key: + + +``` +`wget -qO - https://download.opensuse.org/repositories/home:/laszlo_budai:/syslog-ng/Raspbian_10/Release.key | sudo apt-key add -` +``` + +Then I added the following line to `/etc/apt/sources.list.d/sng.list`: + + +``` +`deb https://download.opensuse.org/repositories/home:/laszlo_budai:/syslog-ng/Raspbian_10/ ./` +``` + +Finally, I updated the repositories and installed the necessary syslog-ng packages (which also removed rsyslog from the system): + + +``` +apt-get update +apt-get install syslog-ng-mod-json syslog-ng-mod-http +``` + +There are many other syslog-ng subpackages, but only these two are needed to forward sensor logs to Elasticsearch. + +Syslog-ng's main configuration file is `/etc/syslog-ng/syslog-ng.conf`, and you do not need to modify it. You can extend the configuration by creating new text files with a `.conf` extension under the `/etc/syslog-ng/conf.d` directory. + +I created a file called `sens2elastic.conf` with the following content: + + +``` +filter f_sensors {program("sensor2syslog_v2.py")}; +parser p_kv {kv-parser(prefix("sensors."));}; +destination d_sensors { +  file("/var/log/sensors" template("$(format-json @timestamp=${ISODATE} --key sensors.*)\n\n")); +  elasticsearch-http( +      index("sensors") +      type("") +      url("") +      template("$(format-json @timestamp=${ISODATE} --key sensors.*)") +      disk-buffer( +        disk-buf-size(1G) +        reliable(no) +        dir("/tmp/disk-buffer") +      ) +  ); +}; +log { +  source(s_src); +  filter(f_sensors); +  parser(p_kv); +  destination(d_sensors); +}; +``` + +If you are new to syslog-ng, read my article about [syslog-ng's building blocks][17] to learn about syslog-ng's configuration. The configuration snippet above shows some of the possible building blocks, except for the source, as you need to use the local log source defined in `syslog-ng.conf` (`s_src`). + +The first line is a filter: it matches the program name. Mine is `sensor2syslog_v2.py`. Make sure this value is the same as the name of your Python script. + +The second line is a key-value parser. By default, syslog-ng treats the message part of incoming log messages as plain text. Using this parser, you can create name-value pairs within syslog-ng from data in the log messages that you can use later when sending logs to Elasticsearch. + +The next block is a bit larger. It is a destination containing two different destination drivers. The first driver saves logs to a local file in JSON format. I use this for debugging. The second driver is the Elasticsearch destination. Make sure that the index name and the URL match your environment. Using this large disk buffer, you can ensure you don't lose any data even if your Elasticsearch server is offline for days. + +The last block is a bit different. It is the log statement, the part of the configuration that connects the above building blocks. The name of the source comes from the main configuration. + +Save the configuration and create the `/tmp/disk-buffer/` directory. Reload syslog-ng to make the configuration live: + + +``` +`systemctl restart syslog-ng` +``` + +### Test the system + +The next step is to test the system. Elasticsearch is already running and prepared to receive data. Syslog-ng is configured to forward data to Elasticsearch. So, start the script to make sure data is actually collected. + +For a quick test, you can start it in a terminal window. For continuous data collection, I recommend starting it from the screen utility so that it keeps running even after you disconnect from the machine. Of course, this is not fail-safe, as it will not start "automagically" on a reboot. If you want to collect data 24/7, create an init script or a systemd service file for it. + +Check that logs arrive in the `/var/log/sensors` file. If it is not empty, then the filter is working as expected. Next, open Kibana. I cannot give exact instructions here, as the menu structure seems to change with each release. Create an index pattern for Kibana from the Sensors index, then change to Kibana's Discover mode, and select the freshly defined index. You should already see incoming temperature and humidity data on the screen. + +You are now ready to visualize data. I used Kibana's new [Lens][18] mode to visualize temperature and humidity values. While it is not very flexible, it is definitely easier to handle than the other visualization tools in Kibana. This diagram shows the data I collected, including how values change when I ventilate my room with fresh, cold air by opening my windows. + +![Graph of sensor data in Kibana Lens][19] + +(Peter Czanik, [CC BY-SA 4.0][20]) + +### What have I learned? + +My original goal was to monitor my home's relative humidity while brushing up on my Python and Elasticsearch skills. Even staying at basic levels, I now feel more comfortable working with Python and Elasticsearch. + +Best of all: Not only did I practice these tools, but I also learned about relative humidity from the graphs. Previously, I often ventilated my home by opening the windows for just one or two minutes. The Kibana graphs showed that humidity went back to the original levels quite quickly after I shut the windows. When I opened the windows for five to 10 minutes instead, humidity stayed low for many hours. + +### What's next? + +The more adventurous can use a Raspberry Pi and sensors not just to monitor but also to control their homes. I configured everything from the ground up, but there are ready-to-use tools available such as [Home Assistant][21]. You can also configure alerting in syslog-ng to do things like [sending an alert to your Slack channel][22] if the temperature drops below a set level. There are many sensors available for the Raspberry Pi, so there are countless possibilities on both the software and hardware side. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/21/3/sensor-data-raspberry-pi + +作者：[Peter Czanik][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/czanik +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/wfh_work_home_laptop_work.png?itok=VFwToeMy (Working from home at a laptop) +[2]: https://www.mininodes.com/ +[3]: https://www.arm.com/ +[4]: https://opensource.com/resources/raspberry-pi +[5]: https://opensource.com/tags/python +[6]: https://www.elastic.co/elasticsearch/ +[7]: https://softiron.com/blog/news_20160624/ +[8]: https://www.syslog-ng.com/products/open-source-log-management/ +[9]: https://www.elastic.co/pricing/faq/licensing +[10]: https://www.raspberrypi.org/products/raspberry-pi-3-model-b-plus/ +[11]: https://www.sparkfun.com/ +[12]: https://www.sparkfun.com/products/retired/15351 +[13]: https://github.com/sparkfun/Qwiic_BME280_Py/ +[14]: https://www.gnu.org/software/screen/ +[15]: https://www.elastic.co/kibana +[16]: https://opensource.com/article/19/7/install-elasticsearch-and-kibana-linux +[17]: https://www.syslog-ng.com/community/b/blog/posts/building-blocks-of-syslog-ng +[18]: https://www.elastic.co/kibana/kibana-lens +[19]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/kibanalens_data.png (Graph of sensor data in Kibana Lens) +[20]: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ +[21]: https://www.home-assistant.io/ +[22]: https://www.syslog-ng.com/community/b/blog/posts/send-your-log-messages-to-slack From 6694401bc4fce5ffe0fe05e01bacfdb18b589f58 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Wed, 10 Mar 2021 05:21:12 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 152/309] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020210309=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Learn=20Python=20dictionary=20values=20with=20Jupyter?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20210309 Learn Python dictionary values with Jupyter.md --- ...n Python dictionary values with Jupyter.md | 167 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 167 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20210309 Learn Python dictionary values with Jupyter.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210309 Learn Python dictionary values with Jupyter.md b/sources/tech/20210309 Learn Python dictionary values with Jupyter.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3a227897a6 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20210309 Learn Python dictionary values with Jupyter.md @@ -0,0 +1,167 @@ +[#]: subject: (Learn Python dictionary values with Jupyter) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/3/dictionary-values-python) +[#]: author: (Lauren Maffeo https://opensource.com/users/lmaffeo) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +Learn Python dictionary values with Jupyter +====== +Implementing data structures with dictionaries helps you access +information more quickly. +![Hands on a keyboard with a Python book ][1] + +Dictionaries are the Python programming language's way of implementing data structures. A Python dictionary consists of several key-value pairs; each pair maps the key to its associated value. + +For example, say you're a teacher who wants to match students' names to their grades. You could use a Python dictionary to map the keys (names) to their associated values (grades). + +If you need to find a specific student's grade on an exam, you can access it from your dictionary. This lookup shortcut should save you time over parsing an entire list to find the student's grade. + +This article shows you how to access dictionary values through each value's key. Before you begin the tutorial, make sure you have the [Anaconda package manager][2] and [Jupyter Notebook][3] installed on your machine. + +### 1\. Open a new notebook in Jupyter + +Begin by opening Jupyter and running it in a tab in your web browser. Then: + + 1. Go to **File** in the top-left corner. + 2. Select **New Notebook**, then **Python 3**. + + + +![Create Jupyter notebook][4] + +(Lauren Maffeo, [CC BY-SA 4.0][5]) + +Your new notebook starts off untitled, but you can rename it anything you'd like. I named mine **OpenSource.com Data Dictionary Tutorial**. + +The line number you see in your new Jupyter notebook is where you will write your code. (That is, your input.) + +On macOS, you'll hit **Shift** then **Return** to receive your output. Make sure to do this before creating new line numbers; otherwise, any additional code you write might not run. + +### 2\. Create a key-value pair + +Write the keys and values you wish to access in your dictionary. To start, you'll need to define what they are in the context of your dictionary: + + +``` +empty_dictionary = {} +grades = { +    "Kelsey": 87, +    "Finley": 92 +} + +one_line = {a: 1, b: 2} +``` + +![Code for defining key-value pairs in the dictionary][6] + +(Lauren Maffeo, [CC BY-SA 4.0][5]) + +This allows the dictionary to associate specific keys with their respective values. Dictionaries store data by name, which allows faster lookup. + +### 3\. Access a dictionary value by its key + +Say you want to find a specific dictionary value; in this case, a specific student's grade. To start, hit **Insert** then **Insert Cell Below**. + +![Inserting a new cell in Jupyter][7] + +(Lauren Maffeo, [CC BY-SA 4.0][5]) + +In your new cell, define the keys and values in your dictionary. + +Then, find the value you need by telling your dictionary to print that value's key. For example, look for a specific student's name—Kelsey: + + +``` +# Access data in a dictionary +grades = { +    "Kelsey": 87, +    "Finley": 92 +} + +print(grades["Kelsey"]) +87 +``` + +![Code to look for a specific value][8] + +(Lauren Maffeo, [CC BY-SA 4.0][5]) + +Once you've asked for Kelsey's grade (that is, the value you're trying to find), hit **Shift** (if you're on macOS), then **Return**. + +You see your desired value—Kelsey's grade—as an output below your cell. + +### 4\. Update an existing key + +What if you realize you added the wrong grade for a student to your dictionary? You can fix it by updating your dictionary to store an additional value. + +To start, choose which key you want to update. In this case, say you entered Finley's grade incorrectly. That is the key you'll update in this example. + +To update Finley's grade, insert a new cell below, then create a new key-value pair. Tell your cell to print the dictionary, then hit **Shift** and **Return**: + + +``` +grades["Finley"] = 90 +print(grades) + +{'Kelsey': 87; "Finley": 90} +``` + +![Code for updating a key][9] + +(Lauren Maffeo, [CC BY-SA 4.0][5]) + +The updated dictionary, with Finley's new grade, appears as your output. + +### 5\. Add a new key + +Say you get a new student's grade for an exam. You can add that student's name and grade to your dictionary by adding a new key-value pair. + +Insert a new cell below, then add the new student's name and grade as a key-value pair. Once you're done, tell your cell to print the dictionary, then hit **Shift** and **Return**: + + +``` +grades["Alex"] = 88 +print(grades) + +{'Kelsey': 87, 'Finley': 90, 'Alex': 88} +``` + +![Add a new key][10] + +(Lauren Maffeo, [CC BY-SA 4.0][5]) + +All key-value pairs should appear as output. + +### Using dictionaries + +Remember that keys and values can be any data type, but it's rare for them to be [non-primitive types][11]. Additionally, dictionaries don't store or structure their content in any specific order. If you need an ordered sequence of items, it's best to create a list in Python, not a dictionary. + +If you're thinking of using a dictionary, first confirm if your data is structured the right way, i.e., like a phone book. If not, then using a list, tuple, tree, or other data structure might be the best option. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/21/3/dictionary-values-python + +作者：[Lauren Maffeo][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/lmaffeo +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/python-programming-code-keyboard.png?itok=fxiSpmnd (Hands on a keyboard with a Python book ) +[2]: https://docs.anaconda.com/anaconda/ +[3]: https://opensource.com/article/18/3/getting-started-jupyter-notebooks +[4]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/new-jupyter-notebook.png (Create Jupyter notebook) +[5]: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ +[6]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/define-keys-values.png (Code for defining key-value pairs in the dictionary) +[7]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/jupyter_insertcell.png (Inserting a new cell in Jupyter) +[8]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/lookforvalue.png (Code to look for a specific value) +[9]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/jupyter_updatekey.png (Code for updating a key) +[10]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/jupyter_addnewkey.png (Add a new key) +[11]: https://www.datacamp.com/community/tutorials/data-structures-python From 07c4991404c543f577537d594dca04bd8352f710 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Wed, 10 Mar 2021 08:34:33 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 153/309] translated --- ...20210304 An Introduction to WebAssembly.md | 86 ------------------- ...20210304 An Introduction to WebAssembly.md | 85 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 85 insertions(+), 86 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20210304 An Introduction to WebAssembly.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20210304 An Introduction to WebAssembly.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210304 An Introduction to WebAssembly.md b/sources/tech/20210304 An Introduction to WebAssembly.md deleted file mode 100644 index 36830b808d..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20210304 An Introduction to WebAssembly.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,86 +0,0 @@ -[#]: subject: (An Introduction to WebAssembly) -[#]: via: (https://www.linux.com/news/an-introduction-to-webassembly/) -[#]: author: (Dan Brown https://training.linuxfoundation.org/announcements/an-introduction-to-webassembly/) -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) - -An Introduction to WebAssembly -====== - -_By Marco Fioretti_ - -## **What on Earth is WebAssembly?** - -[WebAssembly, also called Wasm][1], is a Web-optimized code format and API (Application Programming Interface) that can greatly improve the performances and capabilities of websites. Version 1.0 of WebAssembly, was released in 2017, and became an official W3C standard in 2019. - -The standard is actively supported by all major browser suppliers, for obvious reasons: the official list of [“inside the browser” use cases][2] mentions, among other things, video editing, 3D games, virtual and augmented reality, p2p services, and scientific simulations. Besides making browsers much more powerful than JavaScript could, this standard may even extend the lifespan of websites: for example, it is WebAssembly that powers the continued support of [Flash animations and games at the Internet Archive][3]. - -WebAssembly isn’t just for browsers though; it is currently being used in mobile and edge based environments with such products as Cloudflare Workers. - -## **How WebAssembly works** - -Files in .wasm format contain low level binary instructions (bytecode), executable at “near CPU-native speed” by a virtual machine that uses a common stack. The code is packaged in modules – that is objects that are directly executable by a browser – and each module can be instantiated multiple times by a web page. The functions defined inside modules are listed in one dedicated array, or Table, and the corresponding data are contained in another structure, called arraybuffer. Developers can explicitly allocate memory for .wasm code with the Javascript WebAssembly.memory() call. - -A pure text version of the .wasm format – that can greatly simplify learning and debugging – is also available. WebAssembly, however, is not really intended for direct human use. Technically speaking, .wasm is just a browser-compatible **compilation target**: a format in which software compilers can automatically translate code written in high-level programming languages. - -This choice is exactly what allows developers to program directly for the preferred user interface of billions of people, in languages they already know (C/C++, Python, Go, Rust and others) but could not be efficiently used by browsers before. Even better, programmers would get this – at least in theory – without ever looking directly at WebAssembly code or worrying (since the target is a **virtual** machine) about which physical CPUs will actually run their code. - -## **But we already have JavaScript. Do we really need WebAssembly?** - -Yes, for several reasons. To begin with, being binary instructions, .wasm files can be much smaller – that is much faster to download – than JavaScript files of equivalent functionality. Above all, Javascript files must be fully parsed and verified before a browser can convert them to bytecode usable by its internal virtual machine. - -.wasm files, instead, can be verified and compiled in a single pass, thus making “Streaming Compilation” possible: a browser can start to compile and execute them the moment it starts **downloading them**, just like happens with streaming movies. - -This said, not all conceivable WebAssembly applications would surely be faster – or smaller – than equivalent JavaScript ones that are manually optimized by expert programmers. This may happen, for example, if some .wasm needed to include libraries that are not needed with JavaScript. - -## **Does WebAssembly make JavaScript obsolete?** - -In a word: no. Certainly not for a while, at least inside browsers. WebAssembly modules still need JavaScript because by design they cannot access the Document Object Model (DOM), that is the [main API made to modify web pages][4]. Besides, .wasm code cannot make system calls or read the browser’s memory. WebAssembly only runs in a sandbox and, in general, can interact with the outside world even less than JavaScript can, and only through JavaScript interfaces. - -Therefore – at least in the near future – .wasm modules will just provide, through JavaScript, the parts that would consume much more bandwidth, memory or CPU time if they were written in that language. - -## **How web browsers run WebAssembly** - -In general, a browser needs at least two pieces to handle dynamic applications: a virtual machine (VM) that runs the app code and standard APIs that that code can use to modify both the behaviour of the browser, and the content of the web page that it displays. - -The VMs inside modern browsers support both JavaScript and WebAssembly in the following way: - - 1. The browser downloads a web page written in the HTML markup language, and renders it - 2. if that HTML calls JavaScript code, the browser’s VM executes it. But… - 3. if that JavaScript code contains an instance of a WebAssembly module, that one is fetched as explained above, and then used as needed by JavaScript, via the WebAssembly APIs - 4. and when the WebAssembly code produces something that would alter the DOM – that is the structure of the “host” web page – the JavaScript code receives it and proceeds to the actual alteration. - - - -## **How can I create usable WebAssembly code?** - -There are more and more programming language communities that are supporting compiling to Wasm directly, we recommend looking at the [introductory guides][5] from webassembly.org as a starting point depending what language you work with. Note that not all programming languages have the same level of Wasm support, so your mileage may vary.  - -We plan to release a series of articles in the coming months providing more information about WebAssembly. To get started using it yourself, you can enroll in The Linux Foundation’s free [Introduction to WebAssembly][6] online training course. - -The post [An Introduction to WebAssembly][7] appeared first on [Linux Foundation – Training][8]. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.linux.com/news/an-introduction-to-webassembly/ - -作者：[Dan Brown][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://training.linuxfoundation.org/announcements/an-introduction-to-webassembly/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://webassembly.org/ -[2]: https://webassembly.org/docs/use-cases/ -[3]: https://blog.archive.org/2020/11/19/flash-animations-live-forever-at-the-internet-archive/ -[4]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Document_Object_Model/Introduction -[5]: https://webassembly.org/getting-started/developers-guide/ -[6]: https://training.linuxfoundation.org/training/introduction-to-webassembly-lfd133/ -[7]: https://training.linuxfoundation.org/announcements/an-introduction-to-webassembly/ -[8]: https://training.linuxfoundation.org/ diff --git a/translated/tech/20210304 An Introduction to WebAssembly.md b/translated/tech/20210304 An Introduction to WebAssembly.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..d7aa94a2ea --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20210304 An Introduction to WebAssembly.md @@ -0,0 +1,85 @@ +[#]: subject: (An Introduction to WebAssembly) +[#]: via: (https://www.linux.com/news/an-introduction-to-webassembly/) +[#]: author: (Dan Brown https://training.linuxfoundation.org/announcements/an-introduction-to-webassembly/) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +WebAssembly 介绍 +====== + +_Marco Fioretti 编写_ + +## **到底什么是 WebAssembly？** + +[WebAssembly，也叫 Wasm][1]，是一种 Web 优化的代码格式和 API（应用编程接口），它可以大大提高网站的性能和能力。WebAssembly 的 1.0 版本，于 2017 年发布，并于 2019 年成为 W3C 官方标准。 + +该标准得到了所有主流浏览器供应商的积极支持，原因显而易见：官方列出的[“浏览器内部”用例][2]中提到了，其中包括视频编辑、3D 游戏、虚拟和增强现实、p2p 服务和科学模拟。除了让浏览器的功能比J avaScript 强大得多，该标准甚至可以延长网站的寿命：例如，正是 WebAssembly 为[互联网档案馆的 Flash 动画和游戏][3]提供了持续的支持。 + +不过，WebAssembly 并不只用于浏览器，目前它还被用于移动和基于边缘环境的 Cloudflare Workers 等产品中。 + +## **WebAssembly 如何工作** + +.wasm 格式的文件包含低级二进制指令（字节码），可由使用通用栈的虚拟机以“接近 CPU 原生速度”执行。这些代码被打包成模块，也就是可以被浏览器直接执行的对象。每个模块可以被一个网页多次实例化。模块内部定义的函数被列在一个专用数组中，或称为 Table，相应的数据被包含在另一个结构中，称为 arraybuffer。开发者可以通过 Javascript WebAssembly.memory() 的调用，为 .wasm 代码显式分配内存。 + +.wasm 格式的纯文本版本可以大大简化学习和调试，同样也可以使用。然而，WebAssembly 并不是真的要供人直接使用。从技术上讲，.wasm 只是一个与浏览器兼容的**编译目标**：一种软件编译器可以自动翻译用高级编程语言编写的代码的格式。 + +这种选择正是使开发人员能够使用数十亿人熟悉的语言（C/C++、Python、Go、Rust 等）直接为用户界面进行编程的方式，但以前浏览器无法对其进行有效利用。更妙的是，程序员将得到这些，至少在理论上无需直接查看 WebAssembly 代码，也无需担心（因为目标是一个**虚拟**机）物理 CPU 将实际运行他们的代码。 + +## **但是我们已经有了 JavaScript，我们真的需要 WebAssembly 吗？** + +是的，有几个原因。首先，作为二进制指令，.wasm 文件比同等功能的 JavaScript 文件小得多，下载速度也快得多。最重要的是，Javascript 文件必须在浏览器将其转换为其内部虚拟机可用的字节码之前进行完全解析和验证。 + +而 .wasm 文件则可以一次性验证和编译，从而使“流式编译”成为可能：浏览器在开始**下载它们**的那一刻就可以开始编译和执行它们，就像串流电影一样。 + +这就是说，并不是所有可以想到的 WebAssembly 应用肯定会比由专业程序员手动优化的等效 JavaScript 应用更快或更小。例如，如果一些 .wasm 需要包含 JavaScript 不需要的库，这种情况可能会发生。 + +## **WebAssembly 是否会让 JavaScript 过时？** + +一句话：不会。当然暂时不会，至少在浏览器内不会。WebAssembly 模块仍然需要 JavaScript，因为在设计上它们不能访问文档对象模型 （DOM），也就是[主要用于修改网页的 API][4]。此外，.wasm 代码不能进行系统调用或读取浏览器的内存。WebAssembly 只能在沙箱中运行，一般来说，它能与外界的交互甚至比 JavaScript 更少，而且只能通过 JavaScript 接口进行。 + +因此，至少在不久的将来 .wasm 模块将只是通过 JavaScript 提供那些如果用 JavaScript 语言编写会消耗更多带宽、内存或 CPU 时间的部分。 + +## **网络浏览器如何运行 WebAssembly** + +一般来说，浏览器至少需要两块来处理动态应用：运行应用代码的虚拟机 （VM），以及可以同时修改浏览器行为和网页显示的 API。 + +现代浏览器内部的虚拟机通过以下方式同时支持 JavaScript 和 WebAssembly： + + 1. 浏览器下载一个用 HTML 标记语言编写的网页，然后进行渲染 + 2. 如果该 HTML 调用 JavaScript 代码，浏览器的虚拟机就会执行该代码。但是... + 3. 如果 JavaScript 代码中包含了 WebAssembly 模块的实例，那么就按照上面的描述获取该实例，然后根据需要通过 JavaScript 的 WebAssembly API 来使用该实例 + 4. 当 WebAssembly 代码产生的东西将修改 DOM 即“宿主”网页的结构，JavaScript 代码就会接收到，并继续进行实际的修改。 + + +## **我如何才能创建可用的 WebAssembly 代码？** + +越来越多的编程语言社区支持直接编译到 Wasm，我们建议从 webassembly.org 的[入门指南][5]开始，这取决于你使用什么语言。请注意，并不是所有的编程语言都有相同水平的 Wasm 支持，因此你的工作量可能会有所不同。  + +我们计划在未来几个月内发布一系列文章，提供更多关于 WebAssembly 的信息。要自己开始使用它，你可以报名参加 Linux 基金会的免费 [WebAssembly 介绍][6]在线培训课程。 + +这篇[WebAssembly 介绍][7]首次发布在 [Linux Foundation – Training][8]。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.linux.com/news/an-introduction-to-webassembly/ + +作者：[Dan Brown][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://training.linuxfoundation.org/announcements/an-introduction-to-webassembly/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://webassembly.org/ +[2]: https://webassembly.org/docs/use-cases/ +[3]: https://blog.archive.org/2020/11/19/flash-animations-live-forever-at-the-internet-archive/ +[4]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Document_Object_Model/Introduction +[5]: https://webassembly.org/getting-started/developers-guide/ +[6]: https://training.linuxfoundation.org/training/introduction-to-webassembly-lfd133/ +[7]: https://training.linuxfoundation.org/announcements/an-introduction-to-webassembly/ +[8]: https://training.linuxfoundation.org/ From ebfe24391b9b5a7a5d73b0b23ef8a0d061be1bb4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Wed, 10 Mar 2021 08:41:38 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 154/309] translating --- sources/tech/20210310 How to Update openSUSE Linux System.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20210310 How to Update openSUSE Linux System.md b/sources/tech/20210310 How to Update openSUSE Linux System.md index 78bf584035..32ac8602ab 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20210310 How to Update openSUSE Linux System.md +++ b/sources/tech/20210310 How to Update openSUSE Linux System.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ [#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/update-opensuse/) [#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/) [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From db56dd5f467f72268dbe968f3a5e36511bc1aa1f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Wed, 10 Mar 2021 09:42:42 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 155/309] PRF @stevenzdg988 --- ...ch a virtual class with Moodle on Linux.md | 103 +++++++----------- 1 file changed, 37 insertions(+), 66 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20201014 Teach a virtual class with Moodle on Linux.md b/translated/tech/20201014 Teach a virtual class with Moodle on Linux.md index 180e4c021b..511a5c3f65 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20201014 Teach a virtual class with Moodle on Linux.md +++ b/translated/tech/20201014 Teach a virtual class with Moodle on Linux.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (stevenzdg988) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (Teach a virtual class with Moodle on Linux) @@ -9,149 +9,120 @@ 基于 Linux 的 Moodle 虚拟课堂教学 ====== -基于 Linux 的 Moodle 学习管理系统远程学校教学。 -![计算机桌面的数字图像][1] +> 基于 Linux 的 Moodle 学习管理系统进行远程教学。 -远程教育创造的需求大流行比以往任何时候都更大。像 [Moodle][2] 这样的学习管理系统（LMS）变得比以往任何时候都重要，越来越多的借助虚拟现实技术提供教育的学校确保教育步入正轨。 +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/202103/10/094113q0ggsbz0a0wb9eg4.jpg) -Moodle 是用 PHP 编写的免费 LMS，并以开源 [GNU Public License(GNU 公共许可)][3]（GPL）分发。它是由[Martin Dougiamas][4] 开发的，自 2002 年发布以来一直在不断发展。Moodle 可用于混合学习，远程学习，翻转课堂和其他形式的在线学习。目前，全球有超过 [1.9 亿用户][5] 和 145,000 个注册的 Moodle 网站。 +这次大流行对远程教育的需求比以往任何时候都更大。使得像 [Moodle][2] 这样的学习管理系统learning management system（LMS）比以往任何时候都重要，因为越来越多的学校教育是借助虚拟现实技术的提供。 -我已经使用 Moodle 作为管理员，教师和学生等角色，在本文中，我将向您展示如何设置并开始使用它。 +Moodle 是用 PHP 编写的免费 LMS，并以开源 [GNU 公共许可证][3]（GPL）分发。它是由 [Martin Dougiamas][4] 开发的，自 2002 年发布以来一直在不断发展。Moodle 可用于混合学习、远程学习、翻转课堂flipped classroom和其他形式的在线学习。目前，全球有超过 [1.9 亿用户][5] 和 145,000 个注册的 Moodle 网站。 + +我曾作为 Moodle 管理员、教师和学生等角色使用过 Moodle，在本文中，我将向你展示如何设置并开始使用它。 ### 在 Linux 系统上安装 Moodle -Moodle 对 [系统要求][6] 适中，并且有大量文档可为您提供帮助。我最喜欢的安装方法是从 [Turnkey Linux][7] 下载并制作 ISO 在 VirtualBox 中安装 Moodle 站点。 +Moodle 对 [系统要求][6] 适中，并且有大量文档可为你提供帮助。我最喜欢的安装方法是从 [Turnkey Linux][7] 下载并制作 ISO，然后在 VirtualBox 中安装 Moodle 网站。 首先，下载 [Moodle ISO][8] 保存到电脑中。 -下一步，安装 VirtualBox 的 Linux 命令行如下 +下一步，安装 VirtualBox 的 Linux 命令行如下： ``` $ sudo apt install virtualbox ``` -或 +或， ``` $ sudo dnf install virtualbox ``` -当下载完成后，启动 VirtualBox 并在控制台中选择 **New** 按钮。 +当下载完成后，启动 VirtualBox 并在控制台中选择“新建New”按钮。 -![创建一个新的 VirtualBox(虚拟机)][9] +![创建一个新的 VirtualBox 虚拟机][9] -(Don Watkins, [CC BY-SA 4.0][10]) +选择使用的虚拟机的名称、操作系统（Linux）和 Linux 类型（例如 Debian 64 位）。 -选择使用的虚拟机的名称，操作系统（Linux）和 Linux 类型（例如 Debian 64 位）。 +![命名 VirtualBox 虚拟机][11] -![命名 VirtualBox VM(虚拟机)][11] +下一步，配置虚拟机内存大小，使用默认值 1024 MB。接下来选择 “动态分配dynamically allocated”虚拟磁盘并在虚拟机中添加 `Moodle.iso` 镜像。 -(Don Watkins, [CC BY-SA 4.0][10]) +![添加 Moodle.iso 到虚拟机][12] -下一步，配置虚拟机(VM)内存大小-使用默认值 1024 MB。接下来选择 **dynamically allocated** (动态分配)虚拟磁盘并在虚拟机中添加 `Moodle.iso` 镜像。 +将你的网络设置从 NAT 更改为 “桥接模式Bridged adapter”。然后启动虚拟机并安装 ISO 以创建 Moodle 虚拟机。在安装过程中，系统将提示为 root 帐户、MySQL 和Moodle 创建密码。Moodle 密码必须至少包含八个字符，至少一个大写字母和至少一个特殊字符。 -![添加 Moodle.iso 到 VM(虚拟机)][12] - -(Don Watkins, [CC BY-SA 4.0][10]) - -将您的网络设置从 NAT 更改为 **Bridged adapter**(桥接模式)。然后启动虚拟机并安装 ISO 以创建 Moodle 虚拟机。在安装过程中，系统将提示为 root 帐户，MySQL 和Moodle 创建密码。 Moodle 密码必须至少包含八个字符，至少一个大写字母和至少一个特殊字符。 - -重启虚拟机。安装完成后，请确保将 Moodle 应用配置内容记录在安全的地方。（安装后，可以根据需要删除ISO文件。） +重启虚拟机。安装完成后，请确保将 Moodle 应用配置内容记录在安全的地方。（安装后，可以根据需要删除 ISO 文件。） ![Moodle 应用配置][13] -(Don Watkins, [CC BY-SA 4.0][10]) - -重要提示，在 Internet(互联网)上的任何人还看不到你的 Moodle 实例。它仅存在于你的本地网络中：现在只有建筑物中与您连接到相同的路由器或 wifi 接入点的人可以访问您的站点。世界范围的 Internet(互联网)无法连接到它，因为您位于防火墙（嵌入在路由器中，还可能嵌入在计算机中）的后面。有关网络配置的更多信息，请阅读 Seth Kenlon 在 [打开端口并选择路由通信通过防火墙。][14] 上的文章。 +重要提示，在互联网上的任何人还看不到你的 Moodle 实例。它仅存在于你的本地网络中：现在只有建筑物中与你连接到相同的路由器或 wifi 接入点的人可以访问你的站点。全世界的互联网无法连接到它，因为你位于防火墙（可能嵌入在路由器中，还可能嵌入在计算机中）的后面。有关网络配置的更多信息，请阅读 Seth Kenlon 关于 [打开端口和通过防火墙进行流量路由][14] 的文章。 ### 开始使用 Moodle -现在您可以登录到 Moodle 机器并熟悉该软件了。使用默认的用户名 **admin** 和创建 Moodle VM 时设置的密码登录 Moodle。 +现在你可以登录到 Moodle 机器并熟悉该软件了。使用默认的用户名 `admin` 和创建 Moodle VM 时设置的密码登录 Moodle。 ![Moodle 登录界面][15] -(Don Watkins, [CC BY-SA 4.0][10]) - -首次登录后，您将看到初始的 Moodle 网站的主仪表盘。 +首次登录后，你将看到初始的 Moodle 网站的主仪表盘。 ![Moodle 管理员仪表盘][16] -(Don Watkins, [CC BY-SA 4.0][10]) - -默认的应用名称是 **Turnkey Moodle**，但是可以很容易地对其进行更改以适合您的学校，课堂或其他需要和选择。要使您的Moodle网站个性化，请在用户界面左侧的菜单中，选择 **Site home** (站点首页)。然后，点击屏幕右侧的 **Settings** (设置)图标，然后选择 **Edit settings**(编辑设置)。 +默认的应用名称是 “Turnkey Moodle”，但是可以很容易地对其进行更改以适合你的学校、课堂或其他需要和选择。要使你的 Moodle 网站个性化，请在用户界面左侧的菜单中，选择“站点首页Site home”。然后，点击屏幕右侧的 “设置Settings” 图标，然后选择 “编辑设置Edit settings”。 ![Moodle 设置][17] -(Don Watkins, [CC BY-SA 4.0][10]) - -您可以根据需要更改站点名称，并添加简短名称和站点描述。 +你可以根据需要更改站点名称，并添加简短名称和站点描述。 ![Moodle 网站名][18] -(Don Watkins, [CC BY-SA 4.0][10]) - -确保滚动到底部并保存更改。现在，您的网站已定制。 +确保滚动到底部并保存更改。现在，你的网站已定制好。 ![Moodle 保存更改][19] -(Don Watkins, [CC BY-SA 4.0][10]) - -默认类别为其他，这不会帮助人们识别您网站的目的。要添加类别，请返回主仪表盘，然后从左侧菜单中选择 **Site administration** (站点管理)。 在 **Courses**(**课程**)下，选择 **Add a category**(**添加类别**)并输入有关您的网站的详细信息。 +默认类别为其他，这不会帮助人们识别你网站的目的。要添加类别，请返回主仪表盘，然后从左侧菜单中选择 “站点管理Site administration”。 在 “课程Courses”下，选择 “添加类别Add a category”并输入有关你的网站的详细信息。 ![在 Moodle 中添加类别选项][20] -(Don Watkins, [CC BY-SA 4.0][10]) - -要添加课程，请返回 **Site administration**(**站点管理**)，然后单击 **Add a new course**(**添加新课程**)。您将看到一系列选项，例如为课程命名，提供简短名称，设定类别以及设置课程的开始和结束日期。您还可以为课程格式设置选项，例如社交，每周的和主题，以及其外观，文件上传大小，完成情况跟踪等等。 +要添加课程，请返回 “站点管理Site administration”，然后单击 “添加新课程Add a new course”。你将看到一系列选项，例如为课程命名、提供简短名称、设定类别以及设置课程的开始和结束日期。你还可以为课程形式设置选项，例如社交、每周式课程、主题，以及其外观、文件上传大小、完成情况跟踪等等。 ![在 Moodle 中添加课程选项][21] -(Don Watkins, [CC BY-SA 4.0][10]) - ### 添加和管理用户 -现在，您已经设置了课程，您可以添加用户。有多种方法可以做到这一点。如果您是自学者，则手动入门是一个不错的开始。Moodle 支持基于电子邮件的注册，[LDAP][22]，[Shibboleth(口令或暗语)][23]等。学区和其他较大的装置支持用逗号分隔的文件上传用户。也可以批量添加密码，并在首次登录时强制更改密码。有关更多信息，请确保查阅 Moodle [文档][24]。 +现在，你已经设置了课程，你可以添加用户。有多种方法可以做到这一点。如果你是家庭教师，则手动输入是一个不错的开始。Moodle 支持基于电子邮件的注册、[LDAP][22]、[Shibboleth（口令或暗语）][23] 和许多其他方式等。校区和其他较大的机构可以用逗号分隔的文件上传用户。也可以批量添加密码，并在首次登录时强制更改密码。有关更多信息，一定要查阅 Moodle [文档][24]。 -Moodle是一个非常细化的，面向许可的环境。使用 Moodle 的菜单将策略和角色分配给用户并执行这些分配很容易。 +Moodle 是一个非常细化的、面向许可的环境。使用 Moodle 的菜单将策略和角色分配给用户并执行这些分配很容易。 -Moodle 中有许多角色，每个角色都有特定的特权和许可。 默认角色是管理员，课程创建者，教师，非编辑教师，学生，来宾和经过身份验证的用户，但您可以添加其他角色。 +Moodle 中有许多角色，每个角色都有特定的特权和许可。默认角色有管理员、课程创建者、教师、非编辑教师、学生、来宾和经过身份验证的用户，但你可以添加其他角色。 ### 为课程添加内容 -一旦搭建了 Moodle 网站并设置了课程，就可以向课程中添加内容。Moodle 具有创建出色内容所需要的所有工具，并且它以强调 [社会建构主义][25] 观点的扎实的教学法为基础。 +一旦搭建了 Moodle 网站并设置了课程，就可以向课程中添加内容。Moodle 拥有创建出色内容所需要的所有工具，并且它建立在强调 [社会建构主义][25] 观点的坚实教学法之上。 -我用 [Mu][26] 创建了一个名为 Code 的示例课程。它在 **Programming**(**编程**)类别和 **Python** 子类别中。 +我创建了一个名为 “Code with [Mu][26]” 的示例课程。它在 “编程Programming” 类别和 “Python” 子类别中。 ![Moodle 课程列表][27] -(Don Watkins, [CC BY-SA 4.0][10]) +我为课程选择了每周式课程，默认为四个星期。使用编辑工具，我隐藏了除课程第一周以外的所有内容。这样可以确保我的学生始终专注于材料。 -我为课程选择了每周格式，默认为四个星期。使用编辑工具，我隐藏了除课程第一周以外的所有内容。这样可以确保我的学生始终专注于材料。 - -作为教师或 Moodle 管理员，我可以通过单击 **Add an activity**(**添加活动**) **or resource**(**或资源**)来将活动添加到每周的教学中。 +作为教师或 Moodle 管理员，我可以通过单击 “添加活动或资源Add an activity or resource” 来将活动添加到每周的教学中。 ![在 Moodle 中添加活动][28] -(Don Watkins, [CC BY-SA 4.0][10]) - 我会看到一个弹出窗口，其中包含可以分配给我的学生的各种活动。 ![Moodle 活动菜单][29] -(Don Watkins, [CC BY-SA 4.0][10]) - -Moodle 的工具和活动使我可以轻松地创建学习材料并进行简短的测验来结束一周的学习。 +Moodle 的工具和活动使我可以轻松地创建学习材料，并以一个简短的测验来结束一周的学习。 ![Moodle 活动清单][30] -(Don Watkins, [CC BY-SA 4.0][10]) - -您可以使用 1,600 多个插件来扩展 Moodle 的新活动，问题类型，与其他系统的集成等等。例如，[BigBlueButton][31] 插件支持幻灯片共享，白板，音频和视频聊天以及小组讨论室。其他需要考虑的包括用于视频会议的 [Jitsi][32] 插件，用于复制徽章的 [抄袭检查器][33] 和 [开放徽章工厂][34]。 +你可以使用 1600 多个插件来扩展 Moodle，包括新的活动、问题类型，与其他系统的集成等等。例如，[BigBlueButton][31] 插件支持幻灯片共享、白板、音频和视频聊天以及分组讨论。其他值得考虑的包括用于视频会议的 [Jitsi][32] 插件、[抄袭检查器][33] 和用于颁发徽章的 [开放徽章工厂][34]。 ### 继续探索 Moodle -Moodle 是功能强大的 LMS，我希望此介绍能引起你的兴趣，以了解更多信息。有很多出色的 [指南][35] 可以帮助您提高技能，如果想要查看 Moodle 的内容，可以在其 [演示站点][36] 上查看运行中的 Moodle，或访问 [Moodle的源代码][37] 查看罩或对发展作出 [贡献][38]。如果您喜欢在旅途中工作，Moodle 也有一款出色的 [移动应用][39]，适用于 iOS 和 Android。在[Twitter][40]，[Facebook][41] 和 [LinkedIn][42] 上关注 Moodle，以了解最新消息。 +Moodle 是一个功能强大的 LMS，我希望此介绍能引起你的兴趣，以了解更多信息。有很多出色的 [指南][35] 可以帮助你提高技能，如果想要查看 Moodle 的内容，可以在其 [演示站点][36] 上查看运行中的 Moodle；如果你想了解 Moodle 的底层结构或为开发做出 [贡献][38]，也可以访问 [Moodle 的源代码][37]。如果你喜欢在旅途中工作，Moodle 也有一款出色的 [移动应用][39]，适用于 iOS 和 Android。在 [Twitter][40]、[Facebook][41] 和 [LinkedIn][42] 上关注 Moodle，以了解最新消息。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -160,7 +131,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/20/10/moodle 作者：[Don Watkins][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[stevenzdg988](https://github.com/stevenzdg988) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From e10dae12262fd3c8b36b264a98762335ed57f6ab Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Wed, 10 Mar 2021 09:43:27 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 156/309] PUB @stevenzdg988 https://linux.cn/article-13190-1.html --- .../20201014 Teach a virtual class with Moodle on Linux.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20201014 Teach a virtual class with Moodle on Linux.md (99%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20201014 Teach a virtual class with Moodle on Linux.md b/published/20201014 Teach a virtual class with Moodle on Linux.md similarity index 99% rename from translated/tech/20201014 Teach a virtual class with Moodle on Linux.md rename to published/20201014 Teach a virtual class with Moodle on Linux.md index 511a5c3f65..b41b64f498 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20201014 Teach a virtual class with Moodle on Linux.md +++ b/published/20201014 Teach a virtual class with Moodle on Linux.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (stevenzdg988) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-13190-1.htmlhttps://linux.cn/article-13190-1.html) [#]: subject: (Teach a virtual class with Moodle on Linux) [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/20/10/moodle) [#]: author: (Don Watkins https://opensource.com/users/don-watkins) From 7e2543e0d1be65a661f596aa23b092bf74621f40 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: frstlis <48125063@qq.com> Date: Wed, 10 Mar 2021 15:06:20 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 157/309] Translating by stevenzdg988 --- .../tech/20200702 6 best practices for managing Git repos.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20200702 6 best practices for managing Git repos.md b/sources/tech/20200702 6 best practices for managing Git repos.md index dd1fb160ac..afcb1f4773 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20200702 6 best practices for managing Git repos.md +++ b/sources/tech/20200702 6 best practices for managing Git repos.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (stevenzdg988) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) @@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/20/7/git-repos-best-practices 作者：[Seth Kenlon][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +译者：[stevenzdg988](https://github.com/stevenzdg988) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From f5a0d03247da7325ca066d7369cab2b07162e17f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Wed, 10 Mar 2021 17:55:26 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 158/309] APL --- .../tech/20210304 Learn to debug code with the GNU Debugger.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20210304 Learn to debug code with the GNU Debugger.md b/sources/tech/20210304 Learn to debug code with the GNU Debugger.md index d67ddda72f..0d7c96942f 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20210304 Learn to debug code with the GNU Debugger.md +++ b/sources/tech/20210304 Learn to debug code with the GNU Debugger.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/3/debug-code-gdb) [#]: author: (Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth) [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (wxy) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From e36b126ed6ac78b60174f77ec9dea8c7c842e5b8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Wed, 10 Mar 2021 19:23:20 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 159/309] TSL&PRF --- ...arn to debug code with the GNU Debugger.md | 147 ++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 65 insertions(+), 82 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20210304 Learn to debug code with the GNU Debugger.md b/sources/tech/20210304 Learn to debug code with the GNU Debugger.md index 0d7c96942f..4d0b4d7c76 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20210304 Learn to debug code with the GNU Debugger.md +++ b/sources/tech/20210304 Learn to debug code with the GNU Debugger.md @@ -3,29 +3,29 @@ [#]: author: (Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth) [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (wxy) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) -Learn to debug code with the GNU Debugger +学习使用 GDB 调试代码 ====== -Troubleshoot your code with the GNU Debugger. Download our new cheat -sheet. -![magnifying glass on computer screen, finding a bug in the code][1] -The GNU Debugger, more commonly known by its command, `gdb`, is an interactive console to help you step through source code, analyze what gets executed, and essentially reverse-engineer what's going wrong in a buggy application. +> 使用 GNU 调试器来解决你的代码问题。 -The trouble with troubleshooting is that it's complex. [GNU Debugger][2] isn't exactly a complex application, but it can be overwhelming if you don't know where to start or even when and why you might need to turn to GDB to do your troubleshooting. If you've been using print, echo, or [printf statements][3] to debug your code, but you're beginning to suspect there may be something more powerful, then this tutorial is for you. +![在电脑屏幕上放大镜，发现代码中的错误][1] -### Code is buggy +GNU 调试器常以它的命令 `gdb` 称呼它，它是一个交互式的控制台，可以帮助你浏览源代码、分析执行的内容，其本质上是对错误的应用程序中出现的问题进行逆向工程。 -To get started with GDB, you need some code. Here's a sample application written in C++ (it's OK if you don't typically write in C++, the principles are the same across all languages), derived from one of the examples in the [guessing game series][4] here on Opensource.com: +故障排除的麻烦在于它很复杂。[GNU 调试器][2] 并不是一个特别复杂的应用程序，但如果你不知道从哪里开始，甚至不知道何时和为何你可能需要求助于 GDB 来进行故障排除，那么它可能会让人不知所措。如果你一直使用 `print`、`echo` 或 [printf 语句][3]来调试你的代码，当你开始思考是不是还有更强大的东西时，那么本教程就是为你准备的。 +### 有错误的代码 + +要开始使用 GDB，你需要一些代码。这里有一个用 C++ 写的示例应用程序（如果你一般不使用 C++ 编写程序也没关系，在所有语言中原理都是一样的），其来源于 [猜谜游戏系列][4] 中的一个例子。 ``` -#include <iostream> -#include <stdlib.h> //srand -#include <stdio.h>  //printf +#include +#include //srand +#include //printf using namespace std; @@ -33,18 +33,17 @@ int main () { srand (time(NULL)); int alpha = rand() % 8; -cout << "Hello world." << endl; +cout << "Hello world." << endl; int beta = 2; printf("alpha is set to is %s\n", alpha); printf("kiwi is set to is %s\n", beta); - return 0; + return 0; } // main ``` -There's a bug in this code sample, but it does compile (at least as of GCC 5). If you're familiar with C++, you may already see it, but it's a simple problem that can help new GDB users understand the debugging process. Compile it and run it to see the error: - +这个代码示例中有一个 bug，但它确实可以编译（至少在 GCC 5 的时候）。如果你熟悉 C++，你可能已经看到了，但这是一个简单的问题，可以帮助新的 GDB 用户了解调试过程。编译并运行它就可以看到错误： ``` $ g++ -o buggy example.cpp @@ -53,12 +52,11 @@ Hello world. Segmentation fault ``` -### Troubleshooting a segmentation fault +### 排除段故障 -From this output, you can surmise that the variable `alpha` was set correctly because otherwise, you wouldn't expect the line of code that came _after_ it. That's not always true, of course, but it's a good working theory, and it's essentially the same conclusion you'd likely come to if you were using `printf` as a log and debugger. From here, you can assume that the bug lies in _some line_ after the one that printed successfully. However, it's not clear whether the bug is in the very next line or several lines later. - -GNU Debugger is an interactive troubleshooter, so you can use the `gdb` command to run buggy code. For best results, you should recompile your buggy application from source code with _debug symbols_ included. First, take a look at what information GDB can provide without recompiling: +从这个输出中，你可以推测变量 `alpha` 的设置是正确的，因为否则的话，你就不会看到它*后面*的那行代码执行。当然，这并不总是正确的，但这是一个很好的工作理论，如果你使用 `printf` 作为日志和调试器，基本上也会得出同样的结论。从这里，你可以假设 bug 在于成功打印的那一行之后的*某行*。然而，不清楚错误是在下一行还是在几行之后。 +GNU 调试器是一个交互式的故障排除工具，所以你可以使用 `gdb` 命令来运行错误的代码。为了得到更好的结果，你应该从包含有*调试符号*的源代码中重新编译你的错误应用程序。首先，看看 GDB 在不重新编译的情况下能提供哪些信息： ``` $ gdb ./buggy @@ -71,8 +69,7 @@ Temporary breakpoint 1, 0x0000000000400a44 in main () (gdb) ``` -When you start GDB with a binary executable as the argument, GDB loads the application and then waits for your instructions. Because this is the first time you're running GDB on this executable, it makes sense to try to repeat the error in hopes that GDB can provide further insight. GDB's command to launch the application it has loaded is, intuitively enough, `start`. By default, there's a _breakpoint_ built into GDB so that when it encounters the `main` function of your application, it pauses execution. To allow GDB to proceed, use the command `continue`: - +当你以一个二进制可执行文件作为参数启动 GDB 时，GDB 会加载该应用程序，然后等待你的指令。因为这是你第一次在这个可执行文件上运行 GDB，所以尝试重复这个错误是有意义的，希望 GDB 能够提供进一步的见解。很直观，GDB 用来启动它所加载的应用程序的命令就是 `start`。默认情况下，GDB 内置了一个*断点*，所以当它遇到你的应用程序的 `main` 函数时，它会暂停执行。要让 GDB 继续执行，使用命令 `continue`： ``` (gdb) continue @@ -84,12 +81,11 @@ Program received signal SIGSEGV, Segmentation fault. (gdb) ``` -No surprises here: the application crashed shortly after printing "Hello world," but GDB can provide the function call that was happening when the crash occurred. This could potentially be all you need to find the bug that's causing the crash, but to get a better idea of GDB's features and the general debugging process, imagine that the problem hasn't become clear yet, and you want to dig even deeper into what's happening with this code. +毫不意外：应用程序在打印 “Hello world” 后不久就崩溃了，但 GDB 可以提供崩溃发生时正在发生的函数调用。这有可能就足够你找到导致崩溃的 bug，但为了更好地了解 GDB 的功能和一般的调试过程，想象一下，如果问题还没有变得清晰，你想更深入地挖掘这段代码发生了什么。 -### Compiling code with debug symbols - -To get the most out of GDB, you need debug symbols compiled into your executable. You can generate this with the `-g` option in GCC: +### 用调试符号编译代码 +要充分利用 GDB，你需要将调试符号编译到你的可执行文件中。你可以用 GCC 中的 `-g` 选项来生成这个符号： ``` $ g++ -o debuggy example.cpp @@ -98,8 +94,7 @@ Hello world. Segmentation fault ``` -Compiling debug symbols into an executable results in a much larger file, so they're usually not distributed with the added convenience. However, if you're debugging open source code, it makes sense to recompile with debug symbols for testing: - +将调试符号编译到可执行文件中的结果是得到一个大得多的文件，所以通常不会分发它们，以增加便利性。然而，如果你正在调试开源代码，那么用调试符号重新编译测试是有意义的： ``` $ ls -l *buggy* *cpp @@ -108,10 +103,9 @@ $ ls -l *buggy* *cpp -rwxr-xr-x  22952 Feb 19 10:53 debuggy* ``` -### Debugging with GDB - -Launch GDB with your new executable (`debuggy`, in this example) loaded: +### 用 GDB 调试 +加载新的可执行文件（本例中为 `debuggy`）以启动 GDB： ``` $ gdb ./debuggy @@ -124,8 +118,7 @@ Temporary breakpoint 1, 0x0000000000400a44 in main () (gdb) ``` -As before, use the `start` command to proceed: - +如前所述，使用 `start` 命令进行： ``` (gdb) start @@ -137,19 +130,18 @@ Temporary breakpoint 1, main () at debug.cpp:9 (gdb) ``` -This time, the automatic `main` breakpoint can specify what line number GDB paused on and what code the line contains. You could resume normal operation with `continue` but you already know that the application crashes before completion, so instead, you can step through your code line-by-line using the `next` keyword: - +这一次，自动的 `main` 断点可以指明 GDB 暂停的行号和该行包含的代码。你可以用 `continue` 恢复正常操作，但你已经知道应用程序在完成之前就会崩溃，因此，你可以使用 `next` 关键字逐行步进检查你的代码： ``` (gdb) next -10  int alpha = rand() % 8; +10 int alpha = rand() % 8; (gdb) next -11  cout << "Hello world." << endl; +11 cout << "Hello world." << endl; (gdb) next Hello world. -12  int beta = 2; +12 int beta = 2; (gdb) next -14      printf("alpha is set to is %s\n", alpha); +14 printf("alpha is set to is %s\n", alpha); (gdb) next Program received signal SIGSEGV, Segmentation fault. @@ -157,12 +149,11 @@ Program received signal SIGSEGV, Segmentation fault. (gdb) ``` -From this process, you can confirm that the crash didn't happen when the `beta` variable was being set but when the `printf` line was executed. The bug has been exposed several times in this article (spoiler: the wrong data type is being provided to `printf`), but assume for a moment that the solution remains unclear and that further investigation is required. +从这个过程可以确认，崩溃不是发生在设置 `beta` 变量的时候，而是执行 `printf` 行的时候。这个 bug 在本文中已经暴露了好几次（破坏者：向 `printf` 提供了错误的数据类型），但暂时假设解决方案仍然不明确，需要进一步调查。 -### Setting breakpoints - -Once your code is loaded into GDB, you can ask GDB about the data that the code has produced so far. To try some data introspection, restart your application by issuing the `start` command again and then proceed to line 11. An easy way to get to 11 quickly is to set a breakpoint that looks for a specific line number: +### 设置断点 +一旦你的代码被加载到 GDB 中，你就可以向 GDB 询问到目前为止代码所产生的数据。要尝试数据自省，通过再次发出 `start` 命令来重新启动你的应用程序，然后进行到第 11 行。一个快速到达 11 行的简单方法是设置一个寻找特定行号的断点： ``` (gdb) start @@ -177,24 +168,22 @@ Temporary breakpoint 2, main () at debug.cpp:9 Breakpoint 3 at 0x400a74: file debug.cpp, line 11. ``` -With the breakpoint established, continue the execution with `continue`: - +建立断点后，用 `continue` 继续执行： ``` (gdb) continue Continuing. Breakpoint 3, main () at debug.cpp:11 -11      cout << "Hello world." << endl; +11 cout << "Hello world." << endl; (gdb) ``` -You're now paused at line 11, just after the `alpha` variable has been set, and just before `beta` gets set. +现在暂停在第 11 行，就在 `alpha` 变量被设置之后，以及 `beta` 被设置之前。 -### Doing variable introspection with GDB - -To see the value of a variable, use the `print` command. The value of `alpha` is random in this example code, so your actual results may vary from mine: +### 用 GDB 进行变量自省 +要查看一个变量的值，使用 `print` 命令。在这个示例代码中，`alpha` 的值是随机的，所以你的实际结果可能与我的不同： ``` (gdb) print alpha @@ -202,18 +191,17 @@ $1 = 3 (gdb) ``` -Of course, you can't see the value of a variable that has not yet been established: - +当然，你无法看到一个尚未建立的变量的值： ``` (gdb) print beta $2 = 0 ``` -### Using flow control -To proceed, you could step through the lines of code to get to the point where `beta` is set to a value: +### 使用流程控制 +要继续进行，你可以步进代码行来到达将 `beta` 设置为一个值的位置： ``` (gdb) next @@ -225,78 +213,73 @@ Hello world. $3 = 2 ``` -Alternatively, you could set a watchpoint. A watchpoint, like a breakpoint, is a way to control the flow of how GDB executes the code. In this case, you know that the `beta` variable should be set to `2`, so you could set a watchpoint to alert you when the value of `beta` changes: - +另外，你也可以设置一个观察点，它就像断点一样，是一种控制 GDB 执行代码流程的方法。在这种情况下，你知道 `beta` 变量应该设置为 `2`，所以你可以设置一个观察点，当 `beta` 的值发生变化时提醒你： ``` -(gdb) watch beta > 0 -Hardware watchpoint 5: beta > 0 +(gdb) watch beta > 0 +Hardware watchpoint 5: beta > 0 (gdb) continue Continuing. Breakpoint 3, main () at debug.cpp:11 -11      cout << "Hello world." << endl; +11 cout << "Hello world." << endl; (gdb) continue Continuing. Hello world. -Hardware watchpoint 5: beta > 0 +Hardware watchpoint 5: beta > 0 Old value = false New value = true main () at debug.cpp:14 -14      printf("alpha is set to is %s\n", alpha); +14 printf("alpha is set to is %s\n", alpha); (gdb) ``` -You can step through the code execution manually with `next`, or you can control how the code executes with breakpoints, watchpoints, and catchpoints. +你可以用 `next` 手动步进完成代码的执行，或者你可以用断点、观察点和捕捉点来控制代码的执行。 -### Analyzing data with GDB - -You can see data in different formats. For instance, to see the value of `beta` as an octal value: +### 用 GDB 分析数据 +你可以以不同格式查看数据。例如，以八进制值查看 `beta` 的值： ``` (gdb) print /o beta $4 = 02 ``` -To see its address in memory: - +要查看其在内存中的地址： ``` (gdb) print /o beta $5 = 0x2 ``` -You can also see the data type of a variable: - +你也可以看到一个变量的数据类型： ``` (gdb) whatis beta type = int ``` -### Solving bugs with GDB +### 用 GDB 解决错误 -This kind of introspection better informs you about not only what code is getting executed but how it's getting executed. In this example, the `whatis` command on a variable gives you a clue that your `alpha` and `beta` variables are integers, which might jog your memory about `printf` syntax, making you realize that instead of `%s` in your `printf` statements, you must use the `%d` designator. Making that change causes the application to run as expected, with no more obvious bugs present. +这种自省不仅能让你更好地了解什么代码正在执行，还能让你了解它是如何执行的。在这个例子中，对变量运行的 `whatis` 命令给了你一个线索，即你的 `alpha` 和 `beta` 变量是整数，这可能会唤起你对 `printf` 语法的记忆，使你意识到在你的 `printf` 语句中，你必须使用 `%d` 来代替 `%s`。做了这个改变，就可以让应用程序按预期运行，没有更明显的错误存在。 -It's especially frustrating when code compiles but then reveals that there are bugs present, but that's how the trickiest of bugs work. If they were easy to catch, they wouldn't be bugs. Using GDB is one way to hunt them down and eliminate them. +当代码编译后发现有 bug 存在时，特别令人沮丧，但最棘手的 bug 就是这样，如果它们很容易被发现，那它们就不是 bug 了。使用 GDB 是猎取并消除它们的一种方法。 -### Download our cheatsheet +### 下载我们的速查表 -It's a fact of life, in even the most basic forms of programming, that code has bugs. Not all bugs are so crippling that they stop an application from running (or even from compiling), and not all bugs are caused by incorrect code. Sometimes bugs happen intermittently based on an unexpected combination of choices made by a particularly creative user. Sometimes programmers inherit bugs from the libraries they use in their own code. Whatever the cause, bugs are basically everywhere, and it's part of the programmer's job to find and neutralize them. - -GNU Debugger is a useful tool in finding bugs. There's a lot more you can do with it than I demonstrated in this article. You can read about its many functions with the GNU Info reader: +生活的真相就是这样，即使是最基本的编程，代码也会有 bug。并不是所有的错误都会导致应用程序无法运行（甚至无法编译），也不是所有的错误都是由错误的代码引起的。有时，bug 是基于一个特别有创意的用户所做的意外的选择组合而间歇性发生的。有时，程序员从他们自己的代码中使用的库中继承了 bug。无论原因是什么，bug 基本上无处不在，程序员的工作就是发现并消除它们。 +GNU 调试器是一个寻找 bug 的有用工具。你可以用它做的事情比我在本文中演示的要多得多。你可以通过 GNU Info 阅读器来了解它的许多功能： ``` -`$ info gdb` +$ info gdb ``` -Whether you're just learning GDB or you're a pro at it, it never hurts to have a reminder of what commands are available to you and what the syntax for those commands are. +无论你是刚开始学习 GDB 还是专业人员的，提醒一下你有哪些命令是可用的，以及这些命令的语法是什么，都是很有帮助的。 -### [Download our cheatsheet for GDB today.][5] +- [下载 GDB 速查表][5] -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -304,8 +287,8 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/21/3/debug-code-gdb 作者：[Seth Kenlon][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 @@ -314,5 +297,5 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/21/3/debug-code-gdb [1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/mistake_bug_fix_find_error.png?itok=PZaz3dga (magnifying glass on computer screen, finding a bug in the code) [2]: https://www.gnu.org/software/gdb/ [3]: https://opensource.com/article/20/8/printf -[4]: https://opensource.com/article/20/12/learn-c-game +[4]: https://linux.cn/article-12985-1.html [5]: https://opensource.com/downloads/gnu-debugger-cheat-sheet From 0e6589631d9b3e1af435b65499c9a1cf9635114e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Wed, 10 Mar 2021 19:24:07 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 160/309] TSL --- .../tech/20210304 Learn to debug code with the GNU Debugger.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {sources => translated}/tech/20210304 Learn to debug code with the GNU Debugger.md (100%) diff --git a/sources/tech/20210304 Learn to debug code with the GNU Debugger.md b/translated/tech/20210304 Learn to debug code with the GNU Debugger.md similarity index 100% rename from sources/tech/20210304 Learn to debug code with the GNU Debugger.md rename to translated/tech/20210304 Learn to debug code with the GNU Debugger.md From 177c1e3d832e8715f287475015d4093fbbdb5331 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Wed, 10 Mar 2021 20:05:44 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 161/309] PRF @geekpi --- ...source tools for running a Linux server.md | 37 ++++++++----------- 1 file changed, 15 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20210301 4 open source tools for running a Linux server.md b/translated/tech/20210301 4 open source tools for running a Linux server.md index aa28273001..61b6f98e2c 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20210301 4 open source tools for running a Linux server.md +++ b/translated/tech/20210301 4 open source tools for running a Linux server.md @@ -3,14 +3,16 @@ [#]: author: (Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth) [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) -运行 Linux 服务器的 4 个开源工具 +4 个打造多媒体和共享服务器的开源工具 ====== -通过 Linux，你可以将任何设备变成服务器，以共享数据、媒体文件，以及其他资源。 -![A rack of servers, blue background][1] + +> 通过 Linux，你可以将任何设备变成服务器，以共享数据、媒体文件，以及其他资源。 + +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/202103/10/200529sqfnhnh553xfixuw.jpg) 在 2021 年，人们喜欢 Linux 的理由比以往任何时候都多。在这个系列中，我将分享 21 个使用 Linux 的不同理由。这里有四个开源工具，可以将任何设备变成 Linux 服务器。  @@ -20,15 +22,13 @@ ### Samba -[Samba 项目][2]是 Linux 和 Unix 的 Windows 互操作程序套件。尽管它是大多数用户从未与之交互的底层代码，但它的重要性却不容小觑。从历史上看，早在微软争相消灭 Linux 和开源的时候，它就是最大最重要的目标。时代变了，微软已经与 Samba 团队会面以提供支持（至少目前是这样），在这一切中，该项目继续确保 Linux 和 Windows 计算机可以轻松地在同一网络上共存。换句话说，无论你使用什么平台，Samba 都可以让你可以轻松地在本地网络上共享文件。 +[Samba 项目][2] 是 Linux 和 Unix 的 Windows 互操作程序套件。尽管它是大多数用户从未与之交互的底层代码，但它的重要性却不容小觑。从历史上看，早在微软争相消灭 Linux 和开源的时候，它就是最大最重要的目标。时代变了，微软已经与 Samba 团队会面以提供支持（至少目前是这样），在这一切中，该项目继续确保 Linux 和 Windows 计算机可以轻松地在同一网络上共存。换句话说，无论你使用什么平台，Samba 都可以让你可以轻松地在本地网络上共享文件。 -在 [KDE Plasma][3] 桌面上，你可以右键点击自己的任何目录，选择**属性**。在**属性**对话框中，点击**共享**选项卡，并启用**与 Samba 共享 （Microsoft Windows）**。 +在 [KDE Plasma][3] 桌面上，你可以右键点击自己的任何目录，选择**属性**。在**属性**对话框中，点击**共享**选项卡，并启用**与 Samba 共享（Microsoft Windows）**。 ![Samba][4] -（Seth Kenlon, [CC BY-SA 4.0][5]） - -就这样，你已经为本地网络上的用户打开了一个只读访问的目录。也就是说，当你在家的时候，你家同一个 WiFi 网络上的任何人都可以访问该文件夹，如果你在工作，工作场所网络上的任何人都可以访问该文件夹。当然，要访问它，其他用户需要知道在哪里可以找到它。通往计算机的路径可以用 [IP 地址][6]表示，也可以根据你的网络配置，用主机名表示。 +就这样，你已经为本地网络上的用户打开了一个只读访问的目录。也就是说，当你在家的时候，你家同一个 WiFi 网络上的任何人都可以访问该文件夹，如果你在工作，工作场所网络上的任何人都可以访问该文件夹。当然，要访问它，其他用户需要知道在哪里可以找到它。通往计算机的路径可以用 [IP 地址][6] 表示，也可以根据你的网络配置，用主机名表示。 ### Snapdrop @@ -36,44 +36,37 @@ ![Snapdrop][8] -（Seth Kenlon, [CC BY-SA 4.0][5]） - 一旦两个或更多的客户端连接了同一个 Snapdrop 服务，用户就可以通过本地网络来回交换文件和聊天信息。传输的速度很快，而且你的数据也保持在本地。 ### VLC 流媒体服务比以往任何时候都更常见，但我在音乐和电影方面有非常规的口味，所以典型的服务似乎很少有我想要的东西。幸运的是，通过连接到媒体驱动器，我可以很容易地将自己的内容从我的电脑上传送到我的房子各个角落。例如，当我想在电脑显示器以外的屏幕上观看一部电影时，我可以在我的网络上串流电影文件，并通过任何可以接收 HTTP 的应用来播放它，无论该应用是在我的电视、游戏机还是手机上。 -[VLC][9] 可以轻松设置流媒体。事实上，它是**媒体**菜单中的一个选项，或者你可以按下键盘 **Ctrl**+**S**。将一个文件或一组文件添加到你的流媒体队列中，然后点击 **Stream** 按钮。 +[VLC][9] 可以轻松设置流媒体。事实上，它是**媒体**菜单中的一个选项，或者你可以按下键盘 `Ctrl+S`。将一个文件或一组文件添加到你的流媒体队列中，然后点击 **Stream** 按钮。 ![VLC][10] -（Seth Kenlon, [CC BY-SA 4.0][5]） - -VLC 通过配置向导来帮助你决定流媒体数据时使用什么协议。我倾向于使用 HTTP，因为它通常在任何设备上可用。当 VLC 开始播放文件时， 请进入播放文件计算机的 IP 或主机名以及给它分配的端口 （当使用 HTTP，默认是 8080）, 然后坐下来享受。 +VLC 通过配置向导来帮助你决定流媒体数据时使用什么协议。我倾向于使用 HTTP，因为它通常在任何设备上可用。当 VLC 开始播放文件时，请进入播放文件计算机的 IP 或主机名以及给它分配的端口 （当使用 HTTP 时，默认是 8080）, 然后坐下来享受。 ### PulseAudio 我最喜欢的现代 Linux 功能之一是 [PulseAudio][11]。Pulse 为 Linux 上的音频实现了惊人的灵活性，包括可自动发现的本地网络流媒体。这个功能对我来说的好处是，我可以在办公室的工作站上播放播客和技术会议视频，并通过手机串流音频。无论我走进厨房、休息室还是后院最远的地方，我都能获得完美的音频。此功能在 PulseAudio 之前很久就存在，但是 Pulse 使它像单击按钮一样容易。 -需要进行一些设置。首先，你必须确保安装 PulseAudio preferences（**paprefs**）包，以便在 PulseAudio 配置中启用网络音频。 +需要进行一些设置。首先，你必须确保安装 PulseAudio 设置包（**paprefs**），以便在 PulseAudio 配置中启用网络音频。 ![PulseAudio][12] -（Seth Kenlon, [CC BY-SA 4.0][5]） - 在 **paprefs** 中，启用网络访问你的本地声音设备，可能不需要认证（假设你信任本地网络上的其他人），并启用你的计算机作为 **Multicast/RTP 发送者**。我通常只选择串流通过我的扬声器播放的任何音频，但你可以在 Pulse 输出选项卡中创建一个单独的音频设备，这样你就可以准确地选择串流的内容。你在这里有三个选项： * 串流任何在扬声器上播放的音频 * 串流所有输出的声音 * 只将音频直接串流到多播设备（按需）。 - -一旦启用，你的声音就会串流道网络中，并可被其他本地 Linux 设备接收。这是简单和动态的音频共享。 +一旦启用，你的声音就会串流到网络中，并可被其他本地 Linux 设备接收。这是简单和动态的音频共享。 ### 分享的不仅仅是代码 -Linux 是关于共享的。它在服务器领域很有名，因为它很擅长_服务_。无论是提供音频流、视频流、文件，还是出色的用户体验，每一台 Linux 电脑都是一台出色的 Linux 服务器。 +Linux 是共享的。它在服务器领域很有名，因为它很擅长*服务*。无论是提供音频流、视频流、文件，还是出色的用户体验，每一台 Linux 电脑都是一台出色的 Linux 服务器。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -82,7 +75,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/21/3/linux-server 作者：[Seth Kenlon][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 93ff425a5c24ae4a97a8c007fc6fbe1e46bfa102 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Wed, 10 Mar 2021 20:06:33 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 162/309] PUB @geekpi https://linux.cn/article-13192-1.html --- ...20210301 4 open source tools for running a Linux server.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20210301 4 open source tools for running a Linux server.md (99%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20210301 4 open source tools for running a Linux server.md b/published/20210301 4 open source tools for running a Linux server.md similarity index 99% rename from translated/tech/20210301 4 open source tools for running a Linux server.md rename to published/20210301 4 open source tools for running a Linux server.md index 61b6f98e2c..9e19ca6352 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20210301 4 open source tools for running a Linux server.md +++ b/published/20210301 4 open source tools for running a Linux server.md @@ -4,8 +4,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-13192-1.html) 4 个打造多媒体和共享服务器的开源工具 ====== From 626212b430cd5950c5b956e645b851d4142eb868 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Thu, 11 Mar 2021 05:10:06 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 163/309] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020210311=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Linux=20Mint=20Cinnamon=20vs=20MATE=20vs=20Xfce:=20Which=20One?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Should=20You=20Use=3F?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20210311 Linux Mint Cinnamon vs MATE vs Xfce- Which One Should You Use.md --- ... MATE vs Xfce- Which One Should You Use.md | 187 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 187 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20210311 Linux Mint Cinnamon vs MATE vs Xfce- Which One Should You Use.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210311 Linux Mint Cinnamon vs MATE vs Xfce- Which One Should You Use.md b/sources/tech/20210311 Linux Mint Cinnamon vs MATE vs Xfce- Which One Should You Use.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..a4cb0012a1 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20210311 Linux Mint Cinnamon vs MATE vs Xfce- Which One Should You Use.md @@ -0,0 +1,187 @@ +[#]: subject: (Linux Mint Cinnamon vs MATE vs Xfce: Which One Should You Use?) +[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/linux-mint-cinnamon-mate-xfce/) +[#]: author: (Dimitrios https://itsfoss.com/author/dimitrios/) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +Linux Mint Cinnamon vs MATE vs Xfce: Which One Should You Use? +====== + +Linux Mint is undoubtedly [one of the best Linux distributions for beginners][1]. This is especially true for Windows users that walking their first steps to Linux world. + +Since 2006, the year that Linux Mint made its first release, a selection of [tools][2] has been developed to enhance user experience. Furthermore, Linux Mint is based on Ubuntu, so you have a large community of users to seek help. + +I am not going to discuss how good Linux Mint is. If you have already made your mind to [install Linux Mint][3], you probably get a little confused on the [download section][4] on its website. + +It gives you three options to choose from: Cinnamon, MATE and Xfce. Confused? I’ll help you with that in this article. + +![][5] + +If you are absolutely new to Linux and have no idea about what the above things are, I recommend you to understand a bit on [what is a desktop environment in Linux][6]. And if you could spare some more minutes, read this excellent explanation on [what is Linux and why there are so many of Linux operating systems that look similar to each other][7]. + +With that information, you are ready to understand the difference between the various Linux Mint editions. If you are unsure which to choose, with this article I will help you to make a conscious choice. + +### Which Linux Mint version should you choose? + +![][8] + +Briefly, the available choices are the following: + + * **Cinnamon desktop:** A modern touch on traditional desktop + * **MATE desktop:** A traditional looking desktop resembling the GNOME 2 era. + * **Xfce desktop:** A popular lightweight desktop environment. + + + +Let’s have a look at the Mint variants one by one. + +#### Linux Mint Cinnamon edition + +Cinnamon desktop is developed by Linux Mint team and clearly it is the flagship edition of Linux Mint. + +Almost a decade back when the GNOME desktop opted for the unconventional UI with GNOME 3, Cinnamon development was started to keep the traditional looks of the desktop by forking some components of GNOME 2. + +Many Linux users like Cinnamon for its similarity with Windows 7 like interface. + +![Linux Mint Cinnamon desktop][9] + +##### Performance and responsiveness + +The cinnamon desktop performance has improved from the past releases but without an SSD you can feel a bit sluggish. The last time I used cinnamon desktop was in version 4.4.8, the RAM consumption right after boot was around 750mb. There is a huge improvement in the current version 4.8.6, reduced by 100mb after boot. + +To get the best user experience, a dual-core CPU with 4 GB of RAM as a minimum should be considered. + +![Linux Mint 20 Cinnamon idle system stats][10] + +##### Pros + + * Seamless switch from Windows + * Pleasing aesthetics + * Highly [customizable][11] + + + +##### Cons + + * May still not be ideal if you have a system with 2 GB RAM + + + +**Bonus Tip**: If you prefer Debian instead of Ubuntu you have the option of [Linux Mint Debian Edition][12]. The main difference between LMDE and Debian with Cinnamon desktop is that LMDE ships the latest desktop environment to its repositories. + +#### Linux Mint Mate edition + +[MATE desktop environment][13] shares a similar story as it aims to maintain and support the GNOME 2 code base and applications. The Look and feel is very similar to GNOME 2. + +In my opinion, the best implementation of MATE desktop is by far [Ubuntu MATE][14]. In Linux Mint you get a customized version of MATE desktop, which is in line with Cinnamon aesthetics and not to the traditional GNOME 2 set out. + +![Screenshot of Linux Mint MATE desktop][15] + +##### Performance and responsiveness + +MATE desktop has a reputation of its lightweight nature and there is no doubt about that. Compared to Cinnamon desktop, the CPU usage always remains a bit lower, and this can be translated to a better battery life on a laptop. + +Although it doesn’t feel as snappy as Xfce (in my opinion), but not to an extent to compromise user experience. RAM consumption starts under 500mb which is impressive for a feature rich desktop environment. + +![Linux Mint 20 MATE idle system stats][16] + +##### Pros + + * Lightweight desktop without compromising on [features][17] + * Enough [customization][18] potential + + + +##### Cons + + * Traditional looks may give you a dated feel + + + +#### Linux Mint Xfce edition + +XFCE project started in 1996 inspired by the [Common Desktop Environment][19] of UNIX. XFCE” stands for “[XForms][20] Common Environment”, but since it no longer uses the XForms toolkit, the name is spelled as “Xfce”. + +It aims to be fast, lightweight and easy to use. Xfce is the flagship desktop of many popular Linux distributions like [Manjaro][21] and [MX Linux][22]. + +Linux Mint offers a polished Xfce desktop but can’t match the beauty of Cinnamon desktop even in a Dark theme. + +![Linux Mint 20 Xfce desktop][23] + +##### Performance and responsiveness + +Xfce is the leanest desktop environment Linux Mint has to offer. By clicking the start menu, the settings control panel or exploring the bottom panel you will notice that this is a simple yet a flexible desktop environment. + +Despite I find minimalism a positive attribute, Xfce is not an eye candy, leaving a more traditional taste. For some users a classic desktop environment is the one to go for. + +At the first boot the ram usage is similar to MATE desktop but not quite as good. If your computer isn’t equipped with an SSD, Xfce desktop environment can resurrect your system. + +![Linux Mint 20 Xfce idle system stats][24] + +##### Pros + + * Simple to use + * Very lightweight – suitable for older hardware + * Rock-solid stable + + + +##### Cons + + * Outdated look + * May not have as much customization to offer in comparison to Cinnamon + + + +#### Conclusion + +Since all these three desktop environments are based on GTK toolkit, the choice is purely a matter of taste. All of them are easy on system resources and perform well for a modest system with 4 GB RAM. Xfce and MATE can go a bit lower by supporting systems with as low as 2 GB RAM. + +Linux Mint is not the only distribution that provides multiple choices. Distros like Manjaro, Fedora and [Ubuntu have various flavors][25] to choose from as well. + +If you still cannot make your mind, I’ll say go with the default Cinnamon edition first and try to [use Linux Mint in a virtual box][26]. See if you like the look and feel. If not, you can test other variants in the same fashion. If you decide on the version, you can go on and [install it on your main system][3]. + +I hope I was able to help you with this article. If you still have questions or suggestions on this topic, please leave a comment below. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/linux-mint-cinnamon-mate-xfce/ + +作者：[Dimitrios][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/dimitrios/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://itsfoss.com/best-linux-beginners/ +[2]: https://linuxmint-developer-guide.readthedocs.io/en/latest/mint-tools.html# +[3]: https://itsfoss.com/install-linux-mint/ +[4]: https://linuxmint.com/download.php +[5]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/linux-mint-version-options.png?resize=789%2C277&ssl=1 +[6]: https://itsfoss.com/what-is-desktop-environment/ +[7]: https://itsfoss.com/what-is-linux/ +[8]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Linux-Mint-variants.jpg?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1 +[9]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/linux-mint-20.1-cinnamon.jpg?resize=800%2C500&ssl=1 +[10]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Linux-Mint-20-Cinnamon-ram-usage.png?resize=800%2C600&ssl=1 +[11]: https://itsfoss.com/customize-cinnamon-desktop/ +[12]: https://itsfoss.com/lmde-4-release/ +[13]: https://mate-desktop.org/ +[14]: https://itsfoss.com/ubuntu-mate-20-04-review/ +[15]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/linux-mint-mate.jpg?resize=800%2C500&ssl=1 +[16]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Linux-Mint-20-MATE-ram-usage.png?resize=800%2C600&ssl=1 +[17]: https://mate-desktop.org/blog/2020-02-10-mate-1-24-released/ +[18]: https://itsfoss.com/ubuntu-mate-customization/ +[19]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Desktop_Environment +[20]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XForms_(toolkit) +[21]: https://itsfoss.com/manjaro-linux-review/ +[22]: https://itsfoss.com/mx-linux-19/ +[23]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/linux-mint-xfce.jpg?resize=800%2C500&ssl=1 +[24]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Linux-Mint-20-Xfce-ram-usage.png?resize=800%2C600&ssl=1 +[25]: https://itsfoss.com/which-ubuntu-install/ +[26]: https://itsfoss.com/install-linux-mint-in-virtualbox/ From 8ada5118a32ce9712550b7aed82f7fc3a48e5e06 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Thu, 11 Mar 2021 05:10:50 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 164/309] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020210310=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Troubleshoot=20WiFi=20problems=20with=20Go=20and=20a=20Raspberr?= =?UTF-8?q?y=20Pi?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20210310 Troubleshoot WiFi problems with Go and a Raspberry Pi.md --- ...iFi problems with Go and a Raspberry Pi.md | 212 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 212 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20210310 Troubleshoot WiFi problems with Go and a Raspberry Pi.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210310 Troubleshoot WiFi problems with Go and a Raspberry Pi.md b/sources/tech/20210310 Troubleshoot WiFi problems with Go and a Raspberry Pi.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..0ad80d4423 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20210310 Troubleshoot WiFi problems with Go and a Raspberry Pi.md @@ -0,0 +1,212 @@ +[#]: subject: (Troubleshoot WiFi problems with Go and a Raspberry Pi) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/3/troubleshoot-wifi-go-raspberry-pi) +[#]: author: (Chris Collins https://opensource.com/users/clcollins) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +Troubleshoot WiFi problems with Go and a Raspberry Pi +====== +Build a WiFi scanner for fun. +![Selfcare, drinking tea on the porch][1] + +Last summer, my wife and I sold everything we owned and moved with our two dogs to Hawaii. It's been everything we thought it would be: beautiful sun, warm sand, cool surf—you name it. We've also run into some things we didn't expect: WiFi problems. + +Now, that's not a Hawaii problem. It's limited to the apartment we are renting. We are living in a single-room studio apartment attached to our landlord's apartment. Part of the rent includes free internet! YAY! However, said internet is provided by the WiFi router in the landlord's apartment. BOO! + +In all honesty, it works OK. Ish. OK, it doesn't work well, and I'm not sure why. The router is literally on the other side of the wall, but our signal is spotty, and we have some trouble staying connected. Back home, our WiFi router's signal crossed through many walls and some floors. Certainly, it covered an area larger than the 600 sq. foot apartment we live in! + +What does a good techie do in such a situation? Why, investigate, of course! + +Luckily the "everything we own" that we sold before moving here did not include our Raspberry Pi Zero W. So small! So portable! Of course, I took it to Hawaii with me. My bright idea was to use the Pi and its built-in WiFi adapter, write a little program in Go to measure the WiFi signal received from the router, and display that output. I'm going to make it super simple, quick, and dirty and worry later about making it better. I just want to know what's up with the WiFi, dang it! + +Hunting around on Google for a minute turns up a relatively useful Go package for working with WiFi, [mdlayher/wifi][2]. Sounds promising! + +### Getting information about the WiFi interfaces + +My plan is to query the WiFi interface statistics and return the signal strength, so I need to find the interfaces on the device. Luckily the mdlayher/wifi package has a method to query them, so I can do that by creating a file named `main.go`: + + +``` +package main + +import ( +        "fmt" + +        "github.com/mdlayher/wifi" +) + +func main() { + +        c, err := wifi.New() +        defer c.Close() + +        if err != nil { +                panic(err) +        } + +        interfaces, err := c.Interfaces() + +        for _, x := range interfaces { +                fmt.Printf("%+v\n", x) +        } + +} +``` + +So, what's going on here? After importing it, the mdlayher/wifi module can be used in the main function to create a new Client (type `*Client`). The new client (named `c`) can then get a list of the interfaces on the system with `c.Interfaces()`. Then it can loop over the slice of Interface pointers and print information about them. + +By adding "+" to `%+v`, it prints the names of the fields in the `*Interface` struct, too, which helps me identify what I'm seeing without having to refer back to documentation. + +Running the code above provides a list of the WiFi interfaces on my machine: + + +``` +&{Index:0 Name: HardwareAddr:5c:5f:67:f3:0a:a7 PHY:0 Device:3 Type:P2P device Frequency:0} +&{Index:3 Name:wlp2s0 HardwareAddr:5c:5f:67:f3:0a:a7 PHY:0 Device:1 Type:station Frequency:2412} +``` + +Note that the MAC address, `HardwareAddr`, is the same for both lines, meaning this is the same physical hardware. This is confirmed by `PHY: 0`. The Go [wifi module's docs][3] note that `PHY` is the physical device to which the interface belongs. + +The first interface has no name and is `TYPE:P2P`. The second, named `wpl2s0` is `TYPE:Station`. The wifi module documentation lists the [different types of interfaces][4] and describes what they are. According to the docs, the "P2P" type indicates "an interface is a device within a peer-to-peer client network." I believe, and please correct me in the comments if I'm wrong, that this interface is for [WiFi Direct][5], a standard for allowing two WiFi devices to connect without an intermediate access point. + +The "Station" type indicates "an interface is part of a managed basic service set (BSS) of client devices with a controlling access point." This is the standard function for a wireless device that most people are used to—as a client connected to an access point. This is the interface that matters for testing the quality of the WiFi. + +### Getting the Station information from the interface + +Using this information, I can update the loop over the interfaces to retrieve the information I'm looking for: + + +``` +        for _, x := range interfaces { +                if x.Type == wifi.InterfaceTypeStation { +                        // c.StationInfo(x) returns a slice of all +                        // the staton information about the interface +                        info, err := c.StationInfo(x) +                        if err != nil { +                                fmt.Printf("Station err: %s\n", err) +                        } +                        for _, x := range info { +                                fmt.Printf("%+v\n", x) +                        } +                } +  } +``` + +First, it checks that `x.Type` (the Interface type) is `wifi.InterfaceTypeStation`—a Station interface (that's the only type that matters for this exercise). This is an unfortunate naming collision—the interface "type" is not a "type" in the Golang sense. In fact, what I'm working on here is a Go `type` named `InterfaceType` to represent the type of interface. Whew, that took me a minute to figure out! + +So, assuming the interface is of the _correct_ type, the station information can be retrieved with `c.StationInfo(x)` using the client `StationInfo()` method to get the info about the interface, `x`. + +This returns a slice of `*StationInfo` pointers. I'm not sure quite why there's a slice. Perhaps the interface can have multiple StationInfo responses? In any case, I can loop over the slice and use the same `+%v` trick to print the keys and values for the StationInfo struct. + +Running the above returns: + + +``` +`&{HardwareAddr:70:5a:9e:71:2e:d4 Connected:17m10s Inactive:1.579s ReceivedBytes:2458563 TransmittedBytes:1295562 ReceivedPackets:6355 TransmittedPackets:6135 ReceiveBitrate:2000000 TransmitBitrate:43300000 Signal:-79 TransmitRetries:2306 TransmitFailed:4 BeaconLoss:2}` +``` + +The thing I'm interested in is the "Signal" and possibly "TransmitFailed" and "BeaconLoss." The signal is reported in units of dBm (or decibel-milliwatts). + +#### A quick aside: How to read WiFi dBm + +According to [MetaGeek][6]: + + * –30 is the best possible signal strength—it's neither realistic nor necessary + * –67 is very good; it's for apps that need reliable packet delivery, like streaming media + * –70 is fair, the minimum reliable packet delivery, fine for email and web + * –80 is poor, absolute basic connectivity, unreliable packet delivery + * –90 is unusable, approaching the "noise floor" + + + +_Note that dBm is logarithmic scale: -60 is 1,000x lower than -30_ + +### Making this a real "scanner" + +So, looking at my signal from above: –79. YIKES, not good. But that single result is not especially helpful. That's just a point-in-time reference and only valid for the particular physical space where the WiFi network adapter was at that instant. What would be more useful would be a continuous reading, making it possible to see how the signal changes as the Raspberry Pi moves around. The main function can be tweaked again to accomplish this: + + +``` +        var i *wifi.Interface + +        for _, x := range interfaces { +                if x.Type == wifi.InterfaceTypeStation { +                        // Loop through the interfaces, and assign the station +                        // to var x +                        // We could hardcode the station by name, or index, +                        // or hardwareaddr, but this is more portable, if less efficient +                        i = x +                        break +                } +        } + +        for { +                // c.StationInfo(x) returns a slice of all +                // the staton information about the interface +                info, err := c.StationInfo(i) +                if err != nil { +                        fmt.Printf("Station err: %s\n", err) +                } + +                for _, x := range info { +                        fmt.Printf("Signal: %d\n", x.Signal) +                } + +                time.Sleep(time.Second) +        } +``` + +First, I name a variable `i` of type `*wifi.Interface`. Since it's outside the loop, I can use it to store the interface information. Any variable created inside the loop is inaccessible outside the scope of that loop. + +Then, I can break the loop into two. The first loop ranges over the interfaces returned by `c.Interfaces()`, and if that interface is a Station type, it stores that in the `i` variable created earlier and breaks out of the loop. + +The second loop is an infinite loop, so it'll just run over and over until I hit **Ctrl**+**C** to end the program. This loop takes that interface information and retrieves the station information, as before, and prints out the signal information. Then it sleeps for one second and runs again, printing the signal information over and over until I quit. + +So, running that: + + +``` +[chris@marvin wifi-monitor]$ go run main.go +Signal: -81 +Signal: -81 +Signal: -79 +Signal: -81 +``` + +Oof. Not good. + +### Mapping the apartment + +This information is good to know, at least. With an attached screen or E Ink display and a battery (or a looooong extension cable), I can walk the Pi around the apartment and map out where the dead spots are. + +Spoiler alert: With the landlord's access point in the apartment next door, the big dead spot for me is a cone shape emanating from the refrigerator in the studio apartment's kitchen area… the refrigerator that shares a wall with the landlord's apartment! + +I think in Dungeons and Dragons lingo, this is a "Cone of Silence." Or at least a "Cone of Poor Internet." + +Anyway, this code can be compiled directly on the Raspberry Pi with `go build -o wifi_scanner`, and the resulting binary, `wifi_scanner`, can be shared with any other ARM devices (of the same version). Alternatively, it can be compiled on a regular system with the right libraries for ARM devices. + +Happy Pi scanning! May your WiFi router not be behind your refrigerator! You can find the code used for this project in [my GitHub repo][7]. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/21/3/troubleshoot-wifi-go-raspberry-pi + +作者：[Chris Collins][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/clcollins +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/coffee_tea_selfcare_wfh_porch_520.png?itok=2qXG0T7u (Selfcare, drinking tea on the porch) +[2]: https://github.com/mdlayher/wifi +[3]: https://godoc.org/github.com/mdlayher/wifi#Interface +[4]: https://godoc.org/github.com/mdlayher/wifi#InterfaceType +[5]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi_Direct +[6]: https://www.metageek.com/training/resources/wifi-signal-strength-basics.html +[7]: https://github.com/clcollins/goPiWiFi From cfb6a01d473fb47b84b4fcf173ae90bb26ce739d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Thu, 11 Mar 2021 05:11:27 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 165/309] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020210310=20?= =?UTF-8?q?3=20open=20source=20tools=20for=20producing=20video=20tutorials?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20210310 3 open source tools for producing video tutorials.md --- ...rce tools for producing video tutorials.md | 180 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 180 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20210310 3 open source tools for producing video tutorials.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210310 3 open source tools for producing video tutorials.md b/sources/tech/20210310 3 open source tools for producing video tutorials.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..bdccfba9cb --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20210310 3 open source tools for producing video tutorials.md @@ -0,0 +1,180 @@ +[#]: subject: (3 open source tools for producing video tutorials) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/3/video-open-source-tools) +[#]: author: (Abe Kazemzadeh https://opensource.com/users/abecode) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +3 open source tools for producing video tutorials +====== +Use OBS, OpenShot, and Audacity to create videos to teach your learners. +![Person reading a book and digital copy][1] + +I've learned that video tutorials are a great way to teach my students, and open source tools have helped me take my video-production skills to the next level. This article will explain how to get started and add artfulness and creativity to your video tutorial projects. + +I'll describe an end-to-end workflow for making video tutorials using open source tools for each subtask. For the purposes of this tutorial, making a video is the "task," and the various steps to make the video are the "subtasks." Those subtasks are video screen capture, video recording, video editing, audio recording, and effort estimation. Other tools include hardware such as cameras and microphones. My workflow also includes effort estimation as a subtask, but it's more of a general skill that parallels the idea of effort estimation when developing software. + +My workflow involves recording the bulk of the video content as screen capture. I record supporting video material (known as B-roll) using a smartphone, as it is a cheap, ubiquitous video camera. Then I edit the materials together into shot sequences using a video editor. + +### Advantages of video tutorials + +There are many reasons to record video tutorials. Some people prefer learning with video than with text like web pages and manuals. This preference may be partly generational—my students tend to prefer (or at least appreciate) the video option. + +Some modalities, like graphical user interfaces (GUIs), are easier to demonstrate with video. Video tutorials also work well for documenting open source software. Showing a convenient, standard workflow for producing software demonstration videos makes it easier for users to learn new software. + +Teaching people how to make videos can help increase the number of people participating in open source software. Enabling users to record themselves using software helps them share their knowledge. Teaching people how to do basic screen capture is a good way to make it easier for users to file bug reports on open source software. + +Educators are increasingly turning to tutorial videos as a way to deliver course content asynchronously. The most direct way to transition to an online classroom is to lecture over a videoconference system. Another option is the flipped classroom, which "flips" the traditional teaching method (i.e., in-class teaching followed by independent homework) by having students watch a recorded lecture on their own at home and using classroom time as a live, synchronous, interactive session for doing independent and project work. While video technologies have been evolving in the classroom for some time, the Covid-19 pandemic strongly motivated many educators, like my colleagues at the University of St. Thomas and me, to adopt video techniques when Covid-19 forced schools to close. + +Previously, I worked at the University of Southern California Annenberg School of Communications and Journalism, which offered a project and an app to help citizen journalists produce higher-quality video. (A citizen journalist is not a professional journalist but uses their proximity to current events to document and share their experiences). Similarly, this article aims to help you produce artful, quality video tutorials even if you are not a professional videographer. + +### Screen capture + +Screen capture is the first subtask in making a video tutorial. I use the [Open Broadcaster Software][2] (OBS) suite. OBS started as a way to stream video games and has evolved into a general-purpose tool for video recording and live streaming. It is programmed using Qt, which allows it to run on different operating systems. OBS can capture content as a video file or as a live stream, but I use it to capture to a video file for creating video tutorials. + +Screen capture is the natural starting place for creating things like a video tutorial for a piece of software. Still, OBS is also useful for tutorials that use physical objects, like electronics or woodworking. A simple use is to record a presentation, but it also supports webcams and switching views to combine multiple webcams and screen captures. In fact, you can combine a simple presentation with a tutorial; in this case, the presentation slides provide structure to the other tutorial content. + +![OBS][3] + +The main abstractions in OBS are _scenes_, and these scenes are made up of _sources_. Sources are any basic video inputs, including webcams, entire desktop displays, individual applications, and static images. Scenes are composed of one or more sources. Any individual source can be a scene, but the power and creativity of scenes come from combining sources. An example of a composite scene with two sources would be a video-captured presentation with a "talking head"—i.e., a small window inset inside the larger display with the presenter's face recorded from a webcam. In some cases, the "talking head" can help the presenter engage with the audience better, and it serves as an extra channel of information to go along with the speech's audio. + +This example implements a three-scene setup: one scene is the webcam, another scene is a full desktop display capture, and the third is the display capture with a webcam video inset. + +If you are using a new OBS installation, you'll see a single blank scene called "Scene" without any sources in the lower-left corner. If you have an existing OBS installation, you can start fresh by creating a new scene collection from the **Scene Collection** menu. + +Start by renaming the first scene **Face** by right-clicking the scene and selecting **Rename**. Then add the webcam as a source by selecting the **+** under **Sources**, choosing **Video Capture Device**, and clicking **Create New**. Set the name to **Webcam**, and click **OK**. This opens a screen where you can select and preview the webcam to make sure it's working (which is very useful if you have more than one webcam). After you select the webcam and click **OK**, you need to resize it. This can be done manually, but it is easier to right-click, select **Transform**, and select **Fit to Screen**. + +An aside on naming scenes and sources: I like to make logical distinctions between scenes (which I give abstract names like Face) and sources (which I give concrete names like Webcam #1). A naming convention like this is useful when you have multiple scenes and sources. You can always rename scenes and sources by right-clicking and selecting **Rename**, so don't worry much about naming at this stage. + +Add the second scene by clicking on the **+** button below the scenes area. Name it **Desktop** (or another name that describes this screen if you have a multiple-monitor setup). Then, under **Sources**, click **+** and select **Display Capture**. Select the display you want to capture (you only have one option if you have one monitor). Resize the video to fit the screen by right-clicking the **Transform** option. If you have one monitor, you should see a trippy, recursive view of the screen capture within a screen capture within a screen capture into infinity. + +For the third scene, you can use a shortcut by duplicating the last scene and adding an inset webcam. To do this, right-click on the last scene, select **Duplicate**, and name it **Desktop with Talking Head** (or something similar). Then add another source for this scene by clicking **+** under **Sources** when this source is selected, selecting **Video Capture Device**, and choosing your webcam under **Add Existing** (instead of Create New, like before). Instead of fitting the webcam to the whole screen, this time, move and stretch the webcam so that it is in the lower-right corner. Now you'll have the desktop and the webcam in the same scene. + +Now that the screen capture setup is finished, you can start making a basic software tutorial. Click **Start Recording** in the lower-right corner under **Controls**, record whatever you want to show in your tutorial, and use the scene selector to control what source you are recording. Changing scenes is like making a cut when editing a video, except it happens in real time while you are doing the tutorial. Because scene transitions in OBS happen in real time, this is more time-efficient than editing your video after the fact, so I recommend you try to do most of the scene transitions in OBS. + +I mentioned above that OBS recursively captures itself in a way that can best be described as "trippy." Seeing OBS in the screen capture is fine if you are demonstrating how OBS works, but if you are making a tutorial about anything else, you will not want to capture the OBS application window. There are two ways to avoid this. First, if you have a second monitor, you can capture the desktop environment on one monitor and have OBS running on the other. Second, OBS allows you to capture from individual applications (rather than the entire desktop environment), so you can specify which application you want to show in your video. + +When you are finished recording, click **Stop Recording**. To find the video you recorded, use the **File** menu and select **Show Recordings**. + +OBS is a powerful tool with many more features than I have described. You can learn more about adding text labels, streaming, and other features in [_Linux video editing in real time with OBS Studio_][4] and [_How to livestream games like the pros with OBS_][5]. For specific questions and technical issues, OBS has a great [online user forum][6]. + +### Editing video and using B-roll footage + +If you make mistakes when recording the screen capture or want to shorten the video, you'll need to edit it. You also might want to edit your video to make it more creative and artful. Adding creativity is also fun, and I believe having fun is necessary for sustaining your effort over time. + +For this how-to, assume the screen capture video recorded in OBS is your main video content, and you have other video recorded to enhance the tutorial's creative quality. In cinema and television jargon, the main content is called "A-roll" footage ("roll" refers to when video was captured on rolls of film), and supporting video material is called "B-roll." B-roll footage includes the surrounding environment, hands and pointing gestures, heads nodding, and static images with logos or branding. Editing B-roll footage into the main A-roll footage can make your video look more professional and give it more creative depth. + +A practical use of B-roll footage is to prevent _jump cuts_, which can happen when editing two similar video clips together. For example, imagine you make a mistake while doing your screen capture, and you want to cut out that part. However, this cut will leave an awkward gap—the jump cut—between the two clips after you remove the mistake. To remove that gap, put a short clip of B-roll material between the two parts. That B-roll shot placed to fill the cut is called a cutaway shot ( here, "shot" is used as a synonym of "clip," from the verb "shooting" a movie). + +B-roll footage is also used to build _shot sequences_. Just like software engineers build design patterns from individual statements, functions, and classes, videographers build shot sequences from individual shots or clips. These shot sequences enhance the video's quality and creativity. + +One of these, called the five-shot sequence, makes a good opening sequence to introduce your video tutorial. As the name suggests, it consists of five shots: + + 1. A close up of your hands + 2. A close up of your face + 3. A wide shot of the environment with you in it + 4. An over-the-shoulder shot showing the action as if your audience is watching over your shoulder + 5. A creative shot to capture an unusual perspective or something else the audience should know + + + +This [example][7] shows what this looks like. + +Showing pictures of yourself doing the activity can also help people better imagine doing it. There is a body of research about so-called "mirror neurons" that fire when observing another person's actions, especially hand movements. The five-shot sequence is also a pattern used by professional video journalists, so using it can give your video an appearance of professionalism. + +In addition to these five B-roll shots, you may want to record yourself introducing the video. This could be done in OBS using the webcam, but recording it with a smartphone camera gives you options for different views and backgrounds. + +#### Record your B-roll footage + +You can use a smartphone camera to capture B-roll footage for the five-shot sequence. Not only are they ubiquitous, but smartphones' connectedness makes it easy to use [filesharing applications][8] to sync your video to your editing application on your computer. + +You will need a tripod with a smartphone holder if you are working alone. This allows you to set up the recording without having to hold the phone in your hand. Some tripods come with remote controls that allow you to start and stop recording (search for "selfie tripod"), but this is just a convenience. Using the smartphone's forward-facing "selfie" camera can help you monitor that the camera is aimed properly. + +There will be material at the beginning and end of the recorded clip that you need to edit out. I prefer to record the five clips as separate files, and sometimes I need multiple takes to get a shot correct. A movie-making "clapper" with a dry-erase board is a piece of optional equipment that can help you keep track of B-roll footage by allowing you to write information about the shot (e.g., "hand close up, take 2"). The clapper functionality—the bar on top that makes the clap noise—is useful for synchronizing audio. This helps if you have multiple cameras and microphones, but in this simple setup, the clapper's main utility is to make you look like a serious auteur. + +Once you have recorded the five shots and any other material you want (e.g., a spoken introduction), copy or sync the video files to your desktop computer to begin editing. + +#### Edit your video + +I use [OpenShot][9], an open source video editor. Like OBS, it is programmed in Qt, so it runs on a variety of operating systems. + +![Openshot][10] + +_Tracks_ are OpenShot's main abstraction, and tracks can be made up of clips of individual _project files_, including video, audio, and images. + +Start with the five clips from the five-shot sequence and the video captured from OBS. To import the clips into OpenShot, drag-and-drop them into the project files area. These project files are the raw material that go into the tracks—you can think of this collection as a staging area similar to a chef collecting ingredients before cooking a dish. The clips don't need to be edited: you can edit them using OpenShot when you add them into the final video. + +After adding the five clips to the project files area, drag and drop the first clip to the top track. The tracks are like layers, and the higher-numbered tracks are in front of the lower-numbered tracks, so the top track should be track four or five. Ideally, each shot of the five-shot sequence will be about two or three seconds long; if they are longer, cut out the parts you don't want. + +To cut the clip, move the cursor (the blue marker on the timeline) to the place you want to cut. Right-click on the blue cursor, select **Slice All**, and then select which side you want to keep. Once you trim the clip, add the next clip to the same track, and give a bit of space after the first clip. Trim the second clip like you did the first one. After you trim both clips, slide the first clip all the way to the left to time zero on the timeline. Then, drag the second clip over the first clip so that the beginning of the second clip overlaps the end of the first clip. When you release the mouse, you'll see a blue area where the clips overlap. This blue area is a transition that OpenShot adds automatically when the clips overlap. If the overlap is not quite right, the easiest way to fix it is to separate the clips, delete the transition (select the blue area and hit the **Delete** key), and then try again. OpenShot automatically adds a transition where the shots overlap, but it won't automatically delete it when they are separated. Continue by trimming and overlapping the remaining shots of the five-shot sequence. + +You can do a lot more with OpenShot transitions, and [OpenShot's user guide][11] can help you learn about the options. + +Finally, add the screen capture video clip from OBS. If necessary, you can edit it in the same way, by moving the blue cursor in the timeline to where you want to trim, right-clicking the blue cursor, and selecting **Slice All**. If you need to keep both sides of the slice—for example, if you want to cut out a mistake in the middle of the video—make a slice on either side of the mistake, keep the sides, and delete the middle. This may result in a jump shot; if so, insert a clip of B-roll footage between them. I've found that a closeup shot of hands on the keyboard or an over-the-shoulder shot are good cutaways for this purpose. + +This example didn't use them, but the other tracks in OpenShot can be used to add parallel video tracks (e.g., a webcam, screen capture in OBS, or material recorded with a separate camera) or to add extra audio, like background music. I've found that using a single track is most convenient for combining clips for the five-shot sequence, and using multiple tracks is best for adding a separate audio track (e.g., music that will be played throughout the whole video) or when multiple views of the same action are captured separately. + +This example used OBS to capture two sources, the webcam and the screen capture, but it was all done with a single device, the computer. If you have video from another device, like a standalone camera, you might want to use two parallel tracks to combine the camera video and the screen capture. However, because OBS can capture multiple sources on one screen in real time, another option would be to use a second webcam instead of a standalone video camera. Doing all the recording in OBS and switching scenes while doing the screen capture would enable you to avoid after-the-fact editing. + +### Recording and editing audio + +For the audio component of the recording, your computer's built-in microphone might be fine. It is also simpler and saves money. If your computer's built-in microphone is not good enough, you may want to invest in a dedicated microphone. + +Even a high-quality microphone can produce poor audio quality if you don't take some care when recording it. One issue is recording in different acoustic environments: If you record one part of the video in a completely silent environment and another part in an environment with background noise (like fans, air conditioners, or other appliances), the difference in acoustic backgrounds will be very apparent. + +You might think it is better to have no background noise. While this might be true for recording music, having some ambient room noise can even out the differences between clips recorded in different acoustic environments. To do this, record about a minute of the ambient sound in the target environment. You might not end up needing it, but it is easier to make a brief audio recording at the outset if you anticipate recording in different environments. + +Audio compression is another technique that can help you fix volume issues if they arise. Compression helps reduce the differences between quiet and loud audio, and it has settings to not amplify background noise. [Audacity][12] is a useful open source audio tool that includes compression. + +![Multitrack suggestion][13] + +Using a clapper is helpful if you plan to edit multiple simultaneous audio recordings together. You can use the sharp peak in audio volume from the clapper to synchronize different tracks because the clapping noise makes it easier to line up the different recordings. + +### Estimation and planning + +A related issue is estimating the time and effort required to finish tasks and projects. This can be hard for many reasons, but there are some general rules of thumb that can help you estimate the time it will take to complete a video production project. + +First, as I noted, it is easier to use OBS scene transitions to switch views while recording than to edit scene transitions after the fact. If you can capture transitions while recording, you have one less task to do while editing. + +Another rule of thumb is that as the amount of recorded material increases, it takes more time and effort in general. For one, recording more material takes more time. Also, more material increases the overhead of organizing and editing it. Conversely and somewhat counterintuitively, given the same amount of raw material, a shorter final project will generally take more time and effort than a longer final project. When the amount of input is constant, it is harder to edit the content down to a shorter product than if you have less of a constraint on the final video's length. + +Having a plan for your video tutorial will help you stay on track and not forget any topics. A plan can range from a set of bullet points to a mindmap to a full script. Not only will the plan help guide you when you start recording, it can also help after the video is done. One way to improve your video tutorial's usefulness is to have a video table of contents, where each topic includes the timestamp when it begins. If you have a plan for your video—whether it is bullet points or a script—you will already have the video's structure, and you can just add the timestamps. Many video-sharing sites have ways to start playing a video at a specific point. For example, YouTube allows you to add an anchor hashtag to the end of a video's URL (e.g., `youtube.com/videourl#t=1m30s` would start playback 90 seconds into the video). Providing a script with the video is also useful for deaf and hard-of-hearing viewers. + +### Give it a try + +One great thing about open source is that there are low barriers to trying new software. Since the software is free, the main costs of making a video tutorial are the hardware—a computer for screen capture and video editing and a smartphone to record the B-roll footage. + +* * * + +_Acknowledgments: When I started learning about video, I benefited greatly from help from colleagues,*friends, and acquaintances. The University of St. Thomas Center for Faculty Development sponsored this work financially and my colleague Eric Level at the University of St. Thomas gave me many ideas for using video in the classrooms where we teach. My former colleagues Melissa Loudon and Andrew Lih at USC Annenberg School of Communications and Journalism taught me about citizen journalism and the five-shot sequence. My friend Matthew Lynn is a visual effects expert who helped me with time estimation and room-tone issues. Finally, the audience in the 2020 Southern California Linux Expo (SCaLE 18x) Graphics track gave me many helpful suggestions, including the video table of contents._ + +A look behind the scenes of Dototot's The Hello World Program, a YouTube channel aimed at computer... + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/21/3/video-open-source-tools + +作者：[Abe Kazemzadeh][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/abecode +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/read_book_guide_tutorial_teacher_student_apaper.png?itok=_GOufk6N (Person reading a book and digital copy) +[2]: https://obsproject.com/ +[3]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/obs-full.jpg (OBS) +[4]: https://opensource.com/life/15/12/real-time-linux-video-editing-with-obs-studio +[5]: https://opensource.com/article/17/7/obs-studio-pro-level-streaming +[6]: https://obsproject.com/forum/ +[7]: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WnDD_59Lcas +[8]: https://opensource.com/alternatives/dropbox +[9]: https://www.openshot.org/ +[10]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/openshot-full.jpg (Openshot) +[11]: https://www.openshot.org/user-guide/ +[12]: https://www.audacityteam.org/ +[13]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/screenshot_20210303_073557.png (Multitrack suggestion) From 5c69a912ecd76613f2f44c4b82d9d9624c2b425a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Thu, 11 Mar 2021 05:11:50 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 166/309] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020210310=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Understanding=20file=20names=20and=20directories=20in=20FreeDOS?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20210310 Understanding file names and directories in FreeDOS.md --- ...g file names and directories in FreeDOS.md | 117 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 117 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20210310 Understanding file names and directories in FreeDOS.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210310 Understanding file names and directories in FreeDOS.md b/sources/tech/20210310 Understanding file names and directories in FreeDOS.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..549ba53b63 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20210310 Understanding file names and directories in FreeDOS.md @@ -0,0 +1,117 @@ +[#]: subject: (Understanding file names and directories in FreeDOS) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/3/files-freedos) +[#]: author: (Kevin O'Brien https://opensource.com/users/ahuka) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +Understanding file names and directories in FreeDOS +====== +Learn how to create, edit, and name files in FreeDOS. +![Files in a folder][1] + +The open source operating system [FreeDOS][2] is a tried-and-true project that helps users play retro games, update firmware, run outdated but beloved applications, and study operating system design. FreeDOS offers insights into the history of personal computing (because it implements the de facto operating system of the early '80s) but in a modern context. In this article, I'll use FreeDOS to explain how file names and extensions developed. + +### Understanding file names and ASCII text + +FreeDOS file names follow what is called the _8.3 convention_. This means that all FreeDOS file names have two parts that contain up to eight and three characters, respectively. The first part is often referred to as the _file name_ (which can be a little confusing because the combination of the file name and the file extension is also called a file name). This part can have anywhere from one to eight characters in it. This is followed by the _extension_, which can have from zero to three characters. These two parts are separated by a dot. + +File names can use any letter of the alphabet or any numeral. Many of the other characters found on a keyboard are also allowed, but not all of them. That's because many of these other characters have been assigned a special use in FreeDOS. Some of the characters that can appear in a FreeDOS file name are: + + +``` +`~ ! @ # $ % ^ & ( ) _ - { } `` +``` + +There are also characters in the extended [ASCII][3] set that can be used, such as �. + +Characters with a special meaning in FreeDOS that, therefore, cannot be used in file names include: + + +``` +`*/ + | \ = ? [ ] ; : " . < > ,` +``` + +Also, you cannot use a space in a FreeDOS file name. The FreeDOS console [uses spaces to separate commands][4] from options and parameters. + +FreeDOS is case _insensitive_, so it doesn't matter whether you use uppercase or lowercase letters. All letters are converted to uppercase, so your files end up with uppercase letters in the name, no matter what you do. + +#### File extensions + +A file in FreeDOS isn't required to have an extension, but file extensions do have some uses. Certain file extensions have built-in meanings in FreeDOS, such as: + + * **EXE**: executable file + * **COM**: command file + * **SYS**: system file + * **BAT**: batch file + + + +Specific software programs use other extensions, or you can use them when you create a file. These extensions have no absolute file associations, so if you use a FreeDOS word processor, it doesn't matter what extension you use for your files. You could get creative and use extensions as part of your filing system if you want. For instance, you could name your memos using *.JAN, *.FEB, *.MAR, *.APR, and so on. + +### Editing files + +FreeDOS comes with the Edit application for quick and easy text editing. It's a simple editor with a menu bar along the top of the screen for easy access to all the usual functions (such as copy, paste, save, and so on.) + +![Editing in FreeDOS][5] + +(Kevin O'Brien, [CC BY-SA 4.0][6]) + +As you might expect, many other text editors are available, including the tiny but versatile [e3 editor][7]. You can find a good variety of [FreeDOS applications][8] on GitLab. + +### Creating files + +You can create empty files in FreeDOS using the `touch` command. This simple utility updates a file's modification time or creates a new file: + + +``` +C:\>touch foo.txt +C:\>dir +FOO      TXT    0  01-12-2021 10:00a +``` + +You can also create a file directly from the FreeDOS console without using the Edit text editor. First, use the `copy` command to copy input in the console (`con` for short) into a new file object. Terminate input with **Ctrl**+**Z** followed by the **Return** or **Enter** key: + + +``` +C:\>copy con test.txt +con => test.txt +This is a test file. +^Z +``` + +The **Ctrl**+**Z** character shows up in the console as `^Z`. It isn't copied to the file but serves as an End of File (EOF) delimiter. In other words, it tells FreeDOS when to stop copying. This is a neat trick for making quick notes or starting a simple document to work on later. + +### Files and FreeDOS + +FreeDOS is open source, free, and [easy to install][9]. Exploring how FreeDOS treats files can help you understand how computing has developed over the years, regardless of your usual operating system. Boot up FreeDOS and start exploring modern retro computing! + +* * * + +_Some of the information in this article was previously published in [DOS lesson 7: DOS filenames; ASCII][10] (CC BY-SA 4.0)._ + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/21/3/files-freedos + +作者：[Kevin O'Brien][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/ahuka +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/files_documents_paper_folder.png?itok=eIJWac15 (Files in a folder) +[2]: https://www.freedos.org/ +[3]: tmp.2sISc4Tp3G#ASCII +[4]: https://opensource.com/article/21/2/set-your-path-freedos +[5]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/freedos_2_files-edit.jpg (Editing in FreeDOS) +[6]: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ +[7]: https://opensource.com/article/20/12/e3-linux +[8]: https://gitlab.com/FDOS/ +[9]: https://opensource.com/article/18/4/gentle-introduction-freedos +[10]: https://www.ahuka.com/dos-lessons-for-self-study-purposes/dos-lesson-7-dos-filenames-ascii/ From 92fc9ccfc8035e740c5ab34dd3a7d705ebf53aef Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Thu, 11 Mar 2021 08:45:29 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 167/309] translating --- ...o manage your Python projects on Fedora.md | 206 ------------------ ...o manage your Python projects on Fedora.md | 205 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 205 insertions(+), 206 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20210308 How to use Poetry to manage your Python projects on Fedora.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20210308 How to use Poetry to manage your Python projects on Fedora.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210308 How to use Poetry to manage your Python projects on Fedora.md b/sources/tech/20210308 How to use Poetry to manage your Python projects on Fedora.md deleted file mode 100644 index b6682956fa..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20210308 How to use Poetry to manage your Python projects on Fedora.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,206 +0,0 @@ -[#]: subject: (How to use Poetry to manage your Python projects on Fedora) -[#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/how-to-use-poetry-to-manage-your-python-projects-on-fedora/) -[#]: author: (Kader Miyanyedi https://fedoramagazine.org/author/moonkat/) -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) - -How to use Poetry to manage your Python projects on Fedora -====== - -![Python & Poetry on Fedora][1] - -Python developers often create a new virtual environment to separate project dependencies and then manage them with tools such as _pip, pipenv, etc._ Poetry is a tool for simplifying dependency management and packaging in Python. This post will show you how to use Poetry to manage your Python projects on Fedora. - -Unlike other tools, Poetry uses only a single configuration file for dependency management, packaging, and publishing. This eliminates the need for different files such as _Pipfile, MANIFEST.in, setup.py_, etc. It is also faster than **using multiple tools. - -Detailed below is a brief overview of commands used when getting started with Poetry. - -### **Installing Poetry on Fedora** - -If you already use Fedora 32 or above, you can install Poetry directly from the command line using this command: - -``` -$ sudo dnf install poetry -``` - -``` -Editor note: on Fedora Silverblue or CoreOs Python 3.9.2 is part of the core commit, you would layer Poetry with ' -``` - -rpm-ostree install poetry - -``` -' -``` - -### Initialize a project - -Create a new project using the _new_ command. - -``` -$ poetry new poetry-project -``` - -The structure of a project created with Poetry looks like this: - -``` -├── poetry_project -│ └── init.py -├── pyproject.toml -├── README.rst -└── tests - ├── init.py - └── test_poetry_project.py -``` - -Poetry uses _pyproject.toml_ to manage the dependencies of your project. Initially, this file will look similar to this: - -``` -[tool.poetry] -name = "poetry-project" -version = "0.1.0" -description = "" -authors = ["Kadermiyanyedi "] - -[tool.poetry.dependencies] -python = "^3.9" - -[tool.poetry.dev-dependencies] -pytest = "^5.2" - -[build-system] -requires = ["poetry>=0.12"] -build-backend = "poetry.masonry.api" -``` - -This file contains 4 sections: - - * The first section contains information describing the project such as project name, project version, etc. - * The second section contains project dependencies. These dependencies are necessary to build the project. - * The third section contains development dependencies. - * The fourth section describes a building system as in [PEP 517][2] - - - -If you already have a project, or create your own project folder, and you want to use poetry, run the _init_ command within your project. - -``` -$ poetry init -``` - -After this command, you will see an interactive shell to configure your project. - -### Create a virtual environment - -If you want to create a virtual environment or activate an existing virtual environment, use the command below: - -``` -$ poetry shell -``` - -Poetry creates the virtual environment in the _/home/username/.cache/pypoetry_ project by default. You can change the default path by editing the poetry config. Use the command below to see the config list: - -``` -$ poetry config --list - -cache-dir = "/home/username/.cache/pypoetry" -virtualenvs.create = true -virtualenvs.in-project = true -virtualenvs.path = "{cache-dir}/virtualenvs" -``` - -Change the _virtualenvs.in-project_ configuration variable to create a virtual environment within your project directory. The Poetry command is: - -``` -$ poetry config virtualenv.in-project true -``` - -### Add dependencies - -Install a dependency for the project with the _poetry add_ command. - -``` -$ poetry add django -``` - -You can identify any dependencies that you use only for the development environment using the _add_ command with the _–dev_ option. - -``` -$ poetry add black --dev -``` - -The **add** command creates a _poetry.lock file_ that is used to track package versions. If the _poetry.lock_ file doesn’t exist, the latest versions of all dependencies in _pyproject.toml_ are installed. If _poetry.lock_ does exist, Poetry uses the exact versions listed in the file to ensure that the package versions are consistent for everyone working on your project. - -Use the poetry _install_ command to install all dependencies in your current project. - -``` -$ poetry install -``` - -Prevent development dependencies from being installed by using the _no-dev_ option. - -``` -$ poetry install --no-dev -``` - -### List packages - -The _show_ command lists all of the available packages. The _tree_ option will list packages as a tree. - -``` -$ poetry show --tree - -django 3.1.7 A high-level Python Web framework that encourages rapid development and clean, pragmatic design. -├── asgiref >=3.2.10,<4 -├── pytz * -└── sqlparse >=0.2.2 -``` - -Include the package name to list details of a specific package. - -``` -$ poetry show requests - -name : requests -version : 2.25.1 -description : Python HTTP for Humans. - -dependencies - - certifi >=2017.4.17 - - chardet >=3.0.2,<5 - - idna >=2.5,<3 - - urllib3 >=1.21.1,<1.27 -``` - -Finally, if you want to learn the latest version of the packages, you can pass the _latest_ option. - -``` -$ poetry show --latest - -idna 2.10 3.1 Internationalized Domain Names in Applications -asgiref 3.3.1 3.3.1 ASGI specs, helper code, and adapters -``` - -### Further information - -More details on Poetry are available in the [documentation][3]. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://fedoramagazine.org/how-to-use-poetry-to-manage-your-python-projects-on-fedora/ - -作者：[Kader Miyanyedi][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/author/moonkat/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Poetry_Python-816x345.jpg -[2]: https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0517/ -[3]: https://python-poetry.org/docs/ diff --git a/translated/tech/20210308 How to use Poetry to manage your Python projects on Fedora.md b/translated/tech/20210308 How to use Poetry to manage your Python projects on Fedora.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..31c623daee --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20210308 How to use Poetry to manage your Python projects on Fedora.md @@ -0,0 +1,205 @@ +[#]: subject: (How to use Poetry to manage your Python projects on Fedora) +[#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/how-to-use-poetry-to-manage-your-python-projects-on-fedora/) +[#]: author: (Kader Miyanyedi https://fedoramagazine.org/author/moonkat/) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +如何在 Fedora 上使用 Poetry 来管理你的 Python 项目？ +====== + +![Python & Poetry on Fedora][1] + +Python 开发人员经常创建一个新的虚拟环境来分离项目依赖，然后用 _pip、pipenv_ 等工具来管理它们。Poetry 是一个简化 Python 中依赖管理和打包的工具。这篇文章将向你展示如何在 Fedora 上使用 Poetry 来管理你的 Python 项目。 + +与其他工具不同，Poetry 只使用一个配置文件来进行依赖管理、打包和发布。这消除了对不同文件的需求，如 _Pipfile、MANIFEST.in、setup.py_ 等。这也比使用多个工具更快。 + +下面详细介绍一下开始使用 Poetry 时使用的命令。 + +### **在 Fedora 上安装 Poetry** + +如果你已经使用 Fedora 32 或以上版本，你可以使用这个命令直接从命令行安装 Poetry： + +``` +$ sudo dnf install poetry +``` + +``` +编者注：在 Fedora Silverblue 或 CoreOs上，Python 3.9.2 是核心提交的一部分，你可以用下面的命令安装 Poetry： +``` + +rpm-ostree install poetry + + +### 初始化一个项目 + +使用 _new_ 命令创建一个新项目。 + +``` +$ poetry new poetry-project +``` + +The structure of a project created with Poetry looks like this: +用 Poetry 创建的项目结构是这样的： + +``` +├── poetry_project +│ └── init.py +├── pyproject.toml +├── README.rst +└── tests + ├── init.py + └── test_poetry_project.py +``` + +Poetry 使用 _pyproject.toml_ 来管理项目的依赖。最初，这个文件看起来类似于这样： + +``` +[tool.poetry] +name = "poetry-project" +version = "0.1.0" +description = "" +authors = ["Kadermiyanyedi "] + +[tool.poetry.dependencies] +python = "^3.9" + +[tool.poetry.dev-dependencies] +pytest = "^5.2" + +[build-system] +requires = ["poetry>=0.12"] +build-backend = "poetry.masonry.api" +``` + +这个文件包含 4 个部分： + + * 第一部分包含描述项目的信息，如项目名称、项目版本等。 + * 第二部分包含项目的依赖。这些依赖是构建项目所必需的。 + * 第三部分包含开发依赖。 + * 第四部分描述的是符合 [PEP 517][2] 的构建系统。 + + + + +如果你已经有一个项目，或者创建了自己的项目文件夹，并且你想使用 Poetry，请在你的项目中运行 _init_ 命令。 + +``` +$ poetry init +``` + +在这个命令之后，你会看到一个交互式的 shell 来配置你的项目。 + +### 创建一个虚拟环境 + +如果你想创建一个虚拟环境或激活一个现有的虚拟环境，请使用以下命令： + +``` +$ poetry shell +``` + +Poetry 默认在 _/home/username/.cache/pypoetry_ 项目中创建虚拟环境。你可以通过编辑 poetry 配置来更改默认路径。使用下面的命令查看配置列表： + +``` +$ poetry config --list + +cache-dir = "/home/username/.cache/pypoetry" +virtualenvs.create = true +virtualenvs.in-project = true +virtualenvs.path = "{cache-dir}/virtualenvs" +``` + +修改 _virtualenvs.in-project_ 配置变量，在项目目录下创建一个虚拟环境。Poetry 命令是： + +``` +$ poetry config virtualenv.in-project true +``` + +### 添加依赖 + +使用 _poetry add_ 命令为项目安装一个依赖。 + +``` +$ poetry add django +``` + +你可以使用带有 _-dev_ 选项的 _add_ 命令来识别任何只用于开发环境的依赖。 + +``` +$ poetry add black --dev +``` + +**add** 命令会创建一个 _poetry.lock_ 文件，用来跟踪软件包的版本。如果 _poetry.lock_ 文件不存在，那么会安装 _pyproject.toml_ 中所有依赖项的最新版本。如果 _poetry.lock_ 存在，Poetry 会使用文件中列出的确切版本，以确保每个使用这个项目的人的软件包版本是一致的。 + +使用 poetry _install_ 命令来安装当前项目中的所有依赖。 + +``` +$ poetry install +``` + +通过使用 _no-dev_ 选项防止安装开发依赖。 + +``` +$ poetry install --no-dev +``` + +### 列出软件包 + +_show_ 命令会列出所有可用的软件包。_tree_ 选项将以树状列出软件包。 + +``` +$ poetry show --tree + +django 3.1.7 A high-level Python Web framework that encourages rapid development and clean, pragmatic design. +├── asgiref >=3.2.10,<4 +├── pytz * +└── sqlparse >=0.2.2 +``` + +包含软件包名称，以列出特定软件包的详细信息。 + +``` +$ poetry show requests + +name : requests +version : 2.25.1 +description : Python HTTP for Humans. + +dependencies + - certifi >=2017.4.17 + - chardet >=3.0.2,<5 + - idna >=2.5,<3 + - urllib3 >=1.21.1,<1.27 +``` + +最后，如果你想知道软件包的最新版本，你可以通过 _latest_ 选项。 + +``` +$ poetry show --latest + +idna 2.10 3.1 Internationalized Domain Names in Applications +asgiref 3.3.1 3.3.1 ASGI specs, helper code, and adapters +``` + +### 更多信息 + +Poetry 的更多详情可在[文档][3]中获取。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://fedoramagazine.org/how-to-use-poetry-to-manage-your-python-projects-on-fedora/ + +作者：[Kader Miyanyedi][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/author/moonkat/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Poetry_Python-816x345.jpg +[2]: https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0517/ +[3]: https://python-poetry.org/docs/ From d002f027df98bfc095d0aaf602262c96a9ea393b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Thu, 11 Mar 2021 08:53:52 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 168/309] translating --- ...ImageReader to Extract Text From Images and PDFs on Linux.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20210309 Use gImageReader to Extract Text From Images and PDFs on Linux.md b/sources/tech/20210309 Use gImageReader to Extract Text From Images and PDFs on Linux.md index e810b78f86..98f9cbcdd4 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20210309 Use gImageReader to Extract Text From Images and PDFs on Linux.md +++ b/sources/tech/20210309 Use gImageReader to Extract Text From Images and PDFs on Linux.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ [#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/gimagereader-ocr/) [#]: author: (Ankush Das https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/) [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 7ffbbf7b68cac818bf0336292b8667c1eb1d1666 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: frstlis <48125063@qq.com> Date: Thu, 11 Mar 2021 15:35:24 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 169/309] Translated by stevenzdg988 --- ...6 best practices for managing Git repos.md | 37 ++++++++++++++++--- 1 file changed, 32 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20200702 6 best practices for managing Git repos.md b/sources/tech/20200702 6 best practices for managing Git repos.md index afcb1f4773..a012545800 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20200702 6 best practices for managing Git repos.md +++ b/sources/tech/20200702 6 best practices for managing Git repos.md @@ -8,27 +8,38 @@ [#]: author: (Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth) 6 best practices for managing Git repos +6 个最佳的 Git 仓库管理实践 ====== Resist the urge to add things in Git that will make it harder to manage; here's what to do instead. ![Working from home at a laptop][1] +阻止向 Git 中添加内容的主张会使其变得更难管理； +这里有替代方法。 +![在家中使用笔记本电脑工作][1] Having access to source code makes it possible to analyze the security and safety of applications. But if nobody actually looks at the code, the issues won’t get caught, and even when people are actively looking at code, there’s usually quite a lot to look at. Fortunately, GitHub has an active security team, and recently, they [revealed a Trojan that had been committed into several Git repositories][2], having snuck past even the repo owners. While we can’t control how other people manage their own repositories, we can learn from their mistakes. To that end, this article reviews some of the best practices when it comes to adding files to your own repositories. +有权访问源代码使对安全性的分析以及应用程序的安全成为可能。但是，如果没有人真正看过代码，问题就不会被发现，即使人们积极地看代码，通常也要看很多东西。幸运的是，GitHub 拥有一个活跃的安全团队，最近，他们 [发现了已提交到多个 Git 存储库中的特洛伊木马病毒][2]，甚至仓库的所有者也偷偷溜走了。尽管我们无法控制其他人如何管理自己的存储库，但我们可以从他们的错误中吸取教训。为此，本文回顾了将文件添加到自己的存储库中的一些最佳实践。 ### Know your repo +了解您的仓库 ![Git repository terminal][3] +![Git 存储库终端][3] This is arguably Rule Zero for a secure Git repository. As a project maintainer, whether you started it yourself or you’ve adopted it from someone else, it’s your job to know the contents of your own repository. You might not have a memorized list of every file in your codebase, but you need to know the basic components of what you’re managing. Should a stray file appear after a few dozen merges, you’ll be able to spot it easily because you won’t know what it’s for, and you’ll need to inspect it to refresh your memory. When that happens, review the file and make sure you understand exactly why it’s necessary. +对于安全的 Git 存储库来说大概是 Rule Zero (头号规则)。作为项目维护者，无论您是从自己的开始还是采用别人的，您的工作是了解自己存储库中的内容。您可能没有代码库中关于每个文件的存储列表，但是您需要了解所管理内容的基本组成。如果几十个合并后出现一个偏离的文件，您将可以很容易地识别它，因为您不知道它的用途，并且需要刷新内存检查它。发生这种情况时，请查看文件，并确保准确了解为什么它是必要的。 ### Ban binary blobs +禁止二进制大文件 ![Git binary check command in terminal][4] +![终端中 Git 的二进制检查命令][4] Git is meant for text, whether it’s C or Python or Java written in plain text, or JSON, YAML, XML, Markdown, HTML, or something similar. Git isn’t ideal for binary files. +Git 用于文本，无论是用纯文本编写的 C 或 Python 还是 Java 文本，亦或是 JSON，YAML，XML，Markdown，HTML或类似的文本。Git 对于二进制文件不是很理想。 It’s the difference between this: - +两者之间的区别是： ``` $ cat hello.txt @@ -48,7 +59,7 @@ index f227cc3..0d85b44 100644 ``` and this: - +和 ``` $ git diff pixel.png @@ -67,11 +78,13 @@ IDA�c`�!�3%tEXtdate:create2020-06-11T11:45:04+12:00��r.%tEXtdate:modif ``` The data in a binary file can’t be parsed in the same way plain text can be parsed, so if anything is changed in a binary file, the whole thing must be rewritten. The only difference between one version and the other is everything, which adds up quickly. +二进制文件中的数据无法以解析纯文本相同的方式进行解析，因此，如果二进制文件发生任何更改，则必须重写整个内容。一个版本与另一个版本之间的仅有地区别是快速增加的内容。 Worse still, binary data can’t be reasonably audited by you, the Git repository maintainer. That’s a violation of Rule Zero: know what’s in your repository. +更糟糕的是，Git 存储库维护者无法合理地审计二进制数据。这违反了 Rule Zero (头号规则)：应该对存储库的内容了如指掌。 In addition to the usual [POSIX][5] tools, you can detect binaries using `git diff`. When you try to diff a binary file using the `--numstat` option, Git returns a null result: - +除了常用的 [POSIX(可移植性操作系统接口)][5] 工具之外，您还可以使用 `git diff` 检测二进制文件。当您尝试使用 `--numstat` 选项来比较二进制文件时，Git 返回空结果： ``` $ git diff --numstat /dev/null pixel.png | tee @@ -81,36 +94,50 @@ $ git diff --numstat /dev/null file.txt | tee ``` If you’re considering committing binary blobs to your repository, stop and think about it first. If it’s binary, it was generated by something. Is there a good reason not to generate them at build time instead of committing them to your repo? Should you decide it does make sense to commit binary data, make sure you identify, in a README file or similar, where the binary files are, why they’re binary, and what the protocol is for updating them. Updates must be performed sparingly, because, for every change you commit to a binary blob, the storage space for that blob effectively doubles. +如果您正在考虑将二进制大文件提交到存储库，请停下来先思考一下。如果是二进制文件，则它是由什么生成的。 有充分的理由在构建时生成它们来代替将它们提交存储库？你决定提交二进制数据可行，请确保在 README 文件或类似文件中标识二进制文件的位置，为什么是二进制的原因以及更新它们的协议。必须谨慎执行更新，因为对于提交给二进制大文件的每次更改，该二进制大文件的存储空间实际上都会加倍。 ### Keep third-party libraries third-party +保留第三方库 Third-party libraries are no exception to this rule. While it’s one of the many benefits of open source that you can freely re-use and re-distribute code you didn’t write, there are many good reasons not to house a third-party library in your own repository. First of all, you can’t exactly vouch for a third party, unless you’ve reviewed all of its code (and future merges) yourself. Secondly, when you copy third party libraries into your Git repo, it splinters focus away from the true upstream source. Someone confident in the library is technically only confident in the master copy of the library, not in a copy lying around in a random repo. If you need to lock into a specific version of a library, either provide developers with a reasonable URL the release your project needs or else use [Git Submodule][6]. +第三方库也不例外。尽管它是开放源代码的众多优点之一，您可以不受限制地重用和重新分发未编写的代码，但是有很多充分的理由不去覆盖存储在您自己的存储库中第三方库。首先，除非您自己检查了所有代码（以及将来的合并），否则您无法准确确定第三方库。其次，当您将第三方库复制到您的 Git 存储库中时，会将焦点从真正的上游源分离出来。从技术上仅对主库的副本有把握，而不对随机存储库的副本有把握。如果您需要锁定特定版本的库，请为开发人员提供项目所需版本的合理 URL，或者使用[Git 子模块][6]。 ### Resist a blind git add +抵制盲目的 `git add` ![Git manual add command in terminal][7] +![Git 手动添加命令终端中][7] If your project is compiled, resist the urge to use `git add .` (where `.` is either the current directory or the path to a specific folder) as an easy way to add anything and everything new. This is especially important if you’re not manually compiling your project, but are using an IDE to manage your project for you. It can be extremely difficult to track what’s gotten added to your repository when an IDE manages your project, so it’s important to only add what you’ve actually written and not any new object that pops up in your project folder. +如果您的项目已编译，请不要使用 `git add .`（其中 `.` 是当前目录或特定文件夹的路径）作为添加任意和每一个新内容的简单方法。如果您不是手动编译项目，而是使用 IDE 为您管理项目，则这一点尤其重要。用 IDE 管理项目时，跟踪添加到存储库中的内容非常困难，因此仅添加您实际编写的内容非常重要，而不是在项目文件夹中弹出的任何新对象。 If you do use `git add .`, review what’s in staging before you push. If you see an unfamiliar object in your project folder when you do a `git status`, find out where it came from and why it’s still in your project directory after you’ve run a `make clean` or equivalent command. It’s a rare build artifact that won’t regenerate during compilation, so think twice before committing it. +如果您使用 `git add .` 做，请在推送之前检查这一状态里的情况。如果在执行 `git status` 时在项目文件夹中看到一个陌生的对象，请在运行 `make clean` 或等效命令找出它的来源以及为什么仍然在项目的目录中。这是非常好的不会在编译期间重新生成的创建方法，因此在提交前请三思。 ### Use Git ignore +使用 Git ignore -![Git ignore command in terminal][8] +![终端中的 `Git ignore` 命令][8] Many of the conveniences built for programmers are also very noisy. The typical project directory for any project, programming, or artistic or otherwise, is littered with hidden files, metadata, and leftover artifacts. You can try to ignore these objects, but the more noise there is in your `git status`, the more likely you are to miss something. +为程序员提供的许多方便的创建众说纷纭。任何项目，程序，富有艺术性的或其他的典型项目目录中都充斥着隐藏的文件，元数据和残留的内容。您可以尝试忽略这些对象，但是 `git status` 中的提示越多，您错过某件事的可能性就越大。 You can Git filter out this noise for you by maintaining a good gitignore file. Because that’s a common requirement for anyone using Git, there are a few starter gitignore files available. [Github.com/github/gitignore][9] offers several purpose-built gitignore files you can download and place into your own project, and [Gitlab.com][10] integrated gitignore templates into the repo creation workflow several years ago. Use these to help you build a reasonable gitignore policy for your project, and stick to it. +您可以通过维护一个良好的 `gitignore` 文件来为您过滤掉这种噪音。因为这是使用 Git 的用户的共同要求，所以有一些入门 `gitignore` 文件可用。[Github.com/github/gitignore][9] 提供了几个专门创建 `gitignore` 的文件，您可以下载这些文件并将其放置到自己的项目中，几年前 [Gitlab.com][10] 将`gitignore` 模板集成到了存储库创建工作流程中。使用这些帮助您为项目创建适合的 `gitignore` 策略并遵守它。 ### Review merge requests +查看合并请求 -![Git merge request][11] +![Git 合并请求][11] When you get a merge or pull request or a patch file through email, don’t just test it to make sure it works. It’s your job to read new code coming into your codebase and to understand how it produces the result it does. If you disagree with the implementation, or worse, you don’t comprehend the implementation, send a message back to the person submitting it and ask for clarification. It’s not a social faux pas to question code looking to become a permanent fixture in your repository, but it’s a breach of your social contract with your users to not know what you merge into the code they’ll be using. +当您通过电子邮件收到合并或拉取请求或补丁文件时，请勿仅对其进行测试以确保其正常工作。您的工作是阅读新代码进入代码库的并了解其如何产生结果。如果您不同意实施，或者更糟的是，您不理解该实施，请向提交该实施的人发送消息，并要求其进行说明。询问所依赖代码要成为存储库中永久性装置具有优先权，但是这是在你同你的用户的不知道将合并什么到他们将要使用的代码中开启的约定。 ### Git responsible +Git 责任 Good software security in open source is a community effort. Don’t encourage poor Git practices in your repositories, and don’t overlook a security threat in repositories you clone. Git is powerful, but it’s still just a computer program, so be the human in the equation and keep everyone safe. +社区致力于开源软件良好的安全性。不要鼓励在您的存储库中使用不良的 Git 实践，也不要忽视克隆的存储库中的安全威胁。Git 功能强大，但它仍然只是一个计算机程序，因此要以人为本，确保每个人的安全。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- From 27830dfff2504e4efbde0caef73596d276457e8b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: frstlis <48125063@qq.com> Date: Thu, 11 Mar 2021 15:41:25 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 170/309] Translated by stevenzdg988 ONE --- ...6 best practices for managing Git repos.md | 46 ++++--------------- 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 38 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20200702 6 best practices for managing Git repos.md b/sources/tech/20200702 6 best practices for managing Git repos.md index a012545800..040aa0ce7c 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20200702 6 best practices for managing Git repos.md +++ b/sources/tech/20200702 6 best practices for managing Git repos.md @@ -7,38 +7,26 @@ [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/20/7/git-repos-best-practices) [#]: author: (Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth) -6 best practices for managing Git repos 6 个最佳的 Git 仓库管理实践 ====== -Resist the urge to add things in Git that will make it harder to manage; -here's what to do instead. -![Working from home at a laptop][1] 阻止向 Git 中添加内容的主张会使其变得更难管理； 这里有替代方法。 ![在家中使用笔记本电脑工作][1] -Having access to source code makes it possible to analyze the security and safety of applications. But if nobody actually looks at the code, the issues won’t get caught, and even when people are actively looking at code, there’s usually quite a lot to look at. Fortunately, GitHub has an active security team, and recently, they [revealed a Trojan that had been committed into several Git repositories][2], having snuck past even the repo owners. While we can’t control how other people manage their own repositories, we can learn from their mistakes. To that end, this article reviews some of the best practices when it comes to adding files to your own repositories. 有权访问源代码使对安全性的分析以及应用程序的安全成为可能。但是，如果没有人真正看过代码，问题就不会被发现，即使人们积极地看代码，通常也要看很多东西。幸运的是，GitHub 拥有一个活跃的安全团队，最近，他们 [发现了已提交到多个 Git 存储库中的特洛伊木马病毒][2]，甚至仓库的所有者也偷偷溜走了。尽管我们无法控制其他人如何管理自己的存储库，但我们可以从他们的错误中吸取教训。为此，本文回顾了将文件添加到自己的存储库中的一些最佳实践。 -### Know your repo -了解您的仓库 +### 了解您的仓库 -![Git repository terminal][3] ![Git 存储库终端][3] -This is arguably Rule Zero for a secure Git repository. As a project maintainer, whether you started it yourself or you’ve adopted it from someone else, it’s your job to know the contents of your own repository. You might not have a memorized list of every file in your codebase, but you need to know the basic components of what you’re managing. Should a stray file appear after a few dozen merges, you’ll be able to spot it easily because you won’t know what it’s for, and you’ll need to inspect it to refresh your memory. When that happens, review the file and make sure you understand exactly why it’s necessary. 对于安全的 Git 存储库来说大概是 Rule Zero (头号规则)。作为项目维护者，无论您是从自己的开始还是采用别人的，您的工作是了解自己存储库中的内容。您可能没有代码库中关于每个文件的存储列表，但是您需要了解所管理内容的基本组成。如果几十个合并后出现一个偏离的文件，您将可以很容易地识别它，因为您不知道它的用途，并且需要刷新内存检查它。发生这种情况时，请查看文件，并确保准确了解为什么它是必要的。 -### Ban binary blobs -禁止二进制大文件 +### 禁止二进制大文件 -![Git binary check command in terminal][4] ![终端中 Git 的二进制检查命令][4] -Git is meant for text, whether it’s C or Python or Java written in plain text, or JSON, YAML, XML, Markdown, HTML, or something similar. Git isn’t ideal for binary files. -Git 用于文本，无论是用纯文本编写的 C 或 Python 还是 Java 文本，亦或是 JSON，YAML，XML，Markdown，HTML或类似的文本。Git 对于二进制文件不是很理想。 +Git 用于文本，无论是用纯文本编写的 C 或 Python 还是 Java 文本，亦或是 JSON，YAML，XML，Markdown，HTML 或类似的文本。Git 对于二进制文件不是很理想。 -It’s the difference between this: 两者之间的区别是： ``` @@ -58,7 +46,6 @@ index f227cc3..0d85b44 100644  Git knows how to version this. ``` -and this: 和 ``` @@ -77,13 +64,10 @@ IHDR7n�$gAMA�� IDA�c`�!�3%tEXtdate:create2020-06-11T11:45:04+12:00��r.%tEXtdate:modify2020-06-11T11:45:04+12:00��ʒIEND�B`� ``` -The data in a binary file can’t be parsed in the same way plain text can be parsed, so if anything is changed in a binary file, the whole thing must be rewritten. The only difference between one version and the other is everything, which adds up quickly. 二进制文件中的数据无法以解析纯文本相同的方式进行解析，因此，如果二进制文件发生任何更改，则必须重写整个内容。一个版本与另一个版本之间的仅有地区别是快速增加的内容。 -Worse still, binary data can’t be reasonably audited by you, the Git repository maintainer. That’s a violation of Rule Zero: know what’s in your repository. 更糟糕的是，Git 存储库维护者无法合理地审计二进制数据。这违反了 Rule Zero (头号规则)：应该对存储库的内容了如指掌。 -In addition to the usual [POSIX][5] tools, you can detect binaries using `git diff`. When you try to diff a binary file using the `--numstat` option, Git returns a null result: 除了常用的 [POSIX(可移植性操作系统接口)][5] 工具之外，您还可以使用 `git diff` 检测二进制文件。当您尝试使用 `--numstat` 选项来比较二进制文件时，Git 返回空结果： ``` @@ -93,50 +77,36 @@ $ git diff --numstat /dev/null file.txt | tee 5788  0   /dev/null => list.txt ``` -If you’re considering committing binary blobs to your repository, stop and think about it first. If it’s binary, it was generated by something. Is there a good reason not to generate them at build time instead of committing them to your repo? Should you decide it does make sense to commit binary data, make sure you identify, in a README file or similar, where the binary files are, why they’re binary, and what the protocol is for updating them. Updates must be performed sparingly, because, for every change you commit to a binary blob, the storage space for that blob effectively doubles. 如果您正在考虑将二进制大文件提交到存储库，请停下来先思考一下。如果是二进制文件，则它是由什么生成的。 有充分的理由在构建时生成它们来代替将它们提交存储库？你决定提交二进制数据可行，请确保在 README 文件或类似文件中标识二进制文件的位置，为什么是二进制的原因以及更新它们的协议。必须谨慎执行更新，因为对于提交给二进制大文件的每次更改，该二进制大文件的存储空间实际上都会加倍。 -### Keep third-party libraries third-party -保留第三方库 +### 保留第三方库 -Third-party libraries are no exception to this rule. While it’s one of the many benefits of open source that you can freely re-use and re-distribute code you didn’t write, there are many good reasons not to house a third-party library in your own repository. First of all, you can’t exactly vouch for a third party, unless you’ve reviewed all of its code (and future merges) yourself. Secondly, when you copy third party libraries into your Git repo, it splinters focus away from the true upstream source. Someone confident in the library is technically only confident in the master copy of the library, not in a copy lying around in a random repo. If you need to lock into a specific version of a library, either provide developers with a reasonable URL the release your project needs or else use [Git Submodule][6]. 第三方库也不例外。尽管它是开放源代码的众多优点之一，您可以不受限制地重用和重新分发未编写的代码，但是有很多充分的理由不去覆盖存储在您自己的存储库中第三方库。首先，除非您自己检查了所有代码（以及将来的合并），否则您无法准确确定第三方库。其次，当您将第三方库复制到您的 Git 存储库中时，会将焦点从真正的上游源分离出来。从技术上仅对主库的副本有把握，而不对随机存储库的副本有把握。如果您需要锁定特定版本的库，请为开发人员提供项目所需版本的合理 URL，或者使用[Git 子模块][6]。 -### Resist a blind git add -抵制盲目的 `git add` +### 抵制盲目的 `git add` -![Git manual add command in terminal][7] ![Git 手动添加命令终端中][7] -If your project is compiled, resist the urge to use `git add .` (where `.` is either the current directory or the path to a specific folder) as an easy way to add anything and everything new. This is especially important if you’re not manually compiling your project, but are using an IDE to manage your project for you. It can be extremely difficult to track what’s gotten added to your repository when an IDE manages your project, so it’s important to only add what you’ve actually written and not any new object that pops up in your project folder. 如果您的项目已编译，请不要使用 `git add .`（其中 `.` 是当前目录或特定文件夹的路径）作为添加任意和每一个新内容的简单方法。如果您不是手动编译项目，而是使用 IDE 为您管理项目，则这一点尤其重要。用 IDE 管理项目时，跟踪添加到存储库中的内容非常困难，因此仅添加您实际编写的内容非常重要，而不是在项目文件夹中弹出的任何新对象。 -If you do use `git add .`, review what’s in staging before you push. If you see an unfamiliar object in your project folder when you do a `git status`, find out where it came from and why it’s still in your project directory after you’ve run a `make clean` or equivalent command. It’s a rare build artifact that won’t regenerate during compilation, so think twice before committing it. 如果您使用 `git add .` 做，请在推送之前检查这一状态里的情况。如果在执行 `git status` 时在项目文件夹中看到一个陌生的对象，请在运行 `make clean` 或等效命令找出它的来源以及为什么仍然在项目的目录中。这是非常好的不会在编译期间重新生成的创建方法，因此在提交前请三思。 -### Use Git ignore -使用 Git ignore +### 使用 Git ignore ![终端中的 `Git ignore` 命令][8] -Many of the conveniences built for programmers are also very noisy. The typical project directory for any project, programming, or artistic or otherwise, is littered with hidden files, metadata, and leftover artifacts. You can try to ignore these objects, but the more noise there is in your `git status`, the more likely you are to miss something. 为程序员提供的许多方便的创建众说纷纭。任何项目，程序，富有艺术性的或其他的典型项目目录中都充斥着隐藏的文件，元数据和残留的内容。您可以尝试忽略这些对象，但是 `git status` 中的提示越多，您错过某件事的可能性就越大。 -You can Git filter out this noise for you by maintaining a good gitignore file. Because that’s a common requirement for anyone using Git, there are a few starter gitignore files available. [Github.com/github/gitignore][9] offers several purpose-built gitignore files you can download and place into your own project, and [Gitlab.com][10] integrated gitignore templates into the repo creation workflow several years ago. Use these to help you build a reasonable gitignore policy for your project, and stick to it. 您可以通过维护一个良好的 `gitignore` 文件来为您过滤掉这种噪音。因为这是使用 Git 的用户的共同要求，所以有一些入门 `gitignore` 文件可用。[Github.com/github/gitignore][9] 提供了几个专门创建 `gitignore` 的文件，您可以下载这些文件并将其放置到自己的项目中，几年前 [Gitlab.com][10] 将`gitignore` 模板集成到了存储库创建工作流程中。使用这些帮助您为项目创建适合的 `gitignore` 策略并遵守它。 -### Review merge requests -查看合并请求 +### 查看合并请求 ![Git 合并请求][11] -When you get a merge or pull request or a patch file through email, don’t just test it to make sure it works. It’s your job to read new code coming into your codebase and to understand how it produces the result it does. If you disagree with the implementation, or worse, you don’t comprehend the implementation, send a message back to the person submitting it and ask for clarification. It’s not a social faux pas to question code looking to become a permanent fixture in your repository, but it’s a breach of your social contract with your users to not know what you merge into the code they’ll be using. 当您通过电子邮件收到合并或拉取请求或补丁文件时，请勿仅对其进行测试以确保其正常工作。您的工作是阅读新代码进入代码库的并了解其如何产生结果。如果您不同意实施，或者更糟的是，您不理解该实施，请向提交该实施的人发送消息，并要求其进行说明。询问所依赖代码要成为存储库中永久性装置具有优先权，但是这是在你同你的用户的不知道将合并什么到他们将要使用的代码中开启的约定。 -### Git responsible -Git 责任 +### Git 责任 -Good software security in open source is a community effort. Don’t encourage poor Git practices in your repositories, and don’t overlook a security threat in repositories you clone. Git is powerful, but it’s still just a computer program, so be the human in the equation and keep everyone safe. 社区致力于开源软件良好的安全性。不要鼓励在您的存储库中使用不良的 Git 实践，也不要忽视克隆的存储库中的安全威胁。Git 功能强大，但它仍然只是一个计算机程序，因此要以人为本，确保每个人的安全。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- From 6c64df068747c94c587849db891ce86d849771f0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: frstlis <48125063@qq.com> Date: Thu, 11 Mar 2021 18:58:10 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 171/309] Translated --- .../tech/20200702 6 best practices for managing Git repos.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {sources => translated}/tech/20200702 6 best practices for managing Git repos.md (100%) diff --git a/sources/tech/20200702 6 best practices for managing Git repos.md b/translated/tech/20200702 6 best practices for managing Git repos.md similarity index 100% rename from sources/tech/20200702 6 best practices for managing Git repos.md rename to translated/tech/20200702 6 best practices for managing Git repos.md From 11460738bb803caa58dadd0445e2548fca53cd8b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Thu, 11 Mar 2021 21:47:40 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 172/309] PRF @stevenzdg988 --- .../tech/20190221 Testing Bash with BATS.md | 98 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 49 insertions(+), 49 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190221 Testing Bash with BATS.md b/translated/tech/20190221 Testing Bash with BATS.md index 9b704bed95..3b591a3816 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190221 Testing Bash with BATS.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190221 Testing Bash with BATS.md @@ -1,29 +1,30 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (stevenzdg988) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (Testing Bash with BATS) [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/2/testing-bash-bats) [#]: author: (Darin London https://opensource.com/users/dmlond) -利用 BATS 测试 Bash +利用 BATS 测试 Bash 脚本和库 ====== -Bash 自动测试系统通过 Java，Ruby 和 Python 开发人员所使用的相同类型的测试进程来提交 Bash 代码。 -![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/todo_checklist_team_metrics_report.png?itok=oB5uQbzf) +> Bash 自动测试系统可以使 Bash 代码也通过 Java、Ruby 和 Python 开发人员所使用的同类测试过程。 -用Java，Ruby和Python等语言编写应用程序的软件开发人员拥有完善的库，可以帮助他们随着时间的推移保持软件的完整性。他们创建测试，以在结构化环境中通过一系列执行来运行应用程序，以确保其所有软件方面均按预期工作。 +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/202103/11/214705wcjm3vjpn9g69gl3.jpg) -当这些测试在持续集成（CI）系统中自动化时甚至会更加健壮，在这种情况下，每次推送到源知识库都会使测试运行，并且在测试失败时会立即通知开发人员。这种快速反馈提高了开发人员对其应用程序功能完整性的信心。 +用 Java、Ruby 和 Python 等语言编写应用程序的软件开发人员拥有复杂的库，可以帮助他们随着时间的推移保持软件的完整性。他们可以创建测试，以在结构化环境中通过执行一系列动作来运行应用程序，以确保其软件所有的方面均按预期工作。 -Bash 自动测试系统（[BATS][1]）使开发人员能够编写 Bash 脚本和库，以将Java，Ruby，Python 和其他开发人员所使用的相同惯例应用于其 Bash 代码。 +当这些测试在持续集成（CI）系统中自动进行时，它们的功能就更加强大了，每次推送到源代码库都会触发测试，并且在测试失败时会立即通知开发人员。这种快速反馈提高了开发人员对其应用程序功能完整性的信心。 + +Bash 自动测试系统Bash Automated Testing System（[BATS][1]）使编写 Bash 脚本和库的开发人员能够将 Java、Ruby、Python 和其他开发人员所使用的相同惯例应用于其 Bash 代码中。 ### 安装 BATS -BATS GitHub 页面包含安装指令。有两个 BATS 帮助程序函数库，它们提供更强大的断言或允许使用 BATS 重写 Test Anything Protocol(测试协议)([TAP][2])输出格式。可以将它们安装在标准位置，并由所有脚本提供。在 Git 知识库中包含完整版本的 BATS 及其帮助函数库对于要测试的每组脚本或函数库可能会更实用。这可以使用 **[git submodule][3]** (git 子模块)系统来完成。 +BATS GitHub 页面包含了安装指令。有两个 BATS 辅助库提供更强大的断言或允许覆写 BATS 使用的 Test Anything Protocol（[TAP][2]）输出格式。这些库可以安装在一个标准位置，并被所有的脚本引用。更方便的做法是，将 BATS 及其辅助库的完整版本包含在 Git 仓库中，用于要测试的每组脚本或库。这可以通过 [git 子模块][3] 系统来完成。 -以下命令会将 BATS 及其帮助函数库安装到 Git 知识库中的 **test** 目录中。 +以下命令会将 BATS 及其辅助库安装到 Git 知识库中的 `test` 目录中。 ``` git submodule init @@ -34,13 +35,13 @@ git add . git commit -m 'installed bats' ``` -要克隆 Git 知识库并同时安装其子模块，请使用 -**\-recurse-submodules** 为 **git clone** 标记。 +要克隆 Git 仓库并同时安装其子模块，请在 `git clone` 时使用 +`--recurse-submodules` 标记。 -每个 BATS 测试脚本必须由 **bats** 可执行文件执行。如果您将 BATS 安装到源代码知识库的 **test/libs** 目录中，则可以使用以下命令调用测试： +每个 BATS 测试脚本必须由 `bats` 可执行文件执行。如果你将 BATS 安装到源代码仓库的 `test/libs` 目录中，则可以使用以下命令调用测试： ``` -./test/libs/bats/bin/bats +./test/libs/bats/bin/bats <测试脚本的路径> ``` 或者，将以下内容添加到每个 BATS 测试脚本的开头： @@ -51,19 +52,19 @@ load 'libs/bats-support/load' load 'libs/bats-assert/load' ``` -并且执行命令 **chmod +x <测试脚本的路径>**。 这将 a) 使它们与安装在 **./test/libs/bats** 中的 BATS 可执行，并且 b) 包括这些帮助函数库。BATS 测试脚本通常存储在 **test** 目录中，并为要测试的脚本命名，扩展名为 **.bats**。例如，测试 **bin/build** 的 BATS 脚本应称为 **test/build.bats**。 +并且执行命令 `chmod +x <测试脚本的路径>`。 这将 a、使它们可与安装在 `./test/libs/bats` 中的 BATS 一同执行，并且 b、包含这些辅助库。BATS 测试脚本通常存储在 `test` 目录中，并以要测试的脚本命名，扩展名为 `.bats`。例如，一个测试 `bin/build` 的 BATS 脚本应称为 `test/build.bats`。 -您还可以通过正则表达式传递给 BATS 来运行整套 BATS 测试文件，例如 **./test/lib/bats/bin/bats test/*.bats**。 +你还可以通过向 BATS 传递正则表达式来运行一整套 BATS 测试文件，例如 `./test/lib/bats/bin/bats test/*.bats`。 -### 为 BATS 组织函数库和脚本的重写范围 +### 为 BATS 覆盖率而组织库和脚本 -Bash 脚本和库必须以一种有效地将其内部工作暴露给 BATS 的方式进行组织。通常，在调用或执行时库函数和运行诸多命令的 Shell 脚本不适合进行有效的 BATS 测试。 +Bash 脚本和库必须以一种有效地方式将其内部工作原理暴露给 BATS 进行组织。通常，在调用或执行时库函数和运行诸多命令的 Shell 脚本不适合进行有效的 BATS 测试。 -例如，[build.sh][4] 是许多人编写的典型脚本。本质上是一大堆代码。有些人甚至可能将这堆代码放入库中的函数中。但是，不可能在 BATS 测试中运行大量代码并涵盖在单独的测试用例中可能遇到的所有类型的故障。测试具有足够重写范围的这堆代码的唯一方法是将其分解为许多小的，可重用的，最重要的是可独立测试的功能。 +例如，[build.sh][4] 是许多人都会编写的典型脚本。本质上是一大堆代码。有些人甚至可能将这堆代码放入库中的函数中。但是，在 BATS 测试中运行一大堆代码，并在单独的测试用例中覆盖它可能遇到的所有故障类型是不可能的。测试这堆代码并有足够的覆盖率的唯一方法就是把它分解成许多小的、可重用的、最重要的是可独立测试的函数。 -向库添加更多功能(函数)很简单。额外的好处是其中一些功能本身可以变得出奇的有用。将库函数分解为许多较小的函数后，您可以在 BATS 测试中 **source** 库，并像测试任何其他命令一样运行这些函数。 +向库添加更多的函数很简单。额外的好处是其中一些函数本身可以变得出奇的有用。将库函数分解为许多较小的函数后，你可以在 BATS 测试中援引source这些库，并像测试任何其他命令一样运行这些函数。 -Bash 脚本还必须分解为多个函数，执行脚本时，脚本的主要部分应调用这些函数。此外，还有一个非常有用的技巧，可以使使用 BATS 测试 Bash 脚本变得更加容易：将脚本主要部分中执行的所有代码都移到一个函数中，称为 **run_main**。然后，将以下内容添加到脚本的末尾： +Bash 脚本也必须分解为多个函数，执行脚本时，脚本的主要部分应调用这些函数。此外，还有一个非常有用的技巧，可以让你更容易地用 BATS 测试 Bash 脚本：将脚本主要部分中执行的所有代码都移到一个函数中，称为 `run_main`。然后，将以下内容添加到脚本的末尾： ``` if [[ "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}" == "${0}" ]] @@ -72,11 +73,11 @@ then fi ``` -这段额外的代码做了一些特殊的事情。它使脚本当作为脚本执行时与使用 **source** 进入环境时的行为有所不同。此技巧使通过与测试库相同的方式测试脚本和测试各个函数功能成为可能。例如，利用脚本 [build.sh 重构以获得更好的 BATS 可测试性][5]。 +这段额外的代码做了一些特别的事情。它使脚本在作为脚本执行时与使用援引source进入环境时的行为有所不同。通过援引并测试单个函数，这个技巧使得脚本的测试方式和库的测试方式变得一样。例如，[这是重构的 build.sh，以获得更好的 BATS 可测试性][5]。 ### 编写和运行测试 -如上所述，BATS 是一个 TAP 兼容测试框架，其语法和输出对于使用过其他 TAP 兼容测试套件（例如 JUnit，RSpec 或 Jest）的用户来说将是熟悉的。它的测试被组织进各个测试脚本。测试脚本被组织进一个或多个描述性 **@test** 块中，它们描述了被测试应用程序的单元。每个 **@test** 块都将运行一系列准备测试环境命令，运行要测试的命令，并对退出和被测试命令的输出进行断言。许多断言函数是通过 **bats** , **bats-assert** , 和 **bats-support** 库导入的，这些库在 BATS 测试脚本的开头加载到环境中。下面是一个典型的 BATS 测试块： +如上所述，BATS 是一个 TAP 兼容的测试框架，其语法和输出对于使用过其他 TAP 兼容测试套件（例如 JUnit、RSpec 或 Jest）的用户来说将是熟悉的。它的测试被组织成单个测试脚本。测试脚本被组织成一个或多个描述性 `@test` 块中，它们描述了被测试应用程序的单元。每个 `@test` 块将运行一系列命令，这些命令准备测试环境、运行要测试的命令，并对被测试命令的退出和输出进行断言。许多断言函数是通过 `bats`、`bats-assert` 和 `bats-support` 库导入的，这些库在 BATS 测试脚本的开头加载到环境中。下面是一个典型的 BATS 测试块： ``` @test "requires CI_COMMIT_REF_SLUG environment variable" { @@ -88,9 +89,9 @@ fi } ``` -如果 BATS 脚本包含 **setup(安装)** 和/或 **teardown(拆卸)** 功能，则 BATS 将在每个测试块运行之前和之后自动执行它们。这样就可以创建环境变量，测试文件以及执行一个或所有测试所需的其他操作，然后在每次测试运行后将其拆卸。[**Build.bats**][6] 是对我们新格式化的 **build.sh** 脚本的完整 BATS 测试。（此测试中的 **mock_docker** 命令将在以下关于模拟/桩的部分中进行说明。） +如果 BATS 脚本包含 `setup`（安装）和/或 `teardown`（拆卸） 函数，则 BATS 将在每个测试块运行之前和之后自动执行它们。这样就可以创建环境变量、测试文件以及执行一个或所有测试所需的其他操作，然后在每次测试运行后将其拆卸。[Build.bats][6] 是对我们新格式化的 `build.sh` 脚本的完整 BATS 测试。（此测试中的 `mock_docker` 命令将在以下关于模拟/打标的部分中进行说明。） -当测试脚本运行时，BATS 使用 **exec** 来将每个 **@test** 块作为单独的子进程运行。这样就可以在一个 **@test** 中导出环境变量甚至函数，而不会影响其他 **@test** 或污染您当前的 Shell 会话。测试运行的输出是一种标准格式，可以被人理解，并且可以由 TAP 用户以编程方式进行解析或操作。下面是 **CI_COMMIT_REF_SLUG** 测试块失败时的输出示例： +当测试脚本运行时，BATS 使用 `exec`（执行）来将每个 `@test` 块作为单独的子进程运行。这样就可以在一个 `@test` 中导出环境变量甚至函数，而不会影响其他 `@test` 或污染你当前的 Shell 会话。测试运行的输出是一种标准格式，可以被人理解，并且可以由 TAP 使用端以编程方式进行解析或操作。下面是 `CI_COMMIT_REF_SLUG` 测试块失败时的输出示例： ```  ✗ requires CI_COMMIT_REF_SLUG environment variable @@ -118,11 +119,11 @@ fi ✓ requires CI_COMMIT_REF_SLUG environment variable ``` -### 助手 +### 辅助库 -像任何 Shell 脚本或库一样，BATS 测试脚本可以包括帮助程序库，以在测试之间共享通用代码或增强其性能。这些帮助程序库，例如 **bats-assert** 和 **bats-support** 甚至可以使用 BATS 进行测试。 +像任何 Shell 脚本或库一样，BATS 测试脚本可以包括辅助库，以在测试之间共享通用代码或增强其性能。这些辅助库，例如 `bats-assert` 和 `bats-support` 甚至可以使用 BATS 进行测试。 -如果测试目录中的文件数量庞大，则可以将库放置在同一测试目录中作为 BATS 脚本，也可以将它们放置在 **test/libs** 目录中。BATS 提供了 **load** 函数，该函数采用相对于要测试的脚本的 Bash 文件的路径（例如，在我们的示例中的 **test**），并声明该文件。文件必须以前缀 **.bash** 结尾，但是传递给 **load** 函数的文件路径不能包含前缀。**build.bats** 加载 **bats-assert** 和 **bats-support** 库，一个小型 **[helpers.bash][7]** 库以及 **docker_mock.bash** 库（如下所述），以下代码位于解释器调谐线下方的测试脚本的开头： +库可以和 BATS 脚本放在同一个测试目录下，如果测试目录下的文件数量过多，也可以放在 `test/libs` 目录下。BATS 提供了 `load` 函数，该函数接受一个相对于要测试的脚本的 Bash 文件的路径（例如，在我们的示例中的 `test`），并援引该文件。文件必须以后缀 `.bash` 结尾，但是传递给 `load` 函数的文件路径不能包含后缀。`build.bats` 加载 `bats-assert` 和 `bats-support` 库、一个小型 [helpers.bash][7] 库以及 `docker_mock.bash` 库（如下所述），以下代码位于测试脚本的开头，解释器魔力行下方： ``` load 'libs/bats-support/load' @@ -131,18 +132,18 @@ load 'helpers' load 'docker_mock' ``` -### 测试输入桩和模拟外部调用 +### 打标测试输入和模拟外部调用 -大多数 Bash 脚本和库运行时执行函数和(或)可执行文件。通常，它们被程序化为基于特定方式运行退出状态或这些函数或可执行文件的输出（**stdout**，**stderr**）。为了正确地测试这些脚本，通常需要制作这些命令的伪版本，这些被设计用来在特定测试过程中以特定方式运行，称为“桩(桩？)”。可能还需要监视正在测试的程序，以确保其调用了特定命令，或者使用特定参数调用了特定命令，此过程称为“模拟”。有关更多信息，请查看在 Ruby RSpec 中适用于任何测试系统的伟大的 [有关模拟和桩的讨论][8]。 +大多数 Bash 脚本和库运行时都会执行函数和/或可执行文件。通常，它们被编程为基于这些函数或可执行文件的输出状态或输出（`stdout`、`stderr`）以特定方式运行。为了正确地测试这些脚本，通常需要制作这些命令的伪版本，这些命令被设计成在特定测试过程中以特定方式运行，称为“打标stubbing”。可能还需要监视正在测试的程序，以确保其调用了特定命令，或者使用特定参数调用了特定命令，此过程称为“模拟mocking”。有关更多信息，请查看在 Ruby RSpec 中 [有关模拟和打标的讨论][8]，它适用于任何测试系统。 -Bash shell 提供了的技巧，可以在您的 BATS 测试脚本中使用进行模拟和桩。所有这些都需要使用带有 **-f** 标志的 Bash **export** 命令来导出重写原始函数或可执行文件的函数。必须在测试程序执行之前完成此操作。下面是重写可执行命令 **cat** 的简单示例： +Bash shell 提供了一些技巧，可以在你的 BATS 测试脚本中使用这些技巧进行模拟和打标。所有这些都需要使用带有 `-f` 标志的 Bash `export` 命令来导出一个覆盖了原始函数或可执行文件的函数。必须在测试程序执行之前完成此操作。下面是重写可执行命令 `cat` 的简单示例： ``` function cat() { echo "THIS WOULD CAT ${*}" } export -f cat ``` -此方法以相同的方式重写函数。如果测试需要重写要测试的脚本或库中的函数，则在对函数进行桩或模拟之前，必须先声明已测试脚本或库，这一点很重要。否则，在声明脚本时，桩/模拟将被原函数替代。另外，在运行即将进行的测试命令之前确认桩/模拟。下面是**build.bats**的示例，该示例模拟**build.sh**中描述的**raise**函数，以确保利用登录函数引发特定的错误消息： +此方法以相同的方式覆盖了函数。如果一个测试需要覆盖要测试的脚本或库中的函数，则在对函数进行打标或模拟之前，必须先声明已测试脚本或库，这一点很重要。否则，在声明脚本时，打标/模拟将被原函数替代。另外，在运行即将进行的测试命令之前确认打标/模拟。下面是`build.bats` 的示例，该示例模拟 `build.sh` 中描述的`raise` 函数，以确保登录函数会引发特定的错误消息： ``` @test ".login raises on oc error" { @@ -155,7 +156,7 @@ export -f cat } ``` -一般情况下，没有必要在测试后复原桩/模拟功能，因为 **export**（输出）仅在当前 **@test** 块的 **exec**（执行）期间影响当前子进程。但是，可以模拟/桩 BATS **assert** 函数在内部使用的命令（例如**cat**，**sed**等）是可能的。在运行这些断言命令之前，必须对这些模拟/桩函数进行 **unset**（复原） ，否则它们将无法正常工作。下面是 **build.bats** 中的一个示例，该示例模拟 **sed**，运行 **build_deployable** 函数并在运行任何断言之前复原 **sed**： +一般情况下，没有必要在测试后复原打标/模拟的函数，因为 `export`（输出）仅在当前 `@test` 块的 `exec`（执行）期间影响当前子进程。但是，可以模拟/打标 BATS `assert` 函数在内部使用的命令（例如 `cat`、`sed` 等）是可能的。在运行这些断言命令之前，必须对这些模拟/打标函数进行 `unset`（复原），否则它们将无法正常工作。下面是 `build.bats` 中的一个示例，该示例模拟 `sed`，运行 `build_deployable` 函数并在运行任何断言之前复原 `sed`： ``` @test ".build_deployable prints information, runs docker build on a modified Dockerfile.production and publish_image when its not a dry_run" { @@ -185,15 +186,15 @@ export -f cat } ``` -有的时候相同的命令，例如 `foo`，将在被测试的同一函数中使用不同的参数多次调用。 这些情况需要创建一组函数： +有的时候相同的命令，例如 `foo`，将在被测试的同一函数中使用不同的参数多次调用。这些情况需要创建一组函数： - * mock_foo：将期望的参数作为输入，并将其持久化到 TMP 文件中 - * foo：命令的模拟版本，该命令使用持久化的预期参数列表处理每个调用。必须使用 `export -f` 将其导出。 - * cleanup_foo：删除 TMP 文件，用于拆卸函数。这可以进行测试以确保在删除之前成功完成 `@test` 块。 + * `mock_foo`：将期望的参数作为输入，并将其持久化到 TMP 文件中 + * `foo`：命令的模拟版本，该命令使用持久化的预期参数列表处理每个调用。必须使用 `export -f` 将其导出。 + * `cleanup_foo`：删除 TMP 文件，用于拆卸函数。这可以进行测试以确保在删除之前成功完成 `@test` 块。 -由于此功能通常在不同的测试中重复使用，因此创建可以像其他库一样加载的帮助程序库会变得有意义。 +由于此功能通常在不同的测试中重复使用，因此创建一个可以像其他库一样加载的辅助库会变得有意义。 -**[docker_mock.bash][9]**是一个很棒的例子。它被加载到 **build.bats** 中，并在任何测试调用 Docker 可执行文件的函数的测试块中使用。使用 **docker_mock** 典型的测试块如下所示： +[docker_mock.bash][9] 是一个很棒的例子。它被加载到 `build.bats` 中，并在任何测试调用 Docker 可执行文件的函数的测试块中使用。使用 `docker_mock` 典型的测试块如下所示： ``` @test ".publish_image fails if docker push fails" { @@ -212,29 +213,28 @@ export -f cat } ``` -该测试建立了一个使用不同的参数两次调用 Docker 的预期。在对Docker 的第二次调用失败时，将运行测试命令，然后测试退出状态和对 Docker 调用的预期。 +该测试建立了一个使用不同的参数两次调用 Docker 的预期。在对Docker 的第二次调用失败时，它会运行测试命令，然后测试退出状态和对 Docker 调用的预期。 -一方面 BATS 利用 **mock_docker.bash** 引入 **${BATS_TMPDIR}** 环境变量，BATS 在测试开始的位置对其进行了设置，以允许测试和助手程序在标准位置创建和销毁 TMP 文件。如果测试失败，**mock_docker.bash** 库将不会删除其持久化的模拟文件，但会在其所在位置进行打印，以便可以查看和删除它。您可能需要定期从该目录中清除旧的模拟文件。 +一方面 BATS 利用 `mock_docker.bash` 引入 `${BATS_TMPDIR}` 环境变量，BATS 在测试开始的位置对其进行了设置，以允许测试和辅助程序在标准位置创建和销毁 TMP 文件。如果测试失败，`mock_docker.bash` 库不会删除其持久化的模拟文件，但会打印出其所在位置，以便可以查看和删除它。你可能需要定期从该目录中清除旧的模拟文件。 -请注意关于模拟/桩的警告：**build.bats** 测试有意识地违反了关于测试声明的规定：[不要模拟没有拥有的！][10]该规定要求调用开发人员没有编写代码的测试命令，例如 **docker**，**cat**，**sed**等，应封装在自己的库中，应在使用它们脚本的测试中对其进行模拟。然后应该在不模拟外部命令的情况下测试封装库。 +关于模拟/打标的一个注意事项：`build.bats` 测试有意识地违反了关于测试声明的规定：[不要模拟没有拥有的！][10] 该规定要求调用开发人员没有编写代码的测试命令，例如 `docker`、`cat`、`sed` 等，应封装在自己的库中，应在使用它们脚本的测试中对其进行模拟。然后应该在不模拟外部命令的情况下测试封装库。 -这是一个很好的建议，而忽略它是有代价的。如果 Docker CLI API 发生变化，则测试脚本将不会检测到此变化，从而导致一个错误内容直到经过测试的 **build.sh** 脚本在使用新版本 Docker 的生产环境中运行后才显示出来。测试开发人员必须确定要严格遵守此标准的程度，但是他们应该了解其所涉及的权衡。 +这是一个很好的建议，而忽略它是有代价的。如果 Docker CLI API 发生变化，则测试脚本不会检测到此变化，从而导致错误内容直到经过测试的 `build.sh` 脚本在使用新版本 Docker 的生产环境中运行后才显示出来。测试开发人员必须确定要严格遵守此标准的程度，但是他们应该了解其所涉及的权衡。 ### 总结 -在任何软件开发项目中引入测试方案都会在 a）增加开发和维护代码及测试所需的时间和组织与 b）增加开发人员在对应用程序整个生命周期中完整性的信心之间进行权衡。测试方案可能不适用于所有脚本和库。 +在任何软件开发项目中引入测试制度，都会在以下两方面产生权衡： a、增加开发和维护代码及测试所需的时间和组织，b、增加开发人员在对应用程序整个生命周期中完整性的信心。测试制度可能不适用于所有脚本和库。 通常，满足以下一个或多个条件的脚本和库才可以使用 BATS 测试： - * They are used by others * 值得存储在源代码管理中 - * 用于关键进程中，并可以长期稳定运行 - * 需要定期对其进行修改以添加/删除/修改其函数 + * 用于关键流程中，并依靠它们长期稳定运行 + * 需要定期对其进行修改以添加/删除/修改其功能 * 可以被其他人使用 -一旦决定将测试规则应用于一个或多个 Bash 脚本或库，BATS 将提供其他软件开发环境中可用的全面测试功能。 +一旦决定将测试规则应用于一个或多个 Bash 脚本或库，BATS 就提供其他软件开发环境中可用的全面测试功能。 -致谢：感激[Darrin Mann][11]向我引荐了 BATS 测试。 +致谢：感谢 [Darrin Mann][11] 向我引荐了 BATS 测试。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -243,7 +243,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/19/2/testing-bash-bats 作者：[Darin London][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[stevenzdg988](https://github.com/stevenzdg988) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 78ac2a3f631661ff5f9ecc1d1bb50885bba30915 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Thu, 11 Mar 2021 21:48:26 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 173/309] PUB MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @stevenzdg988 https://linux.cn/article-13194-1.html 这篇有点晦涩和太长，不过有些地方你没太认真。 --- .../tech => published}/20190221 Testing Bash with BATS.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190221 Testing Bash with BATS.md (99%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190221 Testing Bash with BATS.md b/published/20190221 Testing Bash with BATS.md similarity index 99% rename from translated/tech/20190221 Testing Bash with BATS.md rename to published/20190221 Testing Bash with BATS.md index 3b591a3816..f41ea939b7 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190221 Testing Bash with BATS.md +++ b/published/20190221 Testing Bash with BATS.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (stevenzdg988) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-13194-1.html) [#]: subject: (Testing Bash with BATS) [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/2/testing-bash-bats) [#]: author: (Darin London https://opensource.com/users/dmlond) From f6a1880d07a2f2b56388396e8abe1c2c6e71b9db Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Fri, 12 Mar 2021 05:06:30 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 174/309] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020210311=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Review=20of=20Four=20Hyperledger=20Libraries-=20Aries,=20Quilt,?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Ursa,=20and=20Transact?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20210311 Review of Four Hyperledger Libraries- Aries, Quilt, Ursa, and Transact.md --- ...aries- Aries, Quilt, Ursa, and Transact.md | 248 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 248 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20210311 Review of Four Hyperledger Libraries- Aries, Quilt, Ursa, and Transact.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210311 Review of Four Hyperledger Libraries- Aries, Quilt, Ursa, and Transact.md b/sources/tech/20210311 Review of Four Hyperledger Libraries- Aries, Quilt, Ursa, and Transact.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3c77bd04a7 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20210311 Review of Four Hyperledger Libraries- Aries, Quilt, Ursa, and Transact.md @@ -0,0 +1,248 @@ +[#]: subject: (Review of Four Hyperledger Libraries- Aries, Quilt, Ursa, and Transact) +[#]: via: (https://www.linux.com/news/review-of-four-hyperledger-libraries-aries-quilt-ursa-and-transact/) +[#]: author: (Dan Brown https://training.linuxfoundation.org/announcements/review-of-four-hyperledger-libraries-aries-quilt-ursa-and-transact/) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +Review of Four Hyperledger Libraries- Aries, Quilt, Ursa, and Transact +====== + +_By Matt Zand_ + +## **Recap** + +In our two previous articles, first we covered “[Review of Five popular Hyperledger DLTs- Fabric, Besu, Sawtooth, Iroha and Indy][1]” where we discussed the following five Hyperledger Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLTs): + + 1. Hyperledger Indy + 2. Hyperledger Fabric + 3. Hyperledger Iroha + 4. Hyperledger Sawtooth + 5. Hyperledger Besu + + + +Then, we moved on to our second article ([Review of three Hyperledger Tools- Caliper, Cello and Avalon][2]) where we surveyed the following three Hyperledger t     ools: + + 1. Hyperledger Caliper + 2. Hyperledger Cello + 3. Hyperledger Avalon + + + +So in this follow-up article, we review four (as listed below) Hyperledger libraries that work very well with other Hyperledger DLTs.      As of this writing, all of these libraries are at the incubation stage except for Hyperledger Aries,      which has [graduated][3] to      active. + + 1. Hyperledger Aries + 2. Hyperledger Quilt + 3. Hyperledger Ursa + 4. Hyperledger Transact + + + +**Hyperledger Aries** + +Identity has been adopted by the industry as one of the most promising use cases of DLTs. Solutions and initiatives around creating, storing, and transmitting verifiable digital credentials will result in a reusable, shared, interoperable tool kit. In response to such growing demand, Hyperledger has come up with three       projects (Hyperledger Indy, Hyperledger Iroha and Hyperledger Aries) that are specifically focused on identity management. + +Hyperledger Aries is infrastructure for blockchain-rooted, peer-to-peer interactions. It includes a shared cryptographic wallet (the secure storage tech, not a UI) for blockchain clients as well as a communications protocol for allowing off-ledger interactions between those clients.      This project consumes the cryptographic support provided by Hyperledger Ursa      to provide secure secret management and decentralized key management functionality. + +According to Hyperledger Aries’ documentation, Aries includes the following features: + + * An encrypted messaging system for off-ledger interactions using multiple transport protocols between clients. + * A blockchain interface layer that is also called as a resolver. It is used for creating and signing blockchain transactions. + * A cryptographic wallet to enable secure storage of cryptographic secrets and other information that is used for building blockchain clients. + * An implementation of ZKP-capable W3C verifiable credentials with the help of the ZKP primitives that are found in Hyperledger Ursa. + * A mechanism to build API-like use cases and higher-level protocols based on secure messaging functionality. + * An implementation of the specifications of the Decentralized Key Management System (DKMS) that are being currently incubated in Hyperledger Indy. + * Initially, the generic interface of Hyperledger Aries will support the Hyperledger Indy resolver. But the interface is flexible in the sense that anyone can build a pluggable method using DID method resolvers such as Ethereum and Hyperledger Fabric, or any other DID method resolver they wish to use. These resolvers would support the resolving of transactions and other data on other ledgers. + * Hyperledger Aries will additionally provide the functionality and features outside the scope of the Hyperledger Indy ledger to be fully planned and supported. Owing to these capabilities, the community can now build core message families to facilitate interoperable interactions using a wide range of use cases that involve blockchain-based identity. + + + +For more detailed discussion on its implementation, visit the link provided in the References section. + +**Hyperledger Quilt** + +The widespread adoption of blockchain technology by global businesses      has coincided with the emergence of tons of isolated and disconnected networks or ledgers. While users can easily conduct transactions within their own network or ledger, they experience technical difficultly (and in some cases impracticality) for doing transactions with parties residing      on different networks or ledgers. At best, the process of cross-ledger (or cross-network) transactions is slow, expensive, or manual. However, with the advent and adoption of Interledger Protocol (ILP), money and other forms of value can be routed, packetized, and delivered over ledgers and payment networks. + +Hyperledger Quilt is a tool for      interoperability      between ledger systems and is written in Java      by implementing the ILP for atomic swaps. While the Interledger is a protocol for making transactions across ledgers, ILP is a payment protocol designed to transfer value across non-distributed and distributed ledgers. The standards and specifications of Interledger protocol are governed by the open-source community under the World Wide Web Consortium umbrella. Quilt is an enterprise-grade implementation of the ILP, and provides libraries and reference implementations for the core Interledger components used for payment networks. With the launch of Quilt, the JavaScript (Interledger.js) implementation of Interledger was maintained by the JS Foundation. + +According to the Quilt documentation, as a result of ILP implementation, Quilt offers the following features: + + * A framework to design higher-level use-case specific protocols. + * A set of rules to enable interoperability with basic escrow semantics. + * A standard for data packet format and a ledger-dependent independent address format to enable connectors to route payments. + + + +For more detailed discussion on its implementation, visit the link provided in the References section. + +**Hyperledger Ursa** + +Hyperledger Ursa is a shared cryptographic library that      enables people (and projects) to avoid duplicating other cryptographic work and hopefully increase security in the process. The library is      an opt-in repository for Hyperledger projects (and, potentially others) to place and use crypto. + +Inside Project Ursa, a complete library of modular signatures and symmetric-key primitives      is at the disposal of developers to swap in and out different cryptographic schemes through configuration and without having to modify their code. On top its base library, Ursa      also includes newer cryptography, including pairing-based, threshold, and aggregate signatures. Furthermore, the zero-knowledge primitives including SNARKs are also supported by Ursa. + +According to the Ursa’s documentation, Ursa offers the following benefits: + + * Preventing duplication of solving similar security requirements across different blockchain + * Simplifying the security audits of cryptographic operations since the code is consolidated into a single location. This reduces maintenance efforts of these libraries while improving the security footprint for developers with beginner knowledge of distributed ledger projects. + * Reviewing all cryptographic codes in a single place will reduce the likelihood of dangerous security bugs. + * Boosting cross-platform interoperability when multiple platforms, which require cryptographic verification, are using the same security protocols on both platforms. + * Enhancing the architecture via modularity of common components will pave the way for future modular distributed ledger technology platforms using common components. + * Accelerating the time to market for new projects as long as an existing security paradigm can be plugged-in without a project needing to build it themselves. + + + +For more detailed discussion on its implementation, visit the link provided in the References section. + +**Hyperledger Transact** + +Hyperledger Transact, in a nutshell, makes writing distributed ledger software easier by providing a shared software library that handles the execution of smart contracts, including all aspects of scheduling, transaction dispatch, and state management. Utilizing Transact, smart contracts can be executed irrespective of DLTs being used. Specifically, Transact achieves that by offering an extensible approach to implementing new smart contract languages called “smart contract engines.” As such, each smart contract engine implements a virtual machine or interpreter that processes smart contracts. + +At its core, Transact is solely a transaction processing system for state transitions. That is, s     tate data is normally stored in a key-value or an SQL database. Considering an initial state and a transaction, Transact executes the transaction to produce a new state. These state transitions are deemed “pure” because only the initial state and the transaction are used as input. (In contrast to     other systems such as Ethereum where state and block information are mixed to produce the new state). Therefore, Transact is agnostic about DLT framework features other than transaction execution and state. + +According to Hyperledger Transact’s documentation, Transact comes with the following components: + + * **State**. The Transact state implementation provides get, set, and delete operations against a database. For the Merkle-Radix tree state implementation, the tree structure is implemented on top of LMDB or an in-memory database. + * **Context manager**. In Transact, state reads and writes are scoped (sandboxed) to a specific “context” that contains a reference to a state ID (such as a Merkle-Radix state root hash) and one or more previous contexts. The context manager implements the context lifecycle and services the calls that read, write, and delete data from state. + * **Scheduler**. This component controls the order of transactions to be executed. Concrete implementations include a serial scheduler and a parallel scheduler. Parallel transaction execution is an important innovation for increasing network throughput. + * **Executor**. The Transact executor obtains transactions from the scheduler and executes them against a specific context. Execution is handled by sending the transaction to specific execution adapters (such as ZMQ or a static in-process adapter) which, in turn, send the transaction to a specific smart contract. + * **Smart Contract Engines**. These components provide the virtual machine implementations and interpreters that run the smart contracts. Examples of engines include WebAssembly, Ethereum Virtual Machine, Sawtooth Transactions Processors, and Fabric Chaincode. + + + +For more detailed discussion on its implementation, visit the link provided in the References section. + +** Summary** + +In this article, we reviewed four Hyperledger libraries that are great resources for managing Hyperledger DLTs. We started by explaining Hyperledger Aries, which is infrastructure for blockchain-rooted, peer-to-peer interactions and includes a shared cryptographic wallet for blockchain clients as well as a communications protocol for allowing off-ledger interactions between those clients. Then, we learned that Hyperledger Quilt is the interoperability tool between ledger systems and is written in Java by implementing the ILP for atomic swaps. While the Interledger is a protocol for making transactions across ledgers, ILP is a payment protocol designed to transfer value across non-distributed and distributed ledgers. We also discussed that Hyperledger Ursa is a shared cryptographic library that would enable people (and projects) to avoid duplicating other cryptographic work and hopefully increase security in the process. The library would be an opt-in repository for Hyperledger projects (and, potentially others) to place and use crypto. We concluded our article by reviewing Hyperledger Transact by which smart contracts can be executed irrespective of DLTs being used. Specifically, Transact achieves that by offering an extensible approach to implementing new smart contract languages called “smart contract engines.” + +**References** + +For more references on all Hyperledger projects, libraries and tools, visit the below documentation links: + + 1. [Hyperledger Indy Project][4] + 2. [Hyperledger Fabric Project][5] + 3. [Hyperledger Aries Library][6] + 4. [Hyperledger Iroha Project][7] + 5. [Hyperledger Sawtooth Project][8] + 6. [Hyperledger Besu Project][9] + 7. [Hyperledger Quilt Library][10] + 8. [Hyperledger Ursa Library][11] + 9. [Hyperledger Transact Library][12] + 10. [Hyperledger Cactus Project][13] + 11. [Hyperledger Caliper Tool][14] + 12. [Hyperledger Cello Tool][15] + 13. [Hyperledger Explorer Tool][16] + 14. [Hyperledger Grid (Domain Specific)][17] + 15. [Hyperledger Burrow Project][18] + 16. [Hyperledger Avalon Tool][19] + + + +**Resources** + + * Free Training Courses from The Linux Foundation & Hyperledger + * [Blockchain: Understanding Its Uses and Implications (LFS170)][20] + * [Introduction to Hyperledger Blockchain Technologies (LFS171)][21] + * [Introduction to Hyperledger Sovereign Identity Blockchain Solutions: Indy, Aries & Ursa (LFS172)][22] + * [Becoming a Hyperledger Aries Developer (LFS173)][23] + * [Hyperledger Sawtooth for Application Developers (LFS174)][24] + * eLearning Courses from The Linux Foundation & Hyperledger + * [Hyperledger Fabric Administration (LFS272)][25] + * [Hyperledger Fabric for Developers (LFD272)][26] + * Certification Exams from The Linux Foundation & Hyperledger + * [Certified Hyperledger Fabric Administrator (CHFA)][27] + * [Certified Hyperledger Fabric Developer (CHFD)][28] + * [Hands-On Smart Contract Development with Hyperledger Fabric V2][29] Book by Matt Zand and others. + * [Essential Hyperledger Sawtooth Features for Enterprise Blockchain Developers][30] + * [Blockchain Developer Guide- How to Install Hyperledger Fabric on AWS][31] + * [Blockchain Developer Guide- How to Install and work with Hyperledger Sawtooth][32] + * [Intro to Blockchain Cybersecurity][33] + * [Intro to Hyperledger Sawtooth for System Admins][34] + * [Blockchain Developer Guide- How to Install Hyperledger Iroha on AWS][35] + * [Blockchain Developer Guide- How to Install Hyperledger Indy and Indy CLI on AWS][36] + * [Blockchain Developer Guide- How to Configure Hyperledger Sawtooth Validator and REST API on AWS][37] + * [Intro blockchain development with Hyperledger Fabric][38] + * [How to build DApps with Hyperledger Fabric][39] + * [Blockchain Developer Guide- How to Build Transaction Processor as a Service and Python Egg for Hyperledger Sawtooth][40] + * [Blockchain Developer Guide- How to Create Cryptocurrency Using Hyperledger Iroha CLI][41] + * [Blockchain Developer Guide- How to Explore Hyperledger Indy Command Line Interface][42] + * [Blockchain Developer Guide- Comprehensive Blockchain Hyperledger Developer Guide from Beginner to Advance Level][43] + * [Blockchain Management in Hyperledger for System Admins][44] + * [Hyperledger Fabric for Developers][45] + + + +**About Author** + +**Matt Zand** is a serial entrepreneur and the founder of three tech startups: [DC Web Makers][46], [Coding Bootcamps][47] and [High School Technology Services][48]. He is a leading author of [Hands-on Smart Contract Development with Hyperledger Fabric][29] book by O’Reilly Media. He has written more than 100 technical articles and tutorials on blockchain development for Hyperledger, Ethereum and Corda R3 platforms at sites such as IBM, SAP, Alibaba Cloud, Hyperledger, The Linux Foundation, and more. As a public speaker, he has presented webinars at many Hyperledger communities across USA and Europe     . At DC Web Makers, he leads a team of blockchain experts for consulting and deploying enterprise decentralized applications. As chief architect, he has designed and developed blockchain courses and training programs for Coding Bootcamps. He has a master’s degree in business management from the University of Maryland. Prior to blockchain development and consulting, he worked as senior web and mobile App developer and consultant, angel investor, business advisor for a few startup companies. You can connect with him on [LinkedIn][49]. + +The post [Review of Four Hyperledger Libraries- Aries, Quilt, Ursa, and Transact][50] appeared first on [Linux Foundation – Training][51]. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.linux.com/news/review-of-four-hyperledger-libraries-aries-quilt-ursa-and-transact/ + +作者：[Dan Brown][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://training.linuxfoundation.org/announcements/review-of-four-hyperledger-libraries-aries-quilt-ursa-and-transact/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://training.linuxfoundation.org/announcements/review-of-five-popular-hyperledger-dlts-fabric-besu-sawtooth-iroha-and-indy/ +[2]: https://training.linuxfoundation.org/announcements/review-of-three-hyperledger-tools-caliper-cello-and-avalon/ +[3]: https://www.hyperledger.org/blog/2021/02/26/hyperledger-aries-graduates-to-active-status-joins-indy-as-production-ready-hyperledger-projects-for-decentralized-identity +[4]: https://www.hyperledger.org/use/hyperledger-indy +[5]: https://www.hyperledger.org/use/fabric +[6]: https://www.hyperledger.org/projects/aries +[7]: https://www.hyperledger.org/projects/iroha +[8]: https://www.hyperledger.org/projects/sawtooth +[9]: https://www.hyperledger.org/projects/besu +[10]: https://www.hyperledger.org/projects/quilt +[11]: https://www.hyperledger.org/projects/ursa +[12]: https://www.hyperledger.org/projects/transact +[13]: https://www.hyperledger.org/projects/cactus +[14]: https://www.hyperledger.org/projects/caliper +[15]: https://www.hyperledger.org/projects/cello +[16]: https://www.hyperledger.org/projects/explorer +[17]: https://www.hyperledger.org/projects/grid +[18]: https://www.hyperledger.org/projects/hyperledger-burrow +[19]: https://www.hyperledger.org/projects/avalon +[20]: https://training.linuxfoundation.org/training/blockchain-understanding-its-uses-and-implications/ +[21]: https://training.linuxfoundation.org/training/blockchain-for-business-an-introduction-to-hyperledger-technologies/ +[22]: https://training.linuxfoundation.org/training/introduction-to-hyperledger-sovereign-identity-blockchain-solutions-indy-aries-and-ursa/ +[23]: https://training.linuxfoundation.org/training/becoming-a-hyperledger-aries-developer-lfs173/ +[24]: https://training.linuxfoundation.org/training/hyperledger-sawtooth-application-developers-lfs174/ +[25]: https://training.linuxfoundation.org/training/hyperledger-fabric-administration-lfs272/ +[26]: https://training.linuxfoundation.org/training/hyperledger-fabric-for-developers-lfd272/ +[27]: https://training.linuxfoundation.org/certification/certified-hyperledger-fabric-administrator-chfa/ +[28]: https://training.linuxfoundation.org/certification/certified-hyperledger-fabric-developer/ +[29]: https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/hands-on-smart-contract/9781492086116/ +[30]: https://weg2g.com/application/touchstonewords/article-essential-hyperledger-sawtooth-features-for-enterprise-blockchain-developers.php +[31]: https://myhsts.org/tutorial-learn-how-to-install-blockchain-hyperledger-fabric-on-amazon-web-services.php +[32]: https://myhsts.org/tutorial-learn-how-to-install-and-work-with-blockchain-hyperledger-sawtooth.php +[33]: https://learn.coding-bootcamps.com/p/learn-how-to-secure-blockchain-applications-by-examples +[34]: https://learn.coding-bootcamps.com/p/introduction-to-hyperledger-sawtooth-for-system-admins +[35]: https://myhsts.org/tutorial-learn-how-to-install-blockchain-hyperledger-iroha-on-amazon-web-services.php +[36]: https://myhsts.org/tutorial-learn-how-to-install-blockchain-hyperledger-indy-on-amazon-web-services.php +[37]: https://myhsts.org/tutorial-learn-how-to-configure-hyperledger-sawtooth-validator-and-rest-api-on-aws.php +[38]: https://learn.coding-bootcamps.com/p/live-and-self-paced-blockchain-development-with-hyperledger-fabric +[39]: https://learn.coding-bootcamps.com/p/live-crash-course-for-building-dapps-with-hyperledger-fabric +[40]: https://myhsts.org/tutorial-learn-how-to-build-transaction-processor-as-a-service-and-python-egg-for-hyperledger-sawtooth.php +[41]: https://myhsts.org/tutorial-learn-how-to-work-with-hyperledger-iroha-cli-to-create-cryptocurrency.php +[42]: https://myhsts.org/tutorial-learn-how-to-work-with-hyperledger-indy-command-line-interface.php +[43]: https://myhsts.org/tutorial-comprehensive-blockchain-hyperledger-developer-guide-for-all-professional-programmers.php +[44]: https://learn.coding-bootcamps.com/p/learn-blockchain-development-with-hyperledger-by-examples +[45]: https://learn.coding-bootcamps.com/p/hyperledger-blockchain-development-for-developers +[46]: https://blockchain.dcwebmakers.com/ +[47]: http://coding-bootcamps.com/ +[48]: https://myhsts.org/ +[49]: https://www.linkedin.com/in/matt-zand-64047871 +[50]: https://training.linuxfoundation.org/announcements/review-of-four-hyperledger-libraries-aries-quilt-ursa-and-transact/ +[51]: https://training.linuxfoundation.org/ From 559f276fd2c70a1193930bddc9a90645a3e96da6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Fri, 12 Mar 2021 05:07:57 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 175/309] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020210311=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Set=20up=20network=20parental=20controls=20on=20a=20Raspberry?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Pi?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20210311 Set up network parental controls on a Raspberry Pi.md --- ...ork parental controls on a Raspberry Pi.md | 90 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 90 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20210311 Set up network parental controls on a Raspberry Pi.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210311 Set up network parental controls on a Raspberry Pi.md b/sources/tech/20210311 Set up network parental controls on a Raspberry Pi.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..873bcfcba7 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20210311 Set up network parental controls on a Raspberry Pi.md @@ -0,0 +1,90 @@ +[#]: subject: (Set up network parental controls on a Raspberry Pi) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/3/raspberry-pi-parental-control) +[#]: author: (Daniel Oh https://opensource.com/users/daniel-oh) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +Set up network parental controls on a Raspberry Pi +====== +With minimal investment of time and money, you can keep your kids safe +online. +![Family learning and reading together at night in a room][1] + +Parents are always looking for ways to protect their kids online—from malware, banner ads, pop-ups, activity-tracking scripts, and other concerns—and to prevent them from playing games and watching YouTube when they should be doing their schoolwork. Many businesses use tools that regulate their employees' online safety and activities, but the question is how to make this happen at home? + +The short answer is a tiny, inexpensive Raspberry Pi computer that enables you to set parental controls for your kids and your work at home. This article walks you through how easy it is to build your own parental control-enabled home network with a Raspberry Pi. + +### Install the hardware and software + +For this project, you'll need a Raspberry Pi and a home network router. If you spend only five minutes exploring online shopping sites, you will find a lot of options. The [Raspberry Pi 4][2] and a [TP-Link router][3] are good options for beginners. + +Once you have your network device and Pi, you need to install [Pi-hole][4] as a Linux container or a supported operating system. There are several [ways to install it][5], but an easy way is to issue the following command on your Pi: + + +``` +`curl -sSL https://install.pi-hole.net | bash` +``` + +### Configure Pi-hole as your DNS server + +Next, you need to configure the DHCP settings in both your router and Pi-hole: + + 1. Disable the DHCP server setting in your router + 2. Enable the DHCP server in Pi-hole + + + +Every device is different, so there's no way for me to tell you exactly what you need to click on to adjust your settings. Generally, you access your home router through a web browser. Your router's address is sometimes printed on the bottom of the router, and it begins with either 192.168 or 10. + +In your web browser, navigate to your router's address and log in with the credentials you received when you got your internet service. It's often as simple as `admin` with a numeric password (sometimes this password is also printed on the router). If you don't know the login, call your internet provider and ask for details. + +In the graphical interface, look for a section within your LAN about DHCP, and deactivate the DHCP server. Your router's interface will almost certainly look different from mine, but this is an example of what I saw when setting it up. Uncheck **DHCP server**: + +![Disable DHCP][6] + +(Daniel Oh, [CC BY-SA 4.0][7]) + +Next, you _must_ activate the DHCP server on the Pi-hole. If you don't do that, none of your devices will be able to get online unless you manually assign IP addresses! + +### Make your network family-friendly + +You're all set. Now, your network devices (i.e., mobile phone, tablet PC, laptop, etc.) will automatically find the DHCP server on the Raspberry Pi. Then, each device will be assigned a dynamic IP address to access the internet. + +Note: If your router device supports setting a DNS server, you can also configure the DNS clients in your router. The client will refer to the Pi-hole as your DNS server. + +To set up rules for which sites and activities your kids can access, open a web browser to the Pi-hole admin page, `http://pi.hole/admin/`. On the dashboard, click on **Whitelist** to add web pages your kids are allowed to access. You can also add sites that your kids aren't allowed to access (e.g., gaming, adult, ads, shopping, etc.) to the **Blocklist**. + +![Pi-hole admin dashboard][8] + +(Daniel Oh, [CC BY-SA 4.0][7]) + +### What's next? + +Now that you've set up your Raspberry Pi for parental control, you can keep your kids safer online while giving them access to approved entertainment options. This can also decrease your home internet usage by reducing how much your family is streaming. For more advanced usage, access Pi-hole's [documentation][9] and [blogs][10]. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/21/3/raspberry-pi-parental-control + +作者：[Daniel Oh][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/daniel-oh +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/family_learning_kids_night_reading.png?itok=6K7sJVb1 (Family learning and reading together at night in a room) +[2]: https://www.raspberrypi.org/products/ +[3]: https://www.amazon.com/s?k=tp-link+router&crid=3QRLN3XRWHFTC&sprefix=TP-Link%2Caps%2C186&ref=nb_sb_ss_ts-doa-p_3_7 +[4]: https://pi-hole.net/ +[5]: https://github.com/pi-hole/pi-hole/#one-step-automated-install +[6]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/disabledhcp.jpg (Disable DHCP) +[7]: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ +[8]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/blocklist.png (Pi-hole admin dashboard) +[9]: https://docs.pi-hole.net/ +[10]: https://pi-hole.net/blog/#page-content From 4185b25e2822218abab20bfca59abdab05a68a69 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Fri, 12 Mar 2021 05:08:25 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 176/309] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020210311=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Test=20cases=20and=20open=20source=20license=20enforcement?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20210311 Test cases and open source license enforcement.md --- ...ses and open source license enforcement.md | 63 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 63 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20210311 Test cases and open source license enforcement.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210311 Test cases and open source license enforcement.md b/sources/tech/20210311 Test cases and open source license enforcement.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..df17ad0819 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20210311 Test cases and open source license enforcement.md @@ -0,0 +1,63 @@ +[#]: subject: (Test cases and open source license enforcement) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/3/test-cases-open-source-licenses) +[#]: author: (Richard Fontana https://opensource.com/users/fontana) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +Test cases and open source license enforcement +====== +If you're trying to enforce open source licenses, test case litigation +is not the right way to do it. +![A gavel.][1] + +A test case is a lawsuit brought primarily to achieve a policy outcome by securing a judicial ruling that reverses settled law or clarifies some disputed legal question. Bringing a test case typically involves carefully planning out where, when, and whom to sue and which legal arguments to advance in order to maximize the chances of winning the desired result. In the United States, we often see test case strategies used by public interest organizations to effect legal change that cannot practically be attained through other governmental means. + +But a test case strategy can be used by either side of a policy dispute. Even if a test case is successful, the real policy goal may continue to be elusive, given the limitations of case-specific court judgments, which may be met with administrative obstruction or legislative nullification. Test case litigation can also fail, sometimes disastrously—in the worst case, from the test litigant's perspective, the court might issue a ruling that is the direct opposite of what was sought, as happened in [_Plessy v. Ferguson_][2]. + +It may be hard to imagine a test case centered around interpretation of a software license. While licenses are necessarily based on underlying legal rules, typical software licenses are private transactions with terms that are negotiated by the parties or are form agreements unique to the licensor. Normally, a dispute over interpretation of some term in a software license would not be expected to implicate the sort of broadly applicable policy issues that are the usual focus of test case litigation. + +But open source is quite different in this respect. Most open source software is governed by a small set of de facto standard licenses, used without modification or customization across a wide range of projects. Relatedly, open source licenses have an importance to project communities that extends beyond mere licensing terms. They are "[constitutions of communities][3]," an expression of the collaborative and ethical norms of those communities. For these reasons, [open source licenses function as shared resources][4]. This characteristic makes a license-enforcement test case conceivable. + +Whether there actually has ever been an open source license test case is unclear. Litigation over open source licenses has been quite uncommon (though it may be [increasing][5]). Most open source license compliance matters are resolved through voluntary efforts by the licensee, or through community discussion or amicable negotiation with licensors, without resort to the courts. Open source license-enforcement litigation has mostly involved the GPL or another copyleft license in the GNU license family. The fairly small number of litigated GPL enforcement cases brought by community-oriented organizations—Harald Welte's [GPL-violations.org][6] cases, the [Free Software Foundation's suit against Cisco][7], the [BusyBox cases][8]—largely involved factually straightforward "no source or offer" violations. The [copyright profiteering lawsuits][9] brought by Patrick McHardy are clearly not calculated to lead to judicial rulings on questions of GPL interpretation. + +One notable GPL enforcement suit that arguably has some of the characteristics of a test case is Christoph Hellwig's [now-concluded case against VMware in Germany][10], which was funded by the Software Freedom Conservancy. The Hellwig case was apparently the first GPL enforcement lawsuit to raise as a central issue the scope of derivative works under GPLv2, a core copyleft and GPL interpretation policy issue and a policy topic that has been debated in technical and legal communities for decades. Hellwig and Conservancy may have hoped that a victory on the merits would have a far-reaching regulatory impact on activities long-criticized by many GPL supporters, particularly the practice of distributing proprietary Linux kernel modules using GPL-licensed "shim" layers. Then again, Conservancy itself was careful to downplay the notion that the Hellwig case was intended as "[the great test case of combined/derivative works.][11]" And the facts in the Hellwig case, involving a proprietary VMware kernel and GPL-licensed kernel modules, were fairly unusual in comparison to typical GPL-compliance scenarios involving Linux. + +Some developers and lawyers may be predisposed to view open source test cases positively. But this ignores the downsides of test case litigation in the open source context, which are a direct consequence of open source licenses being shared resources. Litigation, whether based on test cases or otherwise, is a poor means of pursuing open source license compliance. You might assume that if open source licenses are shared resources, litigation resulting in judicial rulings would be beneficial by providing increased legal certainty over the limited set of licenses in wide use. But this rests on an unrealistically rosy view of litigation and its impact. Given that open source licenses are, for the most part, a small set of widely reused license texts, actions taken by a few individuals can adversely affect an entire community sharing the same license. + +A court decision by a judge in a dispute between two parties arising out of a unique set of facts is one means by which that impact can occur. The judge, in all likelihood, will not be well informed about open source or technology in general. The judge's rulings will be shaped by the arguments of lawyers for the parties who have incentives to advance legal arguments that may be in conflict with the values and norms of communities relying on the license at issue. The litigants themselves, including the litigant seeking to enforce the license, may not share those values and norms. The capacity of the court to look beyond the arguments presented by the litigants is very limited, and authentic representatives of the project communities using the license will have no meaningful opportunity to give their perspective. + +If, as is therefore likely, license-enforcement litigation produces a bad decision with a large community impact, the license-using community may then be stuck with that decision with few good options to remedy the situation. In many cases, there will be no easy path for a project to migrate to a different license, including a new version of the litigated license that attempts to correct against the court decision. There may be no license steward, or the license may not facilitate downstream upgradeability. Even if there is a license steward, there is generally strong social pressure in free and open source software (FOSS) to avoid license revision. + +Test case litigation would not be immune to these kinds of problems; their drawbacks are amplified in the open source setting. For one thing, a test case might be brought by supporters of a license interpretation that is disfavored in the relevant license-using community—let's call this a "bad" test case litigant. Even if we suppose that the test case litigant's policy objectives reflect a real consensus in the license-using community—a "good" test case litigant—the test case strategy could backfire. The case might result in a ruling that is the opposite of what the test case litigant sought. Or the test case litigant might win on the facts, but in the process, the court might issue one or more rulings framed differently from what the test case litigant hoped for, perhaps having unexpected negative consequences for license interpretation or imposing undesirable new burdens on license compliance. The court might also dispose of the case in some procedural manner that could have a negative impact on the license-using community. + +A more fundamental problem is that we really cannot know whether a given test case litigant is "good" or "bad" because of the complex and diverse nature of views on license interpretation across open source project communities. For example, an organization that is generally trusted in the community may be tempted to use test case litigation to promote highly restrictive or literalist interpretations of a license that are out of step with prevailing community views or practices. + +Rather than pursuing open source license enforcement policy through test case litigation, we should first fully explore the use of community-based governance approaches to promote appropriate license interpretations and compliance expectations. This would be especially helpful in signaling that restrictive or illiberal license interpretations, advanced in litigation by parties motivated by private gain, have no basis of support in the larger community that shares that license text. For example, we can document and publicize license interpretations that are widely accepted in the community, expanding on work already done by some license stewards. We can also promote more liberal and modern interpretations of widely used licenses that were drafted in a different technological context, while still upholding their underlying policies, with the aim of making compliance clearer, fairer, and easier. Finally, we should consider adopting more frequent upgrade cycles for popular licenses using public and transparent license-revision processes. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/21/3/test-cases-open-source-licenses + +作者：[Richard Fontana][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/fontana +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/law_legal_gavel_court.jpg?itok=tc27pzjI (A gavel.) +[2]: https://www.oyez.org/cases/1850-1900/163us537 +[3]: https://meshedinsights.com/2015/12/21/faq-license/ +[4]: https://opensource.com/law/16/11/licenses-are-shared-resources +[5]: https://opensource.com/article/19/2/top-foss-legal-developments +[6]: http://gpl-violations.org/ +[7]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation,_Inc._v._Cisco_Systems,_Inc. +[8]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BusyBox#GPL_lawsuits +[9]: https://opensource.com/article/17/8/patrick-mchardy-and-copyright-profiteering +[10]: https://sfconservancy.org/news/2019/apr/02/vmware-no-appeal/ +[11]: https://sfconservancy.org/copyleft-compliance/vmware-lawsuit-faq.html From d7c141e812d10672409e066e47f4025bd3f79197 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Fri, 12 Mar 2021 06:48:28 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 177/309] PUB @geekpi https://linux.cn/article-13195-1.html --- ...tu and Debian-based Linux Distributions.md | 34 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 17 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20210304 You Can Now Install Official Evernote Client on Ubuntu and Debian-based Linux Distributions.md (73%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20210304 You Can Now Install Official Evernote Client on Ubuntu and Debian-based Linux Distributions.md b/published/20210304 You Can Now Install Official Evernote Client on Ubuntu and Debian-based Linux Distributions.md similarity index 73% rename from translated/tech/20210304 You Can Now Install Official Evernote Client on Ubuntu and Debian-based Linux Distributions.md rename to published/20210304 You Can Now Install Official Evernote Client on Ubuntu and Debian-based Linux Distributions.md index 50cde6a52d..c6eb182519 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20210304 You Can Now Install Official Evernote Client on Ubuntu and Debian-based Linux Distributions.md +++ b/published/20210304 You Can Now Install Official Evernote Client on Ubuntu and Debian-based Linux Distributions.md @@ -3,32 +3,32 @@ [#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/) [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-13195-1.html) -你现在可以在 Ubuntu 和基于 Debian 的 Linux 发行版上安装官方 Evernote 客户端了 +在 Linux 上安装官方 Evernote 客户端 ====== +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/202103/12/064741kvenjiev6qvia4ia.jpg) + [Evernote][1] 是一款流行的笔记应用。它在推出时是一个革命性的产品。从那时起，已经有好几个这样的应用，可以将网络剪报、笔记等保存为笔记本格式。 -多年来，Evernote 的桌面客户端一直没有在 Linux 上使用。前段时间 Evernote 承诺推出 Linux 应用，其测试版终于可以在基于 Ubuntu 的发行版上使用了。 +多年来，Evernote 一直没有在 Linux 上使用的桌面客户端。前段时间 Evernote 承诺推出 Linux 应用，其测试版终于可以在基于 Ubuntu 的发行版上使用了。 -非 FOSS 警报！ - -Evernote Linux 客户端不是开源的。之所以在这里介绍它，是因为该应用是在 Linux 上提供的，我们也会不定期地介绍 Linux 用户常用的非 foss 应用。这对普通桌面 Linux 用户有帮助。 +> 非 FOSS 警报！ +> +> Evernote Linux 客户端不是开源的。之所以在这里介绍它，是因为该应用是在 Linux 上提供的，我们也会不定期地介绍 Linux 用户常用的非 FOSS 应用。这对普通桌面 Linux 用户有帮助。 ### 在 Ubuntu 和基于 Debian 的 Linux 发行版上安装 Evernote -进入下面这个 Evernote 的网站页面： - -[Evernote Linux Beta Program][2] +进入这个 Evernote 的[网站页面][2]。 向下滚动一点，接受“早期测试计划”的条款和条件。你会看到一个“立即安装”的按钮出现在屏幕上。点击它来下载 DEB 文件。 ![][3] -要[从 DEB 文件安装应用][4]，请双击它。它应该会打开软件中心，并给你选择安装它。 +要 [从 DEB 文件安装应用][4]，请双击它。它应该会打开软件中心，并给你选择安装它。 ![][5] @@ -50,11 +50,11 @@ Evernote Linux 客户端不是开源的。之所以在这里介绍它，是因 由于软件处于测试版，因此这里或那里会有些问题。 -如上图所示，Evernote Linux 客户端检测到 [Ubuntu 中的深色模式][9]并自动切换到深色主题。然而，当我把系统主题改为浅色或标准主题时，它并没有立即改变应用主题。这些变化是在我重启 Evernote 应用后才生效的。 +如上图所示，Evernote Linux 客户端检测到 [Ubuntu 中的深色模式][9] 并自动切换到深色主题。然而，当我把系统主题改为浅色或标准主题时，它并没有立即改变应用主题。这些变化是在我重启 Evernote 应用后才生效的。 -另一个问题是关于关闭应用。如果你点击 X 按钮关闭 Evernote，程序会进入后台而不是退出。 +另一个问题是关于关闭应用。如果你点击 “X” 按钮关闭 Evernote，程序会进入后台而不是退出。 -有一个应用指示器，似乎可以启动最小化的 Evernote，就像 [Linux 上的 Skype][10]。不幸的是，事实并非如此。它打开了便笺，让你快速输入笔记。 +有一个似乎可以启动最小化的 Evernote 的应用指示器，就像 [Linux 上的 Skype][10]。不幸的是，事实并非如此。它打开了便笺，让你快速输入笔记。 这为你提供了另一个 [Linux 上的笔记应用][11]，但它也带来了一个问题。这里没有退出 Evernote 的选项。它只用于打开快速记事应用。 @@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ Evernote Linux 客户端不是开源的。之所以在这里介绍它，是因 那么，如何退出 Evernote 应用呢？为此，再次打开 Evernote 应用。如果它在后台运行，在菜单中搜索它，并启动它，就像你重新打开它一样。 -当 Evernote 应用在前台运行时，点击 File->Quit 退出 Evernote。 +当 Evernote 应用在前台运行时，点击 “文件->退出” 来退出 Evernote。 ![][13] @@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ via: https://itsfoss.com/install-evernote-ubuntu/ 作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 58ab6f17637db77eb547c68b7d9dec8d96049a1e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Fri, 12 Mar 2021 07:10:40 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 178/309] Rename sources/tech/20210311 Test cases and open source license enforcement.md to sources/talk/20210311 Test cases and open source license enforcement.md --- .../20210311 Test cases and open source license enforcement.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename sources/{tech => talk}/20210311 Test cases and open source license enforcement.md (100%) diff --git a/sources/tech/20210311 Test cases and open source license enforcement.md b/sources/talk/20210311 Test cases and open source license enforcement.md similarity index 100% rename from sources/tech/20210311 Test cases and open source license enforcement.md rename to sources/talk/20210311 Test cases and open source license enforcement.md From d546a5a9001e05f76e219e2e488af794cfd7aaa2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: frstlis <48125063@qq.com> Date: Fri, 12 Mar 2021 08:41:57 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 179/309] =?UTF-8?q?Translating=E2=80=9C?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...122 9 favorite open source tools for Node.js developers.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20200122 9 favorite open source tools for Node.js developers.md b/sources/tech/20200122 9 favorite open source tools for Node.js developers.md index 7885b9f642..94f30ed079 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20200122 9 favorite open source tools for Node.js developers.md +++ b/sources/tech/20200122 9 favorite open source tools for Node.js developers.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (stevenzdg988) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) @@ -227,7 +227,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/20/1/open-source-tools-nodejs 作者：[Hiren Dhadhuk][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +译者：[stevenzdg988](https://github.com/stevenzdg988) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 4af497b2c87089e0d16c545a60adafe6ea61b94a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Fri, 12 Mar 2021 08:42:24 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 180/309] translated --- ...310 How to Update openSUSE Linux System.md | 107 ------------------ ...310 How to Update openSUSE Linux System.md | 107 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 107 insertions(+), 107 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20210310 How to Update openSUSE Linux System.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20210310 How to Update openSUSE Linux System.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210310 How to Update openSUSE Linux System.md b/sources/tech/20210310 How to Update openSUSE Linux System.md deleted file mode 100644 index 32ac8602ab..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20210310 How to Update openSUSE Linux System.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,107 +0,0 @@ -[#]: subject: (How to Update openSUSE Linux System) -[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/update-opensuse/) -[#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/) -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) - -How to Update openSUSE Linux System -====== - -I have been an Ubuntu user for as long as I remember. I distrohopped a little but keep on coming back to Ubuntu. But recently, I have started using openSUSE to try something non-Debian. - -As I keep exploring [openSUSE][1], I keep on stumbling upon things that are slightly different in SUSE-worse and I plan to cover them in tutorials on It’s FOSS. - -As a first, I am writing about updating openSUSE system. There are two ways you can do that: - - * Using terminal (valid for openSUSE desktops and servers) - * Using a graphical tool (valid for openSUSE desktops) - - - -### Update openSUSE via command line - -The simplest way to update openSUSE is by using the zypper command. It provides full functionality of patches and updates management. It takes care of the file conflicts and dependency problems. The updates also include Linux kernel. - -If you are using openSUSE Leap, use this command: - -``` -sudo zypper update -``` - -You may also use `up` instead of `update` but I find it easier to remember. - -If you are using openSUSE Tumbleweed, use the `dist-upgrade` or `dup` (in short). Tumbleweed is [rolling release distribution][2] and hence it is advised to use dist-upgrade option. - -``` -sudo zypper dist-upgrade -``` - -It will show you the list of the packages to be upgraded, removed or installed. - -![][3] - -You’ll be notified if your system requires reboots. - -If you just want to refresh the repositories (like sudo apt update), you may use this command: - -``` -sudo zypper refresh -``` - -If you want to list the available updates, you can also do that: - -``` -sudo zypper list-updates -``` - -### Graphical way to update openSUSE - -If you are using openSUSE as a desktop, you’ll have the additional option of using the GUI tools for installing the updates. This tool may change depending on [which desktop environment you are using][4]. - -For example, KDE has its own Software center called Discover. You can use it to search and install new applications. You can also use it to install system updates. - -![][5] - -In fact, KDE notifies you of available system updates in the notification area. You’ll have to open Discover explicitly because clicking on the notification doesn’t automatically take you to Discover. - -![][6] - -If you find that annoying, you may disable it using these commands: - -``` -sudo zypper remove plasma5-pk-updates -sudo zypper addlock plasma5-pk-updates -``` - -I wouldn’t recommend it though. It’s better to get notified of available updates. - -There is also the YAST Software Management [GUI tool][7] which you can use for more granular control on package managements. - -![][8] - -That’s it. It was a short one. In the next SUSE tutorial, I’ll show you some common zypper commands with examples. Stay tuned. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://itsfoss.com/update-opensuse/ - -作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://www.opensuse.org/ -[2]: https://itsfoss.com/rolling-release/ -[3]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/update-opensuse-with-zypper.png?resize=800%2C406&ssl=1 -[4]: https://itsfoss.com/find-desktop-environment/ -[5]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/opensuse-update-gui.png?resize=800%2C500&ssl=1 -[6]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/update-notification-opensuse.png?resize=800%2C259&ssl=1 -[7]: https://itsfoss.com/gui-cli-tui/ -[8]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/yast-software-management-suse.png?resize=800%2C448&ssl=1 diff --git a/translated/tech/20210310 How to Update openSUSE Linux System.md b/translated/tech/20210310 How to Update openSUSE Linux System.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3c66167507 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20210310 How to Update openSUSE Linux System.md @@ -0,0 +1,107 @@ +[#]: subject: (How to Update openSUSE Linux System) +[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/update-opensuse/) +[#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +如何更新 openSUSE Linux 系统 +====== + +从我记事起，我就一直是 Ubuntu 的用户。我曾经转向过其他发行版，但最终还是不断地回到 Ubuntu。但最近，我开始使用 openSUSE 来尝试一些非 Debian 的东西。 + +随着我对 [openSUSE][1] 的不断探索，我不断发现 SUSE 中略有不同的东西，并打算在 It's FOSS 的教程中介绍它们。 + +第一次，我写的是更新 openSUSE 系统。有两种方法可以做到： + + * 使用终端（适用于 openSUSE 桌面和服务器） + * 使用图形工具（适用于 openSUSE 桌面） + + + +### 通过命令行更新 openSUSE + +更新 openSUSE 的最简单方法是使用 zypper 命令。它提供了补丁和更新管理的全部功能。它可以解决文件冲突和依赖性问题。更新也包括 Linux 内核。 + +如果你正在使用 openSUSE Leap，请使用这个命令： + +``` +sudo zypper update +``` + +你也可以用 `up` 代替 `update`，但我觉得 update 更容易记住。 + +如果你正在使用 openSUSE Tumbleweed，请使用 `dist-upgrade` 或者 `dup`（简称）。Tumbleweed 是[滚动发行版][2]，因此建议使用 dist-upgrade 选项。 + +``` +sudo zypper dist-upgrade +``` + +它将显示要升级、删除或安装的软件包列表。 + +![][3] + +如果你的系统需要重启，你会得到通知。 + +如果你只是想刷新仓库（比如 sudo apt update），你可以使用这个命令： + +``` +sudo zypper refresh +``` + +如果你想列出可用的更新，也可以这样做： + +``` +sudo zypper list-updates +``` + +### 以图形方式更新 openSUSE + +如果你使用 openSUSE 作为桌面，你将有额外的选择使用 GUI 工具来安装更新。这个工具可能会根据[你使用的桌面环境][4]而改变。 + +例如，KDE 有自己的软件中心，叫做 “Discover”。你可以用它来搜索和安装新的应用。你也可以用它来安装系统更新。 + +![][5] + +事实上，KDE 会在通知区通知你可用的系统更新。你必须打开 Discover，因为点击通知不会自动进入 Discover。 + +![][6] + +如果你觉得这很烦人，你可以使用这些命令禁用它： + +``` +sudo zypper remove plasma5-pk-updates +sudo zypper addlock plasma5-pk-updates +``` + +不过我不推荐。最好是获取可用的更新通知。 + +还有一个 YAST 软件管理 [GUI 工具][7]，你可以用它来对软件包管理进行更精细的控制。 + +![][8] + +就是这些了。这是一篇简短的文章。在下一篇 SUSE 教程中，我将通过实例向大家展示一些常用的 zypper 命令。敬请期待。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/update-opensuse/ + +作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://www.opensuse.org/ +[2]: https://itsfoss.com/rolling-release/ +[3]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/update-opensuse-with-zypper.png?resize=800%2C406&ssl=1 +[4]: https://itsfoss.com/find-desktop-environment/ +[5]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/opensuse-update-gui.png?resize=800%2C500&ssl=1 +[6]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/update-notification-opensuse.png?resize=800%2C259&ssl=1 +[7]: https://itsfoss.com/gui-cli-tui/ +[8]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/yast-software-management-suse.png?resize=800%2C448&ssl=1 From 44df792c045711ece7def4f6a8e5d0b60e694891 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Fri, 12 Mar 2021 08:45:55 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 181/309] translating --- ...10310 Understanding file names and directories in FreeDOS.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20210310 Understanding file names and directories in FreeDOS.md b/sources/tech/20210310 Understanding file names and directories in FreeDOS.md index 549ba53b63..9e07b3e6b3 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20210310 Understanding file names and directories in FreeDOS.md +++ b/sources/tech/20210310 Understanding file names and directories in FreeDOS.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/3/files-freedos) [#]: author: (Kevin O'Brien https://opensource.com/users/ahuka) [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 2e7cae5d97b44b2bc122435ec8b131223bbd7366 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Guoliang Han Date: Fri, 12 Mar 2021 10:08:04 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 182/309] translating by cooljelly --- ...cloud, security integration drive massive SD-WAN adoption.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/talk/20200219 Multicloud, security integration drive massive SD-WAN adoption.md b/sources/talk/20200219 Multicloud, security integration drive massive SD-WAN adoption.md index 3d690bdc3a..b4f0944a12 100644 --- a/sources/talk/20200219 Multicloud, security integration drive massive SD-WAN adoption.md +++ b/sources/talk/20200219 Multicloud, security integration drive massive SD-WAN adoption.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (cooljelly) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From ad3a6b11a6d043e6c448a73fc58c1eb2c4da78c5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Fri, 12 Mar 2021 17:09:13 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 183/309] APL --- ...x Mint Cinnamon vs MATE vs Xfce- Which One Should You Use.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20210311 Linux Mint Cinnamon vs MATE vs Xfce- Which One Should You Use.md b/sources/tech/20210311 Linux Mint Cinnamon vs MATE vs Xfce- Which One Should You Use.md index a4cb0012a1..772e36ef6f 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20210311 Linux Mint Cinnamon vs MATE vs Xfce- Which One Should You Use.md +++ b/sources/tech/20210311 Linux Mint Cinnamon vs MATE vs Xfce- Which One Should You Use.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ [#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/linux-mint-cinnamon-mate-xfce/) [#]: author: (Dimitrios https://itsfoss.com/author/dimitrios/) [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (wxy) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From cce5e73947ec4652dd97e6d09905e38b2892c2d3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Fri, 12 Mar 2021 17:57:39 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 184/309] TSL&PRF --- ... MATE vs Xfce- Which One Should You Use.md | 187 ------------------ ... MATE vs Xfce- Which One Should You Use.md | 173 ++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 173 insertions(+), 187 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20210311 Linux Mint Cinnamon vs MATE vs Xfce- Which One Should You Use.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20210311 Linux Mint Cinnamon vs MATE vs Xfce- Which One Should You Use.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210311 Linux Mint Cinnamon vs MATE vs Xfce- Which One Should You Use.md b/sources/tech/20210311 Linux Mint Cinnamon vs MATE vs Xfce- Which One Should You Use.md deleted file mode 100644 index 772e36ef6f..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20210311 Linux Mint Cinnamon vs MATE vs Xfce- Which One Should You Use.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,187 +0,0 @@ -[#]: subject: (Linux Mint Cinnamon vs MATE vs Xfce: Which One Should You Use?) -[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/linux-mint-cinnamon-mate-xfce/) -[#]: author: (Dimitrios https://itsfoss.com/author/dimitrios/) -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (wxy) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) - -Linux Mint Cinnamon vs MATE vs Xfce: Which One Should You Use? -====== - -Linux Mint is undoubtedly [one of the best Linux distributions for beginners][1]. This is especially true for Windows users that walking their first steps to Linux world. - -Since 2006, the year that Linux Mint made its first release, a selection of [tools][2] has been developed to enhance user experience. Furthermore, Linux Mint is based on Ubuntu, so you have a large community of users to seek help. - -I am not going to discuss how good Linux Mint is. If you have already made your mind to [install Linux Mint][3], you probably get a little confused on the [download section][4] on its website. - -It gives you three options to choose from: Cinnamon, MATE and Xfce. Confused? I’ll help you with that in this article. - -![][5] - -If you are absolutely new to Linux and have no idea about what the above things are, I recommend you to understand a bit on [what is a desktop environment in Linux][6]. And if you could spare some more minutes, read this excellent explanation on [what is Linux and why there are so many of Linux operating systems that look similar to each other][7]. - -With that information, you are ready to understand the difference between the various Linux Mint editions. If you are unsure which to choose, with this article I will help you to make a conscious choice. - -### Which Linux Mint version should you choose? - -![][8] - -Briefly, the available choices are the following: - - * **Cinnamon desktop:** A modern touch on traditional desktop - * **MATE desktop:** A traditional looking desktop resembling the GNOME 2 era. - * **Xfce desktop:** A popular lightweight desktop environment. - - - -Let’s have a look at the Mint variants one by one. - -#### Linux Mint Cinnamon edition - -Cinnamon desktop is developed by Linux Mint team and clearly it is the flagship edition of Linux Mint. - -Almost a decade back when the GNOME desktop opted for the unconventional UI with GNOME 3, Cinnamon development was started to keep the traditional looks of the desktop by forking some components of GNOME 2. - -Many Linux users like Cinnamon for its similarity with Windows 7 like interface. - -![Linux Mint Cinnamon desktop][9] - -##### Performance and responsiveness - -The cinnamon desktop performance has improved from the past releases but without an SSD you can feel a bit sluggish. The last time I used cinnamon desktop was in version 4.4.8, the RAM consumption right after boot was around 750mb. There is a huge improvement in the current version 4.8.6, reduced by 100mb after boot. - -To get the best user experience, a dual-core CPU with 4 GB of RAM as a minimum should be considered. - -![Linux Mint 20 Cinnamon idle system stats][10] - -##### Pros - - * Seamless switch from Windows - * Pleasing aesthetics - * Highly [customizable][11] - - - -##### Cons - - * May still not be ideal if you have a system with 2 GB RAM - - - -**Bonus Tip**: If you prefer Debian instead of Ubuntu you have the option of [Linux Mint Debian Edition][12]. The main difference between LMDE and Debian with Cinnamon desktop is that LMDE ships the latest desktop environment to its repositories. - -#### Linux Mint Mate edition - -[MATE desktop environment][13] shares a similar story as it aims to maintain and support the GNOME 2 code base and applications. The Look and feel is very similar to GNOME 2. - -In my opinion, the best implementation of MATE desktop is by far [Ubuntu MATE][14]. In Linux Mint you get a customized version of MATE desktop, which is in line with Cinnamon aesthetics and not to the traditional GNOME 2 set out. - -![Screenshot of Linux Mint MATE desktop][15] - -##### Performance and responsiveness - -MATE desktop has a reputation of its lightweight nature and there is no doubt about that. Compared to Cinnamon desktop, the CPU usage always remains a bit lower, and this can be translated to a better battery life on a laptop. - -Although it doesn’t feel as snappy as Xfce (in my opinion), but not to an extent to compromise user experience. RAM consumption starts under 500mb which is impressive for a feature rich desktop environment. - -![Linux Mint 20 MATE idle system stats][16] - -##### Pros - - * Lightweight desktop without compromising on [features][17] - * Enough [customization][18] potential - - - -##### Cons - - * Traditional looks may give you a dated feel - - - -#### Linux Mint Xfce edition - -XFCE project started in 1996 inspired by the [Common Desktop Environment][19] of UNIX. XFCE” stands for “[XForms][20] Common Environment”, but since it no longer uses the XForms toolkit, the name is spelled as “Xfce”. - -It aims to be fast, lightweight and easy to use. Xfce is the flagship desktop of many popular Linux distributions like [Manjaro][21] and [MX Linux][22]. - -Linux Mint offers a polished Xfce desktop but can’t match the beauty of Cinnamon desktop even in a Dark theme. - -![Linux Mint 20 Xfce desktop][23] - -##### Performance and responsiveness - -Xfce is the leanest desktop environment Linux Mint has to offer. By clicking the start menu, the settings control panel or exploring the bottom panel you will notice that this is a simple yet a flexible desktop environment. - -Despite I find minimalism a positive attribute, Xfce is not an eye candy, leaving a more traditional taste. For some users a classic desktop environment is the one to go for. - -At the first boot the ram usage is similar to MATE desktop but not quite as good. If your computer isn’t equipped with an SSD, Xfce desktop environment can resurrect your system. - -![Linux Mint 20 Xfce idle system stats][24] - -##### Pros - - * Simple to use - * Very lightweight – suitable for older hardware - * Rock-solid stable - - - -##### Cons - - * Outdated look - * May not have as much customization to offer in comparison to Cinnamon - - - -#### Conclusion - -Since all these three desktop environments are based on GTK toolkit, the choice is purely a matter of taste. All of them are easy on system resources and perform well for a modest system with 4 GB RAM. Xfce and MATE can go a bit lower by supporting systems with as low as 2 GB RAM. - -Linux Mint is not the only distribution that provides multiple choices. Distros like Manjaro, Fedora and [Ubuntu have various flavors][25] to choose from as well. - -If you still cannot make your mind, I’ll say go with the default Cinnamon edition first and try to [use Linux Mint in a virtual box][26]. See if you like the look and feel. If not, you can test other variants in the same fashion. If you decide on the version, you can go on and [install it on your main system][3]. - -I hope I was able to help you with this article. If you still have questions or suggestions on this topic, please leave a comment below. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://itsfoss.com/linux-mint-cinnamon-mate-xfce/ - -作者：[Dimitrios][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/dimitrios/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://itsfoss.com/best-linux-beginners/ -[2]: https://linuxmint-developer-guide.readthedocs.io/en/latest/mint-tools.html# -[3]: https://itsfoss.com/install-linux-mint/ -[4]: https://linuxmint.com/download.php -[5]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/linux-mint-version-options.png?resize=789%2C277&ssl=1 -[6]: https://itsfoss.com/what-is-desktop-environment/ -[7]: https://itsfoss.com/what-is-linux/ -[8]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Linux-Mint-variants.jpg?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1 -[9]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/linux-mint-20.1-cinnamon.jpg?resize=800%2C500&ssl=1 -[10]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Linux-Mint-20-Cinnamon-ram-usage.png?resize=800%2C600&ssl=1 -[11]: https://itsfoss.com/customize-cinnamon-desktop/ -[12]: https://itsfoss.com/lmde-4-release/ -[13]: https://mate-desktop.org/ -[14]: https://itsfoss.com/ubuntu-mate-20-04-review/ -[15]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/linux-mint-mate.jpg?resize=800%2C500&ssl=1 -[16]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Linux-Mint-20-MATE-ram-usage.png?resize=800%2C600&ssl=1 -[17]: https://mate-desktop.org/blog/2020-02-10-mate-1-24-released/ -[18]: https://itsfoss.com/ubuntu-mate-customization/ -[19]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Desktop_Environment -[20]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XForms_(toolkit) -[21]: https://itsfoss.com/manjaro-linux-review/ -[22]: https://itsfoss.com/mx-linux-19/ -[23]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/linux-mint-xfce.jpg?resize=800%2C500&ssl=1 -[24]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Linux-Mint-20-Xfce-ram-usage.png?resize=800%2C600&ssl=1 -[25]: https://itsfoss.com/which-ubuntu-install/ -[26]: https://itsfoss.com/install-linux-mint-in-virtualbox/ diff --git a/translated/tech/20210311 Linux Mint Cinnamon vs MATE vs Xfce- Which One Should You Use.md b/translated/tech/20210311 Linux Mint Cinnamon vs MATE vs Xfce- Which One Should You Use.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..29dae9e0b5 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20210311 Linux Mint Cinnamon vs MATE vs Xfce- Which One Should You Use.md @@ -0,0 +1,173 @@ +[#]: subject: (Linux Mint Cinnamon vs MATE vs Xfce: Which One Should You Use?) +[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/linux-mint-cinnamon-mate-xfce/) +[#]: author: (Dimitrios https://itsfoss.com/author/dimitrios/) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (wxy) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +Cinnamon vs MATE vs Xfce：你应该选择那一个 Linux Mint 口味？ +====== + +Linux Mint 无疑是 [最适合初学者的 Linux 发行版之一][1]。尤其是对于刚刚迈向 Linux 世界的 Windows 用户来说，更是如此。 + +2006 年以来（也就是 Linux Mint 首次发布的那一年），他们开发了一系列的提高用户的体验的 [工具][2]。此外，Linux Mint 是基于 Ubuntu 的，所以你有一个可以寻求帮助的庞大的用户社区。 + +我不打算讨论 Linux Mint 有多好。如果你已经下定决心 [安装Linux Mint][3]，你可能会对它网站上的 [下载部分][4] 感到有些困惑。 + +它给了你三个选择：Cinnamon、MATE 和 Xfce。不知道该如何选择吗？我将在本文中帮你解决这个问题。 + +![][5] + +如果你是个 Linux 的绝对新手，对上面的东西一无所知，我建议你了解一下 [什么是 Linux 桌面环境][6]。如果你能再多花点时间，请阅读这篇关于 [什么是 Linux，以及为什么有这么多看起来相似的 Linux 操作系统][7] 的优秀解释。 + +有了这些信息，你就可以了解各种 Linux Mint 版本之间的区别了。如果你不知道该选择哪一个，通过这篇文章，我将帮助你做出一个有意识的选择。 + +### 你应该选择哪个 Linux Mint 版本？ + +![][8] + +简单来说，可供选择的有以下几种： + + * **Cinnamon 桌面**：具有现代感的传统桌面。 + * **MATE 桌面**：类似 GNOME 2 时代的传统外观桌面。 + * **Xfce 桌面**：一个流行的轻量级桌面环境。 + +我们来逐一看看 Mint 的各个变种。 + +#### Linux Mint Cinnamon 版 + +Cinnamon 桌面是由 Linux Mint 团队开发的，显然它是 Linux Mint 的主力版本。 + +早在近十年前，当 GNOME 桌面选择了非常规的 GNOME 3 用户界面时，人们就开始了 Cinnamon 的开发，通过复刻 GNOME 2 的一些组件来保持桌面的传统外观。 + +很多 Linux 用户喜欢 Cinnamon，就是因为它有像 Windows 7 一样的界面。 + +![Linux Mint Cinnamon desktop][9] + +##### 性能和相应能力 + +Cinnamon 桌面的性能比过去的版本有所提高，但如果没有固态硬盘，你会觉得有点迟钝。上一次我使用 Cinnamon 桌面是在 4.4.8 版，开机后的内存消耗在 750MB 左右。现在的 4.8.6 版有了很大的改进，开机后减少了 100MB 内存消耗。 + +为了获得最佳的用户体验，应该考虑双核 CPU，最低 4GB 内存。 + +![Linux Mint 20 Cinnamon idle system stats][10] + +##### 优势 + + * 从 Windows 无缝切换 + * 赏心悦目 + * 高度 [可定制][11] + +##### 劣势 + + * 如果你的系统只有 2GB 内存，可能还是不够理想 + +**附加建议**：如果你喜欢 Debian 而不是 Ubuntu，你可以选择 [Linux Mint Debian 版][12]（LMDE）。LMDE 和带有 Cinnamon 桌面的 Debian 主要区别在于 LMDE 向其仓库提供最新的桌面环境。 + +#### Linux Mint Mate 版 + +[MATE 桌面环境][13] 也有类似的故事，它的目的是维护和支持 GNOME 2 的代码库和应用程序。它的外观和感觉与 GNOME 2 非常相似。 + +在我看来，到目前为止，MATE 桌面的最佳实现是 [Ubuntu MATE][14]。在 Linux Mint 中，你会得到一个定制版的 MATE 桌面，它符合 Cinnamon 美学，而不是传统的 GNOME 2 设定。 + +![Screenshot of Linux Mint MATE desktop][15] + +##### 性能和响应能力 + +MATE 桌面以轻薄著称，这一点毋庸置疑。与 Cinnamon 桌面相比，其 CPU 的使用率始终保持在较低的水平，换言之，在笔记本电脑上会有更好的电池续航时间。 + +虽然感觉没有 Xfce 那么敏捷（在我看来），但不至于影响用户体验。内存消耗在 500MB 以下起步，这对于功能丰富的桌面环境来说是令人印象深刻的。 + +![Linux Mint 20 MATE idle system stats][16] + +##### 优势 + + * 不影响 [功能][17] 的轻量级桌面 + * 足够的 [定制化][18] 可能性 + +##### 劣势 + + * 传统的外观可能会给你一种过时的感觉 + +#### Linux Mint Xfce 版 + +Xfce 项目始于 1996 年，受到了 UNIX 的 [通用桌面环境（CDE）][19] 的启发。Xfce 是 “[XForms][20] Common Environment” 的缩写，但由于它不再使用 XForms 工具箱，所以名字拼写为 “Xfce”。 + +它的目标是快速、轻量级和易于使用。Xfce 是许多流行的 Linux 发行版的主要桌面，如 [Manjaro][21] 和 [MX Linux][22]。 + +Linux Mint 提供了一个精致的 Xfce 桌面，但即使是黑暗主题也无法与 Cinnamon 桌面的美感相比。 + +![Linux Mint 20 Xfce desktop][23] + +##### 性能和响应能力 + +Xfce 是 Linux Mint 提供的最精简的桌面环境。通过点击开始菜单、设置控制面板或探索底部面板，你会发现这是一个简单而又灵活的桌面环境。 + +尽管我觉得极简主义是一个积极的属性，但 Xfce 并不是一个养眼的产品，反而留下的是比较传统的味道。但对于一些用户来说，经典的桌面环境才是他们的首选。 + +在第一次开机时，内存的使用情况与 MATE 桌面类似，但并不尽如人意。如果你的电脑没有配备 SSD，Xfce 桌面环境可以让你的系统复活。 + +![Linux Mint 20 Xfce idle system stats][24] + +##### 优势 + + * 使用简单 + * 非常轻巧，适合老式硬件 + * 坚如磐石的稳定 + +##### 劣势 + + * 过时的外观 + * 与 Cinnamon 相比，可能没有那么多的定制化服务 + +### 总结 + +由于这三款桌面环境都是基于 GTK 工具包的，所以选择哪个纯属个人喜好。它们都很节约系统资源，对于 4GB 内存的适度系统来说，表现良好。Xfce 和 MATE 可以更低一些，支持低至 2GB 内存的系统。 + +Linux Mint 并不是唯一提供多种选择的发行版。Manjaro、Fedora和 [Ubuntu 等发行版也有各种口味][25] 可供选择。 + +如果你还是无法下定决心，我建议先选择默认的 Cinnamon 版，并尝试 [在虚拟机中使用 Linux Mint][26]。看看你是否喜欢这个外观和感觉。如果不喜欢，你可以用同样的方式测试其他变体。如果你决定了这个版本，你可以继续 [在你的主系统上安装它][3]。 + +希望我的这篇文章能够帮助到你。如果你对这个话题还有疑问或建议，请在下方留言。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/linux-mint-cinnamon-mate-xfce/ + +作者：[Dimitrios][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/dimitrios/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://itsfoss.com/best-linux-beginners/ +[2]: https://linuxmint-developer-guide.readthedocs.io/en/latest/mint-tools.html# +[3]: https://itsfoss.com/install-linux-mint/ +[4]: https://linuxmint.com/download.php +[5]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/linux-mint-version-options.png?resize=789%2C277&ssl=1 +[6]: https://itsfoss.com/what-is-desktop-environment/ +[7]: https://itsfoss.com/what-is-linux/ +[8]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Linux-Mint-variants.jpg?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1 +[9]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/linux-mint-20.1-cinnamon.jpg?resize=800%2C500&ssl=1 +[10]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Linux-Mint-20-Cinnamon-ram-usage.png?resize=800%2C600&ssl=1 +[11]: https://itsfoss.com/customize-cinnamon-desktop/ +[12]: https://itsfoss.com/lmde-4-release/ +[13]: https://mate-desktop.org/ +[14]: https://itsfoss.com/ubuntu-mate-20-04-review/ +[15]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/linux-mint-mate.jpg?resize=800%2C500&ssl=1 +[16]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Linux-Mint-20-MATE-ram-usage.png?resize=800%2C600&ssl=1 +[17]: https://mate-desktop.org/blog/2020-02-10-mate-1-24-released/ +[18]: https://itsfoss.com/ubuntu-mate-customization/ +[19]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Desktop_Environment +[20]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XForms_(toolkit) +[21]: https://itsfoss.com/manjaro-linux-review/ +[22]: https://itsfoss.com/mx-linux-19/ +[23]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/linux-mint-xfce.jpg?resize=800%2C500&ssl=1 +[24]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Linux-Mint-20-Xfce-ram-usage.png?resize=800%2C600&ssl=1 +[25]: https://itsfoss.com/which-ubuntu-install/ +[26]: https://itsfoss.com/install-linux-mint-in-virtualbox/ From a02f7ab2d4fc3486fba6c680e4f15dbd1e311ee1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Fri, 12 Mar 2021 22:30:34 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 185/309] PRF @geekpi --- ...20210304 An Introduction to WebAssembly.md | 41 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 20 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20210304 An Introduction to WebAssembly.md b/translated/tech/20210304 An Introduction to WebAssembly.md index d7aa94a2ea..6945046cfd 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20210304 An Introduction to WebAssembly.md +++ b/translated/tech/20210304 An Introduction to WebAssembly.md @@ -1,62 +1,61 @@ [#]: subject: (An Introduction to WebAssembly) [#]: via: (https://www.linux.com/news/an-introduction-to-webassembly/) -[#]: author: (Dan Brown https://training.linuxfoundation.org/announcements/an-introduction-to-webassembly/) +[#]: author: (Marco Fioretti https://training.linuxfoundation.org/announcements/an-introduction-to-webassembly/) [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) WebAssembly 介绍 ====== -_Marco Fioretti 编写_ +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/202103/12/222938jww882da88oqzays.jpg) -## **到底什么是 WebAssembly？** +### 到底什么是 WebAssembly？ -[WebAssembly，也叫 Wasm][1]，是一种 Web 优化的代码格式和 API（应用编程接口），它可以大大提高网站的性能和能力。WebAssembly 的 1.0 版本，于 2017 年发布，并于 2019 年成为 W3C 官方标准。 +[WebAssembly][1]，也叫 Wasm，是一种为 Web 优化的代码格式和 API（应用编程接口），它可以大大提高网站的性能和能力。WebAssembly 的 1.0 版本于 2017 年发布，并于 2019 年成为 W3C 官方标准。 -该标准得到了所有主流浏览器供应商的积极支持，原因显而易见：官方列出的[“浏览器内部”用例][2]中提到了，其中包括视频编辑、3D 游戏、虚拟和增强现实、p2p 服务和科学模拟。除了让浏览器的功能比J avaScript 强大得多，该标准甚至可以延长网站的寿命：例如，正是 WebAssembly 为[互联网档案馆的 Flash 动画和游戏][3]提供了持续的支持。 +该标准得到了所有主流浏览器供应商的积极支持，原因显而易见：官方列出的 [“浏览器内部”用例][2] 中提到了，其中包括视频编辑、3D 游戏、虚拟和增强现实、p2p 服务和科学模拟。除了让浏览器的功能比JavaScript 强大得多，该标准甚至可以延长网站的寿命：例如，正是 WebAssembly 为 [互联网档案馆的 Flash 动画和游戏][3] 提供了持续的支持。 不过，WebAssembly 并不只用于浏览器，目前它还被用于移动和基于边缘环境的 Cloudflare Workers 等产品中。 -## **WebAssembly 如何工作** +### WebAssembly 如何工作？ -.wasm 格式的文件包含低级二进制指令（字节码），可由使用通用栈的虚拟机以“接近 CPU 原生速度”执行。这些代码被打包成模块，也就是可以被浏览器直接执行的对象。每个模块可以被一个网页多次实例化。模块内部定义的函数被列在一个专用数组中，或称为 Table，相应的数据被包含在另一个结构中，称为 arraybuffer。开发者可以通过 Javascript WebAssembly.memory() 的调用，为 .wasm 代码显式分配内存。 +.wasm 格式的文件包含低级二进制指令（字节码），可由使用通用栈的虚拟机以“接近 CPU 原生速度”执行。这些代码被打包成模块（可以被浏览器直接执行的对象），每个模块可以被一个网页多次实例化。模块内部定义的函数被列在一个专用数组中，或称为表Table，相应的数据被包含在另一个结构中，称为 缓存数组arraybuffer。开发者可以通过 Javascript `WebAssembly.memory()` 的调用，为 .wasm 代码显式分配内存。 -.wasm 格式的纯文本版本可以大大简化学习和调试，同样也可以使用。然而，WebAssembly 并不是真的要供人直接使用。从技术上讲，.wasm 只是一个与浏览器兼容的**编译目标**：一种软件编译器可以自动翻译用高级编程语言编写的代码的格式。 +.wasm 格式也有纯文本版本，它可以大大简化学习和调试。然而，WebAssembly 并不是真的要供人直接使用。从技术上讲，.wasm 只是一个与浏览器兼容的**编译目标**：一种用高级编程语言编写的软件编译器可以自动翻译的代码格式。 -这种选择正是使开发人员能够使用数十亿人熟悉的语言（C/C++、Python、Go、Rust 等）直接为用户界面进行编程的方式，但以前浏览器无法对其进行有效利用。更妙的是，程序员将得到这些，至少在理论上无需直接查看 WebAssembly 代码，也无需担心（因为目标是一个**虚拟**机）物理 CPU 将实际运行他们的代码。 +这种选择正是使开发人员能够使用数十亿人熟悉的语言（C/C++、Python、Go、Rust 等）直接为用户界面进行编程的方式，但以前浏览器无法对其进行有效利用。更妙的是，至少在理论上程序员可以利用它们，无需直接查看 WebAssembly 代码，也无需担心物理 CPU 实际运行他们的代码（因为目标是一个**虚拟**机）。 -## **但是我们已经有了 JavaScript，我们真的需要 WebAssembly 吗？** +### 但是我们已经有了 JavaScript，我们真的需要 WebAssembly 吗？ 是的，有几个原因。首先，作为二进制指令，.wasm 文件比同等功能的 JavaScript 文件小得多，下载速度也快得多。最重要的是，Javascript 文件必须在浏览器将其转换为其内部虚拟机可用的字节码之前进行完全解析和验证。 而 .wasm 文件则可以一次性验证和编译，从而使“流式编译”成为可能：浏览器在开始**下载它们**的那一刻就可以开始编译和执行它们，就像串流电影一样。 -这就是说，并不是所有可以想到的 WebAssembly 应用肯定会比由专业程序员手动优化的等效 JavaScript 应用更快或更小。例如，如果一些 .wasm 需要包含 JavaScript 不需要的库，这种情况可能会发生。 +这就是说，并不是所有可以想到的 WebAssembly 应用都肯定会比由专业程序员手动优化的等效 JavaScript 应用更快或更小。例如，如果一些 .wasm 需要包含 JavaScript 不需要的库，这种情况可能会发生。 -## **WebAssembly 是否会让 JavaScript 过时？** +### WebAssembly 是否会让 JavaScript 过时？ -一句话：不会。当然暂时不会，至少在浏览器内不会。WebAssembly 模块仍然需要 JavaScript，因为在设计上它们不能访问文档对象模型 （DOM），也就是[主要用于修改网页的 API][4]。此外，.wasm 代码不能进行系统调用或读取浏览器的内存。WebAssembly 只能在沙箱中运行，一般来说，它能与外界的交互甚至比 JavaScript 更少，而且只能通过 JavaScript 接口进行。 +一句话：不会。暂时不会，至少在浏览器内不会。WebAssembly 模块仍然需要 JavaScript，因为在设计上它们不能访问文档对象模型 （DOM）—— [主要用于修改网页的 API][4]。此外，.wasm 代码不能进行系统调用或读取浏览器的内存。WebAssembly 只能在沙箱中运行，一般来说，它能与外界的交互甚至比 JavaScript 更少，而且只能通过 JavaScript 接口进行。 因此，至少在不久的将来 .wasm 模块将只是通过 JavaScript 提供那些如果用 JavaScript 语言编写会消耗更多带宽、内存或 CPU 时间的部分。 -## **网络浏览器如何运行 WebAssembly** +### Web 浏览器如何运行 WebAssembly？ -一般来说，浏览器至少需要两块来处理动态应用：运行应用代码的虚拟机 （VM），以及可以同时修改浏览器行为和网页显示的 API。 +一般来说，浏览器至少需要两块来处理动态应用：运行应用代码的虚拟机（VM），以及可以同时修改浏览器行为和网页显示的 API。 现代浏览器内部的虚拟机通过以下方式同时支持 JavaScript 和 WebAssembly： 1. 浏览器下载一个用 HTML 标记语言编写的网页，然后进行渲染 2. 如果该 HTML 调用 JavaScript 代码，浏览器的虚拟机就会执行该代码。但是... 3. 如果 JavaScript 代码中包含了 WebAssembly 模块的实例，那么就按照上面的描述获取该实例，然后根据需要通过 JavaScript 的 WebAssembly API 来使用该实例 - 4. 当 WebAssembly 代码产生的东西将修改 DOM 即“宿主”网页的结构，JavaScript 代码就会接收到，并继续进行实际的修改。 + 4. 当 WebAssembly 代码产生的东西将修改 DOM（即“宿主”网页）的结构，JavaScript 代码就会接收到，并继续进行实际的修改。 +### 我如何才能创建可用的 WebAssembly 代码？ -## **我如何才能创建可用的 WebAssembly 代码？** - -越来越多的编程语言社区支持直接编译到 Wasm，我们建议从 webassembly.org 的[入门指南][5]开始，这取决于你使用什么语言。请注意，并不是所有的编程语言都有相同水平的 Wasm 支持，因此你的工作量可能会有所不同。  +越来越多的编程语言社区支持直接编译到 Wasm，我们建议从 webassembly.org 的 [入门指南][5] 开始，这取决于你使用什么语言。请注意，并不是所有的编程语言都有相同水平的 Wasm 支持，因此你的工作量可能会有所不同。  我们计划在未来几个月内发布一系列文章，提供更多关于 WebAssembly 的信息。要自己开始使用它，你可以报名参加 Linux 基金会的免费 [WebAssembly 介绍][6]在线培训课程。 @@ -69,7 +68,7 @@ via: https://www.linux.com/news/an-introduction-to-webassembly/ 作者：[Dan Brown][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 1a9828f56df92d23bb3c7760165110ec0426c22d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Fri, 12 Mar 2021 22:31:06 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 186/309] PUB @geekpi https://linux.cn/article-13197-1.html --- .../20210304 An Introduction to WebAssembly.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20210304 An Introduction to WebAssembly.md (98%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20210304 An Introduction to WebAssembly.md b/published/20210304 An Introduction to WebAssembly.md similarity index 98% rename from translated/tech/20210304 An Introduction to WebAssembly.md rename to published/20210304 An Introduction to WebAssembly.md index 6945046cfd..a949407612 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20210304 An Introduction to WebAssembly.md +++ b/published/20210304 An Introduction to WebAssembly.md @@ -4,8 +4,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-13197-1.html) WebAssembly 介绍 ====== From e377142683efb6e4739f166d77831c3086c67d66 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Sat, 13 Mar 2021 05:08:08 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 187/309] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020210312=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Build=20a=20router=20with=20mobile=20connectivity=20using=20Ras?= =?UTF-8?q?pberry=20Pi?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20210312 Build a router with mobile connectivity using Raspberry Pi.md --- ... mobile connectivity using Raspberry Pi.md | 303 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 303 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20210312 Build a router with mobile connectivity using Raspberry Pi.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210312 Build a router with mobile connectivity using Raspberry Pi.md b/sources/tech/20210312 Build a router with mobile connectivity using Raspberry Pi.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..13621bbcd5 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20210312 Build a router with mobile connectivity using Raspberry Pi.md @@ -0,0 +1,303 @@ +[#]: subject: (Build a router with mobile connectivity using Raspberry Pi) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/3/router-raspberry-pi) +[#]: author: (Lukas Janėnas https://opensource.com/users/lukasjan) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +Build a router with mobile connectivity using Raspberry Pi +====== +Use OpenWRT to get more control over your network's router. +![Mesh networking connected dots][1] + +The Raspberry Pi is a small, single-board computer that, despite being the size of a credit card, is capable of doing a lot of things. In reality, this little computer can be almost anything you want to be. You just need to open up your imagination. + +Raspberry Pi enthusiasts have made many different projects, from simple programs to complex automation projects and solutions like weather stations or even smart-home devices. This article will show how to turn your Raspberry Pi into a router with LTE mobile connectivity using the OpenWRT project. + +### About OpenWRT and LTE + +[OpenWRT][2] is an open source project that uses Linux to target embedded devices. It's been around for more than 15 years and has a large and active community. + +There are many ways to use OpenWRT, but its main purpose is in routers. It provides a fully writable filesystem with package management, and because it is open source, you can see and modify the code and contribute to the ecosystem. If you would like to have more control over your router, this is the system you want to use. + +Long-term evolution (LTE) is a standard for wireless broadband communication based on the GSM/EDGE and UMTS/HSPA technologies. The LTE modem I'm using is a USB device that can add 3G or 4G (LTE) cellular connectivity to a Raspberry Pi computer. + +![Teltonika TRM240 modem][3] + +(Lukas Janenas, [CC BY-SA 4.0][4]) + +### Prerequisites + +For this project, you will need: + + * A Raspberry Pi with a power cable + * A computer, preferably running Linux + * A microSD card with at least 16GB + * An Ethernet cable + * An LTE modem (I am using a Teltonika [TRM240][5]) + * A SIM card for mobile connectivity + + + +### Install OpenWRT + +To get started, download the latest [Raspberry Pi-compatible release of OpenWRT][6]. On the OpenWRT site, you see four images: two with **ext4** and two with **squashfs** filesystems. I use the **ext4** filesystem. You can download either the **factory** or **sysupgrade** image; both work great. + +![OpenWRT image files][7] + +(Lukas Janenas, [CC BY-SA 4.0][4]) + +Once you download the image, you need to extract it and install it on the SD card by [following these instructions][8]. It can take some time to install the firmware, so be patient. Once it's finished, there will be two partitions on your microSD card. One is used for the bootloader and the other one for the OpenWRT system. + +### Boot up the system + +To boot up your new system, insert the microSD card into the Raspberry Pi, connect the Pi to your router (or a switch) with an Ethernet cable, and power it on. + +If you're experienced with the Raspberry Pi, you may be used to accessing it through a terminal over SSH, or just by connecting it to a monitor and keyboard. OpenWRT works a little differently. You interact with this software through a web browser, so you must be able to access your Pi over your network. + +By default, the Raspberry Pi uses this IP address: 192.168.1.1. The computer you use to configure the Pi must be on the same subnet as the Pi. If your network doesn't use 192.168.1.x addresses, or if you're unsure, open **Settings** in GNOME, navigate to network settings, select **Manual**, and enter the following IP address and Netmask: + + * **IP address:** 192.168.1.15 + * **Netmask:** 255.255.255.0 + + + +![IP addresses][9] + +(Lukas Janenas, [CC BY-SA 4.0][4]) + +Open a web browser on your computer and navigate to 192.168.1.1. This opens an authentication page so you can log in to your Pi. + +![OpenWRT login page][10] + +(Lukas Janenas, [CC BY-SA 4.0][4]) + +No password is required yet, so just click the **Login** button to continue. + +### Configure network connection + +The Raspberry Pi has only one Ethernet port, while normal routers have a couple of them: one for WAN (wired area network) and the other for LAN (local area network). You have two options: + + 1. Use your Ethernet port for network connectivity + 2. Use WiFi for network connectivity + + + +**To use Ethernet:** + +Should you decide to use Ethernet, navigate to **Network → Interfaces**. On the configuration page, press the blue **Edit** button that is associated with the **LAN** interface. + +![LAN interface][11] + +(Lukas Janenas, [CC BY-SA 4.0][4]) + +A pop-up window should appear. In that window, you need to enter the IP address to match the subnet of the router to which you will connect the Raspberry Pi. Change the Netmask, if needed, and enter the IP address of the router the Raspberry Pi will connect to. + +![Enter IP in the LAN interface][12] + +(Lukas Janenas, [CC BY-SA 4.0][4]) + +Save this configuration and connect your Pi to the router over Ethernet. You can now reach the Raspberry Pi with this new IP address. + +Be sure to set a password for your OpenWRT router before you put it into production use! + +**To use WiFi** + +If you would like to connect the Raspberry Pi to the internet through WiFi, navigate to **Network → Wireless**. In the **Wireless** menu, press the blue **Scan** button to locate your home network. + +![Scan the network][13] + +(Lukas Janenas, [CC BY-SA 4.0][4]) + +In the pop-up window, find your WiFi network and connect to it. Don't forget to **Save and Apply** the configuration. + +In the **Network → Interfaces** section, you should see a new interface. + +![New interface][14] + +(Lukas Janenas, [CC BY-SA 4.0][4]) + +Be sure to set a password for your OpenWRT router before you put it into production use! + +### Install the necessary packages + +By default, the router doesn't have a lot of packages. OpenWRT offers a package manager with a selection of packages you need to install. Navigate to **System → Software** and update your package manager by pressing the button labeled "**Update lists…**". + +![Updating packages][15] + +(Lukas Janenas, [CC BY-SA 4.0][4]) + +You will see a lot of packages; you need to install these: + + * usb-modeswitch + * kmod-mii + * kmod-usb-net + * kmod-usb-wdm + * kmod-usb-serial + * kmod-usb-serial-option + * kmod-usb-serial-wwan (if it's not installed) + + + +Additionally, [download this modemmanager package][16] and install it by pressing the button labeled **Upload Package…** in the pop-up window. Reboot the Raspberry Pi for the packages to take effect. + +### Set up the mobile interface + +After all those packages are installed, you can set up the mobile interface. Before connecting the modem to the Raspberry Pi read, the [modem instructions][17] to set it up. Then connect your mobile modem to the Raspberry Pi and wait a little until the modem boots up. + +Navigate to **Network → Interface**. At the bottom of the page, press the **Add new interface…** button. In the pop-up window, give your interface a name (e.g., **mobile**) and select **ModemManager** from the drop-down list. + +![Add a new mobile interface][18] + +(Lukas Janenas, [CC BY-SA 4.0][4]) + +Press the button labeled **Create Interface**. You should see a new pop-up window. This is the main window for configuring the interface. In this window, select your modem and enter any other information like an Access Point Name (APN) or a PIN. + +![Configuring the interface][19] + +(Lukas Janenas, [CC BY-SA 4.0][4]) + +**Note:** If no modem devices appear in the list, try rebooting your Raspberry Pi or installing the kmod-usb-net-qmi-wwan package. + +When you are done configuring your interface, press **Save** and then **Save and Apply**. Give some time for the system to take effect. If everything went well, you should see something like this. + +![Configured interface][20] + +(Lukas Janenas, [CC BY-SA 4.0][4]) + +If you want to check your internet connection over this interface, you can use ssh to connect to your Raspberry Pi shell. In the terminal, enter: + + +``` +`ssh root@192.168.1.1` +``` + +The default IP address is 192.168.1.1; if you changed it, then use that IP address to connect. When connected, execute this command in the terminal: + + +``` +`ping -I ppp0 google.com` +``` + +If everything is working, then you should receive pings back from Google's servers. + +![Terminal interface][21] + +(Lukas Janenas, [CC BY-SA 4.0][4]) + +**ppp0** is the default interface name for the mobile interface you created. You can check your interfaces using **ifconfig**. It shows active interfaces only. + +### Set up the firewall + +To get the mobile interface working, you need to configure a firewall for the **mobile** interface and the **lan** interface to direct traffic to the correct interface. + +Navigate to **Network → Firewall**. At the bottom of the page, you should see a section called **Zones**. + +![Firewall zones][22] + +(Lukas Janenas, [CC BY-SA 4.0][4]) + +The simplest way to configure the firewall is to adjust the **wan** zone. Press the **Edit** button and in the **Covered networks** option, select your **mobile** interface, and **Save and Apply** your configuration. If you don't want to use WiFi to connect to the internet, you can remove **wwan** from the **Covered networks** or disable the WiFi connection. + +![Firewall zone settings][23] + +(Lukas Janenas, [CC BY-SA 4.0][4]) + +If you want to set up individual zones for each interface, just create a new zone and assign the necessary interfaces. For example, you may want to have a mobile zone that covers the mobile interface and is used to forward LAN interface traffic through it. Press the **Add** button, then **Name** your zone, check the **Masquerading** check box, select **Covered Networks**, and choose which zones can forward their traffic. + +![Firewall zone settings][24] + +(Lukas Janenas, [CC BY-SA 4.0][4]) + +Then **Save and Apply** the changes. Now you have a new zone. + +### Set up an Access Point + +The last step is to configure a network with an Access Point for your devices to connect to the internet. To set up an Access Point, navigate to **Network → Wireless**. You will see a WiFi device interface, a disabled Access Point named **OpenWRT**, and a connection that is used to connect to the internet over WiFi (if you didn't disable or delete it earlier). On the **Disable** interface, press the **Edit** button, then **Enable** the interface. + +![Enabling wireless network][25] + +(Lukas Janenas, [CC BY-SA 4.0][4]) + +If you want, you can change the interface name by editing the **ESSID** option. You can also select which network it will be associated with. By default, it with be associated with the **lan** interface. + +![Configuring the interface][26] + +(Lukas Janenas, [CC BY-SA 4.0][4]) + +To add a password for this interface, select the **Wireless Security** tab. In the tab, select the encryption **WPA2-PSK** and enter the password for the interface in the **Key** option field. + +![Setting a password][27] + +(Lukas Janenas, [CC BY-SA 4.0][4]) + +Then **Save and Apply** the configuration. If the configuration was set correctly, when scanning available Access Points with your device, you should see a new Access Point with the name you assigned. + +### Additional packages + +If you want, you can download additional packages for your router through the web interface. Just go to **System → Software** and install the package you want from the list or download it from the internet and upload it. If you don't see any packages in the list, press the **Update lists…** button. + +You can also add other repositories that have packages that are good to use with OpenWRT. Packages and their web interfaces are installed separately. The packages that start with the prefix **luci-** are web interface packages. + +![Packages with luci- prefix][28] + +(Lukas Janenas, [CC BY-SA 4.0][4]) + +### Give it a try + +This is what my Raspberry Pi router setup looks like. + +![Raspberry Pi router][29] + +(Lukas Janenas, [CC BY-SA 4.0][4]) + +It not difficult to build a router from a Raspberry Pi. The downside is that a Raspberry Pi has only one Ethernet port. You can add more ports with a USB-to-Ethernet adapter. Don't forget to configure the port on the interface's website. + +OpenWRT supports a large number of mobile modems, and you can configure the mobile interface for any of them with the modemmanager, which is a universal tool to manage modems. + +Have you used your Raspberry Pi as a router? Let us know how it went in the comments. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/21/3/router-raspberry-pi + +作者：[Lukas Janėnas][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/lukasjan +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/mesh_networking_dots_connected.png?itok=ovINTRR3 (Mesh networking connected dots) +[2]: https://openwrt.org/ +[3]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/lte_modem.png (Teltonika TRM240 modem) +[4]: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ +[5]: https://teltonika-networks.com/product/trm240/ +[6]: https://downloads.openwrt.org/releases/19.07.7/targets/brcm2708/bcm2710/ +[7]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/imagefiles.png (OpenWRT image files) +[8]: https://opensource.com/article/17/3/how-write-sd-cards-raspberry-pi +[9]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/ipaddresses.png (IP addresses) +[10]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/openwrt-login.png (OpenWRT login page) +[11]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/lan-interface.png (LAN interface) +[12]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/lan-interface-ip.png (Enter IP in the LAN interface) +[13]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/scannetwork.png (Scan the network) +[14]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/newinterface.png (New interface) +[15]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/updatesoftwarelist.png (Updating packages) +[16]: https://downloads.openwrt.org/releases/packages-21.02/aarch64_cortex-a53/luci/luci-proto-modemmanager_git-21.007.43644-ab7e45c_all.ipk +[17]: https://wiki.teltonika-networks.com/view/TRM240_SIM_Card +[18]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/addnewinterface.png (Add a new mobile interface) +[19]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/configureinterface.png (Configuring the interface) +[20]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/configuredinterface.png (Configured interface) +[21]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/terminal.png (Terminal interface) +[22]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/firewallzones.png (Firewall zones) +[23]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/firewallzonesettings.png (Firewall zone settings) +[24]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/firewallzonepriv.png (Firewall zone settings) +[25]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/enablewirelessnetwork.png (Enabling wireless network) +[26]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/interfaceconfig.png (Configuring the interface) +[27]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/interfacepassword.png (Setting a password) +[28]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/luci-packages.png (Packages with luci- prefix) +[29]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/raspberrypirouter.jpg (Raspberry Pi router) From 697fee7f706c94f090d9d1b68fbe5b1b549866db Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Sat, 13 Mar 2021 05:08:44 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 188/309] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020210312=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Visualize=20multi-threaded=20Python=20programs=20with=20an=20op?= =?UTF-8?q?en=20source=20tool?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20210312 Visualize multi-threaded Python programs with an open source tool.md --- ...ython programs with an open source tool.md | 288 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 288 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20210312 Visualize multi-threaded Python programs with an open source tool.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210312 Visualize multi-threaded Python programs with an open source tool.md b/sources/tech/20210312 Visualize multi-threaded Python programs with an open source tool.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..5a6636e510 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20210312 Visualize multi-threaded Python programs with an open source tool.md @@ -0,0 +1,288 @@ +[#]: subject: (Visualize multi-threaded Python programs with an open source tool) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/3/python-viztracer) +[#]: author: (Tian Gao https://opensource.com/users/gaogaotiantian) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +Visualize multi-threaded Python programs with an open source tool +====== +VizTracer traces concurrent Python programs to help with logging, +debugging, and profiling. +![Colorful sound wave graph][1] + +Concurrency is an essential part of modern programming, as we have multiple cores and many tasks that need to cooperate. However, it's harder to understand concurrent programs when they are not running sequentially. It's not as easy for engineers to identify bugs and performance issues in these programs as it is in a single-thread, single-task program. + +With Python, you have multiple options for concurrency. The most common ones are probably multi-threaded with the threading module, multiprocess with the subprocess and multiprocessing modules, and the more recent async syntax with the asyncio module. Before [VizTracer][2], there was a lack of tools to analyze programs using these techniques. + +VizTracer is a tool for tracing and visualizing Python programs, which is helpful for logging, debugging, and profiling. Even though it works well for single-thread, single-task programs, its utility in concurrent programs is what makes it unique. + +### Try a simple task + +Start with a simple practice task: Figure out whether the integers in an array are prime numbers and return a Boolean array. Here is a simple solution: + + +``` +def is_prime(n): +    for i in range(2, n): +        if n % i == 0: +            return False +    return True + +def get_prime_arr(arr): +    return [is_prime(elem) for elem in arr] +``` + +Try to run it normally, in a single thread, with VizTracer: + + +``` +if __name__ == "__main__": +    num_arr = [random.randint(100, 10000) for _ in range(6000)] +    get_prime_arr(num_arr) + +[/code] [code]`viztracer my_program.py` +``` + +![Running code in a single thread][3] + +(Tian Gao, [CC BY-SA 4.0][4]) + +The call-stack report indicates it took about 140ms, with most of the time spent in `get_prime_arr`. + +![call-stack report][5] + +(Tian Gao, [CC BY-SA 4.0][4]) + +It's just doing the `is_prime` function over and over again on the elements in the array. + +This is what you would expect, and it's not that interesting (if you know VizTracer). + +### Try a multi-thread program + +Try doing it with a multi-thread program: + + +``` +if __name__ == "__main__": +    num_arr = [random.randint(100, 10000) for i in range(2000)] +    thread1 = Thread(target=get_prime_arr, args=(num_arr,)) +    thread2 = Thread(target=get_prime_arr, args=(num_arr,)) +    thread3 = Thread(target=get_prime_arr, args=(num_arr,)) + +    thread1.start() +    thread2.start() +    thread3.start() + +    thread1.join() +    thread2.join() +    thread3.join() +``` + +To match the single-thread program's workload, this uses a 2,000-element array for three threads, simulating a situation where three threads are sharing the task. + +![Multi-thread program][6] + +(Tian Gao, [CC BY-SA 4.0][4]) + +As you would expect if you are familiar with Python's Global Interpreter Lock (GIL), it won't get any faster. It took a little bit more than 140ms due to the overhead. However, you can observe the concurrency of multiple threads: + +![Concurrency of multiple threads][7] + +(Tian Gao, [CC BY-SA 4.0][4]) + +When one thread was working (executing multiple `is_prime` functions), the other one was frozen (one `is_prime` function); later, they switched. This is due to GIL, and it is the reason Python does not have true multi-threading. It can achieve concurrency but not parallelism. + +### Try it with multiprocessing + +To achieve parallelism, the way to go is the multiprocessing library. Here is another version with multiprocessing: + + +``` +if __name__ == "__main__": +    num_arr = [random.randint(100, 10000) for _ in range(2000)] +    +    p1 = Process(target=get_prime_arr, args=(num_arr,)) +    p2 = Process(target=get_prime_arr, args=(num_arr,)) +    p3 = Process(target=get_prime_arr, args=(num_arr,)) + +    p1.start() +    p2.start() +    p3.start() + +    p1.join() +    p2.join() +    p3.join() +``` + +To run it with VizTracer, you need an extra argument: + + +``` +`viztracer --log_multiprocess my_program.py` +``` + +![Running with extra argument][8] + +(Tian Gao, [CC BY-SA 4.0][4]) + +The whole program finished in a little more than 50ms, with the actual task finishing before the 50ms mark. The program's speed roughly tripled. + +To compare it with the multi-thread version, here is the multiprocess version: + +![Multi-process version][9] + +(Tian Gao, [CC BY-SA 4.0][4]) + +Without GIL, multiple processes can achieve parallelism, which means multiple `is_prime` functions can execute in parallel. + +However, Python's multi-thread is not useless. For example, for computation-intensive and I/O-intensive programs, you can fake an I/O-bound task with sleep: + + +``` +def io_task(): +    time.sleep(0.01) +``` + +Try it in a single-thread, single-task program: + + +``` +if __name__ == "__main__": +    for _ in range(3): +        io_task() +``` + +![I/O-bound single-thread, single-task program][10] + +(Tian Gao, [CC BY-SA 4.0][4]) + +The full program took about 30ms; nothing special. + +Now use multi-thread: + + +``` +if __name__ == "__main__": +    thread1 = Thread(target=io_task) +    thread2 = Thread(target=io_task) +    thread3 = Thread(target=io_task) + +    thread1.start() +    thread2.start() +    thread3.start() + +    thread1.join() +    thread2.join() +    thread3.join() +``` + +![I/O-bound multi-thread program][11] + +(Tian Gao, [CC BY-SA 4.0][4]) + +The program took 10ms, and it's clear how the three threads worked concurrently and improved the overall performance. + +### Try it with asyncio + +Python is trying to introduce another interesting feature called async programming. You can make an async version of this task: + + +``` +import asyncio + +async def io_task(): +    await asyncio.sleep(0.01) + +async def main(): +    t1 = asyncio.create_task(io_task()) +    t2 = asyncio.create_task(io_task()) +    t3 = asyncio.create_task(io_task()) + +    await t1 +    await t2 +    await t3 + +if __name__ == "__main__": +    asyncio.run(main()) +``` + +As asyncio is literally a single-thread scheduler with tasks, you can use VizTracer directly on it: + +![VizTracer with asyncio][12] + +(Tian Gao, [CC BY-SA 4.0][4]) + +It still took 10ms, but most of the functions displayed are the underlying structure, which is probably not what users are interested in. To solve this, you can use `--log_async` to separate the real task: + + +``` +`viztracer --log_async my_program.py` +``` + +![Using --log_async to separate tasks][13] + +(Tian Gao, [CC BY-SA 4.0][4]) + +Now the user tasks are much clearer. For most of the time, no tasks are running (because the only thing it does is sleep). Here's the interesting part: + +![Graph of task creation and execution][14] + +(Tian Gao, [CC BY-SA 4.0][4]) + +This shows when the tasks were created and executed. Task-1 was the `main()` co-routine and created other tasks. Tasks 2, 3, and 4 executed `io_task` and `sleep` then waited for the wake-up. As the graph shows, there is no overlap between tasks because it's a single-thread program, and VizTracer visualized it this way to make it more understandable. + +To make it more interesting, add a `time.sleep` call in the task to block the async loop: + + +``` +async def io_task(): +    time.sleep(0.01) +    await asyncio.sleep(0.01) +``` + +![time.sleep call][15] + +(Tian Gao, [CC BY-SA 4.0][4]) + +The program took much longer (40ms), and the tasks filled the blanks in the async scheduler. + +This feature is very helpful for diagnosing behavior and performance issues in async programs. + +### See what's happening with VizTracer + +With VizTracer, you can see what's going on with your program on a timeline, rather than imaging it from complicated logs. This helps you understand your concurrent programs better. + +VizTracer is open source, released under the Apache 2.0 license, and supports all common operating systems (Linux, macOS, and Windows). You can learn more about its features and access its source code in [VizTracer's GitHub repository][16]. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/21/3/python-viztracer + +作者：[Tian Gao][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/gaogaotiantian +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/colorful_sound_wave.png?itok=jlUJG0bM (Colorful sound wave graph) +[2]: https://readthedocs.org/projects/viztracer/ +[3]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/viztracer_singlethreadtask.png (Running code in a single thread) +[4]: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ +[5]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/viztracer_callstackreport.png (call-stack report) +[6]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/viztracer_multithread.png (Multi-thread program) +[7]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/viztracer_concurrency.png (Concurrency of multiple threads) +[8]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/viztracer_multithreadrun.png (Running with extra argument) +[9]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/viztracer_comparewithmultiprocess.png (Multi-process version) +[10]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/io-bound_singlethread.png (I/O-bound single-thread, single-task program) +[11]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/io-bound_multithread.png (I/O-bound multi-thread program) +[12]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/viztracer_asyncio.png (VizTracer with asyncio) +[13]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/log_async.png (Using --log_async to separate tasks) +[14]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/taskcreation.png (Graph of task creation and execution) +[15]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/time.sleep_call.png (time.sleep call) +[16]: https://github.com/gaogaotiantian/viztracer From 42c719ee4876c1e820ee3ac6fac837c39fb06034 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Sat, 13 Mar 2021 05:09:22 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 189/309] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[talk]:=2020210312=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Extending=20Looped=20Music=20for=20Fun,=20Relaxation=20and=20Pr?= =?UTF-8?q?oductivity?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/talk/20210312 Extending Looped Music for Fun, Relaxation and Productivity.md --- ...ic for Fun, Relaxation and Productivity.md | 134 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 134 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20210312 Extending Looped Music for Fun, Relaxation and Productivity.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20210312 Extending Looped Music for Fun, Relaxation and Productivity.md b/sources/talk/20210312 Extending Looped Music for Fun, Relaxation and Productivity.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..adf3038224 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20210312 Extending Looped Music for Fun, Relaxation and Productivity.md @@ -0,0 +1,134 @@ +[#]: subject: (Extending Looped Music for Fun, Relaxation and Productivity) +[#]: via: (https://theartofmachinery.com/2021/03/12/loopx.html) +[#]: author: (Simon Arneaud https://theartofmachinery.com) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +Extending Looped Music for Fun, Relaxation and Productivity +====== + +Some work (like programming) takes a lot of concentration, and I use noise-cancelling headphones to help me work productively in silence. But for other work (like doing business paperwork), I prefer to have quiet music in the background to help me stay focussed. Quiet background music is good for meditation or dozing, too. If you can’t fall asleep or completely clear your mind, zoning out to some music is the next best thing. + +The best music for that is simple and repetitive — something nice enough to listen too, but not distracting, and okay to tune out of when needed. Computer game music is like that, by design, so there’s plenty of good background music out there. The harder problem is finding samples that play for more than a few minutes. + +So I made [`loopx`][1], a tool that takes a sample of music that loops a few times, and repeats the loop to make a long piece of music. + +When you’re listening to the same music loop for a long time, even slight distortion becomes distracting. Making quality extended music audio out of real-world samples (and doing it fast enough) takes a bit of maths and computer science. About ten years ago I was doing digital signal processing (DSP) programming for industrial metering equipment, so this side project got me digging up some old theory again. + +### The high-level plan + +It would be easy if we could just play the original music sample on repeat. But, in practice, most files we’ll have won’t be perfectly trimmed to the right loop length. Some tracks will also have some kind of intro before the loop, but even if they don’t, they’ll usually have some fade in and out. + +`loopx` needs to analyse the music file to find the music loop data, and then construct a longer version by copying and splicing together pieces of the original. + +By the way, the examples in this post use [Beneath the Rabbit Holes][2] by Jason Lavallee from the soundtrack of the [FOSS platform game SuperTux][3]. I looped it a couple of times and added silence and fade in/out to the ends. + +### Measuring the music loop length (or “period”) + +If you don’t care about performance, estimating the period at which the music repeats itself is pretty straightforward. All you have to do is take two copies of the music side by side, and slide one copy along until you find an offset that makes the two copies match up again. + +![][4] + +Now, if we could guarantee the music data would repeat exactly, there are many super-fast algorithms that could be used to help here (e.g., Rabin-Karp or suffix trees). However, even if we’re looking at computer-generated music, we can’t guarantee the loop will be exact for a variety of reasons like phase distortion (which will come up again later), dithering and sampling rate effects. + +![Converting this greyscale image of a ball in a room to a black/white image demonstrates dithering. Simple thresholding turns the image into regions of solid black and regions of solid white, with all detail lost except near the threshold. Adding random noise before converting fuzzes the threshold, allowing more detail to come through. This example is extreme, but the same idea is behind dithering digital audio when approximating smooth analogue signals.][5] + +By the way, Chris Montgomery (who developed Ogg Vorbis) made [an excellent presentation about the real-world issues (and non-issues) with digital audio][6]. There’s a light-hearted video that’s about 20 minutes and definitely worth watching if you have any interest in this stuff. Before that, he also did [an intro to the technical side of digital media][7] if you want to start from the beginning. + +If exact matching isn’t an option, we need to find a best fit instead, using one of the many vector similarity algorithms. The problem is that any good similarity algorithm will look at all the vector data and be (O(N)) time at best. If we naïvely calculate that at every slide offset, finding the best fit will be (O(N^{2})) time. With over 40k samples for every second of music (multiplied by the number of channels), these vectors are way too big for that approach to be fast enough. + +Thankfully, we can do it in (O(N\log N)) time using the Fourier transform if we choose to use autocorrelation to find the best fit. Autocorrelation means taking the dot product at every offset, and with some normalisation that’s a bit like using cosine similarity. + +![Log energy plot of the autocorrelation of the Beneath the Rabbit Holes sample \(normalised by overlap length\). This represents the closeness of match when the music is compared to a time-shifted version of itself. Naturally, there's a peak at 0 minutes offset, but the next biggest peak is at 2m58.907s, which happens to be exactly the length of the original music loop. The smaller peaks reflect small-scale patterns, such as the music rhythm.][8] + +### The Fourier transform? + +The Fourier transform is pretty famous in some parts of STEM, but not others. It’s used a lot in `loopx`, so here are some quick notes for those in the second group. + +There are a couple of ways to think about and use the Fourier transform. The first is the down-to-earth way: it’s an algorithm that takes a signal and analyses the different frequencies in it. If you take Beethoven’s Symphony No. 9 in D minor, Op 125, Ode to Joy, and put it through a Fourier transform, you’ll get a signal with peaks that correspond to notes in the scale of D minor. The Fourier transform is reversible, so it allows manipulating signals in terms of frequency, too. + +The second way to think of Fourier transforms is stratospherically abstract: the Fourier transform is a mapping between two vector spaces, often called the time domain and the frequency domain. It’s not just individual vectors that have mirror versions in the other domain. Operations on vectors and differential equations over vectors and so on can all be transformed, too. Often the version in one domain is simpler than the version in the other, making the Fourier transform a useful theoretical tool. In this case, it turns out that autocorrelation is very simple in the frequency domain. + +The Fourier transform is used both ways in `loopx`. Because Fourier transforms represent most of the number crunching, `loopx` uses [FFTW][9], a “do one thing really, really well” library for fast Fourier transform implementations. + +### Dealing with phase distortion + +I had some false starts implementing `loopx` because of a practical difference between industrial signal processing and sound engineering: psychoacoustics. Our ears are basically an array of sensors tuned to different frequencies. That’s it. Suppose you play two tones into your ears, with different phases (i.e., they’re shifted in time relatively to each other). You literally can’t hear the difference because there’s no wiring between the ears and the brain carrying that information. + +![][10] + +Sure, if you play several frequencies at once, phase differences can interact in ways that are audible, but phase matters less overall. A sound engineer who has to make a choice between phase distortion and some other kind of distortion will tend to favour phase distortion because it’s less noticeable. Phase distortion is usually simple and consistent, but phase distortion from popular lossy compression standards like MP3 and Ogg Vorbis seems to be more complicated. + +Basically, when you zoom right into the audio data, any algorithmic approach that’s sensitive to the precise timing of features is hopeless. Because audio files are designed for phase-insensitve ears, I had to make my algorithms phase-insensitive too to get any kind of robustness. That’s probably not news to anyone with real audio engineering experience, but it was a bit of an, “Oh,” moment for someone like me coming from metering equipment DSP. + +I ended up using spectrograms a lot. They’re 2D heatmaps in which one axis represents time, and the other axis represents frequency. The example below shows how they make high-level music features much more recognisable, without having to deal with low-level issues like phase. (If you’re curious, you can see [a 7833x192 spectrogram of both channels of the whole track][11].) + +![Spectrogram of the first 15s of Beneath the Rabbit Holes. Time advances to the right. Each vertical strip shows the signal strength by frequency at a given time window, which low notes at the bottom and high ones at the top. The bright strip at the bottom is the bass. The vertical streaks are percussion. The melody starts at about 10s, and appears as dots for notes.][12] + +The Fourier transform does most of the work of getting frequency information out of music, but a bit more is needed to get a useful spectrogram. The Fourier transform works over the whole input, so instead of one transformation, we need to do transformations of overlapping windows running along the input. Each windowed transformation turns into a single frame of the spectrogram after a bit of postprocessing. The Fourier transform uses a linear frequency scale, which isn’t natural for music (every 8th white key on a piano has double the pitch), so frequencies get binned according to a Mel scale (designed to approximate human pitch perception). After that, the total energy for each frequency gets log-transformed (again, to match human perception). [This article describes the steps in detail][13] (ignore the final DCT step). + +### Finding the loop zone + +Remember that the music sample will likely have some intro and outro? Before doing more processing, `loopx` needs to find the section of the music sample that actually loops (what’s called the “loop zone” in the code). It’s easy in principle: scan along the music sample and check if it matches up with the music one period ahead. The loop zone is assumed to be the longest stretch of music that matches (plus the one period at the end). Processing the spectrogram of the music, instead of the raw signal itself, turned out to be more robust. + +![The difference between each spectrogram frame and the one that's a music period after in the Beneath the Rabbit Holes sample. The difference is high at the beginning and end because of the silence and fade in/out. The difference is low in the middle because of the music loop.][14] + +A human can eyeball a plot like the one above and see where the intro and outro are. However, the error thresholds for “match” and “mismatch” vary depending on the sample quality and how accurate the original period estimate are, so finding a reliable computer algorithm is more complicated. There are statistical techniques for solving this problem (like Otsu’s method), but `loopx` just exploits the assumption that a loop zone exists, and figures out thresholds based on low-error sections of the plot. A variant of Schmitt triggering is used to get a good separation between the loop zone and the rest. + +### Refining the period estimate + +Autocorrelation is pretty good for estimating the period length, but a long intro or outro can pull the estimate either way. Knowing the loop zone lets us refine the estimate: any recognisable feature (like a chord change or drum beat) inside the loop zone will repeat one period before or after. If we find a pair of distinctive features, we can measure the difference to get an accurate estimate of the period. + +`loopx` finds the strongest features in the music using a novelty curve — which is just the difference between one spectrogram frame and the next. Any change (a beat, a note, a change of key) will cause a spike in this curve, and the biggest spikes are taken as points of interest. Instead of trying to find the exact position of music features (which would be fragile), `loopx` just takes the region around a point of interest and its period-shifted pair, and uses cross-correlation to find the shift that makes them best match (just like the autocorrelation, but between two signals). For robustness, shifts are calculated for a bunch of points and the median is used to correct the period. The median is better than the average because each single-point correction estimate is either highly accurate alone or way off because something went wrong. + +### Extending the music + +The loop zone has the useful property that jumping back or forward a multiple of the music period keeps the music playing uninterrupted, as long as playback stays within the loop zone. This is the essence of how `loopx` extends music. To make a long output, `loopx` copies music data from the beginning until it hits the end of the loop zone. Then it jumps back as many periods as it can (staying inside the loop zone) and keeps repeating copies like that until it has output enough data. Then it just keeps copying to the end. + +That sounds simple, but if you’ve ever tried it you’ll know there’s one more problem. Most music is made of smooth waves. If you just cut music up in arbitrary places and concatenate the pieces together, you get big jumps in the wave signal that turn into jarring popping sounds when played back as an analogue signal. When I’ve done this by hand, I’ve tried to minimise this distortion by making the curve as continuous as possible. For example, I might find a place in the first fragment of audio where the signal crosses the zero line going down, and I’ll try to match it up with a place in the second fragment that’s also crossing zero going down. That avoids a loud pop, but it’s not perfect. + +An alternative that’s actually easier to implement in code is a minimum-error match. Suppose you’re splicing signal A to signal B, and you want to evaluate how good the splice is. You can take some signal near the splice point and compare it to what the signal would have been if signal A had kept playing. Simply substracting and summing the squares gives a reasonable measure of quality. I also tried filtering the errors before squaring and summing because distortion below 20Hz and above 20kHz isn’t as bad as distortion inside normal human hearing range. This approach improved the splices a lot, but it wasn’t reliable at making them seamless. I don’t have super hearing ability, but the splices got jarring when listening to a long track with headphones in a quiet room. + +Once again, the spectral approach was more robust. Calculating the spectrum around the splice and comparing it to the spectrum around the original signal is a useful way to measure splice quality. The pop sound of a broken audio signal appears as an obvious burst of noise across most of the spectrum. Even better, because the spectrum is designed to reflect human hearing, it also catches any other annoying effects, like a blip caused by a bad splice right on the edge of a drum beat. Anything that’s obvious to a human will be obvious in the spectrogram. + +![Examples of how splicing affects the local music spectrum. The signal plots on the left show the splice point and a few hundred audio samples either side. The spectra on the right are calculated from a few thousand samples either side of the splice point. The centre row shows the original, unspliced signal and its spectrum. The spectrum of the bad splice is flooded with noise and is obviously different from the original spectrum. The spectrum of the improved splice looks much more like the original. The audio signal already looks reasonably smooth in the time domain, but loopx is able to find even better splices by looking at the spectra.][15] + +There are multiple splice points that need to be made seamless. The simple approach to optimising them is a greedy one: just process each splice point in order and take the best splice found locally. However, `loopx` also tries to maintain the music loop length as best as possible, which means each splice point will depend on the splicing decisions made earlier. That means later splices can be forced to be worse because of overeager decisions made earlier. + +Now, I admit this might be getting into anal retentive territory, but I wasn’t totally happy with about %5 of the tracks I tested, and I wanted a tool that could reliably make music better than my hearing (assuming quality input data). So I switched to optimising the splices using Dijkstra’s algorithm. Normally Dijkstra is thought of as an algorithm for figuring out the shortest path from start to finish using available path segments. In this case, I’m finding the least distortion series of copies to get from an empty output audio file to one that’s the target length, using spliced segments of the input file. Abstractly, it’s the same problem. I also calculate cost a little differently. In normal path finding, the path cost is the sum of the segment costs. However, total distortion isn’t the best measure for `loopx`. I don’t care if Dijkstra’s algorithm can make an almost-perfect splice perfect if it means making an annoying splice worse. So, `loopx` finds the copy plan with the least worst-case distortion level. That’s no problem because Dijkstra’s algorithm works just as well finding min-max as it does finding min-sum (abstractly, it just needs paths to be evaluated in a way that’s a total ordering and never improves when another segment is added). + +### Enjoying the music + +It’s rare for any of my hobby programming projects to actually be useful at all to my everyday life away from computers, but I’ve already found multiple uses for background music generated by `loopx`. As usual, [the full source is available on GitLab][1]. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://theartofmachinery.com/2021/03/12/loopx.html + +作者：[Simon Arneaud][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://theartofmachinery.com +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://gitlab.com/sarneaud/loopx +[2]: https://github.com/SuperTux/supertux/blob/56efa801a59e7e32064b759145e296a2d3c11e44/data/music/forest/beneath_the_rabbit_hole.ogg +[3]: https://github.com/SuperTux/supertux +[4]: https://theartofmachinery.com/images/loopx/shifted.jpg +[5]: https://theartofmachinery.com/images/loopx/dither_demo.png +[6]: https://wiki.xiph.org/Videos/Digital_Show_and_Tell +[7]: https://wiki.xiph.org/Videos/A_Digital_Media_Primer_For_Geeks +[8]: https://theartofmachinery.com/images/loopx/autocorrelation.jpg +[9]: http://www.fftw.org/ +[10]: https://theartofmachinery.com/images/loopx/phase_shift.svg +[11]: https://theartofmachinery.com/images/loopx/spectrogram.png +[12]: https://theartofmachinery.com/images/loopx/spectrogram_intro.png +[13]: https://www.practicalcryptography.com/miscellaneous/machine-learning/guide-mel-frequency-cepstral-coefficients-mfccs/ +[14]: https://theartofmachinery.com/images/loopx/loop_zone_errors.png +[15]: https://theartofmachinery.com/images/loopx/splice.png From 41aa46b04367827c347c7d2deae517f9490e9d4f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sat, 13 Mar 2021 11:10:01 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 190/309] PRF @geekpi --- ...310 How to Update openSUSE Linux System.md | 26 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20210310 How to Update openSUSE Linux System.md b/translated/tech/20210310 How to Update openSUSE Linux System.md index 3c66167507..1d391b5225 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20210310 How to Update openSUSE Linux System.md +++ b/translated/tech/20210310 How to Update openSUSE Linux System.md @@ -3,27 +3,27 @@ [#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/) [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) 如何更新 openSUSE Linux 系统 ====== -从我记事起，我就一直是 Ubuntu 的用户。我曾经转向过其他发行版，但最终还是不断地回到 Ubuntu。但最近，我开始使用 openSUSE 来尝试一些非 Debian 的东西。 +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/202103/13/110932nsq33tjit9933h2k.jpg) -随着我对 [openSUSE][1] 的不断探索，我不断发现 SUSE 中略有不同的东西，并打算在 It's FOSS 的教程中介绍它们。 +就我记忆所及，我一直是 Ubuntu 的用户。我曾经转向过其他发行版，但最终还是一次次回到 Ubuntu。但最近，我开始使用 openSUSE 来尝试一些非 Debian 的东西。 -第一次，我写的是更新 openSUSE 系统。有两种方法可以做到： +随着我对 [openSUSE][1] 的不断探索，我不断发现 SUSE 中略有不同的东西，并打算在教程中介绍它们。 + +第一篇我写的是更新 openSUSE 系统。有两种方法可以做到： * 使用终端（适用于 openSUSE 桌面和服务器） * 使用图形工具（适用于 openSUSE 桌面） - - ### 通过命令行更新 openSUSE -更新 openSUSE 的最简单方法是使用 zypper 命令。它提供了补丁和更新管理的全部功能。它可以解决文件冲突和依赖性问题。更新也包括 Linux 内核。 +更新 openSUSE 的最简单方法是使用 `zypper` 命令。它提供了补丁和更新管理的全部功能。它可以解决文件冲突和依赖性问题。更新也包括 Linux 内核。 如果你正在使用 openSUSE Leap，请使用这个命令： @@ -31,9 +31,9 @@ sudo zypper update ``` -你也可以用 `up` 代替 `update`，但我觉得 update 更容易记住。 +你也可以用 `up` 代替 `update`，但我觉得 `update` 更容易记住。 -如果你正在使用 openSUSE Tumbleweed，请使用 `dist-upgrade` 或者 `dup`（简称）。Tumbleweed 是[滚动发行版][2]，因此建议使用 dist-upgrade 选项。 +如果你正在使用 openSUSE Tumbleweed，请使用 `dist-upgrade` 或者 `dup`（简称）。Tumbleweed 是[滚动发行版][2]，因此建议使用 `dist-upgrade` 选项。 ``` sudo zypper dist-upgrade @@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ sudo zypper dist-upgrade 如果你的系统需要重启，你会得到通知。 -如果你只是想刷新仓库（比如 sudo apt update），你可以使用这个命令： +如果你只是想刷新仓库（像 `sudo apt update` 一样），你可以使用这个命令： ``` sudo zypper refresh @@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ sudo zypper list-updates ### 以图形方式更新 openSUSE -如果你使用 openSUSE 作为桌面，你将有额外的选择使用 GUI 工具来安装更新。这个工具可能会根据[你使用的桌面环境][4]而改变。 +如果你使用 openSUSE 作为桌面，你可以选择使用 GUI 工具来安装更新。这个工具可能会根据 [你使用的桌面环境][4] 而改变。 例如，KDE 有自己的软件中心，叫做 “Discover”。你可以用它来搜索和安装新的应用。你也可以用它来安装系统更新。 @@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ sudo zypper addlock plasma5-pk-updates ![][8] -就是这些了。这是一篇简短的文章。在下一篇 SUSE 教程中，我将通过实例向大家展示一些常用的 zypper 命令。敬请期待。 +就是这些了。这是一篇简短的文章。在下一篇 SUSE 教程中，我将通过实例向大家展示一些常用的 `zypper` 命令。敬请期待。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ via: https://itsfoss.com/update-opensuse/ 作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From b68b978ffed1425508761f2ecd073bd4f30519c5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sat, 13 Mar 2021 11:10:42 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 191/309] PUB @geekpi https://linux.cn/article-13199-1.html --- .../20210310 How to Update openSUSE Linux System.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20210310 How to Update openSUSE Linux System.md (98%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20210310 How to Update openSUSE Linux System.md b/published/20210310 How to Update openSUSE Linux System.md similarity index 98% rename from translated/tech/20210310 How to Update openSUSE Linux System.md rename to published/20210310 How to Update openSUSE Linux System.md index 1d391b5225..9ff041647e 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20210310 How to Update openSUSE Linux System.md +++ b/published/20210310 How to Update openSUSE Linux System.md @@ -4,8 +4,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-13199-1.html) 如何更新 openSUSE Linux 系统 ====== From 6797e4e07dfaf16fc2b59ed7dd96079793a0903e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sat, 13 Mar 2021 22:59:59 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 192/309] PRF @stevenzdg988 --- ...6 best practices for managing Git repos.md | 61 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 31 insertions(+), 30 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20200702 6 best practices for managing Git repos.md b/translated/tech/20200702 6 best practices for managing Git repos.md index 040aa0ce7c..26a733cec3 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20200702 6 best practices for managing Git repos.md +++ b/translated/tech/20200702 6 best practices for managing Git repos.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (stevenzdg988) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (6 best practices for managing Git repos) @@ -9,23 +9,24 @@ 6 个最佳的 Git 仓库管理实践 ====== -阻止向 Git 中添加内容的主张会使其变得更难管理； -这里有替代方法。 -![在家中使用笔记本电脑工作][1] -有权访问源代码使对安全性的分析以及应用程序的安全成为可能。但是，如果没有人真正看过代码，问题就不会被发现，即使人们积极地看代码，通常也要看很多东西。幸运的是，GitHub 拥有一个活跃的安全团队，最近，他们 [发现了已提交到多个 Git 存储库中的特洛伊木马病毒][2]，甚至仓库的所有者也偷偷溜走了。尽管我们无法控制其他人如何管理自己的存储库，但我们可以从他们的错误中吸取教训。为此，本文回顾了将文件添加到自己的存储库中的一些最佳实践。 +> 抵制在 Git 中添加一些会增加管理难度的东西的冲动；这里有替代方法。 -### 了解您的仓库 +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/202103/13/225927c3mvm5x275vano5m.jpg) -![Git 存储库终端][3] +有权访问源代码使对安全性的分析以及应用程序的安全成为可能。但是，如果没有人真正看过代码，问题就不会被发现，即使人们主动地看代码，通常也要看很多东西。幸运的是，GitHub 拥有一个活跃的安全团队，最近，他们 [发现了已提交到多个 Git 仓库中的特洛伊木马病毒][2]，甚至仓库的所有者也偷偷溜走了。尽管我们无法控制其他人如何管理自己的仓库，但我们可以从他们的错误中吸取教训。为此，本文回顾了将文件添加到自己的仓库中的一些最佳实践。 -对于安全的 Git 存储库来说大概是 Rule Zero (头号规则)。作为项目维护者，无论您是从自己的开始还是采用别人的，您的工作是了解自己存储库中的内容。您可能没有代码库中关于每个文件的存储列表，但是您需要了解所管理内容的基本组成。如果几十个合并后出现一个偏离的文件，您将可以很容易地识别它，因为您不知道它的用途，并且需要刷新内存检查它。发生这种情况时，请查看文件，并确保准确了解为什么它是必要的。 +### 了解你的仓库 + +![Git 仓库终端][3] + +这对于安全的 Git 仓库来可以说是头号规则。作为项目维护者，无论是你自己创建的还是采用别人的，你的工作是了解自己仓库中的内容。你可能无法记住代码库中每一个文件，但是你需要了解你所管理的内容的基本组成部分。如果在几十个合并后出现一个游离的文件，你会很容易地发现它，因为你不知道它的用途，你需要检查它来刷新你的记忆。发生这种情况时，请查看该文件，并确保准确了解为什么它是必要的。 ### 禁止二进制大文件 ![终端中 Git 的二进制检查命令][4] -Git 用于文本，无论是用纯文本编写的 C 或 Python 还是 Java 文本，亦或是 JSON，YAML，XML，Markdown，HTML 或类似的文本。Git 对于二进制文件不是很理想。 +Git 是为文本而生的，无论是用纯文本编写的 C 或 Python 还是 Java 文本，亦或是 JSON、YAML、XML、Markdown、HTML 或类似的文本。Git 对于二进制文件不是很理想。 两者之间的区别是： @@ -38,12 +39,12 @@ Git knows how to version this. $ git diff hello.txt diff --git a/hello.txt b/hello.txt index f227cc3..0d85b44 100644 -\--- a/hello.txt +--- a/hello.txt +++ b/hello.txt @@ -1,2 +1,3 @@ - This is plain text. + This is plain text. +It's readable by humans and machines alike. - Git knows how to version this. + Git knows how to version this. ``` 和 @@ -58,56 +59,56 @@ $ cat pixel.png �PNG ▒ IHDR7n�$gAMA�� -              �abKGD݊�tIME� + �abKGD݊�tIME� -                          -2R�� + -2R�� IDA�c`�!�3%tEXtdate:create2020-06-11T11:45:04+12:00��r.%tEXtdate:modify2020-06-11T11:45:04+12:00��ʒIEND�B`� ``` -二进制文件中的数据无法以解析纯文本相同的方式进行解析，因此，如果二进制文件发生任何更改，则必须重写整个内容。一个版本与另一个版本之间的仅有地区别是快速增加的内容。 +二进制文件中的数据不能像纯文本一样被解析，因此，如果二进制文件发生任何更改，则必须重写整个内容。一个版本与另一个版本之间唯一的区别就是全部不同，这会快速增加仓库大小。 -更糟糕的是，Git 存储库维护者无法合理地审计二进制数据。这违反了 Rule Zero (头号规则)：应该对存储库的内容了如指掌。 +更糟糕的是，Git 仓库维护者无法合理地审计二进制数据。这违反了头号规则：应该对仓库的内容了如指掌。 -除了常用的 [POSIX(可移植性操作系统接口)][5] 工具之外，您还可以使用 `git diff` 检测二进制文件。当您尝试使用 `--numstat` 选项来比较二进制文件时，Git 返回空结果： +除了常用的 [POSIX][5] 工具之外，你还可以使用 `git diff` 检测二进制文件。当你尝试使用 `--numstat` 选项来比较二进制文件时，Git 返回空结果： ``` $ git diff --numstat /dev/null pixel.png | tee -\-     -   /dev/null => pixel.png +- - /dev/null => pixel.png $ git diff --numstat /dev/null file.txt | tee -5788  0   /dev/null => list.txt +5788 0 /dev/null => list.txt ``` -如果您正在考虑将二进制大文件提交到存储库，请停下来先思考一下。如果是二进制文件，则它是由什么生成的。 有充分的理由在构建时生成它们来代替将它们提交存储库？你决定提交二进制数据可行，请确保在 README 文件或类似文件中标识二进制文件的位置，为什么是二进制的原因以及更新它们的协议。必须谨慎执行更新，因为对于提交给二进制大文件的每次更改，该二进制大文件的存储空间实际上都会加倍。 +如果你正在考虑将二进制大文件（BLOB）提交到仓库，请停下来先思考一下。如果它是二进制文件，那它是由什么生成的。是否有充分的理由不在构建时生成它们，而是将它们提交到仓库？如果你认为提交二进制数据是有意义的，请确保在 `README` 文件或类似文件中指明二进制文件的位置、为什么是二进制文件的原因以及更新它们的协议是什么。必须谨慎对其更新，因为你每提交一个二进制大文件的变化，它的存储空间实际上都会加倍。 -### 保留第三方库 +### 让第三方库留在第三方 -第三方库也不例外。尽管它是开放源代码的众多优点之一，您可以不受限制地重用和重新分发未编写的代码，但是有很多充分的理由不去覆盖存储在您自己的存储库中第三方库。首先，除非您自己检查了所有代码（以及将来的合并），否则您无法准确确定第三方库。其次，当您将第三方库复制到您的 Git 存储库中时，会将焦点从真正的上游源分离出来。从技术上仅对主库的副本有把握，而不对随机存储库的副本有把握。如果您需要锁定特定版本的库，请为开发人员提供项目所需版本的合理 URL，或者使用[Git 子模块][6]。 +第三方库也不例外。尽管它是开源的众多优点之一，你可以不受限制地重用和重新分发不是你编写的代码，但是有很多充分的理由不把第三方库存储在你自己的仓库中。首先，除非你自己检查了所有代码（以及将来的合并），否则你不能为第三方完全担保。其次，当你将第三方库复制到你的 Git 仓库中时，会将焦点从真正的上游源代码中分离出来。从技术上讲，对库有信心的人只对该库的主副本有把握，而不是对随机仓库的副本有把握。如果你需要锁定特定版本的库，请给开发者提供一个合理的项目所需的发布 URL，或者使用 [Git 子模块][6]。 -### 抵制盲目的 `git add` +### 抵制盲目的 git add ![Git 手动添加命令终端中][7] -如果您的项目已编译，请不要使用 `git add .`（其中 `.` 是当前目录或特定文件夹的路径）作为添加任意和每一个新内容的简单方法。如果您不是手动编译项目，而是使用 IDE 为您管理项目，则这一点尤其重要。用 IDE 管理项目时，跟踪添加到存储库中的内容非常困难，因此仅添加您实际编写的内容非常重要，而不是在项目文件夹中弹出的任何新对象。 +如果你的项目已编译，请抵制住使用 `git add .` 的冲动（其中 `.` 是当前目录或特定文件夹的路径），因为这是一种添加任何新东西的简单方法。如果你不是手动编译项目，而是使用 IDE 为你管理项目，这一点尤其重要。用 IDE 管理项目时，跟踪添加到仓库中的内容会非常困难，因此仅添加你实际编写的内容非常重要，而不是添加项目文件夹中出现的任何新对象。 -如果您使用 `git add .` 做，请在推送之前检查这一状态里的情况。如果在执行 `git status` 时在项目文件夹中看到一个陌生的对象，请在运行 `make clean` 或等效命令找出它的来源以及为什么仍然在项目的目录中。这是非常好的不会在编译期间重新生成的创建方法，因此在提交前请三思。 +如果你使用了 `git add .`，请在推送之前检查暂存区里的内容。如果在运行 `make clean` 或等效命令后，执行 `git status` 时在项目文件夹中看到一个陌生的对象，请找出它的来源，以及为什么仍然在项目的目录中。这是一种罕见的构建工件，不会在编译期间重新生成，因此在提交前请三思。 ### 使用 Git ignore ![终端中的 `Git ignore` 命令][8] -为程序员提供的许多方便的创建众说纷纭。任何项目，程序，富有艺术性的或其他的典型项目目录中都充斥着隐藏的文件，元数据和残留的内容。您可以尝试忽略这些对象，但是 `git status` 中的提示越多，您错过某件事的可能性就越大。 +许多为程序员打造的便利也非常杂乱。任何项目的典型项目目录，无论是编程的，还是艺术的或其他的，到处都是隐藏的文件、元数据和遗留的工件。你可以尝试忽略这些对象，但是 `git status` 中的提示越多，你错过某件事的可能性就越大。 -您可以通过维护一个良好的 `gitignore` 文件来为您过滤掉这种噪音。因为这是使用 Git 的用户的共同要求，所以有一些入门 `gitignore` 文件可用。[Github.com/github/gitignore][9] 提供了几个专门创建 `gitignore` 的文件，您可以下载这些文件并将其放置到自己的项目中，几年前 [Gitlab.com][10] 将`gitignore` 模板集成到了存储库创建工作流程中。使用这些帮助您为项目创建适合的 `gitignore` 策略并遵守它。 +你可以通过维护一个良好的 `gitignore` 文件来为你过滤掉这种噪音。因为这是使用 Git 的用户的共同要求，所以有一些入门级的 `gitignore` 文件。[Github.com/github/gitignore][9] 提供了几个专门创建的 `gitignore` 文件，你可以下载这些文件并将其放置到自己的项目中，[Gitlab.com][10] 在几年前就将`gitignore` 模板集成到了仓库创建工作流程中。使用这些模板来帮助你为项目创建适合的 `gitignore` 策略并遵守它。 ### 查看合并请求 ![Git 合并请求][11] -当您通过电子邮件收到合并或拉取请求或补丁文件时，请勿仅对其进行测试以确保其正常工作。您的工作是阅读新代码进入代码库的并了解其如何产生结果。如果您不同意实施，或者更糟的是，您不理解该实施，请向提交该实施的人发送消息，并要求其进行说明。询问所依赖代码要成为存储库中永久性装置具有优先权，但是这是在你同你的用户的不知道将合并什么到他们将要使用的代码中开启的约定。 +当你通过电子邮件收到一个合并/拉取请求或补丁文件时，不要只是为了确保它能正常工作而进行测试。你的工作是阅读进入代码库的新代码，并了解其是如何产生结果的。如果你不同意这个实现，或者更糟的是，你不理解这个实现，请向提交该实现的人发送消息，并要求其进行说明。质疑那些希望成为版本库永久成员的代码并不是一种社交失误，但如果你不知道你把什么合并到用户使用的代码中，那就是违反了你和用户之间的社交契约。 ### Git 责任 -社区致力于开源软件良好的安全性。不要鼓励在您的存储库中使用不良的 Git 实践，也不要忽视克隆的存储库中的安全威胁。Git 功能强大，但它仍然只是一个计算机程序，因此要以人为本，确保每个人的安全。 +社区致力于开源软件良好的安全性。不要鼓励你的仓库中不良的 Git 实践，也不要忽视你克隆的仓库中的安全威胁。Git 功能强大，但它仍然只是一个计算机程序，因此要以人为本，确保每个人的安全。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -116,7 +117,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/20/7/git-repos-best-practices 作者：[Seth Kenlon][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[stevenzdg988](https://github.com/stevenzdg988) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 87a83b1d099cbd344a69ee3517d342462090b9c6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sat, 13 Mar 2021 23:00:33 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 193/309] PUB @stevenzdg988 https://linux.cn/article-13200-1.html --- .../20200702 6 best practices for managing Git repos.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20200702 6 best practices for managing Git repos.md (99%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20200702 6 best practices for managing Git repos.md b/published/20200702 6 best practices for managing Git repos.md similarity index 99% rename from translated/tech/20200702 6 best practices for managing Git repos.md rename to published/20200702 6 best practices for managing Git repos.md index 26a733cec3..81fb81347e 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20200702 6 best practices for managing Git repos.md +++ b/published/20200702 6 best practices for managing Git repos.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (stevenzdg988) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-13200-1.html) [#]: subject: (6 best practices for managing Git repos) [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/20/7/git-repos-best-practices) [#]: author: (Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth) From f9273741e81ad448a93ce361f6e3813a85d84d2a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Sun, 14 Mar 2021 05:09:17 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 194/309] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020210313=20?= =?UTF-8?q?My=20review=20of=20the=20Raspberry=20Pi=20400?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20210313 My review of the Raspberry Pi 400.md --- ...10313 My review of the Raspberry Pi 400.md | 94 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 94 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20210313 My review of the Raspberry Pi 400.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210313 My review of the Raspberry Pi 400.md b/sources/tech/20210313 My review of the Raspberry Pi 400.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..43600718b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20210313 My review of the Raspberry Pi 400.md @@ -0,0 +1,94 @@ +[#]: subject: (My review of the Raspberry Pi 400) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/3/raspberry-pi-400-review) +[#]: author: (Don Watkins https://opensource.com/users/don-watkins) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +My review of the Raspberry Pi 400 +====== +Raspberry Pi 400's support for videoconferencing is a benefit for +homeschoolers seeking inexpensive computers. +![Raspberries with pi symbol overlay][1] + +The [Raspberry Pi 400][2] promises to be a boon to the homeschool market. In addition to providing an easy-to-assemble workstation that comes loaded with free software, the Pi 400 also serves as a surprisingly effective videoconferencing platform. I ordered a Pi 400 from CanaKit late last year and was eager to explore this capability. + +### Easy setup + +After unboxing my Pi 400, which came in this lovely package, the setup was quick and easy. + +![Raspberry Pi 400 box][3] + +(Don Watkins, [CC BY-SA 4.0][4]) + +The Pi 400 reminds me of the old Commodore 64. The keyboard and CPU are in one form factor. + +![Raspberry Pi 400 keyboard][5] + +(Don Watkins, [CC BY-SA 4.0][4]) + +The matching keyboard and mouse make this little unit both aesthetically and ergonomically appealing. + +Unlike earlier versions of the Raspberry Pi, there are not many parts to assemble. I connected the mouse, power supply, and micro HDMI cable to the back of the unit. + +The ports on the back of the keyboard are where things get interesting. + +![Raspberry Pi 400 ports][6] + +(Don Watkins, [CC BY-SA 4.0][4]) + +From left to right, the ports are: + + * 40-pin GPIO + * MicroSD: a microSD card is the main hard drive, and it comes with a microSD card in the slot, ready for startup + * Two micro HDMI ports + * USB-C port for power + * Two USB 3.0 ports and one USB 2.0 port for the mouse + * Gigabit Ethernet port + + + +The CPU is a Broadcom 1.8GHz 64-bit quad-core ARMv8 CPU, overclocked to make it even faster than the Raspberry Pi 4's processor. + +My unit came with 4GB RAM and a stock 16GB microSD card with Raspberry Pi OS installed and ready to boot up for the first time. + +### Evaluating the software and user experience + +The Raspberry Pi Foundation continually improves its software. Raspberry Pi OS has various wizards to make setup easier, including ones for keyboard layout, WiFi settings, and so on. + +The software included on the microSD card was the August 2020 Raspberry Pi OS release. After initial startup and setup, I connected a Logitech C270 webcam (which I regularly use with my other Linux computers) to one of the USB 3.0 ports. + +The operating system recognized the Logitech webcam, but I could not get the microphone to work with [Jitsi][7]. I solved this problem by updating to the latest [Raspberry Pi OS][8] release with Linux Kernel version 5.4. This OS version includes many important features that I love, like an updated Chromium browser and Pulse Audio, which solved my webcam audio woes. I can use open source videoconferencing sites, like Jitsi, and common proprietary ones, like Google Hangouts, for video calls, but Zoom was entirely unsuccessful. + +### Learning computing with the Pi + +The icing on the cake is the Official Raspberry Pi Beginners Guide, a 245-page book introducing you to your new computer. Packed with informative tutorials, this book hearkens back to the days when technology _provided documentation_! For the curious mind, this book is a vitally important key to the Pi, which is best when it serves as a gateway to open source computing. + +And after you become enchanted with Linux and all that it offers by using the Pi, you'll have months of exploration ahead, thanks to Opensource.com's [many Raspberry Pi articles][9]. + +I paid US$ 135 for my Raspberry Pi 400 because I added an optional inline power switch and an extra 32GB microSD card. Without those additional components, the unit is US$ 100. It's a steal either way and sure to provide years of fun, fast, and educational computing. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/21/3/raspberry-pi-400-review + +作者：[Don Watkins][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/don-watkins +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/life-raspberrypi_0.png?itok=Kczz87J2 (Raspberries with pi symbol overlay) +[2]: https://opensource.com/article/20/11/raspberry-pi-400 +[3]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/pi400box.jpg (Raspberry Pi 400 box) +[4]: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ +[5]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/pi400-keyboard.jpg (Raspberry Pi 400 keyboard) +[6]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/pi400-ports.jpg (Raspberry Pi 400 ports) +[7]: https://opensource.com/article/20/5/open-source-video-conferencing +[8]: https://www.raspberrypi.org/software/ +[9]: https://opensource.com/tags/raspberry-pi From c151497982da3ae46c47a4f5bc3c0feaecafb54b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Sun, 14 Mar 2021 05:09:59 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 195/309] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020210313=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Build=20an=20open=20source=20theremin?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20210313 Build an open source theremin.md --- .../20210313 Build an open source theremin.md | 173 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 173 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20210313 Build an open source theremin.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210313 Build an open source theremin.md b/sources/tech/20210313 Build an open source theremin.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..cc7196df9c --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20210313 Build an open source theremin.md @@ -0,0 +1,173 @@ +[#]: subject: (Build an open source theremin) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/3/open-source-theremin) +[#]: author: (Gordon Haff https://opensource.com/users/ghaff) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +Build an open source theremin +====== +Create your own electronic musical instrument with Open.Theremin V3. +![radio communication signals][1] + +Even if you haven't heard of a [theremin][2], you're probably familiar with the [eerie electronic sound][3] it makes from watching TV shows and movies like the 1951 science fiction classic _The Day the Earth Stood Still_. Theremins have also appeared in popular music, although often in the form of a theremin variant. For example, the "theremin" in the Beach Boys' "Good Vibrations" was actually an [electro-theremin][4], an instrument played with a slider invented by trombonist Paul Tanner and amateur inventor Bob Whitsell and designed to be easier to play. + +Soviet physicist Leon Theremin invented the theremin in 1920. It was one of the first electronic instruments, and Theremin introduced it to the world through his concerts in Europe and the US in the late 1920s. He patented his invention in 1928 and sold the rights to RCA. However, in the wake of the 1929 stock market crash, RCA's expensive product flopped. Theremin returned to the Soviet Union under somewhat mysterious circumstances in the late 1930s. The instrument remained relatively unknown until Robert Moog, of synthesizer fame, became interested in them as a high school student in the 1950s and started writing articles and selling kits. RA Moog, the company he founded, remains the best-known maker of commercial theremins today. + +### What does this have to do with open source? + +In 2008, Swiss engineer Urs Gaudenz was at a festival put on by the Swiss Mechatronic Art Society, which describes itself as a collective of engineers, hackers, scientists, and artists who collaborate on creative uses of technology. The festival included a theremin exhibit, which introduced Gaudenz to the instrument. + +At a subsequent event focused on bringing together music and technology, one of the organizers told Gaudenz that there were a lot of people who wanted to build theremins from kits. Some kits existed, but they often didn't work or play well. Gaudenz set off to build an open theremin that could be played in the same manner and use the same operating principles as a traditional theremin but with a modern electronic board and microcontroller. + +The [Open.Theremin][5] project (currently in version 3) is completely open source, including the microcontroller code and the [hardware files][6], which include the schematics and printed circuit board (PCB) layout. The hardware and the instructions are under GPL v3, while the [control code][7] is under LGPL v3. Therefore, the project can be assembled completely from scratch. In practice, most people will probably work from the kit available from Gaudi.ch, so that's what I'll describe in this article. There's also a completely assembled version available. + +### How does a theremin work? + +Before getting into the details of the Open.Theremin V3 and its assembly and use, I'll talk at a high level about how traditional theremins work. + +Theremins are highly unusual in that they're played without touching the instrument directly or indirectly. They're controlled by varying your distance and hand shape from [two antennas][8], a horizontal volume loop antenna, typically on the left, and a vertical pitch antenna, typically on the right. Some theremins have a pitch antenna only—Robert Plant of Led Zeppelin played such a variant—and some, including the Open.Theremin, have additional knob controls. But hand movements associated with the volume and pitch antennas are the primary means of controlling the instrument. + +I've been referring to the "antennas" because that's how everyone else refers to them. But they're not antennas in the usual sense of picking up radio waves. Each antenna acts as a plate in a capacitor. This brings us to the basic theremin operating principle: the heterodyne oscillator that mixes signals from a fixed and a variable oscillator. + +Such a circuit can be implemented in various ways. The Open.Theremin uses a combination of an oscillating crystal for the fixed frequency and an LC (inductance-capacitance) oscillator tuned to a similar but different frequency for the variable oscillator. There's one circuit for volume and a second one (operating at a slightly different frequency to avoid interference) for pitch, as this functional block diagram shows. + +![Theremin block diagram][9] + +(Gaudi Labs, [GPL v3][10]) + +You play the theremin by moving or changing the shape of your hand relative to each antenna. This changes the capacitance of the LC circuit. These changes are, in turn, processed and turned into sound. + +### Assembling the materials + +But enough theory. For this tutorial, I'll assume you're using an Open.Theremin V3 kit. In that case, here's what you need: + + * [Open.Theremin V3 kit][11] + * Arduino Uno with mounting plate + * Soldering iron and related materials (you'll want fairly fine solder; I used 0.02") + * USB printer-type cable + * Wire for grounding + * Replacement antenna mounting hardware: Socket head M3-10 bolt, washer, wing nut (x2, optional) + * Speaker or headphones (3.5mm jack) + * Tripod with standard ¼" screw + + + +The Open.Theremin is a shield for an Arduino, which is to say it's a modular circuit board that piggybacks on the Arduino microcontroller to extend its capabilities. In this case, the Arduino handles most of the important tasks for the theremin board, such as linearizing and filtering the audio and generating the instrument's sound using stored waveforms. The waveforms can be changed in the Arduino software. The Arduino's capabilities are an important part of enabling a wholly digital theremin with good sound quality without analog parts. + +The Arduino is also open source. It grew out of a 2003 project at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea in Ivrea, Italy. + +### Building the hardware + +There are [good instructions][12] for building the theremin hardware on the Gaudi.ch site, so I won't take you through every step. I'll focus on the project at a high level and share some knowledge that you may find helpful. + +The PCB that comes with the kit already has the integrated circuits and discrete electronics surface-mounted on the board's backside, so you don't need to worry about those (other than not damaging them). What you do need to solder to the board are the pins to attach the shield to the Arduino, four potentiometers (pots), and a couple of surface-mount LEDs and a surface-mount button on the front side. + +Before going further, I should note that this is probably an intermediate-level project. There's not a lot of soldering, but some of it is fairly detailed and in close proximity to other electronics. The surface-mount LEDs and button on the front side aren't hard to solder but do take a little technique (described in the instructions on the Gaudi.ch site). Just deliberately work your way through the soldering in the suggested order. You'll want good lighting and maybe a magnifier. Carefully check that no pins are shorting other pins. + +Here is what the front of the hardware looks like: + +![Open.Theremin front][13] + +(Gordon Haff, [CC-BY-SA 4.0][14]) + +This shows the backside; the pins are the interface to the Arduino. + +![Open.Theremin back][15] + +(Gordon Haff, [CC-BY-SA 4.0][14]) + +I'll return to the hardware after setting up the Arduino and its software. + +### Loading the software + +The Arduino part of this project is straightforward if you've done anything with an Arduino and, really, even if you haven't. + + * Install the [Arduino Desktop IDE][16] + * Download the [Open.Theremin control software][7] and load it into the IDE + * Attach the Arduino to your computer with a USB cable + * Upload the software to the Arduino + + + +It's possible to modify the Arduino's software, such as changing the stored waveforms, but I will not get into that in this article. + +Power off the Arduino and carefully attach the shield. Make sure you line them up properly. (If you're uncertain, look at the Open.Theremin's [schematics][17], which show you which Arduino sockets aren't in use.) + +Reconnect the USB. The red LED on the shield should come on. If it doesn't, something is wrong. + +Use the Arduino Desktop IDE one more time to check out the calibration process, which, hopefully, will offer more confirmation that things are going according to plan. Here are the [detailed instructions][18]. + +What you're doing here is monitoring the calibration process. This isn't a real calibration because you haven't attached the antennas, and you'll have to recalibrate whenever you move the theremin. But this should give you an indication of whether the theremin is basically working. + +Once you press the function button for about a second, the yellow LED should start to blink slowly, and the output from the Arduino's serial monitor should look something like the image below, which shows typical Open.Theremin calibration output. The main things that indicate a problem are frequency-tuning ranges that are either just zeros or that have a range that doesn't bound the set frequency. + +![Open.Theremin calibration output][19] + +(Gordon Haff, [CC-BY-SA 4.0][14]) + +### Completing the hardware + +To finish the hardware, it's easiest if you separate the Arduino from the shield. You'll probably want to screw some sort of mounting plate to the back of the Arduino for the self-adhesive tripod mount you'll attach. Attaching the tripod mount works much better on a plate than on the Arduino board itself. Furthermore, I found that the mount's adhesive didn't work very well, and I had to use stronger glue. + +Next, attach the antennas. The loop antenna goes on the left. The pitch antenna goes on the right (the shorter leg connects to the shield). Attach the supplied banana plugs to the antennas. (You need to use enough force to mate the two parts that you'll want to do it before attaching the banana plugs to the board.) + +I found the kit's hardware extremely frustrating to tighten sufficiently to keep the antennas from rotating. In fact, due to the volume antenna swinging around, it ended up grounding itself on some of the conductive printing on the PCB, which led to a bit of debugging. In any case, the hardware listed in the parts list at the top of this article made it much easier for me to attach the antennas. + +Attach the tripod mount to a tripod or stand of some sort, connect the USB to a power source, plug the Open.Theremin into a speaker or headset, and you're ready to go. + +Well, almost. You need to ground it. Plugging the theremin into a stereo may ground it, as may the USB connection powering it. If the person playing the instrument (i.e., the player) has a strong coupling to ground, that can be sufficient. But if these circumstances don't apply, you need to ground the theremin by running a wire from the ground pad on the board to something like a water pipe. You can also connect the ground pad to the player with an antistatic wrist strap or equivalent wire. This gives the player strong capacitive coupling directly with the theremin, [which works][20] as an alternative to grounding the theremin. + +At this point, recalibrate the theremin. You probably don't need to fiddle with the knobs at the start. Volume does what you'd expect. Pitch changes the "zero beat" point, i.e., where the theremin transitions from high pitched near the pitch antenna to silence near your body. Register is similar to what's called sensitivity on other theremins. Timbre selects among the different waveforms programmed into the Arduino. + +There are many theremin videos online. It is _not_ an easy instrument to play well, but it is certainly fun to play with. + +### The value of open + +The open nature of the Open.Theremin project has enabled collaboration that would have been more difficult otherwise. + +For example, Gaudenz received a great deal of feedback from people who play the theremin well, including [Swiss theremin player Coralie Ehinger][21]. Gaudenz says he really doesn't play the theremin but the help he got from players enabled him to make changes to make Open.Theremin a playable musical instrument. + +Others contributed directly to the instrument design, especially the Arduino software code. Gaudenz credits [Thierry Frenkel][22] with improved volume control code. [Vincent Dhamelincourt][23] came up with the MIDI implementation. Gaudenz used circuit designs that others had created and shared, like designs [for the oscillators][24] that are a central part of the Open.Theremin board. + +Open.Theremin is a great example of how open source is not just good for the somewhat abstract reasons people often mention. It can also lead to specific examples of improved collaboration and more effective design. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/21/3/open-source-theremin + +作者：[Gordon Haff][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/ghaff +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/sound-radio-noise-communication.png?itok=KMNn9QrZ (radio communication signals) +[2]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theremin +[3]: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2tnJEqXSs24 +[4]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electro-Theremin +[5]: http://www.gaudi.ch/OpenTheremin/ +[6]: https://github.com/GaudiLabs/OpenTheremin_Shield +[7]: https://github.com/GaudiLabs/OpenTheremin_V3 +[8]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theremin#/media/File:Etherwave_Theremin_Kit.jpg +[9]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/opentheremin_blockdiagram.png (Theremin block diagram) +[10]: https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.en.html +[11]: https://gaudishop.ch/index.php/product-category/opentheremin/ +[12]: https://www.gaudi.ch/OpenTheremin/images/stories/OpenTheremin/Instructions_OpenThereminV3.pdf +[13]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/opentheremin_front.jpg (Open.Theremin front) +[14]: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ +[15]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/opentheremin_back.jpg (Open.Theremin back) +[16]: https://www.arduino.cc/en/software +[17]: https://www.gaudi.ch/OpenTheremin/index.php/opentheremin-v3/schematics +[18]: http://www.gaudi.ch/OpenTheremin/index.php/40-general/197-calibration-diagnostics +[19]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/opentheremin_calibration.png (Open.Theremin calibration output) +[20]: http://www.thereminworld.com/Forums/T/30525/grounding-and-alternatives-yes-a-repeat-performance-- +[21]: https://youtu.be/8bxz01kN7Sw +[22]: https://theremin.tf/en/category/projects/open_theremin-projects/ +[23]: https://www.gaudi.ch/OpenTheremin/index.php/opentheremin-v3/midi-implementation +[24]: http://www.gaudi.ch/OpenTheremin/index.php/home/sound-and-oscillators From 56d9e7c16dd004bf0eca21c084407cde66717603 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sun, 14 Mar 2021 06:59:51 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 196/309] PRF&PUB @geekpi https://linux.cn/article-13202-1.html --- ...o manage your Python projects on Fedora.md | 49 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 22 insertions(+), 27 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20210308 How to use Poetry to manage your Python projects on Fedora.md (71%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20210308 How to use Poetry to manage your Python projects on Fedora.md b/published/20210308 How to use Poetry to manage your Python projects on Fedora.md similarity index 71% rename from translated/tech/20210308 How to use Poetry to manage your Python projects on Fedora.md rename to published/20210308 How to use Poetry to manage your Python projects on Fedora.md index 31c623daee..6692e699d1 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20210308 How to use Poetry to manage your Python projects on Fedora.md +++ b/published/20210308 How to use Poetry to manage your Python projects on Fedora.md @@ -3,22 +3,22 @@ [#]: author: (Kader Miyanyedi https://fedoramagazine.org/author/moonkat/) [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-13202-1.html) 如何在 Fedora 上使用 Poetry 来管理你的 Python 项目？ ====== ![Python & Poetry on Fedora][1] -Python 开发人员经常创建一个新的虚拟环境来分离项目依赖，然后用 _pip、pipenv_ 等工具来管理它们。Poetry 是一个简化 Python 中依赖管理和打包的工具。这篇文章将向你展示如何在 Fedora 上使用 Poetry 来管理你的 Python 项目。 +Python 开发人员经常创建一个新的虚拟环境来分离项目依赖，然后用 `pip`、`pipenv` 等工具来管理它们。Poetry 是一个简化 Python 中依赖管理和打包的工具。这篇文章将向你展示如何在 Fedora 上使用 Poetry 来管理你的 Python 项目。 -与其他工具不同，Poetry 只使用一个配置文件来进行依赖管理、打包和发布。这消除了对不同文件的需求，如 _Pipfile、MANIFEST.in、setup.py_ 等。这也比使用多个工具更快。 +与其他工具不同，Poetry 只使用一个配置文件来进行依赖管理、打包和发布。这消除了对不同文件的需求，如 `Pipfile`、`MANIFEST.in`、`setup.py` 等。这也比使用多个工具更快。 下面详细介绍一下开始使用 Poetry 时使用的命令。 -### **在 Fedora 上安装 Poetry** +### 在 Fedora 上安装 Poetry 如果你已经使用 Fedora 32 或以上版本，你可以使用这个命令直接从命令行安装 Poetry： @@ -26,22 +26,20 @@ Python 开发人员经常创建一个新的虚拟环境来分离项目依赖， $ sudo dnf install poetry ``` -``` 编者注：在 Fedora Silverblue 或 CoreOs上，Python 3.9.2 是核心提交的一部分，你可以用下面的命令安装 Poetry： + ``` - rpm-ostree install poetry - +``` ### 初始化一个项目 -使用 _new_ 命令创建一个新项目。 +使用 `new` 命令创建一个新项目： ``` $ poetry new poetry-project ``` -The structure of a project created with Poetry looks like this: 用 Poetry 创建的项目结构是这样的： ``` @@ -54,7 +52,7 @@ The structure of a project created with Poetry looks like this: └── test_poetry_project.py ``` -Poetry 使用 _pyproject.toml_ 来管理项目的依赖。最初，这个文件看起来类似于这样： +Poetry 使用 `pyproject.toml` 来管理项目的依赖。最初，这个文件看起来类似于这样： ``` [tool.poetry] @@ -81,10 +79,7 @@ build-backend = "poetry.masonry.api" * 第三部分包含开发依赖。 * 第四部分描述的是符合 [PEP 517][2] 的构建系统。 - - - -如果你已经有一个项目，或者创建了自己的项目文件夹，并且你想使用 Poetry，请在你的项目中运行 _init_ 命令。 +如果你已经有一个项目，或者创建了自己的项目文件夹，并且你想使用 Poetry，请在你的项目中运行 `init` 命令。 ``` $ poetry init @@ -100,7 +95,7 @@ $ poetry init $ poetry shell ``` -Poetry 默认在 _/home/username/.cache/pypoetry_ 项目中创建虚拟环境。你可以通过编辑 poetry 配置来更改默认路径。使用下面的命令查看配置列表： +Poetry 默认在 `/home/username/.cache/pypoetry` 项目中创建虚拟环境。你可以通过编辑 Poetry 配置来更改默认路径。使用下面的命令查看配置列表： ``` $ poetry config --list @@ -111,7 +106,7 @@ virtualenvs.in-project = true virtualenvs.path = "{cache-dir}/virtualenvs" ``` -修改 _virtualenvs.in-project_ 配置变量，在项目目录下创建一个虚拟环境。Poetry 命令是： +修改 `virtualenvs.in-project` 配置变量，在项目目录下创建一个虚拟环境。Poetry 命令是： ``` $ poetry config virtualenv.in-project true @@ -119,27 +114,27 @@ $ poetry config virtualenv.in-project true ### 添加依赖 -使用 _poetry add_ 命令为项目安装一个依赖。 +使用 `poetry add` 命令为项目安装一个依赖： ``` $ poetry add django ``` -你可以使用带有 _-dev_ 选项的 _add_ 命令来识别任何只用于开发环境的依赖。 +你可以使用带有 `--dev` 选项的 `add` 命令来识别任何只用于开发环境的依赖： ``` $ poetry add black --dev ``` -**add** 命令会创建一个 _poetry.lock_ 文件，用来跟踪软件包的版本。如果 _poetry.lock_ 文件不存在，那么会安装 _pyproject.toml_ 中所有依赖项的最新版本。如果 _poetry.lock_ 存在，Poetry 会使用文件中列出的确切版本，以确保每个使用这个项目的人的软件包版本是一致的。 +`add` 命令会创建一个 `poetry.lock` 文件，用来跟踪软件包的版本。如果 `poetry.lock` 文件不存在，那么会安装 `pyproject.toml` 中所有依赖项的最新版本。如果 `poetry.lock` 存在，Poetry 会使用文件中列出的确切版本，以确保每个使用这个项目的人的软件包版本是一致的。 -使用 poetry _install_ 命令来安装当前项目中的所有依赖。 +使用 `poetry install` 命令来安装当前项目中的所有依赖： ``` $ poetry install ``` -通过使用 _no-dev_ 选项防止安装开发依赖。 +通过使用 `--no-dev` 选项防止安装开发依赖： ``` $ poetry install --no-dev @@ -147,7 +142,7 @@ $ poetry install --no-dev ### 列出软件包 -_show_ 命令会列出所有可用的软件包。_tree_ 选项将以树状列出软件包。 +`show` 命令会列出所有可用的软件包。`--tree` 选项将以树状列出软件包： ``` $ poetry show --tree @@ -158,7 +153,7 @@ django 3.1.7 A high-level Python Web framework that encourages rapid development └── sqlparse >=0.2.2 ``` -包含软件包名称，以列出特定软件包的详细信息。 +包含软件包名称，以列出特定软件包的详细信息： ``` $ poetry show requests @@ -174,7 +169,7 @@ dependencies - urllib3 >=1.21.1,<1.27 ``` -最后，如果你想知道软件包的最新版本，你可以通过 _latest_ 选项。 +最后，如果你想知道软件包的最新版本，你可以通过 `--latest` 选项： ``` $ poetry show --latest @@ -194,7 +189,7 @@ via: https://fedoramagazine.org/how-to-use-poetry-to-manage-your-python-projects 作者：[Kader Miyanyedi][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From e7ce8e78d377f7415663717a721d993daef8e1c3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sun, 14 Mar 2021 21:07:07 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 197/309] PUB @wxy https://linux.cn/article-13203-1.html --- .../20210304 Learn to debug code with the GNU Debugger.md | 6 +++--- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20210304 Learn to debug code with the GNU Debugger.md (98%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20210304 Learn to debug code with the GNU Debugger.md b/published/20210304 Learn to debug code with the GNU Debugger.md similarity index 98% rename from translated/tech/20210304 Learn to debug code with the GNU Debugger.md rename to published/20210304 Learn to debug code with the GNU Debugger.md index 4d0b4d7c76..65ef15a66e 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20210304 Learn to debug code with the GNU Debugger.md +++ b/published/20210304 Learn to debug code with the GNU Debugger.md @@ -4,15 +4,15 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (wxy) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-13203-1.html) 学习使用 GDB 调试代码 ====== > 使用 GNU 调试器来解决你的代码问题。 -![在电脑屏幕上放大镜，发现代码中的错误][1] +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/202103/14/210547k3q5lek8j9qspkks.jpg) GNU 调试器常以它的命令 `gdb` 称呼它，它是一个交互式的控制台，可以帮助你浏览源代码、分析执行的内容，其本质上是对错误的应用程序中出现的问题进行逆向工程。 From 8d73975b9cf864b04cdb6862e55c92479706d320 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sun, 14 Mar 2021 22:16:45 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 198/309] APL --- .../20210113 Turn your Raspberry Pi into a HiFi music system.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20210113 Turn your Raspberry Pi into a HiFi music system.md b/sources/tech/20210113 Turn your Raspberry Pi into a HiFi music system.md index b02441f760..55a9dbc2e5 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20210113 Turn your Raspberry Pi into a HiFi music system.md +++ b/sources/tech/20210113 Turn your Raspberry Pi into a HiFi music system.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (wxy) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 1cc2bc4d215fec00a1ce2256f988620d24069f64 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sun, 14 Mar 2021 22:59:17 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 199/309] TSL --- ...r Raspberry Pi into a HiFi music system.md | 84 ------------------- ...r Raspberry Pi into a HiFi music system.md | 83 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 83 insertions(+), 84 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20210113 Turn your Raspberry Pi into a HiFi music system.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20210113 Turn your Raspberry Pi into a HiFi music system.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210113 Turn your Raspberry Pi into a HiFi music system.md b/sources/tech/20210113 Turn your Raspberry Pi into a HiFi music system.md deleted file mode 100644 index 55a9dbc2e5..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20210113 Turn your Raspberry Pi into a HiFi music system.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,84 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (wxy) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (Turn your Raspberry Pi into a HiFi music system) -[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/1/raspberry-pi-hifi) -[#]: author: (Peter Czanik https://opensource.com/users/czanik) - -Turn your Raspberry Pi into a HiFi music system -====== -Play music for your friends, family, co-workers, or anyone else with an -inexpensive audiophile setup. -![HiFi vintage stereo][1] - -For the past 10 years, I've worked remotely most of the time, but when I go into the office, I sit in a room full of fellow introverts who are easily disturbed by ambient noise and talking. We discovered that listening to music can suppress office noise, make voices less distracting, and provide a pleasant working environment with enjoyable music. - -Initially, one of our colleagues brought in some old powered computer speakers, connected them to his desktop, and asked us what we wanted to listen to. It did its job, but the sound quality wasn't great, and it only worked when he was in the office. Next, we bought a pair of Altec Lansing speakers. The sound quality improved, but flexibility did not. - -Not much later, we got a generic Arm single-board computer (SBC). This meant anyone could control the playlist and the speakers over the network using a web interface. But a random Arm developer board meant we could not use popular music appliance software. Updating the operating system was a pain due to a non-standard kernel, and the web interface broke frequently. - -When the team grew and moved into a larger room, we started dreaming about better speakers and an easier way to handle the software and hardware combo. - -To solve our issue in a way that is relatively inexpensive, flexible, and has good sound quality, we developed an office HiFi with a Raspberry Pi, speakers, and open source software. - -### HiFi hardware - -Having a dedicated PC for background music is overkill. It's expensive, noisy (unless it's silent, but then it's even more expensive), and not environmentally friendly. Even the cheapest Arm boards are up to the job, but they're often problematic from the software point of view. The Raspberry Pi is still on the cheap end and, while not standards-compliant, is well-supported on the hardware and the software side. - -The next question was: what speakers to use. Good-quality, powered speakers are expensive. Passive speakers cost less but need an amplifier, and that would add another box to the setup. They would also have to use the Pi's audio output; while it works, it's not exactly the best, especially when you're already spending money on quality speakers and an amplifier. - -Luckily, among the thousands of Raspberry Pi hardware extensions are amplifiers with built-in digital-analog converters (DAC). We selected [HiFiBerry's Amp][2]. It was discontinued soon after we bought it (replaced by an Amp+ model with a better sample rate), but it's good enough for our purposes. With air conditioning on, I don't think you can hear the difference between a DAC capable of 48kHz or 192kHz anyway. - -For speakers, we chose the [Audioengine P4][3], which we bought when a shop had a clearance sale with extra-low prices. It easily fills our office room with sound without distortion (and fills much more than our room with some distortion, but neighboring engineers tend to dislike that). - -### HiFi software - -Maintaining Ubuntu on our old generic Arm SBC with a fixed, ancient, out-of-packaging system kernel was problematic. The Raspberry Pi OS includes a well-maintained kernel package, making it a stable and easily updated base system, but it still required us to regularly update a Python script to access Spotify and YouTube. That was a little too high-maintenance for our purposes. - -Luckily, using the Raspberry Pi as a base means there are many ready-to-use software appliances available. - -We settled on [Volumio][4], an open source project that turns a Pi into a music-playing appliance. Installation is a simple _next-next-finish_ process. Instead of painstakingly installing and maintaining an operating system and regularly debugging broken Python code, installation and upgrades are completely pain-free. Configuring the HiFiBerry amplifier doesn't require editing any configuration files; you can just select it from a list. Of course, getting used to a new user interface takes some time, but the stability and ease of maintenance made this change worthwhile. - -![Volumio interface][5] - -Screenshot courtesy of [Volumeio][4] (© Michelangelo Guarise) - -### Playing music and experimenting - -While we're all working from home during the pandemic, the office HiFi is installed in my home office, which means I have free reign over what it runs. A constantly changing user interface would be a pain for a team, but for someone with an R&D background, playing with a device on my own, change is fun. - -I'm not a programmer, but I have a strong Linux and Unix sysadmin background. That means that while I find fixing broken Python code tiresome, Volumio is just perfect enough to be boring for me (a great "problem" to have). Luckily, there are many other possibilities to play music on a Raspberry Pi. - -As a terminal maniac (I even start LibreOffice from a terminal window), I mostly use Music on Console ([MOC][6]) to play music from my network-attached storage (NAS). I have hundreds of CDs, all turned into [FLAC][7] files. And I've also bought many digital albums from sources like [BandCamp][8] or [Society of Sound][9]. - -Another option is the [Music Player Daemon (MPD)][10]. With it running on the Raspberry Pi, I can interact with my music remotely over the network using any of the many clients available for Linux and Android. - -### Can't stop the music - -As you can see, the possibilities for creating an inexpensive HiFi system are almost endless on both the software and the hardware side. Our solution is just one of many, and I hope it inspires you to build something that fits your environment. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://opensource.com/article/21/1/raspberry-pi-hifi - -作者：[Peter Czanik][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://opensource.com/users/czanik -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/hi-fi-stereo-vintage.png?itok=KYY3YQwE (HiFi vintage stereo) -[2]: https://www.hifiberry.com/products/amp/ -[3]: https://audioengineusa.com/shop/passivespeakers/p4-passive-speakers/ -[4]: https://volumio.org/ -[5]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/volumeio.png (Volumio interface) -[6]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_on_Console -[7]: https://xiph.org/flac/ -[8]: https://bandcamp.com/ -[9]: https://realworldrecords.com/news/society-of-sound-statement/ -[10]: https://www.musicpd.org/ diff --git a/translated/tech/20210113 Turn your Raspberry Pi into a HiFi music system.md b/translated/tech/20210113 Turn your Raspberry Pi into a HiFi music system.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..5b7bbf64d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20210113 Turn your Raspberry Pi into a HiFi music system.md @@ -0,0 +1,83 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (wxy) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Turn your Raspberry Pi into a HiFi music system) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/1/raspberry-pi-hifi) +[#]: author: (Peter Czanik https://opensource.com/users/czanik) + +把你的树莓派变成一个 HiFi 音乐系统。 +====== + +> 为你的朋友、家人、同事或其他任何拥有廉价发烧设备的人播放音乐。 + +![HiFi 复古立体声][1] + +在过去的 10 年里，我大部分时间都是远程工作，但当我走进办公室时，我坐在一个充满内向的同伴的房间里，他们很容易被环境噪音和谈话所干扰。我们发现，听音乐可以抑制办公室的噪音，让声音不那么扰人，用愉快的音乐提供一个愉快的工作环境。 + +起初，我们的一位同事带来了一些老式的有源电脑音箱，把它们连接到他的桌面上，然后问我们想听什么。它可以工作，但音质不是很好，而且只有当他在办公室的时候才可以使用。接下来，我们又买了一对 Altec Lansing 音箱。音质有所改善，但没有什么灵活性。 + +不久之后，我们得到了一台通用 ARM 单板计算机（SBC），这意味着任何人都可以通过 Web 界面控制播放列表和扬声器。但一块普通的 ARM 开发板意味着我们不能使用流行的音乐设备软件。由于非标准的内核，更新操作系统是一件很痛苦的事情，而且 Web 界面也经常出现故障。 + +当团队壮大并搬进更大的房间后，我们开始梦想着有更好的扬声器和更容易处理软件和硬件组合的方法。 + +为了用一种相对便宜、灵活、音质好的方式解决我们的问题，我们用树莓派、音箱和开源软件开发了一个办公室 HiFi。 + +### HiFi 硬件 + +用一个专门的 PC 来播放背景音乐就有点过分了。它昂贵、嘈杂（除非是静音的，但那就更贵了），而且不环保。即使是最便宜的 ARM 板也能胜任这个工作，但从软件的角度来看，它们往往存在问题。树莓派还是比较便宜的，虽然不符合标准，但在硬件和软件方面都有很好的支持。 + +接下来的问题是：用什么音箱。质量好的、有源的扬声器很贵。无源音箱的成本较低，但需要一个放大器，这将为这套设备增加另一个盒子。它们还必须使用树莓派的音频输出；虽然可以工作，但并不是最好的，特别是当你已经在高质量的扬声器和放大器上投入资金的时候。 + +幸运的是，在数以千计的树莓派硬件扩展中，有内置数字模拟转换器（DAC）的放大器。我们选择了 [HiFiBerry 的 Amp][2]。它在我们买来后不久就停产了（被采样率更好的 Amp+ 型号取代），但对于我们的目的来说，它已经足够好了。在开着空调的情况下，我想无论如何你也听不出能达到 48kHz 或 192kHz 的 DAC 有什么不同。 + +音箱方面，我们选择了 [Audioengine P4][3]，是在某店家清仓大甩卖的时候买的，价格超低。它很容易让我们的办公室房间充满了声音而不失真（并且还不止充满了我们的房间，有一些失真，而邻居的工程师往往不喜欢）。 + +### HiFi 软件 + +在我们旧的通用 ARM SBC 上我们需要维护一个 Ubuntu，使用一个固定的、古老的、在软件包仓库外的系统内核，这是有问题的。树莓派操作系统包括一个维护良好的内核包，使其成为一个稳定且易于更新的基础系统，但它仍然需要我们定期更新 Python 脚本来访问 Spotify 和 YouTube。对于我们的目的来说，这有点过于高维护。 + +幸运的是，使用树莓派作为基础意味着有许多现成的软件设备可用。 + +我们选择了 [Volumio][4]，这是一个将树莓派变成音乐播放设备的开源项目。安装是一个简单的*一步步完成*的过程。安装和升级是完全无痛的，而不用辛辛苦苦地安装和维护一个操作系统，并定期调试破损的 Python 代码。配置 HiFiBerry 放大器不需要编辑任何配置文件，你只需要从列表中选择即可。当然，习惯新的用户界面需要一定的时间，但稳定性和维护的便捷性让这个改变是值得的。 + +![Volumio interface][5] + +### 播放音乐并体验 + +虽然大流行期间我们都在家里办公，但办公室的 HiFi 安装在我家的办公室里，这意味着我可以自由支配它的运行。一个不断变化的用户界面对于一个团队来说会很痛苦，但对于一个有研发背景的人来说，自己玩一个设备，变化是很有趣的。 + +我不是一个程序员，但我有很强的 Linux 和 Unix 系统管理背景。这意味着，虽然我觉得修复坏掉的 Python 代码很烦人，但 Volumio 对我来说却足够完美，足够无聊（这是一个很好的“问题”）。幸运的是，在树莓派上播放音乐还有很多其他的可能性。 + +作为一个终端狂人（我甚至从终端窗口启动 LibreOffice），我主要使用 Music on Console（[MOC][6]）来播放我的网络存储（NAS）中的音乐。我有几百张 CD，都变成了 [FLAC][7] 文件。而且我还从 [BandCamp][8] 或 [Society of Sound][9] 等渠道购买了许多数字专辑。 + +另一个选择是 [音乐播放器守护进程（MPD）][10]。把它运行在树莓派上，我可以通过网络使用 Linux 和 Android 的众多客户端之一与我的音乐进行远程交互。 + +### 音乐不停歇 + +正如你所看到的，创建一个廉价的 HiFi 系统的可能性在软件和硬件方面几乎是无限的。我们的解决方案只是众多解决方案中的一个，我希望它能启发你建立适合你环境的东西。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/21/1/raspberry-pi-hifi + +作者：[Peter Czanik][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/czanik +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/hi-fi-stereo-vintage.png?itok=KYY3YQwE (HiFi vintage stereo) +[2]: https://www.hifiberry.com/products/amp/ +[3]: https://audioengineusa.com/shop/passivespeakers/p4-passive-speakers/ +[4]: https://volumio.org/ +[5]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/volumeio.png (Volumio interface) +[6]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_on_Console +[7]: https://xiph.org/flac/ +[8]: https://bandcamp.com/ +[9]: https://realworldrecords.com/news/society-of-sound-statement/ +[10]: https://www.musicpd.org/ From 8bff60a18d75fa36e9c29cf0cdd0fefbcd57d720 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Mon, 15 Mar 2021 05:03:47 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 200/309] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020210314=20?= =?UTF-8?q?12=20Raspberry=20Pi=20projects=20to=20try=20this=20year?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20210314 12 Raspberry Pi projects to try this year.md --- ... Raspberry Pi projects to try this year.md | 100 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 100 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20210314 12 Raspberry Pi projects to try this year.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210314 12 Raspberry Pi projects to try this year.md b/sources/tech/20210314 12 Raspberry Pi projects to try this year.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..083ff8c281 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20210314 12 Raspberry Pi projects to try this year.md @@ -0,0 +1,100 @@ +[#]: subject: (12 Raspberry Pi projects to try this year) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/articles/21/3/raspberry-pi-projects) +[#]: author: (Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +12 Raspberry Pi projects to try this year +====== +There are plenty of reasons to use your Raspberry Pi at home, work, and +everywhere in between. Celebrate Pi Day by choosing one of these +projects. +![Raspberry Pi 4 board][1] + +Remember when the Raspberry Pi was just a really tiny hobbyist Linux computer? Well, to the surprise of no one, the Pi's power and scope has escalated quickly. Have you got a new Raspberry Pi or an old one lying around needing something to do? If so, we have plenty of new project ideas, ranging from home automation to cross-platform coding, and even some new hardware to check out. + +### Raspberry Pi at home + +Although I started using the Raspberry Pi mostly for electronics projects, any spare Pi not attached to a breadboard quickly became a home server. As I decommission old units, I always look for a new reason to keep it working on something useful. + + * While it's fun to make LEDs blink with a Pi, after you've finished a few basic electronics projects, it might be time to give your Pi some serious responsibilities. Predictably, it turns out that a homemade smart thermostat is substantially smarter than those you buy off the shelf. Try out ThermOS and this tutorial to [build your own multizone thermostat with a Raspberry Pi][2]. + + * Whether you have a child trying to focus on remote schoolwork or an adult trying to stay on task during work hours, being able to "turn off" parts of the Internet can be an invaluable feature for your home network. [The Pi-hole project][3] grants you this ability by turning your Pi into your local DNS server, which allows you to block or re-route specific sites. There's a sizable community around Pi-hole, so there are existing lists of commonly blocked sites, and several front-ends to help you interact with Pi-hole right from your Android phone. + + * Some families have a complex schedule. Kids have school and afterschool activities, adults have important events to attend, anniversaries and birthdays to remember, appointments to keep, and so on. You can keep track of everything using your mobile phone, but this is the future! Shouldn't wall calendars be interactive by now? + +For me, nothing is more futuristic than paper that changes its ink. Of course, we have e-ink now, and the Pi can use an e-ink display as its screen. [Build a family calendar][4] with a Pi and an e-ink display for one of the lowest-powered yet most futuristic (or magical, if you prefer) calendaring systems possible. + + * There's something about the Raspberry Pi's minimal design and lack of a case that inspires you to want to build something with it. After you've built yourself a thermostat and a calendar, why not [replace your home router with a Raspberry Pi][5]? With the OpenWRT distribution, you can repurpose your Pi as a router, and with the right hardware you can even add mobile connectivity. + + + + +### Monitoring your world with the Pi + +For modern technology to be truly interactive, it has to have an awareness of its environment. For instance, a display that brightens or dims based on ambient light isn't possible without useful light sensor data. Similarly, the actual _environment_ is really important to us humans, and so it helps to have technology that can monitor it for us. + + * Gathering data from sensors is one of the foundations you need to understand before embarking on a home automation or Internet of Things project. The Pi can do serious computing tasks, but it's got to get its data from something. Sensors provide a Pi with data about the environment. [Learn more about the fine art of gathering data over sensors][6] so you'll be ready to monitor the physical world with your Pi. + + * Once you're gathering data, you need a way to process it. The open source monitoring tool Prometheus is famous for its ability to represent complex data inputs, and so it's an ideal candidate to be your IoT (Internet of Things) aggregator. Get started now, and in no time you'll be monitoring and measuring and general data crunching with [Prometheus on a Pi][7]. + + * While a Pi is inexpensive and small enough to be given a single task, it's still a surprisingly powerful computer. Whether you've got one Pi monitoring a dozen other Pi units on your IoT, or whether you just have a Pi tracking the temperature of your greenhouse, sometimes it's nice to be able to check in on the Pi itself to find out what its workload is like, or where specific tasks might be able to be optimized. + +Grafana is a great platform for monitoring servers, including a Raspberry Pi. [Prometheus and Grafana][8] work together to monitor all aspects of your hardware, providing a friendly dashboard so you can check in on performance and reliability at a glance. + + * You can download mobile apps to help you scan your home for WiFi signal strength, or you can [build your own on a Raspberry Pi using Go][9]. The latter sounds a lot more fun than the former, and because you're writing it yourself, there's a lot more customization you can do on a Pi-based solution. + + + + +### The Pi at work + +I've run file shares and development servers on Pi units at work, and I've seen them at former workplaces doing all kinds of odd jobs (I remember one that got hooked up to an espresso machine to count how many cups of coffee my department consumed each day, not for accounting purposes but for bragging rights). Ask your IT department before bringing your Pi to work, of course, but look around and see what odd job a credit-card-sized computer might be able to do for you. + + * Of course you could host a website on a Raspberry Pi from the very beginning of the Pi. But as the Pi has developed, it's gotten more RAM and better processing power, and so [a dynamic website with SQLite or Postgres and Python][10] is an entirely reasonable prospect. + + * Printers are infamously frustrating. Wouldn't it be nice to program [your very own print UI][11] using the amazing cross-platform framework TotalCross and a Pi? The less you have to struggle through screens of poorly designed and excessive options, the better. If you design it yourself, you can provide exactly the options your department needs, leaving the rest out of sight and out of mind. + + * Containers are the latest trend in computing, but before containers there were FreeBSD jails. Jails are a great solution for running high-risk applications safely, but they can be complex to set up and maintain. However, if you install FreeBSD on your Pi and run [Bastille for jail management][12] and mix in the liberal use of jail templates, you'll find yourself using jails with the same ease you use containers on Linux. + + * The "problem" with having so many tech devices around your desk is that your attention tends to get split between screens. If you'd rather be able to relax and just stare at a single screen, then you might look into the Scrcpy project, a screen copying application that [lets you access the screen of your mobile device on your Linux desktop or Pi][13]. I've tested scrcpy on a Pi 3 and a Pi 4, and the performance has surprised me each time. I use scrcpy often, but especially when I'm setting up an exciting new Edge computing node on your Pi cluster, or building my smart thermostat, or my mobile router, or whatever else. + + + + +### Get a Pi + +To be fair, not everyone has a Pi. If you haven't gotten hold of a Pi yet, you might [take a look at the Pi 400][14], an ultra-portable Pi-in-a-keyboard computer. Evocative of the Commodore 64, this unique form factor is designed to make it easy for you to plug your keyboard (and the Pi inside of it) into the closest monitor and get started computing. It's fast, easy, convenient, and almost _painfully_ retro. If you don't own a Pi yet, this may well be the one to get. + +What Pi projects are you working on for Pi day? Tell us in the comments. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/articles/21/3/raspberry-pi-projects + +作者：[Seth Kenlon][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/seth +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/raspberry-pi-4_lead.jpg?itok=2bkk43om (Raspberry Pi 4 board) +[2]: https://opensource.com/article/21/3/thermostat-raspberry-pi +[3]: https://opensource.com/article/21/3/raspberry-pi-parental-control +[4]: https://opensource.com/article/21/3/family-calendar-raspberry-pi +[5]: https://opensource.com/article/21/3/router-raspberry-pi +[6]: https://opensource.com/article/21/3/sensor-data-raspberry-pi +[7]: https://opensource.com/article/21/3/iot-measure-raspberry-pi +[8]: https://opensource.com/article/21/3/raspberry-pi-grafana-cloud +[9]: https://opensource.com/article/21/3/troubleshoot-wifi-go-raspberry-pi +[10]: https://opensource.com/article/21/3/web-hosting-raspberry-pi +[11]: https://opensource.com/article/21/3/raspberry-pi-totalcross +[12]: https://opensource.com/article/21/3/bastille-raspberry-pi +[13]: https://opensource.com/article/21/3/android-raspberry-pi +[14]: https://opensource.com/article/21/3/raspberry-pi-400-review From 388af9c19f2a15289a05c01a198d26edee80243e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Mon, 15 Mar 2021 09:08:06 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 201/309] translated --- ...ract Text From Images and PDFs on Linux.md | 105 ------------------ ...ract Text From Images and PDFs on Linux.md | 105 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 105 insertions(+), 105 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20210309 Use gImageReader to Extract Text From Images and PDFs on Linux.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20210309 Use gImageReader to Extract Text From Images and PDFs on Linux.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210309 Use gImageReader to Extract Text From Images and PDFs on Linux.md b/sources/tech/20210309 Use gImageReader to Extract Text From Images and PDFs on Linux.md deleted file mode 100644 index 98f9cbcdd4..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20210309 Use gImageReader to Extract Text From Images and PDFs on Linux.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,105 +0,0 @@ -[#]: subject: (Use gImageReader to Extract Text From Images and PDFs on Linux) -[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/gimagereader-ocr/) -[#]: author: (Ankush Das https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/) -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) - -Use gImageReader to Extract Text From Images and PDFs on Linux -====== - -_Brief: gImageReader is a GUI tool to utilize tesseract OCR engine for extracting texts from images and PDF files in Linux._ - -[gImageReader][1] is a front-end for [Tesseract Open Source OCR Engine][2]. _Tesseract_ was originally developed at HP and then was open-sourced in 2006. - -Basically, the OCR (Optical Character Recognition) engine lets you scan texts from a picture or a file (PDF). It can detect several languages by default and also supports scanning through Unicode characters. - -However, the Tesseract by itself is a command-line tool without any GUI. So, here, gImageReader comes to the rescue to let any user utilize it to extract text from images and files. - -Let me highlight a few things about it while mentioning my experience with it for the time I tested it out. - -### gImageReader: A Cross-Platform Front-End to Tesseract OCR - -![][3] - -To simplify things, gImageReader comes in handy to extract text from a PDF file or an image that contains any kind of text. - -Whether you need it for spellcheck or translation, it should be useful for a specific group of users. - -To sum up the features in a list, here’s what you can do with it: - - * Add PDF documents and images from disk, scanning devices, clipboard and screenshots - * Ability to rotate images - * Common image controls to adjust brightness, contrast, and resolution - * Scan images directly through the app - * Ability to process multiple images or files in one go - * Manual or automatic recognition area definition - * Recognize to plain text or to [hOCR][4] documents - * Editor to display the recognized text - * Can spellcheck the text extracted - * Convert/Export to PDF documents from hOCR document - * Export extracted text as a .txt file - * Cross-platform (Windows) - - - -### Installing gImageReader on Linux - -**Note**: _You need to explicitly install Tesseract language packs to detect from images/files from your software manager._ - -![][5] - -You can find gImageReader in the default repositories for some Linux distributions like Fedora and Debian. - -For Ubuntu, you need to add a PPA and then install it. To do that, here’s what you need to type in the terminal: - -``` -sudo add-apt-repository ppa:sandromani/gimagereader -sudo apt update -sudo apt install gimagereader -``` - -You can also find it for openSUSE from its build service and [AUR][6] will be the place for Arch Linux users. - -All the links to the repositories and the packages can be found in their [GitHub page][1]. - -[gImageReader][1] - -### Experience with gImageReader - -gImageReader is a quite useful tool for extracting texts from images when you need them. It works great when you try from a PDF file. - -For extracting images from a picture shot on a smartphone, the detection was close but a bit inaccurate. Maybe when you scan something, recognition of characters from the file could be better. - -So, you’ll have to try it for yourself to see how well it works for your use-case. I tried it on Linux Mint 20.1 (based on Ubuntu 20.04). - -I just had an issue to manage languages from the settings and I didn’t get a quick solution for that. If you encounter the issue, you might want to troubleshoot it and explore more about it how to fix it. - -![][7] - -Other than that, it worked just fine. - -Do give it a try and let me know how it worked for you! If you know of something similar (and better), do let me know about it in the comments below. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://itsfoss.com/gimagereader-ocr/ - -作者：[Ankush Das][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://github.com/manisandro/gImageReader -[2]: https://tesseract-ocr.github.io/ -[3]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/gImageReader.png?resize=800%2C456&ssl=1 -[4]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HOCR -[5]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/tesseract-language-pack.jpg?resize=800%2C620&ssl=1 -[6]: https://itsfoss.com/aur-arch-linux/ -[7]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/gImageReader-1.jpg?resize=800%2C460&ssl=1 diff --git a/translated/tech/20210309 Use gImageReader to Extract Text From Images and PDFs on Linux.md b/translated/tech/20210309 Use gImageReader to Extract Text From Images and PDFs on Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ec6d23d4dc --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20210309 Use gImageReader to Extract Text From Images and PDFs on Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,105 @@ +[#]: subject: (Use gImageReader to Extract Text From Images and PDFs on Linux) +[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/gimagereader-ocr/) +[#]: author: (Ankush Das https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +在 Linux 上使用 gImageReader 从图像和 PDF 中提取文本 +====== + +_简介：gImageReader 是一个 GUI 工具，用于在 Linux 中利用 Tesseract OCR 引擎从图像和 PDF 文件中提取文本。_ + +[gImageReader][1] 是 [Tesseract 开源 OCR 引擎][2]的一个前端。_Tesseract_ 最初是由 HP 公司开发的，然后在 2006 年开源。 + +基本上，OCR（光学字符识别）引擎可以让你从图片或文件（PDF）中扫描文本。默认情况下，它可以检测几种语言，还支持通过 Unicode 字符扫描。 + +然而，Tesseract 本身是一个没有任何 GUI 的命令行工具。因此，gImageReader 就来解决这点，它可以让任何用户使用它从图像和文件中提取文本。 + +让我重点介绍一些有关它的内容，同时说下我在测试期间的使用经验。 + +### gImageReader：一个跨平台的 Tesseract OCR 前端 + +![][3] + +为了简化事情，gImageReader 在从 PDF 文件或包含任何类型文本的图像中提取文本时非常方便。 + +无论你是需要它来进行拼写检查还是翻译，它都应该对特定的用户群体有用。 + +在列表总结下功能，这里是你可以用它做的事情： + + * 从磁盘、扫描设备、剪贴板和截图中添加 PDF 文档和图像 + * 能够旋转图像 + * 常用的图像控制，用于调整亮度、对比度和分辨率。 + * 直接通过应用扫描图像 + * 能够一次性处理多个图像或文件 + * 手动或自动识别区域定义 + * 识别纯文本或 [hOCR][4] 文档 + * 编辑器显示识别的文本 + * 可对对提取的文本进行拼写检查 + * 从 hOCR 文件转换/导出为 PDF 文件 + * 将提取的文本导出为 .txt 文件 + * 跨平台（Windows） + + + +### 在 Linux 上安装 gImageReader + +**注意**：_你需要安装 Tesseract 语言包，才能从软件管理器中的图像/文件中进行检测。_ + +![][5] + +你可以在一些 Linux 发行版如 Fedora 和 Debian 的默认仓库中找到 gImageReader。 + +对于 Ubuntu，你需要添加一个 PPA，然后安装它。要做到这点，下面是你需要在终端中输入的内容： + +``` +sudo add-apt-repository ppa:sandromani/gimagereader +sudo apt update +sudo apt install gimagereader +``` + +你也可以从 openSUSE 的构建服务中找到它，Arch Linux 用户可在 [AUR][6] 中找到。 + +所有的仓库和包的链接都可以在他们的 [GitHub 页面][1]中找到。 + +[gImageReader][1] + +### gImageReader 使用经验 + +当你需要从图像中提取文本时，gImageReader 是一个相当有用的工具。当你尝试从 PDF 文件中提取文本时，它的效果非常好。 + +对于从智能手机拍摄的图片中提取，检测很接近，但有点不准确。也许当你进行扫描时，从文件中识别字符可能会更好。 + +所以，你需要亲自尝试一下，看看它是否对你而言工作良好。我在 Linux Mint 20.1（基于 Ubuntu 20.04）上试过。 + +我只遇到了一个从设置中管理语言的问题，我没有得到一个快速的解决方案。如果你遇到此问题，那么可能需要对其进行故障排除，并进一步了解如何解决该问题。 + +![][7] + +除此之外，它工作良好。 + +试试吧，让我知道它是如何为你服务的！如果你知道类似的东西（和更好的），请在下面的评论中告诉我。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/gimagereader-ocr/ + +作者：[Ankush Das][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://github.com/manisandro/gImageReader +[2]: https://tesseract-ocr.github.io/ +[3]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/gImageReader.png?resize=800%2C456&ssl=1 +[4]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HOCR +[5]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/tesseract-language-pack.jpg?resize=800%2C620&ssl=1 +[6]: https://itsfoss.com/aur-arch-linux/ +[7]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/gImageReader-1.jpg?resize=800%2C460&ssl=1 From de365707edc30dd904d4fa5bf29c1a2ff8d928c0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Mon, 15 Mar 2021 09:18:28 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 202/309] translating --- ...210311 Set up network parental controls on a Raspberry Pi.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20210311 Set up network parental controls on a Raspberry Pi.md b/sources/tech/20210311 Set up network parental controls on a Raspberry Pi.md index 873bcfcba7..f25aed65a5 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20210311 Set up network parental controls on a Raspberry Pi.md +++ b/sources/tech/20210311 Set up network parental controls on a Raspberry Pi.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/3/raspberry-pi-parental-control) [#]: author: (Daniel Oh https://opensource.com/users/daniel-oh) [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 0f96117a641974b4c2d2d0a69313c69b15dc7e12 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: frstlis <48125063@qq.com> Date: Mon, 15 Mar 2021 12:30:52 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 203/309] Translated Nodejs --- ...pen source tools for Node.js developers.md | 249 ------------------ ...pen source tools for Node.js developers.md | 231 ++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 231 insertions(+), 249 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20200122 9 favorite open source tools for Node.js developers.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20200122 9 favorite open source tools for Node.js developers.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20200122 9 favorite open source tools for Node.js developers.md b/sources/tech/20200122 9 favorite open source tools for Node.js developers.md deleted file mode 100644 index 94f30ed079..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20200122 9 favorite open source tools for Node.js developers.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,249 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (stevenzdg988) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (9 favorite open source tools for Node.js developers) -[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/20/1/open-source-tools-nodejs) -[#]: author: (Hiren Dhadhuk https://opensource.com/users/hirendhadhuk) - -9 favorite open source tools for Node.js developers -====== -Of the wide range of tools available to simplify Node.js development, -here are the 10 best. -![Tools illustration][1] - -I recently read a survey on [StackOverflow][2] that said more than 49% of developers use Node.js for their projects. This came as no surprise to me. - -As an avid user of technology, I think it's safe to say that the introduction of Node.js led to a new era of software development. It is now one of the most preferred technologies for software development, right next to JavaScript. - -### What is Node.js, and why is it so popular? - -Node.js is a cross-platform, open source runtime environment for executing JavaScript code outside of the browser. It is also a preferred runtime environment built on Chrome's JavaScript runtime and is mainly used for building fast, scalable, and efficient network applications. - -I remember when we used to sit for hours and hours coordinating between front-end and back-end developers who were writing different scripts for each side. All of this changed as soon as Node.js came into the picture. I believe that the one thing that drives developers towards this technology is its two-way efficiency. - -With Node.js, you can run your code simultaneously on both the client and the server side, speeding up the whole process of development. Node.js bridges the gap between front-end and back-end development and makes the development process much more efficient. - -### A wave of Node.js tools - -For 49% of all developers (including me), Node.js is at the top of the pyramid when it comes to front-end and back-end development. There are tons of [Node.js use cases][3] that have helped me and my team deliver complex projects within our deadlines. Fortunately, Node.js' rising popularity has also produced a wave of open source projects and tools to help developers working with the environment. - -Recently, there has been a sudden increase in demand for projects built with Node.js. Sometimes, I find it quite challenging to manage these projects and keep up the pace while delivering high-quality results. So I decided to automate certain aspects of development using some of the most efficient of the many open source tools available for Node.js developers. - -In my extensive experience with Node.js, I've worked with a wide range of tools that have helped me with the overall development process—from streamlining the coding process to monitoring to content management. - -To help my fellow Node.js developers, I compiled this list of 9 of my favorite open source tools for simplifying Node.js development. - -### Webpack - -[Webpack][4] is a handy JavaScript module bundler used to simplify front-end development. It detects modules with dependencies and transforms them into static assets that represent the modules. - -You can install the tool through either the npm or Yarn package manager. - -With npm: - - -``` -`npm install --save-dev webpack` -``` - -With Yarn: - - -``` -`yarn add webpack --dev` -``` - -Webpack creates single bundles or multiple chains of assets that can be loaded asynchronously at runtime. Each asset does not have to be loaded individually. Bundling and serving assets becomes quick and efficient with the Webpack tool, making the overall user experience better and reducing the developer's hassle in managing load time. - -### Strapi - -[Strapi][5] is an open source headless content management system (CMS). A headless CMS is basically software that lets you manage your content devoid of a prebuilt frontend. It is a backend-only system that functions using RESTful APIs. - -You can install Strapi through Yarn or npx packages. - -With Yarn: - - -``` -`yarn create strapi-app my-project --quickstart` -``` - -With npx: - - -``` -`npx create-strapi-app my-project --quickstart` -``` - -Strapi's goal is to fetch and deliver your content in a structured manner across any device. The CMS makes it easy to manage your applications' content and make sure they are dynamic and accessible across any device. - -It provides a lot of features, including file upload, a built-in email system, JSON Web Token (JWT) authentication, and auto-generated documentation. I find it very convenient, as it simplifies the overall CMS and gives me full autonomy in editing, creating, or deleting all types of contents. - -In addition, the content structure built through Strapi is extremely flexible because you can create and reuse groups of content and customizable APIs. - -### Broccoli - -[Broccoli][6] is a powerful build tool that runs on an [ES6][7] module. Build tools are software that let you assemble all the different assets within your application or website, e.g., images, CSS, JavaScript, etc., into one distributable format. Broccoli brands itself as the "asset pipeline for ambitious applications." - -You need a project directory to work with Broccoli. Once you have the project directory in place, you can install Broccoli with npm using: - - -``` -npm install --save-dev broccoli -npm install --global broccoli-cli -``` - -You can also use Yarn for installation.  - -The current version of Node.js would be the best version for the tool as it provides long-time support. This helps you avoid the hassle of updating and reinstalling as you go. Once the installation process is completed, you can include the build specification in your Brocfile.js. - -In Broccoli, the unit of abstraction is a tree, which stores files and subdirectories within specific subdirectories. Therefore, before you build, you must have a specific idea of what you want your build to look like. - -The best part about Broccoli is that it comes with a built-in server for development that lets you host your assets on a local HTTP server. Broccoli is great for streamlined rebuilds, as its concise architecture and flexible ecosystem boost rebuild and compilation speeds. Broccoli lets you get organized to save time and maximize productivity during development. - -### Danger - -[Danger][8] is a very handy open source tool for streamlining your pull request (PR) checks. As Danger's library description says, the tool helps you "formalize" your code review system by managing PR checks. Danger integrates with your CI and helps you speed up the review process. - -Integrating Danger with your project is an easy step-by-step process—you just need to include the Danger module and create a Danger file for each project. However, it's more convenient to create a Danger account (easy to do through GitHub or Bitbucket), then set up access tokens for your open source software projects. - -Danger can be installed via NPM or Yarn. To use Yarn, add danger -D to add it to your package.JSON. - -After you add Danger to your CI, you can: - - * Highlight build artifacts of importance - * Manage sprints by enforcing links to tools like Trello and Jira - * Enforce changelogs - * Utilize descriptive labels - * And much more - - - -For example, you can design a system that defines the team culture and sets out specific rules for code review and PR checks. Common issues can be solved based on the metadata Danger provides along with its extensive plugin ecosystem. - -### Snyk - -Cybersecurity is a major concern for developers. [Snyk][9] is one of the most well-known tools to fix vulnerabilities in open source components. It started as a project to fix vulnerabilities in Node.js projects and has evolved to detect and fix vulnerabilities in Ruby, Java, Python, and Scala apps as well. Snyk mainly runs in four stages: - - * Finding vulnerability dependencies - * Fixing specific vulnerabilities - * Preventing security risks by PR checks - * Monitoring apps continuously - - - -Snyk can be integrated with your project at any stage, including coding, CI/CD, and reporting. I find it extremely helpful for testing Node.js projects to test out npm packages for security risks or at build-time. You can also run PR checks for your applications in GitHub to make your projects more secure. Synx also provides a range of integrations that you can use to monitor dependencies and fix specific problems. - -To run Snyk on your machine locally, you can install it through NPM: - - -``` -`npm install -g snyk` -``` - -### Migrat - -[Migrat][10] is an extremely easy to use data-migration tool that uses plain text. It works across a diverse range of stacks and processes that make it even more convenient. You can install Migrat with a simple line of code: - - -``` -`$ npm install -g migrat` -``` - -Migrat is not specific to a particular database engine. It supports multi-node environments, as migrations can run on one node globally or once per server. What makes Migrat convenient is the facilitation of passing context to each migration. - -You can define what each migration is for (e.g.,. database sets, connections, logging interfaces, etc.). Moreover, to avoid haphazard migrations, where multiple servers are running migrations globally, Migrat facilitates global lockdown while the process is running so that it can run only once globally. It also comes with a range of plug-ins for SQL databases, Slack, HipChat, and the Datadog dashboard. You can send live migrations to any of these platforms. - -### Clinic.js - -[Clinic.js][11] is an open source monitoring tool for Node.js projects. It combines three different tools—Doctor, Bubbleprof, and Flame—that help you monitor, detect, and solve performance issues with Node.js. - -You can install Clinic.js from npm by running this command: - - -``` -`$ npm install clinic` -``` - -You can choose which of the three tools that comprise Clinic.js you want to use based on which aspect of your project you want to monitor and the report you want to generate: - - * Doctor provides detailed metrics by injecting probes and provides recommendations on the overall health of your project. - * Bubbleprof is great for profiling and generates metrics using async_hooks. - * Flame is great for uncovering hot paths and bottlenecks in your code. - - - -### PM2 - -Monitoring is one of the most important aspects of any backend development process. [PM2][12] is a process management tool for Node.js that helps developers monitor multiple aspects of their projects such as logs, delays, and speed. The tool is compatible with Linux, MacOS, and Windows and supports all Node.js versions starting from Node.js 8.X. - -You can install PM2 with npm using: - - -``` -`$ npm install pm2 --g` -``` - -If you do not already have Node.js installed, you can use: - - -``` -`wget -qO- https://getpm2.com/install.sh | bash` -``` - -Once it's installed, start the application with: - - -``` -`$ pm2 start app.js` -``` - -The best part about PM2 is that it lets you run your apps in cluster mode. You can spawn a process for multiple CPU cores at a time. This makes it easy to enhance application performance and maximize reliability. PM2 is also great for updates, as you can update your apps and reload them with zero downtime using the "hot reload" option. Overall, it's a great tool to simplify process management for Node.js applications. - -### Electrode - -[Electrode][13] is an open source application platform from Walmart Labs. The platform helps you build large-scale, universal React/Node.js applications in a structured manner. - -The Electrode app generator lets you build a flexible core focused on the code, provides some great modules to add complex features to the app, and comes with a wide range of tools to optimize your app's Node.js bundle. - -Electrode can be installed using npm. Once the installation is finished, you can start the app using Ignite and dive right in with the Electrode app generator. - -You can install Electrode using NPM: - - -``` -`npm install -g electrode-ignite xclap-cli` -``` - -### Which are your favorite? - -These are just a few of the always-growing list of open source tools that can come in handy at different stages when working with Node.js. Which are your go-to open source Node.js tools? Please share your recommendations in the comments. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://opensource.com/article/20/1/open-source-tools-nodejs - -作者：[Hiren Dhadhuk][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[stevenzdg988](https://github.com/stevenzdg988) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://opensource.com/users/hirendhadhuk -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/tools_hardware_purple.png?itok=3NdVoYhl (Tools illustration) -[2]: https://insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2019#technology-_-other-frameworks-libraries-and-tools -[3]: https://www.simform.com/nodejs-use-case/ -[4]: https://webpack.js.org/ -[5]: https://strapi.io/ -[6]: https://broccoli.build/ -[7]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECMAScript#6th_Edition_-_ECMAScript_2015 -[8]: https://danger.systems/ -[9]: https://snyk.io/ -[10]: https://github.com/naturalatlas/migrat -[11]: https://clinicjs.org/ -[12]: https://pm2.keymetrics.io/ -[13]: https://www.electrode.io/ diff --git a/translated/tech/20200122 9 favorite open source tools for Node.js developers.md b/translated/tech/20200122 9 favorite open source tools for Node.js developers.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..35ffd78962 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20200122 9 favorite open source tools for Node.js developers.md @@ -0,0 +1,231 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (stevenzdg988) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (9 favorite open source tools for Node.js developers) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/20/1/open-source-tools-nodejs) +[#]: author: (Hiren Dhadhuk https://opensource.com/users/hirendhadhuk) + +9 个 Node.js 开发人员最喜欢的开源工具 +====== +在可用于简化 Node.js 开发的各种工具中， +以下 10 种是最佳选择。 +![工具说明][1] + +我最近在 [StackOverflow][2] 上阅读了一项调查，该调查称超过 49％ 的开发人员在其项目中使用 Node.js。这对我来说不足为奇。 + +作为热衷于技术的用户，我可以肯定地说 Node.js 的采用引领了软件开发的新时代。现在，它仅次于 JavaScript 成为最受欢迎的软件开发技术之一。 + +### Node.js 是什么，为什么如此受欢迎？ + +Node.js 是一个跨平台的开源运行环境，用于在浏览器外部执行 JavaScript 代码。它也是基于 Chrome 的 JavaScript 运行时创建的首选运行环境，主要用于快速创建，可扩展和高效的网络应用程序。 + +记得当时我们花费几个小时来协调为各自编写不同脚本的前端和后端开发人员。当 Node.js 出现后，所有这些都改变了。我相信，促使开发人员采用这项技术是因为它的双向效率。 + +使用 Node.js，您可以同时在客户端和服务器端运行代码，从而加快了整个开发过程。Node.js 弥合了前端和后端开发之间的差距，并使开发过程更加高效。 + +### 来一波 Node.js 工具 + +对于 49％ 的开发人员（包括我），Node.js 在前端和后端开发方面处于金字塔顶端。有大量的 [Node.js 用例][3] 帮助我和我的团队在截止日期之内交付复杂的项目。幸运的是，Node.js 的日益普及也产生了一系列开源项目和工具，以帮助开发人员使用该环境。 + +最近，对使用 Node.js 构建的项目的需求突然增加。有时，我发现管理这些项目并同时保持交付高质量项目的步伐非常具有挑战性。因此，我决定使用一些为 Node.js 开发人员提供的许多可用的开源工具中最高效的工具，使某些方面的开发自动化。 + +根据我在 Node.js 方面的丰富经验，我使用了许多的工具，这些工具对整个开发过程都非常有帮助-从简化编码过程到监测再到内容管理。 + +为了帮助我的 Node.js 开发同道，我整理了最喜欢的 9 种开源工具清单，以简化 Node.js 开发。 + +### Webpack + +[Webpack][4] 是一个容易使用的 JavaScript 模块捆绑程序，用于简化前端开发。它检测具有依赖的模块，并将其转换为静态的描述模块。 + +可以通过软件包管理器 npm 或 Yarn 安装该工具。 + +利用 npm 命令安装如下： + +``` +`npm install --save-dev webpack` +``` + +利用 Yarn 命令安装如下： + +``` +`yarn add webpack --dev` +``` + +Webpack 创建可以在运行时异步加载的单个包或多重约束。不必单独加载。使用 Webpack 工具可以快速高效地打包和提供服务，从而改善用户整体体验，并减少开发人员在管理加载时间方面的困难。 + +### Strapi + +[Strapi][5] 是一个开放源代码的无头内容管理系统（CMS）。无头 CMS 是一种基础软件，可以管理内容而无需预先构建前端。是一个只使用 RESTful API 功能的后端系统。 + +可以通过软件包管理器 Yarn 或 npx 安装 Strapi。 + +利用 Yarn 命令安装如下： + +``` +`yarn create strapi-app my-project --quickstart` +``` + +利用 npx 命令安装如下： + +``` +`npx create-strapi-app my-project --quickstart` +``` + +Strapi 的目标是在任何设备上以结构化的方式获取和交付内容。CMS 使您可以轻松管理应用程序的内容，并确保它们是动态的并且可以访问任何设备。 + +它提供了许多功能，包括文件上传，内置的电子邮件系统，JSON Web Token （JWT）验证和自动生成文档。我发现它非常方便，因为它简化了整个 CMS，并为我提供了编辑，创建或删除所有类型内容的完全自主权。 + +另外，通过 Strapi 构建的内容结构非常灵活，因为您可以创建和重用内容组和可定制的 API。 + +### Broccoli + +[Broccoli][6] 是一个功能强大的构建工具，可在 [ES6][7] 模块上运行。生成工具是一种软件，可让您将应用程序或网站中的所有不同的有用内容（例如图像，CSS，JavaScript 等）组合成一种可分配的格式。Broccoli 将自己称为 “有用的雄心勃勃的应用程序管道”。 + +您需要一个项目目录才能使用 Broccoli。放置好项目目录后，可以使用以下命令通过 npm 安装 Broccoli： + +``` +npm install --save-dev broccoli +npm install --global broccoli-cli +``` + +您也可以使用 Yarn 进行安装。 + +当前版本的 Node.js 是该工具的最佳版本，因为对它提供了长期的支持。可以帮助您避免进行更新和重新安装过程中的麻烦。安装过程完成后，可以在 Brocfile.js 文件中包含创建规范。 + +在 Broccoli 中，抽象单位是树，该树将文件和子目录存储在特定子目录中。因此，在创建之前，您必须对要构建的外观有一个特定的了解。必须有一个明确的想法，你想让创建的看起来与其一样。 + +Broccoli最好的部分是，它带有用于开发的内置服务器，可让您将有用的内容托管在本地 HTTP 服务器上。Broccoli 非常适合合理化重建，因为其简洁的架构和灵活的生态系统可提高重建和编译速度。Broccoli 可让您井井有条，以节省时间并在开发过程中最大限度地提高生产力。 + +### Danger + +[Danger][8] 是一个非常方便的开源工具，用于简化您的拉取请求（PR）检查。正如 Danger 库描述所说，该工具可通过管理 PR 检查来帮助 “形式化” 您的代码检查系统。Danger 与您的 CI 集成在一起，可帮助您加快审核过程。 + +将 Danger 与您的项目集成是一个简单的分步过程-您只需要包括 Danger 模块并为每个项目创建一个 Danger 文件。然而，创建一个Danger 帐户（通过 GitHub 或 Bitbucket 轻松完成），并且为开源软件项目设置访问令牌更加方便。 + +可以通过 NPM 或 Yarn 安装 Danger。要使用 Yarn，请添加 Danger -D 将其添加到 package.JSON 中。 + +After you add Danger to your CI, you can: +将 Danger 添加到 CI 后，您可以： + + * 高亮显示创建建重要的工件 + * 通过强制链接到 Trello 和 Jira 之类的工具来管理 sprint + * 强制更新日志 + * 使用描述性标签 + * 以及更多 + +例如，您可以设计一个定义团队文化并为代码审查和 PR 检查设定特定规则的系统。常见议题可以根据 Danger 提供的元数据及其广泛的插件生态系统来解决。 + +### Snyk + +网络安全是开发人员的主要关注点。[Snyk][9] 是修复开源组件中漏洞的最著名工具之一。它最初是一个用于修复 Node.js 项目漏洞的项目，并且已经演变为可以检测并修复 Ruby，Java，Python 和 Scala 应用程序中的漏洞。Snyk 主要运行四个阶段： + + * 查找漏洞依赖性 + * 修复特定漏洞 + * 通过 PR 检查预防安全风险 + * 持续监控应用程序 + +Snyk 可以在任何阶段与项目集成，包括编码，CI/CD 和报告。我发现这对于测试 Node.js 项目以测试 npm 软件包是否存在安全风险或在构建时非常有帮助。您还可以在 GitHub 中为您的应用程序运行 PR 检查，以使您的项目更安全。Synx 还提供了一系列集成，可用于监视依赖关系并解决特定问题。 + +要在本地计算机上运行 Snyk，可以通过 NPM 安装它： + +``` +`npm install -g snyk` +``` + +### Migrat + +[Migrat][10] 是一种非常易于使用的使用纯文本的数据迁移工具。 它可在各种堆栈和进程中工作，从而使其更加实用。您可以使用简单的代码行安装 Migrat： + +``` +`$ npm install -g migrat` +``` + +Migrat 不是特定于特别的数据库引擎。它支持多节点环境，因为迁移可以在一个全局节点上运行，也可以在每个服务器上运行一次。使 Migrat 方便的原因是便于将上下文传递给每个迁移。 + +您可以定义每种迁移的用途（例如，数据库集，连接，日志记录接口等）。此外，为了避免随意迁移，即多个服务器正在全局范围内进行迁移，Migrat 有助于在进程运行时进行全局锁定，从而使其只能在全局范围内运行一次。它还附带了一系列用于 SQL 数据库，Slack，HipChat 和 Datadog 仪表盘的插件。您可以将实时迁移状况发送到任意一个平台。 + +### Clinic.js + +[Clinic.js][11] 是一个用于 Node.js 项目的开源监视工具。它结合了三种不同的工具 Doctor，Bubbleprof 和 Flame，可利用 Node.js 帮助您监视，检测和解决性能问题。 + +您可以通过运行以下命令从 npm 安装 Clinic.js： + +``` +`$ npm install clinic` +``` + +您可以根据要监视项目的某个方面以及要生成的报告，选择要使用的包含 Clinic.js 的三个工具中的一个： + + * Doctor 通过注入探针来提供详细的指标，并就项目的总体运行状况提供建议。 + * Bubbleprof 非常适合分析，并使用 `async_hooks` 生成标准。 + * Flame 非常适合发现代码中的热路径和瓶颈。 + +### PM2 + +监视是任何后端开发过程中最重要的一方面。[PM2][12] 是 Node.js 的进程管理工具，可帮助开发人员监视项目的多个方面，例如日志，延迟和速度。该工具与 Linux，MacOS 和 Windows 兼容，并支持从 Node.js 8.X 开始的所有 Node.js 版本。 + +您可以使用以下命令通过 npm 安装 PM2： + +``` +`$ npm install pm2 --g` +``` + +如果尚未安装 Node.js，则可以使用以下命令安装： + +``` +`wget -qO- https://getpm2.com/install.sh | bash` +``` + +安装完成后，使用以下命令启动应用程序： + +``` +`$ pm2 start app.js` +``` + +关于 PM2 的最好之处在于，可以在集群模式下运行应用程序。可以同时为多个 CPU 内核生成一个进程。这样可以轻松增强应用程序性能并最大程度地提高可靠性。PM2也非常适合更新，因为您可以使用 “热重载” 选项更新应用程序并以零停机时间重新加载应用程序。总体而言，它是为 Node.js 应用程序简化进程管理的好工具。 + +### Electrode + +[Electrode][13] 是 Walmart Labs 的开源应用程序平台。该平台可帮助您以结构化方式构建大规模通用的 React/Node.js 应用程序。 + +Electrode 应用程序生成器使您可以构建专注于代码的灵活内核，提供一些出色的模块以向应用程序添加复杂功能，并提供了广泛的工具来优化应用程序的 Node.js 包。 + +可以使用 npm 安装 Electrode。安装完成后，您可以使用 Ignite 启动应用程序，并直接使用 Electrode 应用程序生成器进行深入研究。 + +您可以使用 NPM 安装 Electrode： + +``` +`npm install -g electrode-ignite xclap-cli` +``` + +### 你最喜欢哪一个？ + +这些只是不断增长的开源工具列表中的一小部分，在使用 Node.js 时，这些工具可以在不同阶段派上用场。您最喜欢使用哪些开源 Node.js 工具？请在评论中分享您的建议。 +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/20/1/open-source-tools-nodejs + +作者：[Hiren Dhadhuk][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[stevenzdg988](https://github.com/stevenzdg988) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/hirendhadhuk +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/tools_hardware_purple.png?itok=3NdVoYhl (Tools illustration) +[2]: https://insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2019#technology-_-other-frameworks-libraries-and-tools +[3]: https://www.simform.com/nodejs-use-case/ +[4]: https://webpack.js.org/ +[5]: https://strapi.io/ +[6]: https://broccoli.build/ +[7]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECMAScript#6th_Edition_-_ECMAScript_2015 +[8]: https://danger.systems/ +[9]: https://snyk.io/ +[10]: https://github.com/naturalatlas/migrat +[11]: https://clinicjs.org/ +[12]: https://pm2.keymetrics.io/ +[13]: https://www.electrode.io/ From 65f01c040111471bff4cdcb7ce903259f1e6994d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: stevenzdg988 <3442417@qq.com> Date: Mon, 15 Mar 2021 13:05:07 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 204/309] Translating --- .../20200915 Improve your time management with Jupyter.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20200915 Improve your time management with Jupyter.md b/sources/tech/20200915 Improve your time management with Jupyter.md index 65c9e05f86..8caa07640d 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20200915 Improve your time management with Jupyter.md +++ b/sources/tech/20200915 Improve your time management with Jupyter.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (stevenzdg988) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) @@ -306,7 +306,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/20/9/calendar-jupyter 作者：[Moshe Zadka][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +译者：[stevenzdg988](https://github.com/stevenzdg988) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 79fd8bb9fa5c8a98bbe36bf77e330588acf8b742 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: stevenzdg988 <3442417@qq.com> Date: Mon, 15 Mar 2021 13:09:22 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 205/309] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=8F=90=E4=BA=A4=E8=AF=91=E6=96=87?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...prove your time management with Jupyter.md | 120 +++++++----------- 1 file changed, 48 insertions(+), 72 deletions(-) rename {sources => translated}/tech/20200915 Improve your time management with Jupyter.md (53%) diff --git a/sources/tech/20200915 Improve your time management with Jupyter.md b/translated/tech/20200915 Improve your time management with Jupyter.md similarity index 53% rename from sources/tech/20200915 Improve your time management with Jupyter.md rename to translated/tech/20200915 Improve your time management with Jupyter.md index 8caa07640d..74cdb5939c 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20200915 Improve your time management with Jupyter.md +++ b/translated/tech/20200915 Improve your time management with Jupyter.md @@ -7,22 +7,20 @@ [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/20/9/calendar-jupyter) [#]: author: (Moshe Zadka https://opensource.com/users/moshez) -Improve your time management with Jupyter +使用 Jupyter 改善你的时间管理 ====== -Discover how you are spending time by parsing your calendar with Python -in Jupyter. -![Calendar close up snapshot][1] +通过在 Jupyter 里使用 Python 分析日历了解您如何使用时间 。 +![日历特写快照][1] -[Python][2] has incredibly scalable options for exploring data. With [Pandas][3] or [Dask][4], you can scale [Jupyter][5] up to big data. But what about small data? Personal data? Private data? +[Python][2] 在用于探索数据方面具有令人难以置信的可扩展性选项。利用 [Pandas][3] 或 [Dask][4]，您可以将 [Jupyter][5] 扩展到大数据(处理)。但是小数据呢？个人资料？私人数据？ -JupyterLab and Jupyter Notebook provide a great environment to scrutinize my laptop-based life. +JupyterLab 和 Jupyter Notebook 提供了一个绝佳的环境来仔细检查我基于笔记本电脑的生活。 -My exploration is powered by the fact that almost every service I use has a web application programming interface (API). I use many such services: a to-do list, a time tracker, a habit tracker, and more. But there is one that almost everyone uses: _a calendar_. The same ideas can be applied to other services, but calendars have one cool feature: an open standard that almost all web calendars support: `CalDAV`. +我的探索是基于以下事实：我使用的几乎每个服务都有一个 Web 应用程序编程接口（API）。我使用了许多此类服务：待办事项列表，时间跟踪器，习惯跟踪器等。但是几乎每个人都使用：_日历_。相同的想法可以应用于其他服务，但是日历具有一个很酷的功能：几乎所有网络日历都支持的开放标准： `CalDAV`。 -### Parsing your calendar with Python in Jupyter - -Most calendars provide a way to export into the `CalDAV` format. You may need some authentication for accessing this private data. Following your service's instructions should do the trick. How you get the credentials depends on your service, but eventually, you should be able to store them in a file. I store mine in my root directory in a file called `.caldav`: +### 在 Jupyter 中使用 Python 解析日历 +大多数日历提供了导出为 `CalDAV` 格式的方法。您可能需要某种身份验证才能访问此私有数据。按照您的服务说明进行操作即可。如何获得凭据取决于您的服务，但是最终，您应该能够将它们存储在文件中。我将我的名为 `.caldav` 的文件存储在根(root)目录中： ``` import os @@ -30,26 +28,23 @@ with open(os.path.expanduser("~/.caldav")) as fpin:     username, password = fpin.read().split() ``` -Never put usernames and passwords directly in notebooks! They could easily leak with a stray `git push`. - -The next step is to use the convenient PyPI [caldav][6] library. I looked up the CalDAV server for my email service (yours may be different): +切勿将用户名和密码直接放在笔记本中！他们可能会很容易因 `git push` 偏离而导致泄漏。 +下一步是使用方便的 PyPI [caldav][6] 库。我在 CalDAV 服务器上查找了我的电子邮件服务（您可能有所不同）： ``` import caldav client = caldav.DAVClient(url="", username=username, password=password) ``` -CalDAV has a concept called the `principal`. It is not important to get into right now, except to know it's the thing you use to access the calendars: - +CalDAV 有一个称为 `principal`(主键) 的概念。马上进入(该系统)并不重要，除非这是您用于访问日历： ``` principal = client.principal() calendars = principal.calendars() ``` -Calendars are, literally, all about time. Before accessing events, you need to decide on a time range. One week should be a good default: - +日历按照字面讲是关于时间的。访问事件之前，您需要确定一个时间范围。默认设置为一星期： ``` from dateutil import tz @@ -58,8 +53,7 @@ now = datetime.datetime.now(tz.tzutc()) since = now - datetime.timedelta(days=7) ``` -Most people use more than one calendar, and most people want all their events together. The `itertools.chain.from_iterable` makes this straightforward: ` ` - +大多数人使用不止一个日历，并且希望所有事件都在一起。`itertools.chain.from_iterable` (方法)使这一过程变得简单：` ` ``` import itertools @@ -72,10 +66,9 @@ raw_events = list( ) ``` -Reading all the events into memory is important, and doing so in the API's raw, native format is an important practice. This means that when fine-tuning the parsing, analyzing, and displaying code, there is no need to go back to the API service to refresh the data. - -But "raw" is not an understatement. The events come through as strings in a specific format: +将所有事件读入内存很重要，以 API 原始的本地格式进行操作是重要的做法。这意味着在调整解析，分析和显示代码时，无需返回到 API 服务刷新数据。 +但 “原始” 并不是轻描淡写。事件通过特定格式的字符串实现： ``` `print(raw_events[12].data)`[/code] [code] @@ -96,8 +89,7 @@ But "raw" is not an understatement. The events come through as strings in a spec     END:VCALENDAR ``` -Luckily, PyPI comes to the rescue again with another helper library, [vobject][7]: - +幸运的是，PyPI 再次使用另一个帮助程序库 [vobject][7] 前来解围： ``` import io @@ -118,10 +110,9 @@ def parse_event(raw_event):      'uid': [<UID{}1302728i-040000008200E00074C5B7101A82E00800000000D939773EA578D601000000000000000010000000CD71CC3393651B419E9458134FE840F5>]} ``` -Well, at least it's a little better. - -There is still some work to do to convert it to a reasonable Python object. The first step is to _have_ a reasonable Python object. The [attrs][8] library provides a nice start: +好吧，至少好一点了。 +仍有一些工作要做，以将其转换为合理的 Python 对象。第一步是 _拥有_ 一个合理的 Python 对象。[attrs][8] 库提供了一个不错的开始： ``` import attr @@ -134,10 +125,9 @@ class Event:     summary: str ``` -Time to write the conversion code! - -The first abstraction gets the value from the parsed dictionary without all the decorations: +是时候编写转换代码了！ +第一个抽象在没有所有修饰的情况下从解析字典中获取值： ``` def get_piece(contents, name): @@ -146,8 +136,7 @@ def get_piece(contents, name): [/code] [code]`get_piece(_, "dtstart")`[/code] [code]`    datetime.datetime(2020, 8, 25, 22, 0, tzinfo=tzutc())` ``` -Calendar events always have a start, but they sometimes have an "end" and sometimes a "duration." Some careful parsing logic can harmonize both into the same Python objects: - +日历事件总是有一个开始，有一个“结束”，有一个 “持续时间”。一些谨慎的解析逻辑可以将两者协调为同一个 Python 对象： ``` def from_calendar_event_and_timezone(event, timezone): @@ -161,17 +150,15 @@ def from_calendar_event_and_timezone(event, timezone):     return Event(start=start, end=end, summary=summary, timezone=timezone) ``` -Since it is useful to have the events in your _local_ time zone rather than UTC, this uses the local timezone: - +由于将事件放在 _本地_ 时区而不是 UTC 中很有用，因此使用本地时区： ``` `my_timezone = tz.gettz()`[/code] [code]`from_calendar_event_and_timezone(raw_events[12], my_timezone)`[/code] [code]`    Event(start=datetime.datetime(2020, 8, 25, 22, 0, tzinfo=tzutc()), end=datetime.datetime(2020, 8, 25, 23, 0, tzinfo=tzutc()), timezone=tzfile('/etc/localtime'), summary='Busy')` ``` -Now that the events are real Python objects, they really should have some additional information. Luckily, it is possible to add methods retroactively to classes. - -But figuring which _day_ an event happens is not that obvious. You need the day in the _local_ timezone: +既然事件是真实的Python对象，那么它们实际上应该具有附加信息。 幸运的是，将方法添加到类中是可能的。 +但是弄清楚哪个事件发生在哪一天不是很明显。您需要在 _本地_ 时区中选择一天： ``` def day(self): @@ -183,8 +170,7 @@ Event.day = property(day) [/code] [code]`print(_.day)`[/code] [code]`    2020-08-25` ``` -Events are always represented internally as start/end, but knowing the duration is a useful property. Duration can also be added to the existing class: - +事件始终在内部表示为开始/结束，但是知道持续时间是有用的属性。持续时间也可以添加到现有类中： ``` def duration(self): @@ -194,31 +180,27 @@ Event.duration = property(duration) [/code] [code]`print(_.duration)`[/code] [code]`    1:00:00` ``` -Now it is time to convert all events into useful Python objects: - +现在到了将所有事件转换为有用的 Python 对象了： ``` all_events = [from_calendar_event_and_timezone(raw_event, my_timezone)               for raw_event in raw_events] ``` -All-day events are a special case and probably less useful for analyzing life. For now, you can ignore them: - +全天事件是一种特例，可能对分析生活没有多大用处。现在，您可以忽略它们： ``` # ignore all-day events all_events = [event for event in all_events if not type(event.start) == datetime.date] ``` -Events have a natural order—knowing which one happened first is probably useful for analysis: - +事件具有自然顺序——知道哪个事件最先发生可能有助于分析： ``` `all_events.sort(key=lambda ev: ev.start)` ``` -Now that the events are sorted, they can be broken into days: - +现在，事件已排序，可以将它们加载到每天： ``` import collections @@ -227,14 +209,12 @@ for event in all_events:     events_by_day[event.day].append(event) ``` -And with that, you have calendar events with dates, duration, and sequence as Python objects. +这样，您就可以将带有日期，持续时间和序列的日历事件作为 Python 对象。 +### 用 Python 报到你的生活 -### Reporting on your life in Python - -Now it is time to write reporting code! It is fun to have eye-popping formatting with proper headers, lists, important things in bold, etc. - -This means HTML and some HTML templating. I like to use [Chameleon][9]: +现在是时候编写报告代码了！带有适当的标题，列表，重要内容以粗体显示令人惊奇的格式是很有趣的。 +这就是 HTML 和 HTML 模板。我喜欢使用 [Chameleon(变色龙：动态的)][9]： ``` template_content = """ @@ -248,13 +228,10 @@ template_content = """ </body></html>""" ``` -One cool feature of Chameleon is that it will render objects using its `html` method. I will use it in two ways: - - * The summary will be in **bold** - * For most events, I will remove the summary (since this is my personal information) - - +Chameleon 的一个很酷的功能是使用 `html` 方法渲染对象。我将以两种方式使用它： + * 摘要将以 **bold** (**粗体**)显示 + * 对于大多数活动，我都会删除摘要（因为这是我的个人信息） ``` def __html__(self): @@ -268,8 +245,7 @@ def __html__(self): Event.__html__ = __html__ ``` -In the interest of brevity, the report will be sliced into one day's worth. - +为了简洁起见，该报告将切成每天的。 ``` import chameleon @@ -279,26 +255,26 @@ html = template(items=itertools.islice(events_by_day.items(), 3, 4)) HTML(html) ``` -#### When rendered, it will look something like this: +#### 渲染后，它将看起来像这样： #### 2020-08-25 - * **<REDACTED>** \-- 2020-08-25 08:30:00 (0:45:00) - * **<REDACTED>** \-- 2020-08-25 10:00:00 (1:00:00) - * **<REDACTED>** \-- 2020-08-25 11:30:00 (0:30:00) - * **<REDACTED>** \-- 2020-08-25 13:00:00 (0:25:00) + * **<编辑>** \-- 2020-08-25 08:30:00 (0:45:00) + * **<编辑>** \-- 2020-08-25 10:00:00 (1:00:00) + * **<编辑>** \-- 2020-08-25 11:30:00 (0:30:00) + * **<编辑>** \-- 2020-08-25 13:00:00 (0:25:00) * **Busy** \-- 2020-08-25 15:00:00 (1:00:00) - * **<REDACTED>** \-- 2020-08-25 15:00:00 (1:00:00) - * **<REDACTED>** \-- 2020-08-25 19:00:00 (1:00:00) - * **<REDACTED>** \-- 2020-08-25 19:00:12 (1:00:00) + * **<编辑>** \-- 2020-08-25 15:00:00 (1:00:00) + * **<编辑>** \-- 2020-08-25 19:00:00 (1:00:00) + * **<编辑>** \-- 2020-08-25 19:00:12 (1:00:00) -### Endless options with Python and Jupyter +### Python 和 Jupyter 的无穷选择 -This only scratches the surface of what you can do by parsing, analyzing, and reporting on the data that various web services have on you. +通过解析，分析和报告各种 Web 服务所拥有的数据，这只是您可以做的事情的表面。 -Why not try it with your favorite service? +为什么不尝试使用您最喜欢的服务呢？ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- From 01a1391d0d5ba4a3cc04b9ae671c3e76d1bf14b7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Mon, 15 Mar 2021 13:47:35 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 206/309] PUB @geekpi https://linux.cn/article-13205-1.html --- ...ract Text From Images and PDFs on Linux.md | 20 ++++++++----------- 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20210309 Use gImageReader to Extract Text From Images and PDFs on Linux.md (88%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20210309 Use gImageReader to Extract Text From Images and PDFs on Linux.md b/published/20210309 Use gImageReader to Extract Text From Images and PDFs on Linux.md similarity index 88% rename from translated/tech/20210309 Use gImageReader to Extract Text From Images and PDFs on Linux.md rename to published/20210309 Use gImageReader to Extract Text From Images and PDFs on Linux.md index ec6d23d4dc..af9f99d71a 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20210309 Use gImageReader to Extract Text From Images and PDFs on Linux.md +++ b/published/20210309 Use gImageReader to Extract Text From Images and PDFs on Linux.md @@ -3,16 +3,16 @@ [#]: author: (Ankush Das https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/) [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-13205-1.html) 在 Linux 上使用 gImageReader 从图像和 PDF 中提取文本 ====== -_简介：gImageReader 是一个 GUI 工具，用于在 Linux 中利用 Tesseract OCR 引擎从图像和 PDF 文件中提取文本。_ +> gImageReader 是一个 GUI 工具，用于在 Linux 中利用 Tesseract OCR 引擎从图像和 PDF 文件中提取文本。 -[gImageReader][1] 是 [Tesseract 开源 OCR 引擎][2]的一个前端。_Tesseract_ 最初是由 HP 公司开发的，然后在 2006 年开源。 +[gImageReader][1] 是 [Tesseract 开源 OCR 引擎][2]的一个前端。Tesseract 最初是由 HP 公司开发的，然后在 2006 年开源。 基本上，OCR（光学字符识别）引擎可以让你从图片或文件（PDF）中扫描文本。默认情况下，它可以检测几种语言，还支持通过 Unicode 字符扫描。 @@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ _简介：gImageReader 是一个 GUI 工具，用于在 Linux 中利用 Tesserac 无论你是需要它来进行拼写检查还是翻译，它都应该对特定的用户群体有用。 -在列表总结下功能，这里是你可以用它做的事情： +以列表总结下功能，这里是你可以用它做的事情： * 从磁盘、扫描设备、剪贴板和截图中添加 PDF 文档和图像 * 能够旋转图像 @@ -43,11 +43,9 @@ _简介：gImageReader 是一个 GUI 工具，用于在 Linux 中利用 Tesserac * 将提取的文本导出为 .txt 文件 * 跨平台（Windows） - - ### 在 Linux 上安装 gImageReader -**注意**：_你需要安装 Tesseract 语言包，才能从软件管理器中的图像/文件中进行检测。_ +**注意**：你需要安装 Tesseract 语言包，才能从软件管理器中的图像/文件中进行检测。 ![][5] @@ -65,8 +63,6 @@ sudo apt install gimagereader 所有的仓库和包的链接都可以在他们的 [GitHub 页面][1]中找到。 -[gImageReader][1] - ### gImageReader 使用经验 当你需要从图像中提取文本时，gImageReader 是一个相当有用的工具。当你尝试从 PDF 文件中提取文本时，它的效果非常好。 @@ -90,7 +86,7 @@ via: https://itsfoss.com/gimagereader-ocr/ 作者：[Ankush Das][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 056f5b82accdc2e7111c69b5adba0bbec7477e87 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: frstlis <48125063@qq.com> Date: Mon, 15 Mar 2021 23:03:16 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 207/309] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=8F=90=E4=BA=A4=E8=AF=91=E6=96=87?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...00410 Get started with Bash programming.md | 157 ------------------ ...00410 Get started with Bash programming.md | 146 ++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 146 insertions(+), 157 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20200410 Get started with Bash programming.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20200410 Get started with Bash programming.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20200410 Get started with Bash programming.md b/sources/tech/20200410 Get started with Bash programming.md deleted file mode 100644 index b9ffcc5e43..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20200410 Get started with Bash programming.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,157 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (stevenzdg988) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (Get started with Bash programming) -[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/20/4/bash-programming-guide) -[#]: author: (Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth) - -Get started with Bash programming -====== -Learn how to write custom programs in Bash to automate your repetitive -tasks. Download our new eBook to get started. -![Command line prompt][1] - -One of the original hopes for Unix was that it would empower everyday computer users to fine-tune their computers to match their unique working style. The expectations around computer customization have diminished over the decades, and many users consider their collection of apps and websites to be their "custom environment." One reason for that is that the components of many operating systems are not open, so their source code isn't available to normal users. - -But for Linux users, custom programs are within reach because the entire system is based around commands available through the terminal. The terminal isn't just an interface for quick commands or in-depth troubleshooting; it's a scripting environment that can reduce your workload by taking care of mundane tasks for you. - -### How to learn programming - -If you've never done any programming before, it might help to think of it in terms of two different challenges: one is to understand how code is written, and the other is to understand what code to write. You can learn _syntax_—but you won't get far without knowing what words are available to you in the _language_. In practice, you start learning both concepts all at once because you can't learn syntax without words to arrange, so initially, you write simple tasks using basic commands and basic programming structures. Once you feel comfortable with the basics, you can explore more of the language so you can make your programs do more and more significant things. - -In [Bash][2], most of the _words_ you use are Linux commands. The _syntax_ is Bash. If you already use Bash on a frequent basis, then the transition to Bash programming is relatively easy. But if you don't use Bash, you'll be pleased to learn that it's a simple language built for clarity and simplicity. - -### Interactive design - -Sometimes, the hardest thing to figure out when learning to program is what a computer can do for you. Obviously, if a computer on its own could do everything you do with it, then you wouldn't have to ever touch a computer again. But the reality is that humans are important. The key to finding something your computer can help you with is to take notice of tasks you repeatedly do throughout the week. Computers handle repetition particularly well. - -But for you to be able to tell your computer to do something, you must know how to do it. This is an area Bash excels in: interactive programming. As you perform an action in the terminal, you are also learning how to script it. - -For instance, I was once tasked with converting a large number of PDF books to versions that would be low-ink and printer-friendly. One way to do this is to open the PDF in a PDF editor, select each one of the hundreds of images—page backgrounds and textures counted as images—delete them, and then save it to a new PDF. Just one book would take half a day this way. - -My first thought was to learn how to script a PDF editor, but after days of research, I could not find a PDF editing application that could be scripted (outside of very ugly mouse-automation hacks). So I turned my attention to finding out to accomplish the task from within a terminal. This resulted in several new discoveries, including GhostScript, the open source version of PostScript (the printer language PDF is based on). By using GhostScript for the task for a few days, I confirmed that it was the solution to my problem. - -Formulating a basic script to run the command was merely a matter of copying the command and options I used to remove images from a PDF and pasting them into a text file. Running the file as a script would, presumably, produce the same results. - -### Passing arguments to a Bash script - -The difference between running a command in a terminal and running a command in a shell script is that the former is interactive. In a terminal, you can adjust things as you go. For instance, if I just processed **example_1.pdf** and am ready to process the next document, to adapt my command, I only need to change the filename. - -A shell script isn't interactive, though. In fact, the only reason a shell _script_ exists is so that you don't have to attend to it. This is why commands (and the shell scripts that run them) accept arguments. - -In a shell script, there are a few predefined variables that reflect how a script starts. The initial variable is **$0**, and it represents the command issued to start the script. The next variable is **$1**, which represents the first "argument" passed to the shell script. For example, in the command **echo hello**, the command **echo** is **$0,** and the word **hello** is **$1**. In the command **echo hello world**, the command **echo** is **$0**, **hello** is **$1**, and **world** is **$2**. - -In an interactive shell: - - -``` -$ echo hello world -hello world -``` - -In a non-interactive shell script, you _could_ do the same thing in a very literal way. Type this text into a text file and save it as **hello.sh**: - - -``` -`echo hello world` -``` - -Now run the script: - - -``` -$ bash hello.sh -hello world -``` - -That works, but it doesn't take advantage of the fact that a script can take input. Change **hello.sh** to this: - - -``` -`echo $1` -``` - -Run the script with two arguments grouped together as one with quotation marks: - - -``` -$ bash hello.sh "hello bash" -hello bash -``` - -For my PDF reduction project, I had a real need for this kind of non-interactivity, because each PDF took several minutes to condense. But by creating a script that accepted input from me, I could feed the script several PDF files all at once. The script processed each one sequentially, which could take half an hour or more, but it was a half-hour I could use for other tasks. - -### Flow control - -It's perfectly acceptable to create Bash scripts that are, essentially, transcripts of the exact process you took to achieve the task you need to be repeated. However, scripts can be made more powerful by controlling how information flows through them. Common methods of managing a script's response to data are: - - * if/then - * for loops - * while loops - * case statements - - - -Computers aren't intelligent, but they are good at comparing and parsing data. Scripts can feel a lot more intelligent if you build some data analysis into them. For example, the basic **hello.sh** script runs whether or not there's anything to echo: - - -``` -$ bash hello.sh foo -foo -$ bash hello.sh - -$ -``` - -It would be more user-friendly if it provided a help message when it receives no input. That's an if/then statement, and if you're using Bash in a basic way, you probably wouldn't know that such a statement existed in Bash. But part of programming is learning the language, and with a little research you'd learn about if/then statements: - - -``` -if [ "$1" = "" ]; then -        echo "syntax: $0 WORD" -        echo "If you provide more than one word, enclose them in quotes." -else -        echo "$1" -fi -``` - -Running this new version of **hello.sh** results in: - - -``` -$ bash hello.sh -syntax: hello.sh WORD -If you provide more than one word, enclose them in quotes. -$ bash hello.sh "hello world" -hello world -``` - -### Working your way through a script - -Whether you're looking for something to remove images from PDF files, or something to manage your cluttered Downloads folder, or something to create and provision Kubernetes images, learning to script Bash is a matter of using Bash and then learning ways to take those scripts from just a list of commands to something that responds to input. It's usually a process of discovery: you're bound to find new Linux commands that perform tasks you never imagined could be performed with text commands, and you'll find new functions of Bash to make your scripts adaptable to all the different ways you want them to run. - -One way to learn these tricks is to read other people's scripts. Get a feel for how people are automating rote commands on their systems. See what looks familiar to you, and look for more information about the things that are unfamiliar. - -Another way is to download our [introduction to programming with Bash][3] eBook. It introduces you to programming concepts specific to Bash, and with the constructs you learn, you can start to build your own commands. And of course, it's free to download and licensed under a [Creative Commons][4] license, so grab your copy today. - -### [Download our introduction to programming with Bash eBook!][3] - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://opensource.com/article/20/4/bash-programming-guide - -作者：[Seth Kenlon][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[stevenzdg988](https://github.com/stevenzdg988) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://opensource.com/users/seth -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/command_line_prompt.png?itok=wbGiJ_yg (Command line prompt) -[2]: https://opensource.com/resources/what-bash -[3]: https://opensource.com/downloads/bash-programming-guide -[4]: https://opensource.com/article/20/1/what-creative-commons diff --git a/translated/tech/20200410 Get started with Bash programming.md b/translated/tech/20200410 Get started with Bash programming.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..35415c8b6c --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20200410 Get started with Bash programming.md @@ -0,0 +1,146 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (stevenzdg988) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Get started with Bash programming) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/20/4/bash-programming-guide) +[#]: author: (Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth) + +开始使用 Bash 编程 +====== +了解如何在 Bash 中编写定制程序以自动执行重复性操作任务。下载我们的新电子书以开始使用。 +![命令行提示符][1] + +对 Unix 的最初希望之一是授权给日常的计算机用户能够调整其计算机以适应其独特的工作风格。在过去的几十年中，对计算机定制的期望已经降低，许多用户考虑将他们收集的应用程序和网站作为他们的 “定制环境”。 原因之一是许多操作系统的组件未打开，因此普通用户无法使用其源代码。 + +但是对于Linux用户而言，定制程序是可以实现的，因为整个系统都基于可通过终端获得的命令。终端不仅是用于快速命令或彻底排除故障的接口；也是一个脚本环境，可以通过为您处理日常任务来减少您的工作量。 + +### 如何学习编程 + +如果您以前从未进行过任何编程，可能面临考虑两个不同的挑战：一个是了解怎样编写代码，另一个是了解编写的代码是什么。您可以学习 _语法_，但是如果您不知道 _语言_ 中有哪些可用的关键字，您将无法继续。在实践中，同时开始学习这两个概念，是因为如果没有关键字的整理就无法学习语法，因此，最初您将使用基础命令和基础编程结构编写简单的任务。一旦熟悉基础，就可以探索更多编程语言的内容，从而使您的程序能够做越来越重要的事情。 + +在 [Bash][2] 中，您使用的大多数 _关键字_ 是 Linux 命令。 _syntax_ 是 Bash。如果您已经频繁使用 Bash，则向 Bash 编程的过渡相对容易。但是，如果您不曾使用过 Bash，您会很高兴地学习到它是为清晰和简单而构建的简单语言。 + +### 交互设计 + +有时，学习编程时最难解决的事情就是计算机可以为您做些什么。显然，如果一台计算机可以自己完成你要做的所有操作，那么您就不必再触摸计算机了。但是现实是人类很重要。找到您的计算机可以帮助您的事情的关键是通知整个星期重复执行的任务。计算机对重复的处理特别好。 + +但是，为了能让(告诉)计算机为你做某事(执行某项操作)，您必须知道怎么做。这是 Bash 擅长的领域：交互式编程。在终端中执行(命令)时，您还将学习如何编写脚本。 + +例如，我曾经负责将大量 PDF 书籍转换为低墨和友好打印的版本。一种方法是在 PDF 编辑器中打开 PDF ，从数百张图像（算作图像的页面背景和纹理）中选择每张图像，然后删除它们，然后将其保存到新的PDF中。这样一本书只需要半天。从数百张图像中选择每张图像-页面背景和纹理记做图像-删除它们，然后将其保存到一个新的 PDF 文件中。这样一本书就要花半天时间。 + +我的第一个想法是学习如何编写 PDF 编辑器脚本，但是经过数天的研究，我找不到可以编写编辑 PDF 应用程序的脚本（鼠标自动化的外部技巧）。因此，我将注意力转向了从终端内部找出完成任务的方法。这导致了几个新发现，包括 GhostScript，PostScript 的开源版本（基于 PDF 的打印机语言）。通过使用 GhostScript 处理了几天的任务，我确认这是解决我的问题的方法。 + +制定基本的脚本来运行命令仅仅是关于复制命令和我用来从 PDF 中删除图像并将其粘贴到文本文件中的选项的问题。据推测，将文件作为脚本运行会产生相同的结果。 + +### 向 Bash 脚本传参数 + +在终端中运行命令与在 Shell 脚本中运行命令之间的区别在于前者是交互式的。在终端中，您可以随时进行调整。例如，如果我刚刚处理 **example_1.pdf** 并准备处理下一个文档，以适应我的命令，则只需要更改文件名即可。 + +Shell 脚本不是交互式的。实际上，Shell _脚本_ 存在的唯一原因是不必亲自参与。这就是为什么命令（以及运行它们的 Shell 脚本）接受参数的原因。 + +在 Shell 脚本中，有一些预定义的可以反映脚本启动方式的变量。初始变量是 **$0**，它代表发出的启动脚本的命令。下一个变量是 **$1** ，它表示传递给 Shell 脚本的第一个 “参数”。例如，在命令 **echo hello** 中，命令 **echo** 为 **$0,**，关键字 **hello** 为 **$1**。在命令 **echo hello world** 中，命令 **echo** 为 **$0,**，关键字 **hello** 为 **$1**，而 **world** 是 **$2**。 + +在 Shell 中交互如下所示： + +``` +$ echo hello world +hello world +``` + +在非交互式 Shell 脚本中，您 _可以_ 以非常直观的方式执行相同的操作。将此文本输入文本文件并将其另存为**hello.sh**： + +``` +`echo hello world` +``` + +执行这个脚本： + +``` +$ bash hello.sh +hello world +``` + +同样可以，但是并没有利用脚本可以接受输入这一优势。将 **hello.sh** 更改为： + +``` +`echo $1` +``` + +运行带有用引号将两个参数组合在一起的脚本： + +``` +$ bash hello.sh "hello bash" +hello bash +``` + +对于我的 PDF 缩减项目，我真的需要这种非交互性，因为每个 PDF 都花了几分钟来压缩。但是通过创建一个接受我的输入的脚本，我可以一次将几个 PDF 文件全部提交给脚本。该脚本按顺序处理了每个文件，这可能需要半小时或稍长一点时间，但是我可以用半小时来完成其他任务。 + +### 流控制 + +创建 Bash 脚本是完全可以接受的，从本质上讲，是你开始实现需要重复执行任务的准确过程的副本。但是，可以通过控制信息流的方式来使脚本更强大。管理脚本对数据响应的常用方法是： + + * if/then 选择结构语句 + * for 循环结构语句 + * while 循环结构语句 + * case 语句 + +计算机不是智能的，但是它们擅长比较和分析数据。如果您在脚本中构建一些数据分析，则脚本会变得更加智能。例如，基本的 **hello.sh** 脚本运行后不管有没有内容都会显示： + +``` +$ bash hello.sh foo +foo +$ bash hello.sh + +$ +``` + +如果在没有接收输入的情况下提供帮助消息，将会更加容易使用。如下是一个 `if/then` 语句，如果您以一种基本的方式使用 Bash，则您可能不知道 Bash 中存在这样的语句。但是编程的一部分是学习语言，通过一些研究，您将了解 `if/then` 语句： + +``` +if [ "$1" = "" ]; then +        echo "syntax: $0 WORD" +        echo "If you provide more than one word, enclose them in quotes." +else +        echo "$1" +fi +``` + +运行新版本的 **hello.sh** 输出如下： + +``` +$ bash hello.sh +syntax: hello.sh WORD +If you provide more than one word, enclose them in quotes. +$ bash hello.sh "hello world" +hello world +``` + +### 利用脚本工作 + +无论您从PDF文件中查找要删除的图像，还是要管理混乱的 Downloads (下载)文件夹，还是要创建和提供 Kubernetes 镜像，学习编写 Bash 脚本都需要先使用 Bash，然后再学习采用这些从命令列表到响应输入内容的脚本的方法。通常这是一个发现的过程：您一定会找到新的 Linux 命令来执行您无法想象的可以通过文本命令执行的任务，并且您将找到 Bash 的新功能以使您的脚本适应您想要的所有不同方式来执行。 + +学习这些技巧的一种方法是阅读其他人的脚本。了解人们如何在其系统上自动化死记硬背的命令。查看您熟悉的，并查找有关陌生事物的更多信息。 + +另一种方法是下载我们的 [Bash 编程入门][3] 电子书。它向您介绍了特定于 Bash 的编程概念，并且通过学习的构造，您可以开始构建自己的命令。当然，它是免费的，并根据 [创建共享][4] 许可证进行下载和分发许可，因此，请立即获取副本。 + +### [下载我们介绍利用 Bash 编程的电子书！][3] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/20/4/bash-programming-guide + +作者：[Seth Kenlon][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[stevenzdg988](https://github.com/stevenzdg988) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/seth +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/command_line_prompt.png?itok=wbGiJ_yg (Command line prompt) +[2]: https://opensource.com/resources/what-bash +[3]: https://opensource.com/downloads/bash-programming-guide +[4]: https://opensource.com/article/20/1/what-creative-commons From d83e6d44a4e26b706715d46a59e7a7c42ed7a32a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Mon, 15 Mar 2021 23:37:32 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 208/309] PRF @stevenzdg988 --- ...pen source tools for Node.js developers.md | 127 +++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 64 insertions(+), 63 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20200122 9 favorite open source tools for Node.js developers.md b/translated/tech/20200122 9 favorite open source tools for Node.js developers.md index 35ffd78962..b18bb31506 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20200122 9 favorite open source tools for Node.js developers.md +++ b/translated/tech/20200122 9 favorite open source tools for Node.js developers.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (stevenzdg988) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (9 favorite open source tools for Node.js developers) @@ -9,200 +9,201 @@ 9 个 Node.js 开发人员最喜欢的开源工具 ====== -在可用于简化 Node.js 开发的各种工具中， -以下 10 种是最佳选择。 -![工具说明][1] -我最近在 [StackOverflow][2] 上阅读了一项调查，该调查称超过 49％ 的开发人员在其项目中使用 Node.js。这对我来说不足为奇。 +> 在众多可用于简化 Node.js 开发的工具中，以下 9 种是最佳选择。 -作为热衷于技术的用户，我可以肯定地说 Node.js 的采用引领了软件开发的新时代。现在，它仅次于 JavaScript 成为最受欢迎的软件开发技术之一。 +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/202103/15/233658i99wxvzin13o5319.png) + +我最近在 [StackOverflow][2] 上读到了一项调查，该调查称超过 49％ 的开发人员在其项目中使用了 Node.js。这结果对我来说并不意外。 + +作为一个狂热的技术使用者，我可以肯定地说 Node.js 的引入引领了软件开发的新时代。现在，它是软件开发最受欢迎的技术之一，仅次于JavaScript。 ### Node.js 是什么，为什么如此受欢迎？ -Node.js 是一个跨平台的开源运行环境，用于在浏览器外部执行 JavaScript 代码。它也是基于 Chrome 的 JavaScript 运行时创建的首选运行环境，主要用于快速创建，可扩展和高效的网络应用程序。 +Node.js 是一个跨平台的开源运行环境，用于在浏览器之外执行 JavaScript 代码。它也是建立在 Chrome 的 JavaScript 运行时之上的首选运行时环境，主要用于构建快速、可扩展和高效的网络应用程序。 -记得当时我们花费几个小时来协调为各自编写不同脚本的前端和后端开发人员。当 Node.js 出现后，所有这些都改变了。我相信，促使开发人员采用这项技术是因为它的双向效率。 +我记得当时我们要花费几个小时来协调前端和后端开发人员，他们分别编写不同脚本。当 Node.js 出现后，所有这些都改变了。我相信，促使开发人员采用这项技术是因为它的双向效率。 -使用 Node.js，您可以同时在客户端和服务器端运行代码，从而加快了整个开发过程。Node.js 弥合了前端和后端开发之间的差距，并使开发过程更加高效。 +使用 Node.js，你可以让你的代码同时运行在客户端和服务器端，从而加快了整个开发过程。Node.js 弥合了前端和后端开发之间的差距，并使开发过程更加高效。 -### 来一波 Node.js 工具 +### Node.js 工具浪潮 -对于 49％ 的开发人员（包括我），Node.js 在前端和后端开发方面处于金字塔顶端。有大量的 [Node.js 用例][3] 帮助我和我的团队在截止日期之内交付复杂的项目。幸运的是，Node.js 的日益普及也产生了一系列开源项目和工具，以帮助开发人员使用该环境。 +对于 49％ 的开发人员（包括我）来说，Node.js 处于在前端和后端开发的金字塔顶端。有大量的 [Node.js 用例][3] 帮助我和我的团队在截止日期之内交付复杂的项目。幸运的是，Node.js 的日益普及也产生了一系列开源项目和工具，以帮助开发人员使用该环境。 -最近，对使用 Node.js 构建的项目的需求突然增加。有时，我发现管理这些项目并同时保持交付高质量项目的步伐非常具有挑战性。因此，我决定使用一些为 Node.js 开发人员提供的许多可用的开源工具中最高效的工具，使某些方面的开发自动化。 +近来，对使用 Node.js 构建的项目的需求突然增加。有时，我发现管理这些项目，并同时保持交付高质量项目的步伐非常具有挑战性。因此，我决定使用为 Node.js 开发人员提供的许多开源工具中一些最高效的，使某些方面的开发自动化。 -根据我在 Node.js 方面的丰富经验，我使用了许多的工具，这些工具对整个开发过程都非常有帮助-从简化编码过程到监测再到内容管理。 +根据我在 Node.js 方面的丰富经验，我使用了许多的工具，这些工具对整个开发过程都非常有帮助：从简化编码过程，到监测再到内容管理。 -为了帮助我的 Node.js 开发同道，我整理了最喜欢的 9 种开源工具清单，以简化 Node.js 开发。 +为了帮助我的 Node.js 开发同道，我整理了这个列表，其中包括我最喜欢的 9 个简化 Node.js 开发的开源工具。 ### Webpack -[Webpack][4] 是一个容易使用的 JavaScript 模块捆绑程序，用于简化前端开发。它检测具有依赖的模块，并将其转换为静态的描述模块。 +[Webpack][4] 是一个容易使用的 JavaScript 模块捆绑程序module bundler，用于简化前端开发。它会检测具有依赖的模块，并将其转换为描述模块的静态素材asset。 可以通过软件包管理器 npm 或 Yarn 安装该工具。 利用 npm 命令安装如下： ``` -`npm install --save-dev webpack` +npm install --save-dev webpack ``` 利用 Yarn 命令安装如下： ``` -`yarn add webpack --dev` +yarn add webpack --dev ``` -Webpack 创建可以在运行时异步加载的单个包或多重约束。不必单独加载。使用 Webpack 工具可以快速高效地打包和提供服务，从而改善用户整体体验，并减少开发人员在管理加载时间方面的困难。 +Webpack 可以创建在运行时异步加载的单个捆绑包或多个素材链。不必单独加载。使用 Webpack 工具可以快速高效地打包这些素材并提供服务，从而改善用户整体体验，并减少开发人员在管理加载时间方面的困难。 ### Strapi -[Strapi][5] 是一个开放源代码的无头内容管理系统（CMS）。无头 CMS 是一种基础软件，可以管理内容而无需预先构建前端。是一个只使用 RESTful API 功能的后端系统。 +[Strapi][5] 是一个开源的无界面headless内容管理系统（CMS）。无界面 CMS 是一种基础软件，可以管理内容而无需预先构建好的前端。它是一个使用 RESTful API 函数的只有后端的系统。 可以通过软件包管理器 Yarn 或 npx 安装 Strapi。 利用 Yarn 命令安装如下： ``` -`yarn create strapi-app my-project --quickstart` +yarn create strapi-app my-project --quickstart ``` 利用 npx 命令安装如下： ``` -`npx create-strapi-app my-project --quickstart` +npx create-strapi-app my-project --quickstart ``` -Strapi 的目标是在任何设备上以结构化的方式获取和交付内容。CMS 使您可以轻松管理应用程序的内容，并确保它们是动态的并且可以访问任何设备。 +Strapi 的目标是在任何设备上以结构化的方式获取和交付内容。CMS 可以使你轻松管理应用程序的内容，并确保它们是动态的，可以在任何设备上访问。 -它提供了许多功能，包括文件上传，内置的电子邮件系统，JSON Web Token （JWT）验证和自动生成文档。我发现它非常方便，因为它简化了整个 CMS，并为我提供了编辑，创建或删除所有类型内容的完全自主权。 +它提供了许多功能，包括文件上传、内置的电子邮件系统、JSON Web Token（JWT）验证和自动生成文档。我发现它非常方便，因为它简化了整个 CMS，并为我提供了编辑、创建或删除所有类型内容的完全自主权。 -另外，通过 Strapi 构建的内容结构非常灵活，因为您可以创建和重用内容组和可定制的 API。 +另外，通过 Strapi 构建的内容结构非常灵活，因为你可以创建和重用内容组和可定制的 API。 ### Broccoli -[Broccoli][6] 是一个功能强大的构建工具，可在 [ES6][7] 模块上运行。生成工具是一种软件，可让您将应用程序或网站中的所有不同的有用内容（例如图像，CSS，JavaScript 等）组合成一种可分配的格式。Broccoli 将自己称为 “有用的雄心勃勃的应用程序管道”。 +[Broccoli][6] 是一个功能强大的构建工具，运行在 [ES6][7] 模块上。构建工具是一种软件，可让你将应用程序或网站中的所有各种素材（例如图像、CSS、JavaScript 等）组合成一种可分发的格式。Broccoli 将自己称为 “雄心勃勃的应用程序的素材管道”。 -您需要一个项目目录才能使用 Broccoli。放置好项目目录后，可以使用以下命令通过 npm 安装 Broccoli： +使用 Broccoli 你需要一个项目目录。有了项目目录后，可以使用以下命令通过 npm 安装 Broccoli： ``` npm install --save-dev broccoli npm install --global broccoli-cli ``` -您也可以使用 Yarn 进行安装。 +你也可以使用 Yarn 进行安装。 -当前版本的 Node.js 是该工具的最佳版本，因为对它提供了长期的支持。可以帮助您避免进行更新和重新安装过程中的麻烦。安装过程完成后，可以在 Brocfile.js 文件中包含创建规范。 +当前版本的 Node.js 就是使用该工具的最佳版本，因为它提供了长期支持。它可以帮助你避免进行更新和重新安装过程中的麻烦。安装过程完成后，可以在 `Brocfile.js` 文件中包含构建规范。 -在 Broccoli 中，抽象单位是树，该树将文件和子目录存储在特定子目录中。因此，在创建之前，您必须对要构建的外观有一个特定的了解。必须有一个明确的想法，你想让创建的看起来与其一样。 +在 Broccoli 中，抽象单位是“树”，该树将文件和子目录存储在特定子目录中。因此，在构建之前，你必须有一个具体的想法，你希望你的构建是什么样子的。 -Broccoli最好的部分是，它带有用于开发的内置服务器，可让您将有用的内容托管在本地 HTTP 服务器上。Broccoli 非常适合合理化重建，因为其简洁的架构和灵活的生态系统可提高重建和编译速度。Broccoli 可让您井井有条，以节省时间并在开发过程中最大限度地提高生产力。 +最好的是，Broccoli 带有用于开发的内置服务器，可让你将素材托管在本地 HTTP 服务器上。Broccoli 非常适合流线型重建，因为其简洁的架构和灵活的生态系统可提高重建和编译速度。Broccoli 可让你井井有条，以节省时间并在开发过程中最大限度地提高生产力。 ### Danger -[Danger][8] 是一个非常方便的开源工具，用于简化您的拉取请求（PR）检查。正如 Danger 库描述所说，该工具可通过管理 PR 检查来帮助 “形式化” 您的代码检查系统。Danger 与您的 CI 集成在一起，可帮助您加快审核过程。 +[Danger][8] 是一个非常方便的开源工具，用于简化你的拉取请求pull request（PR）检查。正如 Danger 库描述所说，该工具可通过管理 PR 检查来帮助 “正规化” 你的代码审查系统。Danger 可以与你的 CI 集成在一起，帮助你加快审核过程。 -将 Danger 与您的项目集成是一个简单的分步过程-您只需要包括 Danger 模块并为每个项目创建一个 Danger 文件。然而，创建一个Danger 帐户（通过 GitHub 或 Bitbucket 轻松完成），并且为开源软件项目设置访问令牌更加方便。 +将 Danger 与你的项目集成是一个简单的逐步过程：你只需要包括 Danger 模块，并为每个项目创建一个 Danger 文件。然而，创建一个 Danger 帐户（通过 GitHub 或 Bitbucket 很容易做到），并且为开源软件项目设置访问令牌更加方便。 -可以通过 NPM 或 Yarn 安装 Danger。要使用 Yarn，请添加 Danger -D 将其添加到 package.JSON 中。 +可以通过 NPM 或 Yarn 安装 Danger。要使用 Yarn，请添加 `danger -D` 到 `package.JSON` 中。 -After you add Danger to your CI, you can: -将 Danger 添加到 CI 后，您可以： +将 Danger 添加到 CI 后，你可以： - * 高亮显示创建建重要的工件 + * 高亮显示重要的创建工件 * 通过强制链接到 Trello 和 Jira 之类的工具来管理 sprint - * 强制更新日志 + * 强制生成更新日志 * 使用描述性标签 * 以及更多 -例如，您可以设计一个定义团队文化并为代码审查和 PR 检查设定特定规则的系统。常见议题可以根据 Danger 提供的元数据及其广泛的插件生态系统来解决。 +例如，你可以设计一个定义团队文化并为代码审查和 PR 检查设定特定规则的系统。根据 Danger 提供的元数据及其广泛的插件生态系统，可以解决常见的议题issue。 ### Snyk -网络安全是开发人员的主要关注点。[Snyk][9] 是修复开源组件中漏洞的最著名工具之一。它最初是一个用于修复 Node.js 项目漏洞的项目，并且已经演变为可以检测并修复 Ruby，Java，Python 和 Scala 应用程序中的漏洞。Snyk 主要运行四个阶段： +网络安全是开发人员的主要关注点。[Snyk][9] 是修复开源组件中漏洞的最著名工具之一。它最初是一个用于修复 Node.js 项目漏洞的项目，并且已经演变为可以检测并修复 Ruby、Java、Python 和 Scala 应用程序中的漏洞。Snyk 主要分四个阶段运行： * 查找漏洞依赖性 * 修复特定漏洞 * 通过 PR 检查预防安全风险 * 持续监控应用程序 -Snyk 可以在任何阶段与项目集成，包括编码，CI/CD 和报告。我发现这对于测试 Node.js 项目以测试 npm 软件包是否存在安全风险或在构建时非常有帮助。您还可以在 GitHub 中为您的应用程序运行 PR 检查，以使您的项目更安全。Synx 还提供了一系列集成，可用于监视依赖关系并解决特定问题。 +Snyk 可以集成在项目的任何阶段，包括编码、CI/CD 和报告。我发现这对于测试 Node.js 项目非常有帮助，可以测试或构建 npm 软件包时检查是否存在安全风险。你还可以在 GitHub 中为你的应用程序运行 PR 检查，以使你的项目更安全。Synx 还提供了一系列集成，可用于监控依赖关系并解决特定问题。 要在本地计算机上运行 Snyk，可以通过 NPM 安装它： ``` -`npm install -g snyk` +npm install -g snyk ``` ### Migrat -[Migrat][10] 是一种非常易于使用的使用纯文本的数据迁移工具。 它可在各种堆栈和进程中工作，从而使其更加实用。您可以使用简单的代码行安装 Migrat： +[Migrat][10] 是一款使用纯文本的数据迁移工具，非常易于使用。 它可在各种软件堆栈和进程中工作，从而使其更加实用。你可以使用简单的代码行安装 Migrat： ``` -`$ npm install -g migrat` +$ npm install -g migrat ``` -Migrat 不是特定于特别的数据库引擎。它支持多节点环境，因为迁移可以在一个全局节点上运行，也可以在每个服务器上运行一次。使 Migrat 方便的原因是便于将上下文传递给每个迁移。 +Migrat 并不需要特别的数据库引擎。它支持多节点环境，因为迁移可以在一个全局节点上运行，也可以在每个服务器上运行一次。Migrat 之所以方便，是因为它便于向每个迁移传递上下文。 -您可以定义每种迁移的用途（例如，数据库集，连接，日志记录接口等）。此外，为了避免随意迁移，即多个服务器正在全局范围内进行迁移，Migrat 有助于在进程运行时进行全局锁定，从而使其只能在全局范围内运行一次。它还附带了一系列用于 SQL 数据库，Slack，HipChat 和 Datadog 仪表盘的插件。您可以将实时迁移状况发送到任意一个平台。 +你可以定义每个迁移的用途（例如，数据库集、连接、日志接口等）。此外，为了避免随意迁移，即多个服务器在全局范围内进行迁移，Migrat 可以在进程运行时进行全局锁定，从而使其只能在全局范围内运行一次。它还附带了一系列用于 SQL 数据库、Slack、HipChat 和 Datadog 仪表盘的插件。你可以将实时迁移状况发送到这些平台中的任何一个。 ### Clinic.js -[Clinic.js][11] 是一个用于 Node.js 项目的开源监视工具。它结合了三种不同的工具 Doctor，Bubbleprof 和 Flame，可利用 Node.js 帮助您监视，检测和解决性能问题。 +[Clinic.js][11] 是一个用于 Node.js 项目的开源监视工具。它结合了三种不同的工具 Doctor、Bubbleprof 和 Flame，帮助你监控、检测和解决 Node.js 的性能问题。 -您可以通过运行以下命令从 npm 安装 Clinic.js： +你可以通过运行以下命令从 npm 安装 Clinic.js： ``` -`$ npm install clinic` +$ npm install clinic ``` -您可以根据要监视项目的某个方面以及要生成的报告，选择要使用的包含 Clinic.js 的三个工具中的一个： +你可以根据要监视项目的某个方面以及要生成的报告，选择要使用的 Clinic.js 包含的三个工具中的一个： * Doctor 通过注入探针来提供详细的指标，并就项目的总体运行状况提供建议。 - * Bubbleprof 非常适合分析，并使用 `async_hooks` 生成标准。 + * Bubbleprof 非常适合分析，并使用 `async_hooks` 生成指标。 * Flame 非常适合发现代码中的热路径和瓶颈。 ### PM2 -监视是任何后端开发过程中最重要的一方面。[PM2][12] 是 Node.js 的进程管理工具，可帮助开发人员监视项目的多个方面，例如日志，延迟和速度。该工具与 Linux，MacOS 和 Windows 兼容，并支持从 Node.js 8.X 开始的所有 Node.js 版本。 +监视是后端开发过程中最重要的方面之一。[PM2][12] 是一款 Node.js 的进程管理工具，可帮助开发人员监视项目的多个方面，例如日志、延迟和速度。该工具与 Linux、MacOS 和 Windows 兼容，并支持从 Node.js 8.X 开始的所有 Node.js 版本。 -您可以使用以下命令通过 npm 安装 PM2： +你可以使用以下命令通过 npm 安装 PM2： ``` -`$ npm install pm2 --g` +$ npm install pm2 --g ``` 如果尚未安装 Node.js，则可以使用以下命令安装： ``` -`wget -qO- https://getpm2.com/install.sh | bash` +wget -qO- https://getpm2.com/install.sh | bash ``` 安装完成后，使用以下命令启动应用程序： ``` -`$ pm2 start app.js` +$ pm2 start app.js ``` -关于 PM2 的最好之处在于，可以在集群模式下运行应用程序。可以同时为多个 CPU 内核生成一个进程。这样可以轻松增强应用程序性能并最大程度地提高可靠性。PM2也非常适合更新，因为您可以使用 “热重载” 选项更新应用程序并以零停机时间重新加载应用程序。总体而言，它是为 Node.js 应用程序简化进程管理的好工具。 +关于 PM2 最好的地方是可以在集群模式下运行应用程序。可以同时为多个 CPU 内核生成一个进程。这样可以轻松增强应用程序性能并最大程度地提高可靠性。PM2 也非常适合更新工作，因为你可以使用 “热重载” 选项更新应用程序并以零停机时间重新加载应用程序。总体而言，它是为 Node.js 应用程序简化进程管理的好工具。 ### Electrode -[Electrode][13] 是 Walmart Labs 的开源应用程序平台。该平台可帮助您以结构化方式构建大规模通用的 React/Node.js 应用程序。 +[Electrode][13] 是 Walmart Labs 的一个开源应用程序平台。该平台可帮助你以结构化方式构建大规模通用的 React/Node.js 应用程序。 -Electrode 应用程序生成器使您可以构建专注于代码的灵活内核，提供一些出色的模块以向应用程序添加复杂功能，并提供了广泛的工具来优化应用程序的 Node.js 包。 +Electrode 应用程序生成器使你可以构建专注于代码的灵活内核，提供一些出色的模块以向应用程序添加复杂功能，并附带了广泛的工具来优化应用程序的 Node.js 包。 -可以使用 npm 安装 Electrode。安装完成后，您可以使用 Ignite 启动应用程序，并直接使用 Electrode 应用程序生成器进行深入研究。 +可以使用 npm 安装 Electrode。安装完成后，你可以使用 Ignite 启动应用程序，并深入研究 Electrode 应用程序生成器。 -您可以使用 NPM 安装 Electrode： +你可以使用 NPM 安装 Electrode： ``` -`npm install -g electrode-ignite xclap-cli` +npm install -g electrode-ignite xclap-cli ``` ### 你最喜欢哪一个？ -这些只是不断增长的开源工具列表中的一小部分，在使用 Node.js 时，这些工具可以在不同阶段派上用场。您最喜欢使用哪些开源 Node.js 工具？请在评论中分享您的建议。 +这些只是不断增长的开源工具列表中的一小部分，在使用 Node.js 时，这些工具可以在不同阶段派上用场。你最喜欢使用哪些开源 Node.js 工具？请在评论中分享你的建议。 + -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: https://opensource.com/article/20/1/open-source-tools-nodejs @@ -210,7 +211,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/20/1/open-source-tools-nodejs 作者：[Hiren Dhadhuk][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[stevenzdg988](https://github.com/stevenzdg988) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 4fb3a6e5c2e29a10121b4b98f1c6298277adc92d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Mon, 15 Mar 2021 23:38:07 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 209/309] PUB @stevenzdg988 https://linux.cn/article-13206-1.html --- ...122 9 favorite open source tools for Node.js developers.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20200122 9 favorite open source tools for Node.js developers.md (99%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20200122 9 favorite open source tools for Node.js developers.md b/published/20200122 9 favorite open source tools for Node.js developers.md similarity index 99% rename from translated/tech/20200122 9 favorite open source tools for Node.js developers.md rename to published/20200122 9 favorite open source tools for Node.js developers.md index b18bb31506..aac4184571 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20200122 9 favorite open source tools for Node.js developers.md +++ b/published/20200122 9 favorite open source tools for Node.js developers.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (stevenzdg988) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-13206-1.html) [#]: subject: (9 favorite open source tools for Node.js developers) [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/20/1/open-source-tools-nodejs) [#]: author: (Hiren Dhadhuk https://opensource.com/users/hirendhadhuk) From 6e11b6209d4d29398b47c022a775389519f6df5e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Mon, 15 Mar 2021 23:43:57 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 210/309] PRF --- ...00122 9 favorite open source tools for Node.js developers.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/published/20200122 9 favorite open source tools for Node.js developers.md b/published/20200122 9 favorite open source tools for Node.js developers.md index aac4184571..361c8a87d4 100644 --- a/published/20200122 9 favorite open source tools for Node.js developers.md +++ b/published/20200122 9 favorite open source tools for Node.js developers.md @@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ Webpack 可以创建在运行时异步加载的单个捆绑包或多个素材链 ### Strapi -[Strapi][5] 是一个开源的无界面headless内容管理系统（CMS）。无界面 CMS 是一种基础软件，可以管理内容而无需预先构建好的前端。它是一个使用 RESTful API 函数的只有后端的系统。 +[Strapi][5] 是一个开源的无界面headless内容管理系统（CMS）。无界面 CMS 是一种基础软件，可以管理内容而无需预先构建好的前端。它是一个使用 RESTful API 函数的只有后端的系统。 可以通过软件包管理器 Yarn 或 npx 安装 Strapi。 From fe8618eb9231d13c46d437ed423d1e4c2c7b6d36 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Tue, 16 Mar 2021 05:05:25 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 211/309] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020210316=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Kooha=20is=20a=20Nascent=20Screen=20Recorder=20for=20GNOME=20Wi?= =?UTF-8?q?th=20Wayland=20Support?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20210316 Kooha is a Nascent Screen Recorder for GNOME With Wayland Support.md --- ...Recorder for GNOME With Wayland Support.md | 108 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 108 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20210316 Kooha is a Nascent Screen Recorder for GNOME With Wayland Support.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210316 Kooha is a Nascent Screen Recorder for GNOME With Wayland Support.md b/sources/tech/20210316 Kooha is a Nascent Screen Recorder for GNOME With Wayland Support.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..a34fe51e03 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20210316 Kooha is a Nascent Screen Recorder for GNOME With Wayland Support.md @@ -0,0 +1,108 @@ +[#]: subject: (Kooha is a Nascent Screen Recorder for GNOME With Wayland Support) +[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/kooha-screen-recorder/) +[#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +Kooha is a Nascent Screen Recorder for GNOME With Wayland Support +====== + +There is not a single [decent screen recording software for Linux][1] that supports Wayland display server. + +[GNOME’s built-in screen recorder][1] is probably the rare (and lone) one that works if you are using Wayland. But that screen recorder has no visible interface and features you expect in a standard screen recording software. + +Thankfully, there is a new application in development that provides a bit more feature than GNOME screen recorder and works okay-ish on Wayland. + +### Meet Kooha: a new screen recorder for GNOME desktop + +![][2] + +[Kooha][3] is an application in the nascent stage of development. It can be used in GNOME and it is built with GTK and PyGObject. In fact, it utilizes the same backend as the GNOME’s built-in screen recorder. + +Here are the features Kooha has: + + * Record the entire screen or a selected area + * Works on both Wayland and Xorg display servers + * Records audio from microphone along with the video + * Option to include or omit mouse pointer + * Can add a delay of 5 or 10 seconds before start the recording + * Supports recording in WebM and MKV formats + * Allows to change the default saving location + * Supports a few keyboard shortcuts + + + +### My experience with Kooha + +![][4] + +I was contacted by its developer, Dave Patrick and since I desperately want a good screen recorder, I immediately went on to try it. + +At present, [Kooha is only available to install via Flatpak][5]. I installed Flatpak and when I tried to use it, nothing was recorded. I had a quick email discussion with Dave and he told me that it was due to a [bug with GNOME screen recorder in Ubuntu 20.10][6]. + +You can imagine my desperation for a screen recorder with Wayland support that I [upgraded my Ubuntu to the beta version][7] of 21.04. + +The screen recording worked in 21.04 but it could still not record the audio from the microphone. + +There are a few more things that I noticed and didn’t work smoothly to my liking. + +For example, while recording the counter remains visible on the screen and is included in the recording. I wouldn’t want that in a video tutorial. You wouldn’t like to see that either I guess. + +![][8] + +Another thing is about multi-monitor support. There is no option to exclusively select a particular screen. I connect with two external monitors and by default it recorded all three of them. Setting a capture region could be used but dragging it to exact pixels of a screen is a time-consuming task. + +There is no option to set the frame rate or encoding that comes with [Kazam][9] or other legacy screen recorders. + +### Installing Kooha on Linux (if you are using GNOME) + +Please make sure to enable Flatpak support on your Linux distribution. It only works with GNOME for now so please check which desktop environment you are using. + +Use this command to add Flathub to your Flatpak repositories list: + +``` +flatpak remote-add --if-not-exists flathub https://flathub.org/repo/flathub.flatpakrepo +``` + +And then use this command to install it: + +``` +flatpak install flathub io.github.seadve.Kooha +``` + +You may run it from the menu or by using this command: + +``` +flatpak run io.github.seadve.Kooha +``` + +### Conclusion + +Kooha is not perfect but considering the huge void in the Wayland domain, I hope that the developers work on fixing the issues and adding more features. This is important considering [Ubuntu 21.04 is switching to Wayland by default][10] and some other popular distros like Fedora and openSUSE already use Wayland by default. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/kooha-screen-recorder/ + +作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://itsfoss.com/gnome-screen-recorder/ +[2]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/kooha-screen-recorder.png?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1 +[3]: https://github.com/SeaDve/Kooha +[4]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/kooha.png?resize=797%2C364&ssl=1 +[5]: https://flathub.org/apps/details/io.github.seadve.Kooha +[6]: https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/gnome-shell/+bug/1901391 +[7]: https://itsfoss.com/upgrade-ubuntu-beta/ +[8]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/kooha-recording.jpg?resize=800%2C636&ssl=1 +[9]: https://itsfoss.com/kazam-screen-recorder/ +[10]: https://news.itsfoss.com/ubuntu-21-04-wayland/ From e34f1fea1a73267817928f56d2b47fba4316d4f0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Tue, 16 Mar 2021 05:05:39 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 212/309] add done: 20210316 Kooha is a Nascent Screen Recorder for GNOME With Wayland Support.md --- sources/tech/20210316 .md | 25 +++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 25 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20210316 .md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210316 .md b/sources/tech/20210316 .md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..90e01c94f0 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20210316 .md @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +[#]: subject: () +[#]: via: (https://www.2daygeek.com/configure-static-ip-address-in-ubuntu/) +[#]: author: ( ) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + + +====== + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.2daygeek.com/configure-static-ip-address-in-ubuntu/ + +作者：[][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 From f1c4323003ec1ea8dcc24ed41b6b6380032cdffe Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Tue, 16 Mar 2021 08:55:04 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 213/309] translated --- ...g file names and directories in FreeDOS.md | 117 ----------------- ...g file names and directories in FreeDOS.md | 118 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 118 insertions(+), 117 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20210310 Understanding file names and directories in FreeDOS.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20210310 Understanding file names and directories in FreeDOS.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210310 Understanding file names and directories in FreeDOS.md b/sources/tech/20210310 Understanding file names and directories in FreeDOS.md deleted file mode 100644 index 9e07b3e6b3..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20210310 Understanding file names and directories in FreeDOS.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,117 +0,0 @@ -[#]: subject: (Understanding file names and directories in FreeDOS) -[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/3/files-freedos) -[#]: author: (Kevin O'Brien https://opensource.com/users/ahuka) -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) - -Understanding file names and directories in FreeDOS -====== -Learn how to create, edit, and name files in FreeDOS. -![Files in a folder][1] - -The open source operating system [FreeDOS][2] is a tried-and-true project that helps users play retro games, update firmware, run outdated but beloved applications, and study operating system design. FreeDOS offers insights into the history of personal computing (because it implements the de facto operating system of the early '80s) but in a modern context. In this article, I'll use FreeDOS to explain how file names and extensions developed. - -### Understanding file names and ASCII text - -FreeDOS file names follow what is called the _8.3 convention_. This means that all FreeDOS file names have two parts that contain up to eight and three characters, respectively. The first part is often referred to as the _file name_ (which can be a little confusing because the combination of the file name and the file extension is also called a file name). This part can have anywhere from one to eight characters in it. This is followed by the _extension_, which can have from zero to three characters. These two parts are separated by a dot. - -File names can use any letter of the alphabet or any numeral. Many of the other characters found on a keyboard are also allowed, but not all of them. That's because many of these other characters have been assigned a special use in FreeDOS. Some of the characters that can appear in a FreeDOS file name are: - - -``` -`~ ! @ # $ % ^ & ( ) _ - { } `` -``` - -There are also characters in the extended [ASCII][3] set that can be used, such as �. - -Characters with a special meaning in FreeDOS that, therefore, cannot be used in file names include: - - -``` -`*/ + | \ = ? [ ] ; : " . < > ,` -``` - -Also, you cannot use a space in a FreeDOS file name. The FreeDOS console [uses spaces to separate commands][4] from options and parameters. - -FreeDOS is case _insensitive_, so it doesn't matter whether you use uppercase or lowercase letters. All letters are converted to uppercase, so your files end up with uppercase letters in the name, no matter what you do. - -#### File extensions - -A file in FreeDOS isn't required to have an extension, but file extensions do have some uses. Certain file extensions have built-in meanings in FreeDOS, such as: - - * **EXE**: executable file - * **COM**: command file - * **SYS**: system file - * **BAT**: batch file - - - -Specific software programs use other extensions, or you can use them when you create a file. These extensions have no absolute file associations, so if you use a FreeDOS word processor, it doesn't matter what extension you use for your files. You could get creative and use extensions as part of your filing system if you want. For instance, you could name your memos using *.JAN, *.FEB, *.MAR, *.APR, and so on. - -### Editing files - -FreeDOS comes with the Edit application for quick and easy text editing. It's a simple editor with a menu bar along the top of the screen for easy access to all the usual functions (such as copy, paste, save, and so on.) - -![Editing in FreeDOS][5] - -(Kevin O'Brien, [CC BY-SA 4.0][6]) - -As you might expect, many other text editors are available, including the tiny but versatile [e3 editor][7]. You can find a good variety of [FreeDOS applications][8] on GitLab. - -### Creating files - -You can create empty files in FreeDOS using the `touch` command. This simple utility updates a file's modification time or creates a new file: - - -``` -C:\>touch foo.txt -C:\>dir -FOO      TXT    0  01-12-2021 10:00a -``` - -You can also create a file directly from the FreeDOS console without using the Edit text editor. First, use the `copy` command to copy input in the console (`con` for short) into a new file object. Terminate input with **Ctrl**+**Z** followed by the **Return** or **Enter** key: - - -``` -C:\>copy con test.txt -con => test.txt -This is a test file. -^Z -``` - -The **Ctrl**+**Z** character shows up in the console as `^Z`. It isn't copied to the file but serves as an End of File (EOF) delimiter. In other words, it tells FreeDOS when to stop copying. This is a neat trick for making quick notes or starting a simple document to work on later. - -### Files and FreeDOS - -FreeDOS is open source, free, and [easy to install][9]. Exploring how FreeDOS treats files can help you understand how computing has developed over the years, regardless of your usual operating system. Boot up FreeDOS and start exploring modern retro computing! - -* * * - -_Some of the information in this article was previously published in [DOS lesson 7: DOS filenames; ASCII][10] (CC BY-SA 4.0)._ - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://opensource.com/article/21/3/files-freedos - -作者：[Kevin O'Brien][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://opensource.com/users/ahuka -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/files_documents_paper_folder.png?itok=eIJWac15 (Files in a folder) -[2]: https://www.freedos.org/ -[3]: tmp.2sISc4Tp3G#ASCII -[4]: https://opensource.com/article/21/2/set-your-path-freedos -[5]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/freedos_2_files-edit.jpg (Editing in FreeDOS) -[6]: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ -[7]: https://opensource.com/article/20/12/e3-linux -[8]: https://gitlab.com/FDOS/ -[9]: https://opensource.com/article/18/4/gentle-introduction-freedos -[10]: https://www.ahuka.com/dos-lessons-for-self-study-purposes/dos-lesson-7-dos-filenames-ascii/ diff --git a/translated/tech/20210310 Understanding file names and directories in FreeDOS.md b/translated/tech/20210310 Understanding file names and directories in FreeDOS.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..2db705e899 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20210310 Understanding file names and directories in FreeDOS.md @@ -0,0 +1,118 @@ +[#]: subject: (Understanding file names and directories in FreeDOS) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/3/files-freedos) +[#]: author: (Kevin O'Brien https://opensource.com/users/ahuka) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +了解 FreeDOS 中的文件名和目录 +====== +了解如何在 FreeDOS 中创建，编辑和命名文件。 +![Files in a folder][1] + +开源操作系统 [FreeDOS][2] 是一个久经考验的项目，可帮助用户玩复古游戏，更新固件，运行过时但受欢迎的应用以及研究操作系统设计。FreeDOS 提供了有关个人计算历史的见解（因为它实现了 80 年代初的事实上的操作系统），但是它是在现代环境中进行的。在本文中，我将使用 FreeDOS 来解释文件名和扩展名是如何发展的。 + +### 了解文件名和 ASCII 文本 + +FreeDOS 文件名遵循所谓的 _8.3 惯例_。这意味着所有的 FreeDOS 文件名都有两个部分，分别包含最多八个和三个字符。第一部分通常被称为_文件名_（这可能会让人有点困惑，因为文件名和文件扩展名的组合也被称为文件名）。这一部分可以有一个到八个字符。之后是_扩展名_，可以有零到三个字符。这两部分之间用一个点隔开。 + +文件名可以使用任何字母或数字。键盘上的许多其他字符也是允许的，但不是所有的字符。这是因为许多其他字符在 FreeDOS 中被指定了特殊用途。一些可以出现在 FreeDOS 文件名中的字符有： + + +``` +`~ ! @ # $ % ^ & ( ) _ - { } `` +``` + +扩展 [ASCII][3] 字符集中也有一些字符可以使用，例如 �。 + +在 FreeDOS 中具有特殊意义的字符，因此不能用于文件名中，包括： + + +``` +`*/ + | \ = ? [ ] ; : " . < > ,` +``` + +另外，你不能在 FreeDOS 文件名中使用空格。FreeDOS 控制台[使用空格将命令的与选项和参数分隔][4]。 + +FreeDOS 是_不区分大小写_的，所以不管你是使用大写字母还是小写字母都无所谓。所有的字母都会被转换为大写字母，所以无论你做什么，你的文件最终都会在名称中使用大写字母。 + +#### 文件扩展名 + +A file in FreeDOS isn't required to have an extension, but file extensions do have some uses. Certain file extensions have built-in meanings in FreeDOS, such as: +FreeDOS 中的文件不需要有扩展名，但文件扩展名确实有一些用途。某些文件扩展名在 FreeDOS 中有内置的含义，例如： + + * **EXE**：可执行文件 + * **COM**：命令文件 + * **SYS**：系统文件 + * **BAT**：批处理文件 + + + +特定的软件程序使用其他扩展名，或者你可以在创建文件时使用它们。这些扩展名没有绝对的文件关联，因此如果你使用 FreeDOS 的 word，你的文件使用什么扩展名并不重要。如果你愿意，你可以发挥创意，将扩展名作为你的文件系统的一部分。例如，你可以用 *.JAN、*.FEB、*.MAR、*.APR, 等等来命名你的备忘录。 + +### 编辑文件 + +FreeDOS 自带的 Edit 应用可以快速方便地进行文本编辑。它是一个简单的编辑器，沿屏幕顶部有一个菜单栏，可以方便地访问所有常用的功能（如复制、粘贴、保存等）。 + +![Editing in FreeDOS][5] + +(Kevin O'Brien, [CC BY-SA 4.0][6]) + +正如你所期望的那样，还有很多其他的文本编辑器可以使用，包括小巧但用途广泛的 [e3 编辑器][7]。你可以在 GitLab 上找到各种各样的 [FreeDOS 应用][8] 。 + +### 创建文件 + +你可以在 FreeDOS 中使用 `touch` 命令创建空文件。这个简单的工具可以更新文件的修改时间或创建一个新文件。 + + +``` +C:\>touch foo.txt +C:\>dir +FOO      TXT    0  01-12-2021 10:00a +``` + +你也可以直接从 FreeDOS 控制台创建文件，而不需要使用 Edit 文本编辑器。首先，使用 `copy` 命令将控制台中的输入（简称 `con`）复制到一个新的文件对象中。用 **Ctrl**+**Z** 终止输入，然后按**回车**键： + + +``` +C:\>copy con test.txt +con => test.txt +This is a test file. +^Z +``` + +**Ctrl**+**Z** 字符在控制台中显示为 `^Z`。它并没有被复制到文件中，而是作为文件结束（EOF）的分隔符。换句话说，它告诉 FreeDOS 何时停止复制。这是一个很好的技巧，可以用来做快速的笔记或开始一个简单的文档，以便以后工作。 + +### 文件和 FreeDOS + +FreeDOS 是开源的、免费的且[易于安装][9]。探究 FreeDOS 如何处理文件，可以帮助你了解多年来计算的发展，不管你平时使用的是什么操作系统。启动 FreeDOS，开始探索现代复古计算吧！ + +* * * + +_本文中的部分信息曾发表在 [DOS 课程 7：DOS 文件名；ASCII][10] 中（CC BY-SA 4.0）。_ + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/21/3/files-freedos + +作者：[Kevin O'Brien][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/ahuka +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/files_documents_paper_folder.png?itok=eIJWac15 (Files in a folder) +[2]: https://www.freedos.org/ +[3]: tmp.2sISc4Tp3G#ASCII +[4]: https://opensource.com/article/21/2/set-your-path-freedos +[5]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/freedos_2_files-edit.jpg (Editing in FreeDOS) +[6]: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ +[7]: https://opensource.com/article/20/12/e3-linux +[8]: https://gitlab.com/FDOS/ +[9]: https://opensource.com/article/18/4/gentle-introduction-freedos +[10]: https://www.ahuka.com/dos-lessons-for-self-study-purposes/dos-lesson-7-dos-filenames-ascii/ From e2c8b4fea812e2a5e455363a6d950ae730c426c0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Tue, 16 Mar 2021 09:01:26 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 214/309] translating --- ... things you can do with LibreOffice from the command line.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20210305 5 surprising things you can do with LibreOffice from the command line.md b/sources/tech/20210305 5 surprising things you can do with LibreOffice from the command line.md index 8c0e941d7a..458812af6e 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20210305 5 surprising things you can do with LibreOffice from the command line.md +++ b/sources/tech/20210305 5 surprising things you can do with LibreOffice from the command line.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/3/libreoffice-command-line) [#]: author: (Don Watkins https://opensource.com/users/don-watkins) [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 808598cf8a54cf42ca2aa487df36a438b83120b0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?=E9=83=91?= Date: Tue, 16 Mar 2021 09:10:44 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 215/309] Translated --- .../tech/20210224 Set your path in FreeDOS.md | 179 ----------------- .../tech/20210224 Set your path in FreeDOS.md | 180 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 180 insertions(+), 179 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20210224 Set your path in FreeDOS.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20210224 Set your path in FreeDOS.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210224 Set your path in FreeDOS.md b/sources/tech/20210224 Set your path in FreeDOS.md deleted file mode 100644 index c92990c1d3..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20210224 Set your path in FreeDOS.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,179 +0,0 @@ -[#]: subject: (Set your path in FreeDOS) -[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/2/path-freedos) -[#]: author: (Kevin O'Brien https://opensource.com/users/ahuka) -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (robsean) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) - -Set your path in FreeDOS -====== -Learn about your FreeDOS path, how to set it, and how to use it. -![Looking at a map for career journey][1] - -Everything you do in the open source [FreeDOS][2] operating system is done from the command line. The command line begins with a _prompt_, which is the computer's way of saying, "I'm ready. Give me something to do." You can configure your prompt's appearance, but by default, it's: - - -``` -`C:\>` -``` - -From the command line, you can do two things: Run an internal command or run a program. External commands are programs found in separate files in your `FDOS` directory, so running programs includes running external commands. It also means running the application software you use to do things with your computer. You can also run a batch file, but in that case, all you're doing is running a series of commands or programs that are listed in the batch file. - -### Executable application files - -FreeDOS can run three types of application files: - - 1. **COM** is a file in machine language less than 64KB in size. - 2. **EXE** is a file in machine language that can be larger than 64KB. EXE files also have information at the beginning of the file telling DOS what type of file it is and how to load and run it. - 3. **BAT** is a _batch file_ written with a text editor in ASCII text format containing FreeDOS commands that are executed in batch mode. This means each command is executed in sequence until the file ends. - - - -If you enter an application name that FreeDOS does not recognize as either an internal command or a program, you get the error message _Bad command or filename_. If you see this error, it means one of three things: - - 1. The name you gave is incorrect for some reason. Possibly you misspelled the file name, or maybe you're using the wrong command name. Check the name and the spelling and try again. - 2. Maybe the program you are trying to run is not installed on the computer. Verify that it is installed. - 3. The file does exist, but FreeDOS doesn't know where to find it. - - - -The final item on this list is the subject of this article, and it's referred to as the `PATH`. If you're used to Linux or Unix already, you may already understand the concept of [the PATH variable][3]. If you're new to the command line, the path is an important thing to get comfortable with. - -### The path - -When you enter the name of an executable application file, FreeDOS has to find it. FreeDOS looks for the file in a specific hierarchy of locations: - - 1. First, it looks in the active directory of the current drive (called the _working directory_). If you're in the directory `C:\FDOS`, and you type in the name `FOOBAR.EXE`, FreeDOS looks in `C:\FDOS` for a file with that name. You don't even need to type in the entire name. If you type in `FOOBAR`, FreeDOS looks for any executable file with that name, whether it's `FOOBAR.EXE`, `FOOBAR.COM`, or `FOOBAR.BAT`. Should FreeDOS find a file matching that name, it runs it. - 2. If FreeDOS does not find a file with the name you've entered, it consults something called the `PATH`. This is a list of directories that DOS has been instructed to check whenever it cannot find a file in the current active directory. - - - -You can see your computer's path at any time by using the `PATH` command. Just type `path` at the FreeDOS prompt, and FreeDOS returns your path setting: - - -``` -C:\>path -PATH=C:\FDOS\BIN -``` - -The first line is the prompt and the command, and the second line is what the computer returned. You can see that the first place DOS looks is `FDOS\BIN`, which is located on the `C` drive. If you want to change your path, you can enter a path command and the new path you want to use: - - -``` -`C:\>path=C:\HOME\BIN;C:\FDOS\BIN` -``` - -In this example, I set my path to my personal `BIN` folder, which I keep in a custom directory called `HOME`, and then to `FDOS\BIN`. Now when you check your path: - - -``` -C:\>path -PATH=C:\HOME\BIN;C:\FDOS\BIN -``` - -The path setting is processed in the order that directories are listed. - -You may notice that some characters are lower case and some upper case. It really doesn't matter which you use. FreeDOS is not case-sensitive and treats everything as an upper-case letter. Internally, FreeDOS uses all upper-case letters, which is why you see the output from your commands in upper case. If you type commands and file names in lower case, a converter automatically converts them to upper case, and they are executed. - -Entering a new path replaces whatever the path was set to previously. - -### The autoexec.bat file - -The next question you might have is where that first path, the one FreeDOS uses by default, came from. That, along with several other important settings, is defined in the `AUTOEXEC.BAT` file located at the root of your `C` drive. This is a batch file that automatically executes (hence the name) when you start FreeDOS. You can edit this file with the FreeDOS program `EDIT`. To see or edit the contents of this file, enter the following command: - - -``` -`C:\>edit autoexec.bat` -``` - -This line appears near the top: - - -``` -`SET PATH=%dosdir%\BIN` -``` - -This line defines the value of the default path. - -After you look at `AUTOEXEC.BAT`, you can exit the EDIT application by pressing the following keys in order: - - 1. Alt - 2. f - 3. x - - - -You can also use the keyboard shortcut **Alt**+**X**. - -### Using the full path - -If you forget to include `C:\FDOS\BIN` in your path, you won't have immediate access to any of the applications stored there because FreeDOS won't know where to find them. For instance, imagine I set my path to my personal collection of applications: - - -``` -`C:\>path=C:\HOME\BIN` -``` - -Applications built into the command line still work: - - -``` -C:\cd HOME -C:\HOME>dir -ARTICLES -BIN -CHEATSHEETS -GAMES -DND -``` - -However, external commands fail: - - -``` -C:HOME\ARTICLES>BZIP2 -c example.txt -Bad command or filename - "BZIP2" -``` - -You can always execute a command that you know is on your system but not in your path by providing the _full path_ to the file: - - -``` -C:HOME\ARTICLES>C:\FDOS\BIN\BZIP2 -c example.txt -C:HOME\ARTICLES>DIR -example.txb -``` - -You can execute applications from external media or other directories the same way. - -### FreeDOS path - -Generally, you probably want to keep `C:\PDOS\BIN` in your path because it contains all the default applications distributed with FreeDOS. - -Unless you change the path in `AUTOEXEC.BAT`, the default path is restored after a reboot. - -Now that you know how to manage your path in FreeDOS, you can execute commands and maintain your working environment in whatever way works best for you. - -* * * - -_Thanks to [DOS Lesson 5: The Path][4] (published under a CC BY-SA 4.0 license) for some of the information in this article._ - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://opensource.com/article/21/2/path-freedos - -作者：[Kevin O'Brien][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://opensource.com/users/ahuka -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/career_journey_road_gps_path_map_520.png?itok=PpL6jJgY (Looking at a map for career journey) -[2]: https://www.freedos.org/ -[3]: https://opensource.com/article/17/6/set-path-linux -[4]: https://www.ahuka.com/dos-lessons-for-self-study-purposes/dos-lesson-5-the-path/ diff --git a/translated/tech/20210224 Set your path in FreeDOS.md b/translated/tech/20210224 Set your path in FreeDOS.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ba72b2e6bd --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20210224 Set your path in FreeDOS.md @@ -0,0 +1,180 @@ +[#]: subject: (Set your path in FreeDOS) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/2/path-freedos) +[#]: author: (Kevin O'Brien https://opensource.com/users/ahuka) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (robsean) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +在 FreeDOS 中设置你的路径 +====== +学习你的 FreeDOS 的路径，如何设置它，并且如何使用它。 + +![查看职业生涯地图][1] + +你在开源 [FreeDOS][2] 操作系统中所做的一切工作都是通过命令行完成的。命令行以一个 _提示_ 开始，这是计算机说法的方式，"我准备好了。请给我一些事情来做"。你可以配置你的提示符的外观，但是默认情况下，它是： + + +``` +C:\> +``` + +从命令行中，你可以做两件事：运行一个内部命令或运行一个程序。外部命令是在你的 `FDOS` 目录中可找到的以单独文件形式存在的程序，以便运行程序包括运行外部命令。它也意味着你使用你的计算机运行应用程序软件来做一些东西。你也可以运行一个批处理文件，但是在这种情况下，你所做的全部工作就变成了运行批处理文件中所列出的一系列命令或程序。 + +### 可执行应用程序文件 + +FreeDOS 可以运行三种类型的应用程序文件： + + 1. **COM** 是一个用机器语言写的，且小于 64 KB 的文件。 + 2. **EXE** 也是一个用机器语言写的文件，但是它可以大于 64 KB 。此外，在 EXE 文件的开头位置有信息，用于告诉 DOS 系统该文件是什么类型的以及如何加载和运行。 + 3. **BAT** 是一个使用文本编辑器以 ASCII 文本格式编写的 _批处理文件_ ，其中包含以批处理模式执行的 FreeDOS 命令。这意味着每个命令都会按顺序执行到文件的结尾。 + + + +如果你所输入的一个文件名称不能被 FreeDOS 识别为一个内部命令或一个程序，你将收到一个错误消息 _Bad command or filename_ 。如果你看到这个错误，它意味着会是下面三种情况中的其中一种： + + 1. 由于某些原因，你所给予的名称是错误的。你可能拼错了文件名称，或者你可能正在使用错误的命令名称。检查名称和拼写，并再次尝试。 + 2. 可能你正在尝试运行的程序并没有安装在计算机上。确认它已经安装了。 + 3. 文件确实存在，但是 FreeDOS 不知道在哪里可以找到它。 + + + +在清单上的最后一项就是这篇文章的主题，它被称为 `PATH`。如果你已经习惯于使用 Linux 或 Unix ，你可能已经理解 [PATH 变量][3] 的概念。如果你是命令行的新手，那么路径是一个非常重要的足以让你舒适的东西。 + +### 路径 + +当你输入一个可执行应用程序文件的名称时，FreeDOS 必须能找到它。FreeDOS 会在一个具体指定的位置层次结构中查找文件： + + 1. 首先，它查找当前驱动器的活动目录（称为 _工作目录_）。如果你正在目录 `C:\FDOS` 中，接着，你输入名称 `FOOBAR.EXE`，FreeDOS 将在 `C:\FDOS` 中查找带有这个名称的文件。你甚至不需要输入完整的名称。如果你输入 `FOOBAR` ，FreeDOS 将查找任何带有这个名称的可执行文件，不管它是 `FOOBAR.EXE`，`FOOBAR.COM`，或 `FOOBAR.BAT`。只要 FreeDOS 能找到一个匹配该名称的文件，它就会运行该可执行文件。 + 2. 如果 FreeDOS 不能找到一个你所输入名称的文件，它将查询被称为 `PATH` 的一些东西。每当 DOS 不能在当前活动命令中找到一个文件时，指示 DOS 检查这个列表中目录。 + + + +你可以随时使用 `PATH` 命令来查看你的计算机的路径。只需要在 FreeDOS 提示符中输入 `path` ，FreeDOS 就会返回你的路径设置： + + +``` +C:\>path +PATH=C:\FDOS\BIN +``` + +第一行是提示和命令，第二行是计算机返回的东西。你可以看到 DOS 第一个查看的位置就是 `FDOS\BIN` ，它位于 `C` 驱动器上。如果你想更改你的路径，你可以输入一个 path 命令以及你想使用的新路径： + + +``` +C:\>path=C:\HOME\BIN;C:\FDOS\BIN +``` + +在这个示例中，我设置我的路径到我个人的 `BIN` 文件夹，which I keep in a custom directory called `HOME`, and then to `FDOS\BIN`。现在，当你检查你的路径时： + + +``` +C:\>path +PATH=C:\HOME\BIN;C:\FDOS\BIN +``` + +路径设置是按所列目录的顺序处理的。 + +你可能会注意到有一些字符是小写的，有一些字符是大写的。你使用哪一种都真的不重要。FreeDOS 是不区分大小写的，并且把所有的东西都作为大写字母对待。在内部，FreeDOS 使用所有的大写字母，这就是为什么你看到来自你命令的输出都是大写字母的原因。如果你以小写字母的形式输入命令和文件名称，在一个转换器将自动转换它们为大写字母后，它们将被执行。 + +输入一个新的路径来替换先前设置的路径。 + +### autoexec.bat 文件 + +你可能遇到的下一个问题的是 FreeDOS 默认使用的第一个路径来自何处。这与其它一些重要的设置一起定义在你的 `C` 驱动器的根目录下的 `AUTOEXEC.BAT` 文件中。这是一个批处理文件，它在你启动 FreeDOS 时会自动执行（由此得名）。你可以使用 FreeDOS 程序 `EDIT` 来编辑这个文件。为查看或编辑这个文件的内容，输入下面的命令： + + +``` +C:\>edit autoexec.bat +``` + +这一行出现在顶部附近： + + +``` +SET PATH=%dosdir%\BIN +``` + +这一行定义默认路径的值。 + +在你查看 `AUTOEXEC.BAT` 后，你可以通过依次按下面的按键来退出 EDIT 应用程序： + + 1. Alt + 2. f + 3. x + + + +你也可以使用键盘快捷键 **Alt** + **X** 。 + +### 使用完整的路径 + +如果你在你的路径中忘记包含 `C:\FDOS\BIN` ，那么你将不能快速访问存储在这里的任何应用程序，因为 FreeDOS 不知道从哪里找到它们。例如，假设我设置我的路径到我个人应用程序集合： + + +``` +C:\>path=C:\HOME\BIN +``` + +内置在命令行中应用程序仍然能正常工作： + + +``` +C:\cd HOME +C:\HOME>dir +ARTICLES +BIN +CHEATSHEETS +GAMES +DND +``` + +不过，外部的命令将不能运行： + + +``` +C:HOME\ARTICLES>BZIP2 -c example.txt +Bad command or filename - "BZIP2" +``` + +通过提供命令的一个 _完整路径_ ，你可以总是执行一个在你的系统上且不在你的路径中的命令： + + +``` +C:HOME\ARTICLES>C:\FDOS\BIN\BZIP2 -c example.txt +C:HOME\ARTICLES>DIR +example.txb +``` + +你可以使用同样的方法从外部媒体或其它目录执行应用程序。 + +### FreeDOS 路径 + +通常情况下，你很可能希望在路径中保留 `C:\PDOS\BIN` ，因为它包含所有使用 FreeDOS 分发的默认应用程序。 + +除非你更改 `AUTOEXEC.BAT` 中的路径，否则将在重新启动后恢复默认路径。 + +现在，你知道如何在 FreeDOS 中管理你的路径，你能够以最适合你的方式了执行命令和维护你的工作环境。 + +* * * + +_感谢 [DOS 课程 5: 路径][4] (在 CC BY-SA 4.0 协议下发布) 中的一些信息。_ + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/21/2/path-freedos + +作者：[Kevin O'Brien][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[robsean](https://github.com/robsean) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/ahuka +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/career_journey_road_gps_path_map_520.png?itok=PpL6jJgY (Looking at a map for career journey) +[2]: https://www.freedos.org/ +[3]: https://opensource.com/article/17/6/set-path-linux +[4]: https://www.ahuka.com/dos-lessons-for-self-study-purposes/dos-lesson-5-the-path/ From 505f071e911cc7dbd0a72056405399c709f262f5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Tue, 16 Mar 2021 09:46:06 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 216/309] PRF @geekpi --- ...g file names and directories in FreeDOS.md | 52 ++++++++----------- 1 file changed, 22 insertions(+), 30 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20210310 Understanding file names and directories in FreeDOS.md b/translated/tech/20210310 Understanding file names and directories in FreeDOS.md index 2db705e899..9d7492fbce 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20210310 Understanding file names and directories in FreeDOS.md +++ b/translated/tech/20210310 Understanding file names and directories in FreeDOS.md @@ -3,54 +3,52 @@ [#]: author: (Kevin O'Brien https://opensource.com/users/ahuka) [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) 了解 FreeDOS 中的文件名和目录 ====== -了解如何在 FreeDOS 中创建，编辑和命名文件。 -![Files in a folder][1] -开源操作系统 [FreeDOS][2] 是一个久经考验的项目，可帮助用户玩复古游戏，更新固件，运行过时但受欢迎的应用以及研究操作系统设计。FreeDOS 提供了有关个人计算历史的见解（因为它实现了 80 年代初的事实上的操作系统），但是它是在现代环境中进行的。在本文中，我将使用 FreeDOS 来解释文件名和扩展名是如何发展的。 +> 了解如何在 FreeDOS 中创建，编辑和命名文件。 + +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/202103/16/094544qanrpbnlmltilump.jpg) + +开源操作系统 [FreeDOS][2] 是一个久经考验的项目，可帮助用户玩复古游戏、更新固件、运行过时但受欢迎的应用以及研究操作系统设计。FreeDOS 提供了有关个人计算历史的见解（因为它实现了 80 年代初的事实上的操作系统），但是它是在现代环境中进行的。在本文中，我将使用 FreeDOS 来解释文件名和扩展名是如何发展的。 ### 了解文件名和 ASCII 文本 -FreeDOS 文件名遵循所谓的 _8.3 惯例_。这意味着所有的 FreeDOS 文件名都有两个部分，分别包含最多八个和三个字符。第一部分通常被称为_文件名_（这可能会让人有点困惑，因为文件名和文件扩展名的组合也被称为文件名）。这一部分可以有一个到八个字符。之后是_扩展名_，可以有零到三个字符。这两部分之间用一个点隔开。 +FreeDOS 文件名遵循所谓的 *8.3 惯例*。这意味着所有的 FreeDOS 文件名都有两个部分，分别包含最多八个和三个字符。第一部分通常被称为*文件名*（这可能会让人有点困惑，因为文件名和文件扩展名的组合也被称为文件名）。这一部分可以有一个到八个字符。之后是*扩展名*，可以有零到三个字符。这两部分之间用一个点隔开。 文件名可以使用任何字母或数字。键盘上的许多其他字符也是允许的，但不是所有的字符。这是因为许多其他字符在 FreeDOS 中被指定了特殊用途。一些可以出现在 FreeDOS 文件名中的字符有： ``` -`~ ! @ # $ % ^ & ( ) _ - { } `` +~ ! @ # $ % ^ & ( ) _ - { } ` ``` -扩展 [ASCII][3] 字符集中也有一些字符可以使用，例如 �。 +扩展 [ASCII][3] 字符集中也有一些字符可以使用，例如 `�`。 在 FreeDOS 中具有特殊意义的字符，因此不能用于文件名中，包括： - ``` -`*/ + | \ = ? [ ] ; : " . < > ,` +* / + | \ = ? [ ] ; : " . < > , ``` 另外，你不能在 FreeDOS 文件名中使用空格。FreeDOS 控制台[使用空格将命令的与选项和参数分隔][4]。 -FreeDOS 是_不区分大小写_的，所以不管你是使用大写字母还是小写字母都无所谓。所有的字母都会被转换为大写字母，所以无论你做什么，你的文件最终都会在名称中使用大写字母。 +FreeDOS 是*不区分大小写*的，所以不管你是使用大写字母还是小写字母都无所谓。所有的字母都会被转换为大写字母，所以无论你做什么，你的文件最终都会在名称中使用大写字母。 #### 文件扩展名 -A file in FreeDOS isn't required to have an extension, but file extensions do have some uses. Certain file extensions have built-in meanings in FreeDOS, such as: FreeDOS 中的文件不需要有扩展名，但文件扩展名确实有一些用途。某些文件扩展名在 FreeDOS 中有内置的含义，例如： - * **EXE**：可执行文件 + * **EXE**：可执行文件 * **COM**：命令文件 * **SYS**：系统文件 * **BAT**：批处理文件 - - -特定的软件程序使用其他扩展名，或者你可以在创建文件时使用它们。这些扩展名没有绝对的文件关联，因此如果你使用 FreeDOS 的 word，你的文件使用什么扩展名并不重要。如果你愿意，你可以发挥创意，将扩展名作为你的文件系统的一部分。例如，你可以用 *.JAN、*.FEB、*.MAR、*.APR, 等等来命名你的备忘录。 +特定的软件程序使用其他扩展名，或者你可以在创建文件时使用它们。这些扩展名没有绝对的文件关联，因此如果你使用 FreeDOS 的文字处理器，你的文件使用什么扩展名并不重要。如果你愿意，你可以发挥创意，将扩展名作为你的文件系统的一部分。例如，你可以用 `*.JAN`、`*.FEB`、`*.MAR`、`*.APR` 等等来命名你的备忘录。 ### 编辑文件 @@ -58,38 +56,32 @@ FreeDOS 自带的 Edit 应用可以快速方便地进行文本编辑。它是一 ![Editing in FreeDOS][5] -(Kevin O'Brien, [CC BY-SA 4.0][6]) - 正如你所期望的那样，还有很多其他的文本编辑器可以使用，包括小巧但用途广泛的 [e3 编辑器][7]。你可以在 GitLab 上找到各种各样的 [FreeDOS 应用][8] 。 ### 创建文件 你可以在 FreeDOS 中使用 `touch` 命令创建空文件。这个简单的工具可以更新文件的修改时间或创建一个新文件。 - ``` -C:\>touch foo.txt -C:\>dir -FOO      TXT    0  01-12-2021 10:00a +C:\>touch foo.txt +C:\>dir +FOO TXT 0 01-12-2021 10:00a ``` -你也可以直接从 FreeDOS 控制台创建文件，而不需要使用 Edit 文本编辑器。首先，使用 `copy` 命令将控制台中的输入（简称 `con`）复制到一个新的文件对象中。用 **Ctrl**+**Z** 终止输入，然后按**回车**键： - +你也可以直接从 FreeDOS 控制台创建文件，而不需要使用 Edit 文本编辑器。首先，使用 `copy` 命令将控制台中的输入（简称 `con`）复制到一个新的文件对象中。用 `Ctrl+Z` 终止输入，然后按**回车**键： ``` -C:\>copy con test.txt -con => test.txt +C:\>copy con test.txt +con => test.txt This is a test file. ^Z ``` -**Ctrl**+**Z** 字符在控制台中显示为 `^Z`。它并没有被复制到文件中，而是作为文件结束（EOF）的分隔符。换句话说，它告诉 FreeDOS 何时停止复制。这是一个很好的技巧，可以用来做快速的笔记或开始一个简单的文档，以便以后工作。 +`Ctrl+Z` 字符在控制台中显示为 `^Z`。它并没有被复制到文件中，而是作为文件结束（EOF）的分隔符。换句话说，它告诉 FreeDOS 何时停止复制。这是一个很好的技巧，可以用来做快速的笔记或开始一个简单的文档，以便以后工作。 ### 文件和 FreeDOS -FreeDOS 是开源的、免费的且[易于安装][9]。探究 FreeDOS 如何处理文件，可以帮助你了解多年来计算的发展，不管你平时使用的是什么操作系统。启动 FreeDOS，开始探索现代复古计算吧！ - -* * * +FreeDOS 是开源的、免费的且 [易于安装][9]。探究 FreeDOS 如何处理文件，可以帮助你了解多年来计算的发展，不管你平时使用的是什么操作系统。启动 FreeDOS，开始探索现代复古计算吧！ _本文中的部分信息曾发表在 [DOS 课程 7：DOS 文件名；ASCII][10] 中（CC BY-SA 4.0）。_ @@ -100,7 +92,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/21/3/files-freedos 作者：[Kevin O'Brien][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From eeaf3caac7975e1a6af8004754b1bcfde25452fe Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Tue, 16 Mar 2021 09:46:40 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 217/309] PUB @geekpi https://linux.cn/article-13208-1.html --- ...310 Understanding file names and directories in FreeDOS.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20210310 Understanding file names and directories in FreeDOS.md (98%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20210310 Understanding file names and directories in FreeDOS.md b/published/20210310 Understanding file names and directories in FreeDOS.md similarity index 98% rename from translated/tech/20210310 Understanding file names and directories in FreeDOS.md rename to published/20210310 Understanding file names and directories in FreeDOS.md index 9d7492fbce..41fa649a93 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20210310 Understanding file names and directories in FreeDOS.md +++ b/published/20210310 Understanding file names and directories in FreeDOS.md @@ -4,8 +4,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-13208-1.html) 了解 FreeDOS 中的文件名和目录 ====== From b800e877a3b8de9568da701fe7a11457c63baa18 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Tue, 16 Mar 2021 09:55:59 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 218/309] Delete 20210316 .md --- sources/tech/20210316 .md | 25 ------------------------- 1 file changed, 25 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20210316 .md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210316 .md b/sources/tech/20210316 .md deleted file mode 100644 index 90e01c94f0..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20210316 .md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,25 +0,0 @@ -[#]: subject: () -[#]: via: (https://www.2daygeek.com/configure-static-ip-address-in-ubuntu/) -[#]: author: ( ) -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) - - -====== - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.2daygeek.com/configure-static-ip-address-in-ubuntu/ - -作者：[][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 From 976252379f69dce5509ed1fd91358651e04ea504 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Wed, 17 Mar 2021 05:06:22 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 219/309] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020210317=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Use=20gdu=20for=20a=20Faster=20Disk=20Usage=20Checking=20in=20L?= =?UTF-8?q?inux=20Terminal?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20210317 Use gdu for a Faster Disk Usage Checking in Linux Terminal.md --- ...r Disk Usage Checking in Linux Terminal.md | 107 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 107 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20210317 Use gdu for a Faster Disk Usage Checking in Linux Terminal.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210317 Use gdu for a Faster Disk Usage Checking in Linux Terminal.md b/sources/tech/20210317 Use gdu for a Faster Disk Usage Checking in Linux Terminal.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..1c9c6728d6 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20210317 Use gdu for a Faster Disk Usage Checking in Linux Terminal.md @@ -0,0 +1,107 @@ +[#]: subject: (Use gdu for a Faster Disk Usage Checking in Linux Terminal) +[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/gdu/) +[#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +Use gdu for a Faster Disk Usage Checking in Linux Terminal +====== + +There are two popular [ways to check disk usage in Linux terminal][1]: du command and df command. The [du command is more for checking the space used by a directory][2] and the df command gives you the disk utilization on filesystem level. + +There are more friendly [ways to see the disk usage in Linux with graphical tools like GNOME Disks][3]. If you are confined to the terminal, you can use a [TUI][4] tool like [ncdu][5] to get the disk usage information with a sort of graphical touch. + +### Gdu: Disk usage checking in Linux terminal + +[Gdu][6] is such a tool written in Go (hence the ‘g’ in gdu). Gdu developer has [benchmark tests][7] to show that it is quite fast for disk usage checking, specifically on SSDs. In fact, gdu is intended primarily for SSDs though it can work for HDD as well. + +If you use the gdu command without any options, it shows the disk usage for the current directory you are in. + +![][8] + +Since it has terminal user interface (TUI), you can navigate through directories and disk using arrows. You can also sort the result by file names or size. + +Here’s how to do that: + + * Up arrow or k to move cursor up + * Down arrow or j to move cursor down + * Enter to select directory / device + * Left arrow or h to go to parent directory + * Use d to delete the selected file or directory + * Use n to sort by name + * Use s to sort by size + * Use c to sort by items + + + +You’ll notice some symbols before some file entries. Those have specific meaning. + +![][9] + + * `!` means an error occurred while reading the directory. + * `.` means an error occurred while reading a subdirectory, size may not be correct. + * `@` means file is a symlink or socket. + * `H` means the file was already counted (hard link). + * `e` means directory is empty. + + + +To see the disk utilization and free space for all mounted disks, use the option `d`: + +``` +gdu -d +``` + +It shows all the details in one screen: + +![][10] + +Sounds like a handy tool, right? Let’s see how to get it on your Linux system. + +### Installing gdu on Linux + +Gdu is available for Arch and Manjaro users through the [AUR][11]. I presume that as an Arch user, you know how to use AUR. + +It is included in the universe repository of the upcoming Ubuntu 21.04 but chances are that you are not using it at present. In that case, you may install it using Snap through it may seem like a lot of snap commands: + +``` +snap install gdu-disk-usage-analyzer +snap connect gdu-disk-usage-analyzer:mount-observe :mount-observe +snap connect gdu-disk-usage-analyzer:system-backup :system-backup +snap alias gdu-disk-usage-analyzer.gdu gdu +``` + +You may also find the source code on its release page: + +[Source code download for gdu][12] + +I am more used to of using du and df commands but I can see some Linux users might like gdu. Are you one of them? + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/gdu/ + +作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://linuxhandbook.com/df-command/ +[2]: https://linuxhandbook.com/find-directory-size-du-command/ +[3]: https://itsfoss.com/check-free-disk-space-linux/ +[4]: https://itsfoss.com/gui-cli-tui/ +[5]: https://dev.yorhel.nl/ncdu +[6]: https://github.com/dundee/gdu +[7]: https://github.com/dundee/gdu#benchmarks +[8]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/gdu-disk-utilization.png?resize=800%2C471&ssl=1 +[9]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/gdu-entry-symbols.png?resize=800%2C302&ssl=1 +[10]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/gdu-disk-utilization-for-all-drives.png?resize=800%2C471&ssl=1 +[11]: https://itsfoss.com/aur-arch-linux/ +[12]: https://github.com/dundee/gdu/releases From b83689a1bffa4b0be38a0cd1a88c561eed9d3b29 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Wed, 17 Mar 2021 05:06:47 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 220/309] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020210316=20?= =?UTF-8?q?How=20to=20write=20'Hello=20World'=20in=20WebAssembly?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20210316 How to write -Hello World- in WebAssembly.md --- ...w to write -Hello World- in WebAssembly.md | 165 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 165 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20210316 How to write -Hello World- in WebAssembly.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210316 How to write -Hello World- in WebAssembly.md b/sources/tech/20210316 How to write -Hello World- in WebAssembly.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..986b7fc3b7 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20210316 How to write -Hello World- in WebAssembly.md @@ -0,0 +1,165 @@ +[#]: subject: (How to write 'Hello World' in WebAssembly) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/3/hello-world-webassembly) +[#]: author: (Stephan Avenwedde https://opensource.com/users/hansic99) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +How to write 'Hello World' in WebAssembly +====== +Get started writing WebAssembly in human-readable text with this +step-by-step tutorial. +![Hello World inked on bread][1] + +WebAssembly is a bytecode format that [virtually every browser][2] can compile to its host system's machine code. Alongside JavaScript and WebGL, WebAssembly fulfills the demand for porting applications for platform-independent use in the web browser. As a compilation target for C++ and Rust, WebAssembly enables web browsers to execute code at near-native speed. + +When you talk about a WebAssembly, application, you must distinguish between three states: + + 1. **Source code (e.g., C++ or Rust):** You have an application written in a compatible language that you want to execute in the browser. + 2. **WebAssembly bytecode:** You choose WebAssembly bytecode as your compilation target. As a result, you get a `.wasm` file. + 3. **Machine code (opcode):** The browser loads the `.wasm` file and compiles it to the corresponding machine code of its host system. + + + +WebAssembly also has a text format that represents the binary format in human-readable text. For the sake of simplicity, I will refer to this as **WASM-text**. WASM-text can be compared to high-level assembly language. Of course, you would not write a complete application based on WASM-text, but it's good to know how it works under the hood (especially for debugging and performance optimization). + +This article will guide you through creating the classic _Hello World_ program in WASM-text. + +### Creating the .wat file + +WASM-text files usually end with `.wat`. Start from scratch by creating an empty text file named `helloworld.wat`, open it with your favorite text editor, and paste in: + + +``` +(module +    ;; Imports from JavaScript namespace +    (import  "console"  "log" (func  $log (param  i32  i32))) ;; Import log function +    (import  "js"  "mem" (memory  1)) ;; Import 1 page of memory (54kb) +    +    ;; Data section of our module +    (data (i32.const 0) "Hello World from WebAssembly!") +    +    ;; Function declaration: Exported as helloWorld(), no arguments +    (func (export  "helloWorld") +        i32.const 0  ;; pass offset 0 to log +        i32.const 29  ;; pass length 29 to log (strlen of sample text) +        call  $log +        ) +) +``` + +The WASM-text format is based upon S-expressions. To enable interaction, JavaScript functions are imported with the `import` statement, and WebAssembly functions are exported with the `export` statement. For this example, import the `log `function from the `console` module, which takes two parameters of type `i32` as input and one page of memory (64KB) to store the string. + +The string will be written into the `data` section at offset `0`. The `data` section is an overlay of your memory, and the memory is allocated in the JavaScript part. + +Functions are marked with the keyword `func`. The stack is empty when entering a function. Function parameters are pushed onto the stack (here offset and length) before another function is called (see `call $log`). When a function returns an `f32` type (for example), an `f32` variable must remain on the stack when leaving the function (but this is not the case in this example). + +### Creating the .wasm file + +The WASM-text and the WebAssembly bytecode have 1:1 correspondence. This means you can convert WASM-text into bytecode (and vice versa). You already have the WASM-text, and now you want to create the bytecode. + +The conversion can be performed with the [WebAssembly Binary Toolkit][3] (WABT). Make a clone of the repository at that link and follow the installation instructions. + +After you build the toolchain, convert WASM-text to bytecode by opening a console and entering: + + +``` +`wat2wasm helloworld.wat -o helloworld.wasm` +``` + +You can also convert bytecode to WASM-text with: + + +``` +`wasm2wat helloworld.wasm -o helloworld_reverse.wat` +``` + +A `.wat` file created from a `.wasm` file does not include any function nor parameter names. By default, WebAssembly identifies functions and parameters with their index. + +### Compiling the .wasm file + +Currently, WebAssembly only coexists with JavaScript, so you have to write a short script to load and compile the `.wasm` file and do the function calls. You also need to define the functions you will import in your WebAssembly module. + +Create an empty text file and name it `helloworld.html`, then open your favorite text editor and paste in: + + +``` +<!DOCTYPE  html> +<html> +  <head> +    <meta  charset="utf-8"> +    <title>Simple template</title> +  </head> +  <body> +    <script> +    +      var memory = new  WebAssembly.Memory({initial:1}); + +      function  consoleLogString(offset, length) { +        var  bytes = new  Uint8Array(memory.buffer, offset, length); +        var  string = new  TextDecoder('utf8').decode(bytes); +        console.log(string); +      }; + +      var  importObject = { +        console: { +          log:  consoleLogString +        }, +        js : { +          mem:  memory +        } +      }; +      +      WebAssembly.instantiateStreaming(fetch('helloworld.wasm'), importObject) +      .then(obj  => { +        obj.instance.exports.helloWorld(); +      }); +      +    </script> +  </body> +</html> +``` + +The `WebAssembly.Memory(...)` method returns one page of memory that is 64KB in size. The function `consoleLogString` reads a string from that memory page based on the length and offset. Both objects are passed to your WebAssembly module as part of the `importObject`. + +Before you can run this example, you may have to allow Firefox to access files from this directory by typing `about:config` in the address line and setting `privacy.file_unique_origin` to `true`: + +![Firefox setting][4] + +(Stephan Avenwedde, [CC BY-SA 4.0][5]) + +> **Caution:** This will make you vulnerable to the [CVE-2019-11730][6] security issue. + +Now, open `helloworld.html` in Firefox and enter **Ctrl**+**K** to open the developer console. + +![Debugger output][7] + +(Stephan Avenwedde, [CC BY-SA 4.0][5]) + +### Learn more + +This Hello World example is just one of the detailed tutorials in MDN's [Understanding WebAssembly text format][8] documentation. If you want to learn more about WebAssembly and how it works under the hood, take a look at these docs. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/21/3/hello-world-webassembly + +作者：[Stephan Avenwedde][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/hansic99 +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/helloworld_bread_lead.jpeg?itok=1r8Uu7gk (Hello World inked on bread) +[2]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/WebAssembly#browser_compatibility +[3]: https://github.com/webassembly/wabt +[4]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/firefox_setting.png (Firefox setting) +[5]: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ +[6]: https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/security/advisories/mfsa2019-21/#CVE-2019-11730 +[7]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/debugger_output.png (Debugger output) +[8]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/WebAssembly/Understanding_the_text_format From 889869a458ba17194c8708904dd4c65c1da4723c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Wed, 17 Mar 2021 05:07:11 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 221/309] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020210316=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Get=20started=20with=20edge=20computing=20by=20programming=20em?= =?UTF-8?q?bedded=20systems?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20210316 Get started with edge computing by programming embedded systems.md --- ...mputing by programming embedded systems.md | 176 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 176 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20210316 Get started with edge computing by programming embedded systems.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210316 Get started with edge computing by programming embedded systems.md b/sources/tech/20210316 Get started with edge computing by programming embedded systems.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..5899e54827 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20210316 Get started with edge computing by programming embedded systems.md @@ -0,0 +1,176 @@ +[#]: subject: (Get started with edge computing by programming embedded systems) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/3/rtos-embedded-development) +[#]: author: (Alan Smithee https://opensource.com/users/alansmithee) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +Get started with edge computing by programming embedded systems +====== +The AT device package for controlling wireless modems is one of RTOS's +most popular extensions. +![Looking at a map][1] + +RTOS is an open source [operating system for embedded devices][2] developed by RT-Thread. It provides a standardized, friendly foundation for developers to program a variety of devices and includes a large number of useful libraries and toolkits to make the process easier. + +Like Linux, RTOS uses a modular approach, which makes it easy to extend. Packages enable developers to use RTOS for any device they want to target. One of RTOS's most popular extensions is the AT device package, which includes porting files and sample code for different AT devices (i.e., modems). + +At over 62,000 downloads (at the time of this writing, at least), one of the most popular extensions to RTOS is the AT device package, which includes porting files and sample code for different AT devices. + +### About AT commands + +AT commands were originally a protocol to control old dial-up modems. As modem technology moved on to higher bandwidths, it remained useful to have a light and efficient protocol for device control, and major mobile phone manufacturers jointly developed a set of AT commands to control the GSM module on mobile phones. + +Today, the AT protocol is still common in networked communication, and there are many devices, including WiFi, Bluetooth, and 4G, that accept AT commands. + +If you're creating purpose-built appliances for edge computing input, monitoring, or the Internet of Things (IoT), some of the AT devices supported by RTOS that you may encounter include ESP8266, ESP32, M26, MC20, RW007, MW31, SIM800C, W60X, SIM76XX, A9/A9G, BC26, AIR720, ME3616, M 6315, BC28, and EC200X. + +RT-Thread contains the Socket Abstraction Layer (SAL) component, which implements the abstraction of various network protocols and interfaces and provides a standard set of [BSD socket][3] APIs to the upper level. The SAL then takes over the AT socket interface so that developers just need to consider the network interface provided by the network application layer. + +This package implements the AT socket on devices (including the ones above), allowing communications through standard socket interfaces in the form of AT commands. The [RT-thread programming guide][4] includes descriptions of specific functions. + +The at_device package is distributed under an LGPLv2.1 license, and it's easy to obtain by using the [RT-Thread Env tool][5]. This tool includes a configurator and a package manager, which configure the kernel and component functions and can be used to tailor the components and manage online packages. This enables developers to build systems as if they were building blocks. + +### Get the at_device package + +To use AT devices with RTOS, you must enable the AT component library and AT socket functionality. This requires: + + * RT_Thread 4.0.2+ + * RT_Thread AT component 1.3.0+ + * RT_Thread SAL component + * RT-Thread netdev component + + + +The AT device package has been updated for multiple versions. Different versions require different configuration options, so they must fit into the corresponding system versions. Most of the currently available AT device package versions are: + + * V1.2.0: For RT-Thread versions less than V3.1.3, AT component version equals V1.0.0 + * V1.3.0: For RT-Thread versions less than V3.1.3, AT component version equals V1.1.0 + * V1.4.0: For RT-Thread versions less than V3.1.3 or equal to V4.0.0, AT component version equals V1.2.0 + * V1.5.0: For RT-Thread versions less than V3.1.3 or equal to V4.0.0, AT component version equals V1.2.0 + * V1.6.0: For RT-Thread versions equal to V3.1.3 or V4.0.1, AT component version equals V1.2.0 + * V2.0.0/V2.0.1: For RT-Thread versions higher than V4.0.1 or higher than 3.1.3, AT component version equals V1.3.0 + * Latest version: For RT-Thread versions higher than V4.0.1 or higher than 3.1.3, AT component version equals V1.3.0 + + + +Getting the right version is mostly an automatic process done in menuconfig. It provides the best version of the at_device package based on your current system environment. + +As mentioned, different versions require different configuration options. For instance, version 1.x supports enabling one AT device at a time: + + +``` +RT-Thread online packages  ---> +     IoT - internet of things  ---> +        -*- AT DEVICE: RT-Thread AT component porting or samples for different device   +        [ ]   Enable at device init by thread +              AT socket device modules (Not selected, please select)  --->     +              Version (V1.6.0)  ---> +``` + +The option to enable the AT device init by thread dictates whether the configuration creates a separate thread to initialize the device network. + +Version 2.x supports enabling multiple AT devices at the same time: + + +``` +RT-Thread online packages  ---> +     IoT - internet of things  ---> +        -*- AT DEVICE: RT-Thread AT component porting or samples for different device +        [*]   Quectel M26/MC20  ---> +          [*]   Enable initialize by thread +          [*]   Enable sample +          (-1)    Power pin +          (-1)    Power status pin +          (uart3) AT client device name +          (512)   The maximum length of receive line buffer +        [ ]   Quectel EC20  ---> +        [ ]   Espressif ESP32  ---> +        [*]   Espressif ESP8266  ---> +          [*]   Enable initialize by thread +          [*]   Enable sample +          (realthread) WIFI ssid +          (12345678) WIFI password +          (uart2) AT client device name +          (512)   The maximum length of receive line buffer +        [ ]   Realthread RW007  ---> +        [ ]   SIMCom SIM800C  ---> +        [ ]   SIMCom SIM76XX  ---> +        [ ]   Notion MW31  ---> +        [ ]   WinnerMicro W60X  ---> +        [ ]   AiThink A9/A9G  ---> +        [ ]   Quectel BC26  ---> +        [ ]   Luat air720  ---> +        [ ]   GOSUNCN ME3616  ---> +        [ ]   ChinaMobile M6315  ---> +        [ ]   Quectel BC28  ---> +        [ ]   Quectel ec200x  ---> +        Version (latest)  ---> +``` + +This version includes many other options, including one to enable sample code, which might be particularly useful to new developers or any developer using an unfamiliar device. + +You can also control options to choose which pin you want to use to supply power to your component, a pin to indicate the power state, the name of the serial device the sample device uses, and the maximum length of the data the sample device receives. On applicable devices, you can also set the SSID name and password. + +In short, there is no shortage of control options. + + * V2.X.X version supports enabling multiple AT devices simultaneously, and the enabled device information can be viewed with the `ifocnfig` command in [finsh shell][6]. + * V2.X.X version requires the device to register before it's used; the registration can be done in the samples directory file or customized in the application layer. + * Pin options such as **Power pin** and **Power status pin** are configured according to the device's hardware connection. They can be configured as `-1` if the hardware power-on function is not used. + * One AT device should correspond to one serial name, and the **AT client device name** for each device should be different. + + + +### AT components configuration options + +When the AT device package is selected and device support is enabled, client functionality for the AT component is selected by default. That means more options—this time for the AT component: + + +``` +RT-Thread Components  ---> +    Network  ---> +        AT commands  ---> +    [ ]   Enable debug log output +    [ ]   Enable AT commands server +    -*-   Enable AT commands client +    (1)     The maximum number of supported clients +    -*-     Enable BSD Socket API support by AT commnads +    [*]     Enable CLI(Command-Line Interface) for AT commands +    [ ]     Enable print RAW format AT command communication data +    (128)   The maximum length of AT Commonds buffer +``` + +The configuration options related to the AT device package are: + + * **The maximum number of supported clients**: Selecting multiple devices in the AT device package requires this option to be configured as the corresponding value. + * **Enable BSD Socket API support by AT commands**: This option will be selected by default when selecting the AT device package. + * **The maximum length of AT Commands buffe:** The maximum length of the data the AT commands can send. + + + +### Anything is possible + +When you start programming embedded systems, you quickly realize that you can create anything you can imagine. RTOS aims to help you get there, and its packages offer a head start. Interconnected devices are the expectation now. IoT technology on the [edge][7] must be able to communicate across various protocols, and the AT protocol is the key. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/21/3/rtos-embedded-development + +作者：[Alan Smithee][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/alansmithee +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/tips_map_guide_ebook_help_troubleshooting_lightbulb_520.png?itok=L0BQHgjr (Looking at a map) +[2]: https://opensource.com/article/20/6/open-source-rtos +[3]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_sockets +[4]: https://github.com/RT-Thread/rtthread-manual-doc/blob/master/at/at.md +[5]: https://www.rt-thread.io/download.html?download=Env +[6]: https://www.rt-thread.org/download/rttdoc_1_0_0/group__finsh.html +[7]: https://www.redhat.com/en/topics/edge-computing From 99bc4db08836122d9464e6868fa84ae3b796568c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Wed, 17 Mar 2021 05:07:37 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 222/309] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020210315=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Learn=20how=20file=20input=20and=20output=20works=20in=20C?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20210315 Learn how file input and output works in C.md --- ...rn how file input and output works in C.md | 285 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 285 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20210315 Learn how file input and output works in C.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210315 Learn how file input and output works in C.md b/sources/tech/20210315 Learn how file input and output works in C.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..78ba3485eb --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20210315 Learn how file input and output works in C.md @@ -0,0 +1,285 @@ +[#]: subject: (Learn how file input and output works in C) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/3/file-io-c) +[#]: author: (Jim Hall https://opensource.com/users/jim-hall) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +Learn how file input and output works in C +====== +Understanding I/O can help you do things faster. +![4 manilla folders, yellow, green, purple, blue][1] + +If you want to learn input and output in C, start by looking at the `stdio.h` include file. As you might guess from the name, that file defines all the standard ("std") input and output ("io") functions. + +The first `stdio.h` function that most people learn is the `printf` function to print formatted output. Or the `puts` function to print a simple string. Those are great functions to print information to the user, but if you want to do more than that, you'll need to explore other functions. + +You can learn about some of these functions and methods by writing a replica of a common Linux command. The `cp` command will copy one file to another. If you look at the `cp` man page, you'll see that `cp` supports a broad set of command-line parameters and options. But in the simplest case, `cp` supports copying one file to another: + + +``` +`cp infile outfile` +``` + +You can write your own version of this `cp` command in C by using only a few basic functions to _read_ and _write_ files. + +### Reading and writing one character at a time + +You can easily do input and output using the `fgetc` and `fputc` functions. These read and write data one character at a time. The usage is defined in `stdio.h` and is quite straightforward: `fgetc` reads (gets) a single character from a file, and `fputc` puts a single character into a file. + + +``` +int [fgetc][2](FILE *stream); +int [fputc][3](int c, FILE *stream); +``` + +Writing the `cp` command requires accessing files. In C, you open a file using the `fopen` function, which takes two arguments: the _name_ of the file and the _mode_ you want to use. The mode is usually `r` to read from a file or `w` to write to a file. The mode supports other options too, but for this tutorial, just focus on reading and writing. + +Copying one file to another then becomes a matter of opening the source and destination files, then _reading one character at a time_ from the first file, then _writing that character_ to the second file. The `fgetc` function returns either the single character read from the input file or the _end of file_ (`EOF`) marker when the file is done. Once you've read `EOF`, you've finished copying and you can close both files. That code looks like this: + + +``` +  do { +    ch = [fgetc][2](infile); +    if (ch != EOF) { +      [fputc][3](ch, outfile); +    } +  } while (ch != EOF); +``` + +You can write your own `cp` program with this loop to read and write one character at a time by using the `fgetc` and `fputc` functions. The `cp.c` source code looks like this: + + +``` +#include <stdio.h> + +int +main(int argc, char **argv) +{ +  FILE *infile; +  FILE *outfile; +  int ch; + +  /* parse the command line */ + +  /* usage: cp infile outfile */ + +  if (argc != 3) { +    [fprintf][4](stderr, "Incorrect usage\n"); +    [fprintf][4](stderr, "Usage: cp infile outfile\n"); +    return 1; +  } + +  /* open the input file */ + +  infile = [fopen][5](argv[1], "r"); +  if (infile == NULL) { +    [fprintf][4](stderr, "Cannot open file for reading: %s\n", argv[1]); +    return 2; +  } + +  /* open the output file */ + +  outfile = [fopen][5](argv[2], "w"); +  if (outfile == NULL) { +    [fprintf][4](stderr, "Cannot open file for writing: %s\n", argv[2]); +    [fclose][6](infile); +    return 3; +  } + +  /* copy one file to the other */ + +  /* use fgetc and fputc */ + +  do { +    ch = [fgetc][2](infile); +    if (ch != EOF) { +      [fputc][3](ch, outfile); +    } +  } while (ch != EOF); + +  /* done */ + +  [fclose][6](infile); +  [fclose][6](outfile); + +  return 0; +} +``` + +And you can compile that `cp.c` file into a full executable using the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC): + + +``` +`$ gcc -Wall -o cp cp.c` +``` + +The `-o cp` option tells the compiler to save the compiled program into the `cp` program file. The `-Wall` option tells the compiler to turn on all warnings. If you don't see any warnings, that means everything worked correctly. + +### Reading and writing blocks of data + +Programming your own `cp` command by reading and writing data one character at a time does the job, but it's not very fast. You might not notice when copying "everyday" files like documents and text files, but you'll really notice the difference when copying large files or when copying files over a network. Working on one character at a time requires significant overhead. + +A better way to write this `cp` command is by reading a chunk of the input into memory (called a _buffer_), then writing that collection of data to the second file. This is much faster because the program can read more of the data at one time, which requires fewer "reads" from the file. + +You can read a file into a variable by using the `fread` function. This function takes several arguments: the array or memory buffer to read data into (`ptr`), the size of the smallest thing you want to read (`size`), how many of those things you want to read (`nmemb`), and the file to read from (`stream`): + + +``` +`size_t fread(void *ptr, size_t size, size_t nmemb, FILE *stream);` +``` + +The different options provide quite a bit of flexibility for more advanced file input and output, such as reading and writing files with a certain data structure. But in the simple case of _reading data from one file_ and _writing data to another file_, you can use a buffer that is an array of characters. + +And you can write the buffer to another file using the `fwrite` function. This uses a similar set of options to the `fread` function: the array or memory buffer to read data from, the size of the smallest thing you need to write, how many of those things you need to write, and the file to write to. + + +``` +`size_t fwrite(const void *ptr, size_t size, size_t nmemb, FILE *stream);` +``` + +In the case where the program reads a file into a buffer, then writes that buffer to another file, the array (`ptr`) can be an array of a fixed size. For example, you can use a `char` array called `buffer` that is 200 characters long. + +With that assumption, you need to change the loop in your `cp` program to _read data from a file into a buffer_ then _write that buffer to another file_: + + +``` +  while (![feof][7](infile)) { +    buffer_length = [fread][8](buffer, sizeof(char), 200, infile); +    [fwrite][9](buffer, sizeof(char), buffer_length, outfile); +  } +``` + +Here's the full source code to your updated `cp` program, which now uses a buffer to read and write data: + + +``` +#include <stdio.h> + +int +main(int argc, char **argv) +{ +  FILE *infile; +  FILE *outfile; +  char buffer[200]; +  size_t buffer_length; + +  /* parse the command line */ + +  /* usage: cp infile outfile */ + +  if (argc != 3) { +    [fprintf][4](stderr, "Incorrect usage\n"); +    [fprintf][4](stderr, "Usage: cp infile outfile\n"); +    return 1; +  } + +  /* open the input file */ + +  infile = [fopen][5](argv[1], "r"); +  if (infile == NULL) { +    [fprintf][4](stderr, "Cannot open file for reading: %s\n", argv[1]); +    return 2; +  } + +  /* open the output file */ + +  outfile = [fopen][5](argv[2], "w"); +  if (outfile == NULL) { +    [fprintf][4](stderr, "Cannot open file for writing: %s\n", argv[2]); +    [fclose][6](infile); +    return 3; +  } + +  /* copy one file to the other */ + +  /* use fread and fwrite */ + +  while (![feof][7](infile)) { +    buffer_length = [fread][8](buffer, sizeof(char), 200, infile); +    [fwrite][9](buffer, sizeof(char), buffer_length, outfile); +  } + +  /* done */ + +  [fclose][6](infile); +  [fclose][6](outfile); + +  return 0; +} +``` + +Since you want to compare this program to the other program, save this source code as `cp2.c`. You can compile that updated program using GCC: + + +``` +`$ gcc -Wall -o cp2 cp2.c` +``` + +As before, the `-o cp2` option tells the compiler to save the compiled program into the `cp2` program file. The `-Wall` option tells the compiler to turn on all warnings. If you don't see any warnings, that means everything worked correctly. + +### Yes, it really is faster + +Reading and writing data using buffers is the better way to write this version of the `cp` program. Because it reads chunks of a file into memory at once, the program doesn't need to read data as often. You might not notice a difference in using either method on smaller files, but you'll really see the difference if you need to copy something that's much larger or when copying data on slower media like over a network connection. + +I ran a runtime comparison using the Linux `time` command. This command runs another program, then tells you how long that program took to complete. For my test, I wanted to see the difference in time, so I copied a 628MB CD-ROM image file I had on my system. + +I first copied the image file using the standard Linux `cp` command to see how long that takes. By running the Linux `cp` command first, I also eliminated the possibility that Linux's built-in file-cache system wouldn't give my program a false performance boost. The test with Linux `cp` took much less than one second to run: + + +``` +$ time cp FD13LIVE.iso tmpfile + +real    0m0.040s +user    0m0.001s +sys     0m0.003s +``` + +Copying the same file using my own version of the `cp` command took significantly longer. Reading and writing one character at a time took almost five seconds to copy the file: + + +``` +$ time ./cp FD13LIVE.iso tmpfile + +real    0m4.823s +user    0m4.100s +sys     0m0.571s +``` + +Reading data from an input into a buffer and then writing that buffer to an output file is much faster. Copying the file using this method took less than a second: + + +``` +$ time ./cp2 FD13LIVE.iso tmpfile + +real    0m0.944s +user    0m0.224s +sys     0m0.608s +``` + +My demonstration `cp` program used a buffer that was 200 characters. I'm sure the program would run much faster if I read more of the file into memory at once. But for this comparison, you can already see the huge difference in performance, even with a small, 200 character buffer. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/21/3/file-io-c + +作者：[Jim Hall][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/jim-hall +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/file_system.jpg?itok=pzCrX1Kc (4 manilla folders, yellow, green, purple, blue) +[2]: http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/fgetc.html +[3]: http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/fputc.html +[4]: http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/fprintf.html +[5]: http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/fopen.html +[6]: http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/fclose.html +[7]: http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/feof.html +[8]: http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/fread.html +[9]: http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/fwrite.html From 550bf709b9a70a0c9abc1800eb726185a3df5205 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Wed, 17 Mar 2021 05:07:58 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 223/309] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020210315=20?= =?UTF-8?q?6=20things=20to=20know=20about=20using=20WebAssembly=20on=20Fir?= =?UTF-8?q?efox?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20210315 6 things to know about using WebAssembly on Firefox.md --- ...know about using WebAssembly on Firefox.md | 95 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 95 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20210315 6 things to know about using WebAssembly on Firefox.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210315 6 things to know about using WebAssembly on Firefox.md b/sources/tech/20210315 6 things to know about using WebAssembly on Firefox.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..75defe41d8 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20210315 6 things to know about using WebAssembly on Firefox.md @@ -0,0 +1,95 @@ +[#]: subject: (6 things to know about using WebAssembly on Firefox) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/3/webassembly-firefox) +[#]: author: (Stephan Avenwedde https://opensource.com/users/hansic99) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +6 things to know about using WebAssembly on Firefox +====== +Get to know the opportunities and limitations of running WebAssembly on +Firefox. +![Business woman on laptop sitting in front of window][1] + +WebAssembly is a portable execution format that has drawn a lot of interest due to its ability to execute applications in the browser at near-native speed. By its nature, WebAssembly has some special properties and limitations. However, by combining it with other technologies, completely new possibilities arise, especially related to gaming in the browser. + +This article describes the concepts, possibilities, and limitations of running WebAssembly on Firefox. + +### The sandbox + +WebAssembly has a [strict security policy][2]. A program or functional unit in WebAssembly is called a _module_. Each module instance runs its own isolated memory space. Therefore, one module cannot access another module's virtual address space, even if they are loaded on the same web page. By design, WebAssembly also considers memory safety and control-flow integrity, which enables an (almost-) deterministic execution. + +### Web APIs + +Access to many kinds of input and output devices is granted via JavaScript [Web APIs][3]. In the future, access to Web APIs will be available without the detour over to JavaScript, according to this [proposal][4]. C++ programmers can find information about accessing the Web APIs on [Emscripten.org][5]. Rust programmers can use the [wasm-bindgen][6] library that is documented on [rustwasm.github.io][7]. + +### File input/output + +Because WebAssembly is executed in a sandboxed environment, it cannot access the host's filesystem when it is executed in a browser. However, Emscripten offers a solution in the form of a virtual filesystem. + +Emscripten makes it possible to preload files to the memory filesystem at compile time. Those files can then be read from within the WebAssembly application, just as you would on an ordinary filesystem. This [tutorial][8] offers more information. + +### Persistent data + +If you need to store persistent data on the client-side, it must be done over a JavaScript Web API. Refer to Mozilla Developer Network's documentation on [browser storage limits and eviction criteria][9] for more detailed information about the different approaches. + +### Memory management + +WebAssembly modules operate on linear memory as a [stack machine][10]. This means that concepts like heap memory allocations are not available. However, if you are using `new` in C++ or `Box::new` in Rust, you would expect it to result in a heap memory allocation. The way heap memory allocation requests are translated into WebAssembly relies heavily upon the toolchain. You can find a detailed analysis of how different toolchains deal with heap memory allocations in Frank Rehberger's post about [_WebAssembly and dynamic memory_][11]. + +### Games! + +In combination with [WebGL][12], WebAssembly enables native gaming in the browser due to its high execution speed. The big proprietary game engines [Unity][13] and [Unreal Engine 4][14] show what is possible with WebGL. There are also open source game engines that use WebAssembly and the WebGL interface. Here are some examples: + + * Since November 2011, the [id Tech 4][15] engine (better known as the Doom 3 engine) is available under the GPL license on [GitHub][16]. There is also a [WebAssembly port of Doom 3][17]. + * The Urho3D engine provides some [impressive examples][18] that can run in the browser. + * If you like retro games, try this [Game Boy emulator][19]. + * The [Godot engine is also capable of producing WebAssembly][20]. I couldn't find a demo, but the [Godot editor][21] has been ported to WebAssembly. + + + +### More about WebAssembly + +WebAssembly is a promising technology that I believe we will see more frequently in the future. In addition to executing in the browser, WebAssembly can also be used as a portable execution format. The [Wasmer][22] container host enables you to execute WebAssembly code on various platforms. + +If you want more demos, examples, and tutorials, take a look at this [extensive collection of WebAssembly topics][23]. Not exclusive to WebAssembly but still worth a look are Mozilla's [collection of games and demos][24]. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/21/3/webassembly-firefox + +作者：[Stephan Avenwedde][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/hansic99 +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/lenovo-thinkpad-laptop-concentration-focus-windows-office.png?itok=-8E2ihcF (Woman using laptop concentrating) +[2]: https://webassembly.org/docs/security/ +[3]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API +[4]: https://github.com/WebAssembly/gc/blob/master/README.md +[5]: https://emscripten.org/docs/porting/connecting_cpp_and_javascript/Interacting-with-code.html +[6]: https://github.com/rustwasm/wasm-bindgen +[7]: https://rustwasm.github.io/wasm-bindgen/ +[8]: https://emscripten.org/docs/api_reference/Filesystem-API.html +[9]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/IndexedDB_API/Browser_storage_limits_and_eviction_criteria +[10]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stack_machine +[11]: https://frehberg.wordpress.com/webassembly-and-dynamic-memory/ +[12]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebGL +[13]: https://beta.unity3d.com/jonas/AngryBots/ +[14]: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TwuIRcpeUWE +[15]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Id_Tech_4 +[16]: https://github.com/id-Software/DOOM-3 +[17]: https://wasm.continuation-labs.com/d3demo/ +[18]: https://urho3d.github.io/samples/ +[19]: https://vaporboy.net/ +[20]: https://docs.godotengine.org/en/stable/development/compiling/compiling_for_web.html +[21]: https://godotengine.org/editor/latest/godot.tools.html +[22]: https://github.com/wasmerio/wasmer +[23]: https://github.com/mbasso/awesome-wasm +[24]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Games/Examples From 82468e54b4fe41cfda9b51ca261437350d941903 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Wed, 17 Mar 2021 08:54:34 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 224/309] translated --- ...ork parental controls on a Raspberry Pi.md | 90 ------------------- ...ork parental controls on a Raspberry Pi.md | 89 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 89 insertions(+), 90 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20210311 Set up network parental controls on a Raspberry Pi.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20210311 Set up network parental controls on a Raspberry Pi.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210311 Set up network parental controls on a Raspberry Pi.md b/sources/tech/20210311 Set up network parental controls on a Raspberry Pi.md deleted file mode 100644 index f25aed65a5..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20210311 Set up network parental controls on a Raspberry Pi.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,90 +0,0 @@ -[#]: subject: (Set up network parental controls on a Raspberry Pi) -[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/3/raspberry-pi-parental-control) -[#]: author: (Daniel Oh https://opensource.com/users/daniel-oh) -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) - -Set up network parental controls on a Raspberry Pi -====== -With minimal investment of time and money, you can keep your kids safe -online. -![Family learning and reading together at night in a room][1] - -Parents are always looking for ways to protect their kids online—from malware, banner ads, pop-ups, activity-tracking scripts, and other concerns—and to prevent them from playing games and watching YouTube when they should be doing their schoolwork. Many businesses use tools that regulate their employees' online safety and activities, but the question is how to make this happen at home? - -The short answer is a tiny, inexpensive Raspberry Pi computer that enables you to set parental controls for your kids and your work at home. This article walks you through how easy it is to build your own parental control-enabled home network with a Raspberry Pi. - -### Install the hardware and software - -For this project, you'll need a Raspberry Pi and a home network router. If you spend only five minutes exploring online shopping sites, you will find a lot of options. The [Raspberry Pi 4][2] and a [TP-Link router][3] are good options for beginners. - -Once you have your network device and Pi, you need to install [Pi-hole][4] as a Linux container or a supported operating system. There are several [ways to install it][5], but an easy way is to issue the following command on your Pi: - - -``` -`curl -sSL https://install.pi-hole.net | bash` -``` - -### Configure Pi-hole as your DNS server - -Next, you need to configure the DHCP settings in both your router and Pi-hole: - - 1. Disable the DHCP server setting in your router - 2. Enable the DHCP server in Pi-hole - - - -Every device is different, so there's no way for me to tell you exactly what you need to click on to adjust your settings. Generally, you access your home router through a web browser. Your router's address is sometimes printed on the bottom of the router, and it begins with either 192.168 or 10. - -In your web browser, navigate to your router's address and log in with the credentials you received when you got your internet service. It's often as simple as `admin` with a numeric password (sometimes this password is also printed on the router). If you don't know the login, call your internet provider and ask for details. - -In the graphical interface, look for a section within your LAN about DHCP, and deactivate the DHCP server. Your router's interface will almost certainly look different from mine, but this is an example of what I saw when setting it up. Uncheck **DHCP server**: - -![Disable DHCP][6] - -(Daniel Oh, [CC BY-SA 4.0][7]) - -Next, you _must_ activate the DHCP server on the Pi-hole. If you don't do that, none of your devices will be able to get online unless you manually assign IP addresses! - -### Make your network family-friendly - -You're all set. Now, your network devices (i.e., mobile phone, tablet PC, laptop, etc.) will automatically find the DHCP server on the Raspberry Pi. Then, each device will be assigned a dynamic IP address to access the internet. - -Note: If your router device supports setting a DNS server, you can also configure the DNS clients in your router. The client will refer to the Pi-hole as your DNS server. - -To set up rules for which sites and activities your kids can access, open a web browser to the Pi-hole admin page, `http://pi.hole/admin/`. On the dashboard, click on **Whitelist** to add web pages your kids are allowed to access. You can also add sites that your kids aren't allowed to access (e.g., gaming, adult, ads, shopping, etc.) to the **Blocklist**. - -![Pi-hole admin dashboard][8] - -(Daniel Oh, [CC BY-SA 4.0][7]) - -### What's next? - -Now that you've set up your Raspberry Pi for parental control, you can keep your kids safer online while giving them access to approved entertainment options. This can also decrease your home internet usage by reducing how much your family is streaming. For more advanced usage, access Pi-hole's [documentation][9] and [blogs][10]. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://opensource.com/article/21/3/raspberry-pi-parental-control - -作者：[Daniel Oh][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://opensource.com/users/daniel-oh -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/family_learning_kids_night_reading.png?itok=6K7sJVb1 (Family learning and reading together at night in a room) -[2]: https://www.raspberrypi.org/products/ -[3]: https://www.amazon.com/s?k=tp-link+router&crid=3QRLN3XRWHFTC&sprefix=TP-Link%2Caps%2C186&ref=nb_sb_ss_ts-doa-p_3_7 -[4]: https://pi-hole.net/ -[5]: https://github.com/pi-hole/pi-hole/#one-step-automated-install -[6]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/disabledhcp.jpg (Disable DHCP) -[7]: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ -[8]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/blocklist.png (Pi-hole admin dashboard) -[9]: https://docs.pi-hole.net/ -[10]: https://pi-hole.net/blog/#page-content diff --git a/translated/tech/20210311 Set up network parental controls on a Raspberry Pi.md b/translated/tech/20210311 Set up network parental controls on a Raspberry Pi.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..2a67c68139 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20210311 Set up network parental controls on a Raspberry Pi.md @@ -0,0 +1,89 @@ +[#]: subject: (Set up network parental controls on a Raspberry Pi) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/3/raspberry-pi-parental-control) +[#]: author: (Daniel Oh https://opensource.com/users/daniel-oh) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +在树莓派上设置网络家长控制 +====== +用最少的时间和金钱投入，就能保证孩子上网安全。 +![Family learning and reading together at night in a room][1] + +家长们一直在寻找保护孩子们上网的方法，从防止恶意软件、横幅广告、弹出窗口、活动跟踪脚本和其他问题，到防止他们在应该做功课的时候玩游戏和看 YouTube。许多企业使用工具来规范员工的网络安全和活动，但问题是如何在家里实现这一点？ + +简短的答案是一台小巧、廉价的树莓派电脑，它可以让你为孩子和你在家的工作设置家长控制。本文将为你介绍如何使用树莓派轻松构建自己的家长控制家庭网络。 + +### 安装硬件和软件 + +对于这个项目，你需要一个树莓派和一个家庭网络路由器。如果你只花 5 分钟浏览在线购物网站，你会发现很多选择。[树莓派 4][2] 和 [TP-Link 路由器][3]是初学者的好选择。 + +有了网络设备和树莓派后，你需要在 Linux 容器或者受支持的操作系统中安装 [Pi-hole][4]。有几种[安装方法][5]，但一个简单的方法是在你的树莓派上执行以下命令： + + +``` +`curl -sSL https://install.pi-hole.net | bash` +``` + +### 配置 Pi-hole 作为你的 DNS 服务器 + +接下来，你需要在路由器和 Pi-hole 中配置 DHCP 设置： + + 1. 禁用路由器中的 DHCP 服务器设置 + 2. 在 Pi-hole 中启用 DHCP 服务器 + + + +每台设备都不一样，所以我没有办法告诉你具体需要点击什么来调整设置。一般来说，你可以通过浏览器访问你家的路由器。你的路由器的地址有时会印在路由器的底部, 它以 192.168 或 10 开头。 + +在浏览器中，打开你的路由器的地址，并用你收到的网络服务凭证登录。它通常是简单的 `admin` 和一个数字密码（有时这个密码也打印在路由器上）。如果你不知道登录名，请打电话给你的供应商并询问详情。 + +在图形界面中，寻找你的局域网内关于 DHCP 的部分，并停用 DHCP 服务器。 你的路由器界面几乎肯定会与我的不同，但这是一个我设置的例子。取消勾选 **DHCP 服务器**： + +![Disable DHCP][6] + +(Daniel Oh, [CC BY-SA 4.0][7]) + +接下来，你必须在 Pi-hole 上激活 DHCP 服务器。如果你不这样做，除非你手动分配 IP 地址，否则你的设备将无法上网！ + +### 让你的网络变得家庭友好 + +设置完成了。现在，你的网络设备（如手机、平板电脑、笔记本电脑等）将自动找到树莓派上的 DHCP 服务器。然后，每个设备将被分配一个动态 IP 地址来访问互联网。 + +注意：如果你的路由器设备支持设置 DNS 服务器，你也可以在路由器中配置 DNS 客户端。客户端将把 Pi-hole 作为你的 DNS 服务器。 + +要设置你的孩子可以访问哪些网站和活动的规则，打开浏览器进入 Pi-hole 管理页面，`http://pi.hole/admin/`。在仪表板上，点击**白名单**来添加你的孩子可以访问的网页。你也可以将不允许孩子访问的网站（如游戏、成人、广告、购物等）添加到**屏蔽列表**。 + +![Pi-hole admin dashboard][8] + +(Daniel Oh, [CC BY-SA 4.0][7]) + +### 接下来是什么？ + +现在，你已经在树莓派上设置了家长控制，你可以让你的孩子更安全地上网，同时让他们访问经批准的娱乐选项。这也可以通过减少你的家庭串流来降低你的家庭网络使用量。更多高级使用方法，请访问 Pi-hole 的[文档][9]和[博客][10]。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/21/3/raspberry-pi-parental-control + +作者：[Daniel Oh][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/daniel-oh +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/family_learning_kids_night_reading.png?itok=6K7sJVb1 (Family learning and reading together at night in a room) +[2]: https://www.raspberrypi.org/products/ +[3]: https://www.amazon.com/s?k=tp-link+router&crid=3QRLN3XRWHFTC&sprefix=TP-Link%2Caps%2C186&ref=nb_sb_ss_ts-doa-p_3_7 +[4]: https://pi-hole.net/ +[5]: https://github.com/pi-hole/pi-hole/#one-step-automated-install +[6]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/disabledhcp.jpg (Disable DHCP) +[7]: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ +[8]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/blocklist.png (Pi-hole admin dashboard) +[9]: https://docs.pi-hole.net/ +[10]: https://pi-hole.net/blog/#page-content From ecbf9f741f18634668cb835199bb66d1c552c2ef Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Wed, 17 Mar 2021 09:02:09 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 225/309] translating --- ... a Nascent Screen Recorder for GNOME With Wayland Support.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20210316 Kooha is a Nascent Screen Recorder for GNOME With Wayland Support.md b/sources/tech/20210316 Kooha is a Nascent Screen Recorder for GNOME With Wayland Support.md index a34fe51e03..5c1668bad1 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20210316 Kooha is a Nascent Screen Recorder for GNOME With Wayland Support.md +++ b/sources/tech/20210316 Kooha is a Nascent Screen Recorder for GNOME With Wayland Support.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ [#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/kooha-screen-recorder/) [#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/) [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 5b35bed1d94620a93a667c3e0fb8fcc595c81c9c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Wed, 17 Mar 2021 09:48:47 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 226/309] PRF @wxy --- ...r Raspberry Pi into a HiFi music system.md | 30 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 15 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20210113 Turn your Raspberry Pi into a HiFi music system.md b/translated/tech/20210113 Turn your Raspberry Pi into a HiFi music system.md index 5b7bbf64d2..df35706884 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20210113 Turn your Raspberry Pi into a HiFi music system.md +++ b/translated/tech/20210113 Turn your Raspberry Pi into a HiFi music system.md @@ -1,38 +1,38 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (wxy) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (Turn your Raspberry Pi into a HiFi music system) [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/1/raspberry-pi-hifi) [#]: author: (Peter Czanik https://opensource.com/users/czanik) -把你的树莓派变成一个 HiFi 音乐系统。 +把你的树莓派变成一个 HiFi 音乐系统 ====== > 为你的朋友、家人、同事或其他任何拥有廉价发烧设备的人播放音乐。 -![HiFi 复古立体声][1] +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/202103/17/094819ad5vzy0kqwvlxeee.jpg) 在过去的 10 年里，我大部分时间都是远程工作，但当我走进办公室时，我坐在一个充满内向的同伴的房间里，他们很容易被环境噪音和谈话所干扰。我们发现，听音乐可以抑制办公室的噪音，让声音不那么扰人，用愉快的音乐提供一个愉快的工作环境。 -起初，我们的一位同事带来了一些老式的有源电脑音箱，把它们连接到他的桌面上，然后问我们想听什么。它可以工作，但音质不是很好，而且只有当他在办公室的时候才可以使用。接下来，我们又买了一对 Altec Lansing 音箱。音质有所改善，但没有什么灵活性。 +起初，我们的一位同事带来了一些老式的有源电脑音箱，把它们连接到他的桌面电脑上，然后问我们想听什么。它可以工作，但音质不是很好，而且只有当他在办公室的时候才可以使用。接下来，我们又买了一对 Altec Lansing 音箱。音质有所改善，但没有什么灵活性。 -不久之后，我们得到了一台通用 ARM 单板计算机（SBC），这意味着任何人都可以通过 Web 界面控制播放列表和扬声器。但一块普通的 ARM 开发板意味着我们不能使用流行的音乐设备软件。由于非标准的内核，更新操作系统是一件很痛苦的事情，而且 Web 界面也经常出现故障。 +不久之后，我们得到了一台通用 ARM 单板计算机（SBC），这意味着任何人都可以通过 Web 界面控制播放列表和音箱。但一块普通的 ARM 开发板意味着我们不能使用流行的音乐设备软件。由于非标准的内核，更新操作系统是一件很痛苦的事情，而且 Web 界面也经常出现故障。 -当团队壮大并搬进更大的房间后，我们开始梦想着有更好的扬声器和更容易处理软件和硬件组合的方法。 +当团队壮大并搬进更大的房间后，我们开始梦想着有更好音箱和更容易处理软件和硬件组合的方法。 为了用一种相对便宜、灵活、音质好的方式解决我们的问题，我们用树莓派、音箱和开源软件开发了一个办公室 HiFi。 ### HiFi 硬件 -用一个专门的 PC 来播放背景音乐就有点过分了。它昂贵、嘈杂（除非是静音的，但那就更贵了），而且不环保。即使是最便宜的 ARM 板也能胜任这个工作，但从软件的角度来看，它们往往存在问题。树莓派还是比较便宜的，虽然不符合标准，但在硬件和软件方面都有很好的支持。 +用一个专门的 PC 来播放背景音乐就有点过分了。它昂贵、嘈杂（除非是静音的，但那就更贵了），而且不环保。即使是最便宜的 ARM 板也能胜任这个工作，但从软件的角度来看，它们往往存在问题。树莓派还是比较便宜的，虽然不是标准的计算机，但在硬件和软件方面都有很好的支持。 -接下来的问题是：用什么音箱。质量好的、有源的扬声器很贵。无源音箱的成本较低，但需要一个放大器，这将为这套设备增加另一个盒子。它们还必须使用树莓派的音频输出；虽然可以工作，但并不是最好的，特别是当你已经在高质量的扬声器和放大器上投入资金的时候。 +接下来的问题是：用什么音箱。质量好的、有源的音箱很贵。无源音箱的成本较低，但需要一个功放，这需要为这套设备增加另一个盒子。它们还必须使用树莓派的音频输出；虽然可以工作，但并不是最好的，特别是当你已经在高质量的音箱和功放上投入资金的时候。 -幸运的是，在数以千计的树莓派硬件扩展中，有内置数字模拟转换器（DAC）的放大器。我们选择了 [HiFiBerry 的 Amp][2]。它在我们买来后不久就停产了（被采样率更好的 Amp+ 型号取代），但对于我们的目的来说，它已经足够好了。在开着空调的情况下，我想无论如何你也听不出能达到 48kHz 或 192kHz 的 DAC 有什么不同。 +幸运的是，在数以千计的树莓派硬件扩展中，有内置数字模拟转换器（DAC）的功放。我们选择了 [HiFiBerry 的 Amp][2]。它在我们买来后不久就停产了（被采样率更好的 Amp+ 型号取代），但对于我们的目的来说，它已经足够好了。在开着空调的情况下，我想无论如何你也听不出 48kHz 或 192kHz 的 DAC 有什么不同。 -音箱方面，我们选择了 [Audioengine P4][3]，是在某店家清仓大甩卖的时候买的，价格超低。它很容易让我们的办公室房间充满了声音而不失真（并且还不止充满了我们的房间，有一些失真，而邻居的工程师往往不喜欢）。 +音箱方面，我们选择了 [Audioengine P4][3]，是在某店家清仓大甩卖的时候买的，价格超低。它很容易让我们的办公室房间充满了声音而不失真（并且还能传到我们的房间之外，有一些失真，隔壁的工程师往往不喜欢）。 ### HiFi 软件 @@ -40,23 +40,23 @@ 幸运的是，使用树莓派作为基础意味着有许多现成的软件设备可用。 -我们选择了 [Volumio][4]，这是一个将树莓派变成音乐播放设备的开源项目。安装是一个简单的*一步步完成*的过程。安装和升级是完全无痛的，而不用辛辛苦苦地安装和维护一个操作系统，并定期调试破损的 Python 代码。配置 HiFiBerry 放大器不需要编辑任何配置文件，你只需要从列表中选择即可。当然，习惯新的用户界面需要一定的时间，但稳定性和维护的便捷性让这个改变是值得的。 +我们选择了 [Volumio][4]，这是一个将树莓派变成音乐播放设备的开源项目。安装是一个简单的*一步步完成*的过程。安装和升级是完全无痛的，而不用辛辛苦苦地安装和维护一个操作系统，并定期调试破损的 Python 代码。配置 HiFiBerry 功放不需要编辑任何配置文件，你只需要从列表中选择即可。当然，习惯新的用户界面需要一定的时间，但稳定性和维护的便捷性让这个改变是值得的。 ![Volumio interface][5] ### 播放音乐并体验 -虽然大流行期间我们都在家里办公，但办公室的 HiFi 安装在我家的办公室里，这意味着我可以自由支配它的运行。一个不断变化的用户界面对于一个团队来说会很痛苦，但对于一个有研发背景的人来说，自己玩一个设备，变化是很有趣的。 +虽然大流行期间我们都在家里办公，不过我把办公室的 HiFi 安装在我的家庭办公室里，这意味着我可以自由支配它的运行。一个不断变化的用户界面对于一个团队来说会很痛苦，但对于一个有研发背景的人来说，自己玩一个设备，变化是很有趣的。 我不是一个程序员，但我有很强的 Linux 和 Unix 系统管理背景。这意味着，虽然我觉得修复坏掉的 Python 代码很烦人，但 Volumio 对我来说却足够完美，足够无聊（这是一个很好的“问题”）。幸运的是，在树莓派上播放音乐还有很多其他的可能性。 -作为一个终端狂人（我甚至从终端窗口启动 LibreOffice），我主要使用 Music on Console（[MOC][6]）来播放我的网络存储（NAS）中的音乐。我有几百张 CD，都变成了 [FLAC][7] 文件。而且我还从 [BandCamp][8] 或 [Society of Sound][9] 等渠道购买了许多数字专辑。 +作为一个终端狂人（我甚至从终端窗口启动 LibreOffice），我主要使用 Music on Console（[MOC][6]）来播放我的网络存储（NAS）中的音乐。我有几百张 CD，都转换成了 [FLAC][7] 文件。而且我还从 [BandCamp][8] 或 [Society of Sound][9] 等渠道购买了许多数字专辑。 另一个选择是 [音乐播放器守护进程（MPD）][10]。把它运行在树莓派上，我可以通过网络使用 Linux 和 Android 的众多客户端之一与我的音乐进行远程交互。 ### 音乐不停歇 -正如你所看到的，创建一个廉价的 HiFi 系统的可能性在软件和硬件方面几乎是无限的。我们的解决方案只是众多解决方案中的一个，我希望它能启发你建立适合你环境的东西。 +正如你所看到的，创建一个廉价的 HiFi 系统在软件和硬件方面几乎是无限可能的。我们的解决方案只是众多解决方案中的一个，我希望它能启发你建立适合你环境的东西。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/21/1/raspberry-pi-hifi 作者：[Peter Czanik][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 7bccbd88aaa5202392349b1135fa5b41eeedb3cd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Wed, 17 Mar 2021 09:49:22 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 227/309] PUB @geekpi https://linux.cn/article-13209-1.html --- ...0210113 Turn your Raspberry Pi into a HiFi music system.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20210113 Turn your Raspberry Pi into a HiFi music system.md (98%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20210113 Turn your Raspberry Pi into a HiFi music system.md b/published/20210113 Turn your Raspberry Pi into a HiFi music system.md similarity index 98% rename from translated/tech/20210113 Turn your Raspberry Pi into a HiFi music system.md rename to published/20210113 Turn your Raspberry Pi into a HiFi music system.md index df35706884..4f25621cf2 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20210113 Turn your Raspberry Pi into a HiFi music system.md +++ b/published/20210113 Turn your Raspberry Pi into a HiFi music system.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (wxy) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-13209-1.html) [#]: subject: (Turn your Raspberry Pi into a HiFi music system) [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/1/raspberry-pi-hifi) [#]: author: (Peter Czanik https://opensource.com/users/czanik) From 28d7230e20f118ca7e643e057b537b6020eb3599 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Wed, 17 Mar 2021 11:08:51 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 228/309] PRF @stevenzdg988 --- ...00410 Get started with Bash programming.md | 74 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 38 insertions(+), 36 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20200410 Get started with Bash programming.md b/translated/tech/20200410 Get started with Bash programming.md index 35415c8b6c..db48ea1bdc 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20200410 Get started with Bash programming.md +++ b/translated/tech/20200410 Get started with Bash programming.md @@ -1,46 +1,48 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (stevenzdg988) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (Get started with Bash programming) [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/20/4/bash-programming-guide) [#]: author: (Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth) -开始使用 Bash 编程 +如何入门 Bash 编程 ====== -了解如何在 Bash 中编写定制程序以自动执行重复性操作任务。下载我们的新电子书以开始使用。 -![命令行提示符][1] -对 Unix 的最初希望之一是授权给日常的计算机用户能够调整其计算机以适应其独特的工作风格。在过去的几十年中，对计算机定制的期望已经降低，许多用户考虑将他们收集的应用程序和网站作为他们的 “定制环境”。 原因之一是许多操作系统的组件未打开，因此普通用户无法使用其源代码。 +> 了解如何在 Bash 中编写定制程序以自动执行重复性操作任务。 -但是对于Linux用户而言，定制程序是可以实现的，因为整个系统都基于可通过终端获得的命令。终端不仅是用于快速命令或彻底排除故障的接口；也是一个脚本环境，可以通过为您处理日常任务来减少您的工作量。 +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/202103/17/110745ctcuzcnt0dv0toi7.jpg) + +Unix 最初的希望之一是，让计算机的日常用户能够微调其计算机，以适应其独特的工作风格。几十年来，人们对计算机定制的期望已经降低，许多用户认为他们的应用程序和网站的集合就是他们的 “定制环境”。原因之一是许多操作系统的组件未不开源，普通用户无法使用其源代码。 + +但是对于 Linux 用户而言，定制程序是可以实现的，因为整个系统都围绕着可通过终端使用的命令啦进行的。终端不仅是用于快速命令或深入排除故障的界面；也是一个脚本环境，可以通过为你处理日常任务来减少你的工作量。 ### 如何学习编程 -如果您以前从未进行过任何编程，可能面临考虑两个不同的挑战：一个是了解怎样编写代码，另一个是了解编写的代码是什么。您可以学习 _语法_，但是如果您不知道 _语言_ 中有哪些可用的关键字，您将无法继续。在实践中，同时开始学习这两个概念，是因为如果没有关键字的整理就无法学习语法，因此，最初您将使用基础命令和基础编程结构编写简单的任务。一旦熟悉基础，就可以探索更多编程语言的内容，从而使您的程序能够做越来越重要的事情。 +如果你以前从未进行过任何编程，可能面临考虑两个不同的挑战：一个是了解怎样编写代码，另一个是了解要编写什么代码。你可以学习 _语法_，但是如果你不知道 _语言_ 中有哪些可用的关键字，你将无法继续。在实践中，要同时开始学习这两个概念，是因为如果没有关键字的堆砌就无法学习语法，因此，最初你要使用基本命令和基本编程结构来编写简单的任务。一旦熟悉了基础知识，就可以探索更多编程语言的内容，从而使你的程序能够做越来越重要的事情。 -在 [Bash][2] 中，您使用的大多数 _关键字_ 是 Linux 命令。 _syntax_ 是 Bash。如果您已经频繁使用 Bash，则向 Bash 编程的过渡相对容易。但是，如果您不曾使用过 Bash，您会很高兴地学习到它是为清晰和简单而构建的简单语言。 +在 [Bash][2] 中，你使用的大多数 _关键字_ 是 Linux 命令。 _语法_ 就是 Bash。如果你已经频繁地使用过了 Bash，则向 Bash 编程的过渡相对容易。但是，如果你不曾使用过 Bash，你会很高兴地了解到它是一种为清晰和简单而构建的简单语言。 ### 交互设计 -有时，学习编程时最难解决的事情就是计算机可以为您做些什么。显然，如果一台计算机可以自己完成你要做的所有操作，那么您就不必再触摸计算机了。但是现实是人类很重要。找到您的计算机可以帮助您的事情的关键是通知整个星期重复执行的任务。计算机对重复的处理特别好。 +有时，学习编程时最难搞清楚的事情就是计算机可以为你做些什么。显然，如果一台计算机可以自己完成你要做的所有操作，那么你就不必再碰计算机了。但是现实是，人类很重要。找到你的计算机可以帮助你的事情的关键是注意到你一周内需要重复执行的任务。计算机特别擅长于重复的任务。 -但是，为了能让(告诉)计算机为你做某事(执行某项操作)，您必须知道怎么做。这是 Bash 擅长的领域：交互式编程。在终端中执行(命令)时，您还将学习如何编写脚本。 +但是，为了能告知计算机为你做某事，你必须知道怎么做。这就是 Bash 擅长的领域：交互式编程。在终端中执行一个动作时，你也在学习如何编写脚本。 -例如，我曾经负责将大量 PDF 书籍转换为低墨和友好打印的版本。一种方法是在 PDF 编辑器中打开 PDF ，从数百张图像（算作图像的页面背景和纹理）中选择每张图像，然后删除它们，然后将其保存到新的PDF中。这样一本书只需要半天。从数百张图像中选择每张图像-页面背景和纹理记做图像-删除它们，然后将其保存到一个新的 PDF 文件中。这样一本书就要花半天时间。 +例如，我曾经负责将大量 PDF 书籍转换为低墨和友好打印的版本。一种方法是在 PDF 编辑器中打开 PDF，从数百张图像（页面背景和纹理都算作图像）中选择每张图像，删除它们，然后将其保存到新的 PDF中。仅仅是一本书，这样就需要半天时间。 -我的第一个想法是学习如何编写 PDF 编辑器脚本，但是经过数天的研究，我找不到可以编写编辑 PDF 应用程序的脚本（鼠标自动化的外部技巧）。因此，我将注意力转向了从终端内部找出完成任务的方法。这导致了几个新发现，包括 GhostScript，PostScript 的开源版本（基于 PDF 的打印机语言）。通过使用 GhostScript 处理了几天的任务，我确认这是解决我的问题的方法。 +我的第一个想法是学习如何编写 PDF 编辑器脚本，但是经过数天的研究，我找不到可以编写编辑 PDF 应用程序的脚本（除了非常丑陋的鼠标自动化技巧）。因此，我将注意力转向了从终端内找出完成任务的方法。这让我有了几个新发现，包括 GhostScript，它是 PostScript 的开源版本（PDF 基于的打印机语言）。通过使用 GhostScript 处理了几天的任务，我确认这是解决我的问题的方法。 -制定基本的脚本来运行命令仅仅是关于复制命令和我用来从 PDF 中删除图像并将其粘贴到文本文件中的选项的问题。据推测，将文件作为脚本运行会产生相同的结果。 +编写基本的脚本来运行命令，只不过是复制我用来从 PDF 中删除图像的命令和选项，并将其粘贴到文本文件中而已。将这个文件作为脚本运行，大概也会产生同样的结果。 ### 向 Bash 脚本传参数 -在终端中运行命令与在 Shell 脚本中运行命令之间的区别在于前者是交互式的。在终端中，您可以随时进行调整。例如，如果我刚刚处理 **example_1.pdf** 并准备处理下一个文档，以适应我的命令，则只需要更改文件名即可。 +在终端中运行命令与在 Shell 脚本中运行命令之间的区别在于前者是交互式的。在终端中，你可以随时进行调整。例如，如果我刚刚处理 `example_1.pdf` 并准备处理下一个文档，以适应我的命令，则只需要更改文件名即可。 -Shell 脚本不是交互式的。实际上，Shell _脚本_ 存在的唯一原因是不必亲自参与。这就是为什么命令（以及运行它们的 Shell 脚本）接受参数的原因。 +Shell 脚本不是交互式的。实际上，Shell _脚本_ 存在的唯一原因是让你不必亲自参与。这就是为什么命令（以及运行它们的 Shell 脚本）会接受参数的原因。 -在 Shell 脚本中，有一些预定义的可以反映脚本启动方式的变量。初始变量是 **$0**，它代表发出的启动脚本的命令。下一个变量是 **$1** ，它表示传递给 Shell 脚本的第一个 “参数”。例如，在命令 **echo hello** 中，命令 **echo** 为 **$0,**，关键字 **hello** 为 **$1**。在命令 **echo hello world** 中，命令 **echo** 为 **$0,**，关键字 **hello** 为 **$1**，而 **world** 是 **$2**。 +在 Shell 脚本中，有一些预定义的可以反映脚本启动方式的变量。初始变量是 `$0`，它代表了启动脚本的命令。下一个变量是 `$1` ，它表示传递给 Shell 脚本的第一个 “参数”。例如，在命令 `echo hello` 中，命令 `echo` 为 `$0,`，关键字 `hello` 为 `$1`，而 `world` 是 `$2`。 在 Shell 中交互如下所示： @@ -49,10 +51,10 @@ $ echo hello world hello world ``` -在非交互式 Shell 脚本中，您 _可以_ 以非常直观的方式执行相同的操作。将此文本输入文本文件并将其另存为**hello.sh**： +在非交互式 Shell 脚本中，你 _可以_ 以非常直观的方式执行相同的操作。将此文本输入文本文件并将其另存为 `hello.sh`： ``` -`echo hello world` +echo hello world ``` 执行这个脚本： @@ -62,31 +64,31 @@ $ bash hello.sh hello world ``` -同样可以，但是并没有利用脚本可以接受输入这一优势。将 **hello.sh** 更改为： +同样可以，但是并没有利用脚本可以接受输入这一优势。将 `hello.sh` 更改为： ``` -`echo $1` +echo $1 ``` -运行带有用引号将两个参数组合在一起的脚本： +用引号将两个参数组合在一起来运行脚本： ``` $ bash hello.sh "hello bash" hello bash ``` -对于我的 PDF 缩减项目，我真的需要这种非交互性，因为每个 PDF 都花了几分钟来压缩。但是通过创建一个接受我的输入的脚本，我可以一次将几个 PDF 文件全部提交给脚本。该脚本按顺序处理了每个文件，这可能需要半小时或稍长一点时间，但是我可以用半小时来完成其他任务。 +对于我的 PDF 瘦身项目，我真的需要这种非交互性，因为每个 PDF 都花了几分钟来压缩。但是通过创建一个接受我的输入的脚本，我可以一次将几个 PDF 文件全部提交给脚本。该脚本按顺序处理了每个文件，这可能需要半小时或稍长一点时间，但是我可以用半小时来完成其他任务。 -### 流控制 +### 流程控制 -创建 Bash 脚本是完全可以接受的，从本质上讲，是你开始实现需要重复执行任务的准确过程的副本。但是，可以通过控制信息流的方式来使脚本更强大。管理脚本对数据响应的常用方法是： +创建 Bash 脚本是完全可以接受的，从本质上讲，这些脚本是你开始实现需要重复执行任务的准确过程的副本。但是，可以通过控制信息流的方式来使脚本更强大。管理脚本对数据响应的常用方法是： - * if/then 选择结构语句 - * for 循环结构语句 - * while 循环结构语句 - * case 语句 + * `if`/`then` 选择结构语句 + * `for` 循环结构语句 + * `while` 循环结构语句 + * `case` 语句 -计算机不是智能的，但是它们擅长比较和分析数据。如果您在脚本中构建一些数据分析，则脚本会变得更加智能。例如，基本的 **hello.sh** 脚本运行后不管有没有内容都会显示： +计算机不是智能的，但是它们擅长比较和分析数据。如果你在脚本中构建一些数据分析，则脚本会变得更加智能。例如，基本的 `hello.sh` 脚本运行后不管有没有内容都会显示： ``` $ bash hello.sh foo @@ -96,7 +98,7 @@ $ bash hello.sh $ ``` -如果在没有接收输入的情况下提供帮助消息，将会更加容易使用。如下是一个 `if/then` 语句，如果您以一种基本的方式使用 Bash，则您可能不知道 Bash 中存在这样的语句。但是编程的一部分是学习语言，通过一些研究，您将了解 `if/then` 语句： +如果在没有接收输入的情况下提供帮助消息，将会更加容易使用。如下是一个 `if`/`then` 语句，如果你以一种基本的方式使用 Bash，则你可能不知道 Bash 中存在这样的语句。但是编程的一部分是学习语言，通过一些研究，你将了解 `if/then` 语句： ``` if [ "$1" = "" ]; then @@ -107,7 +109,7 @@ else fi ``` -运行新版本的 **hello.sh** 输出如下： +运行新版本的 `hello.sh` 输出如下： ``` $ bash hello.sh @@ -119,13 +121,13 @@ hello world ### 利用脚本工作 -无论您从PDF文件中查找要删除的图像，还是要管理混乱的 Downloads (下载)文件夹，还是要创建和提供 Kubernetes 镜像，学习编写 Bash 脚本都需要先使用 Bash，然后再学习采用这些从命令列表到响应输入内容的脚本的方法。通常这是一个发现的过程：您一定会找到新的 Linux 命令来执行您无法想象的可以通过文本命令执行的任务，并且您将找到 Bash 的新功能以使您的脚本适应您想要的所有不同方式来执行。 +无论你是从 PDF 文件中查找要删除的图像，还是要管理混乱的下载文件夹，抑或要创建和提供 Kubernetes 镜像，学习编写 Bash 脚本都需要先使用 Bash，然后学习如何将这些脚本从仅仅是一个命令列表变成响应输入的东西。通常这是一个发现的过程：你一定会找到新的 Linux 命令来执行你从未想象过可以通过文本命令执行的任务，你会发现 Bash 的新功能，使你的脚本可以适应所有你希望它们运行的不同方式。 -学习这些技巧的一种方法是阅读其他人的脚本。了解人们如何在其系统上自动化死记硬背的命令。查看您熟悉的，并查找有关陌生事物的更多信息。 +学习这些技巧的一种方法是阅读其他人的脚本。了解人们如何在其系统上自动化死板的命令。看看你熟悉的，并寻找那些陌生事物的更多信息。 -另一种方法是下载我们的 [Bash 编程入门][3] 电子书。它向您介绍了特定于 Bash 的编程概念，并且通过学习的构造，您可以开始构建自己的命令。当然，它是免费的，并根据 [创建共享][4] 许可证进行下载和分发许可，因此，请立即获取副本。 +另一种方法是下载我们的 [Bash 编程入门][3] 电子书。它向你介绍了特定于 Bash 的编程概念，并且通过学习的构造，你可以开始构建自己的命令。当然，它是免费的，并根据 [创作共用许可证][4] 进行下载和分发授权，所以今天就来获取它吧。 -### [下载我们介绍利用 Bash 编程的电子书！][3] +- [下载我们介绍用 Bash 编程的电子书！][3] -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -134,7 +136,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/20/4/bash-programming-guide 作者：[Seth Kenlon][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[stevenzdg988](https://github.com/stevenzdg988) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From b8423064f4287d67dbfb7e32fc14efa07a495f2d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Wed, 17 Mar 2021 11:09:14 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 229/309] PUB @stevenzdg988 https://linux.cn/article-13210-1.html --- .../20200410 Get started with Bash programming.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20200410 Get started with Bash programming.md (99%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20200410 Get started with Bash programming.md b/published/20200410 Get started with Bash programming.md similarity index 99% rename from translated/tech/20200410 Get started with Bash programming.md rename to published/20200410 Get started with Bash programming.md index db48ea1bdc..84b9aeca70 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20200410 Get started with Bash programming.md +++ b/published/20200410 Get started with Bash programming.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (stevenzdg988) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-13210-1.html) [#]: subject: (Get started with Bash programming) [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/20/4/bash-programming-guide) [#]: author: (Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth) From a206a193d7c060ee868f8ce78898f797020b329a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wyxplus <32919297+wyxplus@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Wed, 17 Mar 2021 16:18:21 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 230/309] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=94=B3=E8=AF=B7=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...0200127 Managing processes on Linux with kill and killall.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20200127 Managing processes on Linux with kill and killall.md b/sources/tech/20200127 Managing processes on Linux with kill and killall.md index 339d97f307..3522a76fbc 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20200127 Managing processes on Linux with kill and killall.md +++ b/sources/tech/20200127 Managing processes on Linux with kill and killall.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (wyxplus) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 9770f955cfe3224ed10947e258ae3cce8fc8e7d2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wyxplus <32919297+wyxplus@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Wed, 17 Mar 2021 17:47:25 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 231/309] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=8F=90=E4=BA=A4=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...rocesses on Linux with kill and killall.md | 157 ----------------- ...rocesses on Linux with kill and killall.md | 159 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 159 insertions(+), 157 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20200127 Managing processes on Linux with kill and killall.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20200127 Managing processes on Linux with kill and killall.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20200127 Managing processes on Linux with kill and killall.md b/sources/tech/20200127 Managing processes on Linux with kill and killall.md deleted file mode 100644 index 3522a76fbc..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20200127 Managing processes on Linux with kill and killall.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,157 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (wyxplus) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (Managing processes on Linux with kill and killall) -[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/20/1/linux-kill-killall) -[#]: author: (Jim Hall https://opensource.com/users/jim-hall) - -Managing processes on Linux with kill and killall -====== -Know how to terminate processes and reclaim system resources with the -ps, kill, and killall commands. -![Penguin with green background][1] - -In Linux, every program and daemon is a "process." Most processes represent a single running program. Other programs can fork off other processes, such as processes to listen for certain things to happen and then respond to them. And each process requires a certain amount of memory and processing power. The more processes you have running, the more memory and CPU cycles you'll need. On older systems, like my seven-year-old laptop, or smaller computers, like the Raspberry Pi, you can get the most out of your system if you keep an eye on what processes you have running in the background. - -You can get a list of running processes with the **ps** command. You'll usually want to give **ps** some options to show more information in its output. I like to use the **-e** option to see every process running on my system, and the **-f** option to get full details about each process. Here are some examples: - - -``` -$ ps -    PID TTY          TIME CMD -  88000 pts/0    00:00:00 bash -  88052 pts/0    00:00:00 ps -  88053 pts/0    00:00:00 head - -[/code] [code] - -$ ps -e | head -    PID TTY          TIME CMD -      1 ?        00:00:50 systemd -      2 ?        00:00:00 kthreadd -      3 ?        00:00:00 rcu_gp -      4 ?        00:00:00 rcu_par_gp -      6 ?        00:00:02 kworker/0:0H-events_highpri -      9 ?        00:00:00 mm_percpu_wq -     10 ?        00:00:01 ksoftirqd/0 -     11 ?        00:00:12 rcu_sched -     12 ?        00:00:00 migration/0 - -[/code] [code] - -$ ps -ef | head -UID          PID    PPID  C STIME TTY          TIME CMD -root           1       0  0 13:51 ?        00:00:50 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd --switched-root --system --deserialize 36 -root           2       0  0 13:51 ?        00:00:00 [kthreadd] -root           3       2  0 13:51 ?        00:00:00 [rcu_gp] -root           4       2  0 13:51 ?        00:00:00 [rcu_par_gp] -root           6       2  0 13:51 ?        00:00:02 [kworker/0:0H-kblockd] -root           9       2  0 13:51 ?        00:00:00 [mm_percpu_wq] -root          10       2  0 13:51 ?        00:00:01 [ksoftirqd/0] -root          11       2  0 13:51 ?        00:00:12 [rcu_sched] -root          12       2  0 13:51 ?        00:00:00 [migration/0] -``` - -The last example shows the most detail. On each line, the UID (user ID) shows the user that owns the process. The PID (process ID) represents the numerical ID of each process, and PPID (parent process ID) shows the ID of the process that spawned this one. In any Unix system, processes count up from PID 1, the first process to run once the kernel starts up. Here, **systemd** is the first process, which spawned **kthreadd**. And **kthreadd** created other processes including **rcu_gp**, **rcu_par_gp**, and a bunch of other ones. - -### Process management with the kill command - -The system will take care of most background processes on its own, so you don't need to worry about them. You should only have to get involved in managing any processes that you create, usually by running applications. While many applications run one process at a time (think about your music player or terminal emulator or game), other applications might create background processes. Some of these might keep running when you exit the application so they can get back to work quickly the next time you start the application. - -Process management is an issue when I run Chromium, the open source base for Google's Chrome browser. Chromium works my laptop pretty hard and fires off a lot of extra processes. Right now, I can see these Chromium processes running with only five tabs open: - - -``` -$ ps -ef | fgrep chromium -jhall      66221   [...]  /usr/lib64/chromium-browser/chromium-browser [...] -jhall      66230   [...]  /usr/lib64/chromium-browser/chromium-browser [...] -[...] -jhall      66861   [...]  /usr/lib64/chromium-browser/chromium-browser [...] -jhall      67329   65132  0 15:45 pts/0    00:00:00 grep -F chromium -``` - -I've omitted some lines, but there are 20 Chromium processes and one **grep** process that is searching for the string "chromium." - - -``` -$ ps -ef | fgrep chromium | wc -l -21 -``` - -But after I exit Chromium, those processes remain open. How do you shut them down and reclaim the memory and CPU that those processes are taking up? - -The **kill** command lets you terminate a process. In the simplest case, you tell **kill** the PID of what you want to stop. For example, to terminate each of these processes, I would need to execute the **kill** command against each of the 20 Chromium process IDs. One way to do that is with a command line that gets the Chromium PIDs and another that runs **kill** against that list: - - -``` -$ ps -ef | fgrep /usr/lib64/chromium-browser/chromium-browser | awk '{print $2}' -66221 -66230 -66239 -66257 -66262 -66283 -66284 -66285 -66324 -66337 -66360 -66370 -66386 -66402 -66503 -66539 -66595 -66734 -66848 -66861 -69702 - -$ ps -ef | fgrep /usr/lib64/chromium-browser/chromium-browser | awk '{print $2}' > /tmp/pids -$ kill $( cat /tmp/pids) -``` - -Those last two lines are the key. The first command line generates a list of process IDs for the Chromium browser. The second command line runs the **kill** command against that list of process IDs. - -### Introducing the killall command - -A simpler way to stop a bunch of processes all at once is to use the **killall** command. As you might guess by the name, **killall** terminates all processes that match a name. That means we can use this command to stop all of our rogue Chromium processes. This is as simple as: - - -``` -`$ killall /usr/lib64/chromium-browser/chromium-browser` -``` - -But be careful with **killall**. This command can terminate any process that matches what you give it. That's why I like to first use **ps -ef** to check my running processes, then run **killall** against the exact path to the command that I want to stop. - -You might also want to use the **-i** or **\--interactive** option to ask **killall** to prompt you before it stops each process. - -**killall** also supports options to select processes that are older than a specific time using the **-o** or **\--older-than** option. This can be helpful if you discover a set of rogue processes that have been running unattended for several days, for example. Or you can select processes that are younger than a specific time, such as runaway processes you recently started. Use the **-y** or **\--younger-than** option to select these processes. - -### Other ways to manage processes - -Process management can be an important part of system maintenance. In my early career as a Unix and Linux systems administrator, the ability to kill escaped jobs was a useful tool to keep systems running properly. You may not need to kill rogue processes in a modern Linux desktop, but knowing **kill** and **killall** can help you when things eventually go awry. - -You can also look for other ways to manage processes. In my case, I didn't really need to use **kill** or **killall** to stop the background Chromium processes after I exited the browser. There's a simple setting in Chromium to control that: - -![Chromium background processes setting][2] - -Still, it's always a good idea to keep an eye on what processes are running on your system and know how to manage them when needed. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://opensource.com/article/20/1/linux-kill-killall - -作者：[Jim Hall][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://opensource.com/users/jim-hall -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/linux_penguin_green.png?itok=ENdVzW22 (Penguin with green background) -[2]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/chromium-settings-continue-running.png (Chromium background processes setting) diff --git a/translated/tech/20200127 Managing processes on Linux with kill and killall.md b/translated/tech/20200127 Managing processes on Linux with kill and killall.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3af55382f5 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20200127 Managing processes on Linux with kill and killall.md @@ -0,0 +1,159 @@ +[#]: collector: "lujun9972" +[#]: translator: "wyxplus" +[#]: reviewer: " " +[#]: publisher: " " +[#]: url: " " +[#]: subject: "Managing processes on Linux with kill and killall" +[#]: via: "https://opensource.com/article/20/1/linux-kill-killall" +[#]: author: "Jim Hall https://opensource.com/users/jim-hall" + +在 Linux 上使用 kill 和 killall 命令来管理进程 +====== + +了解如何使用 ps，kill 和 killall 命令来终止进程并回收系统资源。 +![Penguin with green background][1] + +在Linux中，每个程序和守护程序都是一个“进程”。 大多数进程代表一个正在运行的程序。 其他程序可以派生出其他进程，比如说有侦听某些事件的发生并对其做出响应的进程。 并且每个进程都需要申请内存空间和处理器使用权。你运行的进程越多，所需的内存和 CPU 使用周期就越多。在老式电脑（例如我使用了 7 年的笔记本电脑或轻量级计算机（例如树莓派）上，如果你关注过后台运行的进程，则可以充分利用你的系统。 + +你可以使用 **ps** 命令来查看正在运行的进程。你通常会使用 **ps** 命令的参数来显示出更多的输出信息。我喜欢使用 **-e** 参数来查看每个正在运行的进程，以及 **-f** 参数来获得每个进程的全部细节。以下是一些例子： + + +``` +$ ps + PID TTY TIME CMD + 88000 pts/0 00:00:00 bash + 88052 pts/0 00:00:00 ps + 88053 pts/0 00:00:00 head + +[/code] [code] + +$ ps -e | head + PID TTY TIME CMD + 1 ? 00:00:50 systemd + 2 ? 00:00:00 kthreadd + 3 ? 00:00:00 rcu_gp + 4 ? 00:00:00 rcu_par_gp + 6 ? 00:00:02 kworker/0:0H-events_highpri + 9 ? 00:00:00 mm_percpu_wq + 10 ? 00:00:01 ksoftirqd/0 + 11 ? 00:00:12 rcu_sched + 12 ? 00:00:00 migration/0 + +[/code] [code] + +$ ps -ef | head +UID PID PPID C STIME TTY TIME CMD +root 1 0 0 13:51 ? 00:00:50 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd --switched-root --system --deserialize 36 +root 2 0 0 13:51 ? 00:00:00 [kthreadd] +root 3 2 0 13:51 ? 00:00:00 [rcu_gp] +root 4 2 0 13:51 ? 00:00:00 [rcu_par_gp] +root 6 2 0 13:51 ? 00:00:02 [kworker/0:0H-kblockd] +root 9 2 0 13:51 ? 00:00:00 [mm_percpu_wq] +root 10 2 0 13:51 ? 00:00:01 [ksoftirqd/0] +root 11 2 0 13:51 ? 00:00:12 [rcu_sched] +root 12 2 0 13:51 ? 00:00:00 [migration/0] +``` + +最后的例子显示最多的细节。在每一行，UID（用户 ID）表示进程所有者。PID（进程 ID）代表每个进程的 ID，并且 PPID（父进程 ID）表示父进程的 ID。在任何 Unix 系统中，进程号是从 1 开始编号，内核启动后运行的第一个进程。在这里， **systemd** 是第一个进程，它产生了 **kthreadd**，而 **kthreadd** 创建其他进程，包括 **rcu_gp**, **rcu_par_gp** 和其他许多进程。 + +### 使用 kill 命令来管理进程 + +系统会关注大多数后台进程，所以你不必担心这些进程。你只需要关注那些你所运行应用所创建的进程。然而许多应用一次只运行一个进程（如音乐播放器、终端模拟器或游戏等），其他应用则可能产生后台进程。一些应用可能当你退出后还在后台运行，以便下次你使用的时候能快速启动。 + +当我运行 Chromium（作为谷歌 Chrome 浏览器所基于的项目）时，进程管理便成了问题。 Chromium 在我的笔记本电脑上运行非常吃力，并产生了许多额外的进程。现在仅打开五个选项卡，我可以看到这些 Chromium 进程运行情况： + + +``` +$ ps -ef | fgrep chromium +jhall 66221 [...] /usr/lib64/chromium-browser/chromium-browser [...] +jhall 66230 [...] /usr/lib64/chromium-browser/chromium-browser [...] +[...] +jhall 66861 [...] /usr/lib64/chromium-browser/chromium-browser [...] +jhall 67329 65132 0 15:45 pts/0 00:00:00 grep -F chromium +``` + +我已经省略一些，其中有 20 个 Chromium 进程和一个正在搜索 “chromium" 字符的 **grep** 进程。 + + +``` +$ ps -ef | fgrep chromium | wc -l +21 +``` + +但是在我退出 Chromium 之后，这些进程仍旧运行。如何关闭它们并回收这些进程占用的内存和 CPU呢？ + + **kill** 命令能让你终止一个进程。在最简单的情况下，你用 **kill** PID 命令来终止你想终止的进程。例如，要终止这些进程，我需要对 20 个 Chromium 进程 ID 都执行 **kill** 命令。一种方法是使用命令行获取 Chromium PID，而另一种方法针对该列表运行 **kill**： + + +``` +$ ps -ef | fgrep /usr/lib64/chromium-browser/chromium-browser | awk '{print $2}' +66221 +66230 +66239 +66257 +66262 +66283 +66284 +66285 +66324 +66337 +66360 +66370 +66386 +66402 +66503 +66539 +66595 +66734 +66848 +66861 +69702 + +$ ps -ef | fgrep /usr/lib64/chromium-browser/chromium-browser | awk '{print $2}' > /tmp/pids +$ kill $( cat /tmp/pids) +``` + +最后两行是关键。第一个命令行为 Chromium 浏览器生成一个进程 ID 列表。第二个命令行针对该进程 ID 列表运行 **kill** 命令。 + +### 介绍 killall 命令 + +一次终止多个进程有个更简单方法，使用 **killall** 命令。你或许可以根据名称猜测出，**killall **会终止所有与该名字匹配的进程。这意味着我们可以使用此命令来停止所有流氓 Chromium 进程。这很简单： + + +``` +`$ killall /usr/lib64/chromium-browser/chromium-browser` +``` + +但是要小心使用 **killall**。该命令能够终止你所给出名称相匹配的所有进程。这就是为什么我喜欢先使用 **ps -ef** 命令来检查我正在运行的进程，然后针对要停止的命令的准确路径运行 **killall**。 + +您可能会想使用 **-i** 或 **\--interactive** 参数，使得 **killkill** 会提示你想要停止每个进程。 + +**killall** 还支持使用 **-o** 或 **\--than-than** 参数来查找比特定时间更早的进程。例如，这将有助于你发现一组无人值守运行了几天的无赖进程。又或是，你可以查找比特定时间更迟的进程，例如您最近启动的高占用进程。使用 **-y** 或 **\--young-than** 参数来查找这些进程。 + +### 其他管理进程的方式 + + + +进程管理是系统维护重要的一部分。在我早期职业生涯中，作为 Unix 和 Linux 的系统管理员，杀死非法作业的能力是保持系统正常运行的关键。在如今，你可能不需要亲手在 Linux 上的终止恶意进程，但是知道 **kill** 和 **killall** 能够在最终出现问题时为你提供帮助。 + +你也能寻找其他方式来管理进程。对我而言，我不需要在我退出浏览器后，使用 **kill** 或 **killall** 来终止后台Chromium 进程。在 Chromium 中有个简单设置可以进行控制： + +![Chromium background processes setting][2] + +不过，始终关注系统上正在运行哪些进程，并且在需要的时候进行干预是一个明智之举。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/20/1/linux-kill-killall + +作者：[Jim Hall][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[wyxplus](https://github.com/wyxplus) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/jim-hall +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/linux_penguin_green.png?itok=ENdVzW22 "Penguin with green background" +[2]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/chromium-settings-continue-running.png "Chromium background processes setting" From 38412b235a07b449a00188f0f38f14713c8a99ee Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wyxplus <32919297+wyxplus@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Thu, 18 Mar 2021 01:05:22 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 232/309] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=94=B3=E8=AF=B7=E6=96=87=E7=AB=A0?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...mily calendar with a Raspberry Pi and a low-power display.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20210307 Track your family calendar with a Raspberry Pi and a low-power display.md b/sources/tech/20210307 Track your family calendar with a Raspberry Pi and a low-power display.md index a24fbf4b8d..953f202958 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20210307 Track your family calendar with a Raspberry Pi and a low-power display.md +++ b/sources/tech/20210307 Track your family calendar with a Raspberry Pi and a low-power display.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/3/family-calendar-raspberry-pi) [#]: author: (Javier Pena https://opensource.com/users/jpena) [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (wyxplus) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 87b391648d5ecf17242a4cbd83e05387df2a9e4f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Thu, 18 Mar 2021 05:20:38 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 233/309] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020210317=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Track=20aircraft=20with=20a=20Raspberry=20Pi?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20210317 Track aircraft with a Raspberry Pi.md --- ...0317 Track aircraft with a Raspberry Pi.md | 73 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 73 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20210317 Track aircraft with a Raspberry Pi.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210317 Track aircraft with a Raspberry Pi.md b/sources/tech/20210317 Track aircraft with a Raspberry Pi.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..50bb1584c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20210317 Track aircraft with a Raspberry Pi.md @@ -0,0 +1,73 @@ +[#]: subject: (Track aircraft with a Raspberry Pi) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/3/tracking-flights-raspberry-pi) +[#]: author: (Patrick Easters https://opensource.com/users/patrickeasters) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +Track aircraft with a Raspberry Pi +====== +Explore the open skies with a Raspberry Pi, an inexpensive radio, and +open source software. +![Airplane flying with a globe background][1] + +I live near a major airport, and I frequently hear aircraft flying over my house. I also have a curious preschooler, and I find myself answering questions like, "What's that?" and "Where's that plane going?" often. While a quick internet search could answer these questions, I wanted to see if I could answer them myself. + +With a Raspberry Pi, an inexpensive radio, and open source software, I can track aircraft as far as 200 miles from my house. Whether you're answering relentless questions from your kids or are just curious about what's in the sky above you, this is something you can try, too. + +![Flight map][2] + +(Patrick Easters, [CC BY-SA 4.0][3]) + +### The protocol behind it all + +[ADS-B][4] is a technology that aircraft use worldwide to broadcast their location. Aircraft use position data gathered from GPS and periodically broadcast it along with speed and other telemetry so that other aircraft and ground stations can track their position. + +Since this protocol is well-known and unencrypted, there are many solutions to receive and parse it, including many that are open source. + +### Gathering the hardware + +Pretty much any [Raspberry Pi][5] will work for this project. I've used an older Pi 1 Model B, but I'd recommend a Pi 3 or newer to ensure you can keep up with the stream of decoded ADS-B messages. + +To receive the ADS-B signals, you need a software-defined radio. Thanks to ultra-cheap radio chips designed for TV tuners, there are quite a few cheap USB receivers to choose from. I use [FlightAware's ProStick Plus][6] because it has a built-in filter to weaken signals outside the 1090MHz band used for ADS-B. Filtering is important since strong signals, such as broadcast FM radio and television, can desensitize the receiver. Any receiver based on RTL-SDR should work. + +You will also need an antenna for the receiver. The options are limitless here, ranging from the [more adventurous DIY options][7] to purchasing a [ready-made 1090MHz antenna][8]. Whichever route you choose, antenna placement matters most. ADS-B reception is line-of-sight, so you'll want your antenna to be as high as possible to extend your range. I have mine in my attic, but I got decent results from my house's upper floor. + +### Visualizing your data with software + +Now that your Pi is equipped to receive ADS-B signals, the real magic happens in the software. Two of the most commonly used open source software projects for ADS-B are [readsb][9] for decoding ADS-B messages and [tar1090][10] for visualization. Combining both provides an interactive map showing all the aircraft your Pi is tracking. + +Both projects provide setup instructions, but using a prebuilt image like the [ADSBx Custom Pi Image][11] is the fastest way to get going. The ADSBx image even configures a Prometheus instance with custom metrics like aircraft count. + +### Keep experimenting + +If the novelty of tracking airplanes with your Raspberry Pi wears off, there are plenty of ways to keep experimenting. Try different antenna designs or find the best antenna placement to maximize the number of aircraft you see. + +These are just a few of the ways to track aircraft with your Pi, and hopefully, this inspires you to try it out and learn a bit about the world of radio. Happy tracking! + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/21/3/tracking-flights-raspberry-pi + +作者：[Patrick Easters][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/patrickeasters +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/plane_travel_world_international.png?itok=jG3sYPty (Airplane flying with a globe background) +[2]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/flightmap.png (Flight map) +[3]: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ +[4]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_Dependent_Surveillance%E2%80%93Broadcast +[5]: https://www.raspberrypi.org/ +[6]: https://www.amazon.com/FlightAware-FA-PROSTICKPLUS-1-Receiver-Built-Filter/dp/B01M7REJJW +[7]: http://www.radioforeveryone.com/p/easy-homemade-ads-b-antennas.html +[8]: https://www.amazon.com/s?k=1090+antenna+sma&i=electronics&ref=nb_sb_noss_2 +[9]: https://github.com/wiedehopf/readsb +[10]: https://github.com/wiedehopf/tar1090 +[11]: https://www.adsbexchange.com/how-to-feed/adsbx-custom-pi-image/ From a09a24bf42692268bd4762b85e4199d77e831a3b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Thu, 18 Mar 2021 05:22:16 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 234/309] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020210317=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Programming=20101:=20Input=20and=20output=20with=20Java?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20210317 Programming 101- Input and output with Java.md --- ...ramming 101- Input and output with Java.md | 163 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 163 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20210317 Programming 101- Input and output with Java.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210317 Programming 101- Input and output with Java.md b/sources/tech/20210317 Programming 101- Input and output with Java.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..5cd5d1a644 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20210317 Programming 101- Input and output with Java.md @@ -0,0 +1,163 @@ +[#]: subject: (Programming 101: Input and output with Java) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/3/io-java) +[#]: author: (Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +Programming 101: Input and output with Java +====== +Learn how Java handles reading and writing data. +![Coffee beans and a cup of coffee][1] + +When you write a program, your application may need to read from and write to files stored on the user's computer. This is common in situations when you want to load or store configuration options, you need to create log files, or your user wants to save work for later. Every language handles this task a little differently. This article demonstrates how to handle data files with Java. + +### Installing Java + +Regardless of your computer's platform, you can install Java from [AdoptOpenJDK][2]. This site offers safe and open source builds of Java. On Linux, you may also find AdoptOpenJDK builds in your software repository. + +I recommend using the latest long-term support (LTS) release. The latest non-LTS release is best for developers looking to try the latest Java features, but it likely outpaces what most users have installed—either by default on their system or installed previously for some other Java application. Using the LTS release ensures you're up-to-date with what most users have installed. + +Once you have Java installed, open your favorite text editor and get ready to code. You might also want to investigate an [integrated development environment for Java][3]. BlueJ is ideal for new programmers, while Eclipse and Netbeans are nice for intermediate and experienced coders. + +### Reading a file with Java + +Java uses the `File` library to load files. + +This example creates a class called `Ingest` to read data from a file. When you open a file in Java, you create a `Scanner` object, which scans the file you provide, line by line. In fact, a `Scanner` is the same concept as a cursor in a text editor, and you can control that "cursor" for reading and writing with `Scanner` methods like `nextLine`: + + +``` +import java.io.File; +import java.util.Scanner; +import java.io.FileNotFoundException; + +public class Ingest { +  public static void main([String][4][] args) { +    +      try { +          [File][5] myFile = new [File][5]("example.txt"); +          Scanner myScanner = new Scanner(myFile); +          while (myScanner.hasNextLine()) { +              [String][4] line = myScanner.nextLine(); +              [System][6].out.println(line); +          } +          myScanner.close(); +      } catch ([FileNotFoundException][7] ex) { +          ex.printStackTrace();   +      } //try +    } //main +} //class +``` + +This code creates the variable `myfile` under the assumption that a file named `example.txt` exists. If that file does not exist, Java "throws an exception" (this means it found an error in what you attempted to do and says so), which is "caught" by the very specific `FileNotFoundException` library. The fact that there's a library specific to this exact error betrays how common this error is. + +Next, it creates a `Scanner` and loads the file into it. I call it `myScanner` to differentiate it from its generic class template. A `while` loop sends `myScanner` over the file, line by line, for as long as there _is_ a next line. That's what the `hasNextLine` method does: it detects whether there's any data after the "cursor." You can simulate this by opening a file in a text editor: Your cursor starts at the very beginning of the file, and you can use the keyboard to scan through the file with the cursor until you run out of lines. + +The `while` loop creates a variable `line` and assigns it the data of the current line. Then it prints the contents of `line` just to provide feedback. A more useful program would probably parse each line to extract whatever important data it contains. + +At the end of the process, the `myScanner` object closes. + +### Running the code + +Save your code as `Ingest.java` (it's a Java convention to give classes an initial capital letter and name the file to match). If you try to run this simple application, you will probably receive an error because there is no `example.txt` for the application to load yet: + + +``` +$ java ./Ingest.java +java.io.[FileNotFoundException][7]: +example.txt (No such file or directory) +``` + +What a perfect opportunity to write a Java application that writes data to a file! + +### Writing data to a file with Java + +Whether you're storing data that your user creates with your application or just metadata about what a user did in an application (for instance, game saves or recent songs played), there are lots of good reasons to store data for later use. In Java, this is achieved through the `FileWriter` library, this time by opening a file, writing data into it, and then closing the file: + + +``` +import java.io.FileWriter; +import java.io.IOException; + +public class Exgest { +  public static void main([String][4][] args) { +    try { +        [FileWriter][8] myFileWriter = new [FileWriter][8]("example.txt", true); +        myFileWriter.write("Hello world\n"); +        myFileWriter.close(); +    } catch ([IOException][9] ex) { +        [System][6].out.println(ex); +    } // try +  } // main +} +``` + +The logic and flow of this class are similar to reading a file. Instead of a `Scanner`, it creates a `FileWriter` object with the name of a file. The `true` flag at the end of the `FileWriter` statement tells `FileWriter` to _append_ text to the end of the file. To overwrite a file's contents, remove the `true`: + + +``` +`FileWriter myFileWriter = new FileWriter("example.txt", true);` +``` + +Because I'm writing plain text into a file, I added my own newline character (`\n`) at the end of the data (`Hello world`) written into the file. + +### Trying the code + +Save this code as `Exgest.java`, following the Java convention of naming the file to match the class name. + +Now that you have the means to create and read data with Java, you can try your new applications, in reverse order: + + +``` +$ java ./Exgest.java +$ java ./Ingest.java +Hello world +$ +``` + +Because it appends data to the end, you can repeat your application to write data as many times as you want to add more data to your file: + + +``` +$ java ./Exgest.java +$ java ./Exgest.java +$ java ./Exgest.java +$ java ./Ingest.java +Hello world +Hello world +Hello world +$ +``` + +### Java and data + +You're don't write raw text into a file very often; in the real world, you probably use an additional library to write a specific format instead. For instance, you might use an XML library to write complex data, an INI or YAML library to write configuration files, or any number of specialized libraries to write binary formats like images or audio. + +For full information, refer to the [OpenJDK documentation][10]. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/21/3/io-java + +作者：[Seth Kenlon][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/seth +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/java-coffee-mug.jpg?itok=Bj6rQo8r (Coffee beans and a cup of coffee) +[2]: https://adoptopenjdk.net +[3]: https://opensource.com/article/20/7/ide-java +[4]: http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=allinurl%3Adocs.oracle.com+javase+docs+api+string +[5]: http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=allinurl%3Adocs.oracle.com+javase+docs+api+file +[6]: http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=allinurl%3Adocs.oracle.com+javase+docs+api+system +[7]: http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=allinurl%3Adocs.oracle.com+javase+docs+api+filenotfoundexception +[8]: http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=allinurl%3Adocs.oracle.com+javase+docs+api+filewriter +[9]: http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=allinurl%3Adocs.oracle.com+javase+docs+api+ioexception +[10]: https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/openjdk/11/ From b420fdd0d0cc992157210a8c4f1b134b8f854b21 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Thu, 18 Mar 2021 05:23:42 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 235/309] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020210317=20?= =?UTF-8?q?My=20favorite=20open=20source=20project=20management=20tools?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20210317 My favorite open source project management tools.md --- ...te open source project management tools.md | 194 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 194 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20210317 My favorite open source project management tools.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210317 My favorite open source project management tools.md b/sources/tech/20210317 My favorite open source project management tools.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..5653804680 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20210317 My favorite open source project management tools.md @@ -0,0 +1,194 @@ +[#]: subject: (My favorite open source project management tools) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/3/open-source-project-management) +[#]: author: (Frank Bergmann https://opensource.com/users/fraber) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +My favorite open source project management tools +====== +If you're managing large and complex projects, try replacing Microsoft +Project with an open source option. +![Kanban-style organization action][1] + +Projects like building a satellite, developing a robot, or launching a new product are all expensive, involve different providers, and contain hard dependencies that must be tracked. + +The approach to project management in the world of large projects is quite simple (in theory at least). You create a project plan and split it into smaller pieces until you can reasonably assign costs, duration, resources, and dependencies to the various activities. Once the project plan is approved by the people in charge of the money, you use it to track the project's execution. Drawing all of the project's activities on a timeline produces a bar chart called a [Gantt chart][2]. + +Gantt charts have always been used in [waterfall project methodologies][3], but they can also be used with agile. For example, large projects may use a Gantt chart for a scrum sprint and ignore other details like user stories, thereby embedding agile phases. Other large projects may include multiple product releases (e.g., minimum viable product [MVP], second version, third version, etc.). In this case, the super-structure is kind of agile, with each phase planned as a Gantt chart to deal with budgets and complex dependencies. + +### Project management tools + +There are literally hundreds of tools available to manage large projects with Gantt charts, and Microsoft Project is probably the most popular. It is part of the Microsoft Office family, scales to hundreds of thousands of activities, and has an incredible number of features that support almost every conceivable way to manage a project schedule. With Project, it's not always clear what is more expensive: the software license or the training courses that teach you how to use the tool. + +Another drawback is that Microsoft Project is a standalone desktop application, and only one person can update a schedule. You would need to buy licenses for Microsoft Project Server, Project for the web, or Microsoft Planner if you want multiple users to collaborate. + +Fortunately, there are open source alternatives to the proprietary tools, including the applications in this article. All are open source and include a Gantt for scheduling hierarchical activities based on resources and dependencies. ProjectLibre, GanttProject, and TaskJuggler are desktop applications for a single project manager; ProjeQtOr and Redmine are web applications for project teams, and ]project-open[ is a web application for managing entire organizations. + +I evaluated the tools based on a single user planning and tracking a single large project. My evaluation criteria includes Gantt editor features, availability on Windows, Linux, and macOS, scalability, import/export, and reporting. (Full disclosure: I'm the founder of ]project-open[, and I've been active in several open source communities for many years. This list includes our product, so my views may be biased, but I tried to focus on each product's best features.) + +### Redmine 4.1.0 + +![Redmine][4] + +(Frank Bergmann, [CC BY-SA 4.0][5]) + +[Redmine][6] is a web-based project management tool with a focus on agile methodologies. + +The standard installation includes a Gantt timeline view, but it lacks fundamental features like scheduling, drag-and-drop, indent and outdent, and resource assignments. You have to edit task properties individually to change the task tree's structure. + +Redmine has Gantt editor plugins, but they are either outdated (e.g., [Plus Gantt][7]) or proprietary (e.g., [ANKO Gantt chart][8]). If you know of other open source Gantt editor plugins, please share them in the comments. + +Redmine is written in Ruby on Rails and available for Windows, Linux, and macOS. The core is available under a GPLv2 license. + + * **Best for:** IT teams working using agile methodologies + * **Unique selling proposition:** It's the original "upstream" parent project of OpenProject and EasyRedmine. + + + +### ]project-open[ 5.1 + +![\]project-open\[][9] + +(Frank Bergmann, [CC BY-SA 4.0][5]) + +[]project-open[][10] is a web-based project management system that takes the perspective of an entire organization, similar to an enterprise resource planning (ERP) system. It can also manage project portfolios, budgets, invoicing, sales, human resources, and other functional areas. Specific variants exist for professional services automation (PSA) for running a project company, project management office (PMO) for managing an enterprise's strategic projects, and enterprise project management (EPM) for managing a department's projects. + +The ]po[ Gantt editor includes hierarchical tasks, dependencies, and scheduling based on planned work and assigned resources. It does not support resource calendars and non-human resources. The ]po[ system is quite complex, and the GUI might need a refresh. + +]project-open[ is written in TCL and JavaScript and available for Windows and Linux. The ]po[ core is available under a GPLv2 license with proprietary extensions available for large companies. + + * **Best for:** Medium to large project organizations that need a lot of financial project reporting + * **Unique selling proposition:** ]po[ is an integrated system to run an entire project company or department. + + + +### ProjectLibre 1.9.3 + +![ProjectLibre][11] + +(Frank Bergmann, [CC BY-SA 4.0][5]) + +[ProjectLibre][12] is probably the closest you can get to Microsoft Project in the open source world. It is a desktop application that supports all-important project planning features, including resource calendars, baselines, and cost management. It also allows you to import and export schedules using MS-Project's file format. + +ProjectLibre is perfectly suitable for planning and executing small or midsized projects. However, it's missing some advanced features in MS-Project, and its GUI is not the prettiest. + +ProjectLibre is written in Java and available for Windows, Linux, and macOS and licensed under an open source Common Public Attribution (CPAL) license. The ProjectLibre team is currently working on a Web offering called ProjectLibre Cloud under a proprietary license. + + * **Best for:** An individual project manager running small to midsized projects or as a viewer for project members who don't have a full MS-Project license + * **Unique selling proposition:** It's the closest you can get to MS-Project with open source. + + + +### GanttProject 2.8.11 + +![GanttProject][13] + +(Frank Bergmann, [CC BY-SA 4.0][5]) + +[GanttProject][14] is similar to ProjectLibre as a desktop Gantt editor but with a more limited feature set. It doesn't support baselines nor non-human resources, and the reporting functionality is more limited. + +GanttProject is a desktop application written in Java and available for Windows, Linux, and macOS under the GPLv3 license. + + * **Best for:** Simple Gantt charts or learning Gantt-based project management techniques. + * **Unique selling proposition:** It supports program evaluation and review technique ([PERT][15]) charts and collaboration using WebDAV. + + + +### TaskJuggler 3.7.1 + +![TaskJuggler][16] + +(Frank Bergmann, [CC BY-SA 4.0][5]) + +[TaskJuggler][17] schedules multiple parallel projects in large organizations, focusing on automatically resolving resource assignment conflicts (i.e., resource leveling). + +It is not an interactive Gantt editor but a command-line tool that works similarly to a compiler: It reads a list of tasks from a text file and produces a series of reports with the optimum start and end times for each task depending on the assigned resources, dependencies, priorities, and many other parameters. It supports multiple projects, baselines, resource calendars, shifts, and time zones and has been designed to scale to enterprise scenarios with many projects and resources. + +Writing a TaskJuggler input file with its specific syntax may be beyond the average project manager's capabilities. However, you can use ]project-open[ as a graphical frontend for TaskJuggler to generate input, including absences, task progress, and logged hours. When used this way, TaskJuggler becomes a powerful what-if scenario planner. + +TaskJuggler is written in Ruby and available for Windows, Linux, and macOS under a GPLv2 license. + + * **Best for:** Medium to large departments managed by a true nerd + * **Unique selling proposition:** It excels in automatic resource-leveling. + + + +### ProjeQtOr 9.0.4 + +![ProjeQtOr][18] + +(Frank Bergmann, [CC BY-SA 4.0][5]) + +[ProjeQtOr][19] is a web-based project management application that's suitable for IT projects. It supports risks, budgets, deliverables, and financial documents in addition to projects, tickets, and activities to integrate many aspects of project management into a single system. + +ProjeQtOr provides a Gantt editor with a feature set similar to ProjectLibre, including hierarchical tasks, dependencies, and scheduling based on planned work and assigned resources. However, it doesn't support in-place editing of values (e.g., task name, estimated time, etc.); users must change values in an entry form below the Gantt view and save the values. + +ProjeQtOr is written in PHP and available for Windows, Linux, and macOS under the Affero GPL3 license. + + * **Best for:** IT departments tracking a list of projects + * **Unique selling proposition:** Lets you store a wealth of information for every project, keeping all information in one place. + + + +### Other tools + +The following systems may be valid options for specific use cases but were excluded from the main list for various reasons. + +![LIbrePlan][20] + +(Frank Bergmann, [CC BY-SA 4.0][5]) + + * [**LibrePlan**][21] is a web-based project management application focusing on Gantt charts. It would have figured prominently in the list above due to its feature set, but there is no installation available for recent Linux versions (CentOS 7 or 8). The authors say updated instructions will be available soon. + * [**dotProject**][22] is a web-based project management system written in PHP and available under the GPLv2.x license. It includes a Gantt timeline report, but it doesn't have options to edit it, and dependencies don't work yet (they're "only partially functional"). + * [**Leantime**][23] is a web-based project management system with a pretty GUI written in PHP and available under the GPLv2 license. It includes a Gantt timeline for milestones but without dependencies. + * [**Orangescrum**][24] is a web-based project-management tool. Gantt charts are available as a paid add-on or with a paid subscription. + * [**Talaia/OpenPPM**][25] is a web-based project portfolio management system. However, version 4.6.1 still says "Coming Soon: Interactive Gantt Charts." + * [**Odoo**][26] and [**OpenProject**][27] both restrict some important features to the paid enterprise edition. + + + +In this review, I aimed to include all open source project management systems that include a Gantt editor with dependency scheduling. If I missed a project or misrepresented something, please let me know in the comments. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/21/3/open-source-project-management + +作者：[Frank Bergmann][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/fraber +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/kanban_trello_organize_teams_520.png?itok=ObNjCpxt (Kanban-style organization action) +[2]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gantt_chart +[3]: https://opensource.com/article/20/3/agiles-vs-waterfall +[4]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/redmine.png (Redmine) +[5]: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ +[6]: https://www.redmine.org/ +[7]: https://redmine.org/plugins/plus_gantt +[8]: https://www.redmine.org/plugins/anko_gantt_chart +[9]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/project-open.png (]project-open[) +[10]: https://www.project-open.com +[11]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/projectlibre.png (ProjectLibre) +[12]: http://www.projectlibre.org +[13]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/ganttproject.png (GanttProject) +[14]: https://www.ganttproject.biz +[15]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_evaluation_and_review_technique +[16]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/taskjuggler.png (TaskJuggler) +[17]: https://taskjuggler.org/ +[18]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/projeqtor.png (ProjeQtOr) +[19]: https://www.projeqtor.org +[20]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/libreplan.png (LIbrePlan) +[21]: https://www.libreplan.dev/ +[22]: https://dotproject.net/ +[23]: https://leantime.io +[24]: https://orangescrum.org/ +[25]: http://en.talaia-openppm.com/ +[26]: https://odoo.com +[27]: http://openproject.org From 35eba74947e3404d5b10d0e3ea70434bd48afa56 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Thu, 18 Mar 2021 08:51:11 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 236/309] translated --- ... with LibreOffice from the command line.md | 186 ----------------- ... with LibreOffice from the command line.md | 187 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 187 insertions(+), 186 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20210305 5 surprising things you can do with LibreOffice from the command line.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20210305 5 surprising things you can do with LibreOffice from the command line.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210305 5 surprising things you can do with LibreOffice from the command line.md b/sources/tech/20210305 5 surprising things you can do with LibreOffice from the command line.md deleted file mode 100644 index 458812af6e..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20210305 5 surprising things you can do with LibreOffice from the command line.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,186 +0,0 @@ -[#]: subject: (5 surprising things you can do with LibreOffice from the command line) -[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/3/libreoffice-command-line) -[#]: author: (Don Watkins https://opensource.com/users/don-watkins) -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) - -5 surprising things you can do with LibreOffice from the command line -====== -Convert, print, protect, and do more with your files directly from the -command line. -![hot keys for shortcuts or features on computer keyboard][1] - -LibreOffice has all the productivity features you'd want from an office software suite, making it a popular open source alternative to Microsoft Office or Google Suite. One of LibreOffice's powers is the ability to operate from the command line. For example, Seth Kenlon recently explained how he uses a global [command-line option to convert multiple files][2] from DOCX to EPUB with LibreOffice. His article inspired me to share some other LibreOffice command-line tips and tricks. - -Before we look at some hidden features of LibreOffice commands, you need to understand how to use options with applications. Not all applications accept options (aside from the basics like the `--help` option, which works in most Linux applications). - - -``` -`$ libreoffice --help` -``` - -This returns descriptions of other options LibreOffice accepts. Some applications don't have many options, but LibreOffice has a few screens worth, so there's plenty to play with. - -That said, here are five useful things you can do with LibreOffice at the terminal to make the software even more useful. - -### 1\. Customize your launch options - -You can modify how you launch LibreOffice. For instance, if you want to open just LibreOffice's word processor component: - - -``` -`$ libreoffice --writer  #starts the word processor` -``` - -You can open its other components similarly: - - -``` -$ libreoffice --calc  #starts the Calc document -$ libreoffice --draw  #starts an empty Draw document -$ libreoffice --web  #starts and empty HTML document -``` - -You also can access specific help files from the command line: - - -``` -`$ libreoffice --helpwriter` -``` - -![LibreOffice Writer help][3] - -(Don Watkins, [CC BY-SA 4.0][4]) - -Or if you need help with the spreadsheet application: - - -``` -`$ libreoffice --helpcalc` -``` - -You can start LibreOffice without the splash screen: - - -``` -`$ libreoffice --writer --nologo` -``` - -You can even have it launch minimized in the background while you finish working in your current window: - - -``` -`$ libreoffice --writer --minimized` -``` - -### 2\. Open a file in read-only mode - -You can open files in read-only mode using `--view` to prevent accidentally making and saving changes to an important file: - - -``` -`$ libreoffice --view example.odt` -``` - -### 3\. Open a document as a template - -Have you ever created a document to use as a letterhead or invoice form? LibreOffice has a rich built-in template system, but you can make any document a template with the `-n` option: - - -``` -`$ libreoffice --writer -n example.odt` -``` - -Your document will open in LibreOffice and you can make changes to it, but you won't overwrite the original file when you save it. - -### 4\. Convert documents - -When you need to do a small task like converting a file to a new format, it can take as long for the application to launch as it takes to do the task. The solution is the `--headless` option, which executes LibreOffice processes without launching the graphical user interface. - -For example, converting a document to EPUB is a pretty simple task in LibreOffice—but it's even easier with the `libreoffice` command: - - -``` -`$ libreoffice --headless --convert-to epub example.odt` -``` - -Using wildcards means you can convert dozens of documents at once: - - -``` -`$ libreoffice --headless --convert-to epub *.odt` -``` - -You can convert files to several formats, including PDF, HTML, DOC, DOCX, EPUB, plain text, and many more. - -### 5\. Print from the terminal - -You can print LibreOffice documents from the command line without opening the application: - - -``` -`$ libreoffice --headless -p example.odt` -``` - -This option prints to the default printer without opening LibreOffice; it just sends the document to your printer. - -To print all the files in a directory: - - -``` -`$ libreoffice -p *.odt` -``` - -(More than once, I've issued this command and then run out of paper, so make sure you have enough paper loaded in your printer before you start.) - -You can also print files to PDF. There's usually no difference between this and using the `--convert-to-pdf` option but it's easy to remember: - - -``` -`$ libreoffice --print-to-file example.odt --headless` -``` - -### Bonus: Flatpak and command options - -If you installed LibreOffice as a [Flatpak][5], all of these command options work, but you have to pass them through Flatpak. Here's an example: - - -``` -`$ flatpak run org.libreoffice.LibreOffice --writer` -``` - -It's a lot more verbose than a local install, so you might be inspired to [write a Bash alias][6] to make it easier to interact with LibreOffice directly. - -### Surprising terminal options - -Find out how you can extend the power of LibreOffice from the command line by consulting the man pages: - - -``` -`$ man libreoffice` -``` - -Were you aware that LibreOffice had such a rich set of command-line options? Have you discovered other options that nobody else seems to know about? Share them in the comments! - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://opensource.com/article/21/3/libreoffice-command-line - -作者：[Don Watkins][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://opensource.com/users/don-watkins -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/shortcut_command_function_editing_key.png?itok=a0sEc5vo (hot keys for shortcuts or features on computer keyboard) -[2]: https://opensource.com/article/21/2/linux-workday -[3]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/libreoffice-help.png (LibreOffice Writer help) -[4]: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ -[5]: https://www.libreoffice.org/download/flatpak/ -[6]: https://opensource.com/article/19/7/bash-aliases diff --git a/translated/tech/20210305 5 surprising things you can do with LibreOffice from the command line.md b/translated/tech/20210305 5 surprising things you can do with LibreOffice from the command line.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..34b3eef0a9 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20210305 5 surprising things you can do with LibreOffice from the command line.md @@ -0,0 +1,187 @@ +[#]: subject: (5 surprising things you can do with LibreOffice from the command line) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/3/libreoffice-command-line) +[#]: author: (Don Watkins https://opensource.com/users/don-watkins) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +你可以在命令行上用 LibreOffice 做 5 件令人惊讶的事情 +====== +直接在命令行中对文件进行转换、打印、保护等操作。 +![hot keys for shortcuts or features on computer keyboard][1] + +LibreOffice 拥有所有你想要的办公软件套件的生产力功能，使其成为微软 Office 或谷歌套件的流行的开源替代品。LibreOffice 的能力之一是可以从命令行操作。例如，Seth Kenlon 最近解释了如何使用 LibreOffice 用全局[命令行选项将多个文件][2]从 DOCX 转换为 EPUB。他的文章启发我分享一些其他 LibreOffice 命令行技巧和窍门。 + +在查看 LibreOffice 命令的一些隐藏功能之前，你需要了解如何使用应用选项。并不是所有的应用都接受选项（除了像 `--help`选项这样的基本选项，它在大多数 Linux 应用中都可以使用）。 + + +``` +`$ libreoffice --help` +``` + +这将返回 LibreOffice 接受的其他选项的描述。有些应用没有太多选项，但 LibreOffice 好几页有用的，所以有很多东西可以玩。 + +就是说，你可以在终端上使用 LibreOffice 进行以下五项有用的操作，来让使软件更加有用。 + +### 1\. 自定义你的启动选项 + +你可以修改你启动 LibreOffice 的方式。例如，如果你想只打开 LibreOffice 的文字处理器组件： + + +``` +`$ libreoffice --writer  #starts the word processor` +``` + +你可以类似地打开它的其他组件： + + +``` +$ libreoffice --calc  #starts the Calc document +$ libreoffice --draw  #starts an empty Draw document +$ libreoffice --web  #starts and empty HTML document +``` + +你也可以从命令行访问特定的帮助文件： + + +``` +`$ libreoffice --helpwriter` +``` + +![LibreOffice Writer help][3] + +（Don Watkins, [CC BY-SA 4.0][4]） + +或者如果你需要电子表格应用方面的帮助： + + +``` +`$ libreoffice --helpcalc` +``` + +你可以在没有启动屏幕的情况下启动 LibreOffice： + + +``` +`$ libreoffice --writer --nologo` +``` + +你甚至可以在你完成当前窗口的工作时，让它在后台最小化： + + +``` +`$ libreoffice --writer --minimized` +``` + +### 2\. 以只读模式打开一个文件 + +你可以使用 `--view` 以只读模式打开文件，以防止意外地对重要文件进行修改和保存： + + +``` +`$ libreoffice --view example.odt` +``` + +### 3\. 打开一个模板文档 + +你是否曾经创建过用作信头或发票表格的文档？LibreOffice 具有丰富的内置模板系统，但是你可以使用 -n 选项将任何文档作为模板： + + +``` +`$ libreoffice --writer -n example.odt` +``` + +你的文档将在 LibreOffice 中打开，你可以对其进行修改，但保存时不会覆盖原始文件。 + +### 4\. 转换文档 + +当你需要做一个小任务，比如将一个文件转换为新的格式时，应用启动的时间可能与完成任务的时间一样长。解决办法是 `--headless` 选项，它可以在不启动图形用户界面的情况下执行 LibreOffice 进程。 + +例如，在 LibreOffic 中，将一个文档转换为 EPUB 是一个非常简单的任务，但使用 `libreoffice` 命令就更容易： + + +``` +`$ libreoffice --headless --convert-to epub example.odt` +``` + +使用通配符意味着你可以一次转换几十个文档： + + +``` +`$ libreoffice --headless --convert-to epub *.odt` +``` + +你可以将文件转换为多种格式，包括 PDF、HTML、DOC、DOCX、EPUB、纯文本等。 + +### 5\. 从终端打印 + +你可以从命令行打印 LibreOffice 文档，而无需打开应用： + + +``` +`$ libreoffice --headless -p example.odt` +``` + +这个选项不需要打开 LibreOffice 就可以使用默认打印机打印，它只是将文档发送到你的打印机。 + +要打印一个目录中的所有文件： + + +``` +`$ libreoffice -p *.odt` +``` + + +（我不止一次执行了这个命令，然后用完了纸，所以在你开始之前，确保你的打印机里有足够的纸张。) + + +你也可以把文件输出成 PDF。通常这和使用 `--convert-to-pdf` 选项没有什么区别，但是很容易记住： + + +``` +`$ libreoffice --print-to-file example.odt --headless` +``` + +### 额外技巧：Flatpak 和命令选项 + +如果你使用 [Flatpak][5] 安装 LibreOffice，所有这些命令选项都可以使用，但你必须通过 Flatpak 传递。下面是一个例子： + + +``` +`$ flatpak run org.libreoffice.LibreOffice --writer` +``` + +它比本地安装要麻烦得多，所以你可能会受到启发[写一个 Bash 别名][6]来使它更容易直接与 LibreOffice 交互。 + +### 令人惊讶的终端选项 + +通过查阅手册页面，了解如何从命令行扩展 LibreOffice 的功能： + + +``` +`$ man libreoffice` +``` + +你是否知道 LibreOffice 具有如此丰富的命令行选项？ 你是否发现了其他人似乎都不了解的其他选项？ 请在评论中分享它们！ + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/21/3/libreoffice-command-line + +作者：[Don Watkins][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/don-watkins +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/shortcut_command_function_editing_key.png?itok=a0sEc5vo (hot keys for shortcuts or features on computer keyboard) +[2]: https://opensource.com/article/21/2/linux-workday +[3]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/libreoffice-help.png (LibreOffice Writer help) +[4]: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ +[5]: https://www.libreoffice.org/download/flatpak/ +[6]: https://opensource.com/article/19/7/bash-aliases From 805296e1ce42e4755ad1e748fc0655eb73aaf79a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Thu, 18 Mar 2021 08:58:29 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 237/309] translating --- ...se gdu for a Faster Disk Usage Checking in Linux Terminal.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20210317 Use gdu for a Faster Disk Usage Checking in Linux Terminal.md b/sources/tech/20210317 Use gdu for a Faster Disk Usage Checking in Linux Terminal.md index 1c9c6728d6..d49463fe04 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20210317 Use gdu for a Faster Disk Usage Checking in Linux Terminal.md +++ b/sources/tech/20210317 Use gdu for a Faster Disk Usage Checking in Linux Terminal.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ [#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/gdu/) [#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/) [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 0832d8bc031125e703de0b36fb5a5ee705808590 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Thu, 18 Mar 2021 09:56:06 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 238/309] PRF @stevenzdg988 --- ...prove your time management with Jupyter.md | 183 ++++++++++-------- 1 file changed, 99 insertions(+), 84 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20200915 Improve your time management with Jupyter.md b/translated/tech/20200915 Improve your time management with Jupyter.md index 74cdb5939c..0e1befc2b3 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20200915 Improve your time management with Jupyter.md +++ b/translated/tech/20200915 Improve your time management with Jupyter.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (stevenzdg988) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (Improve your time management with Jupyter) @@ -9,18 +9,20 @@ 使用 Jupyter 改善你的时间管理 ====== -通过在 Jupyter 里使用 Python 分析日历了解您如何使用时间 。 -![日历特写快照][1] -[Python][2] 在用于探索数据方面具有令人难以置信的可扩展性选项。利用 [Pandas][3] 或 [Dask][4]，您可以将 [Jupyter][5] 扩展到大数据(处理)。但是小数据呢？个人资料？私人数据？ +> 在 Jupyter 里使用 Python 来分析日历，以了解你是如何使用时间的。 -JupyterLab 和 Jupyter Notebook 提供了一个绝佳的环境来仔细检查我基于笔记本电脑的生活。 +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/202103/18/095530cxx6663ptypyzvmx.jpg) -我的探索是基于以下事实：我使用的几乎每个服务都有一个 Web 应用程序编程接口（API）。我使用了许多此类服务：待办事项列表，时间跟踪器，习惯跟踪器等。但是几乎每个人都使用：_日历_。相同的想法可以应用于其他服务，但是日历具有一个很酷的功能：几乎所有网络日历都支持的开放标准： `CalDAV`。 +[Python][2] 在探索数据方面具有令人难以置信的可扩展性。利用 [Pandas][3] 或 [Dask][4]，你可以将 [Jupyter][5] 扩展到大数据领域。但是小数据、个人资料、私人数据呢？ + +JupyterLab 和 Jupyter Notebook 为我提供了一个绝佳的环境，可以让我审视我的笔记本电脑生活。 + +我的探索是基于以下事实：我使用的几乎每个服务都有一个 Web API。我使用了诸多此类服务：待办事项列表、时间跟踪器、习惯跟踪器等。还有一个几乎每个人都会使用到：_日历_。相同的思路也可以应用于其他服务，但是日历具有一个很酷的功能：几乎所有 Web 日历都支持的开放标准 —— CalDAV。 ### 在 Jupyter 中使用 Python 解析日历 -大多数日历提供了导出为 `CalDAV` 格式的方法。您可能需要某种身份验证才能访问此私有数据。按照您的服务说明进行操作即可。如何获得凭据取决于您的服务，但是最终，您应该能够将它们存储在文件中。我将我的名为 `.caldav` 的文件存储在根(root)目录中： +大多数日历提供了导出为 CalDAV 格式的方法。你可能需要某种身份验证才能访问这些私有数据。按照你的服务说明进行操作即可。如何获得凭据取决于你的服务，但是最终，你应该能够将这些凭据存储在文件中。我将我的凭据存储在根目录下的一个名为 `.caldav` 的文件中： ``` import os @@ -28,23 +30,23 @@ with open(os.path.expanduser("~/.caldav")) as fpin:     username, password = fpin.read().split() ``` -切勿将用户名和密码直接放在笔记本中！他们可能会很容易因 `git push` 偏离而导致泄漏。 +切勿将用户名和密码直接放在 Jupyter Notebook 的笔记本中！它们可能会很容易因 `git push` 的错误而导致泄漏。 -下一步是使用方便的 PyPI [caldav][6] 库。我在 CalDAV 服务器上查找了我的电子邮件服务（您可能有所不同）： +下一步是使用方便的 PyPI [caldav][6] 库。我找到了我的电子邮件服务的 CalDAV 服务器（你可能有所不同）： ``` import caldav -client = caldav.DAVClient(url="", username=username, password=password) +client = caldav.DAVClient(url="https://caldav.fastmail.com/dav/", username=username, password=password) ``` -CalDAV 有一个称为 `principal`(主键) 的概念。马上进入(该系统)并不重要，除非这是您用于访问日历： +CalDAV 有一个称为 `principal`（主键）的概念。它是什么并不重要，只要知道它是你用来访问日历的东西就行了： ``` principal = client.principal() calendars = principal.calendars() ``` -日历按照字面讲是关于时间的。访问事件之前，您需要确定一个时间范围。默认设置为一星期： +从字面上讲，日历就是关于时间的。访问事件之前，你需要确定一个时间范围。默认一星期就好： ``` from dateutil import tz @@ -53,7 +55,7 @@ now = datetime.datetime.now(tz.tzutc()) since = now - datetime.timedelta(days=7) ``` -大多数人使用不止一个日历，并且希望所有事件都在一起。`itertools.chain.from_iterable` (方法)使这一过程变得简单：` ` +大多数人使用的日历不止一个，并且希望所有事件都在一起出现。`itertools.chain.from_iterable` 方法使这一过程变得简单： ``` import itertools @@ -66,13 +68,15 @@ raw_events = list( ) ``` -将所有事件读入内存很重要，以 API 原始的本地格式进行操作是重要的做法。这意味着在调整解析，分析和显示代码时，无需返回到 API 服务刷新数据。 +将所有事件读入内存很重要，以 API 原始的本地格式进行操作是重要的实践。这意味着在调整解析、分析和显示代码时，无需返回到 API 服务刷新数据。 -但 “原始” 并不是轻描淡写。事件通过特定格式的字符串实现： +但 “原始” 真的是原始，事件是以特定格式的字符串出现的： ``` -`print(raw_events[12].data)`[/code] [code] +print(raw_events[12].data) +``` +```     BEGIN:VCALENDAR     VERSION:2.0     PRODID:-//CyrusIMAP.org/Cyrus @@ -89,30 +93,34 @@ raw_events = list(     END:VCALENDAR ``` -幸运的是，PyPI 再次使用另一个帮助程序库 [vobject][7] 前来解围： +幸运的是，PyPI 可以再次使用另一个辅助库 [vobject][7] 解围： ``` import io import vobject def parse_event(raw_event): -    data = raw_event.data -    parsed = vobject.readOne(io.StringIO(data)) -    contents = parsed.vevent.contents -    return contents + data = raw_event.data + parsed = vobject.readOne(io.StringIO(data)) + contents = parsed.vevent.contents + return contents +``` -[/code] [code]`parse_event(raw_events[12])`[/code] [code] +``` +parse_event(raw_events[12]) +``` -    {'dtend': [<DTEND{}2020-08-25 23:00:00+00:00>], -     'dtstamp': [<DTSTAMP{}2020-08-25 18:19:15+00:00>], -     'dtstart': [<DTSTART{}2020-08-25 22:00:00+00:00>], -     'summary': [<SUMMARY{}Busy>], -     'uid': [<UID{}1302728i-040000008200E00074C5B7101A82E00800000000D939773EA578D601000000000000000010000000CD71CC3393651B419E9458134FE840F5>]} +``` + {'dtend': [], + 'dtstamp': [], + 'dtstart': [], + 'summary': [], + 'uid': []} ``` 好吧，至少好一点了。 -仍有一些工作要做，以将其转换为合理的 Python 对象。第一步是 _拥有_ 一个合理的 Python 对象。[attrs][8] 库提供了一个不错的开始： +仍有一些工作要做，将其转换为合理的 Python 对象。第一步是 _拥有_ 一个合理的 Python 对象。[attrs][8] 库提供了一个不错的开始： ``` import attr @@ -127,16 +135,16 @@ class Event: 是时候编写转换代码了！ -第一个抽象在没有所有修饰的情况下从解析字典中获取值： +第一个抽象从解析后的字典中获取值，不需要所有的装饰： ``` def get_piece(contents, name): -    return contents[name][0].value - -[/code] [code]`get_piece(_, "dtstart")`[/code] [code]`    datetime.datetime(2020, 8, 25, 22, 0, tzinfo=tzutc())` + return contents[name][0].value +get_piece(_, "dtstart") + datetime.datetime(2020, 8, 25, 22, 0, tzinfo=tzutc()) ``` -日历事件总是有一个开始，有一个“结束”，有一个 “持续时间”。一些谨慎的解析逻辑可以将两者协调为同一个 Python 对象： +日历事件总有一个“开始”、有一个“结束”、有一个 “持续时间”。一些谨慎的解析逻辑可以将两者协调为同一个 Python 对象： ``` def from_calendar_event_and_timezone(event, timezone): @@ -150,34 +158,42 @@ def from_calendar_event_and_timezone(event, timezone):     return Event(start=start, end=end, summary=summary, timezone=timezone) ``` -由于将事件放在 _本地_ 时区而不是 UTC 中很有用，因此使用本地时区： +将事件放在 _本地_ 时区而不是 UTC 中很有用，因此使用本地时区： ``` -`my_timezone = tz.gettz()`[/code] [code]`from_calendar_event_and_timezone(raw_events[12], my_timezone)`[/code] [code]`    Event(start=datetime.datetime(2020, 8, 25, 22, 0, tzinfo=tzutc()), end=datetime.datetime(2020, 8, 25, 23, 0, tzinfo=tzutc()), timezone=tzfile('/etc/localtime'), summary='Busy')` +my_timezone = tz.gettz() +from_calendar_event_and_timezone(raw_events[12], my_timezone) + Event(start=datetime.datetime(2020, 8, 25, 22, 0, tzinfo=tzutc()), end=datetime.datetime(2020, 8, 25, 23, 0, tzinfo=tzutc()), timezone=tzfile('/etc/localtime'), summary='Busy') ``` -既然事件是真实的Python对象，那么它们实际上应该具有附加信息。 幸运的是，将方法添加到类中是可能的。 +既然事件是真实的 Python 对象，那么它们实际上应该具有附加信息。幸运的是，可以将方法添加到类中。 -但是弄清楚哪个事件发生在哪一天不是很明显。您需要在 _本地_ 时区中选择一天： +但是要弄清楚哪个事件发生在哪一天不是很直接。你需要在 _本地_ 时区中选择一天： ``` def day(self): -    offset = self.timezone.utcoffset(self.start) -    fixed = self.start + offset -    return fixed.date() + offset = self.timezone.utcoffset(self.start) + fixed = self.start + offset + return fixed.date() Event.day = property(day) - -[/code] [code]`print(_.day)`[/code] [code]`    2020-08-25` ``` -事件始终在内部表示为开始/结束，但是知道持续时间是有用的属性。持续时间也可以添加到现有类中： +``` +print(_.day) + 2020-08-25 +``` + +事件在内部始终是以“开始”/“结束”的方式表示的，但是持续时间是有用的属性。持续时间也可以添加到现有类中： ``` def duration(self): -    return self.end - self.start + return self.end - self.start Event.duration = property(duration) +``` -[/code] [code]`print(_.duration)`[/code] [code]`    1:00:00` +``` +print(_.duration) + 1:00:00 ``` 现在到了将所有事件转换为有用的 Python 对象了： @@ -187,17 +203,17 @@ all_events = [from_calendar_event_and_timezone(raw_event, my_timezone)               for raw_event in raw_events] ``` -全天事件是一种特例，可能对分析生活没有多大用处。现在，您可以忽略它们： +全天事件是一种特例，可能对分析生活没有多大用处。现在，你可以忽略它们： ``` # ignore all-day events all_events = [event for event in all_events if not type(event.start) == datetime.date] ``` -事件具有自然顺序——知道哪个事件最先发生可能有助于分析： +事件具有自然顺序 —— 知道哪个事件最先发生可能有助于分析： ``` -`all_events.sort(key=lambda ev: ev.start)` +all_events.sort(key=lambda ev: ev.start) ``` 现在，事件已排序，可以将它们加载到每天： @@ -209,43 +225,44 @@ for event in all_events:     events_by_day[event.day].append(event) ``` -这样，您就可以将带有日期，持续时间和序列的日历事件作为 Python 对象。 +有了这些，你就有了作为 Python 对象的带有日期、持续时间和序列的日历事件。 + ### 用 Python 报到你的生活 -现在是时候编写报告代码了！带有适当的标题，列表，重要内容以粗体显示令人惊奇的格式是很有趣的。 +现在是时候编写报告代码了！带有适当的标题、列表、重要内容以粗体显示等等，有醒目的格式是很意义。 -这就是 HTML 和 HTML 模板。我喜欢使用 [Chameleon(变色龙：动态的)][9]： +这就是一些 HTML 和 HTML 模板。我喜欢使用 [Chameleon][9]： ``` template_content = """ -<html><body> -<div tal:repeat="item items"> -<h2 tal:content="item[0]">Day</h2> -<ul> -    <li tal:repeat="event item[1]"><span tal:replace="event">Thing</span></li> -</ul> -</div> -</body></html>""" + +
+

Day

+
    +
  • Thing
    • +
+
+""" ``` -Chameleon 的一个很酷的功能是使用 `html` 方法渲染对象。我将以两种方式使用它： +Chameleon 的一个很酷的功能是使用它的 `html` 方法渲染对象。我将以两种方式使用它： - * 摘要将以 **bold** (**粗体**)显示 + * 摘要将以粗体显示 * 对于大多数活动，我都会删除摘要（因为这是我的个人信息） ``` def __html__(self): -    offset = my_timezone.utcoffset(self.start) -    fixed = self.start + offset -    start_str = str(fixed).split("+")[0] -    summary = self.summary -    if summary != "Busy": -        summary = "&lt;REDACTED&gt;" -    return f"<b>{summary[:30]}</b> \-- {start_str} ({self.duration})" + offset = my_timezone.utcoffset(self.start) + fixed = self.start + offset + start_str = str(fixed).split("+")[0] + summary = self.summary + if summary != "Busy": + summary = "<REDACTED>" + return f"{summary[:30]} -- {start_str} ({self.duration})" Event.__html__ = __html__ ``` -为了简洁起见，该报告将切成每天的。 +为了简洁起见，将该报告切成每天的： ``` import chameleon @@ -255,26 +272,24 @@ html = template(items=itertools.islice(events_by_day.items(), 3, 4)) HTML(html) ``` -#### 渲染后，它将看起来像这样： - -#### 2020-08-25 - - * **<编辑>** \-- 2020-08-25 08:30:00 (0:45:00) - * **<编辑>** \-- 2020-08-25 10:00:00 (1:00:00) - * **<编辑>** \-- 2020-08-25 11:30:00 (0:30:00) - * **<编辑>** \-- 2020-08-25 13:00:00 (0:25:00) - * **Busy** \-- 2020-08-25 15:00:00 (1:00:00) - * **<编辑>** \-- 2020-08-25 15:00:00 (1:00:00) - * **<编辑>** \-- 2020-08-25 19:00:00 (1:00:00) - * **<编辑>** \-- 2020-08-25 19:00:12 (1:00:00) +渲染后，它将看起来像这样： +**2020-08-25** +- **\** -- 2020-08-25 08:30:00 (0:45:00) +- **\** -- 2020-08-25 10:00:00 (1:00:00) +- **\** -- 2020-08-25 11:30:00 (0:30:00) +- **\** -- 2020-08-25 13:00:00 (0:25:00) +- Busy -- 2020-08-25 15:00:00 (1:00:00) +- **\** -- 2020-08-25 15:00:00 (1:00:00) +- **\** -- 2020-08-25 19:00:00 (1:00:00) +- **\** -- 2020-08-25 19:00:12 (1:00:00) ### Python 和 Jupyter 的无穷选择 -通过解析，分析和报告各种 Web 服务所拥有的数据，这只是您可以做的事情的表面。 +通过解析、分析和报告各种 Web 服务所拥有的数据，这只是你可以做的事情的表面。 -为什么不尝试使用您最喜欢的服务呢？ +为什么不对你最喜欢的服务试试呢？ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -283,7 +298,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/20/9/calendar-jupyter 作者：[Moshe Zadka][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[stevenzdg988](https://github.com/stevenzdg988) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 60be9dbaa794c1415b5196a634478f431b372034 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Thu, 18 Mar 2021 09:56:44 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 239/309] PUB @stevenzdg988 https://linux.cn/article-13212-1.html --- .../20200915 Improve your time management with Jupyter.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20200915 Improve your time management with Jupyter.md (99%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20200915 Improve your time management with Jupyter.md b/published/20200915 Improve your time management with Jupyter.md similarity index 99% rename from translated/tech/20200915 Improve your time management with Jupyter.md rename to published/20200915 Improve your time management with Jupyter.md index 0e1befc2b3..3a1cd3d81d 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20200915 Improve your time management with Jupyter.md +++ b/published/20200915 Improve your time management with Jupyter.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (stevenzdg988) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-13212-1.html) [#]: subject: (Improve your time management with Jupyter) [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/20/9/calendar-jupyter) [#]: author: (Moshe Zadka https://opensource.com/users/moshez) From 60f45007b0aa06f805a3c609353dfe52af851460 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wyxplus <32919297+wyxplus@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Thu, 18 Mar 2021 10:10:48 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 240/309] Update and rename sources/tech/20210307 Track your family calendar with a Raspberry Pi and a low-power display.md to translated/tech/20210307 Track your family calendar with a Raspberry Pi and a low-power display.md --- ... a Raspberry Pi and a low-power display.md | 89 ------------------- ... a Raspberry Pi and a low-power display.md | 87 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 87 insertions(+), 89 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20210307 Track your family calendar with a Raspberry Pi and a low-power display.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20210307 Track your family calendar with a Raspberry Pi and a low-power display.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210307 Track your family calendar with a Raspberry Pi and a low-power display.md b/sources/tech/20210307 Track your family calendar with a Raspberry Pi and a low-power display.md deleted file mode 100644 index 953f202958..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20210307 Track your family calendar with a Raspberry Pi and a low-power display.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,89 +0,0 @@ -[#]: subject: (Track your family calendar with a Raspberry Pi and a low-power display) -[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/3/family-calendar-raspberry-pi) -[#]: author: (Javier Pena https://opensource.com/users/jpena) -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (wyxplus) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) - -Track your family calendar with a Raspberry Pi and a low-power display -====== -Help everyone keep up with your family's schedule using open source -tools and an E Ink display. -![Calendar with coffee and breakfast][1] - -Some families have a complex schedule: the kids have school and afterschool activities, you have important events you want to remember, everyone has multiple appointments, and so forth. While you can keep track of everything using your cellphone and an app, wouldn't it be better to have a large, low-power display at home to show your family's calendar? Meet the E Ink calendar! - -![E Ink calendar][2] - -(Javier Pena, [CC BY-SA 4.0][3]) - -### The hardware - -The calendar started as a holiday project, so I tried to reuse as much as I could. This included a Raspberry Pi 2 that had been unused for too long. I did not have an E Ink display, so I had to buy it. Fortunately, I found a vendor that provided [open source drivers and examples][4] for its Raspberry Pi-ready screen, which is connected using some [GPIO][5] ports. - -My family also wanted to switch between different calendars, and that required some form of input. Instead of adding a USB keyboard, I opted for a simpler solution and bought a 1x4 matrix keypad, similar to the one described in [this article][6]. This allowed me to connect the keypad to some GPIO ports in the Raspberry Pi. - -Finally, I needed a photo frame to house the whole setup. It looks a bit messy on the back, but it gets the job done. - -![Calendar internals][7] - -(Javier Pena, [CC BY-SA 4.0][3]) - -### The software - -I took inspiration from a [similar project][8] and started writing the Python code for my project. I needed to get data from two areas: - - * Weather data, which I got from the [OpenWeather API][9] - * Calendar data; I decided to use the [CalDav standard][10], which lets me connect to a calendar running on my home server - - - -Since I had to wait for some parts to arrive, I used a modular approach for the input and display so that I could debug most of the code without the hardware. The calendar application supports drivers, and I wrote a [Pygame][11] driver to run it on a desktop PC. - -The best part of writing the code was being able to reuse existing open source projects, so accessing the different APIs was easy. I could focus on the user interface—having per-person weekly and everyone daily calendars, allowing calendar selection using the keypad—and I had time to add some extra touches, like custom screen savers for special days. - -![E Ink calendar screensaver][12] - -(Javier Pena, [CC BY-SA 4.0][3]) - -The final integration step was making sure my calendar application would run on startup and be resilient to errors. I used a base [Raspberry Pi OS][13] image and installed the application as a systemd service so that it would survive failures and system restarts. - -Once I finished everything, I uploaded the code [to GitHub][14]. So if you want to create a similar calendar, feel free to have a look and reuse it! - -### The result - -The calendar has become an everyday appliance in our kitchen. It helps us remember our daily activities, and even our kids use it to check their schedule before going to school. - -On a personal note, the project helped me appreciate the _power of open_. Without open source drivers and libraries and open APIs, we would still be organizing our schedule with paper and a pen. Crazy, isn't it? - -Need to keep your schedule straight? Learn how to do it using open source with these free... - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://opensource.com/article/21/3/family-calendar-raspberry-pi - -作者：[Javier Pena][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://opensource.com/users/jpena -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/calendar-coffee.jpg?itok=9idm1917 (Calendar with coffee and breakfast) -[2]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/calendar.jpg (E Ink calendar) -[3]: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ -[4]: https://github.com/waveshare/e-Paper -[5]: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/gpio-pins-raspberry-pi -[6]: https://www.instructables.com/1x4-Membrane-Keypad-w-Arduino/ -[7]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/calendar_internals.jpg (Calendar internals) -[8]: https://github.com/zli117/EInk-Calendar -[9]: https://openweathermap.org -[10]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CalDAV -[11]: https://github.com/pygame/pygame -[12]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/calendar_screensaver.jpg (E Ink calendar screensaver) -[13]: https://www.raspberrypi.org/software/ -[14]: https://github.com/javierpena/eink-calendar diff --git a/translated/tech/20210307 Track your family calendar with a Raspberry Pi and a low-power display.md b/translated/tech/20210307 Track your family calendar with a Raspberry Pi and a low-power display.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..84e0f6e2fe --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20210307 Track your family calendar with a Raspberry Pi and a low-power display.md @@ -0,0 +1,87 @@ +[#]: subject: (Track your family calendar with a Raspberry Pi and a low-power display) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/3/family-calendar-raspberry-pi) +[#]: author: (Javier Pena https://opensource.com/users/jpena) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (wyxplus) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + + +利用树莓派和低功耗显示器来显示你家的日程表 +====== + +通过利用开源工具和电子水墨屏，让每个人都清楚你家庭的日程安排。 + +![Calendar with coffee and breakfast][1] + +有些家庭的日程安排很复杂：孩子们有上学活动和放学后的活动，你想要记住的重要事情、许多会议等等。虽然你可以使用手机和应用程序来关注所有事情，但在家中放置大型低功耗显示器以显示家人的日程不是更好吗？ 电子水墨日程表刚好满足！ + +![E Ink calendar][2] + +(Javier Pena, [CC BY-SA 4.0][3]) + +### 硬件 + +这个项目是作为假日项目开始，因此我试着尽可能多的旧物利用。其中包括一台已经闲置了太长时间树莓派 2。由于我没有电子水墨屏，因此我需要购买一个。幸运的是，我找到了一家供应商，该供应商为树莓派的屏幕提供了 [开源驱动程序和示例][4]，该屏幕使用 [GPIO][5] 端口连接。 + +我的家人还想在不同的日程表之间切换，因此需要某种形式的输入。我没有添加 USB 键盘，而是选择了一种更简单的解决方案，并购买了一个类似于在 [这篇文章][6] 中所描述 1x4 大小的键盘。这使我可以将键盘连接到树莓派中的某些 GPIO 端口。 + +最后，我需要一个相框来容纳整个设置。虽然背面看起来有些凌乱，但也能搞定。 + +![Calendar internals][7] + +(Javier Pena, [CC BY-SA 4.0][3]) + +### 软件 + +我从 [一个类似的项目][8] 中获得了灵感，并开始为我的项目编写 Python 代码。我需要从两个地方获取数据： + + * 天气信息：从 [OpenWeather API][9] 获取 + * 时间信息：我打算使用 [CalDav standard][10] 连接到一个运行在我家服务器上日程表 + +由于必须等待一些零件的送达，因此我使用了模块化的方法来进行输入和显示，这样我可以在没有硬件的情况下调试大多数代码。日程表应用程序需要驱动程序，于是我编写了 [Pygame][11] 驱动程序以便能在台式机上运行它。 + +重构现有的开源项目是编码的最高效的方式。因为调用许多的 API 会减轻编码压力。我可以专注于设计用户界面，其中包括每人每周和每个人的每日的日程，以及允许使用小键盘来选择日程。并且我花时间又添加了一些额外的功能，例如特殊日子的自定义屏幕保护程序。 + +![E Ink calendar screensaver][12] + +(Javier Pena, [CC BY-SA 4.0][3]) + +最后的集成步骤将确保我的日程表应用程序将在启动时运行，并且能够容错。我使用了原始的 [树莓派系统][13] 映像并将该应用程序配置到 systemd 服务，以便它可以在出现故障和系统重新启动依旧运行。 + +做完所有工作，我把代码上传到了 [GitHub][14]。因此，如果你要创建类似的日历，可以随时查看并重构它！ + +### 结论 + +日程表已成为我们厨房中的日常工具。它可以帮助我们记住我们的日常活动，甚至我们的孩子在上学前，都可以使用它来查看日程的安排。 + +对我而言，这个项目让我感受到开源的力量。如果没有开源的驱动程序、库以及API，我们依旧还在用纸和笔来安排日程。很疯狂，不是吗？ + +需要确保你的日程不冲突吗？学习如何使用这些免费的开源项目来做到这点。 + +via: https://opensource.com/article/21/3/family-calendar-raspberry-pi + +作者：[Javier Pena][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[wyxplus](https://github.com/wyxplus) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/jpena +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/calendar-coffee.jpg?itok=9idm1917 "Calendar with coffee and breakfast" +[2]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/calendar.jpg "E Ink calendar" +[3]: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ +[4]: https://github.com/waveshare/e-Paper +[5]: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/gpio-pins-raspberry-pi +[6]: https://www.instructables.com/1x4-Membrane-Keypad-w-Arduino/ +[7]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/calendar_internals.jpg "Calendar internals" +[8]: https://github.com/zli117/EInk-Calendar +[9]: https://openweathermap.org +[10]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CalDAV +[11]: https://github.com/pygame/pygame +[12]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/calendar_screensaver.jpg "E Ink calendar screensaver" +[13]: https://www.raspberrypi.org/software/ +[14]: https://github.com/javierpena/eink-calendar From d9ea6451a7a09a8b75fcb7fa50e312c7fbb72ddc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wyxplus <32919297+wyxplus@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Thu, 18 Mar 2021 10:21:31 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 241/309] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=94=B3=E8=AF=B7=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- sources/tech/20210225 4 new open source licenses.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20210225 4 new open source licenses.md b/sources/tech/20210225 4 new open source licenses.md index 2edb024aae..4e8f3fb485 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20210225 4 new open source licenses.md +++ b/sources/tech/20210225 4 new open source licenses.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/2/osi-licenses-cal-cern-ohl) [#]: author: (Pam Chestek https://opensource.com/users/pchestek) [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (wyxplus) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 2d7d5d8e057a188e41f805dee737f82db4618703 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Thu, 18 Mar 2021 11:14:43 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 242/309] PRF --- .../20210304 Learn to debug code with the GNU Debugger.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/published/20210304 Learn to debug code with the GNU Debugger.md b/published/20210304 Learn to debug code with the GNU Debugger.md index 65ef15a66e..0aa5d13cda 100644 --- a/published/20210304 Learn to debug code with the GNU Debugger.md +++ b/published/20210304 Learn to debug code with the GNU Debugger.md @@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ Program received signal SIGSEGV, Segmentation fault. 要充分利用 GDB，你需要将调试符号编译到你的可执行文件中。你可以用 GCC 中的 `-g` 选项来生成这个符号： ``` -$ g++ -o debuggy example.cpp +$ g++ -g -o debuggy example.cpp $ ./debuggy Hello world. Segmentation fault @@ -250,7 +250,7 @@ $4 = 02 要查看其在内存中的地址： ``` -(gdb) print /o beta +(gdb) print /o &beta $5 = 0x2 ``` From 4554dedb66db632b662878da01a4e11e227f3e6c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Thu, 18 Mar 2021 11:20:26 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 243/309] PUB @wxy https://linux.cn/article-13213-1.html --- ...nt Cinnamon vs MATE vs Xfce- Which One Should You Use.md | 6 ++++-- 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20210311 Linux Mint Cinnamon vs MATE vs Xfce- Which One Should You Use.md (98%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20210311 Linux Mint Cinnamon vs MATE vs Xfce- Which One Should You Use.md b/published/20210311 Linux Mint Cinnamon vs MATE vs Xfce- Which One Should You Use.md similarity index 98% rename from translated/tech/20210311 Linux Mint Cinnamon vs MATE vs Xfce- Which One Should You Use.md rename to published/20210311 Linux Mint Cinnamon vs MATE vs Xfce- Which One Should You Use.md index 29dae9e0b5..001e18125d 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20210311 Linux Mint Cinnamon vs MATE vs Xfce- Which One Should You Use.md +++ b/published/20210311 Linux Mint Cinnamon vs MATE vs Xfce- Which One Should You Use.md @@ -4,12 +4,14 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (wxy) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-13213-1.html) Cinnamon vs MATE vs Xfce：你应该选择那一个 Linux Mint 口味？ ====== +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/202103/18/111916ljidnfwwsxec1fqf.jpg) + Linux Mint 无疑是 [最适合初学者的 Linux 发行版之一][1]。尤其是对于刚刚迈向 Linux 世界的 Windows 用户来说，更是如此。 2006 年以来（也就是 Linux Mint 首次发布的那一年），他们开发了一系列的提高用户的体验的 [工具][2]。此外，Linux Mint 是基于 Ubuntu 的，所以你有一个可以寻求帮助的庞大的用户社区。 From 5af96dbf829742e5948d2bc9688950d20fd92174 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: stevenzdg988 <3442417@qq.com> Date: Thu, 18 Mar 2021 12:05:16 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 244/309] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=94=B3=E9=A2=86=E6=96=87=E7=AB=A0?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...0 Using Python to explore Google-s Natural Language API.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190730 Using Python to explore Google-s Natural Language API.md b/sources/tech/20190730 Using Python to explore Google-s Natural Language API.md index b5f8611a1c..67c76c8f8a 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190730 Using Python to explore Google-s Natural Language API.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190730 Using Python to explore Google-s Natural Language API.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (stevenzdg988) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) @@ -264,7 +264,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/19/7/python-google-natural-language-api 作者：[JR Oakes][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +译者：[stevenzdg988](https://github.com/stevenzdg988) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From b019c41365b93a48179fe9c99a530f9ad0795459 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wyxplus <32919297+wyxplus@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Thu, 18 Mar 2021 22:45:19 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 245/309] translated --- .../20210225 4 new open source licenses.md | 34 +++++++++++-------- 1 file changed, 19 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20210225 4 new open source licenses.md b/sources/tech/20210225 4 new open source licenses.md index 4e8f3fb485..25ab002af9 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20210225 4 new open source licenses.md +++ b/sources/tech/20210225 4 new open source licenses.md @@ -7,33 +7,37 @@ [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) -4 new open source licenses + +四个新式开源许可证 ====== -Get to know the new OSI-approved Cryptographic Autonomy License and CERN -open hardware licenses. + +让我们来看看 OSI 最新批准的 Cryptographic Autonomy License 和 CERN 开源硬件许可协议。 + ![Law books in a library][1] -As the steward of the [Open Source Defintion][2], the [Open Source Initiative][3] has been designating licenses as "open source" for over 20 years. These licenses are the foundation of the open source software ecosystem, ensuring that everyone can use, improve, and share software. When a license is approved, it is because the OSI believes that the license fosters collaboration and sharing for the benefit of everyone who participates in the ecosystem. +作为 [开源定义][2] 的管理者，[开源倡议][3] 把许可证当作“开源”已有20多年了。这些许可证是开源软件生态系统的基础，可确保每个人都可以使用，重构和共享软件。当一个许可证获批，是因为 OSI 认为该许可证可以促进相互的协作和共享，从而使得每个参与开源生态的人获益。 -The world has changed over the past 20 years, with software now used in new and even unimaginable ways. The OSI has seen that the familiar open source licenses are not always well-suited for these new situations. But license stewards have stepped up, submitting several new licenses for more expansive uses. The OSI was challenged to evaluate whether these new concepts in licensing would continue to advance sharing and collaboration and merit being referred to as "open source" licenses, ultimately approving some new special purpose licenses. +在过去的20年里，世界发生了翻天覆地的变化。现如今，软件以新的甚至是无法想象的方式在被使用。OSI 已经预料到，曾经被人们所熟知的开源许可证现已无法满足如今的要求。因此，许可证管理者已经加强了工作，提交了多个更兼容的新式许可证。OSI 所面临的挑战是在评估许可证中，这些新观点是否会继续推动共享和协作，是否被值得称为“开源”许可证，最终 OSI 批准了一些用于特殊领域的新式许可证。 -### Four new licenses +### 四个新式许可证 -First is the [Cryptographic Autonomy License][4]. This license is designed for distributed cryptographic applications. The challenge of this use case was that the existing open source licenses wouldn't assure openness because it would be possible for one peer to impair the functioning of the network if there was no obligation to also share data with the other peers. So, in addition to being a strong copyleft license, the CAL also includes an obligation to provide third parties the permissions and materials needed to independently use and modify the software without that third party having a loss of data or capability. +第一个是 [Cryptographic Autonomy License][4]。该许可证是为分布式密码应用程序而设计的。此许可证所解决的问题是，现有的开源许可证无法保证开放性，因为使用方没有义务共享数据，如果其中一人不开放，则其他使用方照做，这样可能会有害于开放的作用。因此，除了要获得强有力的版权保护许可外，CAL 还包括向第三方提供独立使用和修改软件所需的权限和资料的义务，而不会让第三方有数据或功能的损失。 As more and more uses arise for peer-to-peer sharing using a cryptographic structure, it wouldn't be surprising if more developers found themselves in need of a legal tool like the CAL. The community on License-Discuss and License-Review, OSI's two mailing lists where proposed new open source licenses are discussed, asked many questions about this license. We hope that the resulting license is clear and easy to understand and that other open source practitioners will find it useful. -Next, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, CERN, submitted the CERN Open Hardware Licence (OHL) family of licenses for consideration. All three of its licenses are primarily intended for open hardware, a field of open access that is similar to open source software but with its own challenges and nuances. The line between hardware and software has blurred considerably, so applying separate hardware and software licenses has become more and more difficult. CERN undertook crafting a license that would ensure freedom for both hardware and software. +随着越来越多的人使用加密结构进行点对点共享，那么更多的开发人员发现自己需要诸如 CAL 之类的法律工具也就不足为奇了。 OSI 的两个邮件列表中的许可证讨论和许可证审查社区，讨论了拟议的新开源许可证，并询问了有关此许可证的诸多问题。 我们希望由此产生的许可证清晰易懂，并希望对其他开源从业者有所裨益。 -The OSI probably would not have considered adding an open hardware license to its list of open source licenses back when it started, but the world has changed. So while the wording in the CERN licenses encompasses hardware concepts, it also meets all the qualifications to be approved by the OSI as an open source software license. +接下来是，欧洲核研究组织（CERN）提交的 CERN Open Hardware Licence（OHL）系列许可证以供审议。它包括三个许可证，其主要用于开源硬件，这是一个与开源代码软件相似的开源访问领域，但有其自身的困难和细微差别。硬件和软件之间的界线现已变得相当模糊，因此应用单独的硬件和软件许可证变得越来越困难。欧洲核子研究组织（CERN）制定了可以确保硬件和软件开源的许可证。 -The suite of CERN Open Hardware licenses includes a [permissive license][5], a [weak reciprocal license][6], and a [strong reciprocal license][7]. Most recently, the license has been adopted by an international research project that is building simple, easily replicable ventilators to use with COVID-19 patients. +OSI 可能在开始时就没考虑将开源硬件许可证添加到其开源代码许可证列表中，但是世界早已发生变革。因此，尽管 CERN 许可证中的措词涵盖了硬件术语，但它也符合 OSI 认可的所有开源软件许可证的条件。 -### Learn more +CERN 开源硬件许可证包括 [permissive license][5]，[weak reciprocal license][6] 和 [strong reciprocal license][7]。最近，该许可证已被一个国际研究项目采用，该项目正在制造可用于 COVID-19 患者的简单、易于生产的呼吸机。 -The CAL and CERN OHL licenses are special-purpose, and the OSI does not recommend their use outside the fields for which they were designed. But the OSI is eager to see whether these licenses will work as intended, fostering robust open ecosystems in these newer computing arenas. +### 了解更多 -More information on the [license approval process][8] is available from the OSI. +CAL 和 CERN OHL 许可证是针对特殊事务，并且 OSI 不建议把它们用于其它领域。但是 OSI 想知道这些许可证是否会按预期发展，从而有助于在较新的计算机领域中培育出健壮的开源生态。 + +可以从 OSI 获得关于 [许可证批准过程][8] 的更多信息。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -41,14 +45,14 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/21/2/osi-licenses-cal-cern-ohl 作者：[Pam Chestek][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +译者：[wyxplus](https://github.com/wyxplus) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 [a]: https://opensource.com/users/pchestek [b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/LAW_lawdotgov3.png?itok=e4eFKe0l (Law books in a library) +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/LAW_lawdotgov3.png?itok=e4eFKe0l "Law books in a library" [2]: https://opensource.org/osd [3]: https://opensource.org/ [4]: https://opensource.org/licenses/CAL-1.0 From 0d2621b59138460ff31bfb808d2557ea57612027 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wyxplus <32919297+wyxplus@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Thu, 18 Mar 2021 22:46:12 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 246/309] Rename sources/tech/20210225 4 new open source licenses.md to translated/tech/20210225 4 new open source licenses.md --- .../tech/20210225 4 new open source licenses.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {sources => translated}/tech/20210225 4 new open source licenses.md (100%) diff --git a/sources/tech/20210225 4 new open source licenses.md b/translated/tech/20210225 4 new open source licenses.md similarity index 100% rename from sources/tech/20210225 4 new open source licenses.md rename to translated/tech/20210225 4 new open source licenses.md From dcc2e9ed2b44de9966acc1e86ac9358269f6f268 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wyxplus <32919297+wyxplus@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Thu, 18 Mar 2021 22:58:16 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 247/309] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=94=B3=E8=AF=B7=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...15 How to automate your cryptocurrency trades with Python.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20200415 How to automate your cryptocurrency trades with Python.md b/sources/tech/20200415 How to automate your cryptocurrency trades with Python.md index c216d22663..01ae887940 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20200415 How to automate your cryptocurrency trades with Python.md +++ b/sources/tech/20200415 How to automate your cryptocurrency trades with Python.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (wyxplus) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From bf5a4767609ab0e8cc6ba7e923c101526977c1de Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Thu, 18 Mar 2021 23:07:06 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 248/309] PRF @stevenzdg988 --- ...rocesses on Linux with kill and killall.md | 59 ++++++++----------- 1 file changed, 26 insertions(+), 33 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20200127 Managing processes on Linux with kill and killall.md b/translated/tech/20200127 Managing processes on Linux with kill and killall.md index 3af55382f5..30fd9adc26 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20200127 Managing processes on Linux with kill and killall.md +++ b/translated/tech/20200127 Managing processes on Linux with kill and killall.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ [#]: collector: "lujun9972" [#]: translator: "wyxplus" -[#]: reviewer: " " +[#]: reviewer: "wxy" [#]: publisher: " " [#]: url: " " [#]: subject: "Managing processes on Linux with kill and killall" @@ -10,13 +10,13 @@ 在 Linux 上使用 kill 和 killall 命令来管理进程 ====== -了解如何使用 ps，kill 和 killall 命令来终止进程并回收系统资源。 -![Penguin with green background][1] +> 了解如何使用 ps、kill 和 killall 命令来终止进程并回收系统资源。 -在Linux中，每个程序和守护程序都是一个“进程”。 大多数进程代表一个正在运行的程序。 其他程序可以派生出其他进程，比如说有侦听某些事件的发生并对其做出响应的进程。 并且每个进程都需要申请内存空间和处理器使用权。你运行的进程越多，所需的内存和 CPU 使用周期就越多。在老式电脑（例如我使用了 7 年的笔记本电脑或轻量级计算机（例如树莓派）上，如果你关注过后台运行的进程，则可以充分利用你的系统。 +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/202103/18/230625q6g65gz6ugdk8ygr.jpg) -你可以使用 **ps** 命令来查看正在运行的进程。你通常会使用 **ps** 命令的参数来显示出更多的输出信息。我喜欢使用 **-e** 参数来查看每个正在运行的进程，以及 **-f** 参数来获得每个进程的全部细节。以下是一些例子： +在 Linux 中，每个程序和守护程序daemon都是一个“进程process”。 大多数进程代表一个正在运行的程序。而另外一些程序可以派生出其他进程，比如说它会侦听某些事件的发生，然后对其做出响应。并且每个进程都需要一定的内存和处理能力。你运行的进程越多，所需的内存和 CPU 使用周期就越多。在老式电脑（例如我使用了 7 年的笔记本电脑）或轻量级计算机（例如树莓派）上，如果你关注过后台运行的进程，就能充分利用你的系统。 +你可以使用 `ps` 命令来查看正在运行的进程。你通常会使用 `ps` 命令的参数来显示出更多的输出信息。我喜欢使用 `-e` 参数来查看每个正在运行的进程，以及 `-f` 参数来获得每个进程的全部细节。以下是一些例子： ``` $ ps @@ -24,9 +24,8 @@ $ ps 88000 pts/0 00:00:00 bash 88052 pts/0 00:00:00 ps 88053 pts/0 00:00:00 head - -[/code] [code] - +``` +``` $ ps -e | head PID TTY TIME CMD 1 ? 00:00:50 systemd @@ -38,9 +37,8 @@ $ ps -e | head 10 ? 00:00:01 ksoftirqd/0 11 ? 00:00:12 rcu_sched 12 ? 00:00:00 migration/0 - -[/code] [code] - +``` +``` $ ps -ef | head UID PID PPID C STIME TTY TIME CMD root 1 0 0 13:51 ? 00:00:50 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd --switched-root --system --deserialize 36 @@ -54,14 +52,13 @@ root 11 2 0 13:51 ? 00:00:12 [rcu_sched] root 12 2 0 13:51 ? 00:00:00 [migration/0] ``` -最后的例子显示最多的细节。在每一行，UID（用户 ID）表示进程所有者。PID（进程 ID）代表每个进程的 ID，并且 PPID（父进程 ID）表示父进程的 ID。在任何 Unix 系统中，进程号是从 1 开始编号，内核启动后运行的第一个进程。在这里， **systemd** 是第一个进程，它产生了 **kthreadd**，而 **kthreadd** 创建其他进程，包括 **rcu_gp**, **rcu_par_gp** 和其他许多进程。 +最后的例子显示最多的细节。在每一行，`UID`（用户 ID）显示了该进程的所有者。`PID`（进程 ID）代表每个进程的数字 ID，而 `PPID`（父进程 ID）表示其父进程的数字 ID。在任何 Unix 系统中，进程是从 1 开始编号，是内核启动后运行的第一个进程。在这里，`systemd` 是第一个进程，它催生了 `kthreadd`，而 `kthreadd` 还创建了其他进程，包括 `rcu_gp`、`rcu_par_gp` 等一系列进程。 ### 使用 kill 命令来管理进程 -系统会关注大多数后台进程，所以你不必担心这些进程。你只需要关注那些你所运行应用所创建的进程。然而许多应用一次只运行一个进程（如音乐播放器、终端模拟器或游戏等），其他应用则可能产生后台进程。一些应用可能当你退出后还在后台运行，以便下次你使用的时候能快速启动。 - -当我运行 Chromium（作为谷歌 Chrome 浏览器所基于的项目）时，进程管理便成了问题。 Chromium 在我的笔记本电脑上运行非常吃力，并产生了许多额外的进程。现在仅打开五个选项卡，我可以看到这些 Chromium 进程运行情况： +系统会处理大多数后台进程，所以你不需要操心这些进程。你只需要关注那些你所运行的应用创建的进程。虽然许多应用一次只运行一个进程（如音乐播放器、终端模拟器或游戏等），但其他应用则可能创建后台进程。其中一些应用可能当你退出后还在后台运行，以便下次你使用的时候能快速启动。 +当我运行 Chromium（作为谷歌 Chrome 浏览器所基于的开源项目）时，进程管理便成了问题。 Chromium 在我的笔记本电脑上运行非常吃力，并产生了许多额外的进程。现在我仅打开五个选项卡，就能看到这些 Chromium 进程： ``` $ ps -ef | fgrep chromium @@ -72,17 +69,16 @@ jhall 66861 [...] /usr/lib64/chromium-browser/chromium-browser [...] jhall 67329 65132 0 15:45 pts/0 00:00:00 grep -F chromium ``` -我已经省略一些，其中有 20 个 Chromium 进程和一个正在搜索 “chromium" 字符的 **grep** 进程。 - +我已经省略一些行，其中有 20 个 Chromium 进程和一个正在搜索 “chromium" 字符的 `grep` 进程。 ``` $ ps -ef | fgrep chromium | wc -l 21 ``` -但是在我退出 Chromium 之后，这些进程仍旧运行。如何关闭它们并回收这些进程占用的内存和 CPU呢？ +但是在我退出 Chromium 之后，这些进程仍旧运行。如何关闭它们并回收这些进程占用的内存和 CPU 呢？ - **kill** 命令能让你终止一个进程。在最简单的情况下，你用 **kill** PID 命令来终止你想终止的进程。例如，要终止这些进程，我需要对 20 个 Chromium 进程 ID 都执行 **kill** 命令。一种方法是使用命令行获取 Chromium PID，而另一种方法针对该列表运行 **kill**： +`kill` 命令能让你终止一个进程。在最简单的情况下，你告诉 `kill` 命令终止你想终止的进程的 PID。例如，要终止这些进程，我需要对 20 个 Chromium 进程 ID 都执行 `kill` 命令。一种方法是使用命令行获取 Chromium 的 PID，而另一种方法针对该列表运行 `kill`： ``` @@ -109,34 +105,31 @@ $ ps -ef | fgrep /usr/lib64/chromium-browser/chromium-browser | awk '{print $2}' 66861 69702 -$ ps -ef | fgrep /usr/lib64/chromium-browser/chromium-browser | awk '{print $2}' > /tmp/pids -$ kill $( cat /tmp/pids) +$ ps -ef | fgrep /usr/lib64/chromium-browser/chromium-browser | awk '{print $2}' > /tmp/pids +$ kill $(cat /tmp/pids) ``` -最后两行是关键。第一个命令行为 Chromium 浏览器生成一个进程 ID 列表。第二个命令行针对该进程 ID 列表运行 **kill** 命令。 +最后两行是关键。第一个命令行为 Chromium 浏览器生成一个进程 ID 列表。第二个命令行针对该进程 ID 列表运行 `kill` 命令。 ### 介绍 killall 命令 -一次终止多个进程有个更简单方法，使用 **killall** 命令。你或许可以根据名称猜测出，**killall **会终止所有与该名字匹配的进程。这意味着我们可以使用此命令来停止所有流氓 Chromium 进程。这很简单： - +一次终止多个进程有个更简单方法，使用 `killall` 命令。你或许可以根据名称猜测出，`killall` 会终止所有与该名字匹配的进程。这意味着我们可以使用此命令来停止所有流氓 Chromium 进程。这很简单： ``` -`$ killall /usr/lib64/chromium-browser/chromium-browser` +$ killall /usr/lib64/chromium-browser/chromium-browser ``` -但是要小心使用 **killall**。该命令能够终止你所给出名称相匹配的所有进程。这就是为什么我喜欢先使用 **ps -ef** 命令来检查我正在运行的进程，然后针对要停止的命令的准确路径运行 **killall**。 +但是要小心使用 `killall`。该命令能够终止与你所给出名称相匹配的所有进程。这就是为什么我喜欢先使用 `ps -ef` 命令来检查我正在运行的进程，然后针对要停止的命令的准确路径运行 `killall`。 -您可能会想使用 **-i** 或 **\--interactive** 参数，使得 **killkill** 会提示你想要停止每个进程。 +你也可以使用 `-i` 或 `--interactive` 参数，来让 `killkill` 在停止每个进程之前提示你。 -**killall** 还支持使用 **-o** 或 **\--than-than** 参数来查找比特定时间更早的进程。例如，这将有助于你发现一组无人值守运行了几天的无赖进程。又或是，你可以查找比特定时间更迟的进程，例如您最近启动的高占用进程。使用 **-y** 或 **\--young-than** 参数来查找这些进程。 +`killall` 还支持使用 `-o` 或 `--older-than` 参数来查找比特定时间更早的进程。例如，如果你发现了一组已经运行了好几天的恶意进程，这将会很有帮助。又或是，你可以查找比特定时间更晚的进程，例如你最近启动的失控进程。使用 `-y` 或 `--young-than` 参数来查找这些进程。 ### 其他管理进程的方式 +进程管理是系统维护重要的一部分。在我作为 Unix 和 Linux 系统管理员的早期职业生涯中，杀死非法作业的能力是保持系统正常运行的关键。在如今，你可能不需要亲手在 Linux 上的终止流氓进程，但是知道 `kill` 和 `killall` 能够在最终出现问题时为你提供帮助。 - -进程管理是系统维护重要的一部分。在我早期职业生涯中，作为 Unix 和 Linux 的系统管理员，杀死非法作业的能力是保持系统正常运行的关键。在如今，你可能不需要亲手在 Linux 上的终止恶意进程，但是知道 **kill** 和 **killall** 能够在最终出现问题时为你提供帮助。 - -你也能寻找其他方式来管理进程。对我而言，我不需要在我退出浏览器后，使用 **kill** 或 **killall** 来终止后台Chromium 进程。在 Chromium 中有个简单设置可以进行控制： +你也能寻找其他方式来管理进程。在我这个案例中，我并不需要在我退出浏览器后，使用 `kill` 或 `killall` 来终止后台 Chromium 进程。在 Chromium 中有个简单设置就可以进行控制： ![Chromium background processes setting][2] @@ -149,7 +142,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/20/1/linux-kill-killall 作者：[Jim Hall][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[wyxplus](https://github.com/wyxplus) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 8db6378549a905807971834bbd44ab77024ac1ac Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Thu, 18 Mar 2021 23:07:38 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 249/309] PUB @stevenzdg988 https://linux.cn/article-13215-1.html --- ...00127 Managing processes on Linux with kill and killall.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20200127 Managing processes on Linux with kill and killall.md (99%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20200127 Managing processes on Linux with kill and killall.md b/published/20200127 Managing processes on Linux with kill and killall.md similarity index 99% rename from translated/tech/20200127 Managing processes on Linux with kill and killall.md rename to published/20200127 Managing processes on Linux with kill and killall.md index 30fd9adc26..1d5e76b80e 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20200127 Managing processes on Linux with kill and killall.md +++ b/published/20200127 Managing processes on Linux with kill and killall.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: "lujun9972" [#]: translator: "wyxplus" [#]: reviewer: "wxy" -[#]: publisher: " " -[#]: url: " " +[#]: publisher: "wxy" +[#]: url: "https://linux.cn/article-13215-1.html" [#]: subject: "Managing processes on Linux with kill and killall" [#]: via: "https://opensource.com/article/20/1/linux-kill-killall" [#]: author: "Jim Hall https://opensource.com/users/jim-hall" From b1b0f445df0fcd27a7860afe28cd7b27a4f27f97 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Fri, 19 Mar 2021 05:17:24 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 250/309] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020210319=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Top=2010=20Terminal=20Emulators=20for=20Linux=20(With=20Extra?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Features=20or=20Amazing=20Looks)?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20210319 Top 10 Terminal Emulators for Linux (With Extra Features or Amazing Looks).md --- ... (With Extra Features or Amazing Looks).md | 360 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 360 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20210319 Top 10 Terminal Emulators for Linux (With Extra Features or Amazing Looks).md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210319 Top 10 Terminal Emulators for Linux (With Extra Features or Amazing Looks).md b/sources/tech/20210319 Top 10 Terminal Emulators for Linux (With Extra Features or Amazing Looks).md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..c0ad13c041 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20210319 Top 10 Terminal Emulators for Linux (With Extra Features or Amazing Looks).md @@ -0,0 +1,360 @@ +[#]: subject: (Top 10 Terminal Emulators for Linux (With Extra Features or Amazing Looks)) +[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/linux-terminal-emulators/) +[#]: author: (Ankush Das https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +Top 10 Terminal Emulators for Linux (With Extra Features or Amazing Looks) +====== + +By default, all Linux distributions already come pre-installed with a terminal application or terminal emulator (correct technical term). Of course, depending on the desktop environment, it will look and feel different. + +Here’s the thing about Linux. You are not restricted to what your distribution provides. You can opt for an alternative application of your choice. Terminal is no different. There are several impressive terminal emulators that offer unique features for a better user experience or for better looks. + +Here, I will be compiling a list of such interesting terminal applications that you can try on your Linux distribution. + +### Awesome Terminal Emulators for Linux + +The list is in no particular order of ranking. I’ve tried to list the interesting ones first followed by some of the most popular terminal emulators. Also, I have highlighted the key features for every terminal emulator mentioned, choose what you prefer. + +#### 1\. Terminator + +![][1] + +**Key Highlights:** + + * Multiple GNOME terminals in one window + + + +Terminator is decently popular terminal emulator which is still being maintained (moved from Launchpad to GitHub). + +It basically provides you multiple GNOME terminals in one window. You can easily group and re-group terminal windows with the help of it. You may feel like using a tiling window manager but with some restrictions. + +[Gnome Terminator][2] + +##### How to install Terminator? + +For Ubuntu-based distros, all you have to do is type in the following command in the terminal: + +``` +sudo apt install terminator +``` + +You should find it in most of Linux distributions through the default repositories. But, if you need help installing, go through the [GitHub page][3]. + +#### 2\. Guake Terminal + +![][4] + +**Key Highlights:** + + * Tailored for quick access to terminal on GNOME + * Works fast and does not need a lot of system resource + * Shortcut key to access + + + +Guake terminal was originally inspired by an FPS game Quake. Unlike some other terminal emulators, it works as an overlay on every other active window. + +All you have to do is summon the emulator using a shortcut key (F12) and it will appear from the top. You get customize the width or position of the emulator, but most of the users should be fine with the default setting. + +Not just as a handy terminal emulator, it offers a ton of features like ability to restore tabs, having multiple tabs, color-coding each tab, and more. You can check out my separate article on [Guake][5] to learn more. + +[Guake][6] + +##### How to install Guake Terminal? + +Guake is available in the default repositories for most of the Linux distributions. You can refer to its [official installation instructions][7]. + +Or if you’re using Debian-based distro, just type in the following command: + +``` +sudo apt install guake +``` + +#### 3\. Tilix Terminal + +![][8] + +**Key Highlights:** + + * Tiling feature + * Drag and drop support + * Drop down Quake mode + + + +Tilix Terminal offers a similar drop-down experience that you find with Guake – but it also lets you have multiple terminal windows in tiling mode. + +This is particularly useful if you do not have tiling windows by default in your Linux distribution and have a big screen to work on multiple terminal windows without needing to switching between workspaces. + +We’ve already covered it before [separately][9] if you’re curious to learn more about it. + +[Tilix][10] + +##### How to install Tilix? + +Tilix is available in the default repositories for most of the distributions. If you’re using Ubuntu-based distro, simply type in: + +``` +sudo apt install tilix +``` + +**Recommended Read:** + +![][11] + +#### [5 Tweaks to Customize the Look of Your Linux Terminal][12] + +Want to beautify your Linux terminal and give it a different look? Here are a few ways you can customize your terminal. + +#### 4\. Hyper + +![][13] + +**Key Highlights:** + + * Terminal built on HTML/CSS/JS + * Electron-based + * Cross-platform + * Extensive configuration options + + + +Hyper is yet another interesting terminal emulator that is built on web technologies. It doesn’t provide a unique user experience, but looks quite different and offers a ton of customization options. + +It also supports installing themes and plugins to easily customize the appearance of the terminal. You can explore more about it in their [GitHub page][14]. + +[Hyper][15] + +##### How to install Hyper? + +Hyper is not available in the default repositories. However, you can find both .deb and .rpm packages available to install through their [official website][16]. + +If you’re new, read through the articles to get help [using deb files][17] and [using RPM files][18]. + +#### 5\. Tilda + +![][19] + +**Key Highlights:** + + * Drop down terminal + * Search bar integrated + + + +Tilda is another drop-down GTK-based terminal emulator. Unlike some others, it focuses on providing an integrated search bar which you can toggle and also lets you customize many things. + +You can also set hotkeys for quick access or a certain action. Functionally, it is quite impressive. However, visually, I don’t like how the overlay behaves and does not support drag and drop as well. You might give it a try though. + +[Tilda][20] + +##### How to install Tilda? + +For Ubuntu-based distros, you can simply type in: + +``` +sudo apt install tilda +``` + +You can refer to its [GitHub page][20] for installation instructions on other distributions. + +#### 6\. eDEX-UI + +![][21] + +**Key Highlights:** + + * Sci-Fi Look + * Cross-platform + * Theme options to customize + * Supports Multiple terminal tabs + + + +If you’re not looking particularly for a terminal emulator to help you get your work done faster, eDEX-UI is something that you must try. + +It is absolutely a beautiful terminal emulator for sci-fi fans and for users who just want their terminal to look unique. In case you didn’t know, it is heavily inspired from the **TRON legacy** movie. + +Not just the design or the interface, overall, it offers you a unique user experience that you will enjoy. It also lets you [customize the terminal][12]. It does require a significant amount of system resource if you’re planning to try it. + +You might want to check our dedicated article on [eDEX-UI][22] to know more about it and the steps to install it. + +[eDEX-UI][23] + +##### How to install eDEX-UI? + +You can find it in some of the repositories that include [AUR][24]. In either case, you can grab a package available for your Linux distribution (or an AppImage file) from its [GitHub releases section][25]. + +**Recommended Read:** + +![][11] + +#### [5 Tweaks to Customize the Look of Your Linux Terminal][12] + +Want to beautify your Linux terminal and give it a different look? Here are a few ways you can customize your terminal. + +#### 7\. Cool Retro Terminal + +![][26] + +**Key Highlights:** + + * Retro Theme + * Animation/Effects to tweak + + + +Cool Retro Terminal is a unique terminal emulator that provides you with a look of a vintage cathode ray tube monitor. + +If you’re looking for some extra-functionality terminal emulator, this may disappoint you. However, it is impressive to note that it is decently light on resources and allows you to customize the color, effects, and fonts. + +[Cool Retro Theme][27] + +##### How to install Cool Retro Terminal? + +You can find all the installation instructions for major Linux distributions in its [GitHub page][27]. For Ubuntu-based distros, you can type in the following in the terminal: + +``` +sudo apt install cool-retro-term +``` + +#### 8\. Alacritty + +![][28] + +**Key Highlights:** + + * Cross-platform + * Extension options and focuses on integration + + + +Alacritty is an interesting open-source cross-platform terminal emulator. Even though it is considered as something in “beta” phase, it still works. + +It aims to provide you extensive configuration options while keeping the performance in mind. For instance, the ability to click through a URL using a keyboard, copying text to a clipboard, and performing a search using “Vi” mode may intrigue you to try it. + +You can explore its GitHub page for more information. + +[Alacritty][29] + +##### How to install Alacritty? + +Alacritty can be installed using package managers says the official GitHub page, but I couldn’t find it in the default repository or [synaptic package manager][30] on Linux Mint 20.1. + +You can follow the [installation instructions][31] to set it up manually if you want to try it. + +#### 9\. Konsole + +![][32] + +**Key Highlights:** + + * KDE’s terminal + * Lightweight and customizable + + + +If you’re not a newbie, this probably needs no introduction. Konsole is the default terminal emulator for KDE desktop environments. + +Not just limited to that, it also comes integrated with a lot of KDE apps as well. Even if you’re using some other desktop environment, you can still try Konsole. It is a lightweight terminal emulator with a host of features. + +You can have multiple tabs and multiple grouped windows as well. Lot of customization options to change the look and feel of the terminal emulator as well. + +[Konsole][33] + +##### How to install Konsole? + +For Ubuntu-based distros and most other distributions, you can install it using the default repository. With Debian-based distros, you just need to type this in the terminal: + +``` +sudo apt install konsole +``` + +#### 10\. GNOME Terminal + +![][34] + +**Key Highlights:** + + * GNOME’s terminal + * Simple yet customizable + + + +If you’re utilizing any Ubuntu-based GNOME distribution, it already comes baked in. It may not be as customizable as Konsole (depends on what you’re doing) but it lets you configure most of the important aspects of the terminal easily. + +Overall, it offers a good user experience and an easy-to-use interface with essential functions. + +I’ve also covered a tutorial to [customize your GNOME terminal][12] if you’re curious. + +##### How to install GNOME Terminal? + +If you’re not using GNOME desktop but want to try it out, you can easily install it through the default repositories. + +For Debian-based distros, here’s what you need to type in the terminal: + +``` +sudo apt install gnome-terminal +``` + +### Wrapping Up + +There are several terminal emulators available out there. You can try anything you like if you’re looking for a different user experience. However, if you’re aiming for a stable and productive experience, you need to test the terminal emulators before you can rely on them. + +For most of the users, the default terminal emulators should be good enough. But, if you’re looking for quick access (Quake Mode) or Tiling feature or multiple windows in a terminal, feel free to try out the options mentioned above. + +What’s your favorite terminal emulator on Linux? Did I miss listing your favorite? Feel free to let me know your thoughts in the comments down below. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/linux-terminal-emulators/ + +作者：[Ankush Das][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/terminator-terminal.jpg?resize=800%2C436&ssl=1 +[2]: https://gnome-terminator.org +[3]: https://github.com/gnome-terminator/terminator +[4]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/guake-terminal-2.png?resize=800%2C432&ssl=1 +[5]: https://itsfoss.com/guake-terminal/ +[6]: https://github.com/Guake/guake +[7]: https://guake.readthedocs.io/en/latest/user/installing.html#system-wide-installation +[8]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/tilix-screenshot.png?resize=800%2C460&ssl=1 +[9]: https://itsfoss.com/tilix-terminal-emulator/ +[10]: https://gnunn1.github.io/tilix-web/ +[11]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/linux-terminal-customization.jpg?fit=800%2C450&ssl=1 +[12]: https://itsfoss.com/customize-linux-terminal/ +[13]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/hyper-screenshot.png?resize=800%2C527&ssl=1 +[14]: https://github.com/vercel/hyper +[15]: https://hyper.is/ +[16]: https://hyper.is/#installation +[17]: https://itsfoss.com/install-deb-files-ubuntu/ +[18]: https://itsfoss.com/install-rpm-files-fedora/ +[19]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/tilda-terminal.jpg?resize=800%2C427&ssl=1 +[20]: https://github.com/lanoxx/tilda +[21]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/edex-ui-screenshot.png?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1 +[22]: https://itsfoss.com/edex-ui-sci-fi-terminal/ +[23]: https://github.com/GitSquared/edex-ui +[24]: https://itsfoss.com/aur-arch-linux/ +[25]: https://github.com/GitSquared/edex-ui/releases +[26]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/cool-retro-term-1.jpg?resize=799%2C450&ssl=1 +[27]: https://github.com/Swordfish90/cool-retro-term +[28]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/alacritty-screenshot.png?resize=800%2C496&ssl=1 +[29]: https://github.com/alacritty/alacritty +[30]: https://itsfoss.com/synaptic-package-manager/ +[31]: https://github.com/alacritty/alacritty/blob/master/INSTALL.md#debianubuntu +[32]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/konsole-screenshot.png?resize=800%2C512&ssl=1 +[33]: https://konsole.kde.org/ +[34]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/default-terminal.jpg?resize=773%2C493&ssl=1 From 847558ede6ae954dd0837764069c583961533d49 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Fri, 19 Mar 2021 05:18:29 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 251/309] add done: 20210319 Top 10 Terminal Emulators for Linux (With Extra Features or Amazing Looks).md --- sources/tech/20210319 .md | 25 +++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 25 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20210319 .md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210319 .md b/sources/tech/20210319 .md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ef27954c71 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20210319 .md @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +[#]: subject: () +[#]: via: (https://www.2daygeek.com/journalctl-read-linux-system-logs/) +[#]: author: ( ) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + + +====== + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.2daygeek.com/journalctl-read-linux-system-logs/ + +作者：[][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 From 509a1b2195250bd385dc33296067696573b23582 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Fri, 19 Mar 2021 05:19:49 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 252/309] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020210318=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Practice=20using=20the=20Linux=20grep=20command?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20210318 Practice using the Linux grep command.md --- ...8 Practice using the Linux grep command.md | 207 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 207 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20210318 Practice using the Linux grep command.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210318 Practice using the Linux grep command.md b/sources/tech/20210318 Practice using the Linux grep command.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..0995f6d085 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20210318 Practice using the Linux grep command.md @@ -0,0 +1,207 @@ +[#]: subject: (Practice using the Linux grep command) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/3/grep-cheat-sheet) +[#]: author: (Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +Practice using the Linux grep command +====== +Learn the basics on searching for info in your files, then download our +cheat sheet for a quick reference guide to grep and regex. +![Hand putting a Linux file folder into a drawer][1] + +One of the classic Unix commands, developed way back in 1974 by Ken Thompson, is the Global Regular Expression Print (grep) command. It's so ubiquitous in computing that it's frequently used as a verb ("grepping through a file") and, depending on how geeky your audience, it fits nicely into real-world scenarios, too. (For example, "I'll have to grep my memory banks to recall that information.") In short, grep is a way to search through a file for a specific pattern of characters. If that sounds like the modern Find function available in any word processor or text editor, then you've already experienced grep's effects on the computing industry. + +Far from just being a quaint old command that's been supplanted by modern technology, grep's true power lies in two aspects: + + * Grep works in the terminal and operates on streams of data, so you can incorporate it into complex processes. You can not only _find_ a word in a text file; you can extract the word, send it to another command, and so on. + * Grep uses regular expression to provide a flexible search capability. + + + +Learning the `grep` command is easy, although it does take some practice. This article introduces you to some of its features I find most useful. + +**[Download our free [grep cheat sheet][2]]** + +### Installing grep + +If you're using Linux, you already have grep installed. + +On macOS, you have the BSD version of grep. This differs slightly from the GNU version, so if you want to follow along exactly with this article, then install GNU grep from a project like [Homebrew][3] or [MacPorts][4]. + +### Basic grep + +The basic grep syntax is always the same. You provide the `grep` command a pattern and a file you want it to search. In return, it prints each line to your terminal with a match. + + +``` +$ grep gnu gpl-3.0.txt +    along with this program.  If not, see <[http://www.gnu.org/licenses/\>][5]. +<[http://www.gnu.org/licenses/\>][5]. +<[http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html\>][6]. +``` + +By default, the `grep` command is case-sensitive, so "gnu" is different from "GNU" or "Gnu." You can make it ignore capitalization with the `--ignore-case` option. + + +``` +$ grep --ignore-case gnu gpl-3.0.txt +                    GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE +  The GNU General Public License is a free, copyleft license for +the GNU General Public License is intended to guarantee your freedom to +GNU General Public License for most of our software; it applies also to +[...16 more results...] +<[http://www.gnu.org/licenses/\>][5]. +<[http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html\>][6]. +``` + +You can also make the `grep` command return all lines _without_ a match by using the `--invert-match` option: + + +``` +$ grep --invert-match \ +\--ignore-case gnu gpl-3.0.txt +                      Version 3, 29 June 2007 + + Copyright (C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. <[http://fsf.org/\>][7] +[...648 lines...] +Public License instead of this License.  But first, please read +``` + +### Pipes + +It's useful to be able to find text in a file, but the true power of [POSIX][8] is its ability to chain commands together through "pipes." I find that my best use of grep is when it's combined with other tools, like cut, tr, or [curl][9]. + +For instance, assume I have a file that lists some technical papers I want to download. I could open the file and manually click on each link, and then click through Firefox options to save each file to my hard drive, but that's a lot of time and clicking. Instead, I could grep for the links in the file, printing _only_ the matching string by using the `--only-matching` option: + + +``` +$ grep --only-matching http\:\/\/.*pdf example.html + + + +``` + +The output is a list of URLs, each on one line. This is a natural fit for how Bash processes data, so instead of having the URLs printed to my terminal, I can just pipe them into `curl`: + + +``` +$ grep --only-matching http\:\/\/.*pdf \ +example.html | curl --remote-name +``` + +This downloads each file, saving it according to its remote filename onto my hard drive. + +My search pattern in this example may seem cryptic. That's because it uses regular expression, a kind of "wildcard" language that's particularly useful when searching broadly through lots of text. + +### Regular expression + +Nobody is under the illusion that regular expression ("regex" for short) is easy. However, I find it often has a worse reputation than it deserves. Admittedly, there's the potential for people to get a little _too clever_ with regex until it's so unreadable and so broad that it folds in on itself, but you don't have to overdo your regex. Here's a brief introduction to regex the way I use it. + +First, create a file called `example.txt` and enter this text into it: + + +``` +Albania +Algeria +Canada +0 +1 +3 +11 +``` + +The most basic element of regex is the humble `.` character. It represents a single character. + + +``` +$ grep Can.da example.txt +Canada +``` + +The pattern `Can.da` successfully returned `Canada` because the `.` character represented any _one_ character. + +The `.` wildcard can be modified to represent more than one character with these notations: + + * `?` matches the preceding item zero or one time + * `*` matches the preceding item zero or more times + * `+` matches the preceding item one or more times + * `{4}` matches the preceding item up to four (or any number you enter in the braces) times + + + +Armed with this knowledge, you can practice regex on `example.txt` all afternoon, seeing what interesting combinations you come up with. Some won't work; others will. The important thing is to analyze the results, so you understand why. + +For instance, this fails to return any country: + + +``` +`$ grep A.a example.txt` +``` + +It fails because the `.` character can only ever match a single character unless you level it up. Using the `*` character, you can tell `grep` to match a single character zero or as many times as necessary until it reaches the end of the word. Because you know the list you're dealing with, you know that _zero times_ is useless in this instance. There are definitely no three-letter country names in this list. So instead, you can use `+` to match a single character at least once and then again as many times as necessary until the end of the word: + + +``` +$ grep A.+a example.txt +Albania +Algeria +``` + +You can use square brackets to provide a list of letters: + + +``` +$ grep [A,C].+a example.txt +Albania +Algeria +Canada +``` + +This works for numbers, too. The results may surprise you: + + +``` +$ grep [1-9] example.txt +1 +3 +11 +``` + +Are you surprised to see 11 in a search for digits 1 to 9? + +What happens if you add 13 to your list? + +These numbers are returned because they include 1, which is among the list of digits to match. + +As you can see, regex is something of a puzzle, but through experimentation and practice, you can get comfortable with it and use it to improve the way you grep through your data. + +### Download the cheatsheet + +The `grep` command has far more options than I demonstrated in this article. There are options to better format results, list files and line numbers containing matches, provide context for results by printing the lines surrounding a match, and much more. If you're learning grep, or you just find yourself using it often and resorting to searching through its `info` pages, you'll do yourself a favor by downloading our cheat sheet for it. The cheat sheet uses short options (`-v` instead of `--invert-matching`, for instance) as a way to get you familiar with common grep shorthand. It also contains a regex section to help you remember the most common regex codes. [Download the grep cheat sheet today!][2] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/21/3/grep-cheat-sheet + +作者：[Seth Kenlon][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/seth +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/yearbook-haff-rx-linux-file-lead_0.png?itok=-i0NNfDC (Hand putting a Linux file folder into a drawer) +[2]: https://opensource.com/downloads/grep-cheat-sheet +[3]: https://opensource.com/article/20/6/homebrew-mac +[4]: https://opensource.com/article/20/11/macports +[5]: http://www.gnu.org/licenses/\> +[6]: http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html\> +[7]: http://fsf.org/\> +[8]: https://opensource.com/article/19/7/what-posix-richard-stallman-explains +[9]: https://opensource.com/downloads/curl-command-cheat-sheet From 9d3e2c275508a9ecfb3634989f43a1a0e8952568 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Fri, 19 Mar 2021 05:21:13 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 253/309] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020210318=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Get=20started=20with=20an=20open=20source=20customer=20data=20p?= =?UTF-8?q?latform?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20210318 Get started with an open source customer data platform.md --- ...h an open source customer data platform.md | 225 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 225 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20210318 Get started with an open source customer data platform.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210318 Get started with an open source customer data platform.md b/sources/tech/20210318 Get started with an open source customer data platform.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..9cdbc1d34d --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20210318 Get started with an open source customer data platform.md @@ -0,0 +1,225 @@ +[#]: subject: (Get started with an open source customer data platform) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/3/rudderstack-customer-data-platform) +[#]: author: (Amey Varangaonkar https://opensource.com/users/ameypv) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +Get started with an open source customer data platform +====== +As an open source alternative to Segment, RudderStack collects and +routes event stream (or clickstream) data and automatically builds your +customer data lake on your data warehouse. +![Person standing in front of a giant computer screen with numbers, data][1] + +[RudderStack][2] is an open source, warehouse-first customer data pipeline. It collects and routes event stream (or clickstream) data and automatically builds your customer data lake on your data warehouse. + +RudderStack is commonly known as the open source alternative to the customer data platform (CDP), [Segment][3]. It provides a more secure, flexible, and cost-effective solution in comparison. You get all the CDP functionality with added security and full ownership of your customer data. + +Warehouse-first tools like RudderStack are architected to build functional data lakes in the user's data warehouse. The benefits are improved data control, increased flexibility in tool use, and (frequently) lower costs. Since it's open source, you can see how complicated processes—like building your identity graph—are done without relying on a vendor's black box. + +### Getting the RudderStack workspace token + +Before you get started, you will need the RudderStack workspace token from your RudderStack dashboard. To get it: + + 1. Go to the [RudderStack dashboard][4]. + + 2. Log in using your credentials (or sign up for an account, if you don't already have one). + +![RudderStack login screen][5] + +(RudderStack, [CC BY-SA 4.0][6]) + + 3. Once you've logged in, you should see the workspace token on your RudderStack dashboard. + +![RudderStack workspace token][7] + +(RudderStack, [CC BY-SA 4.0][6]) + + + + +### Installing RudderStack + +Setting up a RudderStack open source instance is straightforward. You have two installation options: + + 1. On your Kubernetes cluster, using RudderStack's Helm charts + 2. On your Docker container, using the `docker-compose` command + + + +This tutorial explains how to use both options but assumes that you already have [Git installed on your system][8]. + +#### Deploying with Kubernetes + +You can deploy RudderStack on your Kubernetes cluster using the [Helm][9] package manager. + +_If you plan to use RudderStack in production, we strongly recommend using this method._ This is because the Docker images are updated with bug fixes more frequently than the GitHub repository (which follows a monthly release cycle). + +Before you can deploy RudderStack on Kubernetes, make sure you have the following prerequisites in place: + + * [Install and connect kubectl][10] to your Kubernetes cluster. + * [Install Helm][11] on your system, either through the Helm installer scripts or its package manager. + * Finally, get the workspace token from the RudderStack dashboard by following the steps in the [Getting the RudderStack workspace token][12] section. + + + +Once you've completed all the prerequisites, deploy RudderStack on your default Kubernetes cluster: + + 1. Find the Helm chart required to deploy RudderStack in this [repo][13]. + 2. Install the Helm chart with a release name of your choice (`my-release`, in this example) from the root directory of the repo in the previous step: [code] $ helm install \ +my-release ./ --set \ +rudderWorkspaceToken="<your workspace token from RudderStack dashboard>" +``` +This deploys RudderStack on your default Kubernetes cluster configured with kubectl using the workspace token you obtained from the RudderStack dashboard. + +For more details on the configurable parameters in the RudderStack Helm chart or updating the versions of the images used, consult the [documentation][14]. + +### Deploying with Docker + +Docker is the easiest and fastest way to set up your open source RudderStack instance. + +First, get the workspace token from the RudderStack dashboard by following the steps above. + +Once you have the RudderStack workspace token: + + 1. Download the [**rudder-docker.yml**][15] docker-compose file required for the installation. + 2. Replace `` in this file with your RudderStack workspace token. + 3. Set up RudderStack on your Docker container by running: [code]`docker-compose -f rudder-docker.yml up` +``` + + + +Now RudderStack should be up and running on your Docker instance. + +### Verifying the installation + +You can verify your RudderStack installation by sending test events using the bundled shell script: + + 1. Clone the GitHub repository: [code]`git clone https://github.com/rudderlabs/rudder-server.git` +``` + 2. In this tutorial, you will verify RudderStack by sending test events to Google Analytics. Make sure you have a Google Analytics account and keep the tracking ID handy. Also, note that the Google Analytics account needs to have a `Web` property. + + 3. In the [RudderStack hosted control plane][4]: + + * Add a source on the RudderStack dashboard by following the [Adding a source and destination in RudderStack][16] guide. You can use either of RudderStack's event stream software development kits (SDKs) for sending events from your app. This example sets up the [JavaScript SDK][17] as a source on the dashboard. **Note:** You aren't actually installing the RudderStack JavaScript SDK on your site in this step; you are just creating the source in RudderStack. + + * Configure a Google Analytics destination on the RudderStack dashboard using the instructions in the guide mentioned previously. Use the Google Analytics tracking ID you kept from step 2 of this section: + +![Google Analytics tracking ID][18] + +(RudderStack, [CC BY-SA 4.0][6]) + + 4. As mentioned before, RudderStack bundles a shell script that generates test events. Get the **Source write key** from the RudderStack dashboard: + +![RudderStack source write key][19] + +(RudderStack, [CC BY-SA 4.0][6]) + + 5. Next, run: [code]`./scripts/generate-event https://hosted.rudderlabs.com/v1/batch` +``` + + 6. Finally, log into your Google Analytics account and verify that the events were delivered. In your Google Analytics account, navigate to **RealTime** -> **Events**. The RealTime view is important because some dashboards can take one to two days to refresh. + + + + +### Optional: Setting up the open source control plane + +RudderStack's core architecture contains two major components: the data plane and the control plane. The data plane, [rudder-server][20], delivers your event data, and the RudderStack hosted control plane manages the configuration of your sources and destinations. + +However, if you want to manage the source and destination configurations locally, you can set an open source control plane in your environment using the RudderStack Config Generator. (You must have [Node.js][21] installed on your system to use it.) + +Here are the steps to set up the control plane: + + 1. Install and set up RudderStack on the platform of your choice by following the instructions above. + 2. Run the following commands in this order: + * `cd utils/config-gen` + * `npm install` + * `npm start` + + + +You should now be able to access the open source control plane at `http://localhost:3000` by default. If your setup is successful, you will see the user interface. + +![RudderStack open source control plane][22] + +(RudderStack, [CC BY-SA 4.0][6]) + +To export the existing workspace configuration from the RudderStack-hosted control plane and have RudderStack use it, consult the [docs][23]. + +### RudderStack and open source + +The core of RudderStack is in the [rudder-server][20] repository. It is open source, licensed under [AGPL-3.0][24]. A majority of the destination integrations live in the [rudder-transformer][25] repository. They are open source as well, licensed under the [MIT License][26]. The SDKs and instrumentation repositories, several tool and utility repositories, and even some [dbt][27] model repositories for use-cases like customer journey analysis and sessionization for the data residing in your data warehouse are open source, licensed under the MIT License, and available in the [GitHub repository][28]. + +You can use RudderStack's open source offering, rudder-server, on your platform of choice. There are setup guides for [Docker][29], [Kubernetes][30], [native installation][31], and [developer machines][32]. + +RudderStack open source offers: + + 1. RudderStack event stream + 2. 15+ SDKs and source integrations to ingest event data + 3. 80+ destination and warehouse integrations + 4. Slack community support + + + +#### RudderStack Cloud + +RudderStack also offers a managed option, [RudderStack Cloud][33]. It is fast, reliable, and highly scalable with a multi-node architecture and sophisticated error-handling mechanism. You can hit peak event volume without worrying about downtime, loss of events, or latency. + +Explore our open source repos on [GitHub][28], subscribe to [our blog][34], and follow us on social media: [Twitter][35], [LinkedIn][36], [dev.to][37], [Medium][38], and [YouTube][39]! + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/21/3/rudderstack-customer-data-platform + +作者：[Amey Varangaonkar][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/ameypv +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/data_metrics_analytics_desktop_laptop.png?itok=9QXd7AUr (Person standing in front of a giant computer screen with numbers, data) +[2]: https://rudderstack.com/ +[3]: https://segment.com/ +[4]: https://app.rudderstack.com/ +[5]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/rudderstack_login.png (RudderStack login screen) +[6]: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ +[7]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/rudderstack_workspace-token.png (RudderStack workspace token) +[8]: https://opensource.com/life/16/7/stumbling-git +[9]: https://helm.sh/ +[10]: https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/tools/install-kubectl/ +[11]: https://helm.sh/docs/intro/install/ +[12]: tmp.AhGpFIyrbZ#token +[13]: https://github.com/rudderlabs/rudderstack-helm +[14]: https://docs.rudderstack.com/installing-and-setting-up-rudderstack/kubernetes +[15]: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/rudderlabs/rudder-server/master/rudder-docker.yml +[16]: https://docs.rudderstack.com/get-started/adding-source-and-destination-rudderstack +[17]: https://docs.rudderstack.com/rudderstack-sdk-integration-guides/rudderstack-javascript-sdk +[18]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/googleanalyticstrackingid.png (Google Analytics tracking ID) +[19]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/rudderstack_sourcewritekey.png (RudderStack source write key) +[20]: https://github.com/rudderlabs/rudder-server +[21]: https://nodejs.org/en/download/ +[22]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/rudderstack_controlplane.png (RudderStack open source control plane) +[23]: https://docs.rudderstack.com/how-to-guides/rudderstack-config-generator +[24]: https://www.gnu.org/licenses/agpl-3.0-standalone.html +[25]: https://github.com/rudderlabs/rudder-transformer +[26]: https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT +[27]: https://www.getdbt.com/ +[28]: https://github.com/rudderlabs +[29]: https://docs.rudderstack.com/get-started/installing-and-setting-up-rudderstack/docker +[30]: https://docs.rudderstack.com/get-started/installing-and-setting-up-rudderstack/kubernetes +[31]: https://docs.rudderstack.com/get-started/installing-and-setting-up-rudderstack/native-installation +[32]: https://docs.rudderstack.com/get-started/installing-and-setting-up-rudderstack/developer-machine-setup +[33]: https://resources.rudderstack.com/rudderstack-cloud +[34]: https://rudderstack.com/blog/ +[35]: https://twitter.com/RudderStack +[36]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/rudderlabs/ +[37]: https://dev.to/rudderstack +[38]: https://rudderstack.medium.com/ +[39]: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCgV-B77bV_-LOmKYHw8jvBw From ef9a8a3f48e78258346a402e5d3aaa676666e198 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Fri, 19 Mar 2021 05:23:32 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 254/309] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020210318=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Reverse=20Engineering=20a=20Docker=20Image?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20210318 Reverse Engineering a Docker Image.md --- ...0318 Reverse Engineering a Docker Image.md | 285 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 285 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20210318 Reverse Engineering a Docker Image.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210318 Reverse Engineering a Docker Image.md b/sources/tech/20210318 Reverse Engineering a Docker Image.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..a9e68d0585 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20210318 Reverse Engineering a Docker Image.md @@ -0,0 +1,285 @@ +[#]: subject: (Reverse Engineering a Docker Image) +[#]: via: (https://theartofmachinery.com/2021/03/18/reverse_engineering_a_docker_image.html) +[#]: author: (Simon Arneaud https://theartofmachinery.com) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +Reverse Engineering a Docker Image +====== + +This started with a consulting snafu: Government organisation A got government organisation B to develop a web application. Government organisation B subcontracted part of the work to somebody. Hosting and maintenance of the project was later contracted out to a private-sector company C. Company C discovered that the subcontracted somebody (who was long gone) had built a custom Docker image and made it a dependency of the build system, but without committing the original Dockerfile. That left company C with a contractual obligation to manage a Docker image they had no source code for. Company C calls me in once in a while to do various things, so doing something about this mystery meat Docker image became my job. + +Fortunately, the Docker image format is a lot more transparent than it could be. A little detective work is needed, but a lot can be figured out just by pulling apart an image file. As an example, here’s a quick walkthrough of an image for [the Prettier code formatter][1]. + +First let’s get the Docker daemon to pull the image, then extract the image to a file: + +``` +docker pull tmknom/prettier:2.0.5 +docker save tmknom/prettier:2.0.5 > prettier.tar +``` + +Yes, the file is just an archive in the classic tarball format: + +``` +$ tar xvf prettier.tar +6c37da2ee7de579a0bf5495df32ba3e7807b0a42e2a02779206d165f55f1ba70/ +6c37da2ee7de579a0bf5495df32ba3e7807b0a42e2a02779206d165f55f1ba70/VERSION +6c37da2ee7de579a0bf5495df32ba3e7807b0a42e2a02779206d165f55f1ba70/json +6c37da2ee7de579a0bf5495df32ba3e7807b0a42e2a02779206d165f55f1ba70/layer.tar +88f38be28f05f38dba94ce0c1328ebe2b963b65848ab96594f8172a9c3b0f25b.json +a9cc4ace48cd792ef888ade20810f82f6c24aaf2436f30337a2a712cd054dc97/ +a9cc4ace48cd792ef888ade20810f82f6c24aaf2436f30337a2a712cd054dc97/VERSION +a9cc4ace48cd792ef888ade20810f82f6c24aaf2436f30337a2a712cd054dc97/json +a9cc4ace48cd792ef888ade20810f82f6c24aaf2436f30337a2a712cd054dc97/layer.tar +d4f612de5397f1fc91272cfbad245b89eac8fa4ad9f0fc10a40ffbb54a356cb4/ +d4f612de5397f1fc91272cfbad245b89eac8fa4ad9f0fc10a40ffbb54a356cb4/VERSION +d4f612de5397f1fc91272cfbad245b89eac8fa4ad9f0fc10a40ffbb54a356cb4/json +d4f612de5397f1fc91272cfbad245b89eac8fa4ad9f0fc10a40ffbb54a356cb4/layer.tar +manifest.json +repositories +``` + +As you can see, Docker uses hashes a lot for naming things. Let’s have a look at the `manifest.json`. It’s in hard-to-read compacted JSON, but the [`jq` JSON Swiss Army knife][2] can pretty print it for us: + +``` +$ jq . manifest.json +[ + { + "Config": "88f38be28f05f38dba94ce0c1328ebe2b963b65848ab96594f8172a9c3b0f25b.json", + "RepoTags": [ + "tmknom/prettier:2.0.5" + ], + "Layers": [ + "a9cc4ace48cd792ef888ade20810f82f6c24aaf2436f30337a2a712cd054dc97/layer.tar", + "d4f612de5397f1fc91272cfbad245b89eac8fa4ad9f0fc10a40ffbb54a356cb4/layer.tar", + "6c37da2ee7de579a0bf5495df32ba3e7807b0a42e2a02779206d165f55f1ba70/layer.tar" + ] + } +] +``` + +Note that the three layers correspond to the three hash-named directories. We’ll look at them later. For now, let’s look at the JSON file pointed to by the `Config` key. It’s a little long, so I’ll just dump the first bit here: + +``` +$ jq . 88f38be28f05f38dba94ce0c1328ebe2b963b65848ab96594f8172a9c3b0f25b.json | head -n 20 +{ + "architecture": "amd64", + "config": { + "Hostname": "", + "Domainname": "", + "User": "", + "AttachStdin": false, + "AttachStdout": false, + "AttachStderr": false, + "Tty": false, + "OpenStdin": false, + "StdinOnce": false, + "Env": [ + "PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin" + ], + "Cmd": [ + "--help" + ], + "ArgsEscaped": true, + "Image": "sha256:93e72874b338c1e0734025e1d8ebe259d4f16265dc2840f88c4c754e1c01ba0a", +``` + +The most interesting part is the `history` list, which lists every single layer in the image. A Docker image is a stack of these layers. Almost every statement in a Dockerfile turns into a layer that describes the changes to the image made by that statement. If you have a `RUN script.sh` statement that creates `really_big_file` that you then delete with `RUN rm really_big_file`, you actually get two layers in the Docker image: one that contains `really_big_file`, and one that contains a `.wh.really_big_file` tombstone to cancel it out. The overall image file isn’t any smaller. That’s why you often see Dockerfile statements chained together like `RUN script.sh && rm really_big_file` — it ensures all changes are coalesced into one layer. + +Here are all the layers recorded in the Docker image. Notice that most layers don’t change the filesystem image and are marked `"empty_layer": true`. Only three are non-empty, which matches up with what we saw before. + +``` +$ jq .history 88f38be28f05f38dba94ce0c1328ebe2b963b65848ab96594f8172a9c3b0f25b.json +[ + { + "created": "2020-04-24T01:05:03.608058404Z", + "created_by": "/bin/sh -c #(nop) ADD file:b91adb67b670d3a6ff9463e48b7def903ed516be66fc4282d22c53e41512be49 in / " + }, + { + "created": "2020-04-24T01:05:03.92860976Z", + "created_by": "/bin/sh -c #(nop) CMD [\"/bin/sh\"]", + "empty_layer": true + }, + { + "created": "2020-04-29T06:34:06.617130538Z", + "created_by": "/bin/sh -c #(nop) ARG BUILD_DATE", + "empty_layer": true + }, + { + "created": "2020-04-29T06:34:07.020521808Z", + "created_by": "/bin/sh -c #(nop) ARG VCS_REF", + "empty_layer": true + }, + { + "created": "2020-04-29T06:34:07.36915054Z", + "created_by": "/bin/sh -c #(nop) ARG VERSION", + "empty_layer": true + }, + { + "created": "2020-04-29T06:34:07.708820086Z", + "created_by": "/bin/sh -c #(nop) ARG REPO_NAME", + "empty_layer": true + }, + { + "created": "2020-04-29T06:34:08.06429638Z", + "created_by": "/bin/sh -c #(nop) LABEL org.label-schema.vendor=tmknom org.label-schema.name=tmknom/prettier org.label-schema.description=Prettier is an opinionated code formatter. org.label-schema.build-date=2020-04-29T06:34:01Z org +.label-schema.version=2.0.5 org.label-schema.vcs-ref=35d2587 org.label-schema.vcs-url=https://github.com/tmknom/prettier org.label-schema.usage=https://github.com/tmknom/prettier/blob/master/README.md#usage org.label-schema.docker.cmd=do +cker run --rm -v $PWD:/work tmknom/prettier --parser=markdown --write '**/*.md' org.label-schema.schema-version=1.0", + "empty_layer": true + }, + { + "created": "2020-04-29T06:34:08.511269907Z", + "created_by": "/bin/sh -c #(nop) ARG NODEJS_VERSION=12.15.0-r1", + "empty_layer": true + }, + { + "created": "2020-04-29T06:34:08.775876657Z", + "created_by": "/bin/sh -c #(nop) ARG PRETTIER_VERSION", + "empty_layer": true + }, + { + "created": "2020-04-29T06:34:26.399622951Z", + "created_by": "|6 BUILD_DATE=2020-04-29T06:34:01Z NODEJS_VERSION=12.15.0-r1 PRETTIER_VERSION=2.0.5 REPO_NAME=tmknom/prettier VCS_REF=35d2587 VERSION=2.0.5 /bin/sh -c set -x && apk add --no-cache nodejs=${NODEJS_VERSION} nodejs-np +m=${NODEJS_VERSION} && npm install -g prettier@${PRETTIER_VERSION} && npm cache clean --force && apk del nodejs-npm" + }, + { + "created": "2020-04-29T06:34:26.764034848Z", + "created_by": "/bin/sh -c #(nop) WORKDIR /work" + }, + { + "created": "2020-04-29T06:34:27.092671047Z", + "created_by": "/bin/sh -c #(nop) ENTRYPOINT [\"/usr/bin/prettier\"]", + "empty_layer": true + }, + { + "created": "2020-04-29T06:34:27.406606712Z", + "created_by": "/bin/sh -c #(nop) CMD [\"--help\"]", + "empty_layer": true + } +] +``` + +Fantastic! All the statements are right there in the `created_by` fields, so we can almost reconstruct the Dockerfile just from this. Almost. The `ADD` statement at the very top doesn’t actually give us the file we need to `ADD`. `COPY` statements are also going to be opaque. We also lose `FROM` statements because they expand out to all the layers inherited from the base Docker image. + +We can group the layers by Dockerfile by looking at the timestamps. Most layer timestamps are under a minute apart, representing how long each layer took to build. However, the first two layers are from `2020-04-24`, and the rest of the layers are from `2020-04-29`. This would be because the first two layers are from a base Docker image. Ideally we’d figure out a `FROM` statement that gets us that image, so that we have a maintainable Dockerfile. + +The `manifest.json` says that the first non-empty layer is `a9cc4ace48cd792ef888ade20810f82f6c24aaf2436f30337a2a712cd054dc97/layer.tar`. Let’s take a look: + +``` +$ cd a9cc4ace48cd792ef888ade20810f82f6c24aaf2436f30337a2a712cd054dc97/ +$ tar tf layer.tf | head +bin/ +bin/arch +bin/ash +bin/base64 +bin/bbconfig +bin/busybox +bin/cat +bin/chgrp +bin/chmod +bin/chown +``` + +Okay, that looks like it might be an operating system base image, which is what you’d expect from a typical Dockerfile. There are 488 entries in the tarball, and if you scroll through them, some interesting ones stand out: + +``` +... +dev/ +etc/ +etc/alpine-release +etc/apk/ +etc/apk/arch +etc/apk/keys/ +etc/apk/keys/alpine-devel@lists.alpinelinux.org-4a6a0840.rsa.pub +etc/apk/keys/alpine-devel@lists.alpinelinux.org-5243ef4b.rsa.pub +etc/apk/keys/alpine-devel@lists.alpinelinux.org-5261cecb.rsa.pub +etc/apk/protected_paths.d/ +etc/apk/repositories +etc/apk/world +etc/conf.d/ +... +``` + +Sure enough, it’s an [Alpine][3] image, which you might have guessed if you noticed that the other layers used an `apk` command to install packages. Let’s extract the tarball and look around: + +``` +$ mkdir files +$ cd files +$ tar xf ../layer.tar +$ ls +bin dev etc home lib media mnt opt proc root run sbin srv sys tmp usr var +$ cat etc/alpine-release +3.11.6 +``` + +If you pull `alpine:3.11.6` and extract it, you’ll find that there’s one non-empty layer inside it, and the `layer.tar` is identical to the `layer.tar` in the base layer of the Prettier image. + +Just for the heck of it, what’s in the other two non-empty layers? The second layer is the main layer containing the Prettier installation. It has 528 entries, including Prettier, a bunch of dependencies and certificate updates: + +``` +... +usr/lib/libuv.so.1 +usr/lib/libuv.so.1.0.0 +usr/lib/node_modules/ +usr/lib/node_modules/prettier/ +usr/lib/node_modules/prettier/LICENSE +usr/lib/node_modules/prettier/README.md +usr/lib/node_modules/prettier/bin-prettier.js +usr/lib/node_modules/prettier/doc.js +usr/lib/node_modules/prettier/index.js +usr/lib/node_modules/prettier/package.json +usr/lib/node_modules/prettier/parser-angular.js +usr/lib/node_modules/prettier/parser-babel.js +usr/lib/node_modules/prettier/parser-flow.js +usr/lib/node_modules/prettier/parser-glimmer.js +usr/lib/node_modules/prettier/parser-graphql.js +usr/lib/node_modules/prettier/parser-html.js +usr/lib/node_modules/prettier/parser-markdown.js +usr/lib/node_modules/prettier/parser-postcss.js +usr/lib/node_modules/prettier/parser-typescript.js +usr/lib/node_modules/prettier/parser-yaml.js +usr/lib/node_modules/prettier/standalone.js +usr/lib/node_modules/prettier/third-party.js +usr/local/ +usr/local/share/ +usr/local/share/ca-certificates/ +usr/sbin/ +usr/sbin/update-ca-certificates +usr/share/ +usr/share/ca-certificates/ +usr/share/ca-certificates/mozilla/ +usr/share/ca-certificates/mozilla/ACCVRAIZ1.crt +usr/share/ca-certificates/mozilla/AC_RAIZ_FNMT-RCM.crt +usr/share/ca-certificates/mozilla/Actalis_Authentication_Root_CA.crt +... +``` + +The third layer is created by the `WORKDIR /work` statement, and it contains exactly one entry: + +``` +$ tar tf 6c37da2ee7de579a0bf5495df32ba3e7807b0a42e2a02779206d165f55f1ba70/layer.tar +work/ +``` + +[The original Dockerfile is in the Prettier git repo.][4] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://theartofmachinery.com/2021/03/18/reverse_engineering_a_docker_image.html + +作者：[Simon Arneaud][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://theartofmachinery.com +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://github.com/tmknom/prettier +[2]: https://stedolan.github.io/jq/ +[3]: https://www.alpinelinux.org/ +[4]: https://github.com/tmknom/prettier/blob/35d2587ec052e880d73f73547f1ffc2b11e29597/Dockerfile From fc65dab1a64ea24e941ab2185a487af9b4be4136 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Fri, 19 Mar 2021 08:48:17 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 255/309] translating --- ...Recorder for GNOME With Wayland Support.md | 108 ------------------ ...Recorder for GNOME With Wayland Support.md | 108 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 108 insertions(+), 108 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20210316 Kooha is a Nascent Screen Recorder for GNOME With Wayland Support.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20210316 Kooha is a Nascent Screen Recorder for GNOME With Wayland Support.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210316 Kooha is a Nascent Screen Recorder for GNOME With Wayland Support.md b/sources/tech/20210316 Kooha is a Nascent Screen Recorder for GNOME With Wayland Support.md deleted file mode 100644 index 5c1668bad1..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20210316 Kooha is a Nascent Screen Recorder for GNOME With Wayland Support.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,108 +0,0 @@ -[#]: subject: (Kooha is a Nascent Screen Recorder for GNOME With Wayland Support) -[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/kooha-screen-recorder/) -[#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/) -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) - -Kooha is a Nascent Screen Recorder for GNOME With Wayland Support -====== - -There is not a single [decent screen recording software for Linux][1] that supports Wayland display server. - -[GNOME’s built-in screen recorder][1] is probably the rare (and lone) one that works if you are using Wayland. But that screen recorder has no visible interface and features you expect in a standard screen recording software. - -Thankfully, there is a new application in development that provides a bit more feature than GNOME screen recorder and works okay-ish on Wayland. - -### Meet Kooha: a new screen recorder for GNOME desktop - -![][2] - -[Kooha][3] is an application in the nascent stage of development. It can be used in GNOME and it is built with GTK and PyGObject. In fact, it utilizes the same backend as the GNOME’s built-in screen recorder. - -Here are the features Kooha has: - - * Record the entire screen or a selected area - * Works on both Wayland and Xorg display servers - * Records audio from microphone along with the video - * Option to include or omit mouse pointer - * Can add a delay of 5 or 10 seconds before start the recording - * Supports recording in WebM and MKV formats - * Allows to change the default saving location - * Supports a few keyboard shortcuts - - - -### My experience with Kooha - -![][4] - -I was contacted by its developer, Dave Patrick and since I desperately want a good screen recorder, I immediately went on to try it. - -At present, [Kooha is only available to install via Flatpak][5]. I installed Flatpak and when I tried to use it, nothing was recorded. I had a quick email discussion with Dave and he told me that it was due to a [bug with GNOME screen recorder in Ubuntu 20.10][6]. - -You can imagine my desperation for a screen recorder with Wayland support that I [upgraded my Ubuntu to the beta version][7] of 21.04. - -The screen recording worked in 21.04 but it could still not record the audio from the microphone. - -There are a few more things that I noticed and didn’t work smoothly to my liking. - -For example, while recording the counter remains visible on the screen and is included in the recording. I wouldn’t want that in a video tutorial. You wouldn’t like to see that either I guess. - -![][8] - -Another thing is about multi-monitor support. There is no option to exclusively select a particular screen. I connect with two external monitors and by default it recorded all three of them. Setting a capture region could be used but dragging it to exact pixels of a screen is a time-consuming task. - -There is no option to set the frame rate or encoding that comes with [Kazam][9] or other legacy screen recorders. - -### Installing Kooha on Linux (if you are using GNOME) - -Please make sure to enable Flatpak support on your Linux distribution. It only works with GNOME for now so please check which desktop environment you are using. - -Use this command to add Flathub to your Flatpak repositories list: - -``` -flatpak remote-add --if-not-exists flathub https://flathub.org/repo/flathub.flatpakrepo -``` - -And then use this command to install it: - -``` -flatpak install flathub io.github.seadve.Kooha -``` - -You may run it from the menu or by using this command: - -``` -flatpak run io.github.seadve.Kooha -``` - -### Conclusion - -Kooha is not perfect but considering the huge void in the Wayland domain, I hope that the developers work on fixing the issues and adding more features. This is important considering [Ubuntu 21.04 is switching to Wayland by default][10] and some other popular distros like Fedora and openSUSE already use Wayland by default. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://itsfoss.com/kooha-screen-recorder/ - -作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://itsfoss.com/gnome-screen-recorder/ -[2]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/kooha-screen-recorder.png?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1 -[3]: https://github.com/SeaDve/Kooha -[4]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/kooha.png?resize=797%2C364&ssl=1 -[5]: https://flathub.org/apps/details/io.github.seadve.Kooha -[6]: https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/gnome-shell/+bug/1901391 -[7]: https://itsfoss.com/upgrade-ubuntu-beta/ -[8]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/kooha-recording.jpg?resize=800%2C636&ssl=1 -[9]: https://itsfoss.com/kazam-screen-recorder/ -[10]: https://news.itsfoss.com/ubuntu-21-04-wayland/ diff --git a/translated/tech/20210316 Kooha is a Nascent Screen Recorder for GNOME With Wayland Support.md b/translated/tech/20210316 Kooha is a Nascent Screen Recorder for GNOME With Wayland Support.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..654ca32da9 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20210316 Kooha is a Nascent Screen Recorder for GNOME With Wayland Support.md @@ -0,0 +1,108 @@ +[#]: subject: (Kooha is a Nascent Screen Recorder for GNOME With Wayland Support) +[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/kooha-screen-recorder/) +[#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +Kooha 是一款支持 Wayland 的新生 GNOME 屏幕录像机 +====== + +Linux 中没有一个[像样的支持 Wayland 显示服务器的屏幕录制软件][1]。 + +如果你使用 Wayland 的话，[GNOME 内置的屏幕录像机][1]可能是少有的（也是唯一的）支持的软件。但是那个屏幕录像机没有可视界面和你所期望的标准屏幕录像软件的功能。 + +值得庆幸的是，有一个新的应用正在开发中，它提供了比 GNOME 屏幕录像机更多一点的功能，并且在 Wayland 上也能正常工作。 + +### 遇见 Kooha：一个新的 GNOME 桌面屏幕录像机 + +![][2] + +[Kooha][3] 是一个处于开发初期阶段的应用，它可以在 GNOME 中使用，并且用 GTK 和 PyGObject 构建。事实上，它利用了与 GNOME 内置屏幕录像机相同的后端。 + +以下是 Kooha 的功能： + + * 录制整个屏幕或选定区域 + * 在 Wayland 和 Xorg 显示服务器上均可使用 + * 在视频里用麦克风记录音频 + * 包含或忽略鼠标指针的选项 + * 可以在开始录制前增加 5 秒或 10 秒的延迟 + * 支持 WebM 和 MKV 格式的录制 + * 允许更改默认保存位置 + * 支持一些键盘快捷键 + + + +### 我的 Kooha 体验 + +![][4] + +它的开发者 Dave Patrick 联系了我，由于我急需一款好用的屏幕录像机，所以我马上就去试用了。 + +目前，[Kooha 只能通过 Flatpak 安装][5]。我安装了 Flatpak，当我试着使用时，它什么都没有记录。我和 Dave 进行了快速的邮件讨论，他告诉我这是由于 [Ubuntu 20.10 中 GNOME 屏幕录像机的 bug][6]。 + +你可以想象我对支持 Wayland 的屏幕录像机的绝望，我[将我的 Ubuntu 升级到 21.04 测试版][7]。 + +在 21.04 中，可以屏幕录像，但仍然无法录制麦克风的音频。 + +我注意到了另外几件无法按照我的喜好顺利进行的事情。 + +例如，在录制时，计时器在屏幕上仍然可见，并且包含在录像中。我不会希望在视频教程中出现这种情况。我想你也不会喜欢看到这些吧。 + +![][8] + +另外就是关于多显示器的支持。没有专门选择某一个屏幕的选项。我连接了两个外部显示器，默认情况下，它录制所有三个显示器。可以使用设置捕捉区域，但精确拖动屏幕区域是一项耗时的任务。 + +它也没有 [Kazam][9] 或其他传统屏幕录像机中有的设置帧率或者编码的选项。 + +### 在 Linux 上安装 Kooha（如果你使用 GNOME） + +请确保在你的 Linux 发行版上启用 Flatpak 支持。目前它只适用于 GNOME，所以请检查你使用的桌面环境。 + +使用此命令将 Flathub 添加到你的 Flatpak 仓库列表中： + +``` +flatpak remote-add --if-not-exists flathub https://flathub.org/repo/flathub.flatpakrepo +``` + +然后用这个命令来安装： + +``` +flatpak install flathub io.github.seadve.Kooha +``` + +你可以通过菜单或使用这个命令来运行它： + +``` +flatpak run io.github.seadve.Kooha +``` + +### 总结 + +Kooha 并不完美，但考虑到 Wayland 领域的巨大空白，我希望开发者努力修复这些问题并增加更多的功能。考虑到 [Ubuntu 21.04 将默认切换到 Wayland][10]，以及其他一些流行的发行版如 Fedora 和 openSUSE 已经默认使用 Wayland，这一点很重要。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/kooha-screen-recorder/ + +作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://itsfoss.com/gnome-screen-recorder/ +[2]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/kooha-screen-recorder.png?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1 +[3]: https://github.com/SeaDve/Kooha +[4]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/kooha.png?resize=797%2C364&ssl=1 +[5]: https://flathub.org/apps/details/io.github.seadve.Kooha +[6]: https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/gnome-shell/+bug/1901391 +[7]: https://itsfoss.com/upgrade-ubuntu-beta/ +[8]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/kooha-recording.jpg?resize=800%2C636&ssl=1 +[9]: https://itsfoss.com/kazam-screen-recorder/ +[10]: https://news.itsfoss.com/ubuntu-21-04-wayland/ From 633eee81e6e20995583d3d2cad03acc17b454179 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Fri, 19 Mar 2021 08:56:41 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 256/309] translating --- ...10315 6 things to know about using WebAssembly on Firefox.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20210315 6 things to know about using WebAssembly on Firefox.md b/sources/tech/20210315 6 things to know about using WebAssembly on Firefox.md index 75defe41d8..ccb889fd16 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20210315 6 things to know about using WebAssembly on Firefox.md +++ b/sources/tech/20210315 6 things to know about using WebAssembly on Firefox.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/3/webassembly-firefox) [#]: author: (Stephan Avenwedde https://opensource.com/users/hansic99) [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From d340d6c0199a28fcd20a724af0a9d488bc16d078 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Fri, 19 Mar 2021 09:24:33 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 257/309] PRF @geekpi --- ...ork parental controls on a Raspberry Pi.md | 33 ++++++++----------- 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20210311 Set up network parental controls on a Raspberry Pi.md b/translated/tech/20210311 Set up network parental controls on a Raspberry Pi.md index 2a67c68139..a3954daaaa 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20210311 Set up network parental controls on a Raspberry Pi.md +++ b/translated/tech/20210311 Set up network parental controls on a Raspberry Pi.md @@ -3,28 +3,29 @@ [#]: author: (Daniel Oh https://opensource.com/users/daniel-oh) [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) -在树莓派上设置网络家长控制 +在树莓派上设置家庭网络的家长控制 ====== -用最少的时间和金钱投入，就能保证孩子上网安全。 + +> 用最少的时间和金钱投入，就能保证孩子上网安全。 + ![Family learning and reading together at night in a room][1] 家长们一直在寻找保护孩子们上网的方法，从防止恶意软件、横幅广告、弹出窗口、活动跟踪脚本和其他问题，到防止他们在应该做功课的时候玩游戏和看 YouTube。许多企业使用工具来规范员工的网络安全和活动，但问题是如何在家里实现这一点？ -简短的答案是一台小巧、廉价的树莓派电脑，它可以让你为孩子和你在家的工作设置家长控制。本文将为你介绍如何使用树莓派轻松构建自己的家长控制家庭网络。 +简短的答案是一台小巧、廉价的树莓派电脑，它可以让你为孩子和你在家的工作设置家长控制parental controls。本文将引导你了解使用树莓派构建自己的启用了家长控制功能的家庭网络有多么容易。 ### 安装硬件和软件 -对于这个项目，你需要一个树莓派和一个家庭网络路由器。如果你只花 5 分钟浏览在线购物网站，你会发现很多选择。[树莓派 4][2] 和 [TP-Link 路由器][3]是初学者的好选择。 - -有了网络设备和树莓派后，你需要在 Linux 容器或者受支持的操作系统中安装 [Pi-hole][4]。有几种[安装方法][5]，但一个简单的方法是在你的树莓派上执行以下命令： +对于这个项目，你需要一个树莓派和一个家庭网络路由器。如果你在线购物网站花上 5 分钟浏览，就可以发现很多选择。[树莓派 4][2] 和 [TP-Link 路由器][3] 是初学者的好选择。 +有了网络设备和树莓派后，你需要在 Linux 容器或者受支持的操作系统中安装 [Pi-hole][4]。有几种 [安装方法][5]，但一个简单的方法是在你的树莓派上执行以下命令： ``` -`curl -sSL https://install.pi-hole.net | bash` +curl -sSL https://install.pi-hole.net | bash ``` ### 配置 Pi-hole 作为你的 DNS 服务器 @@ -34,32 +35,26 @@ 1. 禁用路由器中的 DHCP 服务器设置 2. 在 Pi-hole 中启用 DHCP 服务器 +每台设备都不一样，所以我没有办法告诉你具体需要点击什么来调整设置。一般来说，你可以通过浏览器访问你家的路由器。你的路由器的地址有时会印在路由器的底部，它以 192.168 或 10 开头。 - -每台设备都不一样，所以我没有办法告诉你具体需要点击什么来调整设置。一般来说，你可以通过浏览器访问你家的路由器。你的路由器的地址有时会印在路由器的底部, 它以 192.168 或 10 开头。 - -在浏览器中，打开你的路由器的地址，并用你收到的网络服务凭证登录。它通常是简单的 `admin` 和一个数字密码（有时这个密码也打印在路由器上）。如果你不知道登录名，请打电话给你的供应商并询问详情。 +在浏览器中，打开你的路由器的地址，并用你的凭证登录。它通常是简单的 `admin` 和一个数字密码（有时这个密码也打印在路由器上）。如果你不知道登录名，请打电话给你的供应商并询问详情。 在图形界面中，寻找你的局域网内关于 DHCP 的部分，并停用 DHCP 服务器。 你的路由器界面几乎肯定会与我的不同，但这是一个我设置的例子。取消勾选 **DHCP 服务器**： ![Disable DHCP][6] -(Daniel Oh, [CC BY-SA 4.0][7]) - 接下来，你必须在 Pi-hole 上激活 DHCP 服务器。如果你不这样做，除非你手动分配 IP 地址，否则你的设备将无法上网！ -### 让你的网络变得家庭友好 +### 让你的网络适合家庭 设置完成了。现在，你的网络设备（如手机、平板电脑、笔记本电脑等）将自动找到树莓派上的 DHCP 服务器。然后，每个设备将被分配一个动态 IP 地址来访问互联网。 注意：如果你的路由器设备支持设置 DNS 服务器，你也可以在路由器中配置 DNS 客户端。客户端将把 Pi-hole 作为你的 DNS 服务器。 -要设置你的孩子可以访问哪些网站和活动的规则，打开浏览器进入 Pi-hole 管理页面，`http://pi.hole/admin/`。在仪表板上，点击**白名单**来添加你的孩子可以访问的网页。你也可以将不允许孩子访问的网站（如游戏、成人、广告、购物等）添加到**屏蔽列表**。 +要设置你的孩子可以访问哪些网站和活动的规则，打开浏览器进入 Pi-hole 管理页面，`http://pi.hole/admin/`。在仪表板上，点击“Whitelist”来添加你的孩子可以访问的网页。你也可以将不允许孩子访问的网站（如游戏、成人、广告、购物等）添加到“Blocklist”。 ![Pi-hole admin dashboard][8] -(Daniel Oh, [CC BY-SA 4.0][7]) - ### 接下来是什么？ 现在，你已经在树莓派上设置了家长控制，你可以让你的孩子更安全地上网，同时让他们访问经批准的娱乐选项。这也可以通过减少你的家庭串流来降低你的家庭网络使用量。更多高级使用方法，请访问 Pi-hole 的[文档][9]和[博客][10]。 @@ -71,7 +66,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/21/3/raspberry-pi-parental-control 作者：[Daniel Oh][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 9a60781c4b09d7925a97bfbb022cf585728e000a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Fri, 19 Mar 2021 09:25:04 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 258/309] PUB @geekpi https://linux.cn/article-13216-1.html --- ...0311 Set up network parental controls on a Raspberry Pi.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20210311 Set up network parental controls on a Raspberry Pi.md (98%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20210311 Set up network parental controls on a Raspberry Pi.md b/published/20210311 Set up network parental controls on a Raspberry Pi.md similarity index 98% rename from translated/tech/20210311 Set up network parental controls on a Raspberry Pi.md rename to published/20210311 Set up network parental controls on a Raspberry Pi.md index a3954daaaa..79b2b0aa0a 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20210311 Set up network parental controls on a Raspberry Pi.md +++ b/published/20210311 Set up network parental controls on a Raspberry Pi.md @@ -4,8 +4,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-13216-1.html) 在树莓派上设置家庭网络的家长控制 ====== From 4088054b94c7b88bf2075b8fbae211fb39ea7b3b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Fri, 19 Mar 2021 10:17:46 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 259/309] Delete 20210319 .md --- sources/tech/20210319 .md | 25 ------------------------- 1 file changed, 25 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20210319 .md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210319 .md b/sources/tech/20210319 .md deleted file mode 100644 index ef27954c71..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20210319 .md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,25 +0,0 @@ -[#]: subject: () -[#]: via: (https://www.2daygeek.com/journalctl-read-linux-system-logs/) -[#]: author: ( ) -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) - - -====== - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.2daygeek.com/journalctl-read-linux-system-logs/ - -作者：[][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 From f9410e6f0fcff2c1a317d8d7a1ac2512f5a5efc7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Sat, 20 Mar 2021 05:24:12 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 260/309] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020210319=20?= =?UTF-8?q?4=20cool=20new=20projects=20to=20try=20in=20Copr=20for=20March?= =?UTF-8?q?=202021?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20210319 4 cool new projects to try in Copr for March 2021.md --- ... projects to try in Copr for March 2021.md | 145 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 145 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20210319 4 cool new projects to try in Copr for March 2021.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210319 4 cool new projects to try in Copr for March 2021.md b/sources/tech/20210319 4 cool new projects to try in Copr for March 2021.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..a86e30693d --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20210319 4 cool new projects to try in Copr for March 2021.md @@ -0,0 +1,145 @@ +[#]: subject: (4 cool new projects to try in Copr for March 2021) +[#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/4-cool-new-projects-to-try-in-copr-for-march-2021/) +[#]: author: (Jakub Kadlčík https://fedoramagazine.org/author/frostyx/) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +4 cool new projects to try in Copr for March 2021 +====== + +![][1] + +Copr is a [collection][2] of personal repositories for software that isn’t carried in Fedora Linux. Some software doesn’t conform to standards that allow easy packaging. Or it may not meet other Fedora standards, despite being free and open-source. Copr can offer these projects outside the Fedora set of packages. Software in Copr isn’t supported by Fedora infrastructure or signed by the project. However, it can be a neat way to try new or experimental software. + +This article presents a few new and interesting projects in Copr. If you’re new to using Copr, see the [Copr User Documentation][3] for how to get started. + +### [][4] + +### Ytfzf + +[Ytfzf][5] is a simple command-line tool for searching and watching YouTube videos. It provides a fast and intuitive interface built around fuzzy find utility [fzf][6]. It uses [youtube-dl][7] to download selected videos and opens an external video player to watch them. Because of this approach, _ytfzf_ is significantly less resource-heavy than a web browser with YouTube. It supports thumbnails (via [ueberzug][8]), history saving, queueing multiple videos or downloading them for later, channel subscriptions, and other handy features. Thanks to tools like [dmenu][9] or [rofi][10], it can even be used outside the terminal. + +![][11] + +#### [][12] Installation instructions + +The [repo][13] currently provides Ytfzf for Fedora 33 and 34. To install it, use these commands: + +``` +sudo dnf copr enable bhoman/ytfzf +sudo dnf install ytfzf +``` + +### [][14] Gemini clients + +Have you ever wondered what your internet browsing experience would be if the World Wide Web went an entirely different route and didn’t adopt CSS and client-side scripting? [Gemini][15] is a modern alternative to the HTTPS protocol, although it doesn’t intend to replace it. The [stenstorp/gemini][16] Copr project provides various clients for browsing Gemini _websites_, namely [Castor][17], [Dragonstone][18], [Kristall][19], and [Lagrange][20]. + +The [Gemini][21] site provides a list of some hosts that use this protocol. Using Castor to visit this site is shown here: + +![][22] + +#### [][23] Installation instructions + +The [repo][16] currently provides Gemini clients for Fedora 32, 33, 34, and Fedora Rawhide. Also available for EPEL 7 and 8, and CentOS Stream. To install a browser, chose from the install commands shown here: + +``` +sudo dnf copr enable stenstorp/gemini + +sudo dnf install castor +sudo dnf install dragonstone +sudo dnf install kristall +sudo dnf install lagrange +``` + +### [][24] Ly + +[Ly][25] is a lightweight login manager for Linux and BSD. It features a ncurses-like text-based user interface. Theoretically, it should support all X desktop environments and window managers (many of them [were tested][26]). Ly also provides basic Wayland support (Sway works very well). Somewhere in the configuration, there is an easter egg option to enable the famous [PSX DOOM fire][27] animation in the background, which on its own, is worth checking out. + +![][28] + +#### [][29] Installation instructions + +The [repo][30] currently provides Ly for Fedora 32, 33, and Fedora Rawhide. To install it, use these commands: + +``` +sudo dnf copr enable dhalucario/ly +sudo dnf install ly +``` + +Before setting up Ly to be your system login screen, run _ly_ command in the terminal to make sure it works properly. Then proceed with disabling your current login manager and enabling Ly instead. + +``` +sudo systemctl disable gdm +sudo systemctl enable ly +``` + +Finally, restart your computer for the changes to take an effect. + +### [][31] AWS CLI v2 + +[AWS CLI v2][32] brings a steady and methodical evolution based on the community feedback, rather than a massive redesign of the original client. It introduces new mechanisms for configuring credentials and now allows the user to import credentials from the _.csv_ files generated in the AWS Console. It also provides support for AWS SSO. Other big improvements are server-side auto-completion, and interactive parameters generation. A fresh new feature is interactive wizards, which provide a higher level of abstraction and combines multiple AWS API calls to create, update, or delete AWS resources. + +![][33] + +#### [][34] Installation instructions + +The [repo][35] currently provides AWS CLI v2 for Fedora Linux 32, 33, 34, and Fedora Rawhide. To install it, use these commands: + +``` +sudo dnf copr enable spot/aws-cli-2 +sudo dnf install aws-cli-2 +``` + +Naturally, access to an AWS account is necessary. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://fedoramagazine.org/4-cool-new-projects-to-try-in-copr-for-march-2021/ + +作者：[Jakub Kadlčík][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/author/frostyx/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/4-copr-945x400-1-816x345.jpg +[2]: https://copr.fedorainfracloud.org/ +[3]: https://docs.pagure.org/copr.copr/user_documentation.html +[4]: https://github.com/FrostyX/fedora-magazine/blob/main/2021-march.md#droidcam +[5]: https://github.com/pystardust/ytfzf +[6]: https://github.com/junegunn/fzf +[7]: http://ytdl-org.github.io/youtube-dl/ +[8]: https://github.com/seebye/ueberzug +[9]: https://tools.suckless.org/dmenu/ +[10]: https://github.com/davatorium/rofi +[11]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/ytfzf.png +[12]: https://github.com/FrostyX/fedora-magazine/blob/main/2021-march.md#installation-instructions +[13]: https://copr.fedorainfracloud.org/coprs/bhoman/ytfzf/ +[14]: https://github.com/FrostyX/fedora-magazine/blob/main/2021-march.md#gemini-clients +[15]: https://gemini.circumlunar.space/ +[16]: https://copr.fedorainfracloud.org/coprs/stenstorp/gemini/ +[17]: https://git.sr.ht/~julienxx/castor +[18]: https://gitlab.com/baschdel/dragonstone +[19]: https://kristall.random-projects.net/ +[20]: https://github.com/skyjake/lagrange +[21]: https://gemini.circumlunar.space/servers/ +[22]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/gemini.png +[23]: https://github.com/FrostyX/fedora-magazine/blob/main/2021-march.md#installation-instructions-1 +[24]: https://github.com/FrostyX/fedora-magazine/blob/main/2021-march.md#ly +[25]: https://github.com/nullgemm/ly +[26]: https://github.com/nullgemm/ly#support +[27]: https://fabiensanglard.net/doom_fire_psx/index.html +[28]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/ly.png +[29]: https://github.com/FrostyX/fedora-magazine/blob/main/2021-march.md#installation-instructions-2 +[30]: https://copr.fedorainfracloud.org/coprs/dhalucario/ly/ +[31]: https://github.com/FrostyX/fedora-magazine/blob/main/2021-march.md#aws-cli-v2 +[32]: https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/developer/aws-cli-v2-is-now-generally-available/ +[33]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/aws-cli-2.png +[34]: https://github.com/FrostyX/fedora-magazine/blob/main/2021-march.md#installation-instructions-3 +[35]: https://copr.fedorainfracloud.org/coprs/spot/aws-cli-2/ From 52045ab4d763eaa3e7a0faf3f8795149c035b359 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Sat, 20 Mar 2021 05:29:58 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 261/309] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020210319=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Create=20a=20countdown=20clock=20with=20a=20Raspberry=20Pi?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20210319 Create a countdown clock with a Raspberry Pi.md --- ...e a countdown clock with a Raspberry Pi.md | 393 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 393 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20210319 Create a countdown clock with a Raspberry Pi.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210319 Create a countdown clock with a Raspberry Pi.md b/sources/tech/20210319 Create a countdown clock with a Raspberry Pi.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..bc376bd374 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20210319 Create a countdown clock with a Raspberry Pi.md @@ -0,0 +1,393 @@ +[#]: subject: (Create a countdown clock with a Raspberry Pi) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/3/raspberry-pi-countdown-clock) +[#]: author: (Chris Collins https://opensource.com/users/clcollins) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +Create a countdown clock with a Raspberry Pi +====== +Start counting down the days to your next holiday with a Raspberry Pi +and an ePaper display. +![Alarm clocks with different time][1] + +For 2021, [Pi Day][2] has come and gone, leaving fond memories and [plenty of Raspberry Pi projects][3] to try out. The days after any holiday can be hard when returning to work after high spirits and plenty of fun, and Pi Day is no exception. As we look into the face of the Ides of March, we can long for the joys of the previous, well, day. But fear no more, dear Pi Day celebrant! For today, we begin the long countdown to the next Pi Day! + +OK, but seriously. I made a Pi Day countdown timer, and you can too! + +A while back, I purchased a [Raspberry Pi Zero W][4] and recently used it to [figure out why my WiFi was so bad][5]. I was also intrigued by the idea of getting an ePaper display for the little Zero W. I didn't have a good use for one, but, dang it, it looked like fun! I purchased a little 2.13" [Waveshare display][6], which fit perfectly on top of the Raspberry Pi Zero W. It's easy to install: Just slip the display down onto the Raspberry Pi's GIPO headers and you're good to go. + +I used [Raspberry Pi OS][7] for this project, and while it surely can be done with other operating systems, the `raspi-config` command, used below, is most easily available on Raspberry Pi OS. + +### Set up the Raspberry Pi and the ePaper display + +Setting up the Raspberry Pi to work with the ePaper display requires you to enable the Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) in the Raspberry Pi software, install the BCM2835 C libraries (to access the GPIO functions for the Broadcom BCM 2835 chip on the Raspberry Pi), and install Python GPIO libraries to control the ePaper display. Finally, you need to install the Waveshare libraries for working with the 2.13" display using Python. + +Here's a step-by-step walkthrough of how to do these tasks. + +#### Enable SPI + +The easiest way to enable SPI is with the Raspberry Pi `raspi-config` command. The SPI bus allows serial data communication to be used with devices—in this case, the ePaper display: + + +``` +`$ sudo raspi-config` +``` + +From the menu that pops up, select **Interfacing Options** -> **SPI** -> **Yes** to enable the SPI interface, then reboot. + +#### Install BCM2835 libraries + +As mentioned above, the BCM2835 libraries are software for the Broadcom BCM2385 chip on the Raspberry Pi, which allows access to the GPIO pins and the ability to use them to control devices. + +As I'm writing this, the latest version of the Broadcom BCM 2835 libraries for the Raspberry Pi is v1.68. To install the libraries, you need to download the software tarball and build and install the software with `make`: + + +``` +# Download the BCM2853 libraries and extract them +$ curl -sSL -o - | tar -xzf - + +# Change directories into the extracted code +$ pushd bcm2835-1.68/ + +# Configure, build, check and install the BCM2853 libraries +$ sudo ./configure +$ sudo make check +$ sudo make install + +# Return to the original directory +$ popd +``` + +#### Install required Python libraries + +You also need some Python libraries to use Python to control the ePaper display, the `RPi.GPIO` pip package. You also need the `python3-pil` package for drawing shapes. Apparently, the PIL package is all but dead, but there is an alternative, [Pillow][8]. I have not tested Pillow for this project, but it may work: + + +``` +# Install the required Python libraries +$ sudo apt-get update +$ sudo apt-get install python3-pip python3-pil +$ sudo pip3 install RPi.GPIO +``` + +_Note: These instructions are for Python 3. You can find Python 2 instructions on Waveshare's website_ + +#### Download Waveshare examples and Python libraries + +Waveshare maintains a Git repository with Python and C libraries for working with its ePaper displays and some examples that show how to use them. For this countdown clock project, you will clone this repository and use the libraries for the 2.13" display: + + +``` +# Clone the WaveShare e-Paper git repository +$ git clone +``` + +If you're using a different display or a product from another company, you'll need to use the appropriate software for your display. + +Waveshare provides instructions for most of the above on its website: + + * [WaveShare ePaper setup instructions][9] + * [WaveShare ePaper libraries install instructions][10] + + + +#### Get a fun font (optional) + +You can display your timer however you want, but why not do it with a little style? Find a cool font to work with! + +There's a ton of [Open Font License][11] fonts available out there. I am particularly fond of Bangers. You've seen this if you've ever watched YouTube—it's used _all over_. It can be downloaded and dropped into your user's local shared fonts directory to make it available for any application, including this project: + + +``` +# The "Bangers" font is a Open Fonts License licensed font by Vernon Adams () from Google Fonts +$ mkdir -p ~/.local/share/fonts +$ curl -sSL -o fonts/Bangers-Regular.ttf +``` + +### Create a Pi Day countdown timer + +Now that you have installed the software to work with the ePaper display and a fun font to use, you can build something cool with it: a timer to count down to the next Pi Day! + +If you want, you can just grab the [countdown.py][12] Python file from this project's [GitHub repo][13] and skip to the end of this article. + +For the curious, I'll break down that file, section by section. + +#### Import some libraries + + +``` +#!/usr/bin/python3 +# -*- coding:utf-8 -*- +import logging +import os +import sys +import time + +from datetime import datetime +from pathlib import Path +from PIL import Image,ImageDraw,ImageFont + +logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO) + +basedir = Path(__file__).parent +waveshare_base = basedir.joinpath('e-Paper', 'RaspberryPi_JetsonNano', 'python') +libdir = waveshare_base.joinpath('lib') +``` + +At the start, the Python script imports some standard libraries used later in the script. You also need to add `Image`, `ImageDraw`, and `ImageFont` from the PIL package, which you'll use to draw some simple geometric shapes. Finally, set some variables for the local `lib` directory that contains the Waveshare Python libraries for working with the 2.13" display, and which you can use later to load the library from the local directory. + +#### Font size helper function + +The next part of the script has a helper function for setting the font size for your chosen font: Bangers-Regular.ttf. It takes an integer for the font size and returns an ImageFont object you can use with the display: + + +``` +def set_font_size(font_size): +    logging.info("Loading font...") +    return ImageFont.truetype(f"{basedir.joinpath('Bangers-Regular.ttf').resolve()}", font_size) +``` + +#### Countdown logic + +Next is a small function that calculates the meat of this project: how long it is until the next Pi Day. If it were, say, January, it would be relatively straightforward to count how many days are left, but you also need to consider whether Pi Day has already passed for the year (sadface), and if so, count how very, very many days are ahead until you can celebrate again: + + +``` +def countdown(now): +    piday = datetime(now.year, 3, 14) + +    # Add a year if we're past PiDay +    if piday < now: +        piday = datetime((now.year + 1), 3, 14) + +    days = (piday - now).days + +    logging.info(f"Days till piday: {days}") +    return day +``` + +#### The main function + +Finally, you get to the main function, which initializes the display and begins writing data to it. In this case, you'll write a welcome message and then begin the countdown to the next Pi Day. But first, you need to load the Waveshare library: + + +``` +def main(): + +    if os.path.exists(libdir): +        sys.path.append(f"{libdir}") +        from waveshare_epd import epd2in13_V2 +    else: +        logging.fatal(f"not found: {libdir}") +        sys.exit(1) +``` + +The snippet above checks to make sure the library has been downloaded to a directory alongside the countdown script, and then it loads the `epd2in13_V2` library. If you're using a different display, you will need to use a different library. You can also write your own if you are so inclined. I found it kind of interesting to read the Python code that Waveshare provides with the display. It's considerably less complicated than I would have imagined it to be, if somewhat tedious. + +The next bit of code creates an EPD (ePaper Display) object to interact with the display and initializes the hardware: + + +``` +    logging.info("Starting...") +    try: +        # Create an a display object +        epd = epd2in13_V2.EPD() + +        # Initialize the displace, and make sure it's clear +        # ePaper keeps it's state unless updated! +        logging.info("Initialize and clear...") +        epd.init(epd.FULL_UPDATE) +        epd.Clear(0xFF) +``` + +An interesting aside about ePaper: It uses power only when it changes a pixel from white to black or vice-versa. This means when the power is removed from the device or the application stops for whatever reason, whatever was on the screen remains. That's great from a power-consumption perspective, but it also means you need to clear the display when starting up, or your script will just write over whatever is already on the screen. Hence, `epd.Clear(0xFF)` is used to clear the display when the script starts. + +Next, create a "canvas" where you will draw the rest of your display output: + + +``` +    # Create an image object +    # NOTE: The "epd.heigh" is the LONG side of the screen +    # NOTE: The "epd.width" is the SHORT side of the screen +    # Counter-intuitive... +    logging.info(f"Creating canvas - height: {epd.height}, width: {epd.width}") +    image = Image.new('1', (epd.height, epd.width), 255)  # 255: clear the frame +    draw = ImageDraw.Draw(image) +``` + +This matches the width and height of the display—but it is somewhat counterintuitive, in that the short side of the display is the width. I think of the long side as the width, so this is just something to note. Note that the `epd.height` and `epd.width` are set by the Waveshare library to correspond to the device you're using. + +#### Welcome message + +Next, you'll start to draw something. This involves setting data on the "canvas" object you created above. This doesn't draw it to the ePaper display yet—you're just building the image you want right now. Create a little welcome message celebrating Pi Day, with an image of a piece of pie, drawn by yours truly just for this project: + +![drawing of a piece of pie][14] + +(Chris Collins, [CC BY-SA 4.0][15]) + +Cute, huh? + + +``` +    logging.info("Set text text...") +    bangers64 = set_font_size(64) +    draw.text((0, 30), 'PI DAY!', font = bangers64, fill = 0) + +    logging.info("Set BMP...") +    bmp = Image.open(basedir.joinpath("img", "pie.bmp")) +    image.paste(bmp, (150,2)) +``` + +Finally, _finally_, you get to display the canvas you drew, and it's a little bit anti-climactic: + + +``` +    logging.info("Display text and BMP") +    epd.display(epd.getbuffer(image)) +``` + +That bit above updates the display to show the image you drew. + +Next, prepare another image to display your countdown timer. + +#### Pi Day countdown timer + +First, create a new image object that you can use to draw the display. Also, set some new font sizes to use for the image: + + +``` +    logging.info("Pi Date countdown; press CTRL-C to exit") +    piday_image = Image.new('1', (epd.height, epd.width), 255) +    piday_draw = ImageDraw.Draw(piday_image) + +    # Set some more fonts +    bangers36 = set_font_size(36) +    bangers64 = set_font_size(64) +``` + +To display a ticker like a countdown, it's more efficient to update part of the image, changing the display for only what has changed in the data you want to draw. The next bit of code prepares the display to function this way: + + +``` +    # Prep for updating display +    epd.displayPartBaseImage(epd.getbuffer(piday_image)) +    epd.init(epd.PART_UPDATE) +``` + +Finally, you get to the timer bit, starting an infinite loop that checks how long it is until the next Pi Day and displays the countdown on the ePaper display. If it actually _is_ Pi Day, you can handle that with a little celebration message: + + +``` +    while (True): +        days = countdown(datetime.now()) +        unit = get_days_unit(days) + +        # Clear the bottom half of the screen by drawing a rectangle filld with white +        piday_draw.rectangle((0, 50, 250, 122), fill = 255) + +        # Draw the Header +        piday_draw.text((10,10), "Days till Pi-day:", font = bangers36, fill = 0) + +        if days == 0: +            # Draw the Pi Day celebration text! +            piday_draw.text((0, 50), f"It's Pi Day!", font = bangers64, fill = 0) +        else: +            # Draw how many days until Pi Day +            piday_draw.text((70, 50), f"{str(days)} {unit}", font = bangers64, fill = 0) + +        # Render the screen +        epd.displayPartial(epd.getbuffer(piday_image)) +        time.sleep(5) +``` + +The last bit of the script does some error handling, including some code to catch keyboard interrupts so that you can stop the infinite loop with **Ctrl**+**C** and a small function to print "day" or "days" depending on whether or not the output should be singular (for that one, single day each year when it's appropriate): + + +``` +    except IOError as e: +        logging.info(e) + +    except KeyboardInterrupt: +        logging.info("Exiting...") +        epd.init(epd.FULL_UPDATE) +        epd.Clear(0xFF) +        time.sleep(1) +        epd2in13_V2.epdconfig.module_exit() +        exit() + +def get_days_unit(count): +    if count == 1: +        return "day" + +    return "days" + +if __name__ == "__main__": +    main() +``` + +And there you have it! A script to count down and display how many days are left until Pi Day! Here's an action shot on my Raspberry Pi (sped up by 86,400; I don't have nearly enough disk space to save a day-long video): + +![Pi Day Countdown Timer In Action][16] + +(Chris Collins, [CC BY-SA 4.0][15]) + +#### Install the systemd service (optional) + +If you'd like the countdown display to run whenever the system is turned on and without you having to be logged in and run the script, you can install the optional systemd unit as a [systemd user service][17]). + +Copy the [piday.service][18] file on GitHub to `${HOME}/.config/systemd/user`, first creating the directory if it doesn't exist. Then you can enable the service and start it: + + +``` +$ mkdir -p ~/.config/systemd/user +$ cp piday.service ~/.config/systemd/user +$ systemctl --user enable piday.service +$ systemctl --user start piday.service + +# Enable lingering, to create a user session at boot +# and allow services to run after logout +$ loginctl enable-linger $USER +``` + +The script will output to the systemd journal, and the output can be viewed with the `journalctl` command. + +### It's beginning to look a lot like Pi Day! + +And _there_ you have it! A Pi Day countdown timer, displayed on an ePaper display using a Raspberry Pi Zero W, and starting on system boot with a systemd unit file! Now there are just 350-something days until we can once again come together and celebrate the fantastic device that is the Raspberry Pi. And we can see exactly how many days at a glance with our tiny project. + +But in truth, anyone can hold Pi Day in their hearts year-round, so enjoy creating some fun and educational projects with your own Raspberry Pi! + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/21/3/raspberry-pi-countdown-clock + +作者：[Chris Collins][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/clcollins +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/clocks_time.png?itok=_ID09GDk (Alarm clocks with different time) +[2]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi_Day +[3]: https://opensource.com/tags/raspberry-pi +[4]: https://www.raspberrypi.org/products/raspberry-pi-zero-w/ +[5]: https://opensource.com/article/21/3/troubleshoot-wifi-go-raspberry-pi +[6]: https://www.waveshare.com/product/displays/e-paper.htm +[7]: https://www.raspberrypi.org/software/operating-systems/ +[8]: https://pypi.org/project/Pillow/ +[9]: https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/2.13inch_e-Paper_HAT +[10]: https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Libraries_Installation_for_RPi +[11]: https://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=OFL +[12]: https://github.com/clcollins/epaper-pi-ex/blob/main/countdown.py +[13]: https://github.com/clcollins/epaper-pi-ex/ +[14]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/pie.png (drawing of a piece of pie) +[15]: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ +[16]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/piday_countdown.gif (Pi Day Countdown Timer In Action) +[17]: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/systemd/User +[18]: https://github.com/clcollins/epaper-pi-ex/blob/main/piday.service From 14d20df6a6cd5e7f1f1d6a2e1bc4be3b71ab5b4a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Sat, 20 Mar 2021 05:31:25 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 262/309] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020210319=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Managing=20deb=20Content=20in=20Foreman?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20210319 Managing deb Content in Foreman.md --- ...0210319 Managing deb Content in Foreman.md | 213 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 213 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20210319 Managing deb Content in Foreman.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210319 Managing deb Content in Foreman.md b/sources/tech/20210319 Managing deb Content in Foreman.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..c080a1c394 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20210319 Managing deb Content in Foreman.md @@ -0,0 +1,213 @@ +[#]: subject: (Managing deb Content in Foreman) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/3/linux-foreman) +[#]: author: (Maximilian Kolb https://opensource.com/users/kolb) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +Managing deb Content in Foreman +====== +Use Foreman to serve software packages and errata for certain Linux +systems. +![Package wrapped with brown paper and red bow][1] + +Foreman is a data center automation tool to deploy, configure, and patch hosts. It relies on Katello for content management, which in turn relies on Pulp to manage repositories. See [_Manage content using Pulp Debian_][2] for more information. + +Pulp offers many plugins for different content types, including RPM packages, Ansible roles and collections, PyPI packages, and deb content. The latter is called the **pulp_deb** plugin. + +### Content management in Foreman + +The basic idea for providing content to hosts is to mirror repositories and provide content to hosts via either the Foreman server or attached Smart Proxies. + +This tutorial is a step-by-step guide to adding deb content to Foreman and serving hosts running Debian 10. "Deb content" refers to software packages and errata for Debian-based Linux systems (e.g., Debian and Ubuntu). This article focuses on [Debian 10 Buster][3] but the instructions also work for [Ubuntu 20.04 Focal Fossa][4], unless noted otherwise. + +### 1\. Create the operating system + +#### 1.1. Create an architecture + +Navigate to **Hosts > Architectures** and create a new architecture (if the architecture where you want to deploy Debian 10 hosts is missing). This tutorial assumes your hosts run on the x86_64 architecture, as Foreman does. + +#### 1.2. Create an installation media + +Navigate to **Hosts > Installation Media** and create new Debian 10 installation media. Use the upstream repository URL . + +Select the Debian operating system family for either Debian or Ubuntu. + +Alternatively, you can also use a Debian mirror. However, content synced via Pulp does not work for two reasons: first, the `linux` and `initrd.gz` files are not in the expected locations; second, the `Release` file is not signed. + +#### 1.3. Create an operating system + +Navigate to **Hosts > Operating Systems** and create a new operating system called Debian 10. Use **10** as the major version and leave the minor version field blank. For Ubuntu, use **20.04** as the major version and leave the minor version field blank. + +![Creating an operating system entry][5] + +(Maximilian Kolb, [CC BY-SA 4.0][6]) + +Select the Debian operating system family for Debian or Ubuntu, and specify the release name (e.g., **Buster** for Debian 10 or **Stretch** for Debian 9). Select the default partition tables and provisioning templates, i.e., **Preseed default ***. + +#### 1.4. Adapt default Preseed templates (optional) + +Navigate to **Hosts > Partition Tables** and **Hosts > Provisioning Templates** and adapt the default **Preseed** templates if necessary. Note that you need to clone locked templates before editing them. Cloned templates will not receive updates with newer Foreman versions. All Debian-based systems use **Preseed** templates, which are included with Foreman by default. + +#### 1.5. Associate the templates + +Navigate to **Hosts > Provisioning Templates** and search for **Preseed**. Associate all desired provisioning templates to the operating system. Then, navigate to **Hosts > Operating Systems** and select **Debian 10** as the operating system. Select the **Templates** tab and associate any provisioning templates that you want. + +### 2\. Synchronize content + +#### 2.1. Create content credentials for Debian upstream repositories and Debian client + +Navigate to **Content > Content Credentials** and add the required GPG public keys as content credentials for Foreman to verify the deb packages' authenticity. To obtain the necessary GPG public keys, verify the **Release** file and export the corresponding GPG public key as follows: + + * **Debian 10 main:** [code] wget && wget +gpg --verify Release.gpg Release +gpg --keyserver keys.gnupg.net --recv-key 16E90B3FDF65EDE3AA7F323C04EE7237B7D453EC +gpg --keyserver keys.gnupg.net --recv-key 0146DC6D4A0B2914BDED34DB648ACFD622F3D138 +gpg --keyserver keys.gnupg.net --recv-key 6D33866EDD8FFA41C0143AEDDCC9EFBF77E11517 +gpg --armor --export E0B11894F66AEC98 DC30D7C23CBBABEE DCC9EFBF77E11517 > debian_10_main.txt +``` + * **Debian 10 security:** [code] wget && wget +gpg --verify Release.gpg Release +gpg --keyserver keys.gnupg.net --recv-key 379483D8B60160B155B372DDAA8E81B4331F7F50 +gpg --keyserver keys.gnupg.net --recv-key 5237CEEEF212F3D51C74ABE0112695A0E562B32A +gpg --armor --export EDA0D2388AE22BA9 4DFAB270CAA96DFA > debian_10_security.txt +``` + * **Debian 10 updates:** [code] wget && wget +gpg --verify Release.gpg Release +gpg --keyserver keys.gnupg.net --recv-key 16E90B3FDF65EDE3AA7F323C04EE7237B7D453EC +gpg --keyserver keys.gnupg.net --recv-key 0146DC6D4A0B2914BDED34DB648ACFD622F3D138 +gpg --armor --export E0B11894F66AEC98 DC30D7C23CBBABEE > debian_10_updates.txt +``` +* **Debian 10 client:** [code]`wget --output-document=debian_10_client.txt https://apt.atix.de/atix_gpg.pub` +``` + + + +You can select the respective ASCII-armored TXT files to upload to your Foreman instance. + +#### 2.2. Create products called Debian 10 and Debian 10 client + +Navigate to **Content > Hosts** and create two new products. + +#### 2.3. Create the necessary Debian 10 repositories + +Navigate to **Content > Products** and select the **Debian 10** product. Create three **deb** repositories: + + * **Debian 10 main:** + * URL: `http://ftp.debian.org/debian/` + * Releases: `buster` + * Component: `main` + * Architecture: `amd64` + + + * **Debian 10 security:** + * URL: `http://deb.debian.org/debian-security/` + * Releases: `buster/updates` + * Component: `main` + * Architecture: `amd64` + + + +If you want, you can add a self-hosted errata service: `https://github.com/ATIX-AG/errata_server` and `https://github.com/ATIX-AG/errata_parser` + + * **Debian 10 updates:** + * URL: `http://ftp.debian.org/debian/` + * Releases: `buster-updates` + * Component: `main` + * Architecture: `amd64` + + + +Select the content credentials that you created in step 2.1. Adjust the components and architecture as needed. Navigate to **Content > Products** and select the **Debian 10 client** product. Create a **deb** repository as follows: + + * **Debian 10 subscription-manager** + * URL: `https://apt.atix.de/Debian10/` + * Releases: `stable` + * Component: `main` + * Architecture: `amd64` + + + +Select the content credentials you created in step 2.1. The Debian 10 client contains the **subscription-manager** package, which runs on each content host to receive content from the Foreman Server or an attached Smart Proxy. Navigate to [apt.atix.de][7] for further instructions. + +#### 2.4. Synchronize the repositories + +If you want, you can create a sync plan to sync the **Debian 10** and **Debian 10 client** products periodically. To sync the product once, click the **Select Action > Sync Now** button on the **Products** page. + +#### 2.5. Create content views + +Navigate to **Content > Content Views** and create a content view called **Debian 10** comprising the Debian upstream repositories created in the **Debian 10** product and publish a new version. Do the same for the **Debian 10 client** repository of the **Debian 10 client** product. + +#### 2.6. Create a composite content view + +Create a new composite content view called **Composite Debian 10** comprising the previously published **Debian 10** and **Debian 10 client** content views and publish a new version. You may optionally add other content views of your choice (e.g., Puppet). + +![Composite content view][8] + +(Maximilian Kolb, [CC BY-SA 4.0][6]) + +#### 2.7. Create an activation key + +Navigate to **Content > Activation Keys** and create a new activation key called **debian-10**: + + * Select the **Library** lifecycle environment and add the **Composite Debian 10** content view. + * On the **Details** tab, assign the correct lifecycle environment and composite content view. + * On the **Subscriptions** tab, assign the necessary subscriptions, i.e., the **Debian 10** and **Debian 10 client** products. + + + +### 3\. Deploy a host + +#### 3.1. Enable provisioning via Port 8000 + +Connect to your Foreman instance via SSH and edit the following file: + + +``` +`/etc/foreman-proxy/settings.yml` +``` + +Search for `:http_port: 8000` and make sure it is not commented out (i.e., the line does not start with a `#`). + +#### 3.2. Create a host group + +Navigate to **Configure > Host Groups** and create a new host group called **Debian 10**. Check out the Foreman documentation on [creating host groups][9], and make sure to select the correct entries on the **Operating System** and **Activation Keys** tabs. + +#### 3.3. Create a new host + +Navigate to **Hosts > Create Host** and either select the host group as described above or manually enter the identical information. + +> Tip: Deploying hosts running Ubuntu 20.04 is even easier, as you can use its official installation media ISO image and do offline installations. Check out orcharhino's [Managing Ubuntu Systems Guide][10] for more information. + +[ATIX][11] has developed several Foreman plugins, and is an integral part of the [Foreman open source ecosystem][12]. The community's feedback on our contributions is passed back to our customers, as we continuously strive to improve our downstream product, [orcharhino][13]. + +This May I started my internship at Red Hat with the Pulp team . Since it was my first ever... + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/21/3/linux-foreman + +作者：[Maximilian Kolb][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/kolb +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/brown-package-red-bow.jpg?itok=oxZYQzH- (Package wrapped with brown paper and red bow) +[2]: https://opensource.com/article/20/10/pulp-debian +[3]: https://wiki.debian.org/DebianBuster +[4]: https://releases.ubuntu.com/20.04/ +[5]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/foreman-debian_content_deb_operating_system_entry.png (Creating an operating system entry) +[6]: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ +[7]: https://apt.atix.de/ +[8]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/foreman-debian_content_deb_composite_content_view.png (Composite content view) +[9]: https://docs.theforeman.org/nightly/Managing_Hosts/index-foreman-el.html#creating-a-host-group +[10]: https://docs.orcharhino.com/or/docs/sources/usage_guides/managing_ubuntu_systems_guide.html#musg_deploy_hosts +[11]: https://atix.de/ +[12]: https://theforeman.org/2020/10/atix-in-the-foreman-community.html +[13]: https://orcharhino.com/ From f1cb7c53aa458213d3d151b16994d8317b09b056 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sat, 20 Mar 2021 10:30:29 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 263/309] PRF @robsean --- .../tech/20210224 Set your path in FreeDOS.md | 61 +++++++------------ 1 file changed, 21 insertions(+), 40 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20210224 Set your path in FreeDOS.md b/translated/tech/20210224 Set your path in FreeDOS.md index ba72b2e6bd..2ca9aee4af 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20210224 Set your path in FreeDOS.md +++ b/translated/tech/20210224 Set your path in FreeDOS.md @@ -3,71 +3,62 @@ [#]: author: (Kevin O'Brien https://opensource.com/users/ahuka) [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (robsean) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) 在 FreeDOS 中设置你的路径 ====== -学习你的 FreeDOS 的路径，如何设置它，并且如何使用它。 + +> 学习 FreeDOS 路径的知识，如何设置它，并且如何使用它。 ![查看职业生涯地图][1] -你在开源 [FreeDOS][2] 操作系统中所做的一切工作都是通过命令行完成的。命令行以一个 _提示_ 开始，这是计算机说法的方式，"我准备好了。请给我一些事情来做"。你可以配置你的提示符的外观，但是默认情况下，它是： - +你在开源 [FreeDOS][2] 操作系统中所做的一切工作都是通过命令行完成的。命令行以一个 _提示符_ 开始，这是计算机说法的方式，“我准备好了。请给我一些事情来做。”你可以配置你的提示符的外观，但是默认情况下，它是： ``` C:\> ``` -从命令行中，你可以做两件事：运行一个内部命令或运行一个程序。外部命令是在你的 `FDOS` 目录中可找到的以单独文件形式存在的程序，以便运行程序包括运行外部命令。它也意味着你使用你的计算机运行应用程序软件来做一些东西。你也可以运行一个批处理文件，但是在这种情况下，你所做的全部工作就变成了运行批处理文件中所列出的一系列命令或程序。 +从命令行中，你可以做两件事：运行一个内部命令或运行一个程序。外部命令是在你的 `FDOS` 目录中可找到的以单独文件形式存在的程序，以便运行程序包括运行外部命令。它也意味着你可以使用你的计算机运行应用程序软件来做一些东西。你也可以运行一个批处理文件，但是在这种情况下，你所做的全部工作就变成了运行批处理文件中所列出的一系列命令或程序。 ### 可执行应用程序文件 FreeDOS 可以运行三种类型的应用程序文件： 1. **COM** 是一个用机器语言写的，且小于 64 KB 的文件。 - 2. **EXE** 也是一个用机器语言写的文件，但是它可以大于 64 KB 。此外，在 EXE 文件的开头位置有信息，用于告诉 DOS 系统该文件是什么类型的以及如何加载和运行。 + 2. **EXE** 也是一个用机器语言写的文件，但是它可以大于 64 KB 。此外，在 EXE 文件的开头部分有信息，用于告诉 DOS 系统该文件是什么类型的以及如何加载和运行。 3. **BAT** 是一个使用文本编辑器以 ASCII 文本格式编写的 _批处理文件_ ，其中包含以批处理模式执行的 FreeDOS 命令。这意味着每个命令都会按顺序执行到文件的结尾。 - - -如果你所输入的一个文件名称不能被 FreeDOS 识别为一个内部命令或一个程序，你将收到一个错误消息 _Bad command or filename_ 。如果你看到这个错误，它意味着会是下面三种情况中的其中一种： +如果你所输入的一个文件名称不能被 FreeDOS 识别为一个内部命令或一个程序，你将收到一个错误消息 “Bad command or filename” 。如果你看到这个错误，它意味着会是下面三种情况中的其中一种： 1. 由于某些原因，你所给予的名称是错误的。你可能拼错了文件名称，或者你可能正在使用错误的命令名称。检查名称和拼写，并再次尝试。 - 2. 可能你正在尝试运行的程序并没有安装在计算机上。确认它已经安装了。 + 2. 可能你正在尝试运行的程序并没有安装在计算机上。请确认它已经安装了。 3. 文件确实存在，但是 FreeDOS 不知道在哪里可以找到它。 - - -在清单上的最后一项就是这篇文章的主题，它被称为 `PATH`。如果你已经习惯于使用 Linux 或 Unix ，你可能已经理解 [PATH 变量][3] 的概念。如果你是命令行的新手，那么路径是一个非常重要的足以让你舒适的东西。 +在清单上的最后一项就是这篇文章的主题，它被称为路径。如果你已经习惯于使用 Linux 或 Unix ，你可能已经理解 [PATH 变量][3] 的概念。如果你是命令行的新手，那么路径是一个非常重要的足以让你舒适的东西。 ### 路径 当你输入一个可执行应用程序文件的名称时，FreeDOS 必须能找到它。FreeDOS 会在一个具体指定的位置层次结构中查找文件： 1. 首先，它查找当前驱动器的活动目录（称为 _工作目录_）。如果你正在目录 `C:\FDOS` 中，接着，你输入名称 `FOOBAR.EXE`，FreeDOS 将在 `C:\FDOS` 中查找带有这个名称的文件。你甚至不需要输入完整的名称。如果你输入 `FOOBAR` ，FreeDOS 将查找任何带有这个名称的可执行文件，不管它是 `FOOBAR.EXE`，`FOOBAR.COM`，或 `FOOBAR.BAT`。只要 FreeDOS 能找到一个匹配该名称的文件，它就会运行该可执行文件。 - 2. 如果 FreeDOS 不能找到一个你所输入名称的文件，它将查询被称为 `PATH` 的一些东西。每当 DOS 不能在当前活动命令中找到一个文件时，指示 DOS 检查这个列表中目录。 - - - -你可以随时使用 `PATH` 命令来查看你的计算机的路径。只需要在 FreeDOS 提示符中输入 `path` ，FreeDOS 就会返回你的路径设置： + 2. 如果 FreeDOS 不能找到你所输入名称的文件，它将查询被称为 `PATH` 的一些东西。每当 DOS 不能在当前活动命令中找到文件时，会指示 DOS 检查这个列表中目录。 +你可以随时使用 `path` 命令来查看你的计算机的路径。只需要在 FreeDOS 提示符中输入 `path` ，FreeDOS 就会返回你的路径设置： ``` C:\>path PATH=C:\FDOS\BIN ``` -第一行是提示和命令，第二行是计算机返回的东西。你可以看到 DOS 第一个查看的位置就是 `FDOS\BIN` ，它位于 `C` 驱动器上。如果你想更改你的路径，你可以输入一个 path 命令以及你想使用的新路径： - +第一行是提示符和命令，第二行是计算机返回的东西。你可以看到 DOS 第一个查看的位置就是位于 `C` 驱动器上的 `FDOS\BIN`。如果你想更改你的路径，你可以输入一个 `path` 命令以及你想使用的新路径： ``` C:\>path=C:\HOME\BIN;C:\FDOS\BIN ``` -在这个示例中，我设置我的路径到我个人的 `BIN` 文件夹，which I keep in a custom directory called `HOME`, and then to `FDOS\BIN`。现在，当你检查你的路径时： - +在这个示例中，我设置我的路径到我个人的 `BIN` 文件夹，我把它放在一个叫 `HOME` 的自定义目录中，然后再设置为 `FDOS/BIN`。现在，当你检查你的路径时： ``` C:\>path @@ -76,7 +67,7 @@ PATH=C:\HOME\BIN;C:\FDOS\BIN 路径设置是按所列目录的顺序处理的。 -你可能会注意到有一些字符是小写的，有一些字符是大写的。你使用哪一种都真的不重要。FreeDOS 是不区分大小写的，并且把所有的东西都作为大写字母对待。在内部，FreeDOS 使用所有的大写字母，这就是为什么你看到来自你命令的输出都是大写字母的原因。如果你以小写字母的形式输入命令和文件名称，在一个转换器将自动转换它们为大写字母后，它们将被执行。 +你可能会注意到有一些字符是小写的，有一些字符是大写的。你使用哪一种都真的不重要。FreeDOS 是不区分大小写的，并且把所有的东西都作为大写字母对待。在内部，FreeDOS 使用的全是大写字母，这就是为什么你看到来自你命令的输出都是大写字母的原因。如果你以小写字母的形式输入命令和文件名称，在一个转换器将自动转换它们为大写字母后，它们将被执行。 输入一个新的路径来替换先前设置的路径。 @@ -84,14 +75,12 @@ PATH=C:\HOME\BIN;C:\FDOS\BIN 你可能遇到的下一个问题的是 FreeDOS 默认使用的第一个路径来自何处。这与其它一些重要的设置一起定义在你的 `C` 驱动器的根目录下的 `AUTOEXEC.BAT` 文件中。这是一个批处理文件，它在你启动 FreeDOS 时会自动执行（由此得名）。你可以使用 FreeDOS 程序 `EDIT` 来编辑这个文件。为查看或编辑这个文件的内容，输入下面的命令： - ``` C:\>edit autoexec.bat ``` 这一行出现在顶部附近： - ``` SET PATH=%dosdir%\BIN ``` @@ -100,26 +89,22 @@ SET PATH=%dosdir%\BIN 在你查看 `AUTOEXEC.BAT` 后，你可以通过依次按下面的按键来退出 EDIT 应用程序： - 1. Alt - 2. f - 3. x + 1. `Alt` + 2. `f` + 3. `x` - - -你也可以使用键盘快捷键 **Alt** + **X** 。 +你也可以使用键盘快捷键 `Alt+X`。 ### 使用完整的路径 如果你在你的路径中忘记包含 `C:\FDOS\BIN` ，那么你将不能快速访问存储在这里的任何应用程序，因为 FreeDOS 不知道从哪里找到它们。例如，假设我设置我的路径到我个人应用程序集合： - ``` C:\>path=C:\HOME\BIN ``` 内置在命令行中应用程序仍然能正常工作： - ``` C:\cd HOME C:\HOME>dir @@ -132,7 +117,6 @@ DND 不过，外部的命令将不能运行： - ``` C:HOME\ARTICLES>BZIP2 -c example.txt Bad command or filename - "BZIP2" @@ -140,14 +124,13 @@ Bad command or filename - "BZIP2" 通过提供命令的一个 _完整路径_ ，你可以总是执行一个在你的系统上且不在你的路径中的命令： - ``` C:HOME\ARTICLES>C:\FDOS\BIN\BZIP2 -c example.txt C:HOME\ARTICLES>DIR example.txb ``` -你可以使用同样的方法从外部媒体或其它目录执行应用程序。 +你可以使用同样的方法从外部介质或其它目录执行应用程序。 ### FreeDOS 路径 @@ -157,9 +140,7 @@ example.txb 现在，你知道如何在 FreeDOS 中管理你的路径，你能够以最适合你的方式了执行命令和维护你的工作环境。 -* * * - -_感谢 [DOS 课程 5: 路径][4] (在 CC BY-SA 4.0 协议下发布) 中的一些信息。_ +_致谢 [DOS 课程 5: 路径][4] (在 CC BY-SA 4.0 协议下发布) 为本文提供的一些信息。_ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -168,7 +149,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/21/2/path-freedos 作者：[Kevin O'Brien][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[robsean](https://github.com/robsean) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 0c5d28fede0d8b34648268ea7fbed82ea04fc866 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sat, 20 Mar 2021 10:31:02 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 264/309] PUB @robsean https://linux.cn/article-13218-1.html --- .../tech => published}/20210224 Set your path in FreeDOS.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20210224 Set your path in FreeDOS.md (99%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20210224 Set your path in FreeDOS.md b/published/20210224 Set your path in FreeDOS.md similarity index 99% rename from translated/tech/20210224 Set your path in FreeDOS.md rename to published/20210224 Set your path in FreeDOS.md index 2ca9aee4af..00ab8c9daf 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20210224 Set your path in FreeDOS.md +++ b/published/20210224 Set your path in FreeDOS.md @@ -4,8 +4,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (robsean) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-13218-1.html) 在 FreeDOS 中设置你的路径 ====== From 3440a9e1aca8077a335fd2f5731dfeae3835bc45 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sat, 20 Mar 2021 11:02:34 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 265/309] PRF @geekpi --- ... with LibreOffice from the command line.md | 92 ++++++++----------- 1 file changed, 38 insertions(+), 54 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20210305 5 surprising things you can do with LibreOffice from the command line.md b/translated/tech/20210305 5 surprising things you can do with LibreOffice from the command line.md index 34b3eef0a9..19deea17b5 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20210305 5 surprising things you can do with LibreOffice from the command line.md +++ b/translated/tech/20210305 5 surprising things you can do with LibreOffice from the command line.md @@ -3,165 +3,149 @@ [#]: author: (Don Watkins https://opensource.com/users/don-watkins) [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) -你可以在命令行上用 LibreOffice 做 5 件令人惊讶的事情 +5 个用命令行操作 LibreOffice 的技巧 ====== -直接在命令行中对文件进行转换、打印、保护等操作。 -![hot keys for shortcuts or features on computer keyboard][1] -LibreOffice 拥有所有你想要的办公软件套件的生产力功能，使其成为微软 Office 或谷歌套件的流行的开源替代品。LibreOffice 的能力之一是可以从命令行操作。例如，Seth Kenlon 最近解释了如何使用 LibreOffice 用全局[命令行选项将多个文件][2]从 DOCX 转换为 EPUB。他的文章启发我分享一些其他 LibreOffice 命令行技巧和窍门。 +> 直接在命令行中对文件进行转换、打印、保护等操作。 -在查看 LibreOffice 命令的一些隐藏功能之前，你需要了解如何使用应用选项。并不是所有的应用都接受选项（除了像 `--help`选项这样的基本选项，它在大多数 Linux 应用中都可以使用）。 +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/202103/20/110200xjkkijnjixbyi4ui.jpg) +LibreOffice 拥有所有你想要的办公软件套件的生产力功能，使其成为微软 Office 或谷歌套件的流行的开源替代品。LibreOffice 的能力之一是可以从命令行操作。例如，Seth Kenlon 最近解释了如何使用 LibreOffice 用全局 [命令行选项将多个文件][2] 从 DOCX 转换为 EPUB。他的文章启发我分享一些其他 LibreOffice 命令行技巧和窍门。 + +在查看 LibreOffice 命令的一些隐藏功能之前，你需要了解如何使用应用选项。并不是所有的应用都接受选项（除了像 `--help` 选项这样的基本选项，它在大多数 Linux 应用中都可以使用）。 ``` -`$ libreoffice --help` +$ libreoffice --help ``` -这将返回 LibreOffice 接受的其他选项的描述。有些应用没有太多选项，但 LibreOffice 好几页有用的，所以有很多东西可以玩。 +这将返回 LibreOffice 接受的其他选项的描述。有些应用没有太多选项，但 LibreOffice 好几页有用的选项，所以有很多东西可以玩。 就是说，你可以在终端上使用 LibreOffice 进行以下五项有用的操作，来让使软件更加有用。 -### 1\. 自定义你的启动选项 +### 1、自定义你的启动选项 你可以修改你启动 LibreOffice 的方式。例如，如果你想只打开 LibreOffice 的文字处理器组件： - ``` -`$ libreoffice --writer  #starts the word processor` +$ libreoffice --writer  # 启动文字处理器 ``` 你可以类似地打开它的其他组件： ``` -$ libreoffice --calc  #starts the Calc document -$ libreoffice --draw  #starts an empty Draw document -$ libreoffice --web  #starts and empty HTML document +$ libreoffice --calc  # 启动一个空的电子表格 +$ libreoffice --draw  # 启动一个空的绘图文档 +$ libreoffice --web   # 启动一个空的 HTML 文档 ``` 你也可以从命令行访问特定的帮助文件： - ``` -`$ libreoffice --helpwriter` +$ libreoffice --helpwriter ``` ![LibreOffice Writer help][3] -（Don Watkins, [CC BY-SA 4.0][4]） - 或者如果你需要电子表格应用方面的帮助： - ``` -`$ libreoffice --helpcalc` +$ libreoffice --helpcalc ``` -你可以在没有启动屏幕的情况下启动 LibreOffice： - +你可以在不显示启动屏幕的情况下启动 LibreOffice： ``` -`$ libreoffice --writer --nologo` +$ libreoffice --writer --nologo ``` -你甚至可以在你完成当前窗口的工作时，让它在后台最小化： - +你甚至可以在你完成当前窗口的工作时，让它在后台最小化启动： ``` -`$ libreoffice --writer --minimized` +$ libreoffice --writer --minimized ``` -### 2\. 以只读模式打开一个文件 +### 2、以只读模式打开一个文件 你可以使用 `--view` 以只读模式打开文件，以防止意外地对重要文件进行修改和保存： - ``` -`$ libreoffice --view example.odt` +$ libreoffice --view example.odt ``` -### 3\. 打开一个模板文档 - -你是否曾经创建过用作信头或发票表格的文档？LibreOffice 具有丰富的内置模板系统，但是你可以使用 -n 选项将任何文档作为模板： +### 3、打开一个模板文档 +你是否曾经创建过用作信头或发票表格的文档？LibreOffice 具有丰富的内置模板系统，但是你可以使用 `-n` 选项将任何文档作为模板： ``` -`$ libreoffice --writer -n example.odt` +$ libreoffice --writer -n example.odt ``` 你的文档将在 LibreOffice 中打开，你可以对其进行修改，但保存时不会覆盖原始文件。 -### 4\. 转换文档 +### 4、转换文档 当你需要做一个小任务，比如将一个文件转换为新的格式时，应用启动的时间可能与完成任务的时间一样长。解决办法是 `--headless` 选项，它可以在不启动图形用户界面的情况下执行 LibreOffice 进程。 例如，在 LibreOffic 中，将一个文档转换为 EPUB 是一个非常简单的任务，但使用 `libreoffice` 命令就更容易： - ``` -`$ libreoffice --headless --convert-to epub example.odt` +$ libreoffice --headless --convert-to epub example.odt ``` 使用通配符意味着你可以一次转换几十个文档： - ``` -`$ libreoffice --headless --convert-to epub *.odt` +$ libreoffice --headless --convert-to epub *.odt ``` 你可以将文件转换为多种格式，包括 PDF、HTML、DOC、DOCX、EPUB、纯文本等。 -### 5\. 从终端打印 +### 5、从终端打印 你可以从命令行打印 LibreOffice 文档，而无需打开应用： - ``` -`$ libreoffice --headless -p example.odt` +$ libreoffice --headless -p example.odt ``` 这个选项不需要打开 LibreOffice 就可以使用默认打印机打印，它只是将文档发送到你的打印机。 要打印一个目录中的所有文件： - ``` -`$ libreoffice -p *.odt` +$ libreoffice -p *.odt ``` - -（我不止一次执行了这个命令，然后用完了纸，所以在你开始之前，确保你的打印机里有足够的纸张。) - +（我不止一次执行了这个命令，然后用完了纸，所以在你开始之前，确保你的打印机里有足够的纸张。） 你也可以把文件输出成 PDF。通常这和使用 `--convert-to-pdf` 选项没有什么区别，但是很容易记住： ``` -`$ libreoffice --print-to-file example.odt --headless` +$ libreoffice --print-to-file example.odt --headless ``` ### 额外技巧：Flatpak 和命令选项 -如果你使用 [Flatpak][5] 安装 LibreOffice，所有这些命令选项都可以使用，但你必须通过 Flatpak 传递。下面是一个例子： - +如果你是使用 [Flatpak][5] 安装的 LibreOffice，所有这些命令选项都可以使用，但你必须通过 Flatpak 传递。下面是一个例子： ``` -`$ flatpak run org.libreoffice.LibreOffice --writer` +$ flatpak run org.libreoffice.LibreOffice --writer ``` -它比本地安装要麻烦得多，所以你可能会受到启发[写一个 Bash 别名][6]来使它更容易直接与 LibreOffice 交互。 +它比本地安装要麻烦得多，所以你可能会受到启发 [写一个 Bash 别名][6] 来使它更容易直接与 LibreOffice 交互。 ### 令人惊讶的终端选项 通过查阅手册页面，了解如何从命令行扩展 LibreOffice 的功能： - ``` -`$ man libreoffice` +$ man libreoffice ``` 你是否知道 LibreOffice 具有如此丰富的命令行选项？ 你是否发现了其他人似乎都不了解的其他选项？ 请在评论中分享它们！ @@ -173,7 +157,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/21/3/libreoffice-command-line 作者：[Don Watkins][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 8083b4ceb468649743add0e38a5d60f545658d32 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sat, 20 Mar 2021 11:03:01 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 266/309] PUB @geekpi https://linux.cn/article-13219-1.html --- ...hings you can do with LibreOffice from the command line.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20210305 5 surprising things you can do with LibreOffice from the command line.md (98%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20210305 5 surprising things you can do with LibreOffice from the command line.md b/published/20210305 5 surprising things you can do with LibreOffice from the command line.md similarity index 98% rename from translated/tech/20210305 5 surprising things you can do with LibreOffice from the command line.md rename to published/20210305 5 surprising things you can do with LibreOffice from the command line.md index 19deea17b5..35a3f2fc9f 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20210305 5 surprising things you can do with LibreOffice from the command line.md +++ b/published/20210305 5 surprising things you can do with LibreOffice from the command line.md @@ -4,8 +4,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-13219-1.html) 5 个用命令行操作 LibreOffice 的技巧 ====== From aa980c415d8b40bcaafed8a9e1733f425d5424bc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sat, 20 Mar 2021 20:36:02 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 267/309] APL --- ...mulators for Linux (With Extra Features or Amazing Looks).md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20210319 Top 10 Terminal Emulators for Linux (With Extra Features or Amazing Looks).md b/sources/tech/20210319 Top 10 Terminal Emulators for Linux (With Extra Features or Amazing Looks).md index c0ad13c041..4aef625702 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20210319 Top 10 Terminal Emulators for Linux (With Extra Features or Amazing Looks).md +++ b/sources/tech/20210319 Top 10 Terminal Emulators for Linux (With Extra Features or Amazing Looks).md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ [#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/linux-terminal-emulators/) [#]: author: (Ankush Das https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/) [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (wxy) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From e5b8bec60671121320f324d39efbac6c6daa5567 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Guoliang Han Date: Sat, 20 Mar 2021 21:03:12 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 268/309] translation complete and first commit of talk/20200219 Multicloud, security integration drive massive SD-WAN adoption.md --- ...tegration drive massive SD-WAN adoption.md | 84 ------------------- ...tegration drive massive SD-WAN adoption.md | 84 +++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 84 insertions(+), 84 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/talk/20200219 Multicloud, security integration drive massive SD-WAN adoption.md create mode 100644 translated/talk/20200219 Multicloud, security integration drive massive SD-WAN adoption.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20200219 Multicloud, security integration drive massive SD-WAN adoption.md b/sources/talk/20200219 Multicloud, security integration drive massive SD-WAN adoption.md deleted file mode 100644 index b4f0944a12..0000000000 --- a/sources/talk/20200219 Multicloud, security integration drive massive SD-WAN adoption.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,84 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (cooljelly) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (Multicloud, security integration drive massive SD-WAN adoption) -[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3527194/multicloud-security-integration-drive-massive-sd-wan-adoption.html) -[#]: author: (Michael Cooney https://www.networkworld.com/author/Michael-Cooney/) - -Multicloud, security integration drive massive SD-WAN adoption -====== -40% year-over year SD-WAN growth through 2022 is being fueled by relationships built between vendors including Cisco, VMware, Juniper, and Arista and service provders AWS, Microsoft Azure, Google Anthos, and IBM RedHat. -[Gratisography][1] [(CC0)][2] - -Increasing cloud adoption as well as improved network security, visibility and manageability are driving enterprise software-defined WAN ([SD-WAN][3]) deployments at a breakneck pace. - -According to research from IDC, software- and infrastructure-as-a-service (SaaS and IaaS) offerings in particular have been driving SD-WAN implementations in the past year, said Rohit Mehra, vice president, network infrastructure at  IDC. - -**Read about edge networking** - - * [How edge networking and IoT will reshape data centers][4] - * [Edge computing best practices][5] - * [How edge computing can help secure the IoT][6] - - - -For example, IDC says that its recent surveys of customers show that 95% will be using [SD-WAN][7] technology within two years, and that 42% have already deployed it. IDC also says the SD-WAN infrastructure market will hit $4.5 billion by 2022, growing at a more than 40% yearly clip between now and then. - -“The growth of SD-WAN is a broad-based trend that is driven largely by the enterprise desire to optimize cloud connectivity for remote sites,” Mehra said. - -Indeed the growth of multicloud networking is prompting many businesses to re-tool their networks in favor of SD-WAN technology, Cisco wrote recently. SD-WAN is critical for businesses adopting cloud services, acting as a connective tissue between the campus, branch, [IoT][8], [data center][9] and cloud.  The company said surveys show Cisco customers have, on average, 30 paid SaaS applications each. And that they are actually using many more – over 100 in several cases, the company said. - -Part of this trend is driven by the relationships that networking vendors such as Cisco, VMware, Juniper, Arista and others have been building with the likes of Amazon Web Services, Microsoft Azure, Google Anthos and IBM RedHat.  - -An indicator of the growing importance of the SD-WAN and multicloud relationship came last December when AWS announced key services for its cloud offering that included new integration technologies such as [AWS Transit Gateway][10], which lets customers connect their Amazon Virtual Private Clouds and their on-premises networks to a single gateway. Aruba, Aviatrix Cisco, Citrix Systems, Silver Peak and Versa already announced support for the technology which promises to simplify and enhance the performance of SD-WAN integration with AWS cloud resources. - -[][11] - -Going forward the addition of features such as cloud-based application insights and performance monitoring will be a key part of SD-WAN rollouts, Mehra said. - -While the SD-WAN and cloud relationship is growing, so, too, is the need for integrated security features. - -“The way SD-WAN offerings integrate security is so much better than traditional ways of securing WAN traffic which usually involved separate packages and services," Mehra said. "SD-WAN is a much more agile security environment.” Security, analytics and WAN optimization are viewed as top SD-WAN component, with integrated security being the top requirement for next-generation SD-WAN solutions, Mehra said.  - -Increasingly, enterprises will look less at point SD-WAN solutions and instead will favor platforms that solve a wider range of network management and security needs, Mehra said. They will look for SD-WAN platforms that integrate with other aspects of their IT infrastructure including corporate data-center networks, enterprise campus LANs, or [public-cloud][12] resources, he said. They will look for security services to be baked in, as well as support for a variety of additional functions such as visibility, analytics, and unified communications, he said. - -“As customers continue to integrate their infrastructure components with software they can do things like implement consistent management and security policies based on user, device or application requirements across their LANs and WANs and ultimately achieve a better overall application experience,” Mehra said. - -An emerging trend is the need for SD-WAN packages to support [SD-branch][13] technology. More than 70% of IDC's surveyed customers expect to use SD-Branch within next year, Mehra said.  In recent weeks [Juniper][14] and [Aruba][15] have enhanced SD-Branch offerings, a trend that is expected to continue this year.  - -SD-Branch builds on the concepts and support of SD-WAN but is more specific to the networking and management needs of LANs in the branch. Going forward, how SD-Branch integrates other technologies such as analytics, voice, unified communications and video will be key drivers of that technology.   - -Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][16] and [LinkedIn][17] to comment on topics that are top of mind. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3527194/multicloud-security-integration-drive-massive-sd-wan-adoption.html - -作者：[Michael Cooney][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Michael-Cooney/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://www.pexels.com/photo/black-and-white-branches-tree-high-279/ -[2]: https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ -[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3031279/sd-wan-what-it-is-and-why-you-ll-use-it-one-day.html -[4]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3291790/data-center/how-edge-networking-and-iot-will-reshape-data-centers.html -[5]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3331978/lan-wan/edge-computing-best-practices.html -[6]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3331905/internet-of-things/how-edge-computing-can-help-secure-the-iot.html -[7]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3489938/what-s-hot-at-the-edge-for-2020-everything.html -[8]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3207535/what-is-iot-the-internet-of-things-explained.html -[9]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3223692/what-is-a-data-centerhow-its-changed-and-what-you-need-to-know.html -[10]: https://aws.amazon.com/transit-gateway/ -[11]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3440100/take-the-intelligent-route-with-consumption-based-storage.html?utm_source=IDG&utm_medium=promotions&utm_campaign=HPE21620&utm_content=sidebar ( Take the Intelligent Route with Consumption-Based Storage) -[12]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/2159885/cloud-computing-gartner-5-things-a-private-cloud-is-not.html -[13]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3250664/sd-branch-what-it-is-and-why-youll-need-it.html -[14]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3487801/juniper-broadens-sd-branch-management-switch-options.html -[15]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3513357/aruba-reinforces-sd-branch-with-security-management-upgrades.html -[16]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ -[17]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world diff --git a/translated/talk/20200219 Multicloud, security integration drive massive SD-WAN adoption.md b/translated/talk/20200219 Multicloud, security integration drive massive SD-WAN adoption.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..7109600864 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/talk/20200219 Multicloud, security integration drive massive SD-WAN adoption.md @@ -0,0 +1,84 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (cooljelly) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Multicloud, security integration drive massive SD-WAN adoption) +[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3527194/multicloud-security-integration-drive-massive-sd-wan-adoption.html) +[#]: author: (Michael Cooney https://www.networkworld.com/author/Michael-Cooney/) + +多云融合和安全集成推动SD-WAN的大规模应用 +====== +2022 年 SD-WAN 市场 40% 的同比增长主要来自于包括 Cisco、VMWare、Juniper 和 Arista 在内的网络供应商和包括 AWS、Microsoft Azure，Google Anthos 和 IBM RedHat 在内的服务提供商之间的紧密联系。 +[Gratisography][1] [(CC0)][2] + +越来越多的云应用，以及越来越完善的网络安全性，可视化特性和可管理性，正以惊人的速度推动企业软件定义广域网 ([SD-WAN][3]) 部署。 + +IDC（International Data Corporation，译者注）公司的网络基础架构副总裁 Rohit Mehra 表示，根据 IDC 的研究，过去一年中，特别是软件和基础设施即服务（SaaS 和 IaaS）产品推动了 SD-WAN 的实施。 + +**阅读更多关于边缘计算的文章** + + * [边缘计算和物联网如何重塑数据中心][4] + * [边缘计算的最佳实践][5] + * [边缘计算如何提高物联网的安全性][6] + + + +例如，IDC 表示，根据其最近的客户调查结果，有 95％ 的客户将在两年内使用 [SD-WAN][7] 技术，而 42％ 的客户已经部署了它。IDC 还表示，到 2022 年，SD-WAN 基础设施市场将达到 45 亿美元，此后每年将以每年 40％ 的速度增长。 + +”SD-WAN 的增长是一个广泛的趋势，很大程度上是由企业希望优化远程站点的云连接性的需求推动的。“ Mehra 说。 + +思科最近撰文称，多云网络的发展正在促使许多企业改组其网络，以更好地使用 SD-WAN 技术。SD-WAN 对于采用云服务的企业至关重要，它是园区网、分支机构、[物联网][8]、[数据中心][9] 和云之间的连接中间件。思科公司表示，根据调查，平均每个思科的企业客户有 30 个付费的 SaaS 应用程序，而他们实际使用的 SaaS 应用会更多——在某些情况下甚至超过 100 种。 + +这种趋势的部分原因是由网络供应商（例如 Cisco、VMware、Juniper、Arista 等）（这里的网络供应商指的是提供硬件或软件并可按需组网的厂商，译者注）与服务提供商（例如 Amazon AWS、Microsoft Azure、Google Anthos 和 IBM RedHat 等）建立的关系推动的。 + +去年 12 月，AWS为其云产品发布了关键服务，其中包括诸如 [AWS Transit Gateway][10] 等新集成技术的关键服务，这标志着 SD-WAN 与多云场景关系的日益重要。使用 AWS Transit Gateway 技术，客户可以将 AWS 中的 VPC（Virtual Private Cloud） 和其自有网络均连接到相同的网关。Aruba、Aviatrix Cisco、Citrix Systems、Silver Peak 和 Versa 已经宣布支持该技术，这将简化和增强这些公司的 SD-WAN 产品与 AWS 云服务的集成服务的性能和表现。 + +[][11] + +Mehra 说，展望未来，对云应用的友好兼容和完善的性能监控等增值功能将是 SD-WAN 部署的关键部分。 + +随着 SD-WAN 与云的关系不断发展，SD-WAN 对集成安全功能的需求也在不断增长。 + +Mehra 说，SD-WAN 产品集成安全性的方式比以往单独打包的广域网安全软件或服务要好得多。SD-WAN 是一个更加敏捷的安全环境。SD-WAN 被公认的主要组成部分包括安全功能，数据分析功能和广域网优化功能等，其中安全功能则是下一代 SD-WAN 解决方案的首要需求。 + +Mehra 说，企业将越来越少地关注仅解决某个具体问题的 SD-WAN 解决方案，而将青睐于能够解决更广泛的网络管理和安全需求的 SD-WAN 平台。他们将寻找可以与他们的 IT 基础设施（包括企业数据中心网络、企业园区局域网、[公有云][12] 资源等）集成更紧密的 SD-WAN 平台。他说，企业将寻求无缝融合的安全服务，并希望有其他各种功能的支持，例如可视化，数据分析和统一通信功能。 + +“随着客户不断将其基础设施与软件集成在一起，他们可以做更多的事情，例如根据其局域网和广域网上的用户、设备或应用程序的需求，实现一致的管理和安全策略，并最终获得更好的整体使用体验。” Mehra 说。 + +一个新兴趋势是 SD-WAN 产品包需要支持 [SD-branch][13] 技术。 Mehra 说，超过 70％ 的 IDC 受调查客户希望在明年使用 SD-Branch。在最近几周，[Juniper][14] 和 [Aruba][15] 公司已经优化了 SD-branch 产品，这一趋势预计将在今年持续下去。 + +SD-Branch 技术基于 SD-WAN 的概念和支持，但更专注于满足分支机构中局域网的组网和管理需求。展望未来，SD-Branch 如何与其他技术集成，例如数据分析，音视频，统一通信等，将成为该技术的主要驱动力。 + +加入 [Facebook][16] 和 [LinkedIn][17] 上的 Network World 社区，以评论您最关注的主题。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3527194/multicloud-security-integration-drive-massive-sd-wan-adoption.html + +作者：[Michael Cooney][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[cooljelly](https://github.com/cooljelly) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Michael-Cooney/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://www.pexels.com/photo/black-and-white-branches-tree-high-279/ +[2]: https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ +[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3031279/sd-wan-what-it-is-and-why-you-ll-use-it-one-day.html +[4]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3291790/data-center/how-edge-networking-and-iot-will-reshape-data-centers.html +[5]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3331978/lan-wan/edge-computing-best-practices.html +[6]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3331905/internet-of-things/how-edge-computing-can-help-secure-the-iot.html +[7]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3489938/what-s-hot-at-the-edge-for-2020-everything.html +[8]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3207535/what-is-iot-the-internet-of-things-explained.html +[9]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3223692/what-is-a-data-centerhow-its-changed-and-what-you-need-to-know.html +[10]: https://aws.amazon.com/transit-gateway/ +[11]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3440100/take-the-intelligent-route-with-consumption-based-storage.html?utm_source=IDG&utm_medium=promotions&utm_campaign=HPE21620&utm_content=sidebar ( Take the Intelligent Route with Consumption-Based Storage) +[12]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/2159885/cloud-computing-gartner-5-things-a-private-cloud-is-not.html +[13]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3250664/sd-branch-what-it-is-and-why-youll-need-it.html +[14]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3487801/juniper-broadens-sd-branch-management-switch-options.html +[15]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3513357/aruba-reinforces-sd-branch-with-security-management-upgrades.html +[16]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ +[17]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world From f57525d093d68688cc73b1719d31bf59c26e0dd9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Guoliang Han Date: Sat, 20 Mar 2021 21:09:54 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 269/309] fix bold --- ...cloud, security integration drive massive SD-WAN adoption.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translated/talk/20200219 Multicloud, security integration drive massive SD-WAN adoption.md b/translated/talk/20200219 Multicloud, security integration drive massive SD-WAN adoption.md index 7109600864..e765d39e2b 100644 --- a/translated/talk/20200219 Multicloud, security integration drive massive SD-WAN adoption.md +++ b/translated/talk/20200219 Multicloud, security integration drive massive SD-WAN adoption.md @@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ IDC（International Data Corporation，译者注）公司的网络基础架构副总裁 Rohit Mehra 表示，根据 IDC 的研究，过去一年中，特别是软件和基础设施即服务（SaaS 和 IaaS）产品推动了 SD-WAN 的实施。 -**阅读更多关于边缘计算的文章** +** 阅读更多关于边缘计算的文章 ** * [边缘计算和物联网如何重塑数据中心][4] * [边缘计算的最佳实践][5] From 7bdbaf72f35b282ecc8a0bee216225d0da2e7381 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: cooljelly Date: Sat, 20 Mar 2021 21:17:02 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 270/309] change back --- ...cloud, security integration drive massive SD-WAN adoption.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translated/talk/20200219 Multicloud, security integration drive massive SD-WAN adoption.md b/translated/talk/20200219 Multicloud, security integration drive massive SD-WAN adoption.md index e765d39e2b..7109600864 100644 --- a/translated/talk/20200219 Multicloud, security integration drive massive SD-WAN adoption.md +++ b/translated/talk/20200219 Multicloud, security integration drive massive SD-WAN adoption.md @@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ IDC（International Data Corporation，译者注）公司的网络基础架构副总裁 Rohit Mehra 表示，根据 IDC 的研究，过去一年中，特别是软件和基础设施即服务（SaaS 和 IaaS）产品推动了 SD-WAN 的实施。 -** 阅读更多关于边缘计算的文章 ** +**阅读更多关于边缘计算的文章** * [边缘计算和物联网如何重塑数据中心][4] * [边缘计算的最佳实践][5] From aea021281a4fa8eea212d7ed9d951b3e7a6b17cb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sat, 20 Mar 2021 22:25:48 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 271/309] TSL&PRF --- ... (With Extra Features or Amazing Looks).md | 278 +++++++----------- 1 file changed, 112 insertions(+), 166 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20210319 Top 10 Terminal Emulators for Linux (With Extra Features or Amazing Looks).md b/sources/tech/20210319 Top 10 Terminal Emulators for Linux (With Extra Features or Amazing Looks).md index 4aef625702..85fec00a97 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20210319 Top 10 Terminal Emulators for Linux (With Extra Features or Amazing Looks).md +++ b/sources/tech/20210319 Top 10 Terminal Emulators for Linux (With Extra Features or Amazing Looks).md @@ -1,315 +1,261 @@ -[#]: subject: (Top 10 Terminal Emulators for Linux (With Extra Features or Amazing Looks)) +[#]: subject: (Top 10 Terminal Emulators for Linux \(With Extra Features or Amazing Looks\)) [#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/linux-terminal-emulators/) [#]: author: (Ankush Das https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/) [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (wxy) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) -Top 10 Terminal Emulators for Linux (With Extra Features or Amazing Looks) +10 个常见的 Linux 终端仿真器 ====== -By default, all Linux distributions already come pre-installed with a terminal application or terminal emulator (correct technical term). Of course, depending on the desktop environment, it will look and feel different. +默认情况下，所有的 Linux 发行版都已经预装了“终端terminal”应用程序或“终端模拟器terminal emulator”（这才是正确的技术术语）。当然，根据桌面环境的不同，它的外观和感觉会有所不同。 -Here’s the thing about Linux. You are not restricted to what your distribution provides. You can opt for an alternative application of your choice. Terminal is no different. There are several impressive terminal emulators that offer unique features for a better user experience or for better looks. +Linux 的特点是，你可以不用局限于你的发行版所提供的东西，你可以用你所选择的替代应用程序。终端也不例外。有几个提供了独特功能的终端仿真器令人印象深刻，可以获得更好的用户体验或更好的外观。 -Here, I will be compiling a list of such interesting terminal applications that you can try on your Linux distribution. +在这里，我将组织一个有趣的终端应用程序的列表，你可以在你的 Linux 发行版上尝试它们。 -### Awesome Terminal Emulators for Linux +### 值得赞叹的 Linux 终端仿真器 -The list is in no particular order of ranking. I’ve tried to list the interesting ones first followed by some of the most popular terminal emulators. Also, I have highlighted the key features for every terminal emulator mentioned, choose what you prefer. +此列表没有特别的排名顺序，我会先列出一些有趣的，然后是一些最流行的终端仿真器。此外，我还强调了每个提到的终端仿真器的主要功能，你可以选择你喜欢的终端模拟器。 -#### 1\. Terminator +#### 1、Terminator ![][1] -**Key Highlights:** +主要亮点： - * Multiple GNOME terminals in one window +* 可以在一个窗口中使用多个 GNOME 终端 +[Terminator][2] 是一款非常流行的终端仿真器，目前仍在维护中（从 Launchpad 移到了 GitHub）。 +它基本上是在一个窗口中为你提供了多个 GNOME 终端。在它的帮助下，你可以轻松地对终端窗口进行分组和重组。你可能会觉得这像是在使用平铺窗口管理器，不过有一些限制。 -Terminator is decently popular terminal emulator which is still being maintained (moved from Launchpad to GitHub). +##### 如何安装 Terminator？ -It basically provides you multiple GNOME terminals in one window. You can easily group and re-group terminal windows with the help of it. You may feel like using a tiling window manager but with some restrictions. - -[Gnome Terminator][2] - -##### How to install Terminator? - -For Ubuntu-based distros, all you have to do is type in the following command in the terminal: +对于基于 Ubuntu 的发行版，你只需在终端输入以下命令: ``` sudo apt install terminator ``` -You should find it in most of Linux distributions through the default repositories. But, if you need help installing, go through the [GitHub page][3]. +你应该可以在大多数 Linux 发行版的默认仓库中找到它。但是，如果你需要安装帮助，请访问它的 [GitHub 页面][3]。 -#### 2\. Guake Terminal +#### 2、Guake 终端 ![][4] -**Key Highlights:** +主要亮点： - * Tailored for quick access to terminal on GNOME - * Works fast and does not need a lot of system resource - * Shortcut key to access + * 专为在 GNOME 上快速访问终端而设计 + * 工作速度快，不需要大量的系统资源 + * 访问的快捷键 +[Guake][6] 终端最初的灵感来自于一款 FPS 游戏 Quake。与其他一些终端模拟器不同的是，它的工作方式是覆盖在其他的活动窗口上。 +你所要做的就是使用快捷键（`F12`）召唤该模拟器，它就会从顶部出现。你可以自定义该模拟器的宽度或位置，但大多数用户使用默认设置就可以了。 -Guake terminal was originally inspired by an FPS game Quake. Unlike some other terminal emulators, it works as an overlay on every other active window. +它不仅仅是一个方便的终端模拟器，还提供了大量的功能，比如能够恢复标签、拥有多个标签、每个标签进行颜色编码等等。你可以查看我关于 [Guake 的单独文章][5] 来了解更多。 -All you have to do is summon the emulator using a shortcut key (F12) and it will appear from the top. You get customize the width or position of the emulator, but most of the users should be fine with the default setting. +##### 如何安装 Guake 终端？ -Not just as a handy terminal emulator, it offers a ton of features like ability to restore tabs, having multiple tabs, color-coding each tab, and more. You can check out my separate article on [Guake][5] to learn more. +Guake 在大多数 Linux 发行版的默认仓库中都可以找到，你可以参考它的 [官方安装说明][7]。 -[Guake][6] - -##### How to install Guake Terminal? - -Guake is available in the default repositories for most of the Linux distributions. You can refer to its [official installation instructions][7]. - -Or if you’re using Debian-based distro, just type in the following command: +如果你使用的是基于 Debian 的发行版，只需输入以下命令： ``` sudo apt install guake ``` -#### 3\. Tilix Terminal +#### 3、Tilix 终端 ![][8] -**Key Highlights:** +主要亮点： - * Tiling feature - * Drag and drop support - * Drop down Quake mode + * 平铺功能 + * 支持拖放 + * 下拉式 Quake 模式 +[Tilix][10] 终端提供了与 Guake 类似的下拉式体验 —— 但它允许你在平铺模式下拥有多个终端窗口。 +如果你的 Linux 发行版中默认没有平铺窗口，而且你有一个大屏幕，那么这个功能就特别有用，你可以在多个终端窗口上工作，而不需要在不同的工作空间之间切换。 -Tilix Terminal offers a similar drop-down experience that you find with Guake – but it also lets you have multiple terminal windows in tiling mode. +如果你想了解更多关于它的信息，我们之前已经 [单独介绍][9] 过了。 -This is particularly useful if you do not have tiling windows by default in your Linux distribution and have a big screen to work on multiple terminal windows without needing to switching between workspaces. +##### 如何安装 Tilix？ -We’ve already covered it before [separately][9] if you’re curious to learn more about it. - -[Tilix][10] - -##### How to install Tilix? - -Tilix is available in the default repositories for most of the distributions. If you’re using Ubuntu-based distro, simply type in: +Tilix 在大多数发行版的默认仓库中都有。如果你使用的是基于 Ubuntu 的发行版，只需输入： ``` sudo apt install tilix ``` -**Recommended Read:** - -![][11] - -#### [5 Tweaks to Customize the Look of Your Linux Terminal][12] - -Want to beautify your Linux terminal and give it a different look? Here are a few ways you can customize your terminal. - -#### 4\. Hyper +#### 4、Hyper ![][13] -**Key Highlights:** +主要亮点： - * Terminal built on HTML/CSS/JS - * Electron-based - * Cross-platform - * Extensive configuration options + * 基于 HTML/CSS/JS 的终端 + * 基于 Electron + * 跨平台 + * 丰富的配置选项 +[Hyper][15] 是另一个有趣的终端仿真器，它建立在 Web 技术之上。它并没有提供独特的用户体验，但看起来很不一样，并提供了大量的自定义选项。 +它还支持安装主题和插件来轻松定制终端的外观。你可以在他们的 [GitHub 页面][14] 中探索更多关于它的内容。 -Hyper is yet another interesting terminal emulator that is built on web technologies. It doesn’t provide a unique user experience, but looks quite different and offers a ton of customization options. +##### 如何安装 Hyper？ -It also supports installing themes and plugins to easily customize the appearance of the terminal. You can explore more about it in their [GitHub page][14]. +Hyper 在默认的资源库中是不可用的。然而，你可以通过他们的 [官方网站][16] 找到 .deb 和 .rpm 包来安装。 -[Hyper][15] +如果你是新手，请阅读文章以获得 [使用 deb 文件][17] 和 [使用 rpm 文件][18] 的帮助。 -##### How to install Hyper? - -Hyper is not available in the default repositories. However, you can find both .deb and .rpm packages available to install through their [official website][16]. - -If you’re new, read through the articles to get help [using deb files][17] and [using RPM files][18]. - -#### 5\. Tilda +#### 5、Tilda ![][19] -**Key Highlights:** +主要亮点： - * Drop down terminal - * Search bar integrated + * 下拉式终端 + * 搜索栏整合 +[Tilda][20] 是另一款基于 GTK 的下拉式终端仿真器。与其他一些不同的是，它提供了一个你可以切换的集成搜索栏，还可以让你自定义很多东西。 +你还可以设置热键来快速访问或执行某个动作。从功能上来说，它是相当令人印象深刻的。然而，在视觉上，我不喜欢覆盖的行为，而且它也不支持拖放。不过你可以试一试。 -Tilda is another drop-down GTK-based terminal emulator. Unlike some others, it focuses on providing an integrated search bar which you can toggle and also lets you customize many things. +##### 如何安装 Tilda？ -You can also set hotkeys for quick access or a certain action. Functionally, it is quite impressive. However, visually, I don’t like how the overlay behaves and does not support drag and drop as well. You might give it a try though. - -[Tilda][20] - -##### How to install Tilda? - -For Ubuntu-based distros, you can simply type in: +对于基于 Ubuntu 的发行版，你可以简单地键入： ``` sudo apt install tilda ``` -You can refer to its [GitHub page][20] for installation instructions on other distributions. +你可以参考它的 [GitHub 页面][20]，以了解其他发行版的安装说明。 -#### 6\. eDEX-UI +#### 6、eDEX-UI ![][21] -**Key Highlights:** +主要亮点： - * Sci-Fi Look - * Cross-platform - * Theme options to customize - * Supports Multiple terminal tabs + * 科幻感的外观 + * 跨平台 + * 自定义主题选项 + * 支持多个终端标签 +如果你不是特别想找一款可以帮助你更快的完成工作的终端仿真器，[eDEX-UI][23] 是你绝对应该尝试的。 +对于科幻迷和只想让自己的终端看起来独特的用户来说，这绝对是一款漂亮的终端仿真器。如果你不知道，它的灵感很大程度上来自于电影《创：战纪》。 -If you’re not looking particularly for a terminal emulator to help you get your work done faster, eDEX-UI is something that you must try. +不仅仅是设计或界面，总的来说，它为你提供了独特的用户体验，你会喜欢的。它还可以让你 [自定义终端][12]。如果你打算尝试的话，它确实需要大量的系统资源。 -It is absolutely a beautiful terminal emulator for sci-fi fans and for users who just want their terminal to look unique. In case you didn’t know, it is heavily inspired from the **TRON legacy** movie. +你不妨看看我们 [专门介绍 eDEX-UI][22] 的文章，了解更多关于它的信息和安装步骤。 -Not just the design or the interface, overall, it offers you a unique user experience that you will enjoy. It also lets you [customize the terminal][12]. It does require a significant amount of system resource if you’re planning to try it. +##### 如何安装 eDEX-UI？ -You might want to check our dedicated article on [eDEX-UI][22] to know more about it and the steps to install it. +你可以在一些包含 [AUR][24] 的仓库中找到它。无论是哪种情况，你都可以从它的 [GitHub 发布部分][25] 中抓取一个适用于你的 Linux 发行版的软件包（或 AppImage 文件）。 -[eDEX-UI][23] - -##### How to install eDEX-UI? - -You can find it in some of the repositories that include [AUR][24]. In either case, you can grab a package available for your Linux distribution (or an AppImage file) from its [GitHub releases section][25]. - -**Recommended Read:** - -![][11] - -#### [5 Tweaks to Customize the Look of Your Linux Terminal][12] - -Want to beautify your Linux terminal and give it a different look? Here are a few ways you can customize your terminal. - -#### 7\. Cool Retro Terminal +#### 7、Cool Retro Terminal ![][26] -**Key Highlights:** +主要亮点： - * Retro Theme - * Animation/Effects to tweak + * 复古主题 + * 动画/效果调整 +[Cool Retro Terminal][27] 是一款独特的终端仿真器，它为你提供了一个复古的阴极射线管显示器的外观。 +如果你正在寻找一些额外功能的终端仿真器，这可能会让你失望。然而，令人印象深刻的是，它在资源上相当轻盈，并允许你自定义颜色、效果和字体。 -Cool Retro Terminal is a unique terminal emulator that provides you with a look of a vintage cathode ray tube monitor. +##### 如何安装 Cool Retro Terminal？ -If you’re looking for some extra-functionality terminal emulator, this may disappoint you. However, it is impressive to note that it is decently light on resources and allows you to customize the color, effects, and fonts. - -[Cool Retro Theme][27] - -##### How to install Cool Retro Terminal? - -You can find all the installation instructions for major Linux distributions in its [GitHub page][27]. For Ubuntu-based distros, you can type in the following in the terminal: +你可以在其 [GitHub 页面][27] 中找到所有主流 Linux 发行版的安装说明。对于基于 Ubuntu 的发行版，你可以在终端中输入以下内容： ``` sudo apt install cool-retro-term ``` -#### 8\. Alacritty +#### 8、Alacritty ![][28] -**Key Highlights:** +主要亮点： - * Cross-platform - * Extension options and focuses on integration + * 跨平台 + * 选项丰富，重点是整合。 +[Alacritty][29] 是一款有趣的开源跨平台终端仿真器。尽管它被认为是处于“测试”阶段的东西，但它仍然可以工作。 +它的目标是为你提供广泛的配置选项，同时考虑到性能。例如，使用键盘点击 URL、将文本复制到剪贴板、使用 “Vi” 模式进行搜索等功能可能会吸引你去尝试。 -Alacritty is an interesting open-source cross-platform terminal emulator. Even though it is considered as something in “beta” phase, it still works. +你可以探索它的 [GitHub 页面][29] 了解更多信息。 -It aims to provide you extensive configuration options while keeping the performance in mind. For instance, the ability to click through a URL using a keyboard, copying text to a clipboard, and performing a search using “Vi” mode may intrigue you to try it. +##### 如何安装 Alacritty？ -You can explore its GitHub page for more information. +官方 GitHub 页面上说可以使用包管理器安装 Alacritty，但我在 Linux Mint 20.1 的默认仓库或 [synaptic 包管理器][30] 中找不到它。 -[Alacritty][29] +如果你想尝试的话，可以按照 [安装说明][31] 来手动设置。 -##### How to install Alacritty? - -Alacritty can be installed using package managers says the official GitHub page, but I couldn’t find it in the default repository or [synaptic package manager][30] on Linux Mint 20.1. - -You can follow the [installation instructions][31] to set it up manually if you want to try it. - -#### 9\. Konsole +#### 9、Konsole ![][32] -**Key Highlights:** +主要亮点： - * KDE’s terminal - * Lightweight and customizable + * KDE 的终端 + * 轻巧且可定制 +如果你不是新手，这个可能不用介绍了。[Konsole][33] 是 KDE 桌面环境的默认终端模拟器。 +不仅如此，它还集成了很多 KDE 应用。即使你使用的是其他的桌面环境，你也可以试试 Konsole。它是一个轻量级的终端仿真器，拥有众多的功能。 -If you’re not a newbie, this probably needs no introduction. Konsole is the default terminal emulator for KDE desktop environments. +你可以拥有多个标签和多个分组窗口。以及改变终端模拟器的外观和感觉的大量的自定义选项。 -Not just limited to that, it also comes integrated with a lot of KDE apps as well. Even if you’re using some other desktop environment, you can still try Konsole. It is a lightweight terminal emulator with a host of features. +##### 如何安装 Konsole？ -You can have multiple tabs and multiple grouped windows as well. Lot of customization options to change the look and feel of the terminal emulator as well. - -[Konsole][33] - -##### How to install Konsole? - -For Ubuntu-based distros and most other distributions, you can install it using the default repository. With Debian-based distros, you just need to type this in the terminal: +对于基于 Ubuntu 的发行版和大多数其他发行版，你可以使用默认的版本库来安装它。对于基于 Debian 的发行版，你只需要在终端中输入以下内容： ``` sudo apt install konsole ``` -#### 10\. GNOME Terminal +#### 10、GNOME 终端 ![][34] -**Key Highlights:** +主要亮点： - * GNOME’s terminal - * Simple yet customizable + * GNOME 的终端 + * 简单但可定制 +如果你使用的是任何基于 Ubuntu 的 GNOME 发行版，它已经是天生的了，它可能不像 Konsole 那样可以自定义，但它可以让你轻松地配置终端的大部分重要方面。它可能不像 Konsole 那样可以自定义（取决于你在做什么），但它可以让你轻松配置终端的大部分重要方面。 +总的来说，它提供了良好的用户体验和易于使用的界面，并提供了必要的功能。 -If you’re utilizing any Ubuntu-based GNOME distribution, it already comes baked in. It may not be as customizable as Konsole (depends on what you’re doing) but it lets you configure most of the important aspects of the terminal easily. +如果你好奇的话，我还有一篇 [自定义你的 GNOME 终端][12] 的教程。 -Overall, it offers a good user experience and an easy-to-use interface with essential functions. +##### 如何安装 GNOME 终端？ -I’ve also covered a tutorial to [customize your GNOME terminal][12] if you’re curious. +如果你没有使用 GNOME 桌面，但又想尝试一下，你可以通过默认的软件仓库轻松安装它。 -##### How to install GNOME Terminal? - -If you’re not using GNOME desktop but want to try it out, you can easily install it through the default repositories. - -For Debian-based distros, here’s what you need to type in the terminal: +对于基于 Debian 的发行版，以下是你需要在终端中输入的内容： ``` sudo apt install gnome-terminal ``` -### Wrapping Up +### 总结 -There are several terminal emulators available out there. You can try anything you like if you’re looking for a different user experience. However, if you’re aiming for a stable and productive experience, you need to test the terminal emulators before you can rely on them. +有好几个终端仿真器。如果你正在寻找不同的用户体验，你可以尝试任何你喜欢的东西。然而，如果你的目标是一个稳定的和富有成效的体验，你需要测试一下，然后才能依靠它们。 -For most of the users, the default terminal emulators should be good enough. But, if you’re looking for quick access (Quake Mode) or Tiling feature or multiple windows in a terminal, feel free to try out the options mentioned above. +对于大多数用户来说，默认的终端仿真器应该足够好用了。但是，如果你正在寻找快速访问（Quake 模式）、平铺功能或在一个终端中的多个窗口，请试试上述选择。 -What’s your favorite terminal emulator on Linux? Did I miss listing your favorite? Feel free to let me know your thoughts in the comments down below. +你最喜欢的 Linux 终端仿真器是什么？我有没有错过列出你最喜欢的？欢迎在下面的评论中告诉我你的想法。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -317,8 +263,8 @@ via: https://itsfoss.com/linux-terminal-emulators/ 作者：[Ankush Das][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 9af89bfb0abe32319cbb3ef01551b2056a473c85 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sun, 21 Mar 2021 07:24:53 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 272/309] PRF --- ...x (With Extra Features or Amazing Looks).md | 18 +++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-) rename {sources => translated}/tech/20210319 Top 10 Terminal Emulators for Linux (With Extra Features or Amazing Looks).md (93%) diff --git a/sources/tech/20210319 Top 10 Terminal Emulators for Linux (With Extra Features or Amazing Looks).md b/translated/tech/20210319 Top 10 Terminal Emulators for Linux (With Extra Features or Amazing Looks).md similarity index 93% rename from sources/tech/20210319 Top 10 Terminal Emulators for Linux (With Extra Features or Amazing Looks).md rename to translated/tech/20210319 Top 10 Terminal Emulators for Linux (With Extra Features or Amazing Looks).md index 85fec00a97..848adfd098 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20210319 Top 10 Terminal Emulators for Linux (With Extra Features or Amazing Looks).md +++ b/translated/tech/20210319 Top 10 Terminal Emulators for Linux (With Extra Features or Amazing Looks).md @@ -10,15 +10,15 @@ 10 个常见的 Linux 终端仿真器 ====== -默认情况下，所有的 Linux 发行版都已经预装了“终端terminal”应用程序或“终端模拟器terminal emulator”（这才是正确的技术术语）。当然，根据桌面环境的不同，它的外观和感觉会有所不同。 +默认情况下，所有的 Linux 发行版都已经预装了“终端terminal”应用程序或“终端仿真器terminal emulator”（这才是正确的技术术语）。当然，根据桌面环境的不同，它的外观和感觉会有所不同。 Linux 的特点是，你可以不用局限于你的发行版所提供的东西，你可以用你所选择的替代应用程序。终端也不例外。有几个提供了独特功能的终端仿真器令人印象深刻，可以获得更好的用户体验或更好的外观。 -在这里，我将组织一个有趣的终端应用程序的列表，你可以在你的 Linux 发行版上尝试它们。 +在这里，我将整理一个有趣的终端应用程序的列表，你可以在你的 Linux 发行版上尝试它们。 ### 值得赞叹的 Linux 终端仿真器 -此列表没有特别的排名顺序，我会先列出一些有趣的，然后是一些最流行的终端仿真器。此外，我还强调了每个提到的终端仿真器的主要功能，你可以选择你喜欢的终端模拟器。 +此列表没有特别的排名顺序，我会先列出一些有趣的，然后是一些最流行的终端仿真器。此外，我还强调了每个提到的终端仿真器的主要功能，你可以选择你喜欢的终端仿真器。 #### 1、Terminator @@ -52,11 +52,11 @@ sudo apt install terminator * 工作速度快，不需要大量的系统资源 * 访问的快捷键 -[Guake][6] 终端最初的灵感来自于一款 FPS 游戏 Quake。与其他一些终端模拟器不同的是，它的工作方式是覆盖在其他的活动窗口上。 +[Guake][6] 终端最初的灵感来自于一款 FPS 游戏 Quake。与其他一些终端仿真器不同的是，它的工作方式是覆盖在其他的活动窗口上。 -你所要做的就是使用快捷键（`F12`）召唤该模拟器，它就会从顶部出现。你可以自定义该模拟器的宽度或位置，但大多数用户使用默认设置就可以了。 +你所要做的就是使用快捷键（`F12`）召唤该仿真器，它就会从顶部出现。你可以自定义该仿真器的宽度或位置，但大多数用户使用默认设置就可以了。 -它不仅仅是一个方便的终端模拟器，还提供了大量的功能，比如能够恢复标签、拥有多个标签、每个标签进行颜色编码等等。你可以查看我关于 [Guake 的单独文章][5] 来了解更多。 +它不仅仅是一个方便的终端仿真器，还提供了大量的功能，比如能够恢复标签、拥有多个标签、对每个标签进行颜色编码等等。你可以查看我关于 [Guake 的单独文章][5] 来了解更多。 ##### 如何安装 Guake 终端？ @@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ sudo apt install tilda * 自定义主题选项 * 支持多个终端标签 -如果你不是特别想找一款可以帮助你更快的完成工作的终端仿真器，[eDEX-UI][23] 是你绝对应该尝试的。 +如果你不是特别想找一款可以帮助你更快的完成工作的终端仿真器，那么 [eDEX-UI][23] 绝对是你应该尝试的。 对于科幻迷和只想让自己的终端看起来独特的用户来说，这绝对是一款漂亮的终端仿真器。如果你不知道，它的灵感很大程度上来自于电影《创：战纪》。 @@ -210,11 +210,11 @@ sudo apt install cool-retro-term * KDE 的终端 * 轻巧且可定制 -如果你不是新手，这个可能不用介绍了。[Konsole][33] 是 KDE 桌面环境的默认终端模拟器。 +如果你不是新手，这个可能不用介绍了。[Konsole][33] 是 KDE 桌面环境的默认终端仿真器。 不仅如此，它还集成了很多 KDE 应用。即使你使用的是其他的桌面环境，你也可以试试 Konsole。它是一个轻量级的终端仿真器，拥有众多的功能。 -你可以拥有多个标签和多个分组窗口。以及改变终端模拟器的外观和感觉的大量的自定义选项。 +你可以拥有多个标签和多个分组窗口。以及改变终端仿真器的外观和感觉的大量的自定义选项。 ##### 如何安装 Konsole？ From c666eff9b83c40860923128ac3b9820f70fefcaa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sun, 21 Mar 2021 07:32:40 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 273/309] PUB @wxy https://linux.cn/article-13221-1.html --- ...tors for Linux (With Extra Features or Amazing Looks).md | 6 ++++-- 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20210319 Top 10 Terminal Emulators for Linux (With Extra Features or Amazing Looks).md (98%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20210319 Top 10 Terminal Emulators for Linux (With Extra Features or Amazing Looks).md b/published/20210319 Top 10 Terminal Emulators for Linux (With Extra Features or Amazing Looks).md similarity index 98% rename from translated/tech/20210319 Top 10 Terminal Emulators for Linux (With Extra Features or Amazing Looks).md rename to published/20210319 Top 10 Terminal Emulators for Linux (With Extra Features or Amazing Looks).md index 848adfd098..eaeeccfab7 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20210319 Top 10 Terminal Emulators for Linux (With Extra Features or Amazing Looks).md +++ b/published/20210319 Top 10 Terminal Emulators for Linux (With Extra Features or Amazing Looks).md @@ -4,12 +4,14 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (wxy) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-13221-1.html) 10 个常见的 Linux 终端仿真器 ====== +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/202103/21/073043q4j4o6hr33b595j4.jpg) + 默认情况下，所有的 Linux 发行版都已经预装了“终端terminal”应用程序或“终端仿真器terminal emulator”（这才是正确的技术术语）。当然，根据桌面环境的不同，它的外观和感觉会有所不同。 Linux 的特点是，你可以不用局限于你的发行版所提供的东西，你可以用你所选择的替代应用程序。终端也不例外。有几个提供了独特功能的终端仿真器令人印象深刻，可以获得更好的用户体验或更好的外观。 From c1d55d0fef352f91cab0f6be5551250dd0f8969e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sun, 21 Mar 2021 09:15:59 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 274/309] PRF @wyxplus --- ... a Raspberry Pi and a low-power display.md | 34 ++++++++----------- 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20210307 Track your family calendar with a Raspberry Pi and a low-power display.md b/translated/tech/20210307 Track your family calendar with a Raspberry Pi and a low-power display.md index 84e0f6e2fe..6bf54804ca 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20210307 Track your family calendar with a Raspberry Pi and a low-power display.md +++ b/translated/tech/20210307 Track your family calendar with a Raspberry Pi and a low-power display.md @@ -3,52 +3,45 @@ [#]: author: (Javier Pena https://opensource.com/users/jpena) [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (wyxplus) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) - -利用树莓派和低功耗显示器来显示你家的日程表 +利用树莓派和低功耗显示器来跟踪你的家庭日程表 ====== -通过利用开源工具和电子水墨屏，让每个人都清楚你家庭的日程安排。 +> 通过利用开源工具和电子墨水屏，让每个人都清楚家庭的日程安排。 -![Calendar with coffee and breakfast][1] +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/202103/21/091512dkbgb3vzgjrz2935.jpg) -有些家庭的日程安排很复杂：孩子们有上学活动和放学后的活动，你想要记住的重要事情、许多会议等等。虽然你可以使用手机和应用程序来关注所有事情，但在家中放置大型低功耗显示器以显示家人的日程不是更好吗？ 电子水墨日程表刚好满足！ +有些家庭的日程安排很复杂：孩子们有上学活动和放学后的活动，你想要记住的重要事情，每个人都有多个约会等等。虽然你可以使用手机和应用程序来关注所有事情，但在家中放置一个大型低功耗显示器以显示家人的日程不是更好吗？电子墨水日程表刚好满足！ ![E Ink calendar][2] -(Javier Pena, [CC BY-SA 4.0][3]) - ### 硬件 -这个项目是作为假日项目开始，因此我试着尽可能多的旧物利用。其中包括一台已经闲置了太长时间树莓派 2。由于我没有电子水墨屏，因此我需要购买一个。幸运的是，我找到了一家供应商，该供应商为树莓派的屏幕提供了 [开源驱动程序和示例][4]，该屏幕使用 [GPIO][5] 端口连接。 +这个项目是作为假日项目开始，因此我试着尽可能多的旧物利用。其中包括一台已经闲置了太长时间树莓派 2。由于我没有电子墨水屏，因此我需要购买一个。幸运的是，我找到了一家供应商，该供应商为支持树莓派的屏幕提供了 [开源驱动程序和示例][4]，该屏幕使用 [GPIO][5] 端口连接。 我的家人还想在不同的日程表之间切换，因此需要某种形式的输入。我没有添加 USB 键盘，而是选择了一种更简单的解决方案，并购买了一个类似于在 [这篇文章][6] 中所描述 1x4 大小的键盘。这使我可以将键盘连接到树莓派中的某些 GPIO 端口。 -最后，我需要一个相框来容纳整个设置。虽然背面看起来有些凌乱，但也能搞定。 +最后，我需要一个相框来容纳整个设置。虽然背面看起来有些凌乱，但它能完成工作。 ![Calendar internals][7] -(Javier Pena, [CC BY-SA 4.0][3]) - ### 软件 我从 [一个类似的项目][8] 中获得了灵感，并开始为我的项目编写 Python 代码。我需要从两个地方获取数据： * 天气信息：从 [OpenWeather API][9] 获取 - * 时间信息：我打算使用 [CalDav standard][10] 连接到一个运行在我家服务器上日程表 + * 时间信息：我打算使用 [CalDav 标准][10] 连接到一个在我家服务器上运行的日程表 -由于必须等待一些零件的送达，因此我使用了模块化的方法来进行输入和显示，这样我可以在没有硬件的情况下调试大多数代码。日程表应用程序需要驱动程序，于是我编写了 [Pygame][11] 驱动程序以便能在台式机上运行它。 +由于必须等待一些零件的送达，因此我使用了模块化的方法来进行输入和显示，这样我可以在没有硬件的情况下调试大多数代码。日程表应用程序需要驱动程序，于是我编写了一个 [Pygame][11] 驱动程序以便能在台式机上运行它。 -重构现有的开源项目是编码的最高效的方式。因为调用许多的 API 会减轻编码压力。我可以专注于设计用户界面，其中包括每人每周和每个人的每日的日程，以及允许使用小键盘来选择日程。并且我花时间又添加了一些额外的功能，例如特殊日子的自定义屏幕保护程序。 +编写代码最好的部分是能够重用现有的开源项目，所以访问不同的 API 很容易。我可以专注于设计用户界面，其中包括每个人的周历和每个人的日历，以及允许使用小键盘来选择日程。并且我花时间又添加了一些额外的功能，例如特殊日子的自定义屏幕保护程序。 ![E Ink calendar screensaver][12] -(Javier Pena, [CC BY-SA 4.0][3]) - -最后的集成步骤将确保我的日程表应用程序将在启动时运行，并且能够容错。我使用了原始的 [树莓派系统][13] 映像并将该应用程序配置到 systemd 服务，以便它可以在出现故障和系统重新启动依旧运行。 +最后的集成步骤将确保我的日程表应用程序将在启动时运行，并且能够容错。我使用了一个基本的 [树莓派系统][13] 镜像，并将该应用程序配置到 systemd 服务，以便它可以在出现故障和系统重新启动依旧运行。 做完所有工作，我把代码上传到了 [GitHub][14]。因此，如果你要创建类似的日历，可以随时查看并重构它！ @@ -56,16 +49,17 @@ 日程表已成为我们厨房中的日常工具。它可以帮助我们记住我们的日常活动，甚至我们的孩子在上学前，都可以使用它来查看日程的安排。 -对我而言，这个项目让我感受到开源的力量。如果没有开源的驱动程序、库以及API，我们依旧还在用纸和笔来安排日程。很疯狂，不是吗？ +对我而言，这个项目让我感受到开源的力量。如果没有开源的驱动程序、库以及开放 API，我们依旧还在用纸和笔来安排日程。很疯狂，不是吗？ 需要确保你的日程不冲突吗？学习如何使用这些免费的开源项目来做到这点。 +------ via: https://opensource.com/article/21/3/family-calendar-raspberry-pi 作者：[Javier Pena][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[wyxplus](https://github.com/wyxplus) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 932f2eb6de5480d4c9482073edeb832c839ae1cf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sun, 21 Mar 2021 09:16:31 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 275/309] PUB @wyxplus https://linux.cn/article-13222-1.html --- ...ly calendar with a Raspberry Pi and a low-power display.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20210307 Track your family calendar with a Raspberry Pi and a low-power display.md (98%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20210307 Track your family calendar with a Raspberry Pi and a low-power display.md b/published/20210307 Track your family calendar with a Raspberry Pi and a low-power display.md similarity index 98% rename from translated/tech/20210307 Track your family calendar with a Raspberry Pi and a low-power display.md rename to published/20210307 Track your family calendar with a Raspberry Pi and a low-power display.md index 6bf54804ca..165ca68e13 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20210307 Track your family calendar with a Raspberry Pi and a low-power display.md +++ b/published/20210307 Track your family calendar with a Raspberry Pi and a low-power display.md @@ -4,8 +4,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (wyxplus) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-13222-1.html) 利用树莓派和低功耗显示器来跟踪你的家庭日程表 ====== From f5167f6a5299ff2d51c4a297d8d082eba3e1a88b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xiaobin.Liu" Date: Sun, 21 Mar 2021 17:11:21 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 276/309] APL --- sources/tech/20210318 Practice using the Linux grep command.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20210318 Practice using the Linux grep command.md b/sources/tech/20210318 Practice using the Linux grep command.md index 0995f6d085..47f0e2ba93 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20210318 Practice using the Linux grep command.md +++ b/sources/tech/20210318 Practice using the Linux grep command.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/3/grep-cheat-sheet) [#]: author: (Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth) [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (lxbwolf) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From ed0fcd39d67ac7bdfaaa3c8f7aa923286a209c1b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xiaobin.Liu" Date: Sun, 21 Mar 2021 18:39:52 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 277/309] TSL --- ...8 Practice using the Linux grep command.md | 207 ------------------ ...8 Practice using the Linux grep command.md | 206 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 206 insertions(+), 207 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20210318 Practice using the Linux grep command.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20210318 Practice using the Linux grep command.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210318 Practice using the Linux grep command.md b/sources/tech/20210318 Practice using the Linux grep command.md deleted file mode 100644 index 47f0e2ba93..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20210318 Practice using the Linux grep command.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,207 +0,0 @@ -[#]: subject: (Practice using the Linux grep command) -[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/3/grep-cheat-sheet) -[#]: author: (Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth) -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (lxbwolf) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) - -Practice using the Linux grep command -====== -Learn the basics on searching for info in your files, then download our -cheat sheet for a quick reference guide to grep and regex. -![Hand putting a Linux file folder into a drawer][1] - -One of the classic Unix commands, developed way back in 1974 by Ken Thompson, is the Global Regular Expression Print (grep) command. It's so ubiquitous in computing that it's frequently used as a verb ("grepping through a file") and, depending on how geeky your audience, it fits nicely into real-world scenarios, too. (For example, "I'll have to grep my memory banks to recall that information.") In short, grep is a way to search through a file for a specific pattern of characters. If that sounds like the modern Find function available in any word processor or text editor, then you've already experienced grep's effects on the computing industry. - -Far from just being a quaint old command that's been supplanted by modern technology, grep's true power lies in two aspects: - - * Grep works in the terminal and operates on streams of data, so you can incorporate it into complex processes. You can not only _find_ a word in a text file; you can extract the word, send it to another command, and so on. - * Grep uses regular expression to provide a flexible search capability. - - - -Learning the `grep` command is easy, although it does take some practice. This article introduces you to some of its features I find most useful. - -**[Download our free [grep cheat sheet][2]]** - -### Installing grep - -If you're using Linux, you already have grep installed. - -On macOS, you have the BSD version of grep. This differs slightly from the GNU version, so if you want to follow along exactly with this article, then install GNU grep from a project like [Homebrew][3] or [MacPorts][4]. - -### Basic grep - -The basic grep syntax is always the same. You provide the `grep` command a pattern and a file you want it to search. In return, it prints each line to your terminal with a match. - - -``` -$ grep gnu gpl-3.0.txt -    along with this program.  If not, see <[http://www.gnu.org/licenses/\>][5]. -<[http://www.gnu.org/licenses/\>][5]. -<[http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html\>][6]. -``` - -By default, the `grep` command is case-sensitive, so "gnu" is different from "GNU" or "Gnu." You can make it ignore capitalization with the `--ignore-case` option. - - -``` -$ grep --ignore-case gnu gpl-3.0.txt -                    GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE -  The GNU General Public License is a free, copyleft license for -the GNU General Public License is intended to guarantee your freedom to -GNU General Public License for most of our software; it applies also to -[...16 more results...] -<[http://www.gnu.org/licenses/\>][5]. -<[http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html\>][6]. -``` - -You can also make the `grep` command return all lines _without_ a match by using the `--invert-match` option: - - -``` -$ grep --invert-match \ -\--ignore-case gnu gpl-3.0.txt -                      Version 3, 29 June 2007 - - Copyright (C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. <[http://fsf.org/\>][7] -[...648 lines...] -Public License instead of this License.  But first, please read -``` - -### Pipes - -It's useful to be able to find text in a file, but the true power of [POSIX][8] is its ability to chain commands together through "pipes." I find that my best use of grep is when it's combined with other tools, like cut, tr, or [curl][9]. - -For instance, assume I have a file that lists some technical papers I want to download. I could open the file and manually click on each link, and then click through Firefox options to save each file to my hard drive, but that's a lot of time and clicking. Instead, I could grep for the links in the file, printing _only_ the matching string by using the `--only-matching` option: - - -``` -$ grep --only-matching http\:\/\/.*pdf example.html - - - -``` - -The output is a list of URLs, each on one line. This is a natural fit for how Bash processes data, so instead of having the URLs printed to my terminal, I can just pipe them into `curl`: - - -``` -$ grep --only-matching http\:\/\/.*pdf \ -example.html | curl --remote-name -``` - -This downloads each file, saving it according to its remote filename onto my hard drive. - -My search pattern in this example may seem cryptic. That's because it uses regular expression, a kind of "wildcard" language that's particularly useful when searching broadly through lots of text. - -### Regular expression - -Nobody is under the illusion that regular expression ("regex" for short) is easy. However, I find it often has a worse reputation than it deserves. Admittedly, there's the potential for people to get a little _too clever_ with regex until it's so unreadable and so broad that it folds in on itself, but you don't have to overdo your regex. Here's a brief introduction to regex the way I use it. - -First, create a file called `example.txt` and enter this text into it: - - -``` -Albania -Algeria -Canada -0 -1 -3 -11 -``` - -The most basic element of regex is the humble `.` character. It represents a single character. - - -``` -$ grep Can.da example.txt -Canada -``` - -The pattern `Can.da` successfully returned `Canada` because the `.` character represented any _one_ character. - -The `.` wildcard can be modified to represent more than one character with these notations: - - * `?` matches the preceding item zero or one time - * `*` matches the preceding item zero or more times - * `+` matches the preceding item one or more times - * `{4}` matches the preceding item up to four (or any number you enter in the braces) times - - - -Armed with this knowledge, you can practice regex on `example.txt` all afternoon, seeing what interesting combinations you come up with. Some won't work; others will. The important thing is to analyze the results, so you understand why. - -For instance, this fails to return any country: - - -``` -`$ grep A.a example.txt` -``` - -It fails because the `.` character can only ever match a single character unless you level it up. Using the `*` character, you can tell `grep` to match a single character zero or as many times as necessary until it reaches the end of the word. Because you know the list you're dealing with, you know that _zero times_ is useless in this instance. There are definitely no three-letter country names in this list. So instead, you can use `+` to match a single character at least once and then again as many times as necessary until the end of the word: - - -``` -$ grep A.+a example.txt -Albania -Algeria -``` - -You can use square brackets to provide a list of letters: - - -``` -$ grep [A,C].+a example.txt -Albania -Algeria -Canada -``` - -This works for numbers, too. The results may surprise you: - - -``` -$ grep [1-9] example.txt -1 -3 -11 -``` - -Are you surprised to see 11 in a search for digits 1 to 9? - -What happens if you add 13 to your list? - -These numbers are returned because they include 1, which is among the list of digits to match. - -As you can see, regex is something of a puzzle, but through experimentation and practice, you can get comfortable with it and use it to improve the way you grep through your data. - -### Download the cheatsheet - -The `grep` command has far more options than I demonstrated in this article. There are options to better format results, list files and line numbers containing matches, provide context for results by printing the lines surrounding a match, and much more. If you're learning grep, or you just find yourself using it often and resorting to searching through its `info` pages, you'll do yourself a favor by downloading our cheat sheet for it. The cheat sheet uses short options (`-v` instead of `--invert-matching`, for instance) as a way to get you familiar with common grep shorthand. It also contains a regex section to help you remember the most common regex codes. [Download the grep cheat sheet today!][2] - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://opensource.com/article/21/3/grep-cheat-sheet - -作者：[Seth Kenlon][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://opensource.com/users/seth -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/yearbook-haff-rx-linux-file-lead_0.png?itok=-i0NNfDC (Hand putting a Linux file folder into a drawer) -[2]: https://opensource.com/downloads/grep-cheat-sheet -[3]: https://opensource.com/article/20/6/homebrew-mac -[4]: https://opensource.com/article/20/11/macports -[5]: http://www.gnu.org/licenses/\> -[6]: http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html\> -[7]: http://fsf.org/\> -[8]: https://opensource.com/article/19/7/what-posix-richard-stallman-explains -[9]: https://opensource.com/downloads/curl-command-cheat-sheet diff --git a/translated/tech/20210318 Practice using the Linux grep command.md b/translated/tech/20210318 Practice using the Linux grep command.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..c1e64f85e1 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20210318 Practice using the Linux grep command.md @@ -0,0 +1,206 @@ +[#]: subject: "Practice using the Linux grep command" +[#]: via: "https://opensource.com/article/21/3/grep-cheat-sheet" +[#]: author: "Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth" +[#]: collector: "lujun9972" +[#]: translator: "lxbwolf" +[#]: reviewer: " " +[#]: publisher: " " +[#]: url: " " + +练习使用 Linux 的 grep 命令 +====== +来学习下搜索文件中内容的基本操作，然后下载我们的备忘录作为 grep 和正则表达式的快速参考指南。 +![Hand putting a Linux file folder into a drawer][1] + +grep（全局正则表达式打印Global Regular Expression Print）是早在 1974 年由 Ken Thompson 开发的基本 Unix 命令之一。在计算领域，它无处不在，通常被用作为动词（“搜索一个文件中的内容”）。如果你的谈话对象有极客精神，那么它也能在真实生活场景中使用。（例如，“我会搜索我的内存库来回想起那些信息。”）简而言之，grep 是一种用特定的字符模式来搜索文件中内容的方式。如果你感觉这听起来像是文字处理器或文本编辑器的现代 Find 功能，那么你就已经在计算行业感受到了grep 的影响。 + +grep 绝不是被现代技术抛弃的远古命令，它的强大体现在两个方面： + + * grep 可以在终端操作数据流，因此你可以把它嵌入到复杂的处理中。你不仅可以在一个文本文件中*查找*文字，还可以提取文字后把它发给另一个命令。 + * grep 使用正则表达式来提供灵活的搜索能力。 + + + +虽然需要一些练习，但学习 `grep` 命令还是很容易的。本文会介绍一些我认为 grep 最有用的功能。 + +**[下载我们免费的 [grep 备忘录][2]]** + +### 安装 grep + +Linux 默认安装 grep。 + +MacOS 默认安装了 BSD 版的 grep。BSD 版的 grep 跟 GNU 版有一点不一样，因此如果你想完全参照本文，那么请使用 [Homebrew][3] 或 [MacPorts][4] 安装 GNU 版的 grep。 + +### 基础的 grep + +所有版本的 grep 基础语法都一样。入参是匹配模式和你需要搜索的文件。它会把匹配到的每一行输出到你的终端。 + + +``` +$ grep gnu gpl-3.0.txt +    along with this program.  If not, see <[http://www.gnu.org/licenses/\>][5]. +<[http://www.gnu.org/licenses/\>][5]. +<[http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html\>][6]. +``` + +`grep` 命令默认大小写敏感，因此 “gnu”、“GNU"、”Gnu“ 是三个不同的值。你可以使用 `--ignore-case` 选项来忽略大小写。 + + +``` +$ grep --ignore-case gnu gpl-3.0.txt +                    GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE +  The GNU General Public License is a free, copyleft license for +the GNU General Public License is intended to guarantee your freedom to +GNU General Public License for most of our software; it applies also to +[...16 more results...] +<[http://www.gnu.org/licenses/\>][5]. +<[http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html\>][6]. +``` + +你也可以通过 `--invert-match` 选项来输出所有没有匹配到的行： + + +``` +$ grep --invert-match \ +\--ignore-case gnu gpl-3.0.txt +                      Version 3, 29 June 2007 + + Copyright (C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. <[http://fsf.org/\>][7] +[...648 lines...] +Public License instead of this License.  But first, please read +``` + +### 管道 + +能搜索文件中的文本内容是很有用的，但是 [POSIX][8] 的真正强大之处是可以通过”管道“来连接多条命令。我发现我使用 grep 最好的方式是把它与其他工具如 cut、tr 或 [curl][9] 联合使用。 + +假如现在有一个文件，文件中每一行是我想要下载的技术论文。我可以打开文件手动点击每一个链接，然后点击火狐的选项把每一个文件保存到我的硬盘，但是需要点击多次且耗费很长时间。而我还可以搜索文件中的链接，用 `--only-matching` 选项*只*打印出匹配到的字符串。 + + +``` +$ grep --only-matching http\:\/\/.*pdf example.html + + + +``` + +输出是一系列的 URL，每行一个。而这与 Bash 处理数据的方式完美契合，因此我不再把 URL 打印到终端，而是把它们通过管道传给 `curl`： + + +``` +$ grep --only-matching http\:\/\/.*pdf \ +example.html | curl --remote-name +``` + +这条命令可以下载每一个文件，然后以各自远程的文件名命名保存在我的硬盘上。 + +这个例子中我的搜索模式可能很晦涩。那是因为它用的是正则表达式，一种在大量文本中进行模糊搜索时非常有用的”通配符“语言。 + +### 正则表达式 + +没有人会觉得正则表达式（简称 ”regex“）很简单。然而，我发现它的名声通常并不好。不可否认，很多人在使用正则表达式时”过于聪明”，以致于可读性很差，太过模糊以致于前面的模式覆盖了后面的模式，但是你仍大可不必滥用正则。这里是我使用正则的一个简明的教程。 + +首先，创建一个名为 `example.txt` 的文件，输入以下内容： + + +``` +Albania +Algeria +Canada +0 +1 +3 +11 +``` + +最基础的元素是谦逊的 `.` 字符。它表示一个字符。 + + +``` +$ grep Can.da example.txt +Canada +``` + +模式 `Can.da` 能成功匹配到 `Canada` 是因为 `.` 字符表示任意*一个*字符。 + +可以使用下面这些符号来使 `.` 通配符表示多个字符： + + * `?` 匹配前面的模式零次或一次 + * `*` 匹配前面的模式零次或多次 + * `+` 匹配前面的模式一次或多次 + * `{4}` 匹配前面的模式最多 4 次（或是你在括号中写的其他次数） + + + +了解了这些知识后，你可以用你认为有意思的所有模式来在 `example.txt` 中做练习。可能有些会成功，有些不会成功。重要的是你要去分析结果，这样你才会知道原因。 + +例如，下面的命令匹配不到任何国家： + + +``` +`$ grep A.a example.txt` +``` + +因为 `.` 字符只能匹配一个字符，除非你增加匹配次数。使用 `*` 字符，告诉 `grep` 匹配一个字符零次或者必要的任意多次直到单词末尾。因为你知道你要处理的内容，因此在本例中*零次*是没有必要的。在这个列表中一定没有单个字母的国家。因此，你可以用 `+` 来匹配一个字符至少一次且任意多次直到单词末尾： + + +``` +$ grep A.+a example.txt +Albania +Algeria +``` + +你可以使用方括号来提供一系列的字母： + + +``` +$ grep [A,C].+a example.txt +Albania +Algeria +Canada +``` + +也可以用来匹配数字。结果可能会震惊你： + + +``` +$ grep [1-9] example.txt +1 +3 +11 +``` + +看到 11 出现在搜索数字 1 到 9 的结果中，你惊讶吗？ + +如果把 13 加到搜索列表中，会出现什么结果呢？ + +这些数字之所以会被匹配到，是因为它们包含 1，而 1 在要匹配的数字中。 + +你可以发现，正则表达式有时会令人费解，但是通过体验和练习，你可以熟练掌握它，用它来提高你搜索数据的能力。 + +### 下载备忘录 + +`grep` 命令还有很多文章中没有列出的选项。有用来更好地展示匹配结果、列出文件、列出匹配到的行号、通过打印匹配到的行周围的内容来显示上下文的选项，等等。如果你在学习 grep，或者你经常使用它并且通过查阅它的`帮助`页面来查看选项，那么你可以下载我们的备忘录。这个备忘录使用短选项（例如，使用 `-v`，而不是 `--invert-matching`）来帮助你更好地熟悉 grep。它还有一部分正则表达式可以帮你记住用途最广的正则表达式代码。 [现在就下载 grep 备忘录！][2] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/21/3/grep-cheat-sheet + +作者：[Seth Kenlon][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[lxbwolf](https://github.com/lxbwolf) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/seth +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/yearbook-haff-rx-linux-file-lead_0.png?itok=-i0NNfDC "Hand putting a Linux file folder into a drawer" +[2]: https://opensource.com/downloads/grep-cheat-sheet +[3]: https://opensource.com/article/20/6/homebrew-mac +[4]: https://opensource.com/article/20/11/macports +[5]: http://www.gnu.org/licenses/\> +[6]: http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html\> +[7]: http://fsf.org/\> +[8]: https://opensource.com/article/19/7/what-posix-richard-stallman-explains +[9]: https://opensource.com/downloads/curl-command-cheat-sheet From 2be86c19d9803d8195ab5e5f4386b42fab2318bd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sun, 21 Mar 2021 22:10:55 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 278/309] PRF @wyxplus --- .../20210225 4 new open source licenses.md | 27 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20210225 4 new open source licenses.md b/translated/tech/20210225 4 new open source licenses.md index 25ab002af9..218fafb447 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20210225 4 new open source licenses.md +++ b/translated/tech/20210225 4 new open source licenses.md @@ -3,39 +3,36 @@ [#]: author: (Pam Chestek https://opensource.com/users/pchestek) [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (wyxplus) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) - 四个新式开源许可证 ====== -让我们来看看 OSI 最新批准的 Cryptographic Autonomy License 和 CERN 开源硬件许可协议。 +> 让我们来看看 OSI 最新批准的加密自治许可证和 CERN 开源硬件许可协议。 -![Law books in a library][1] +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/202103/21/221014mw8lhxox0kkjk04z.jpg) -作为 [开源定义][2] 的管理者，[开源倡议][3] 把许可证当作“开源”已有20多年了。这些许可证是开源软件生态系统的基础，可确保每个人都可以使用，重构和共享软件。当一个许可证获批，是因为 OSI 认为该许可证可以促进相互的协作和共享，从而使得每个参与开源生态的人获益。 +作为 [开源定义][2]Open Source Defintion（OSD）的管理者，[开源促进会][3]Open Source Initiative（OSI）20 年来一直在批准“开源”许可证。这些许可证是开源软件生态系统的基础，可确保每个人都可以使用、改进和共享软件。当一个许可证获批为“开源”时，是因为 OSI 认为该许可证可以促进相互的协作和共享，从而使得每个参与开源生态的人获益。 -在过去的20年里，世界发生了翻天覆地的变化。现如今，软件以新的甚至是无法想象的方式在被使用。OSI 已经预料到，曾经被人们所熟知的开源许可证现已无法满足如今的要求。因此，许可证管理者已经加强了工作，提交了多个更兼容的新式许可证。OSI 所面临的挑战是在评估许可证中，这些新观点是否会继续推动共享和协作，是否被值得称为“开源”许可证，最终 OSI 批准了一些用于特殊领域的新式许可证。 +在过去的 20 年里，世界发生了翻天覆地的变化。现如今，软件以新的甚至是无法想象的方式在被使用。OSI 已经预料到，曾经被人们所熟知的开源许可证现已无法满足如今的要求。因此，许可证管理者已经加强了工作，为更广泛的用途提交了几个新的许可证。OSI 所面临的挑战是在评估这些新的许可证概念是否会继续推动共享和合作，是否被值得称为“开源”许可证，最终 OSI 批准了一些用于特殊领域的新式许可证。 ### 四个新式许可证 -第一个是 [Cryptographic Autonomy License][4]。该许可证是为分布式密码应用程序而设计的。此许可证所解决的问题是，现有的开源许可证无法保证开放性，因为使用方没有义务共享数据，如果其中一人不开放，则其他使用方照做，这样可能会有害于开放的作用。因此，除了要获得强有力的版权保护许可外，CAL 还包括向第三方提供独立使用和修改软件所需的权限和资料的义务，而不会让第三方有数据或功能的损失。 +第一个是 [加密自治许可证][4]Cryptographic Autonomy License（CAL）。该许可证是为分布式密码应用程序而设计的。此许可证所解决的问题是，现有的开源许可证无法保证开放性，因为如果没有义务也与其他对等体共享数据，那么一个对等体就有可能损害网络的运行。因此，除了是一个强有力的版权保护许可外，CAL 还包括向第三方提供独立使用和修改软件所需的权限和资料的义务，而不会让第三方有数据或功能的损失。 -As more and more uses arise for peer-to-peer sharing using a cryptographic structure, it wouldn't be surprising if more developers found themselves in need of a legal tool like the CAL. The community on License-Discuss and License-Review, OSI's two mailing lists where proposed new open source licenses are discussed, asked many questions about this license. We hope that the resulting license is clear and easy to understand and that other open source practitioners will find it useful. +随着越来越多的人使用加密结构进行点对点共享，那么更多的开发人员发现自己需要诸如 CAL 之类的法律工具也就不足为奇了。 OSI 的两个邮件列表 License-Discuss 和 License-Review 上的社区，讨论了拟议的新开源许可证，并询问了有关此许可证的诸多问题。我们希望由此产生的许可证清晰易懂，并希望对其他开源从业者有所裨益。 -随着越来越多的人使用加密结构进行点对点共享，那么更多的开发人员发现自己需要诸如 CAL 之类的法律工具也就不足为奇了。 OSI 的两个邮件列表中的许可证讨论和许可证审查社区，讨论了拟议的新开源许可证，并询问了有关此许可证的诸多问题。 我们希望由此产生的许可证清晰易懂，并希望对其他开源从业者有所裨益。 +接下来是，欧洲核研究组织（CERN）提交的 CERN 开放硬件许可证Open Hardware Licence（OHL）系列许可证以供审议。它包括三个许可证，其主要用于开放硬件，这是一个与开源软件相似的开源访问领域，但有其自身的挑战和细微差别。硬件和软件之间的界线现已变得相当模糊，因此应用单独的硬件和软件许可证变得越来越困难。欧洲核子研究组织（CERN）制定了一个可以确保硬件和软件自由的许可证。 -接下来是，欧洲核研究组织（CERN）提交的 CERN Open Hardware Licence（OHL）系列许可证以供审议。它包括三个许可证，其主要用于开源硬件，这是一个与开源代码软件相似的开源访问领域，但有其自身的困难和细微差别。硬件和软件之间的界线现已变得相当模糊，因此应用单独的硬件和软件许可证变得越来越困难。欧洲核子研究组织（CERN）制定了可以确保硬件和软件开源的许可证。 +OSI 可能在开始时就没考虑将开源硬件许可证添加到其开源许可证列表中，但是世界早已发生变革。因此，尽管 CERN 许可证中的措词涵盖了硬件术语，但它也符合 OSI 认可的所有开源软件许可证的条件。 -OSI 可能在开始时就没考虑将开源硬件许可证添加到其开源代码许可证列表中，但是世界早已发生变革。因此，尽管 CERN 许可证中的措词涵盖了硬件术语，但它也符合 OSI 认可的所有开源软件许可证的条件。 - -CERN 开源硬件许可证包括 [permissive license][5]，[weak reciprocal license][6] 和 [strong reciprocal license][7]。最近，该许可证已被一个国际研究项目采用，该项目正在制造可用于 COVID-19 患者的简单、易于生产的呼吸机。 +CERN 开源硬件许可证包括一个 [宽松许可证][5]、一个 [弱互惠许可证][6] 和一个 [强互惠许可证][7]。最近，该许可证已被一个国际研究项目采用，该项目正在制造可用于 COVID-19 患者的简单、易于生产的呼吸机。 ### 了解更多 -CAL 和 CERN OHL 许可证是针对特殊事务，并且 OSI 不建议把它们用于其它领域。但是 OSI 想知道这些许可证是否会按预期发展，从而有助于在较新的计算机领域中培育出健壮的开源生态。 +CAL 和 CERN OHL 许可证是针对特殊用途的，并且 OSI 不建议把它们用于其它领域。但是 OSI 想知道这些许可证是否会按预期发展，从而有助于在较新的计算机领域中培育出健壮的开源生态。 可以从 OSI 获得关于 [许可证批准过程][8] 的更多信息。 @@ -46,7 +43,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/21/2/osi-licenses-cal-cern-ohl 作者：[Pam Chestek][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[wyxplus](https://github.com/wyxplus) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From e8b0581a18268cceeb259bb72d0d88f3cee34b5e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sun, 21 Mar 2021 22:11:26 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 279/309] PUB @wyxplus https://linux.cn/article-13224-1.html --- .../tech => published}/20210225 4 new open source licenses.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20210225 4 new open source licenses.md (98%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20210225 4 new open source licenses.md b/published/20210225 4 new open source licenses.md similarity index 98% rename from translated/tech/20210225 4 new open source licenses.md rename to published/20210225 4 new open source licenses.md index 218fafb447..56cdc56402 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20210225 4 new open source licenses.md +++ b/published/20210225 4 new open source licenses.md @@ -4,8 +4,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (wyxplus) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-13224-1.html) 四个新式开源许可证 ====== From 17496de14ec0334acdf08089de40430953bce84e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Mon, 22 Mar 2021 08:50:02 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 280/309] trams;atomg --- ...r Disk Usage Checking in Linux Terminal.md | 107 ------------------ ...r Disk Usage Checking in Linux Terminal.md | 107 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 107 insertions(+), 107 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20210317 Use gdu for a Faster Disk Usage Checking in Linux Terminal.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20210317 Use gdu for a Faster Disk Usage Checking in Linux Terminal.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210317 Use gdu for a Faster Disk Usage Checking in Linux Terminal.md b/sources/tech/20210317 Use gdu for a Faster Disk Usage Checking in Linux Terminal.md deleted file mode 100644 index d49463fe04..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20210317 Use gdu for a Faster Disk Usage Checking in Linux Terminal.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,107 +0,0 @@ -[#]: subject: (Use gdu for a Faster Disk Usage Checking in Linux Terminal) -[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/gdu/) -[#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/) -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) - -Use gdu for a Faster Disk Usage Checking in Linux Terminal -====== - -There are two popular [ways to check disk usage in Linux terminal][1]: du command and df command. The [du command is more for checking the space used by a directory][2] and the df command gives you the disk utilization on filesystem level. - -There are more friendly [ways to see the disk usage in Linux with graphical tools like GNOME Disks][3]. If you are confined to the terminal, you can use a [TUI][4] tool like [ncdu][5] to get the disk usage information with a sort of graphical touch. - -### Gdu: Disk usage checking in Linux terminal - -[Gdu][6] is such a tool written in Go (hence the ‘g’ in gdu). Gdu developer has [benchmark tests][7] to show that it is quite fast for disk usage checking, specifically on SSDs. In fact, gdu is intended primarily for SSDs though it can work for HDD as well. - -If you use the gdu command without any options, it shows the disk usage for the current directory you are in. - -![][8] - -Since it has terminal user interface (TUI), you can navigate through directories and disk using arrows. You can also sort the result by file names or size. - -Here’s how to do that: - - * Up arrow or k to move cursor up - * Down arrow or j to move cursor down - * Enter to select directory / device - * Left arrow or h to go to parent directory - * Use d to delete the selected file or directory - * Use n to sort by name - * Use s to sort by size - * Use c to sort by items - - - -You’ll notice some symbols before some file entries. Those have specific meaning. - -![][9] - - * `!` means an error occurred while reading the directory. - * `.` means an error occurred while reading a subdirectory, size may not be correct. - * `@` means file is a symlink or socket. - * `H` means the file was already counted (hard link). - * `e` means directory is empty. - - - -To see the disk utilization and free space for all mounted disks, use the option `d`: - -``` -gdu -d -``` - -It shows all the details in one screen: - -![][10] - -Sounds like a handy tool, right? Let’s see how to get it on your Linux system. - -### Installing gdu on Linux - -Gdu is available for Arch and Manjaro users through the [AUR][11]. I presume that as an Arch user, you know how to use AUR. - -It is included in the universe repository of the upcoming Ubuntu 21.04 but chances are that you are not using it at present. In that case, you may install it using Snap through it may seem like a lot of snap commands: - -``` -snap install gdu-disk-usage-analyzer -snap connect gdu-disk-usage-analyzer:mount-observe :mount-observe -snap connect gdu-disk-usage-analyzer:system-backup :system-backup -snap alias gdu-disk-usage-analyzer.gdu gdu -``` - -You may also find the source code on its release page: - -[Source code download for gdu][12] - -I am more used to of using du and df commands but I can see some Linux users might like gdu. Are you one of them? - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://itsfoss.com/gdu/ - -作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://linuxhandbook.com/df-command/ -[2]: https://linuxhandbook.com/find-directory-size-du-command/ -[3]: https://itsfoss.com/check-free-disk-space-linux/ -[4]: https://itsfoss.com/gui-cli-tui/ -[5]: https://dev.yorhel.nl/ncdu -[6]: https://github.com/dundee/gdu -[7]: https://github.com/dundee/gdu#benchmarks -[8]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/gdu-disk-utilization.png?resize=800%2C471&ssl=1 -[9]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/gdu-entry-symbols.png?resize=800%2C302&ssl=1 -[10]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/gdu-disk-utilization-for-all-drives.png?resize=800%2C471&ssl=1 -[11]: https://itsfoss.com/aur-arch-linux/ -[12]: https://github.com/dundee/gdu/releases diff --git a/translated/tech/20210317 Use gdu for a Faster Disk Usage Checking in Linux Terminal.md b/translated/tech/20210317 Use gdu for a Faster Disk Usage Checking in Linux Terminal.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..c11aeae00b --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20210317 Use gdu for a Faster Disk Usage Checking in Linux Terminal.md @@ -0,0 +1,107 @@ +[#]: subject: (Use gdu for a Faster Disk Usage Checking in Linux Terminal) +[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/gdu/) +[#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +在 Linux 终端中使用 gdu 进行更快的磁盘使用情况检查 +====== + +在 Linux 终端中有两种常用的[检查磁盘使用情况的方法][1]：du 命令和 df 命令。[du 命令更多的是用来检查目录的使用空间][2]，df 命令则是提供文件系统级别的磁盘使用情况。 + +还有更友好的[用 GNOME Disks 等图形工具在 Linux 中查看磁盘使用情况的方法][3]。如果局限于终端，你可以使用像 [ncdu][5] 这样的[ TUI][4] 工具，以一种图形化的方式获取磁盘使用信息。 + +### Gdu: 在 Linux 终端中检查磁盘使用情况 + +[Gdu][6] 就是这样一个用 Go 编写的工具（因此是 gdu 中的 “g”）。Gdu 开发者的[基准测试][7]表明，它的磁盘使用情况检查速度相当快，特别是在 SSD 上。事实上，gdu 主要是针对 SSD 的，尽管它也可以在 HDD 上工作。 + +如果你在使用 gdu 命令时没有任何选项，它就会显示你当前所在目录的磁盘使用情况。 + +![][8] + +由于它具有终端用户界面（TUI），你可以使用箭头浏览目录和磁盘。你也可以按文件名或大小对结果进行排序。 + +你可以用它做到： + + * 向上箭头或 k 键将光标向上移动 + * 向下箭头或 j 键将光标向下移动 + * 回车选择目录/设备 + * 左箭头或 h 键转到上级目录 + * 使用 d 键删除所选文件或目录 + * 使用 n 键按名称排序 + * 使用 s 键按大小排序 + * 使用 c 键按项目排序 + + + +你将注意到一些条目前的一些符号。这些符号有特定的意义。 + +![][9] + + * `!` 表示读取目录时发生错误。 + * `.` 表示在读取子目录时发生错误，大小可能不正确。 + * `@` 表示文件是一个符号链接或套接字。 + * `H` 表示文件已经被计数（硬链接）。 + * `e` 表示目录为空。 + + + +要查看所有挂载磁盘的磁盘利用率和可用空间，使用选项 `d`： + +``` +gdu -d +``` + +它在一屏中显示所有的细节： + +![][10] + +看起来是个方便的工具，对吧？让我们看看如何在你的 Linux 系统上安装它。 + +### 在 Linux 上安装 gdu + +Gdu 是通过 [AUR][11] 为 Arch 和 Manjaro 用户提供的。我想作为一个 Arch 用户，你应该知道如何使用 AUR。 + +它包含在即将到来的 Ubuntu 21.04 的 universe 仓库中，但有可能你现在还没有使用它。这种情况下，你可以使用 Snap 安装它，这可能看起来有很多条 snap 命令： + +``` +snap install gdu-disk-usage-analyzer +snap connect gdu-disk-usage-analyzer:mount-observe :mount-observe +snap connect gdu-disk-usage-analyzer:system-backup :system-backup +snap alias gdu-disk-usage-analyzer.gdu gdu +``` + +你也可以在其发布页面找到源代码： + +[Source code download for gdu][12] + +我更习惯于使用 du 和 df 命令，但我可以看到一些 Linux 用户可能会喜欢 gdu。你是其中之一吗？ + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/gdu/ + +作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://linuxhandbook.com/df-command/ +[2]: https://linuxhandbook.com/find-directory-size-du-command/ +[3]: https://itsfoss.com/check-free-disk-space-linux/ +[4]: https://itsfoss.com/gui-cli-tui/ +[5]: https://dev.yorhel.nl/ncdu +[6]: https://github.com/dundee/gdu +[7]: https://github.com/dundee/gdu#benchmarks +[8]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/gdu-disk-utilization.png?resize=800%2C471&ssl=1 +[9]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/gdu-entry-symbols.png?resize=800%2C302&ssl=1 +[10]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/gdu-disk-utilization-for-all-drives.png?resize=800%2C471&ssl=1 +[11]: https://itsfoss.com/aur-arch-linux/ +[12]: https://github.com/dundee/gdu/releases From dc1d6832d5631bca3c818f545c12e55f204760f2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Mon, 22 Mar 2021 09:02:36 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 281/309] translating --- ...0210319 4 cool new projects to try in Copr for March 2021.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20210319 4 cool new projects to try in Copr for March 2021.md b/sources/tech/20210319 4 cool new projects to try in Copr for March 2021.md index a86e30693d..31f101555b 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20210319 4 cool new projects to try in Copr for March 2021.md +++ b/sources/tech/20210319 4 cool new projects to try in Copr for March 2021.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ [#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/4-cool-new-projects-to-try-in-copr-for-march-2021/) [#]: author: (Jakub Kadlčík https://fedoramagazine.org/author/frostyx/) [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 29866bfdc31c29545707a6b0cf4ac55772e297bc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: stevenzdg988 <3442417@qq.com> Date: Mon, 22 Mar 2021 13:53:01 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 282/309] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=8F=90=E4=BA=A4=E8=AF=91=E6=96=87?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...o explore Google-s Natural Language API.md | 304 ------------------ ...o explore Google-s Natural Language API.md | 296 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 296 insertions(+), 304 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20190730 Using Python to explore Google-s Natural Language API.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20190730 Using Python to explore Google-s Natural Language API.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190730 Using Python to explore Google-s Natural Language API.md b/sources/tech/20190730 Using Python to explore Google-s Natural Language API.md deleted file mode 100644 index 67c76c8f8a..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20190730 Using Python to explore Google-s Natural Language API.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,304 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (stevenzdg988) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (Using Python to explore Google's Natural Language API) -[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/7/python-google-natural-language-api) -[#]: author: (JR Oakes https://opensource.com/users/jroakes) - -Using Python to explore Google's Natural Language API -====== -Google's API can surface clues to how Google is classifying your site -and ways to tweak your content to improve search results. -![magnifying glass on computer screen][1] - -As a technical search engine optimizer, I am always looking for ways to use data in novel ways to better understand how Google ranks websites. I recently investigated whether Google's [Natural Language API][2] could better inform how Google may be classifying a site's content. - -Although there are [open source NLP tools][3], I wanted to explore Google's tools under the assumption it might use the same tech in other products, like Search. This article introduces Google's Natural Language API and explores common natural language processing (NLP) tasks and how they might be used to inform website content creation. - -### Understanding the data types - -To begin, it is important to understand the types of data that Google's Natural Language API returns. - -#### Entities - -Entities are text phrases that can be tied back to something in the physical world. Named entity recognition (NER) is a difficult part of NLP because tools often need to look at the full context around words to understand their usage. For example, homographs are spelled the same but have multiple meanings. Does "lead" in a sentence refer to a metal (a noun), causing someone to move (a verb), or the main character in a play (also a noun)? Google has 12 distinct types of entities, as well as a 13th catch-all category called "UNKNOWN." Some of the entities tie back to Wikipedia articles, suggesting [Knowledge Graph][4] influence on the data. Each entity returns a salience score, which is its overall relevance to the supplied text. - -![Entities][5] - -#### Sentiment - -Sentiment, a view of or attitude towards something, is measured at the document and sentence level and for individual entities discovered in the document. The score of the sentiment ranges from -1.0 (negative) to 1.0 (positive). The magnitude represents the non-normalized strength of emotion; it ranges between 0.0 and infinity. - -![Sentiment][6] - -#### Syntax - -Syntax parsing contains most of the common NLP activities found in better libraries, like [lemmatization][7], [part-of-speech tagging][8], and [dependency-tree parsing][9]. NLP mainly deals with helping machines understand text and the relationship between words. Syntax parsing is a foundational part of most language-processing or understanding tasks. - -![Syntax][10] - -#### Categories - -Categories assign the entire given content to a specific industry or topical category with a confidence score from 0.0 to 1.0. The categories appear to be the same audience and website categories used by other Google tools, like AdWords. - -![Categories][11] - -### Pulling some data - -Now I'll pull some sample data to play around with. I gathered some search queries and their corresponding URLs using Google's [Search Console API][12]. Google Search Console is a tool that reports the terms people use to find a website's pages with Google Search. This [open source Jupyter notebook][13] allows you to pull similar data about your website. For this example, I pulled Google Search Console data on a website (which I won't name) generated between January 1 and June 1, 2019, and restricted it to queries that received at least one click (as opposed to just impressions). - -This dataset contains information on 2,969 pages and 7,144 queries that displayed the website's pages in Google Search results. The table below shows that the vast majority of pages received very few clicks, as this site focuses on what is called long-tail (more specific and usually longer) as opposed to short-tail (very general, higher search volume) search queries. - -![Histogram of clicks for all pages][14] - -To reduce the dataset size and get only top-performing pages, I limited the dataset to pages that received at least 20 impressions over the period. This is the histogram of clicks by page for this refined dataset, which includes 723 pages: - -![Histogram of clicks for subset of pages][15] - -### Using Google's Natural Language API library in Python - -To test out the API, create a small script that leverages the **[google-cloud-language][16]** library in Python. The following code is Python 3.5+. - -First, activate a new virtual environment and install the libraries. Replace **<your-env>** with a unique name for the environment. - - -``` -virtualenv <your-env> -source <your-env>/bin/activate -pip install --upgrade google-cloud-language -pip install --upgrade requests -``` - -This script extracts HTML from a URL and feeds the HTML to the Natural Language API. It returns a dictionary of **sentiment**, **entities**, and **categories**, where the values for these keys are all lists. I used a Jupyter notebook to run this code because it makes it easier to annotate and retry code using the same kernel. - - -``` -# Import needed libraries -import requests -import json - -from google.cloud import language -from google.oauth2 import service_account -from google.cloud.language import enums -from google.cloud.language import types - -# Build language API client (requires service account key) -client = language.LanguageServiceClient.from_service_account_json('services.json') - -# Define functions -def pull_googlenlp(client, url, invalid_types = ['OTHER'], **data): -    -        html = load_text_from_url(url, **data) -    -        if not html: -        return None -    -        document = types.Document( -        content=html, -        type=language.enums.Document.Type.HTML ) - -        features = {'extract_syntax': True, -                'extract_entities': True, -                'extract_document_sentiment': True, -                'extract_entity_sentiment': True, -                'classify_text': False -                } -    -        response = client.annotate_text(document=document, features=features) -        sentiment = response.document_sentiment -        entities = response.entities -    -        response = client.classify_text(document) -        categories = response.categories -          -        def get_type(type): -        return client.enums.Entity.Type(entity.type).name -    -        result = {} -    -        result['sentiment'] = []     -        result['entities'] = [] -        result['categories'] = [] - -        if sentiment: -        result['sentiment'] = [{ 'magnitude': sentiment.magnitude, 'score':sentiment.score }] -          -        for entity in entities: -        if get_type(entity.type) not in invalid_types: -                result['entities'].append({'name': entity.name, 'type': get_type(entity.type), 'salience': entity.salience, 'wikipedia_url': entity.metadata.get('wikipedia_url', '-')  }) -          -        for category in categories: -        result['categories'].append({'name':category.name, 'confidence': category.confidence}) -          -          -        return result - -def load_text_from_url(url, **data): - -        timeout = data.get('timeout', 20) -    -        results = [] -    -        try: -          -        print("Extracting text from: {}".format(url)) -        response = requests.get(url, timeout=timeout) - -        text = response.text -        status = response.status_code - -        if status == 200 and len(text) > 0: -                return text -          -        return None -          - -        except Exception as e: -        print('Problem with url: {0}.'.format(url)) -        return None -``` - -To access the API, follow Google's [quickstart instructions][17] to create a project in Google Cloud Console, enable the API, and download a service account key. Afterward, you should have a JSON file that looks similar to this: - -![services.json file][18] - -Upload it to your project folder with the name **services.json**. - -Then you can pull the API data for any URL (such as Opensource.com) by running the following: - - -``` -url = "" -pull_googlenlp(client,url) -``` - -If it's set up correctly, you should see this output: - -![Output from pulling API data][19] - -To make it easier to get started, I created a [Jupyter Notebook][20] that you can download and use to test extracting web pages' entities, categories, and sentiment. I prefer using [JupyterLab][21], which is an extension of Jupyter Notebooks that includes a file viewer and other enhanced user experience features. If you're new to these tools, I think [Anaconda][22] is the easiest way to get started using Python and Jupyter. It makes installing and setting up Python, as well as common libraries, very easy, especially on Windows. - -### Playing with the data - -With these functions that scrape the HTML of the given page and pass it to the Natural Language API, I can run some analysis across the 723 URLs. First, I'll look at the categories relevant to the site by looking at the count of returned top categories across all pages. - -#### Categories - -![Categories data from example site][23] - -This seems to be a fairly accurate representation of the key themes of this particular site. Looking at a single query that one of the top-performing pages ranks for, I can compare the other ranking pages in Google's results for that same query. - - * _URL 1 | Top Category: /Law & Government/Legal (0.5099999904632568) of 1 total categories._ - * _No categories returned._ - * _URL 3 | Top Category: /Internet & Telecom/Mobile & Wireless (0.6100000143051147) of 1 total categories._ - * _URL 4 | Top Category: /Computers & Electronics/Software (0.5799999833106995) of 2 total categories._ - * _URL 5 | Top Category: /Internet & Telecom/Mobile & Wireless/Mobile Apps & Add-Ons (0.75) of 1 total categories._ - * _No categories returned._ - * _URL 7 | Top Category: /Computers & Electronics/Software/Business & Productivity Software (0.7099999785423279) of 2 total categories._ - * _URL 8 | Top Category: /Law & Government/Legal (0.8999999761581421) of 3 total categories._ - * _URL 9 | Top Category: /Reference/General Reference/Forms Guides & Templates (0.6399999856948853) of 1 total categories._ - * _No categories returned._ - - - -The numbers in parentheses above represent Google's confidence that the content of the page is relevant for that category. The eighth result has much higher confidence than the first result for the same category, so this doesn't seem to be a magic bullet for defining relevance for ranking. Also, the categories are much too broad to make sense for a specific search topic. - -Looking at average confidence by ranking position, there doesn't seem to be a correlation between these two metrics, at least for this dataset: - -![Plot of average confidence by ranking position ][24] - -Both of these approaches make sense to review for a website at scale to ensure the content categories seem appropriate, and boilerplate or sales content isn't moving your pages out of relevance for your main expertise area. Think if you sell industrial supplies, but your pages return _Marketing_ as the main category. There doesn't seem to be a strong suggestion that category relevancy has anything to do with how well you rank, at least at a page level. - -#### Sentiment - -I won't spend much time on sentiment. Across all the pages that returned a sentiment from the API, they fell into two bins: 0.1 and 0.2, which is almost neutral sentiment. Based on the histogram, it is easy to tell that sentiment doesn't provide much value. It would be a much more interesting metric to run for a news or opinion site to measure the correlation of sentiment to median rank for particular pages. - -![Histogram of sentiment for unique pages][25] - -#### Entities - -Entities were the most interesting part of the API, in my opinion. This is a selection of the top entities, across all pages, by salience (or relevancy to the page). Notice that Google is inferring different types for the same terms (Bill of Sale), perhaps incorrectly. This is caused by the terms appearing in different contexts in the content. - -![Top entities for example site][26] - -Then I looked at each entity type individually and all together to see if there was any correlation between the salience of the entity and the best-ranking position of the page. For each type, I matched the salience (overall relevance to the page) of the top entity matching that type ordered by salience (descending). - -Some of the entity types returned zero salience across all examples, so I omitted those results from the charts below. - -![Correlation between salience and best ranking position][27] - -The **Consumer Good** entity type had the highest positive correlation, with a Pearson correlation of 0.15854, although since lower-numbered rankings are better, the **Person** entity had the best result with a -0.15483 correlation. This is an extremely small sample set, especially for individual entity types, so I can't make too much of the data. I didn't find any value with a strong correlation, but the **Person** entity makes the most sense. Sites usually have pages about their chief executive and other key employees, and these pages are very likely to do well in search results for those queries. - -Moving on, while looking at the site holistically, the following themes emerge based on **entity** **name** and **entity type**. - -![Themes based on entity name and entity type][28] - -I blurred a few results that seem too specific to mask the site's identity. Thematically, the name information is a good way to look topically at your (or a competitor's) site to see its core themes. This was done based only on the example site's ranking URLs and not all the site's possible URLs (Since Search Console data only reports on pages that received impressions in Google), but the results would be interesting, especially if you were to pull a site's main ranking URLs from a tool like [Ahrefs][29], which tracks many, many queries and the Google results for those queries. - -The other interesting piece in the entity data is that entities marked **CONSUMER_GOOD** tended to "look" like results I have seen in Knowledge Results, i.e., the Google Search results on the right-hand side of the page. - -![Google search results][30] - -Of the **Consumer Good** entity names from our data set that had three or more words, 5.8% had the same Knowledge Results as Google's results for the entity name. This means, if you searched for the term or phrase in Google, the block on the right (eg. the Knowledge Results showing Linux above), would display in the search result page. Since Google "picks" an exemplar webpage to represent the entity, it is a good opportunity to identify opportunities to be singularly featured in search results. Also of interest, of the 5.8% names that displayed these Knowledge Results in Google, none of the entities had Wikipedia URLs returned from the Natural Language API. This is interesting enough to warrant additional analysis. It would be very useful, especially for more esoteric topics that traditional global rank-tracking tools, like Ahrefs, don't have in their databases. - -As mentioned, the Knowledge Results can be important to site owners who want to have their content featured in Google, as they are strongly highlighted on desktop search. They are also more than likely, hypothetically, to line up with knowledge-base topics from Google [Discover][31], an offering for Android and iOS that attempts to surface content for users based on topics they are interested in but haven't searched explicitly for. - -### Wrapping up - -This article went over Google's Natural Language API, shared some code, and investigated ways this API may be useful for site owners. The key takeaways are: - - * Learning to use Python and Jupyter Notebooks opens your data-gathering tasks to a world of incredible APIs and open source projects (like Pandas and NumPy) built by incredibly smart and talented people. - * Python allows me to quickly pull and test my hypothesis about the value of an API for a particular purpose. - * Passing a website's pages through Google's categorization API may be a good check to ensure its content falls into the correct thematic categories. Doing this for competitors' sites may also offer guidance on where to tune-up or create content. - * Google's sentiment score didn't seem to be an interesting metric for the example site, but it may be for news or opinion-based sites. - * Google's found entities gave a much more granular topic-level view of the website holistically and, like categorization, would be very interesting to use in competitive content analysis. - * Entities may help define opportunities where your content can line up with Google Knowledge blocks in search results or Google Discover results. With 5.8% of our results set for longer (word count) **Consumer Goods** entities, displaying these results, there may be opportunities, for some sites, to better optimize their page's salience score for these entities to stand a better chance of capturing this featured placement in Google search results or Google Discovers suggestions. - - - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://opensource.com/article/19/7/python-google-natural-language-api - -作者：[JR Oakes][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[stevenzdg988](https://github.com/stevenzdg988) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://opensource.com/users/jroakes -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/search_find_code_issue_bug_programming.png?itok=XPrh7fa0 (magnifying glass on computer screen) -[2]: https://cloud.google.com/natural-language/#natural-language-api-demo -[3]: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/natural-language-processing-tools -[4]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_Graph -[5]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/entities.png (Entities) -[6]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/sentiment.png (Sentiment) -[7]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemmatisation -[8]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part-of-speech_tagging -[9]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parse_tree#Dependency-based_parse_trees -[10]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/syntax.png (Syntax) -[11]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/categories.png (Categories) -[12]: https://developers.google.com/webmaster-tools/ -[13]: https://github.com/MLTSEO/MLTS/blob/master/Demos.ipynb -[14]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/histogram_1.png (Histogram of clicks for all pages) -[15]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/histogram_2.png (Histogram of clicks for subset of pages) -[16]: https://pypi.org/project/google-cloud-language/ -[17]: https://cloud.google.com/natural-language/docs/quickstart -[18]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/json_file.png (services.json file) -[19]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/output.png (Output from pulling API data) -[20]: https://github.com/MLTSEO/MLTS/blob/master/Tutorials/Google_Language_API_Intro.ipynb -[21]: https://github.com/jupyterlab/jupyterlab -[22]: https://www.anaconda.com/distribution/ -[23]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/categories_2.png (Categories data from example site) -[24]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/plot.png (Plot of average confidence by ranking position ) -[25]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/histogram_3.png (Histogram of sentiment for unique pages) -[26]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/entities_2.png (Top entities for example site) -[27]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/salience_plots.png (Correlation between salience and best ranking position) -[28]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/themes.png (Themes based on entity name and entity type) -[29]: https://ahrefs.com/ -[30]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/googleresults.png (Google search results) -[31]: https://www.blog.google/products/search/introducing-google-discover/ diff --git a/translated/tech/20190730 Using Python to explore Google-s Natural Language API.md b/translated/tech/20190730 Using Python to explore Google-s Natural Language API.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..7239c2a326 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20190730 Using Python to explore Google-s Natural Language API.md @@ -0,0 +1,296 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (stevenzdg988) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Using Python to explore Google's Natural Language API) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/7/python-google-natural-language-api) +[#]: author: (JR Oakes https://opensource.com/users/jroakes) + +利用 Python 探究 Google 的自然语言 API(应用程序接口) +====== +Google API 可以提供有关 Google 如何对网站进行分类的线索以及调整内容以改进搜索结果的方法。 +![计算机屏幕放大镜][1] + +作为搜索引擎技术优化器，我一直在寻找以新颖的方式使用数据的方法，以更好地了解 Google 如何对网站进行排名。我最近研究了 Google 的 [自然语言 API][2] 是否能更好地了解 Google 如何分类网站内容。 + +尽管有 [开源 NLP 工具][3]，要探索 Google 工具，假设在其他产品中使用相同技术的前提下，像 Search。本文介绍了 Google 的自然语言 API，并探究了常见的自然语言处理（NLP）任务以及如何将其用于报告网站内容的创建。 + +### 了解数据类型 + +首先，了解 Google 自然语言 API 返回的数据类型非常重要。 + +#### 实体 + +实体是可以与物理世界中的某些事物联系在一起的文本短语。命名实体识别（NER）是 NLP 的难点，因为工具通常需要查看关键字的完整上下文才能理解其用法。例如，同形异义字拼写相同，但是具有多种含义。句子中的 "`lead`" 是指一种金属(名词),使某人移动(动词），还可能是剧本中的主要角色(也是名词)？Google 有 12 种不同类型的实体，还有第 13 个全方位类别称为 "`UNKNOWN`(未知)"。一些实体与 Wikipedia(维基百科)的文章相关，表明 [知识图谱][4] 对数据的影响。每个实体都返回一个显著的与所提供文本的整体相关性的分数。 + +![实体][5] + +#### 情感 + +情感，对某事的看法或态度，是判断文档和句子标准以及在文档中发现单个实体。情感的得分范围从 -1.0（负）到 1.0（正）。大小代表情感的非标准化强度;它的范围是 0.0 到无穷大。 + +![情感][6] + +#### 语法 + +语法分析包含大多数常见的 NLP 活动，在更好的 `libraries`(库)中发现，例如 [lemmatization(词形演变)][7]，[part-of-speech tagging(词性标记)][8] 和 [dependency-tree parsing(依赖树分析)][9]。 NLP 主要处理帮助机器理解文本和关键字之间的关系。语法分析是大多数语言处理或理解任务的基础部分。 + +![语法][10] + +#### 分类 + +分类是将整个给定内容分配给特定行业或主题类别，其置信度得分从 0.0 到 1.0。这些分类似乎与其他 Google 工具使用的受众群体和网站类别相同，像 AdWords。 + +![分类][11] + +### 提取数据 + +现在，我将提取一些示例数据进行处理。我使用 Google 的 [搜索控制台 API][12] 收集了一些搜索查询及其相应的网址。Google Search Console 是一种工具，可报告人们使用 Google Search 查找网站页面术语。[开源的 Jupyter Notebook][13] 可提取有关网站的类似数据。在此示例中，我在网站（没命名）上提取 Google Search Console 生成于 2019 年 1 月 1 日至 6 月 1 日之间的数据，并将其限制为至少获得一次点击（而不只是印象）的查询。 + +该数据集包含 2969 页面和 7144 条显示了网页 Google Search 搜索结果查询的信息。下表显示，绝大多数页面获得的点击很少，因为该网站侧重于所谓的长尾（越特殊，通常更长）而不是短尾（非常普遍，搜索量更大）搜索查询。 + +![所有页面的点击次数柱状图][14] + +为了减少数据集的大小并仅获得效果最好的页面，我将数据集限制为在此期间至少获得 20 次展示的页面。这是精炼数据集的按页点击的柱状图，其中包括 723 页： + +![部分网页的点击次数柱状图][15] + +在 Python 中使用 Google 自然语言 API 库 + +要测试 API，在 Python 中创建一个利用 **[google-cloud-language(Google 云语言)][16]** 库的小脚本。以下代码基于 Python 3.5+。 + +首先，激活一个新的虚拟环境并安装库。用环境的唯一名称替换 **＆lt;your-env＆gt;** 。 + +``` +virtualenv <your-env> +source <your-env>/bin/activate +pip install --upgrade google-cloud-language +pip install --upgrade requests +``` + +该脚本从 URL 提取 HTML，并将 HTML 提供给自然语言 API。返回一个包含 **sentiment**, **entities**, 和 **categories** 的字典，其中这些键值都是列表。我使用 Jupyter Notebook 运行此代码，因为使用同一内核注释和重试代码更加容易。 + +``` +# Import needed libraries +import requests +import json + +from google.cloud import language +from google.oauth2 import service_account +from google.cloud.language import enums +from google.cloud.language import types + +# Build language API client (requires service account key) +client = language.LanguageServiceClient.from_service_account_json('services.json') + +# Define functions +def pull_googlenlp(client, url, invalid_types = ['OTHER'], **data): +    +        html = load_text_from_url(url, **data) +    +        if not html: +        return None +    +        document = types.Document( +        content=html, +        type=language.enums.Document.Type.HTML ) + +        features = {'extract_syntax': True, +                'extract_entities': True, +                'extract_document_sentiment': True, +                'extract_entity_sentiment': True, +                'classify_text': False +                } +    +        response = client.annotate_text(document=document, features=features) +        sentiment = response.document_sentiment +        entities = response.entities +    +        response = client.classify_text(document) +        categories = response.categories +          +        def get_type(type): +        return client.enums.Entity.Type(entity.type).name +    +        result = {} +    +        result['sentiment'] = []     +        result['entities'] = [] +        result['categories'] = [] + +        if sentiment: +        result['sentiment'] = [{ 'magnitude': sentiment.magnitude, 'score':sentiment.score }] +          +        for entity in entities: +        if get_type(entity.type) not in invalid_types: +                result['entities'].append({'name': entity.name, 'type': get_type(entity.type), 'salience': entity.salience, 'wikipedia_url': entity.metadata.get('wikipedia_url', '-')  }) +          +        for category in categories: +        result['categories'].append({'name':category.name, 'confidence': category.confidence}) +          +          +        return result + +def load_text_from_url(url, **data): + +        timeout = data.get('timeout', 20) +    +        results = [] +    +        try: +          +        print("Extracting text from: {}".format(url)) +        response = requests.get(url, timeout=timeout) + +        text = response.text +        status = response.status_code + +        if status == 200 and len(text) > 0: +                return text +          +        return None +          + +        except Exception as e: +        print('Problem with url: {0}.'.format(url)) +        return None +``` + +要访问该 API，请按照 Google 的 [快速入门说明][17] 在Google Cloud Console 中创建一个项目，启用该 API 并下载服务帐户密钥。之后，您应该拥有一个类似于以下内容的 JSON 文件： + +![`services.json` 文件][18] + +命名为 **services.json** 上传到项目文件夹。 + +然后，您可以通过运行以下命令为任何 URL（例如 Opensource.com）拉取 API 数据： + +``` +url = "" +pull_googlenlp(client,url) +``` + +如果设置正确，您将看到以下输出： + +![拉取 API 数据的输出][19] + +为了使入门更加容易，我创建了一个 [Jupyter Notebook][20]，您可以下载并使用它来测试提取网页的实体，类别和情感。我更喜欢使用 [JupyterLab][21]，它是 Jupyter Notebook 的扩展，其中包括文件查看器和其他增强的用户体验功能。如果您不熟悉这些工具，我认为利用 [Anaconda][22] 是开始使用 Python 和 Jupyter 的最简单途径。它使安装和设置 Python 以及公共库变得非常容易，尤其是在 Windows 上。 + +### 处理数据 + +使用这些可抓取给定页面的 HTML 并将其传递给 Natural Language API 的函数，我可以对 723 个 URL 进行一些分析。首先，我将通过查看所有页面中返回的顶级分类的数量来查看与网站相关的分类。 + +#### 分类 + +![来自示例站点的分类数据][23] + +这似乎是该特定站点关键主题的相当准确的表示法。通过查看一个效果最好的页面进行排名的单个查询，我可以比较同一查询在 Google (搜索)结果中的其他排名页面。 + + * _URL 1 |顶级类别：/法律和政府/与法律相关的（0.5099999904632568）共 1 个类别。_ + * _未返回任何类别。_ + * _URL 3 |顶级类别：/ Internet＆amp;电信/移动与无线（0.6100000143051147）共 1 个类别。_ + * _URL 4 |顶级类别：/计算机与电子产品/软件（0.5799999833106995）共有 2 个类别。_ + * _URL 5 |顶级类别：/ Internet＆amp;电信/移动与无线/移动应用程序和附件（0.75）共有 1 个类别。_ + * _未返回任何类别。_ + * _URL 7 |顶级类别：/计算机与电子/软件/商业与生产力软件（0.7099999785423279）共2个类别。_ + * _URL 8 |顶级类别：/法律和政府/与法律相关的（0.8999999761581421）共 3 个类别。_ + * _URL 9 |顶级类别：/参考/一般参考/类型指南和模板（0.6399999856948853）共有 1 个类别。_ + * _未返回任何类别。_ + +上方括号中的数字表示 Google 对页面内容与该类别相关的置信度。对于相同类别，第八个结果比第一个结果具有更高的置信度，因此，这似乎不是定义排名相关性的灵丹妙药。此外，类别太宽泛导致无法满足特定搜索主题的需要。 + +通过排名查看平均置信度，这两个指标之间似乎没有相关性，至少对于此数据集而言： + +![平均置信度排名分布图][24] + +这两种方法都可以对网站进行有规模检查以确保内容类别易于理解，并且样板或销售内容不会使您的页面与您的主要专业知识领域无关。想一想，如果您出售工业用品，但是您的页面返回 _Marketing(销售)_ 作为主要类别。似乎没有强烈的建议，即类别相关性至少在页面级别与您的排名有关系。 + +#### 情感 + +我不会在情感上花很多时间。在所有从 API 返回情感的页面中，它们分为两个容器：0.1 和 0.2，这几乎是中立的。根据柱状图，很容易看出情感没有太大价值。对于新闻或舆论网站而言，测量特定页面的情感到中值排名之间的相关性将是一个更加有趣的指标。 + +![独特页面的情感柱状图][25] + +#### 实体 + +在我看来，实体是 API 中最有趣的部分。这是根据显着性（或与页面的相关性）通过所有页面选择顶级实体。请注意，对于相同的术语（销售清单），Google 会推断出不同的类型，可能是错误的。这是由于这些术语出现在内容中的不同上下文中引起的。 + +![示例网站的顶级实体][26] + +然后，我分别查看了每个实体类型，并一起查看了该实体的显着性与页面的最佳排名位置之间是否存在任何关联。对于每种类型，我将按匹配该类型突出性排序（降序）匹配顶级实体的突出性（与页面的整体相关性）。 + +在所有示例中，某些实体类型返回零突出性，因此我在下面的图表中省略了那些结果。 + +![突出性与最佳排名位置的相关性][27] + +**Consumer Good(消费性商品)** 实体类型具有最高的正相关性，皮尔森相关性为 0.15854，尽管由于较低编号的排名更好，所以 **Person(皮尔森)** 实体的最佳结果具有 -0.15483 的相关性。这是一个非常小的样本集，尤其是对于单个实体类型，因此我不能处理太多数据。我没有发现任何具有强相关性的值，但是 **Person(皮尔森)** 实体最有意义。网站通常都有关于其首席执行官和其他主要雇员的页面，这些页面很可能在这些查询的搜索结果方面做得好。 + +继续，当从整体上看站点，以下主题表现出基于 **entity(实体)** **name(名称)** 和 **entity type(实体类型)**。 + +![基于实体名称和实体类型的主题][28] + +我使一些看起来过于特殊的掩饰网站身份的结果模糊不清。从主题上讲，名称信息是在您（或竞争对手）的网站上局部查看其核心主题的一种好方法。这样做仅基于示例网站的排名网址，而不是基于所有网站的可能网址（因为 Search Console(搜索引擎) 数据仅记录Google 中展示的页面），但是结果会很有趣，尤其是当您使用像 [Ahrefs][29] 之类的工具拉取主排名网址的网站时，该工具会跟踪许多查询以及这些查询的 Google 搜索结果。 + +实体数据中另一个有趣的部分是标记为 **CONSUMER_GOOD** 的实体倾向于 “查看” 像我已经在看到 “Knowledge Results(知识结果)”的结果，即页面右侧的 Google Search (搜索)结果。 + +![Google 搜索结果][30] + +在我们的数据集中具有三个或三个以上关键字的 **Consumer Good(消费性商品)** 实体名称中，有 5.8％ 的 Knowledge Results与 Google 对该实体命名的结果相同。这意味着，如果您在 Google 中搜索术语或短语，则右侧的框（例如，上面显示 Linux 的 Knowledge Results）将显示在搜索结果页面中。由于 Google 会 “挑选” 代表实体的示例网页，因此这是一个很好的可以在搜索结果中识别出具有唯一特征的机会。同样有趣的是，5.8％ 的在 Google 中显示这些 Knowledge Results 名称中，没有一个实体具有从 Natural Language API 返回 Wikipedia URL。这足够有趣，可以保证额外的分析。这将是非常有用的，尤其是对于更难懂的像 Ahrefs 传统的全球排名跟踪工具主题，在其数据库中则没有。 + +如前所述，Knowledge Results(知识结果)对于希望在 Google 中使其其内容起作用的网站所有者而言非常重要，因为它们在桌面搜索中加强高亮显示。假设，它们也很可能与 Google [Discover][31] 的知识库主题保持一致，这是一款适用于 Android 和 iOS 的产品，旨在根据用户感兴趣但不明确搜索的主题向用户展示内容。 + +### 总结 + +本文介绍了 Google 的自然语言 API，共享了一些代码，并研究了此 API 对网站所有者可能有用的方式。关键要点是： + + * 学习使用 Python 和 Jupyter Notebooks 可以开始您的数据收集任务进入令人难以置信的全球 API 和由令人难以置信的聪明和有才能的人构建的开源项目（如 Pandas 和 NumPy）。 + * Python 允许我为了一个特定目的快速提取和测试有关 API 值的假设。 + * 通过 Google 的分类 API 传递网站页面可能是一项很好的检查，以确保其内容分解成正确的主题类别。为竞争对手的网站执行此操作还可以提供有关在何处进行调整或创建内容的指导。 + * 对于示例网站，Google 的情感评分似乎并不是一个有趣的指标，但是对于新闻或基于意见的网站，它可能是一个有趣的指标。 + * Google 的发现实体从整体上提供了网站的更细化的主题级别视图，并且像分类一样，在竞争性内容分析中使用将非常有趣。 + * 实体可以帮助定义机会，使您的内容可以与搜索结果或 Google Discover 结果中的 Google Knowledge 块保持一致。我们将5.8％的结果设置为更长的（关键字计数）**Consumer Goods(消费商品)** 实体，显示这些结果，对于某些网站来说，可能有机会更好地优化这些实体的页面突出性分数，从而有更好的机会在 Google 搜索结果或 Google Discovers 建议中捕获此起重要作用的位置。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/7/python-google-natural-language-api + +作者：[JR Oakes][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[stevenzdg988](https://github.com/stevenzdg988) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/jroakes +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/search_find_code_issue_bug_programming.png?itok=XPrh7fa0 (magnifying glass on computer screen) +[2]: https://cloud.google.com/natural-language/#natural-language-api-demo +[3]: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/natural-language-processing-tools +[4]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_Graph +[5]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/entities.png (Entities) +[6]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/sentiment.png (Sentiment) +[7]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemmatisation +[8]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part-of-speech_tagging +[9]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parse_tree#Dependency-based_parse_trees +[10]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/syntax.png (Syntax) +[11]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/categories.png (Categories) +[12]: https://developers.google.com/webmaster-tools/ +[13]: https://github.com/MLTSEO/MLTS/blob/master/Demos.ipynb +[14]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/histogram_1.png (Histogram of clicks for all pages) +[15]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/histogram_2.png (Histogram of clicks for subset of pages) +[16]: https://pypi.org/project/google-cloud-language/ +[17]: https://cloud.google.com/natural-language/docs/quickstart +[18]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/json_file.png (services.json file) +[19]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/output.png (Output from pulling API data) +[20]: https://github.com/MLTSEO/MLTS/blob/master/Tutorials/Google_Language_API_Intro.ipynb +[21]: https://github.com/jupyterlab/jupyterlab +[22]: https://www.anaconda.com/distribution/ +[23]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/categories_2.png (Categories data from example site) +[24]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/plot.png (Plot of average confidence by ranking position ) +[25]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/histogram_3.png (Histogram of sentiment for unique pages) +[26]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/entities_2.png (Top entities for example site) +[27]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/salience_plots.png (Correlation between salience and best ranking position) +[28]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/themes.png (Themes based on entity name and entity type) +[29]: https://ahrefs.com/ +[30]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/googleresults.png (Google search results) +[31]: https://www.blog.google/products/search/introducing-google-discover/ From 5e2d37133d569be3c88e550723814d8440f9cd0d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wyxplus <32919297+wyxplus@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Mon, 22 Mar 2021 17:17:45 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 283/309] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=8F=90=E4=BA=A4=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... your cryptocurrency trades with Python.md | 379 +++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 192 insertions(+), 187 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20200415 How to automate your cryptocurrency trades with Python.md b/sources/tech/20200415 How to automate your cryptocurrency trades with Python.md index 01ae887940..85533f8438 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20200415 How to automate your cryptocurrency trades with Python.md +++ b/sources/tech/20200415 How to automate your cryptocurrency trades with Python.md @@ -7,89 +7,92 @@ [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/20/4/python-crypto-trading-bot) [#]: author: (Stephan Avenwedde https://opensource.com/users/hansic99) -How to automate your cryptocurrency trades with Python + +如何使用 Python 来自动交易加密货币 ====== -In this tutorial, learn how to set up and use Pythonic, a graphical -programming tool that makes it easy for users to create Python -applications using ready-made function modules. + +在本教程中，教你如何设置和使用 Pythonic 来编程。它是一个图形化编程工具，用户可以很容易地使用现成的函数模块创建 Python 程序。 + ![scientific calculator][1] -Unlike traditional stock exchanges like the New York Stock Exchange that have fixed trading hours, cryptocurrencies are traded 24/7, which makes it impossible for anyone to monitor the market on their own. +然而，不像纽约证券交易所这样的传统证券交易所一样，有一段固定的交易时间。对于加密货币而言，则是 7×24 小时交易，任何人都无法独自盯着市场。 -Often in the past, I had to deal with the following questions related to my crypto trading: +在以前，我经常思考与加密货币交易相关的问题： - * What happened overnight? - * Why are there no log entries? - * Why was this order placed? - * Why was no order placed? +- 一夜之间发生了什么？ +- 为什么没有日志记录？ +- 为什么下单？ +- 为什么不下单？ +通常的解决手段是当在你做其他事情时，例如睡觉、与家人在一起或享受空闲时光，使用加密交易机器人代替你下单。虽然有很多商业解决方案可用，但是我选择开源的解决方案，因此我编写了加密交易机器人 [Pythonic][2]。 正如去年 [我写过的文章][3] 一样，“ Pythonic 是一种图形化编程工具，它让用户可以轻松使用现成的功能模块来创建Python应用程序。” 最初它是作为加密货币机器人使用，并具有可扩展的日志记录引擎以及经过精心测试的可重用部件，例如调度器和计时器。 +### 开始 -The usual solution is to use a crypto trading bot that places orders for you when you are doing other things, like sleeping, being with your family, or enjoying your spare time. There are a lot of commercial solutions available, but I wanted an open source option, so I created the crypto-trading bot [Pythonic][2]. As [I wrote][3] in an introductory article last year, "Pythonic is a graphical programming tool that makes it easy for users to create Python applications using ready-made function modules." It originated as a cryptocurrency bot and has an extensive logging engine and well-tested, reusable parts such as schedulers and timers. +本教程将教你如何开始使用 Pythonic 进行自动交易。我选择 [币安][6]Binance[币安][6]Binance 交易所的 [波场][4]Tron[波场][4]Tron 与 [比特币][3]Bitcoin[比特币][3]Bitcoin -### Getting started +交易对为例。我之所以选择这些加密货币，是因为它们彼此之间的波动性大，而不是出于个人喜好。 -This hands-on tutorial teaches you how to get started with Pythonic for automated trading. It uses the example of trading [Tron][4] against [Bitcoin][5] on the [Binance][6] exchange platform. I choose these coins because of their volatility against each other, rather than any personal preference. - -The bot will make decisions based on [exponential moving averages][7] (EMAs). +机器人将根据 [指数移动平均][7] （EMAs）来做出决策。 ![TRX/BTC 1-hour candle chart][8] -TRX/BTC 1-hour candle chart +TRX/BTC 1 小时 K 线图 -The EMA indicator is, in general, a weighted moving average that gives more weight to recent price data. Although a moving average may be a simple indicator, I've had good experiences using it. +EMA 指标通常是指加权移动平均线，可以对近期价格数据赋予更多权重。尽管移动平均线可能只是一个简单的指标，但我能熟练使用它。 -The purple line in the chart above shows an EMA-25 indicator (meaning the last 25 values were taken into account). +上图中的紫色线显示了 EMA-25 指标（这表示要考虑最近的 25 个值）。 -The bot monitors the pitch between the current EMA-25 value (t0) and the previous EMA-25 value (t-1). If the pitch exceeds a certain value, it signals rising prices, and the bot will place a buy order. If the pitch falls below a certain value, the bot will place a sell order. +机器人监视当前的 EMA-25 值（t0）和前一个 EMA-25 值（t-1）之间的差距。如果差值超过某个值，则表示价格上涨，机器人将下达购买订单。如果差值低于某个值，则机器人将下达卖单。 -The pitch will be the main indicator for making decisions about trading. For this tutorial, it will be called the _trade factor_. +差值将是做出交易决策的主要指标。在本教程中，它称为交易参数。 -### Toolchain - -The following tools are used in this tutorial: - - * Binance expert trading view (visualizing data has been done by many others, so there's no need to reinvent the wheel by doing it yourself) - * Jupyter Notebook for  data-science tasks - * Pythonic, which is the  overall framework - * PythonicDaemon as the  pure runtime (console- and Linux-only) +### 工具链 -### Data mining +将在本教程使用如下工具： -For a crypto trading bot to make good decisions, it's essential to get open-high-low-close ([OHLC][9]) data for your asset in a reliable way. You can use Pythonic's built-in elements and extend them with your own logic. - -The general workflow is: - - 1. Synchronize with Binance time - 2. Download OHLC data - 3. Load existing OHLC data from the file into memory - 4. Compare both datasets and extend the existing dataset with the newer rows +- 币安专业交易视图（已经有其他人做了数据可视化，所以不需要重复造轮子） +- Jupyter Notebook：用于数据科学任务 +- Pythonic：作为整体框架 +- PythonicDaemon ：作为终端运行（仅适用于控制台和 Linux） -This workflow may be a bit overkill, but it makes this solution very robust against downtime and disconnections. +### 数据挖掘 -To begin, you need the **Binance OHLC Query** element and a **Basic Operation** element to execute your own code. +为了使加密货币交易机器人尽可能能做出正确的决定，以可靠的方式获取资产的美国线（[OHLC][9]）数据是至关重要。你可以使用 Pythonic 的内置元素，还可以根据自己逻辑来对其进行扩展。 + +一般的工作流程： + +1. 与币安时间同步 +2. 下载 OHLC 数据 +3. 从文件中把 OHLC 数据加载到内存 +4. 比较数据集并扩展更新数据集 + + + +这个工作流程可能有点夸张，但是它能使得程序更加健壮，甚至在停机和断开连接时，也能平稳运行。 + +一开始，你需要 **币安 OHLC 查询**Binance OHLC Query**币安 OHLC 查询**Binance OHLC Query 元素和一个 **基础操作**Basic Operation**基础操作**Basic Operation 元素来执行你的代码。 ![Data-mining workflow][10] -Data-mining workflow +数据挖掘工作流程 -The OHLC query is set up to query the asset pair **TRXBTC** (Tron/Bitcoin) in one-hour intervals. +OHLC 查询设置为每隔一小时查询一次 **TRXBTC** 资产对（波场/比特币）。 ![Configuration of the OHLC query element][11] -Configuring the OHLC query element +配置 OHLC 查询元素 -The output of this element is a [Pandas DataFrame][12]. You can access the DataFrame with the **input** variable in the **Basic Operation** element. Here, the **Basic Operation** element is set up to use Vim as the default code editor. +其中输出的元素是 [Pandas DataFrame][12]。你可以在 **基础操作** 元素中使用 **输入**input**输入**input 变量来访问 DataFrame。其中，将 Vim 设置为 **基础操作** 元素的默认代码编辑器。 ![Basic Operation element set up to use Vim][13] -Basic Operation element set up to use Vim +使用 Vim 编辑基础操作元素 -Here is what the code looks like: +具体代码如下： ``` @@ -99,250 +102,250 @@ import pandas as pd outout = None if isinstance(input, pd.DataFrame): -    file_name = 'TRXBTC_1h.bin' -    home_path = str(pathlib.Path.home()) -    data_path = os.path.join(home_path, file_name) + file_name = 'TRXBTC_1h.bin' + home_path = str(pathlib.Path.home()) + data_path = os.path.join(home_path, file_name) -    try: -        df = pickle.load(open(data_path, 'rb')) -        n_row_cnt = df.shape[0] -        df = pd.concat([df,input], ignore_index=True).drop_duplicates(['close_time']) -        df.reset_index(drop=True, inplace=True) -        n_new_rows = df.shape[0] - n_row_cnt -        log_txt = '{}: {} new rows written'.format(file_name, n_new_rows) -    except: -        log_txt = 'File error - writing new one: {}'.format(e) -        df = input + try: + df = pickle.load(open(data_path, 'rb')) + n_row_cnt = df.shape[0] + df = pd.concat([df,input], ignore_index=True).drop_duplicates(['close_time']) + df.reset_index(drop=True, inplace=True) + n_new_rows = df.shape[0] - n_row_cnt + log_txt = '{}: {} new rows written'.format(file_name, n_new_rows) + except: + log_txt = 'File error - writing new one: {}'.format(e) + df = input -    pickle.dump(df, open(data_path, "wb" )) -    output = df + pickle.dump(df, open(data_path, "wb" )) + output = df ``` -First, check whether the input is the DataFrame type. Then look inside the user's home directory (**~/**) for a file named **TRXBTC_1h.bin**. If it is present, then open it, concatenate new rows (the code in the **try** section), and drop overlapping duplicates. If the file doesn't exist, trigger an _exception_ and execute the code in the **except** section, creating a new file. +首先，检查输入是否为 DataFrame 元素。然后在用户的家目录（**〜/ **）中查找名为 **TRXBTC_1h.bin** 的文件。如果存在，则将其打开，执行新代码段（**try** 部分中的代码），并删除重复项。如果文件不存在，则触发异常并执行 **except** 部分中的代码，创建一个新文件。 -As long as the checkbox **log output** is enabled, you can follow the logging with the command-line tool **tail**: +只要启用了复选框 **日志输出**log output**日志输出**log output，你就可以使用命令行工具 **tail** 查看日志记录： ``` `$ tail -f ~/Pythonic_2020/Feb/log_2020_02_19.txt` ``` -For development purposes, skip the synchronization with Binance time and regular scheduling for now. This will be implemented below. +出于开发目的，现在跳过与币安时间的同步和计划执行，这将在下面实现。 -### Data preparation +### 准备数据 -The next step is to handle the evaluation logic in a separate grid; therefore, you have to pass over the DataFrame from Grid 1 to the first element of Grid 2 with the help of the **Return element**. +下一步是在单独的 网格Grid网格Grid 中处理评估逻辑。因此，你必须借助 **返回元素**Return element**返回元素**Return element 将 DataFrame 从网格 1 传递到网格 2 的第一个元素。 -In Grid 2, extend the DataFrame by a column that contains the EMA values by passing the DataFrame through a **Basic Technical Analysis** element. +在网格 2 中，通过使 DataFrame 通过 **基础技术分析**Basic Technical Analysis**基础技术分析**Basic Technical Analysis 元素，将 DataFrame 扩展包含 EMA 值的一列。 ![Technical analysis workflow in Grid 2][14] -Technical analysis workflow in Grid 2 +在网格 2 中技术分析工作流程 -Configure the technical analysis element to calculate the EMAs over a period of 25 values. +配置技术分析元素以计算 25 个值的 EMAs。 ![Configuration of the technical analysis element][15] -Configuring the technical analysis element +配置技术分析元素 -When you run the whole setup and activate the debug output of the **Technical Analysis** element, you will realize that the values of the EMA-25 column all seem to be the same. +当你运行整个程序并开启 **技术分析**Technical Analysis**技术分析**Technical Analysis 元素的调试输出时，你将发现 EMA-25 列的值似乎都相同。 ![Missing decimal places in output][16] -Decimal places are missing in the output +输出中精度不够 -This is because the EMA-25 values in the debug output include just six decimal places, even though the output retains the full precision of an 8-byte float value. +这是因为调试输出中的 EMA-25 值仅包含六位小数，即使输出保留了 8 个字节完整精度的浮点值。 -For further processing, add a **Basic Operation** element: +为了能进行进一步处理，请添加 **基础操作** 元素： ![Workflow in Grid 2][17] -Workflow in Grid 2 +网格 2 中的工作流程 -With the **Basic Operation** element, dump the DataFrame with the additional EMA-25 column so that it can be loaded into a Jupyter Notebook; +使用 **基础操作** 元素，将 DataFrame 与添加的 EMA-25 列一起转储，以便可以将其加载到 Jupyter Notebook中； ![Dump extended DataFrame to file][18] -Dump extended DataFrame to file +将扩展后的 DataFrame 存储到文件中 -### Evaluation logic +### 评估策略 -Developing the evaluation logic inside Juypter Notebook enables you to access the code in a more direct way. To load the DataFrame, you need the following lines: +在 Juypter Notebook 中开发评估策略，让你可以更直接地访问代码。要加载 DataFrame，你需要使用如下代码： ![Representation with all decimal places][19] -Representation with all decimal places +用全部小数位表示 -You can access the latest EMA-25 values by using [**iloc**][20] and the column name. This keeps all of the decimal places. +你可以使用 [**iloc**][20] 和列名来访问最新的 EMA-25 值，并且会保留所有小数位。 -You already know how to get the latest value. The last line of the example above shows only the value. To copy the value to a separate variable, you have to access it with the **.at** method, as shown below. +你已经知道如何来获得最新的数据。上面示例的最后一行仅显示该值。为了能将该值拷贝到不同的变量中，你必须使用如下图所示的 **.at** 方法方能成功。 -You can also directly calculate the trade factor, which you will need in the next step. +你也可以直接计算出你下一步所需的交易参数。 ![Buy/sell decision][21] -Buy/sell decision +买卖决策 -### Determine the trading factor +### 确定交易参数 -As you can see in the code above, I chose 0.009 as the trade factor. But how do I know if 0.009 is a good trading factor for decisions? Actually, this factor is really bad, so instead, you can brute-force the best-performing trade factor. +如上面代码所示，我选择 0.009 作为交易参数。但是我怎么知道 0.009 是决定交易的一个好参数呢？ 实际上，这个参数确实很糟糕，因此，你可以直接计算出表现最佳的交易参数。 -Assume that you will buy or sell based on the closing price. +假设你将根据收盘价进行买卖。 ![Validation function][22] -Validation function +回测功能 -In this example, **buy_factor** and **sell_factor** are predefined. So extend the logic to brute-force the best performing values. +在此示例中，**buy_factor** 和 **sell_factor** 是预先定义好的。因此，发散思维用直接计算出表现最佳的参数。 ![Nested for loops for determining the buy and sell factor][23] -Nested _for_ loops for determining the buy and sell factor +嵌套的 _for_ 循环，用于确定购买和出售的参数 -This has 81 loops to process (9x9), which takes a couple of minutes on my machine (a Core i7 267QM). +这要跑 81 个循环（9x9），在我的机器（Core i7 267QM）上花费了几分钟。 ![System utilization while brute forcing][24] -System utilization while brute-forcing +在暴力运算时系统的利用率 -After each loop, it appends a tuple of **buy_factor**, **sell_factor**, and the resulting **profit** to the **trading_factors** list. Sort the list by profit in descending order. +在每个循环之后，它将 **buy_factor**，**sell_factor** 元组和生成的 **利润**profit**利润**profit 元组追加到 **trading_factors** 列表中。按利润降序对列表进行排序。 ![Sort profit with related trading factors in descending order][25] -Sort profit with related trading factors in descending order +将利润与相关的交易参数按降序排序 -When you print the list, you can see that 0.002 is the most promising factor. +当你打印出列表时，你会看到 0.002 是最好的参数。 ![Sorted list of trading factors and profit][26] -Sorted list of trading factors and profit +交易要素和收益的有序列表 -When I wrote this in March 2020, the prices were not volatile enough to present more promising results. I got much better results in February, but even then, the best-performing trading factors were also around 0.002. +当我在 2020 年 3 月写下这篇文章时，价格的波动还不足以呈现出更理想的结果。我在 2 月份得到了更好的结果，但即使在那个时候，表现最好的交易参数也在 0.002 左右。 -### Split the execution path +### 分割执行路径 -Start a new grid now to maintain clarity. Pass the DataFrame with the EMA-25 column from Grid 2 to element 0A of Grid 3 by using a **Return** element. +现在开始新建一个网格以保持逻辑清晰。使用 **返回** 元素将带有 EMA-25 列的 DataFrame 从网格 2 传递到网格 3 的 0A 元素。 -In Grid 3, add a **Basic Operation** element to execute the evaluation logic. Here is the code of that element: +在网格 3 中，添加 **基础操作** 元素以执行评估逻辑。这是该元素中的代码： ![Implemented evaluation logic][27] -Implemented evaluation logic +实现评估策略 -The element outputs a **1** if you should buy or a **-1** if you should sell. An output of **0** means there's nothing to do right now. Use a **Branch** element to control the execution path. +如果输出 **1** 表示你应该购买，如果输出 **2** 则表示你应该卖出。 输出 **0** 表示现在无需操作。使用 **分支**Branch**分支**Branch 元素来控制执行路径。 ![Branch element: Grid 3 Position 2A][28] -Branch element: Grid 3, Position 2A +Branch 元素：网格 3，2A 位置 -Due to the fact that both **0** and **-1** are processed the same way, you need an additional Branch element on the right-most execution path to decide whether or not you should sell. + + +因为 **0** 和 **-1** 的处理流程一样，所以你需要在最右边添加一个分支元素来判断你是否应该卖出。 ![Branch element: Grid 3 Position 3B][29] -Branch element: Grid 3, Position 3B +分支元素：网格 3，3B 位置 -Grid 3 should now look like this: +网格 3 应该现在如下图所示： ![Workflow on Grid 3][30] -Workflow on Grid 3 +网格 3 的工作流程 -### Execute orders +### 下单 -Since you cannot buy twice, you must keep a persistent variable between the cycles that indicates whether you have already bought. +由于无需在一个周期中购买两次，因此必须在周期之间保留一个持久变量，以指示你是否已经购买。 -You can do this with a **Stack element**. The Stack element is, as the name suggests, a representation of a file-based stack that can be filled with any Python data type. +你可以利用 **栈**Stack**栈**Stack 元素来实现。顾名思义，栈元素表示可以用任何 Python 数据类型来放入的基于文件的栈。 -You need to define that the stack contains only one Boolean element, which determines if you bought (**True**) or not (**False**). As a consequence, you have to preset the stack with one **False**. You can set this up, for example, in Grid 4 by simply passing a **False** to the stack. +你需要定义栈仅包含一个布尔类型，该布尔类型决定是否购买了（**True**）或（**False**）。因此，你必须使用 **False** 来初始化栈。例如，你可以在网格 4 中简单地通过将 **False** 传递给栈来进行设置。![Forward a False-variable to the subsequent Stack element][31] -![Forward a False-variable to the subsequent Stack element][31] +将 **False** 变量传输到后续的栈元素中 -Forward a **False** variable to the subsequent Stack element - -The Stack instances after the branch tree can be configured as follows: +在分支树后的栈实例可以进行如下配置： ![Configuration of the Stack element][32] -Configuring the Stack element +设置栈元素 -In the Stack element configuration, set **Do this with input** to **Nothing**. Otherwise, the Boolean value will be overwritten by a 1 or 0. +在栈元素设置中，将 **Do this with input** 设置成 **Nothing**。否则，布尔值将被 1 或 0 覆盖。 -This configuration ensures that only one value is ever saved in the stack (**True** or **False**), and only one value can ever be read (for clarity). +该设置确保仅将一个值保存于栈中（**True** 或 **False**），并且只能读取一个值（为了清楚起见）。 -Right after the Stack element, you need an additional **Branch** element to evaluate the stack value before you place the **Binance Order** elements. +在栈元素之后，你需要另外一个 **分支** 元素来判断栈的值，然后再放置 **币安订单**Binance Order**币安订单**Binance Order 元素。 ![Evaluate the variable from the stack][33] -Evaluating the variable from the stack +判断栈中的变量 -Append the Binance Order element to the **True** path of the Branch element. The workflow on Grid 3 should now look like this: +将币安订单元素添加到分支元素的 **True** 路径。网格 3 上的工作流现在应如下所示： ![Workflow on Grid 3][34] -Workflow on Grid 3 +网格 3 的工作流程 -The Binance Order element is configured as follows: +币安订单元素应如下配置： ![Configuration of the Binance Order element][35] -Configuring the Binance Order element +编辑币安订单元素 -You can generate the API and Secret keys on the Binance website under your account settings. +你可以在币安网站上的帐户设置中生成 API 和密钥。 ![Creating an API key in Binance][36] -Creating an API key in the Binance account settings +在币安账户设置中创建一个 API key -In this tutorial, every trade is executed as a market trade and has a volume of 10,000 TRX (~US$ 150 on March 2020). (For the purposes of this tutorial, I am demonstrating the overall process by using a Market Order. Because of that, I recommend using at least a Limit order.) +在本文中，每笔交易都是作为市价交易执行的，交易量为10,000 TRX（2020 年 3 月约为 150 美元）（出于教学的目的，我通过使用市价下单来演示整个过程。因此，我建议至少使用限价下单。） -The subsequent element is not triggered if the order was not executed properly (e.g., a connection issue, insufficient funds, or incorrect currency pair). Therefore, you can assume that if the subsequent element is triggered, the order was placed. +如果未正确执行下单（例如，网络问题、资金不足或货币对不正确），则不会触发后续元素。因此，你可以假定如果触发了后续元素，则表示该订单已下达。 -Here is an example of output from a successful sell order for XMRBTC: +这是一个成功的 XMRBTC 卖单的输出示例： ![Output of a successfully placed sell order][37] -Successful sell order output +成功卖单的输出 -This behavior makes subsequent steps more comfortable: You can always assume that as long the output is proper, the order was placed. Therefore, you can append a **Basic Operation** element that simply writes the output to **True** and writes this value on the stack to indicate whether the order was placed or not. +该行为使后续步骤更加简单：你可以始终假设只要成功输出，就表示订单成功。因此，你可以添加一个 **基础操作** 元素，该元素将简单地输出 **True** 并将此值放入栈中以表示是否下单。 -If something went wrong, you can find the details in the logging message (if logging is enabled). +如果出现错误的话，你可以在日志信息中查看具体细节（如果启用日志功能）。 ![Logging output of Binance Order element][38] -Logging output from Binance Order element +币安订单元素中的输出日志信息 -### Schedule and sync +### 调度和同步 -For regular scheduling and synchronization, prepend the entire workflow in Grid 1 with the **Binance Scheduler** element. +对于日程调度和同步，请在网格 1 中将整个工作流程置于 **币安调度器**Binance Scheduler**币安调度器**Binance Scheduler 元素的前面。 ![Binance Scheduler at Grid 1, Position 1A][39] -Binance Scheduler at Grid 1, Position 1A +在网格 1，1A 位置的币安调度器 -The Binance Scheduler element executes only once, so split the execution path on the end of Grid 1 and force it to re-synchronize itself by passing the output back to the Binance Scheduler element. +由于币安调度器元素只执行一次，因此请在网格 1 的末尾拆分执行路径，并通过将输出传递回币安调度器来强制让其重新同步。 ![Grid 1: Split execution path][40] -Grid 1: Split execution path +网格 1：拆分执行路径 -Element 5A points to Element 1A of Grid 2, and Element 5B points to Element 1A of Grid 1 (Binance Scheduler). +5A 元素指向 网格 2 的 1A 元素，并且 5B 元素指向网格 1 的 1A 元素（币安调度器）。 -### Deploy +### 部署 -You can run the whole setup 24/7 on your local machine, or you could host it entirely on an inexpensive cloud system. For example, you can use a Linux/FreeBSD cloud system for about US$5 per month, but they usually don't provide a window system. If you want to take advantage of these low-cost clouds, you can use PythonicDaemon, which runs completely inside the terminal. +你可以在本地计算机上全天候 7×24 小时运行整个程序，也可以将其完全托管在廉价的云系统上。例如，你可以使用 Linux/FreeBSD 云系统，每月约 5 美元，但通常不提供图形化界面。如果你想利用这些低成本的云，可以使用 PythonicDaemon，它能在终端中完全运行。 ![PythonicDaemon console interface][41] -PythonicDaemon console +PythonicDaemon 控制台 -PythonicDaemon is part of the basic installation. To use it, save your complete workflow, transfer it to the remote running system (e.g., by Secure Copy [SCP]), and start PythonicDaemon with the workflow file as an argument: +PythonicDaemon 是基础程序的一部分。要使用它，请保存完整的工作流程，将其传输到远程运行的系统中（例如，通过安全拷贝协议Secure Copy安全拷贝协议Secure Copy [SCP]），然后把工作流程文件作为参数来启动 PythonicDaemon： ``` `$ PythonicDaemon trading_bot_one` ``` -To automatically start PythonicDaemon at system startup, you can add an entry to the crontab: +为了能在系统启动时自启 PythonicDaemon，可以将一个条目添加到 crontab 中： ``` @@ -351,21 +354,23 @@ To automatically start PythonicDaemon at system startup, you can add an entry to ![Crontab on Ubuntu Server][42] -Crontab on Ubuntu Server +在 Ubuntu 服务器上的 Crontab -### Next steps +### 下一步 -As I wrote at the beginning, this tutorial is just a starting point into automated trading. Programming trading bots is approximately 10% programming and 90% testing. When it comes to letting your bot trade with your money, you will definitely think thrice about the code you program. So I advise you to keep your code as simple and easy to understand as you can. - -If you want to continue developing your trading bot on your own, the next things to set up are: - - * Automatic profit calculation (hopefully only positive!) - * Calculation of the prices you want to buy for - * Comparison with your order book (i.e., was the order filled completely?) +正如我在一开始时所说的，本教程只是自动交易的入门。对交易机器人进行编程大约需要 10％ 的编程和 90％ 的测试。当涉及到让你的机器人用金钱交易时，你肯定会对编写的代码再三思考。因此，我建议你编码时要尽可能简单和易于理解。 -You can download the whole example on [GitHub][2]. +如果你想自己继续开发交易机器人，接下来所需要做的事： + +- 收益自动计算（希望你有正收益！） +- 计算你想买的价格 +- 比较你的预订单（例如，订单是否填写完整？） + + + +你可以从 [GitHub][2] 上获取完整代码。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -373,52 +378,52 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/20/4/python-crypto-trading-bot 作者：[Stephan Avenwedde][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +译者：[wyxplus](https://github.com/wyxplus) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 [a]: https://opensource.com/users/hansic99 [b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/calculator_money_currency_financial_tool.jpg?itok=2QMa1y8c (scientific calculator) +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/calculator_money_currency_financial_tool.jpg?itok=2QMa1y8c "scientific calculator" [2]: https://github.com/hANSIc99/Pythonic [3]: https://opensource.com/article/19/5/graphically-programming-pythonic [4]: https://tron.network/ [5]: https://bitcoin.org/en/ [6]: https://www.binance.com/ [7]: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/e/ema.asp -[8]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/1_ema-25.png (TRX/BTC 1-hour candle chart) +[8]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/1_ema-25.png "TRX/BTC 1-hour candle chart" [9]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-high-low-close_chart -[10]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/2_data-mining-workflow.png (Data-mining workflow) -[11]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/3_ohlc-query.png (Configuration of the OHLC query element) +[10]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/2_data-mining-workflow.png "Data-mining workflow" +[11]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/3_ohlc-query.png "Configuration of the OHLC query element" [12]: https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/getting_started/dsintro.html#dataframe -[13]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/4_edit-basic-operation.png (Basic Operation element set up to use Vim) -[14]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/6_grid2-workflow.png (Technical analysis workflow in Grid 2) -[15]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/7_technical-analysis-config.png (Configuration of the technical analysis element) -[16]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/8_missing-decimals.png (Missing decimal places in output) -[17]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/9_basic-operation-element.png (Workflow in Grid 2) -[18]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/10_dump-extended-dataframe.png (Dump extended DataFrame to file) -[19]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/11_load-dataframe-decimals.png (Representation with all decimal places) +[13]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/4_edit-basic-operation.png "Basic Operation element set up to use Vim" +[14]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/6_grid2-workflow.png "Technical analysis workflow in Grid 2" +[15]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/7_technical-analysis-config.png "Configuration of the technical analysis element" +[16]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/8_missing-decimals.png "Missing decimal places in output" +[17]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/9_basic-operation-element.png "Workflow in Grid 2" +[18]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/10_dump-extended-dataframe.png "Dump extended DataFrame to file" +[19]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/11_load-dataframe-decimals.png "Representation with all decimal places" [20]: https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/reference/api/pandas.DataFrame.iloc.html -[21]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/12_trade-factor-decision.png (Buy/sell decision) -[22]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/13_validation-function.png (Validation function) -[23]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/14_brute-force-tf.png (Nested for loops for determining the buy and sell factor) -[24]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/15_system-utilization.png (System utilization while brute forcing) -[25]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/16_sort-profit.png (Sort profit with related trading factors in descending order) -[26]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/17_sorted-trading-factors.png (Sorted list of trading factors and profit) -[27]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/18_implemented-evaluation-logic.png (Implemented evaluation logic) -[28]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/19_output.png (Branch element: Grid 3 Position 2A) -[29]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/20_editbranch.png (Branch element: Grid 3 Position 3B) -[30]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/21_grid3-workflow.png (Workflow on Grid 3) -[31]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/22_pass-false-to-stack.png (Forward a False-variable to the subsequent Stack element) -[32]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/23_stack-config.png (Configuration of the Stack element) -[33]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/24_evaluate-stack-value.png (Evaluate the variable from the stack) -[34]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/25_grid3-workflow.png (Workflow on Grid 3) -[35]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/26_binance-order.png (Configuration of the Binance Order element) -[36]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/27_api-key-binance.png (Creating an API key in Binance) -[37]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/28_sell-order.png (Output of a successfully placed sell order) -[38]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/29_binance-order-output.png (Logging output of Binance Order element) -[39]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/30_binance-scheduler.png (Binance Scheduler at Grid 1, Position 1A) -[40]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/31_split-execution-path.png (Grid 1: Split execution path) -[41]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/32_pythonic-daemon.png (PythonicDaemon console interface) -[42]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/33_crontab.png (Crontab on Ubuntu Server) +[21]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/12_trade-factor-decision.png "Buy/sell decision" +[22]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/13_validation-function.png "Validation function" +[23]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/14_brute-force-tf.png "Nested for loops for determining the buy and sell factor" +[24]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/15_system-utilization.png "System utilization while brute forcing" +[25]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/16_sort-profit.png "Sort profit with related trading factors in descending order" +[26]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/17_sorted-trading-factors.png "Sorted list of trading factors and profit" +[27]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/18_implemented-evaluation-logic.png "Implemented evaluation logic" +[28]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/19_output.png "Branch element: Grid 3 Position 2A" +[29]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/20_editbranch.png "Branch element: Grid 3 Position 3B" +[30]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/21_grid3-workflow.png "Workflow on Grid 3" +[31]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/22_pass-false-to-stack.png "Forward a False-variable to the subsequent Stack element" +[32]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/23_stack-config.png "Configuration of the Stack element" +[33]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/24_evaluate-stack-value.png "Evaluate the variable from the stack" +[34]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/25_grid3-workflow.png "Workflow on Grid 3" +[35]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/26_binance-order.png "Configuration of the Binance Order element" +[36]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/27_api-key-binance.png "Creating an API key in Binance" +[37]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/28_sell-order.png "Output of a successfully placed sell order" +[38]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/29_binance-order-output.png "Logging output of Binance Order element" +[39]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/30_binance-scheduler.png "Binance Scheduler at Grid 1, Position 1A" +[40]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/31_split-execution-path.png "Grid 1: Split execution path" +[41]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/32_pythonic-daemon.png "PythonicDaemon console interface" +[42]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/33_crontab.png "Crontab on Ubuntu Server" From 8e399e5cb5e77a351570497fc78d44a5733755fc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wyxplus <32919297+wyxplus@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Mon, 22 Mar 2021 17:22:21 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 284/309] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=94=B3=E8=AF=B7=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- .../tech/20210315 Learn how file input and output works in C.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20210315 Learn how file input and output works in C.md b/sources/tech/20210315 Learn how file input and output works in C.md index 78ba3485eb..19d86e4528 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20210315 Learn how file input and output works in C.md +++ b/sources/tech/20210315 Learn how file input and output works in C.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/3/file-io-c) [#]: author: (Jim Hall https://opensource.com/users/jim-hall) [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (wyxplus) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 0f4040340f227e40805671eca873fe10718d3cad Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Mon, 22 Mar 2021 21:24:27 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 285/309] PRF&PUB @geekpi https://linux.cn/article-13227-1.html --- ...Recorder for GNOME With Wayland Support.md | 20 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20210316 Kooha is a Nascent Screen Recorder for GNOME With Wayland Support.md (88%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20210316 Kooha is a Nascent Screen Recorder for GNOME With Wayland Support.md b/published/20210316 Kooha is a Nascent Screen Recorder for GNOME With Wayland Support.md similarity index 88% rename from translated/tech/20210316 Kooha is a Nascent Screen Recorder for GNOME With Wayland Support.md rename to published/20210316 Kooha is a Nascent Screen Recorder for GNOME With Wayland Support.md index 654ca32da9..20cd761dd8 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20210316 Kooha is a Nascent Screen Recorder for GNOME With Wayland Support.md +++ b/published/20210316 Kooha is a Nascent Screen Recorder for GNOME With Wayland Support.md @@ -3,16 +3,16 @@ [#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/) [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-13227-1.html) -Kooha 是一款支持 Wayland 的新生 GNOME 屏幕录像机 +Kooha：一款支持 Wayland 的新生 GNOME 屏幕录像机 ====== -Linux 中没有一个[像样的支持 Wayland 显示服务器的屏幕录制软件][1]。 +Linux 中没有一个 [像样的支持 Wayland 显示服务器的屏幕录制软件][1]。 -如果你使用 Wayland 的话，[GNOME 内置的屏幕录像机][1]可能是少有的（也是唯一的）支持的软件。但是那个屏幕录像机没有可视界面和你所期望的标准屏幕录像软件的功能。 +如果你使用 Wayland 的话，[GNOME 内置的屏幕录像机][1] 可能是少有的（也是唯一的）支持的软件。但是那个屏幕录像机没有可视界面和你所期望的标准屏幕录像软件的功能。 值得庆幸的是，有一个新的应用正在开发中，它提供了比 GNOME 屏幕录像机更多一点的功能，并且在 Wayland 上也能正常工作。 @@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ Linux 中没有一个[像样的支持 Wayland 显示服务器的屏幕录制软 ![][2] -[Kooha][3] 是一个处于开发初期阶段的应用，它可以在 GNOME 中使用，并且用 GTK 和 PyGObject 构建。事实上，它利用了与 GNOME 内置屏幕录像机相同的后端。 +[Kooha][3] 是一个处于开发初期阶段的应用，它可以在 GNOME 中使用，是用 GTK 和 PyGObject 构建的。事实上，它利用了与 GNOME 内置屏幕录像机相同的后端。 以下是 Kooha 的功能： @@ -33,8 +33,6 @@ Linux 中没有一个[像样的支持 Wayland 显示服务器的屏幕录制软 * 允许更改默认保存位置 * 支持一些键盘快捷键 - - ### 我的 Kooha 体验 ![][4] @@ -43,7 +41,7 @@ Linux 中没有一个[像样的支持 Wayland 显示服务器的屏幕录制软 目前，[Kooha 只能通过 Flatpak 安装][5]。我安装了 Flatpak，当我试着使用时，它什么都没有记录。我和 Dave 进行了快速的邮件讨论，他告诉我这是由于 [Ubuntu 20.10 中 GNOME 屏幕录像机的 bug][6]。 -你可以想象我对支持 Wayland 的屏幕录像机的绝望，我[将我的 Ubuntu 升级到 21.04 测试版][7]。 +你可以想象我对支持 Wayland 的屏幕录像机的绝望，我 [将我的 Ubuntu 升级到 21.04 测试版][7]。 在 21.04 中，可以屏幕录像，但仍然无法录制麦克风的音频。 @@ -90,7 +88,7 @@ via: https://itsfoss.com/kooha-screen-recorder/ 作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From ffadd1bbce85c5aabb9d6dcadc9f98fcdafc4e0f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Mon, 22 Mar 2021 21:37:35 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 286/309] APL --- .../20210121 Convert your Windows install into a VM on Linux.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20210121 Convert your Windows install into a VM on Linux.md b/sources/tech/20210121 Convert your Windows install into a VM on Linux.md index 4c6c78a369..b5fe4c0f00 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20210121 Convert your Windows install into a VM on Linux.md +++ b/sources/tech/20210121 Convert your Windows install into a VM on Linux.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (wxy) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 7d6217118cab82a0973504b6d4973fdeda9605b2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wyxplus <32919297+wyxplus@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Mon, 22 Mar 2021 22:27:00 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 287/309] move --- ...0415 How to automate your cryptocurrency trades with Python.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {sources => translated}/tech/20200415 How to automate your cryptocurrency trades with Python.md (100%) diff --git a/sources/tech/20200415 How to automate your cryptocurrency trades with Python.md b/translated/tech/20200415 How to automate your cryptocurrency trades with Python.md similarity index 100% rename from sources/tech/20200415 How to automate your cryptocurrency trades with Python.md rename to translated/tech/20200415 How to automate your cryptocurrency trades with Python.md From b550d586509a90dc5d42ce1bdf1252dc77b919fc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Qian.Sun" Date: Mon, 22 Mar 2021 22:43:00 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 288/309] translating by DCOLIVERSUN 20210309 Learn Python dictionary values with Jupyter is translated by DCOLIVERSUN --- .../20210309 Learn Python dictionary values with Jupyter.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20210309 Learn Python dictionary values with Jupyter.md b/sources/tech/20210309 Learn Python dictionary values with Jupyter.md index 3a227897a6..a54b7f58a8 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20210309 Learn Python dictionary values with Jupyter.md +++ b/sources/tech/20210309 Learn Python dictionary values with Jupyter.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/3/dictionary-values-python) [#]: author: (Lauren Maffeo https://opensource.com/users/lmaffeo) [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (DCOLIVERSUN) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 050e0451da4425a557169d6d777112c200514412 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Tue, 23 Mar 2021 05:18:57 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 289/309] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020210322=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Productivity=20with=20Ulauncher?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20210322 Productivity with Ulauncher.md --- .../20210322 Productivity with Ulauncher.md | 144 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 144 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20210322 Productivity with Ulauncher.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210322 Productivity with Ulauncher.md b/sources/tech/20210322 Productivity with Ulauncher.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..5b49a41848 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20210322 Productivity with Ulauncher.md @@ -0,0 +1,144 @@ +[#]: subject: (Productivity with Ulauncher) +[#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/ulauncher-productivity/) +[#]: author: (Troy Curtis Jr https://fedoramagazine.org/author/troycurtisjr/) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +Productivity with Ulauncher +====== + +![Productivity with Ulauncher][1] + +Photo by [Freddy Castro][2] on [Unsplash][3] + +Application launchers are a category of productivity software that not everyone is familiar with, and yet most people use the basic concepts without realizing it. As the name implies, this software launches applications, but they also other capablities. + +Examples of dedicated Linux launchers include [dmenu][4], [Synapse][5], and [Albert][6]. On MacOS, some examples are [Quicksilver][7] and [Alfred][8]. Many modern desktops include basic versions as well. On Fedora Linux, the Gnome 3 [activities overview][9] uses search to open applications and more, while MacOS has the built-in launcher Spotlight. + +While these applications have great feature sets, this article focuses on productivity with [Ulauncher][10]. + +### What is Ulauncher? + +[Ulauncher][10] is a new application launcher written in Python, with the first Fedora package available in March 2020 for [Fedora Linux 32][11]. The core focuses on basic functionality with a nice [interface for extensions][12]. Like most application launchers, the key idea in Ulauncher is search. Search is a powerful productivity boost, especially for repetitive tasks. + +Typical menu-driven interfaces work great for discovery when you aren’t sure what options are available. However, when the same action needs to happen repeatedly, it is a real time sink to navigate into 3 nested sub-menus over and over again. On the other side, [hotkeys][13] give immediate access to specific actions, but can be difficult to remember. Especially after exhausting all the obvious mnemonics. Is [_Control+C_][14] “copy”, or is it “cancel”? Search is a middle ground giving a means to get to a specific command quickly, while supporting discovery by typing only some remembered word or fragment. Exploring by search works especially well if tags and descriptions are available. Ulauncher supplies the search framework that extensions can use to build all manner of productivity enhancing actions. + +### Getting started + +Getting the core functionality of Ulauncher on any Fedora OS is trivial; install using _[dnf][15]_: + +``` +sudo dnf install ulauncher +``` + +Once installed, use any standard desktop launching method for the first start up of Ulauncher. A basic dialog should pop up, but if not try launching it again to toggle the input box on. Click the gear icon on the right side to open the preferences dialog. + +![Ulauncher input box][16] + +A number of options are available, but the most important when starting out are _Launch at login_ and the hotkey. The default hotkey is _Control+space_, but it can be changed. Running in Wayland needs additional configuration for consistent operation; see the [Ulauncher wiki][17] for details. Users of “Focus on Hover” or “Sloppy Focus” should also enable the “Don’t hide after losing mouse focus” option. Otherwise, Ulauncher disappears while typing in some cases. + +### Ulauncher basics + +The idea of any application launcher, like Ulauncher, is fast access at any time. Press the hotkey and the input box shows up on top of the current application. Type out and execute the desired command and the dialog hides until the next use. Unsurprisingly, the most basic operation is launching applications. This is similar to most modern desktop environments. Hit the hotkey to bring up the dialog and start typing, for example _te_, and a list of matches comes up. Keep typing to further refine the search, or navigate to the entry using the arrow keys. For even faster access, use _Alt+#_ to directly choose a result. + +![Ulauncher dialog searching for keywords with “te”][18] + +Ulauncher can also do quick calculations and navigate the file-system. To calculate, hit the hotkey and type a math expression. The result list dynamically updates with the result, and hitting _Enter_ copies the value to the clipboard. Start file-system navigation by typing _/_ to start at the root directory or _~/_ to start in the home directory. Selecting a directory lists that directory’s contents and typing another argument filters the displayed list. Locate the right file by repeatedly descending directories. Selecting a file opens it, while _Alt+Enter_ opens the folder containing the file. + +### Ulauncher shortcuts + +The first bit of customization comes in the form of shortcuts. The _Shortcuts_ tab in the preferences dialog lists all the current shortcuts. Shortcuts can be direct commands, URL aliases, URLs with argument substitution, or small scripts. Basic shortcuts for Wikipedia, StackOverflow, and Google come pre-configured, but custom shortcuts are easy to add. + +![Ulauncher shortcuts preferences tab][19] + +For instance, to create a duckduckgo search shortcut, click _Add Shortcut_ in the _Shortcuts_ preferences tab and add the name and keyword _duck_ with the query __. Any argument given to the _duck_ keyword replaces _%s_ in the query and the URL opened in the default browser. Now, typing _duck fedora_ will bring up a duckduckgo search using the supplied terms, in this case _fedora_. + +A more complex shortcut is a script to convert [UTC time][20] to local time. Once again click _Add Shortcut_ and this time use the keyword _utc_. In the _Query or Script_ text box, include the following script: + +``` +#!/bin/bash +tzdate=$(date -d "$1 UTC") +zenity --info --no-wrap --text="$tzdate" +``` + +This script takes the first argument (given as _$1_) and uses the standard [_date_][21] utility to convert a given UTC time into the computer’s local timezone. Then [zenity][22] pops up a simple dialog with the result. To test this, open Ulauncher and type _utc 11:00_. While this is a good example showing what’s possible with shortcuts, see the [ultz][23] extension for really converting time zones. + +### Introducing extensions + +While the built-in functionality is great, installing extensions really accelerates productivity with Ulauncher. Extensions can go far beyond what is possible with custom shortcuts, most obviously by providing suggestions as arguments are typed. Extensions are Python modules which use the [Ulauncher extension interface][12] and can either be personally-developed local code or shared with others using GitHub. A collection of community developed extensions is available at . There are basic standalone extensions for quick conversions and dynamic interfaces to online resources such as dictionaries. Other extensions integrate with external applications, like password managers, browsers, and VPN providers. These effectively give external applications a Ulauncher interface. By keeping the core code small and relying on extensions to add advanced functionality, Ulauncher ensures that each user only installs the functionality they need. + +![Ulauncher extension configuration][24] + +Installing a new extension is easy, though it could be a more integrated experience. After finding an interesting extension, either on the Ulauncher extensions website or anywhere on GitHub, navigate to the _Extensions_ tab in the preferences window. Click _Add Extension_ and paste in the GitHub URL. This loads the extension and shows a preferences page for any available options. A nice hint is that while browsing the extensions website, clicking on the _Github star_ button opens the extension’s GitHub page. Often this GitHub repository has more details about the extension than the summary provided on the community extensions website. + +#### Firefox bookmarks search + +One useful extension is [Ulauncher Firefox Bookmarks][25], which gives fuzzy search access to the current user’s Firefox bookmarks. While this is similar to typing _*<search-term>_ in Firefox’s omnibar, the difference is Ulauncher gives quick access to the bookmarks from anywhere, without needing to open Firefox first. Also, since this method uses search to locate bookmarks, no folder organization is really needed. This means pages can be “starred” quickly in Firefox and there is no need to hunt for an appropriate folder to put it in. + +![Firefox Ulauncher extension searching for fedora][26] + +#### Clipboard search + +Using a clipboard manager is a productivity boost on its own. These managers maintain a history of clipboard contents, which makes it easy to retrieve earlier copied snippets. Knowing there is a history of copied data allows the user to copy text without concern of overwriting the current contents. Adding in the [Ulauncher clipboard][27] extension gives quick access to the clipboard history with search capability without having to remember another unique hotkey combination. The extension integrates with different clipboard managers: [GPaste][28], [clipster][29], or [CopyQ][30]. Invoking Ulauncher and typing the _c_ keywords brings up a list of recent copied snippets. Typing out an argument starts to narrow the list of options, eventually showing the sought after text. Selecting the item copies it to the clipboard, ready to paste into another application. + +![Ulauncher clipboard extension listing latest clipboard contents][31] + +#### Google search + +The last extension to highlight is [Google Search][32]. While a Google search shortcut is available as a default shortcut, using an extension allows for more dynamic behavior. With the extension, Google supplies suggestions as the search term is typed. The experience is similar to what is available on Google’s homepage, or in the search box in Firefox. Again, the key benefit of using the extension for Google search is immediate access while doing anything else on the computer. + +![Google search Ulauncher extension listing suggestions for fedora][33] + +### Being productive + +Productivity on a computer means customizing the environment for each particular usage. A little configuration streamlines common tasks. Dedicated hotkeys work really well for the most frequent actions, but it doesn’t take long before it gets hard to remember them all. Using fuzzy search to find half-remembered keywords strikes a good balance between discoverability and direct access. The key to productivity with Ulauncher is identifying frequent actions and installing an extension, or adding a shortcut, to make doing it faster. Building a habit to search in Ulauncher first means there is a quick and consistent interface ready to go a key stroke away. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://fedoramagazine.org/ulauncher-productivity/ + +作者：[Troy Curtis Jr][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/author/troycurtisjr/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/ulauncher-816x345.jpg +[2]: https://unsplash.com/@readysetfreddy?utm_source=unsplash&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=creditCopyText +[3]: https://unsplash.com/?utm_source=unsplash&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=creditCopyText +[4]: https://tools.suckless.org/dmenu/ +[5]: https://launchpad.net/synapse-project +[6]: https://github.com/albertlauncher/albert +[7]: https://qsapp.com/ +[8]: https://www.alfredapp.com/ +[9]: https://help.gnome.org/misc/release-notes/3.6/users-activities-overview.html.en +[10]: https://ulauncher.io/ +[11]: https://fedoramagazine.org/announcing-fedora-32/ +[12]: http://docs.ulauncher.io/en/latest/ +[13]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyboard_shortcut +[14]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control-C +[15]: https://fedoramagazine.org/managing-packages-fedora-dnf/ +[16]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/image.png +[17]: https://github.com/Ulauncher/Ulauncher/wiki/Hotkey-In-Wayland +[18]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/image-1.png +[19]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/image-2-1024x361.png +[20]: https://www.timeanddate.com/time/aboututc.html +[21]: https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/date.1.html +[22]: https://help.gnome.org/users/zenity/stable/ +[23]: https://github.com/Epholys/ultz +[24]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/image-6-1024x407.png +[25]: https://github.com/KuenzelIT/ulauncher-firefox-bookmarks +[26]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/image-3.png +[27]: https://github.com/friday/ulauncher-clipboard +[28]: https://github.com/Keruspe/GPaste +[29]: https://github.com/mrichar1/clipster +[30]: https://hluk.github.io/CopyQ/ +[31]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/image-4.png +[32]: https://github.com/NastuzziSamy/ulauncher-google-search +[33]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/image-5.png From c9de78e13e96b74b224e67f3463b70f29af01e9a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Tue, 23 Mar 2021 05:22:20 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 290/309] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020210323=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Meet=20Sleek:=20A=20Sleek=20Looking=20To-Do=20List=20Applicatio?= =?UTF-8?q?n?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20210323 Meet Sleek- A Sleek Looking To-Do List Application.md --- ... A Sleek Looking To-Do List Application.md | 91 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 91 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20210323 Meet Sleek- A Sleek Looking To-Do List Application.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210323 Meet Sleek- A Sleek Looking To-Do List Application.md b/sources/tech/20210323 Meet Sleek- A Sleek Looking To-Do List Application.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b86101fbc3 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20210323 Meet Sleek- A Sleek Looking To-Do List Application.md @@ -0,0 +1,91 @@ +[#]: subject: (Meet Sleek: A Sleek Looking To-Do List Application) +[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/sleek-todo-app/) +[#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +Meet Sleek: A Sleek Looking To-Do List Application +====== + +There are plenty of [to-do list applications available for Linux][1]. There is one more added to that list in the form of Sleek. + +### Sleek to-do List app + +Sleek is nothing extraordinary except for its looks perhaps. It provides an Electron-based GUI for todo.txt. + +![][2] + +For those not aware, [Electron][3] is a framework that lets you use JavaScript, HTML and CSS for building cross-platform desktop apps. It utilizes Chromium and Node.js for this purpose and this is why some people don’t like their desktop apps running a browser underneath it. + +[Todo.txt][4] is a text-based file system and if you follow its markup syntax, you can create a to-do list. There are tons of mobile, desktop and CLI apps that use Todo.txt underneath it. + +Don’t worry you don’t need to know the correct syntax for todo.txt. Since Sleek is a GUI tool, you can utilize its interface for creating to-do lists without special efforts. + +The advantage of todo.txt is that you can copy or export your files and use it on any To Do List app that supports todo.txt. This gives you portability to keep your data while moving between applications. + +### Experience with Sleek + +![][5] + +Sleek gives you option to create a new to-do.txt or open an existing one. Once you create or open one, you can start adding items to the list. + +Apart from the normal checklist, you can add tasks with due date. + +![][6] + +While adding a due date, you can also set the repetition for the tasks. I find this weird that you can not create a recurring task without setting a due date to it. This is something the developer should try to fix in the future release of the application. + +![][7] + +You can check a task complete. You can also choose to hide or show completed tasks with options to sort tasks based on priority. + +Sleek is available in both dark and light theme. There is a dedicated option on the left sidebar to change themes. You can, of course, change it from the settings. + +![][8] + +There is no provision to sync your to-do list app. As a workaround, you can save your todo.txt file in a location that is automatically sync with Nextcloud, Dropbox or some other cloud service. This also opens the possibility of using it on mobile with some todo.txt mobile client. It’s just a suggestion, I haven’t tried it myself. + +### Installing Sleek on Linux + +Since Sleek is an Electron-based application, it is available for Windows as well as Linux. + +For Linux, you can install it using Snap or Flatpak, whichever you prefer. + +For Snap, use the following command: + +``` +sudo snap install sleek +``` + +If you have enabled Flatpak and added Flathub repository, you can install it using this command: + +``` +flatpak install flathub com.github.ransome1.sleek +``` + +As I said at the beginning of this article, Sleek is nothing extraordinary. If you prefer a modern looking to-do list app with option to import and export your tasks list, you may give this open source application a try. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/sleek-todo-app/ + +作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://itsfoss.com/to-do-list-apps-linux/ +[2]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/sleek-to-do-list-app.png?resize=800%2C630&ssl=1 +[3]: https://www.electronjs.org/ +[4]: http://todotxt.org/ +[5]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/sleek-to-do-list-app-1.png?resize=800%2C521&ssl=1 +[6]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/sleek-to-do-list-app-due-tasks.png?resize=800%2C632&ssl=1 +[7]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/sleek-to-do-list-app-repeat-tasks.png?resize=800%2C632&ssl=1 +[8]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/sleek-to-do-list-app-light-theme.png?resize=800%2C521&ssl=1 From a992513c7810e09a6d341a5a73e05e72a038ba09 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Tue, 23 Mar 2021 05:23:21 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 291/309] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020210322=20?= =?UTF-8?q?5=20everyday=20sysadmin=20tasks=20to=20automate=20with=20Ansibl?= =?UTF-8?q?e?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20210322 5 everyday sysadmin tasks to automate with Ansible.md --- ...sysadmin tasks to automate with Ansible.md | 315 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 315 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20210322 5 everyday sysadmin tasks to automate with Ansible.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210322 5 everyday sysadmin tasks to automate with Ansible.md b/sources/tech/20210322 5 everyday sysadmin tasks to automate with Ansible.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b40800e84c --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20210322 5 everyday sysadmin tasks to automate with Ansible.md @@ -0,0 +1,315 @@ +[#]: subject: (5 everyday sysadmin tasks to automate with Ansible) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/3/ansible-sysadmin) +[#]: author: (Mike Calizo https://opensource.com/users/mcalizo) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +5 everyday sysadmin tasks to automate with Ansible +====== +Get more efficient and avoid errors by automating repeatable daily tasks +with Ansible. +![Tips and gears turning][1] + +If you hate performing repetitive tasks, then I have a proposition for you. Learn [Ansible][2]! + +Ansible is a tool that will help you do your daily tasks easier and faster, so you can use your time in more effective ways, like learning new technology that matters. It's a great tool for sysadmins because it helps you achieve standardization and collaborate on daily activities, including: + + 1. Installing, configuring, and provisioning servers and applications + 2. Updating and upgrading systems regularly + 3. Monitoring, mitigating, and troubleshooting issues + + + +Typically, many of these essential daily tasks require manual steps that depend upon an individual's skills, creating inconsistencies and resulting in configuration drift. This might be OK in a small-scale implementation where you're managing one server and know what you are doing. But what happens when you are managing hundreds or thousands of servers? + +If you are not careful, these manual, repeatable tasks can cause delays and issues because of human errors, and those errors might impact you and your organization's reputation. + +This is where the value of automation comes into the picture. And [Ansible][3] is a perfect tool for automating these repeatable daily tasks. + +Some of the reasons to automate are: + + 1. You want a consistent and stable environment. + 2. You want to foster standardization. + 3. You want less downtime and fewer severe incident cases so you can enjoy your life. + 4. You want to have a beer instead of troubleshooting issues! + + + +This article offers some examples of the daily tasks a sysadmin can automate using Ansible. I put the playbooks and roles from this article into a [sysadmin tasks repository][4] on GitHub to make it easier for you to use them. + +These playbooks are structured like this (my notes are preceded with `==>`): + + +``` +[root@homebase 6_sysadmin_tasks]# tree -L 2 +. +├── ansible.cfg ===> Ansible config file that is responsible for controlling how ansible behave +├── ansible.log +├── inventory +│   ├── group_vars +│   ├── hosts  ==> the inventory file that contains the list of my target server +│   └── host_vars +├── LICENSE +├── playbooks  ==> the directory that contains playbooks that we will be using for this article +│   ├── c_logs.yml +│   ├── c_stats.yml +│   ├── c_uptime.yml +│   ├── inventory +│   ├── r_cron.yml +│   ├── r_install.yml +│   └── r_script.yml +├── README.md +├── roles    ==> the directory that contains the roles that we will be using in this article. +│   ├── check_logs +│   ├── check_stats +│   ├── check_uptime +│   ├── install_cron +│   ├── install_tool +│   └── run_scr +└── templates ==> the directory that contains the jinja template +    ├── cron_output.txt.j2 +    ├── sar.txt.j2 +    └── scr_output.txt.j2 +``` + +The inventory looks like this: + + +``` +[root@homebase 6_sysadmin_tasks]# cat inventory/hosts +[rhel8] +master ansible_ssh_host=192.168.1.12 +workernode1 ansible_ssh_host=192.168.1.15 + +[rhel8:vars] +ansible_user=ansible ==> Please update this with your preferred ansible user +``` + +Here are five daily sysadmin tasks that you can automate with Ansible. + +### 1\. Check server uptime + +You need to make sure your servers are up and running all the time. Organizations have enterprise monitoring tools to monitor server and application uptime, but from time to time, the automated monitoring tools fail, and you need to jump in and verify a server's status. It takes a lot of time to verify each server's uptime manually. The more servers you have, the longer time you have to spend. But with automation, this verification can be done in minutes. + +Use the [check_uptime][5] role and the `c_uptime.yml` playbook: + + +``` +[root@homebase 6_sysadmin_tasks]# ansible-playbook -i inventory/hosts  playbooks/c_uptime.yml -k +SSH password: +PLAY [Check Uptime for Servers] **************************************************************************************************************************************** +TASK [check_uptime : Capture timestamp] ************************************************************************************************* +. +snip... +. +PLAY RECAP ************************************************************************************************************************************************************* +master                     : ok=6    changed=4    unreachable=0    failed=0    skipped=0    rescued=0    ignored=0   +workernode1                : ok=6    changed=4    unreachable=0    failed=0    skipped=0    rescued=0    ignored=0   +[root@homebase 6_sysadmin_tasks]# +``` + +The playbook's output looks like this: + + +``` +[root@homebase 6_sysadmin_tasks]# cat /var/tmp/uptime-master-20210221004417.txt +\----------------------------------------------------- + Uptime for  master +\----------------------------------------------------- + 00:44:17 up 44 min,  2 users,  load average: 0.01, 0.09, 0.09 +\----------------------------------------------------- +[root@homebase 6_sysadmin_tasks]# cat /var/tmp/uptime-workernode1-20210221184525.txt +\----------------------------------------------------- + Uptime for  workernode1 +\----------------------------------------------------- + 18:45:26 up 44 min,  2 users,  load average: 0.01, 0.01, 0.00 +\----------------------------------------------------- +``` + +Using Ansible, you can get the status of multiple servers in a human-readable format with less effort, and the [Jinja template][6] allows you to adjust the output based on your needs. With more automation, you can run this on a schedule and send the output through email for reporting purposes. + +### 2\. Configure additional cron jobs + +You need to update your servers' scheduled jobs regularly based on infrastructure and application requirements. This may seem like a menial job, but it has to be done correctly and consistently. Imagine the time this takes if you are doing this manually with hundreds of production servers. If it is done wrong, it can impact production applications, which can cause application downtime or impact server performance if scheduled jobs overlap. + +Use the [install_cron][7] role and the `r_cron.yml` playbook: + + +``` +[root@homebase 6_sysadmin_tasks]# ansible-playbook -i inventory/hosts playbooks/r_cron.yml -k +SSH password: +PLAY [Install additional cron jobs for root] *************************************************************************************************************************** +. +snip +. +PLAY RECAP ************************************************************************************************************************************************************* +master                     : ok=10   changed=7    unreachable=0    failed=0    skipped=0    rescued=0    ignored=0   +workernode1                : ok=10   changed=7    unreachable=0    failed=0    skipped=0    rescued=0    ignored=0 +``` + +Verify the playbook's results: + + +``` +[root@homebase 6_sysadmin_tasks]# ansible -i inventory/hosts all -m shell -a "crontab -l" -k +SSH password: +master | CHANGED | rc=0 >> +1 2 3 4 5 /usr/bin/ls /tmp +#Ansible: Iotop Monitoring +0 5,2 * * * /usr/sbin/iotop -b -n 1 >> /var/tmp/iotop.log 2>> /var/tmp/iotop.err +workernode1 | CHANGED | rc=0 >> +1 2 3 4 5 /usr/bin/ls /tmp +#Ansible: Iotop Monitoring +0 5,2 * * * /usr/sbin/iotop -b -n 1 >> /var/tmp/iotop.log 2>> /var/tmp/iotop.err +``` + +Using Ansible, you can update the crontab entry on all your servers in a fast and consistent way. You can also report the updated crontab's status using a simple ad-hoc Ansible command to verify the recently applied changes. + +### 3\. Gather server stats and sars + +During routine troubleshooting and to diagnose server performance or application issues, you need to gather system activity reports (sars) and server stats. In most scenarios, server logs contain very important information that developers or ops teams need to help solve specific problems that affect the overall environment. + +Security teams are very particular when conducting investigations, and most of the time, they want to look at logs for multiple servers. You need to find an easy way to collect this documentation. It's even better if you can delegate the collection task to them. + +Do this with the [check_stats][8] role and the `c_stats.yml` playbook: + + +``` +$ ansible-playbook -i inventory/hosts  playbooks/c_stats.yml + +PLAY [Check Stats/sar for Servers] *********************************************************************************************************************************** + +TASK [check_stats : Get current date time] *************************************************************************************************************************** +changed: [master] +changed: [workernode1] +. +snip... +. +PLAY RECAP *********************************************************************************************************************************************************** +master                     : ok=5    changed=4    unreachable=0    failed=0    skipped=0    rescued=0    ignored=0   +workernode1                : ok=5    changed=4    unreachable=0    failed=0    skipped=0    rescued=0    ignored=0 +``` + +The output will look like this: + + +``` +$ cat /tmp/sar-workernode1-20210221214056.txt +\----------------------------------------------------- + sar output for workernode1 +\----------------------------------------------------- +Linux 4.18.0-193.el8.x86_64 (node1)     21/02/21        _x86_64_        (2 CPU) +21:39:30     LINUX RESTART      (2 CPU) +\----------------------------------------------------- +``` + +### 4\. Collect server logs + +In addition to gathering server stats and sars information, you will also need to collect logs from time to time, especially if you need to help investigate issues. + +Do this with the [check_logs][9] role and the `r_cron.yml` playbook: + + +``` +$ ansible-playbook -i inventory/hosts  playbooks/c_logs.yml -k +SSH password: + +PLAY [Check Logs for Servers] **************************************************************************************************************************************** +. +snip +. +TASK [check_logs : Capture Timestamp] ******************************************************************************************************************************** +changed: [master] +changed: [workernode1] +PLAY RECAP *********************************************************************************************************************************************************** +master                     : ok=6    changed=4    unreachable=0    failed=0    skipped=0    rescued=0    ignored=0   +workernode1                : ok=6    changed=4    unreachable=0    failed=0    skipped=0    rescued=0    ignored=0 +``` + +To confirm the output, open the files generated in the dump location. The logs should look like this: + + +``` +$ cat /tmp/logs-workernode1-20210221214758.txt | more +\----------------------------------------------------- + Logs gathered: /var/log/messages for workernode1 +\----------------------------------------------------- + +Feb 21 18:00:27 node1 kernel: Command line: BOOT_IMAGE=(hd0,gpt2)/vmlinuz-4.18.0-193.el8.x86_64 root=/dev/mapper/rhel-root ro crashkernel=auto resume=/dev/mapper/rhel +-swap rd.lvm.lv=rhel/root rd.lvm.lv=rhel/swap rhgb quiet +Feb 21 18:00:27 node1 kernel: Disabled fast string operations +Feb 21 18:00:27 node1 kernel: x86/fpu: Supporting XSAVE feature 0x001: 'x87 floating point registers' +Feb 21 18:00:27 node1 kernel: x86/fpu: Supporting XSAVE feature 0x002: 'SSE registers' +Feb 21 18:00:27 node1 kernel: x86/fpu: Supporting XSAVE feature 0x004: 'AVX registers' +Feb 21 18:00:27 node1 kernel: x86/fpu: xstate_offset[2]:  576, xstate_sizes[2]:  256 +Feb 21 18:00:27 node1 kernel: x86/fpu: Enabled xstate features 0x7, context size is 832 bytes, using 'compacted' format. +``` + +### 5\. Install or remove packages and software + +You need to be able to install and update software and packages on your systems consistently and rapidly. Reducing the time it takes to install or update packages and software avoids unnecessary downtime of servers and applications. + +Do this with the [install_tool][10] role and the `r_install.yml` playbook: + + +``` +$ ansible-playbook -i inventory/hosts playbooks/r_install.yml -k +SSH password: +PLAY [Install additional tools/packages] *********************************************************************************** + +TASK [install_tool : Install specified tools in the role vars] ************************************************************* +ok: [master] => (item=iotop) +ok: [workernode1] => (item=iotop) +ok: [workernode1] => (item=traceroute) +ok: [master] => (item=traceroute) + +PLAY RECAP ***************************************************************************************************************** +master                     : ok=1    changed=0    unreachable=0    failed=0    skipped=0    rescued=0    ignored=0   +workernode1                : ok=1    changed=0    unreachable=0    failed=0    skipped=0    rescued=0    ignored=0 +``` + +This example installs two specific packages and versions defined in a vars file. Using Ansible automation, you can install multiple packages or software faster than doing it manually. You can also use the vars file to define the version of the packages that you want to install: + + +``` +$ cat roles/install_tool/vars/main.yml +\--- +# vars file for install_tool +ins_action: absent +package_list: +  - iotop-0.6-16.el8.noarch +  - traceroute +``` + +### Embrace automation + +To be an effective sysadmin, you need to embrace automation to encourage standardization and collaboration within your team. Ansible enables you to do more in less time so that you can spend your time on more exciting projects instead of doing repeatable tasks like managing your incident and problem management processes. + +With more free time on your hands, you can learn more and make yourself available for the next career opportunity that comes your way. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/21/3/ansible-sysadmin + +作者：[Mike Calizo][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/mcalizo +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/gears_devops_learn_troubleshooting_lightbulb_tips_520.png?itok=HcN38NOk (Tips and gears turning) +[2]: https://www.ansible.com/ +[3]: https://opensource.com/tags/ansible +[4]: https://github.com/mikecali/6_sysadmin_tasks +[5]: https://github.com/mikecali/6_sysadmin_tasks/tree/main/roles/check_uptime +[6]: https://docs.ansible.com/ansible/latest/user_guide/playbooks_templating.html +[7]: https://github.com/mikecali/6_sysadmin_tasks/tree/main/roles/install_cron +[8]: https://github.com/mikecali/6_sysadmin_tasks/tree/main/roles/check_stats +[9]: https://github.com/mikecali/6_sysadmin_tasks/tree/main/roles/check_logs +[10]: https://github.com/mikecali/6_sysadmin_tasks/tree/main/roles/install_tool From 95e693c063f63cdeea83239ab1661ca8db143868 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Tue, 23 Mar 2021 05:24:17 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 292/309] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020210322=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Why=20I=20use=20exa=20instead=20of=20ls=20on=20Linux?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20210322 Why I use exa instead of ls on Linux.md --- ...22 Why I use exa instead of ls on Linux.md | 111 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 111 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20210322 Why I use exa instead of ls on Linux.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210322 Why I use exa instead of ls on Linux.md b/sources/tech/20210322 Why I use exa instead of ls on Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..885abd0756 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20210322 Why I use exa instead of ls on Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,111 @@ +[#]: subject: (Why I use exa instead of ls on Linux) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/3/replace-ls-exa) +[#]: author: (Sudeshna Sur https://opensource.com/users/sudeshna-sur) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +Why I use exa instead of ls on Linux +====== +Exa is a modern-day replacement for the Linux ls command. +![bash logo on green background][1] + +We live in a busy world and can save time and effort by using the ls command when we need to look for files and data. But without a lot of tweaking, the default ls output isn't quite soothing to the eyes. Why spend your time squinting at black and white text when you have an alternative in exa? + +[Exa][2] is a modern-day replacement for the regular ls command, and it makes life easier. The tool is written in [Rust][3], which is known for its parallelism and safety. + +### Install exa + +To install exa, run: + + +``` +`$ dnf install exa` +``` + +### Explore exa's features + +Exa improves upon the ls file list with more features and better defaults. It uses colors to distinguish file types and metadata. It knows about symlinks, extended attributes, and Git. And it's small, fast, and has just a single binary. + +#### Track files + +You can use exa to track a new file added in a given Git repo. + +![Tracking Git files with exa][4] + +(Sudeshna Sur, [CC BY-SA 4.0][5]) + +#### Tree structure + +This is exa's basic tree structure. The level determines the depth of the listing; this is set to two. If you want to list more subdirectories and files, increase the level's value. + +![exa's default tree structure][6] + +(Sudeshna Sur, [CC BY-SA 4.0][5]) + +This tree includes a lot of metadata about each file. + +![Metadata in exa's tree structure][7] + +(Sudeshna Sur, [CC BY-SA 4.0][5]) + +#### Color schemes + +By default, exa segregates different file types according to [built-in color schemes][8]. It not only color-codes files and directories, but also Cargo.toml, CMakeLists.txt, Gruntfile.coffee, Gruntfile.js, Makefile, and many other file types. + +#### Extended file attributes + +When you're exploring xattrs (extended file attributes) in exa, `--extended` will show up in all the xattrs. + +![xattrs in exa][9] + +(Sudeshna Sur, [CC BY-SA 4.0][5]) + +#### Symlinks + +Exa understands symlinks and also points out the actual file. + +![symlinks in exa][10] + +(Sudeshna Sur, [CC BY-SA 4.0][5]) + +#### Recurse + +When you want to loop listings for all directories under the current directory, exa brings in recurse. + +![recurse in exa][11] + +(Sudeshna Sur, [CC BY-SA 4.0][5]) + +### Conclusion + +I believe exa is one of the easiest, most adaptable tools. It helps me track a lot of Git and Maven files. Its color-coding makes it easier for me to search through multiple subdirectories, and it helps me to understand the current xattrs. + +Have you replaced ls with exa? Please share your feedback in the comments. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/21/3/replace-ls-exa + +作者：[Sudeshna Sur][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/sudeshna-sur +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/bash_command_line.png?itok=k4z94W2U (bash logo on green background) +[2]: https://the.exa.website/docs +[3]: https://opensource.com/tags/rust +[4]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/exa_trackingfiles.png (Tracking Git files with exa) +[5]: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ +[6]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/exa_treestructure.png (exa's default tree structure) +[7]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/exa_metadata.png (Metadata in exa's tree structure) +[8]: https://the.exa.website/features/colours +[9]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/exa_xattrs.png (xattrs in exa) +[10]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/exa_symlinks.png (symlinks in exa) +[11]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/exa_recurse.png (recurse in exa) From 5aaa2aa62e27209dba68ce277a91e81407b5b6ec Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Tue, 23 Mar 2021 05:25:24 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 293/309] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020210322=20?= =?UTF-8?q?6=20WordPress=20plugins=20for=20restaurants=20and=20retailers?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20210322 6 WordPress plugins for restaurants and retailers.md --- ...s plugins for restaurants and retailers.md | 104 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 104 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20210322 6 WordPress plugins for restaurants and retailers.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210322 6 WordPress plugins for restaurants and retailers.md b/sources/tech/20210322 6 WordPress plugins for restaurants and retailers.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ad0320a73c --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20210322 6 WordPress plugins for restaurants and retailers.md @@ -0,0 +1,104 @@ +[#]: subject: (6 WordPress plugins for restaurants and retailers) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/3/wordpress-plugins-retail) +[#]: author: (Don Watkins https://opensource.com/users/don-watkins) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +6 WordPress plugins for restaurants and retailers +====== +The end of the pandemic won't be the end of curbside pickup, delivery, +and other shopping conveniences, so set your website up for success with +these plugins. +![An open for business sign.][1] + +The pandemic changed how many people prefer to do business—probably permanently. Restaurants and other local retail establishments can no longer rely on walk-in trade, as they always have. Online ordering of food and other items has become the norm and the expectation. It is unlikely consumers will turn their backs on the convenience of e-commerce once the pandemic is over. + +WordPress is a great platform for getting your business' message out to consumers and ensuring you're meeting their e-commerce needs. And its ecosystem of plugins extends the platform to increase its usefulness to you and your customers. + +The six open source plugins described below will help you create a WordPress site that meets your customers' preferences for online shopping, curbside pickup, and delivery, and build your brand and your customer base—now and post-pandemic. + +### E-commerce + +![WooCommerce][2] + +WooCommerce (Don Watkins, [CC BY-SA 4.0][3]) + +[WooCommerce][4] says it is the most popular e-commerce plugin for the WordPress platform. Its website says: "Our core platform is free, flexible, and amplified by a global community. The freedom of open source means you retain full ownership of your store's content and data forever." The plugin, which is under active development, enables you to create enticing web storefronts. It was created by WordPress developer [Automattic][5] and is released under the GPLv3. + +### Order, delivery, and pickup + +![Curbside Pickup][6] + +Curbside Pickup (Don Watkins, [CC BY-SA 4.0][3]) + +[Curbside Pickup][7] is a complete system to manage your curbside pickup experience. It's ideal for any restaurant, library, retailer, or other organization that offers curbside pickup for purchases. The plugin, which is licensed GPLv3, works with any theme that supports WooCommerce. + +![Food Store][8] + +[Food Store][9] + +If you're looking for an online food delivery and pickup system, [Food Store][9] could meet your needs. It extends WordPress' core functions and capabilities to convert your brick-and-mortar restaurant into a food-ordering hub. The plugin, licensed under GPLv2, is under active development with over 1,000 installations. + +![RestroPress][10] + +[RestroPress][11] + +[RestroPress][11] is another option to add a food-ordering system to your website. The GPLv2-licensed plugin has over 4,000 installations and supports payment through PayPal, Amazon, and cash on delivery. + +![RestaurantPress][12] + +[RestaurantPress][13] + +If you want to post the menu for your restaurant, bar, or cafe online, try [RestaurantPress][13]. According to its website, the plugin, which is available under a GPLv2 license, "provides modern responsive menu templates that adapt to any devices," according to its website. It has over 2,000 installations and integrates with WooCommerce. + +### Communications + +![Corona Virus \(COVID-19\) Banner & Live Data][14] + +Corona Virus (COVID-19) Banner & Live Data (Don Watkins, [CC BY-SA 4.0][3]) + +You can keep your customers informed about COVID-19 policies with the [Corona Virus Banner & Live Data][15] plugin. It adds a simple banner with live coronavirus information to your website. It has over 6,000 active installations and is open source under GPLv2. + +![MailPoet][16] + +MailPoet (Don Watkins, [CC BY-SA 4.0][3]) + +As rules and restrictions change rapidly, an email newsletter is a great way to keep your customers informed. The [MailPoet][17] WordPress plugin makes it easy to manage and email information about new offerings, hours, and more. Through MailPoet, website visitors can subscribe to your newsletter, which you can create and send with WordPress. It has over 300,000 installations and is open source under GPLv2. + +### Prepare for the post-pandemic era + +Pandemic-driven lockdowns made online shopping, curbside pickup, and home delivery necessities, but these shopping trends are not going anywhere. As the pandemic subsides, restrictions will ease, and we will start shopping, dining, and doing business in person more. Still, consumers have come to appreciate the ease and convenience of e-commerce, even for small local restaurants and stores, and these plugins will help your WordPress site meet their needs. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/21/3/wordpress-plugins-retail + +作者：[Don Watkins][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/don-watkins +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/open_business_sign_store.jpg?itok=g4QibRqg (An open for business sign.) +[2]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/pictures/woocommerce.png (WooCommerce) +[3]: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ +[4]: https://wordpress.org/plugins/woocommerce/ +[5]: https://automattic.com/ +[6]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/pictures/curbsidepickup.png (Curbside Pickup) +[7]: https://wordpress.org/plugins/curbside-pickup/ +[8]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/pictures/food-store.png (Food Store) +[9]: https://wordpress.org/plugins/food-store/ +[10]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/pictures/restropress.png (RestroPress) +[11]: https://wordpress.org/plugins/restropress/ +[12]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/pictures/restaurantpress.png (RestaurantPress) +[13]: https://wordpress.org/plugins/restaurantpress/ +[14]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/pictures/covid19updatebanner.png (Corona Virus (COVID-19) Banner & Live Data) +[15]: https://wordpress.org/plugins/corona-virus-covid-19-banner/ +[16]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/pictures/mailpoet1.png (MailPoet) +[17]: https://wordpress.org/plugins/mailpoet/ From 27999a99ce7c389dee5d597f647b44d0db17b593 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Tue, 23 Mar 2021 08:32:47 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 294/309] translating --- ...know about using WebAssembly on Firefox.md | 95 ------------------- 1 file changed, 95 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20210315 6 things to know about using WebAssembly on Firefox.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210315 6 things to know about using WebAssembly on Firefox.md b/sources/tech/20210315 6 things to know about using WebAssembly on Firefox.md deleted file mode 100644 index ccb889fd16..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20210315 6 things to know about using WebAssembly on Firefox.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,95 +0,0 @@ -[#]: subject: (6 things to know about using WebAssembly on Firefox) -[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/3/webassembly-firefox) -[#]: author: (Stephan Avenwedde https://opensource.com/users/hansic99) -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) - -6 things to know about using WebAssembly on Firefox -====== -Get to know the opportunities and limitations of running WebAssembly on -Firefox. -![Business woman on laptop sitting in front of window][1] - -WebAssembly is a portable execution format that has drawn a lot of interest due to its ability to execute applications in the browser at near-native speed. By its nature, WebAssembly has some special properties and limitations. However, by combining it with other technologies, completely new possibilities arise, especially related to gaming in the browser. - -This article describes the concepts, possibilities, and limitations of running WebAssembly on Firefox. - -### The sandbox - -WebAssembly has a [strict security policy][2]. A program or functional unit in WebAssembly is called a _module_. Each module instance runs its own isolated memory space. Therefore, one module cannot access another module's virtual address space, even if they are loaded on the same web page. By design, WebAssembly also considers memory safety and control-flow integrity, which enables an (almost-) deterministic execution. - -### Web APIs - -Access to many kinds of input and output devices is granted via JavaScript [Web APIs][3]. In the future, access to Web APIs will be available without the detour over to JavaScript, according to this [proposal][4]. C++ programmers can find information about accessing the Web APIs on [Emscripten.org][5]. Rust programmers can use the [wasm-bindgen][6] library that is documented on [rustwasm.github.io][7]. - -### File input/output - -Because WebAssembly is executed in a sandboxed environment, it cannot access the host's filesystem when it is executed in a browser. However, Emscripten offers a solution in the form of a virtual filesystem. - -Emscripten makes it possible to preload files to the memory filesystem at compile time. Those files can then be read from within the WebAssembly application, just as you would on an ordinary filesystem. This [tutorial][8] offers more information. - -### Persistent data - -If you need to store persistent data on the client-side, it must be done over a JavaScript Web API. Refer to Mozilla Developer Network's documentation on [browser storage limits and eviction criteria][9] for more detailed information about the different approaches. - -### Memory management - -WebAssembly modules operate on linear memory as a [stack machine][10]. This means that concepts like heap memory allocations are not available. However, if you are using `new` in C++ or `Box::new` in Rust, you would expect it to result in a heap memory allocation. The way heap memory allocation requests are translated into WebAssembly relies heavily upon the toolchain. You can find a detailed analysis of how different toolchains deal with heap memory allocations in Frank Rehberger's post about [_WebAssembly and dynamic memory_][11]. - -### Games! - -In combination with [WebGL][12], WebAssembly enables native gaming in the browser due to its high execution speed. The big proprietary game engines [Unity][13] and [Unreal Engine 4][14] show what is possible with WebGL. There are also open source game engines that use WebAssembly and the WebGL interface. Here are some examples: - - * Since November 2011, the [id Tech 4][15] engine (better known as the Doom 3 engine) is available under the GPL license on [GitHub][16]. There is also a [WebAssembly port of Doom 3][17]. - * The Urho3D engine provides some [impressive examples][18] that can run in the browser. - * If you like retro games, try this [Game Boy emulator][19]. - * The [Godot engine is also capable of producing WebAssembly][20]. I couldn't find a demo, but the [Godot editor][21] has been ported to WebAssembly. - - - -### More about WebAssembly - -WebAssembly is a promising technology that I believe we will see more frequently in the future. In addition to executing in the browser, WebAssembly can also be used as a portable execution format. The [Wasmer][22] container host enables you to execute WebAssembly code on various platforms. - -If you want more demos, examples, and tutorials, take a look at this [extensive collection of WebAssembly topics][23]. Not exclusive to WebAssembly but still worth a look are Mozilla's [collection of games and demos][24]. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://opensource.com/article/21/3/webassembly-firefox - -作者：[Stephan Avenwedde][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://opensource.com/users/hansic99 -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/lenovo-thinkpad-laptop-concentration-focus-windows-office.png?itok=-8E2ihcF (Woman using laptop concentrating) -[2]: https://webassembly.org/docs/security/ -[3]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API -[4]: https://github.com/WebAssembly/gc/blob/master/README.md -[5]: https://emscripten.org/docs/porting/connecting_cpp_and_javascript/Interacting-with-code.html -[6]: https://github.com/rustwasm/wasm-bindgen -[7]: https://rustwasm.github.io/wasm-bindgen/ -[8]: https://emscripten.org/docs/api_reference/Filesystem-API.html -[9]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/IndexedDB_API/Browser_storage_limits_and_eviction_criteria -[10]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stack_machine -[11]: https://frehberg.wordpress.com/webassembly-and-dynamic-memory/ -[12]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebGL -[13]: https://beta.unity3d.com/jonas/AngryBots/ -[14]: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TwuIRcpeUWE -[15]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Id_Tech_4 -[16]: https://github.com/id-Software/DOOM-3 -[17]: https://wasm.continuation-labs.com/d3demo/ -[18]: https://urho3d.github.io/samples/ -[19]: https://vaporboy.net/ -[20]: https://docs.godotengine.org/en/stable/development/compiling/compiling_for_web.html -[21]: https://godotengine.org/editor/latest/godot.tools.html -[22]: https://github.com/wasmerio/wasmer -[23]: https://github.com/mbasso/awesome-wasm -[24]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Games/Examples From f187d36a07f303b4a4223d805f2dc54300985519 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Tue, 23 Mar 2021 08:35:20 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 295/309] translated --- ...know about using WebAssembly on Firefox.md | 93 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 93 insertions(+) create mode 100644 translated/tech/20210315 6 things to know about using WebAssembly on Firefox.md diff --git a/translated/tech/20210315 6 things to know about using WebAssembly on Firefox.md b/translated/tech/20210315 6 things to know about using WebAssembly on Firefox.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..8b670dc3cf --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20210315 6 things to know about using WebAssembly on Firefox.md @@ -0,0 +1,93 @@ +[#]: subject: (6 things to know about using WebAssembly on Firefox) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/3/webassembly-firefox) +[#]: author: (Stephan Avenwedde https://opensource.com/users/hansic99) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +关于在 Firefox 上使用 WebAssembly 要了解的 6 件事 +====== +了解在 Firefox 上运行 WebAssembly 的机会和局限性。 +![Business woman on laptop sitting in front of window][1] + +WebAssembly 是一种可移植的执行格式，由于它能够以近乎原生的速度在浏览器中执行应用而引起了人们的极大兴趣。WebAssembly 本质上有一些特殊的属性和局限性。但是，通过将其与其他技术结合，将出现全新的可能性，尤其是与浏览器中的游戏有关的可能性。 + +本文介绍了在 Firefox 上运行 WebAssembly 的概念，可能性和局限性。 + +### 沙盒 + +WebAssembly 有[严格的安全策略][2]。 WebAssembly 中的程序或功能单元称为_模块_。每个模块实例都运行在自己的隔离内存空间中。因此，同一个网页加载了多个模块，它们也无法访问另一个模块的虚拟地址空间。设计上，WebAssembly 还考虑了内存安全性和控制流完整性，这（几乎）使得确定性的执行成为可能。 + +### Web API + +通过 JavaScript [Web API][3] 可以访问多种输入和输出设备。根据这个[提案][4]，将来可以不用绕道到 JavaScript 来访问 Web API。C++ 程序员可以在 [Emscripten.org][5] 上找到有关访问 Web API 的信息。Rust 程序员可以使用 [rustwasm.github.io][7] 中写的 [wasm-bindgen][6] 库。 + +### 文件输入/输出 + +因为 WebAssembly 是在沙盒环境中执行的，所以当它在浏览器中执行时，它无法访问主机的文件系统。但是，Emscripten 提供了虚拟文件系统形式的解决方案。 + +Emscripten 使在编译时将文件预加载到内存文件系统成为可能。然后可以像在普通文件系统上一样从 WebAssembly 应用中读取这些文件。这个[教程][8]提供了更多信息。 + +### 持久化数据 + +如果你需要在客户端存储持久化数据，那么必须通过 JavaScript Web API 来完成。参考Mozilla开发者网络关于[浏览器存储限制和过期标准][9]的文档，了解不同方法的详细信息。 + +### 内存管理 + +WebAssembly 模块作为[堆栈机][10]在线性内存上运行。这意味着堆内存分配等概念是没有的。然而，如果你在 C++ 中使用 `new` 或者在 Rust 中使用 `Box::new`，你会期望它会堆内存分配。堆内存分配请求被翻译成 WebAssembly 的方式在很大程度上依赖于工具链。你可以在 Frank Rehberger 关于[_WebAssembly 和动态内存_][11]的帖子中找到关于不同工具链如何处理堆内存分配的详细分析。 + +### 游戏！ + +与 [WebGL][12] 结合使用时，WebAssembly 的执行速度很高，因此可以在浏览器中运行原生游戏。大型专有游戏引擎 [Unity][13] 和[虚幻 4][14] 展示了 WebGL 可以实现的功能。也有使用 WebAssembly 和 WebGL 接口的开源游戏引擎。这里有些例子： + + * 自 2011 年 11 月起，[id Tech 4][15] 引擎（更著名的是 Doom 3 引擎）可在 [GitHub][16] 上以 GPL 许可的形式获得。此外，还有一个 [Doom 3 的 WebAssembly 移植版][17]。 + * Urho3D 引擎提供了一些[令人印象深刻的例子][18]，它们可以在浏览器中运行。 + * 如果你喜欢复古游戏，可以试试这个 [Game Boy 模拟器][19]。 + * [Godot 引擎也能生成 WebAssembly][20]。我找不到演示，但 [Godot 编辑器][21]已经被移植到 WebAssembly 上。 + + +### 有关 WebAssembly 的更多信息 + +WebAssembly 是一项很有前途的技术，我相信我们将来会越来越多地看到它。除了在浏览器中执行之外，WebAssembly 还可以用作可移植的执行格式。[Wasmer][22] 容器托管使你可以在各种平台上执行 WebAssembly 代码。 + +如果你需要更多的演示、示例和教程，请看一下这个 [WebAssembly 主题集合][23]。Mozilla 的[游戏和示例合集][24]并非 WebAssembly 独有，但仍然值得一看。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/21/3/webassembly-firefox + +作者：[Stephan Avenwedde][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/hansic99 +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/lenovo-thinkpad-laptop-concentration-focus-windows-office.png?itok=-8E2ihcF (Woman using laptop concentrating) +[2]: https://webassembly.org/docs/security/ +[3]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API +[4]: https://github.com/WebAssembly/gc/blob/master/README.md +[5]: https://emscripten.org/docs/porting/connecting_cpp_and_javascript/Interacting-with-code.html +[6]: https://github.com/rustwasm/wasm-bindgen +[7]: https://rustwasm.github.io/wasm-bindgen/ +[8]: https://emscripten.org/docs/api_reference/Filesystem-API.html +[9]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/IndexedDB_API/Browser_storage_limits_and_eviction_criteria +[10]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stack_machine +[11]: https://frehberg.wordpress.com/webassembly-and-dynamic-memory/ +[12]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebGL +[13]: https://beta.unity3d.com/jonas/AngryBots/ +[14]: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TwuIRcpeUWE +[15]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Id_Tech_4 +[16]: https://github.com/id-Software/DOOM-3 +[17]: https://wasm.continuation-labs.com/d3demo/ +[18]: https://urho3d.github.io/samples/ +[19]: https://vaporboy.net/ +[20]: https://docs.godotengine.org/en/stable/development/compiling/compiling_for_web.html +[21]: https://godotengine.org/editor/latest/godot.tools.html +[22]: https://github.com/wasmerio/wasmer +[23]: https://github.com/mbasso/awesome-wasm +[24]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Games/Examples From d24a3dac7e51bf266f1b5c9c63c8de5f75bce025 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Tue, 23 Mar 2021 08:42:09 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 296/309] translating --- .../tech/20210316 How to write -Hello World- in WebAssembly.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20210316 How to write -Hello World- in WebAssembly.md b/sources/tech/20210316 How to write -Hello World- in WebAssembly.md index 986b7fc3b7..c23775e3bb 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20210316 How to write -Hello World- in WebAssembly.md +++ b/sources/tech/20210316 How to write -Hello World- in WebAssembly.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/3/hello-world-webassembly) [#]: author: (Stephan Avenwedde https://opensource.com/users/hansic99) [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From b90c94836c939439b67d392222fa662a5c288abf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Tue, 23 Mar 2021 21:17:27 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 297/309] TSL --- ...your Windows install into a VM on Linux.md | 250 ------------------ ...your Windows install into a VM on Linux.md | 244 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 244 insertions(+), 250 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20210121 Convert your Windows install into a VM on Linux.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20210121 Convert your Windows install into a VM on Linux.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210121 Convert your Windows install into a VM on Linux.md b/sources/tech/20210121 Convert your Windows install into a VM on Linux.md deleted file mode 100644 index b5fe4c0f00..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20210121 Convert your Windows install into a VM on Linux.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,250 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (wxy) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (Convert your Windows install into a VM on Linux) -[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/1/virtualbox-windows-linux) -[#]: author: (David Both https://opensource.com/users/dboth) - -Convert your Windows install into a VM on Linux -====== -Here's how I configured a VirtualBox VM to use a physical Windows drive -on my Linux workstation. -![Puzzle pieces coming together to form a computer screen][1] - -I use VirtualBox frequently to create virtual machines for testing new versions of Fedora, new application programs, and lots of administrative tools like Ansible. I have even used VirtualBox to test the creation of a Windows guest host. - -Never have I ever used Windows as my primary operating system on any of my personal computers or even in a VM to perform some obscure task that cannot be done with Linux. I do, however, volunteer for an organization that uses one financial program that requires Windows. This program runs on the office manager's computer on Windows 10 Pro, which came preinstalled. - -This financial application is not special, and [a better Linux program][2] could easily replace it, but I've found that many accountants and treasurers are extremely reluctant to make changes, so I've not yet been able to convince those in our organization to migrate. - -This set of circumstances, along with a recent security scare, made it highly desirable to convert the host running Windows to Fedora and to run Windows and the accounting program in a VM on that host. - -It is important to understand that I have an extreme dislike for Windows for multiple reasons. The primary ones that apply to this case are that I would hate to pay for another Windows license – Windows 10 Pro costs about $200 – to install it on a new VM. Also, Windows 10 requires enough information when setting it up on a new system or after an installation to enable crackers to steal one's identity, should the Microsoft database be breached. No one should need to provide their name, phone number, and birth date in order to register software. - -### Getting started - -The physical computer already had a 240GB NVMe m.2 storage device installed in the only available m.2 slot on the motherboard. I decided to install a new SATA SSD in the host and use the existing SSD with Windows on it as the storage device for the Windows VM. Kingston has an excellent overview of various SSD devices, form factors, and interfaces on its web site. - -That approach meant that I wouldn't need to do a completely new installation of Windows or any of the existing application software. It also meant that the office manager who works at this computer would use Linux for all normal activities such as email, web access, document and spreadsheet creation with LibreOffice. This approach increases the host's security profile. The only time that the Windows VM would be used is to run the accounting program. - -### Back it up first - -Before I did anything else, I created a backup ISO image of the entire NVMe storage device. I made a partition on a 500GB external USB storage drive, created an ext4 filesystem on it, and then mounted that partition on **/mnt**. I used the **dd** command to create the image. - -I installed the new 500GB SATA SSD in the host and installed the Fedora 32 Xfce spin on it from a Live USB. At the initial reboot after installation, both the Linux and Windows drives were available on the GRUB2 boot menu. At this point, the host could be dual-booted between Linux and Windows. - -### Looking for help in all the internet places - -Now I needed some information on creating a VM that uses a physical hard drive or SSD as its storage device. I quickly discovered a lot of information about how to do this in the VirtualBox documentation and the internet in general. Although the VirtualBox documentation helped me to get started, it is not complete, leaving out some critical information. Most of the other information I found on the internet is also quite incomplete. - -With some critical help from one of our Opensource.com Correspondents, Joshua Holm, I was able to break through the cruft and make this work in a repeatable procedure. - -### Making it work - -This procedure is actually fairly simple, although one arcane hack is required to make it work. The Windows and Linux operating systems were already in place by the time I was ready for this step. - -First, I installed the most recent version of VirtualBox on the Linux host. VirtualBox can be installed from many distributions' software repositories, directly from the Oracle VirtualBox repository, or by downloading the desired package file from the VirtualBox web site and installing locally. I chose to download the AMD64 version, which is actually an installer and not a package. I use this version to circumvent a problem that is not related to this particular project. - -The installation procedure always creates a **vboxusers** group in **/etc/group**. I added the users intended to run this VM to the **vboxusers** and **disk** groups in **/etc/group**. It is important to add the same users to the **disk** group because VirtualBox runs as the user who launched it and also requires direct access to the **/dev/sdx** device special file to work in this scenario. Adding users to the **disk** group provides that level of access, which they would not otherwise have. - -I then created a directory to store the VMs and gave it ownership of **root.vboxusers** and **775** permissions. I used **/vms** for the directory, but it could be anything you want. By default, VirtualBox creates new virtual machines in a subdirectory of the user creating the VM. That would make it impossible to share access to the VM among multiple users without creating a massive security vulnerability. Placing the VM directory in an accessible location allows sharing the VMs. - -I started the VirtualBox Manager as a non-root user. I then used the VirtualBox **Preferences ==> General** menu to set the Default Machine Folder to the directory **/vms**. - -I created the VM without a virtual disk. The **Type** should be **Windows**, and the **Version** should be set to **Windows 10 64-bit**. Set a reasonable amount of RAM for the VM, but this can be changed later so long as the VM is off. On the **Hard disk** page of the installation, I chose the "Do not add a virtual hard disk" and clicked on **Create**. The new VM appeared in the VirtualBox Manager window. This procedure also created the **/vms/Test1** directory. - -I did this using the **Advanced** menu and performed all of the configurations on a single page, as seen in Figure 1. The **Guided Mode** obtains the same information but requires more clicks to go through a window for each configuration item. It does provide a little more in the way of help text, but I did not need that. - -![VirtualBox dialog box to create a new virtual machine but do not add a hard disk][3] - -opensource.com - -Figure 1: Create a new virtual machine but do not add a hard disk. - -Then I needed to know which device was assigned by Linux to the raw Windows drive. As root in a terminal session, use the **lshw** command to discover the device assignment for the Windows disk. In this case, the device that represents the entire storage device is **/dev/sdb**. - - -``` -# lshw -short -class disk,volume -H/W path           Device      Class          Description -========================================================= -/0/100/17/0        /dev/sda    disk           500GB CT500MX500SSD1 -/0/100/17/0/1                  volume         2047MiB Windows FAT volume -/0/100/17/0/2      /dev/sda2   volume         4GiB EXT4 volume -/0/100/17/0/3      /dev/sda3   volume         459GiB LVM Physical Volume -/0/100/17/1        /dev/cdrom  disk           DVD+-RW DU-8A5LH -/0/100/17/0.0.0    /dev/sdb    disk           256GB TOSHIBA KSG60ZMV -/0/100/17/0.0.0/1  /dev/sdb1   volume         649MiB Windows FAT volume -/0/100/17/0.0.0/2  /dev/sdb2   volume         127MiB reserved partition -/0/100/17/0.0.0/3  /dev/sdb3   volume         236GiB Windows NTFS volume -/0/100/17/0.0.0/4  /dev/sdb4   volume         989MiB Windows NTFS volume -[root@office1 etc]# -``` - -Instead of a virtual storage device located in the **/vms/Test1** directory, VirtualBox needs to have a way to identify the physical hard drive from which it is to boot. This identification is accomplished by creating a ***.vmdk** file, which points to the raw physical disk that will be used as the storage device for the VM. As a non-root user, I created a **vmdk** file that points to the entire Windows device, **/dev/sdb**. - - -``` -$ VBoxManage internalcommands createrawvmdk -filename /vms/Test1/Test1.vmdk -rawdisk /dev/sdb -RAW host disk access VMDK file /vms/Test1/Test1.vmdk created successfully. -``` - -I then used the **VirtualBox Manager File ==> Virtual Media Manager** dialog to add the **vmdk** disk to the available hard disks. I clicked on **Add**, and the default **/vms** location was displayed in the file management dialog. I selected the **Test1** directory and then the **Test1.vmdk** file. I then clicked **Open**, and the **Test1.vmdk** file was displayed in the list of available hard drives. I selected it and clicked on **Close**. - -The next step was to add this **vmdk** disk to the storage devices for our VM. In the settings menu for the **Test1 VM**, I selected **Storage** and clicked on the icon to add a hard disk. This opened a dialog that showed the **Test1vmdk** virtual disk file in a list entitled **Not attached.** I selected this file and clicked on the **Choose** button. This device is now displayed in the list of storage devices connected to the **Test1 VM**. The only other storage device on this VM is an empty CD/DVD-ROM drive. - -I clicked on **OK** to complete the addition of this device to the VM. - -There was one more item to configure before the new VM would work. Using the **VirtualBox Manager Settings** dialog for the **Test1 VM**, I navigated to the **System ==> Motherboard** page and placed a check in the box for **Enable EFI**. If you do not do this, VirtualBox will generate an error stating that it cannot find a bootable medium when you attempt to boot this VM. - -The virtual machine now boots from the raw Windows 10 hard drive. However, I could not log in because I did not have a regular account on this system, and I also did not have access to the password for the Windows administrator account. - -### Unlocking the drive - -No, this section is not about breaking the encryption of the hard drive. Rather, it is about bypassing the password for one of the many Windows administrator accounts, which no one at the organization had. - -Even though I could boot the Windows VM, I could not log in because I had no account on that host and asking people for their passwords is a horrible security breach. Nevertheless, I needed to log in to the VM to install the **VirtualBox Guest Additions**, which would provide seamless capture and release of the mouse pointer, allow me to resize the VM to be larger than 1024x768, and perform normal maintenance in the future. - -This is a perfect use case for the Linux capability to change user passwords. Even though I am accessing the previous administrator's account to start, in this case, he will no longer support this system, and I won't be able to discern his password or the patterns he uses to generate them. I will simply clear the password for the previous sysadmin. - -There is a very nice open source software tool specifically for this task. On the Linux host, I installed **chntpw**, which probably stands for something like, "Change NT PassWord." - - -``` -`# dnf -y install chntpw` -``` - -I powered off the VM and then mounted the **/dev/sdb3** partition on **/mnt**. I determined that **/dev/sdb3** is the correct partition because it is the first large NTFS partition I saw in the output from the **lshw** command I performed previously. Be sure not to mount the partition while the VM is running; that could cause significant corruption of the data on the VM storage device. Note that the correct partition might be different on other hosts. - -Navigate to the **/mnt/Windows/System32/config** directory. The **chntpw** utility program does not work if that is not the present working directory (PWD). Start the program. - - -``` -# chntpw -i SAM -chntpw version 1.00 140201, (c) Petter N Hagen -Hive <SAM> name (from header): <\SystemRoot\System32\Config\SAM> -ROOT KEY at offset: 0x001020 * Subkey indexing type is: 686c <lh> -File size 131072 [20000] bytes, containing 11 pages (+ 1 headerpage) -Used for data: 367/44720 blocks/bytes, unused: 14/24560 blocks/bytes. - -<>========<> chntpw Main Interactive Menu <>========<> - -Loaded hives: <SAM> - -  1 - Edit user data and passwords -  2 - List groups -      - - - -  9 - Registry editor, now with full write support! -  q - Quit (you will be asked if there is something to save) - -What to do? [1] -> -``` - -The **chntpw** command uses a TUI (Text User Interface), which provides a set of menu options. When one of the primary menu items is chosen, a secondary menu is usually displayed. Following the clear menu names, I first chose menu item **1**. - - -``` -What to do? [1] -> 1 - -===== chntpw Edit User Info & Passwords ==== - -| RID -|---------- Username ------------| Admin? |- Lock? --| -| 01f4 | Administrator                  | ADMIN  | dis/lock | -| 03ec | john                           | ADMIN  | dis/lock | -| 01f7 | DefaultAccount                 |        | dis/lock | -| 01f5 | Guest                          |        | dis/lock | -| 01f8 | WDAGUtilityAccount             |        | dis/lock | - -Please enter user number (RID) or 0 to exit: [3e9] -``` - -Next, I selected our admin account, **john**, by typing the RID at the prompt. This displays information about the user and offers additional menu items to manage the account. - - -``` -Please enter user number (RID) or 0 to exit: [3e9] 03eb -================= USER EDIT ==================== - -RID     : 1003 [03eb] -Username: john -fullname: -comment : -homedir : - -00000221 = Users (which has 4 members) -00000220 = Administrators (which has 5 members) - -Account bits: 0x0214 = -[ ] Disabled        | [ ] Homedir req.    | [ ] Passwd not req. | -[ ] Temp. duplicate | [X] Normal account  | [ ] NMS account     | -[ ] Domain trust ac | [ ] Wks trust act.  | [ ] Srv trust act   | -[X] Pwd don't expir | [ ] Auto lockout    | [ ] (unknown 0x08)  | -[ ] (unknown 0x10)  | [ ] (unknown 0x20)  | [ ] (unknown 0x40)  | - -Failed login count: 0, while max tries is: 0 -Total  login count: 47 - -\- - - - User Edit Menu: - 1 - Clear (blank) user password - 2 - Unlock and enable user account [probably locked now] - 3 - Promote user (make user an administrator) - 4 - Add user to a group - 5 - Remove user from a group - q - Quit editing user, back to user select -Select: [q] > 2 -``` - -At this point, I chose menu item **2**, "Unlock and enable user account," which deletes the password and enables me to log in without a password. By the way – this is an automatic login. I then exited the program. Be sure to unmount **/mnt** before proceeding. - -I know, I know, but why not! I have already bypassed security on this drive and host, so it matters not one iota. At this point, I did log in to the old administrative account and created a new account for myself with a secure password. I then logged in as myself and deleted the old admin account so that no one else could use it. - -There are also instructions on the internet for using the Windows Administrator account (01f4 in the list above). I could have deleted or changed the password on that account had there not been an organizational admin account in place. Note also that this procedure can be performed from a live USB running on the target host. - -### Reactivating Windows - -So I now had the Windows SSD running as a VM on my Fedora host. However, in a frustrating turn of events, after running for a few hours, Windows displayed a warning message indicating that I needed to "Activate Windows." - -After following many more dead-end web pages, I finally gave up on trying to reactivate using an existing code because it appeared to have been somehow destroyed. Finally, when attempting to follow one of the on-line virtual support chat sessions, the virtual "Get help" application indicated that my instance of Windows 10 Pro was already activated. How can this be the case? It kept wanting me to activate it, yet when I tried, it said it was already activated. - -### Or not - -By the time I had spent several hours over three days doing research and experimentation, I decided to go back to booting the original SSD into Windows and come back to this at a later date. But then Windows – even when booted from the original storage device – demanded to be reactivated. - -Searching the Microsoft support site was unhelpful. After having to fuss with the same automated support as before, I called the phone number provided only to be told by an automated response system that all support for Windows 10 Pro was only provided by internet. By now, I was nearly a day late in getting the computer running and installed back at the office. - -### Back to the future - -I finally sucked it up, purchased a copy of Windows 10 Home – for about $120 – and created a VM with a virtual storage device on which to install it. - -I copied a large number of document and spreadsheet files to the office manager's home directory. I reinstalled the one Windows program we need and verified with the office manager that it worked and the data was all there. - -### Final thoughts - -So my objective was met, literally a day late and about $120 short, but using a more standard approach. I am still making a few adjustments to permissions and restoring the Thunderbird address book; I have some CSV backups to work from, but the ***.mab** files contain very little information on the Windows drive. I even used the Linux **find** command to locate all the ones on the original storage device. - -I went down a number of rabbit holes and had to extract myself and start over each time. I ran into problems that were not directly related to this project, but that affected my work on it. Those problems included interesting things like mounting the Windows partition on **/mnt** on my Linux box and getting a message that the partition had been improperly closed by Windows (yes – on my Linux host) and that it had fixed the inconsistency. Not even Windows could do that after multiple reboots through its so-called "recovery" mode. - -Perhaps you noticed some clues in the output data from the **chntpw** utility. I cut out some of the other user accounts that were displayed on my host for security reasons, but I saw from that information that all of the users were admins. Needless to say, I changed that. I am still surprised by the poor administrative practices I encounter, but I guess I should not be. - -In the end, I was forced to purchase a license, but one that was at least a bit less expensive than the original. One thing I know is that the Linux piece of this worked perfectly once I had found all the necessary information. The issue was dealing with Windows activation. Some of you may have been successful at getting Windows reactivated. If so, I would still like to know how you did it, so please add your experience to the comments. - -This is yet another reason I dislike Windows and only ever use Linux on my own systems. It is also one of the reasons I am converting all of the organization's computers to Linux. It just takes time and convincing. We only have this one accounting program left, and I need to work with the treasurer to find one that works for her. I understand this – I like my own tools, and I need them to work in a way that is best for me. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://opensource.com/article/21/1/virtualbox-windows-linux - -作者：[David Both][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://opensource.com/users/dboth -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/puzzle_computer_solve_fix_tool.png?itok=U0pH1uwj (Puzzle pieces coming together to form a computer screen) -[2]: https://opensource.com/article/20/7/godbledger -[3]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/virtualbox.png diff --git a/translated/tech/20210121 Convert your Windows install into a VM on Linux.md b/translated/tech/20210121 Convert your Windows install into a VM on Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3466efa4e2 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20210121 Convert your Windows install into a VM on Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,244 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (wxy) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Convert your Windows install into a VM on Linux) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/1/virtualbox-windows-linux) +[#]: author: (David Both https://opensource.com/users/dboth) + +在 Linux 上将你的 Windows 系统转换为虚拟机 +====== + +> 下面是我如何配置 VirtualBox 虚拟机以在我的 Linux 工作站上使用物理的 Windows 驱动器。 + +![拼图拼成电脑屏幕][1] + +我经常使用 VirtualBox 来创建虚拟机来测试新版本的 Fedora、新的应用程序和很多管理工具，比如 Ansible。我甚至使用 VirtualBox 来测试创建一个 Windows 访客主机。 + +我从来没有在我的任何一台个人电脑上使用 Windows 作为我的主要操作系统，甚至也没在虚拟机中执行一些用 Linux 无法完成的冷门任务。不过，我确实为一个需要使用 Windows 下的财务程序的组织做志愿者。这个程序运行在办公室经理的电脑上，使用的是预装的 Windows 10 Pro。 + +这个财务应用程序并不特别，[一个更好的 Linux 程序][2] 可以很容易地取代它，但我发现许多会计和财务主管极不愿意做出改变，所以我还没能说服我们组织中的人迁移。 + +这一系列的情况，加上最近的安全恐慌，使得我非常希望将运行 Windows 的主机转换为 Fedora，并在该主机上的虚拟机中运行 Windows 和会计程序。 + +重要的是要明白，我出于多种原因极度不喜欢 Windows。适用于这种情况的主要原因是，我不愿意为了在新的虚拟机上安装它而再花钱购买一个 Windows 许可证（Windows 10 Pro 大约需要 200 美元）。此外，Windows 10 在新系统上设置时或安装后需要足够的信息，如果微软数据库被攻破，破解者就可以窃取一个人的身份。任何人都不应该为了注册软件而需要提供自己的姓名、电话号码和出生日期。 + +### 开始 + +这台实体电脑已经在主板上唯一可用的 m.2 插槽中安装了一个 240GB 的 NVMe m.2 的 SSD 存储设备。我决定在主机上安装一个新的 SATA SSD，并将现有的带有 Windows 的 SSD 作为 Windows 虚拟机的存储设备。金士顿在其网站上对各种 SSD 设备、外形尺寸和接口有一个很好的概述。 + +这种方法意味着我不需要重新安装 Windows 或任何现有的应用软件。这也意味着，在这台电脑上工作的办公室经理将使用 Linux 进行所有正常的活动，如电子邮件、访问 Web、使用 LibreOffice 创建文档和电子表格。这种方法增加了主机的安全性。唯一会使用 Windows 虚拟机的时间是运行会计程序。 + +### 先备份 + +在做其他事情之前，我创建了整个 NVMe 存储设备的备份 ISO 镜像。我在 500GB 外置 USB 存储盘上创建了一个分区，在其上创建了一个 ext4 文件系统，然后将该分区挂载到 `/mnt`。我使用 `dd` 命令来创建镜像。 + +我在主机中安装了新的 500GB SATA SSD，并从临场live USB 上安装了 Fedora 32 Xfce 偏好版spin。在安装后的初次重启时，在 GRUB2 引导菜单上，Linux 和 Windows 驱动器都是可用的。此时，主机可以在 Linux 和 Windows 之间进行双启动。 + +### 在网上寻找帮助 + +现在我需要一些关于创建一个使用物理硬盘或 SSD 作为其存储设备的虚拟机的信息。我很快就在 VirtualBox 文档和互联网上发现了很多关于如何做到这一点的信息。虽然 VirtualBox 文档初步帮助了我，但它并不完整，遗漏了一些关键信息。我在互联网上找到的大多数其他信息也很不完整。 + +在我们的记者 Joshua Holm 的帮助下，我得以突破这些残缺的信息，并以一个可重复的流程来完成这项工作。 + +### 让它发挥作用 + +这个过程其实相当简单，虽然需要一个玄妙的技巧才能实现。当我准备好这一步的时候，Windows 和 Linux 操作系统已经到位了。 + +首先，我在 Linux 主机上安装了最新版本的 VirtualBox。VirtualBox 可以从许多发行版的软件仓库中安装，也可以直接从 Oracle VirtualBox 仓库中安装，或者从 VirtualBox 网站上下载所需的包文件并在本地安装。我选择下载 AMD64 版本，它实际上是一个安装程序而不是一个软件包。我使用这个版本来规避一个与这个特定项目无关的问题。 + +安装过程总是在 `/etc/group` 中创建一个 `vboxusers` 组。我把打算运行这个虚拟机的用户添加到 `/etc/group` 中的 `vboxusers` 和 `disk` 组。将相同的用户添加到 `disk` 组是很重要的，因为 VirtualBox 是以启动它的用户身份运行的，而且还需要直接访问 `/dev/sdx` 特殊设备文件才能在这种情况下工作。将用户添加到 `disk` 组可以提供这种级别的访问权限，否则他们就不会有这种权限。 + +然后，我创建了一个目录来存储虚拟机，并赋予它 `root.vboxusers` 的所有权和 `775` 的权限。我使用 `/vms` 用作该目录，但可以是任何你想要的目录。默认情况下，VirtualBox 会在创建虚拟机的用户的子目录中创建新的虚拟机。这将使多个用户之间无法共享对虚拟机的访问，而不会产生巨大的安全漏洞。将虚拟机目录放置在一个可访问的位置，可以共享虚拟机。 + +我以非 root 用户的身份启动 VirtualBox 管理器。然后，我使用 VirtualBox 的“偏好Preferences => 一般General”菜单将“默认机器文件夹Default Machine Folder”设置为 `/vms` 目录。 + +我创建的虚拟机没有虚拟磁盘。“类型Type” 应该是 `Windows`，“版本Version”应该设置为 `Windows 10 64-bit`。为虚拟机设置一个合理的内存量，但只要虚拟机处于关闭状态，以后可以更改。在安装的“硬盘Hard disk”页面，我选择了 “不要添加虚拟硬盘Do not add a virtual hard disk”，点击“创建Create”。新的虚拟机出现在VirtualBox 管理器窗口中。这个过程也创建了 `/vms/Test1` 目录。 + +我使用“高级Advanced”菜单在一个页面上设置了所有的配置，如图 1 所示。“向导模式Guided Mode”可以获得相同的信息，但需要更多的点击，以通过一个窗口来进行每个配置项目。它确实提供了更多的帮助内容，但我并不需要。 + +![VirtualBox 对话框：创建新的虚拟机，但不添加硬盘][3] + +*图 1：创建一个新的虚拟机，但不要添加硬盘。* + +然后，我需要知道 Linux 给原始 Windows 硬盘分配了哪个设备。在终端会话中以 root 身份使用 `lshw` 命令来发现 Windows 磁盘的设备分配情况。在本例中，代表整个存储设备的设备是 `/dev/sdb`。 + +``` +# lshw -short -class disk,volume +H/W path           Device      Class          Description +========================================================= +/0/100/17/0        /dev/sda    disk           500GB CT500MX500SSD1 +/0/100/17/0/1                  volume         2047MiB Windows FAT volume +/0/100/17/0/2      /dev/sda2   volume         4GiB EXT4 volume +/0/100/17/0/3      /dev/sda3   volume         459GiB LVM Physical Volume +/0/100/17/1        /dev/cdrom  disk           DVD+-RW DU-8A5LH +/0/100/17/0.0.0    /dev/sdb    disk           256GB TOSHIBA KSG60ZMV +/0/100/17/0.0.0/1  /dev/sdb1   volume         649MiB Windows FAT volume +/0/100/17/0.0.0/2  /dev/sdb2   volume         127MiB reserved partition +/0/100/17/0.0.0/3  /dev/sdb3   volume         236GiB Windows NTFS volume +/0/100/17/0.0.0/4  /dev/sdb4   volume         989MiB Windows NTFS volume +[root@office1 etc]# +``` + +VirtualBox 不需要把虚拟存储设备放在 `/vms/Test1` 目录中，而是需要有一种方法来识别要从其启动的物理硬盘。这种识别是通过创建一个 `*.vmdk` 文件来实现的，该文件指向将作为虚拟机存储设备的原始物理磁盘。作为非 root 用户，我创建了一个 vmdk 文件，指向整个 Windows 设备 `/dev/sdb`。 + +``` +$ VBoxManage internalcommands createrawvmdk -filename /vms/Test1/Test1.vmdk -rawdisk /dev/sdb +RAW host disk access VMDK file /vms/Test1/Test1.vmdk created successfully. +``` + +然后，我使用 VirtualBox 管理器 “文件File => 虚拟介质管理器Virtual Media Manager” 对话框将 vmdk 磁盘添加到可用硬盘中。我点击了“添加Add”，文件管理对话框中显示了默认的 `/vms` 位置。我选择了 `Test1` 目录，然后选择了 `Test1.vmdk` 文件。然后我点击“打开Open”，`Test1.vmdk` 文件就显示在可用硬盘列表中。我选择了它，然后点击“关闭Close”。 + +下一步就是将这个 vmdk 磁盘添加到我们虚拟机的存储设备中。在 “Test1 VM” 的设置菜单中，我选择了 “存储Storage”，并点击了添加硬盘的图标。这时打开了一个对话框，在一个名为“未连接Not attached”的列表中显示了 `Test1vmdk` 虚拟磁盘文件。我选择了这个文件，并点击了“选择Choose”按钮。这个设备现在显示在连接到 “Test1 VM” 的存储设备列表中。这个虚拟机上唯一的其他存储设备是一个空的 CD/DVD-ROM 驱动器。 + +我点击了“确定OK”，完成了将此设备添加到虚拟机中。 + +在新的虚拟机工作之前，还有一个项目需要配置。使用 VirtualBox 管理器设置对话框中的 “Test1 VM”，我导航到 “系统System => 主板Motherboard”页面，并在 “启用 EFIEnable EFI”的方框中打上勾。如果你不这样做，当你试图启动这个虚拟机时，VirtualBox 会产生一个错误，说明它无法找到一个可启动的介质。 + +现在，虚拟机从原始的 Windows 10 硬盘驱动器启动。然而，我无法登录，因为我在这个系统上没有一个常规账户，而且我也无法获得 Windows 管理员账户的密码。 + +### 解锁驱动器 + +不，本节并不是要破解硬盘的加密，而是要绕过众多 Windows 管理员账户之一的密码，而这些账户是组织中没有人拥有的。 + +尽管我可以启动 Windows 虚拟机，但我无法登录，因为我在该主机上没有账户，而向人们索要密码是一种可怕的安全漏洞。尽管如此，我还是需要登录这个虚拟机来安装 “VirtualBox Guest Additions”，它可以提供鼠标指针的无缝捕捉和释放，允许我将虚拟机调整到大于 1024x768 的大小，并在未来进行正常的维护。 + +这是一个完美的用例，Linux 的功能就是更改用户密码。尽管我是访问之前的管理员的账户来启动，但在这种情况下，他不再支持这个系统，我也无法辨别他的密码或他用来生成密码的模式。我就直接清除上一个系统管理员的密码。 + +有一个非常不错的开源软件工具，专门用于这个任务。在 Linux 主机上，我安装了 `chntpw`，它的意思大概是：“更改 NT 的密码”。 + +``` +# dnf -y install chntpw +``` + +我关闭了虚拟机的电源，然后将 `/dev/sdb3` 分区挂载到 `/mnt` 上。我确定 `/dev/sdb3` 是正确的分区，因为它是我在之前执行 `lshw` 命令的输出中看到的第一个大的 NTFS 分区。一定不要在虚拟机运行时挂载该分区，那样会导致虚拟机存储设备上的数据严重损坏。请注意，正确的分区在其他主机上可能有所不同。 + +导航到 `/mnt/Windows/System32/config` 目录。如果当前工作目录（PWD）不在这里，`chntpw` 实用程序就无法工作。请启动该程序。 + +``` +# chntpw -i SAM +chntpw version 1.00 140201, (c) Petter N Hagen +Hive name (from header): <\SystemRoot\System32\Config\SAM> +ROOT KEY at offset: 0x001020 * Subkey indexing type is: 686c +File size 131072 [20000] bytes, containing 11 pages (+ 1 headerpage) +Used for data: 367/44720 blocks/bytes, unused: 14/24560 blocks/bytes. + +<>========<> chntpw Main Interactive Menu <>========<> + +Loaded hives: + + 1 - Edit user data and passwords + 2 - List groups + - - - + 9 - Registry editor, now with full write support! + q - Quit (you will be asked if there is something to save) + + +What to do? [1] -> +``` + +`chntpw` 命令使用 TUI（文本用户界面），它提供了一套菜单选项。当选择其中一个主要菜单项时，通常会显示一个次要菜单。按照明确的菜单名称，我首先选择了菜单项 `1`。 + +``` +What to do? [1] -> 1 + +===== chntpw Edit User Info & Passwords ==== + +| RID -|---------- Username ------------| Admin? |- Lock? --| +| 01f4 | Administrator | ADMIN | dis/lock | +| 03eb | john | ADMIN | dis/lock | +| 01f7 | DefaultAccount | | dis/lock | +| 01f5 | Guest | | dis/lock | +| 01f8 | WDAGUtilityAccount | | dis/lock | + +Please enter user number (RID) or 0 to exit: [3e9] +``` + +接下来，我选择了我们的管理账户 `john`，在提示下输入 RID。这将显示用户的信息，并提供额外的菜单项来管理账户。 + +``` +Please enter user number (RID) or 0 to exit: [3e9] 03eb +================= USER EDIT ==================== + +RID : 1003 [03eb] +Username: john +fullname: +comment : +homedir : + +00000221 = Users (which has 4 members) +00000220 = Administrators (which has 5 members) + +Account bits: 0x0214 = +[ ] Disabled | [ ] Homedir req. | [ ] Passwd not req. | +[ ] Temp. duplicate | [X] Normal account | [ ] NMS account | +[ ] Domain trust ac | [ ] Wks trust act. | [ ] Srv trust act | +[X] Pwd don't expir | [ ] Auto lockout | [ ] (unknown 0x08) | +[ ] (unknown 0x10) | [ ] (unknown 0x20) | [ ] (unknown 0x40) | + +Failed login count: 0, while max tries is: 0 +Total login count: 47 + +- - - - User Edit Menu: + 1 - Clear (blank) user password + 2 - Unlock and enable user account [probably locked now] + 3 - Promote user (make user an administrator) + 4 - Add user to a group + 5 - Remove user from a group + q - Quit editing user, back to user select +Select: [q] > 2 +``` + +这时，我选择了菜单项 `2`，“解锁并启用用户账户Unlock and enable user account”，这样就可以删除密码，使我可以不用密码登录。顺便说一下 —— 这是自动登录。然后我退出了该程序。在继续之前，一定要先卸载 `/mnt`。 + +我知道，我知道，但为什么不呢! 我已经绕过了这个硬盘和主机的安全问题，所以一点也不重要。这时，我确实登录了旧的管理账户，并为自己创建了一个新的账户，并设置了安全密码。然后，我以自己的身份登录，并删除了旧的管理账户，这样别人就无法使用了。 + +网上也有 Windows Administrator 账号的使用说明（上面列表中的 `01f4`）。如果它不是作为组织管理账户，我可以删除或更改该账户的密码。还要注意的是，这个过程也可以从目标主机上运行临场 USB 来执行。 + +### 重新激活 Windows + +因此，我现在让 Windows SSD 作为虚拟机在我的 Fedora 主机上运行了。然而，令人沮丧的是，在运行了几个小时后，Windows 显示了一条警告信息，表明我需要“激活 Windows”。 + +在看了许许多多的死胡同网页之后，我终于放弃了使用现有代码重新激活的尝试，因为它似乎已经以某种方式被破坏了。最后，当我试图进入其中一个在线虚拟支持聊天会话时，虚拟的“获取帮助”应用程序显示我的 Windows 10 Pro 实例已经被激活。这怎么可能呢？它一直希望我激活它，然而当我尝试时，它说它已经被激活了。 + +### 或者不 + +当我在三天内花了好几个小时做研究和实验时，我决定回到原来的 SSD 启动到Windows中，以后再来处理这个问题。但后来 Windows —— 即使从原存储设备启动，也要求重新激活。 + +在微软支持网站上搜索也无济于事。在不得不与之前一样的自动支持大费周章之后，我拨打了提供的电话号码，却被自动响应系统告知，所有对 Windows 10 Pro 的支持都只能通过互联网提供。到现在，我已经晚了将近一天才让电脑运行起来并安装回办公室。 + +### 回到未来 + +我终于吸了一口气，购买了一份 Windows 10 Home，大约 120 美元，并创建了一个带有虚拟存储设备的虚拟机，将其安装在上面。 + +我将大量的文档和电子表格文件复制到办公室经理的主目录中。我重新安装了一个我们需要的 Windows 程序，并与办公室经理验证了它可以工作，数据都在那里。 + +### 总结 + +因此，我的目标达到了，实际上晚了一天，花了 120 美元，但使用了一种更标准的方法。我仍在对权限进行一些调整，并恢复 Thunderbird 通讯录；我有一些 CSV 备份，但 `*.mab` 文件在 Windows 驱动器上包含的信息很少。我甚至用 Linux 的 `find` 命令来定位原始存储设备上的所有。 + +我走了很多弯路，每次都要自己重新开始。我遇到了一些与这个项目没有直接关系的问题，但却影响了我的工作。这些问题包括一些有趣的事情，比如把 Windows 分区挂载到我的 Linux 机器的 `/mnt` 上，得到的信息是该分区已经被 Windows 不正确地关闭（是的，在我的 Linux 主机上），并且它已经修复了不一致的地方。即使是 Windows 通过其所谓的“恢复”模式多次重启后也做不到这一点。 + +也许你从 `chntpw` 工具的输出数据中发现了一些线索。出于安全考虑，我删掉了主机上显示的其他一些用户账号，但我从这些信息中看到，所有的用户都是管理员。不用说，我也改了。我仍然对我遇到的糟糕的管理方式感到惊讶，但我想我不应该这样。 + +最后，我被迫购买了一个许可证，但这个许可证至少比原来的要便宜一些。我知道的一点是，一旦我找到了所有必要的信息，Linux 这一块就能完美地工作。问题是处理 Windows 激活的问题。你们中的一些人可能已经成功地让 Windows 重新激活了。如果是这样，我还是想知道你们是怎么做到的，所以请把你们的经验添加到评论中。 + +这是我不喜欢 Windows，只在自己的系统上使用 Linux 的又一个原因。这也是我将组织中所有的计算机都转换为 Linux 的原因之一。只是需要时间和说服力。我们只剩下这一个会计程序了，我需要和财务主管一起找到一个适合她的程序。我明白这一点 —— 我喜欢自己的工具，我需要它们以一种最适合我的方式工作。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/21/1/virtualbox-windows-linux + +作者：[David Both][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/dboth +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/puzzle_computer_solve_fix_tool.png?itok=U0pH1uwj (Puzzle pieces coming together to form a computer screen) +[2]: https://opensource.com/article/20/7/godbledger +[3]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/virtualbox.png From 2d5e71a52fa24722ed9c38ecd915cab5e6338cdf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Qian.Sun" Date: Tue, 23 Mar 2021 21:56:03 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 298/309] translation completed by DCOLIVERSUN "Learn Python dictionary values with Jupyter" translation is completed by DCOLIVERSUN --- ...n Python dictionary values with Jupyter.md | 167 ------------------ ...n Python dictionary values with Jupyter.md | 166 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 166 insertions(+), 167 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20210309 Learn Python dictionary values with Jupyter.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20210309 Learn Python dictionary values with Jupyter.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210309 Learn Python dictionary values with Jupyter.md b/sources/tech/20210309 Learn Python dictionary values with Jupyter.md deleted file mode 100644 index a54b7f58a8..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20210309 Learn Python dictionary values with Jupyter.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,167 +0,0 @@ -[#]: subject: (Learn Python dictionary values with Jupyter) -[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/3/dictionary-values-python) -[#]: author: (Lauren Maffeo https://opensource.com/users/lmaffeo) -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (DCOLIVERSUN) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) - -Learn Python dictionary values with Jupyter -====== -Implementing data structures with dictionaries helps you access -information more quickly. -![Hands on a keyboard with a Python book ][1] - -Dictionaries are the Python programming language's way of implementing data structures. A Python dictionary consists of several key-value pairs; each pair maps the key to its associated value. - -For example, say you're a teacher who wants to match students' names to their grades. You could use a Python dictionary to map the keys (names) to their associated values (grades). - -If you need to find a specific student's grade on an exam, you can access it from your dictionary. This lookup shortcut should save you time over parsing an entire list to find the student's grade. - -This article shows you how to access dictionary values through each value's key. Before you begin the tutorial, make sure you have the [Anaconda package manager][2] and [Jupyter Notebook][3] installed on your machine. - -### 1\. Open a new notebook in Jupyter - -Begin by opening Jupyter and running it in a tab in your web browser. Then: - - 1. Go to **File** in the top-left corner. - 2. Select **New Notebook**, then **Python 3**. - - - -![Create Jupyter notebook][4] - -(Lauren Maffeo, [CC BY-SA 4.0][5]) - -Your new notebook starts off untitled, but you can rename it anything you'd like. I named mine **OpenSource.com Data Dictionary Tutorial**. - -The line number you see in your new Jupyter notebook is where you will write your code. (That is, your input.) - -On macOS, you'll hit **Shift** then **Return** to receive your output. Make sure to do this before creating new line numbers; otherwise, any additional code you write might not run. - -### 2\. Create a key-value pair - -Write the keys and values you wish to access in your dictionary. To start, you'll need to define what they are in the context of your dictionary: - - -``` -empty_dictionary = {} -grades = { -    "Kelsey": 87, -    "Finley": 92 -} - -one_line = {a: 1, b: 2} -``` - -![Code for defining key-value pairs in the dictionary][6] - -(Lauren Maffeo, [CC BY-SA 4.0][5]) - -This allows the dictionary to associate specific keys with their respective values. Dictionaries store data by name, which allows faster lookup. - -### 3\. Access a dictionary value by its key - -Say you want to find a specific dictionary value; in this case, a specific student's grade. To start, hit **Insert** then **Insert Cell Below**. - -![Inserting a new cell in Jupyter][7] - -(Lauren Maffeo, [CC BY-SA 4.0][5]) - -In your new cell, define the keys and values in your dictionary. - -Then, find the value you need by telling your dictionary to print that value's key. For example, look for a specific student's name—Kelsey: - - -``` -# Access data in a dictionary -grades = { -    "Kelsey": 87, -    "Finley": 92 -} - -print(grades["Kelsey"]) -87 -``` - -![Code to look for a specific value][8] - -(Lauren Maffeo, [CC BY-SA 4.0][5]) - -Once you've asked for Kelsey's grade (that is, the value you're trying to find), hit **Shift** (if you're on macOS), then **Return**. - -You see your desired value—Kelsey's grade—as an output below your cell. - -### 4\. Update an existing key - -What if you realize you added the wrong grade for a student to your dictionary? You can fix it by updating your dictionary to store an additional value. - -To start, choose which key you want to update. In this case, say you entered Finley's grade incorrectly. That is the key you'll update in this example. - -To update Finley's grade, insert a new cell below, then create a new key-value pair. Tell your cell to print the dictionary, then hit **Shift** and **Return**: - - -``` -grades["Finley"] = 90 -print(grades) - -{'Kelsey': 87; "Finley": 90} -``` - -![Code for updating a key][9] - -(Lauren Maffeo, [CC BY-SA 4.0][5]) - -The updated dictionary, with Finley's new grade, appears as your output. - -### 5\. Add a new key - -Say you get a new student's grade for an exam. You can add that student's name and grade to your dictionary by adding a new key-value pair. - -Insert a new cell below, then add the new student's name and grade as a key-value pair. Once you're done, tell your cell to print the dictionary, then hit **Shift** and **Return**: - - -``` -grades["Alex"] = 88 -print(grades) - -{'Kelsey': 87, 'Finley': 90, 'Alex': 88} -``` - -![Add a new key][10] - -(Lauren Maffeo, [CC BY-SA 4.0][5]) - -All key-value pairs should appear as output. - -### Using dictionaries - -Remember that keys and values can be any data type, but it's rare for them to be [non-primitive types][11]. Additionally, dictionaries don't store or structure their content in any specific order. If you need an ordered sequence of items, it's best to create a list in Python, not a dictionary. - -If you're thinking of using a dictionary, first confirm if your data is structured the right way, i.e., like a phone book. If not, then using a list, tuple, tree, or other data structure might be the best option. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://opensource.com/article/21/3/dictionary-values-python - -作者：[Lauren Maffeo][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://opensource.com/users/lmaffeo -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/python-programming-code-keyboard.png?itok=fxiSpmnd (Hands on a keyboard with a Python book ) -[2]: https://docs.anaconda.com/anaconda/ -[3]: https://opensource.com/article/18/3/getting-started-jupyter-notebooks -[4]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/new-jupyter-notebook.png (Create Jupyter notebook) -[5]: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ -[6]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/define-keys-values.png (Code for defining key-value pairs in the dictionary) -[7]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/jupyter_insertcell.png (Inserting a new cell in Jupyter) -[8]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/lookforvalue.png (Code to look for a specific value) -[9]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/jupyter_updatekey.png (Code for updating a key) -[10]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/jupyter_addnewkey.png (Add a new key) -[11]: https://www.datacamp.com/community/tutorials/data-structures-python diff --git a/translated/tech/20210309 Learn Python dictionary values with Jupyter.md b/translated/tech/20210309 Learn Python dictionary values with Jupyter.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..2b50efa1f2 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20210309 Learn Python dictionary values with Jupyter.md @@ -0,0 +1,166 @@ +[#]: subject: (Learn Python dictionary values with Jupyter) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/3/dictionary-values-python) +[#]: author: (Lauren Maffeo https://opensource.com/users/lmaffeo) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (DCOLIVERSUN) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +用 Jupyter 学习 Python 字典 +====== +字典数据结构可以帮助你快速访问信息。 +![Python书与放在键盘上的手 ][1] + +字典是 Python 编程语言使用的数据结构。一个 Python 字典由多个键值对组成；每个对将键映射到其关联的值上。 + +例如你是一名老师，想把学生姓名与成绩对应起来。你可以使用 Python 字典，将学生姓名映射到他们关联的成绩上。此时，键值对中键是姓名，值是对应的成绩。 + +如果你想知道某个学生的考试成绩，你可以从字典中访问。这种快捷查询方式可以为你节省解析整个列表找到学生成绩的时间。 + +本文介绍了如何通过键访问对应的字典值。学习前，请确保你已经安装了[Anaconda 包管理器][2]和 [Jupyter 笔记本][3]。 + +### 1\. 在 Jupyter 中打开一个新的笔记本 + +首先打开并在 Web 浏览器中运行 Jupyter。然后， + + 1. 转到左上角的 **文件**。 + 2. 选择 **新笔记本**，点击 **Python 3**。 + + + +![新建 Jupyter 笔记本][4] + +(Lauren Maffeo, [CC BY-SA 4.0][5]) + +开始时，新建的笔记本是无标题的，你可以将其重命名为任何名称。我为我的笔记本取名为 **OpenSource.com 数据字典教程**。 + +笔记本中标有行号的位置就是你写代码的区域，也是你输入的位置。 + +在 macOS 上，可以同时按 **Shift**、 **Return**键得到输出。在创建新的代码区域前，请确保完成上述行为；否则，你写的任何附加代码可能无法运行。 + +### 2\. 新建一个键值对 + +在字典中输入你希望访问的键与值。输入前，你需要在字典上下文中定义它们的含义： + + +``` +empty_dictionary = {} +grades = { +    "Kelsey": 87, +    "Finley": 92 +} + +one_line = {a: 1, b: 2} +``` + +![定义字典键值对的代码][6] + +(Lauren Maffeo, [CC BY-SA 4.0][5]) + +这段代码让字典将特定键与其各自的值关联起来。字典按名称存储数据，从而可以更快地查询。 + +### 3\. 通过键访问字典值 + +现在你想查询指定的字典值；在上述例子中，字典值指特定学生的成绩。首先，点击 **Insert** 后选择 **Insert Cell Below**。 + +![在 Jupyter 插入新建单元格][7] + +(Lauren Maffeo, [CC BY-SA 4.0][5]) + +在新单元格中，定义字典中的键与值。 + +然后，告诉字典打印该值的键，找到需要的值。例如，查询名为 Kelsey 的学生的成绩： + + +``` +# 访问字典中的数据 +grades = { +    "Kelsey": 87, +    "Finley": 92 +} + +print(grades["Kelsey"]) +87 +``` + +![查询特定值的代码][8] + +(Lauren Maffeo, [CC BY-SA 4.0][5]) + +当你查询 Kelsey 的成绩（也就是你想要查询的值）时，如果你用的是 macOS，只需要同时按 **Shift**、 **Return** 键。 + +你会在单元格下方看到 Kelsey 的成绩。 + +### 4\. 更新已有的键 + +当把一位学生的错误成绩添加到字典时，你会怎么办？可以通过更新字典、存储新值来修正这类错误。 + +首先，选择你想更新的那个键。在上述例子中，假设你错误地输入了 Finley 的成绩，那么 Finley 就是你需要更新的键。 + +为了更新 Finley 的成绩，你需要在下方插入新的单元格，然后创建一个新的键值对。同时按 **Shift**、 **Return** 键打印字典全部信息： + + +``` +grades["Finley"] = 90 +print(grades) + +{'Kelsey': 87; "Finley": 90} +``` + +![更新键的代码][9] + +(Lauren Maffeo, [CC BY-SA 4.0][5]) + +单元格下方输出带有 Finley 更新成绩的字典。 + +### 5\. 添加新键 + +假设你得到一位新学生的考试成绩。你可以用新键值对将那名学生的姓名与成绩补充到字典中。 + +插入新的单元格，以键值对形式添加新学生的姓名与成绩。当你完成这些后，同时按 **Shift**、 **Return** 键打印字典全部信息： + + +``` +grades["Alex"] = 88 +print(grades) + +{'Kelsey': 87, 'Finley': 90, 'Alex': 88} +``` + +![添加新键][10] + +(Lauren Maffeo, [CC BY-SA 4.0][5]) + +所有的键值对输出在单元格下方。 + +### 使用字典 + +请记住，键与值可以是任意数据类型，但它们很少是[扩展数据类型non-primitive types>>][11]。此外，字典不能以指定的顺序存储、组织里面的数据。如果你想要数据有序，最好使用 Python 列表，而非字典。 + +如果你考虑使用字典，首先要确认你的数据结构是否是合适的，例如像电话簿的结构。如果不是，列表、元组、树或者其他数据结构可能是更好的选择。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/21/3/dictionary-values-python + +作者：[Lauren Maffeo][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/lmaffeo +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/python-programming-code-keyboard.png?itok=fxiSpmnd (Hands on a keyboard with a Python book ) +[2]: https://docs.anaconda.com/anaconda/ +[3]: https://opensource.com/article/18/3/getting-started-jupyter-notebooks +[4]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/new-jupyter-notebook.png (Create Jupyter notebook) +[5]: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ +[6]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/define-keys-values.png (Code for defining key-value pairs in the dictionary) +[7]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/jupyter_insertcell.png (Inserting a new cell in Jupyter) +[8]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/lookforvalue.png (Code to look for a specific value) +[9]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/jupyter_updatekey.png (Code for updating a key) +[10]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/jupyter_addnewkey.png (Add a new key) +[11]: https://www.datacamp.com/community/tutorials/data-structures-python From a3c992d7f36c5e6e11b84860adf71ba45ea5dc5e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Qian.Sun" Date: Tue, 23 Mar 2021 22:05:44 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 299/309] Update 20210309 Learn Python dictionary values with Jupyter.md add translator ID --- .../20210309 Learn Python dictionary values with Jupyter.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20210309 Learn Python dictionary values with Jupyter.md b/translated/tech/20210309 Learn Python dictionary values with Jupyter.md index 2b50efa1f2..419450acea 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20210309 Learn Python dictionary values with Jupyter.md +++ b/translated/tech/20210309 Learn Python dictionary values with Jupyter.md @@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/21/3/dictionary-values-python 作者：[Lauren Maffeo][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +译者：[DCOLIVERSUN](https://github.com/DCOLIVERSUN) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 35a549ecbd81b1b267905ff54a779f194b32acca Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Tue, 23 Mar 2021 22:14:41 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 300/309] PRF @ShuyRoy --- ...distributed tracing using Grafana Tempo.md | 59 ++++++++----------- 1 file changed, 25 insertions(+), 34 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20210204 Get started with distributed tracing using Grafana Tempo.md b/translated/tech/20210204 Get started with distributed tracing using Grafana Tempo.md index 00ee95882b..f21fe323c9 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20210204 Get started with distributed tracing using Grafana Tempo.md +++ b/translated/tech/20210204 Get started with distributed tracing using Grafana Tempo.md @@ -1,81 +1,72 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (ShuyRoy ) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: translator: (ShuyRoy) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (Get started with distributed tracing using Grafana Tempo) [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/2/tempo-distributed-tracing) [#]: author: (Annanay Agarwal https://opensource.com/users/annanayagarwal) -使用Grafana Tempo开始分布式跟踪 +使用 Grafana Tempo 进行分布式跟踪 ====== -Grafana Tempo是一个新的开源、大容量分布式跟踪后端。 -![Computer laptop in space][1] +> Grafana Tempo 是一个新的开源、大容量分布式跟踪后端。 -Grafana的[Tempo][2]是出自Grafana实验室的一个简单易用、大规模集成、分布式的跟踪后端。Tempo集成了[Grafana][3]、[Prometheus][4]以及[Loki][5]，并且它只需要对象存储进行操作，这使得它是合算的且易操作的。 +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/202103/23/221354lc1eiill7lln4lli.jpg) -我从一开始就参与了这个开源项目，所以我将介绍一些关于Tempo的基础知识，并说明为什么本地云社区会注意到它。 +Grafana 的 [Tempo][2] 是出自 Grafana 实验室的一个简单易用、大规模的、分布式的跟踪后端。Tempo 集成了 [Grafana][3]、[Prometheus][4] 以及 [Loki][5]，并且它只需要对象存储进行操作，因此成本低廉，操作简单。 +我从一开始就参与了这个开源项目，所以我将介绍一些关于 Tempo 的基础知识，并说明为什么云原生社区会注意到它。 ### 分布式跟踪 想要收集对应用程序请求的遥测数据是很常见的。但是在现在的服务器中，单个应用通常被分割为多个微服务，可能运行在几个不同的节点上。 -分布式跟踪是一种获得关于应用的性能细粒度信息的方式，该应用程序可能由离散的服务组成。当请求到达一个应用时，它提供了请求生命周期的统一视图。Tempo的分布式跟踪可以用于单片或微服务应用，它提供[请求范围的信息][6]，使其成为可观察的第三个支柱（除了度量和日志）。 - -接下来是一个分布式跟踪系统生成应用程序甘特图的示例。它使用Jaeger [HotROD][7] 的演示应用生成跟踪，并把他们存到Grafana云托管的Tempo上。这个图展示了按照服务和功能划分的请求处理时间。 +分布式跟踪是一种获得关于应用的性能细粒度信息的方式，该应用程序可能由离散的服务组成。当请求到达一个应用时，它提供了该请求的生命周期的统一视图。Tempo 的分布式跟踪可以用于单体应用或微服务应用，它提供 [请求范围的信息][6]，使其成为可观察性的第三个支柱（另外两个是度量和日志）。 +接下来是一个分布式跟踪系统生成应用程序甘特图的示例。它使用 Jaeger [HotROD][7] 的演示应用生成跟踪，并把它们存到 Grafana 云托管的 Tempo 上。这个图展示了按照服务和功能划分的请求处理时间。 ![Gantt chart from Grafana Tempo][8] -(Annanay Agarwal, [CC BY-SA 4.0][9]) - ### 减少索引的大小 -在丰富且定义良好的数据模型中，跟踪包含大量信息。通常，跟踪后端有两种交互：使用元数据选择器（如服务名或者持续时间）筛选跟踪，并在筛选后可视化跟踪。 +在丰富且定义良好的数据模型中，跟踪包含大量信息。通常，跟踪后端有两种交互：使用元数据选择器（如服务名或者持续时间）筛选跟踪，以及筛选后的可视化跟踪。 -为了加强查找，大多数的开源分布式跟踪框架对跟踪中的许多字段进行索引，包括服务名称、操作名称、标记和持续时间。这会导致索引很大，并迫使您使用Elasticsearch或者[Cassandra][10]这样的数据库。但是，这些很难管理，而且大规模操作的成本高，所以我在Grafana实验室的团队打算提出一个更好的解决方案。 +为了加强搜索，大多数的开源分布式跟踪框架会对跟踪中的许多字段进行索引，包括服务名称、操作名称、标记和持续时间。这会导致索引很大，并迫使你使用 Elasticsearch 或者 [Cassandra][10] 这样的数据库。但是，这些很难管理，而且大规模运营成本很高，所以我在 Grafana 实验室的团队开始提出一个更好的解决方案。 +在 Grafana 中，我们的待命调试工作流从使用指标报表开始（我们使用 [Cortex][11] 来存储我们应用中的指标，它是一个云原生基金会孵化的项目，用于扩展 Prometheus），深入研究这个问题，筛选有问题服务的日志（我们将日志存储在 Loki 中，它就像 Prometheus 一样，只不过 Loki 是存日志的），然后查看跟踪给定的请求。我们意识到，我们过滤时所需的所有索引信息都可以在 Cortex 和 Loki 中找到。但是，我们需要一个强大的集成，以通过这些工具实现跟踪的可发现性，并需要一个很赞的存储，以根据跟踪 ID 进行键值查找。 -在Grafana中，我的待命调试工作流开始使用指标报表（我们使用[Cortex][11]来存储我们应用中的指标，它是一个云本地计算基金会孵化的项目，用于扩展Prometheus）深入研究这个问题，筛选有问题服务的日志（我们将日志存储在Loki中，就像Prometheus一样，只不过Loki是存日志的），然后查看跟踪给定的请求。我们意识到，我们过滤时所需的所有索引信息都可以在Cortex和Loki中找到。但是，我们需要通过这些工具实现跟踪可发现的强大集成，以及根据跟踪ID进行键值查找的免费存储。 +这就是 [Grafana Tempo][12] 项目的开始。通过专注于给定检索跟踪 ID 的跟踪，我们将 Tempo 设计为最小依赖性、大容量、低成本的分布式跟踪后端。 -这是[Grafana Tempo][12]项目的开始。通过关注给定跟踪ID的跟踪检索，我们将Tempo设计为最小依赖、高容量、低成本的分布式跟踪后端。 - - -### 容易操作和低成本 - -Tempo使用对象存储后端，这是它唯一的依赖。它既可以被用于单二进制模式下，也可以用于微服务模式（请参考repo中的[例子][13]，了解如何轻松开始）。使用对象存储也意味着你可以在不使用任何抽样的情况下存储应用的的大量跟踪。这可以确保你永远不会丢弃出错或延迟更高的百万分之一的请求。 +### 操作简单，性价比高 +Tempo 使用对象存储后端，这是它唯一的依赖。它既可以被用于单一的二进制下，也可以用于微服务模式（请参考仓库中的 [例子][13]，了解如何轻松上手）。使用对象存储还意味着你可以存储大量的应用程序的痕迹，而无需任何采样。这可以确保你永远不会丢弃那百万分之一的出错或具有较高延迟的请求的跟踪。 ### 与开源工具的强大集成 -[Grafana 7.3包括了Tempo数据源][14]，这意味着你可以在Grafana UI中可视化来自Tempo的跟踪。而且，[Loki 2.0的新查询特性][15]使得Tempo中的跟踪更简单。为了与Prometheus集成，该团队正在添加对范例的支持，范例是可以添加到时间序列数据中的高基数元数据信息。度量存储后端不会对它们建立索引，但是你可以在Grafana UI中检索和显示度量值。尽管exemplars可以存储各种元数据，但是在这个用例中，跟踪的ID被存储以便与Tempo强集成。 +[Grafana 7.3 包括了 Tempo 数据源][14]，这意味着你可以在 Grafana UI 中可视化来自Tempo 的跟踪。而且，[Loki 2.0 的新查询特性][15] 使得 Tempo 中的跟踪更简单。为了与 Prometheus 集成，该团队正在添加对范例exemplar的支持，范例是可以添加到时间序列数据中的高基数元数据信息。度量存储后端不会对它们建立索引，但是你可以在 Grafana UI 中检索和显示度量值。尽管范例可以存储各种元数据，但是在这个用例中，存储跟踪 ID 是为了与 Tempo 紧密集成。 -这个例子展示了使用带有请求延迟直方图的范例，其中每个范例数据点都链接到Tempo中的一个跟踪。 +这个例子展示了使用带有请求延迟直方图的范例，其中每个范例数据点都链接到 Tempo 中的一个跟踪。 ![Using exemplars in Tempo][16] -(Annanay Agarwal, [CC BY-SA 4.0][9]) - ### 元数据一致性 -作为容器化应用程序运行的应用发出的遥测数据通常具有一些相关的元数据。这可以包括集群ID、命名空间、pod IP等。这对于提供基于需求的信息是好的，但是如果你可以利用包含在元数据的信息来进行一些高效的工作，那就更好了。 +作为容器化应用程序运行的应用发出的遥测数据通常具有一些相关的元数据。这可以包括集群 ID、命名空间、吊舱 IP 等。这对于提供基于需求的信息是好的，但如果你能将元数据中包含的信息用于生产性的东西，那就更好了。   -例如，你可以使用[Grafana云代理将跟踪信息导入Tempo中][17]，代理利用Prometheus服务发现机制轮询Kubernetes接口以查询元数据信息，并且将这些标记添加到应用程序发出的跨域数据中。由于这些元数据也在Loki中也建立了索引，所以通过元数据转换为Loki变迁选择器，可以很容易地从跟踪跳转到查看给定服务的日志。 +例如，你可以使用 [Grafana 云代理将跟踪信息导入 Tempo 中][17]，代理利用 Prometheus 服务发现机制轮询 Kubernetes API 以获取元数据信息，并且将这些标记添加到应用程序发出的跨域数据中。由于这些元数据也在 Loki 中也建立了索引，所以通过元数据转换为 Loki 标签选择器，可以很容易地从跟踪跳转到查看给定服务的日志。 下面是一个一致元数据的示例，它可用于Tempo跟踪中查看给定范围的日志。 -### ![][18] +![][18] -### 云本地 +### 云原生 -Grafana Tempo作为一个容器化的应用时可用的，你可以在如Kubernetes、Mesos等任何编排引擎上运行它。根据获取/查询路径上的工作负载，各种服务可以水平伸缩。你还可以使用云本地对象存储，如谷歌云存储、Amazon S3或者Tempo Azure博客存储。更多的信息，请阅读Tempo文档中的[架构部分][19]。 +Grafana Tempo 可以作为容器化应用，你可以在如 Kubernetes、Mesos 等编排引擎上运行它。根据获取/查询路径上的工作负载，各种服务可以水平伸缩。你还可以使用云原生的对象存储，如谷歌云存储、Amazon S3 或者 Tempo Azure 博客存储。更多的信息，请阅读 Tempo 文档中的 [架构部分][19]。 -### 试一试Tempo - -如果这对你和我们一样有用，可以[克隆Tempo仓库][20]试一试。 +### 试一试 Tempo +如果这对你和我们一样有用，可以 [克隆 Tempo 仓库][20]试一试。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -84,7 +75,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/21/2/tempo-distributed-tracing 作者：[Annanay Agarwal][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[RiaXu](https://github.com/ShuyRoy) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 678772ef4feac0239a24c3b2e1f6a9dadcd1570e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Tue, 23 Mar 2021 22:15:25 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 301/309] PUB @ShuyRoy https://linux.cn/article-13229-1.html --- ...et started with distributed tracing using Grafana Tempo.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20210204 Get started with distributed tracing using Grafana Tempo.md (99%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20210204 Get started with distributed tracing using Grafana Tempo.md b/published/20210204 Get started with distributed tracing using Grafana Tempo.md similarity index 99% rename from translated/tech/20210204 Get started with distributed tracing using Grafana Tempo.md rename to published/20210204 Get started with distributed tracing using Grafana Tempo.md index f21fe323c9..5326ff3421 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20210204 Get started with distributed tracing using Grafana Tempo.md +++ b/published/20210204 Get started with distributed tracing using Grafana Tempo.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (ShuyRoy) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-13229-1.html) [#]: subject: (Get started with distributed tracing using Grafana Tempo) [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/2/tempo-distributed-tracing) [#]: author: (Annanay Agarwal https://opensource.com/users/annanayagarwal) From 9aa119c8d8f09574b5f590cff4d6479cadade3c1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Qian.Sun" Date: Tue, 23 Mar 2021 22:30:10 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 302/309] translated by DCOLIVERSUN reverse_engineering_a_docker_image is translating by DCOLIVERSUN --- sources/tech/20210318 Reverse Engineering a Docker Image.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20210318 Reverse Engineering a Docker Image.md b/sources/tech/20210318 Reverse Engineering a Docker Image.md index a9e68d0585..92ef1eadc3 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20210318 Reverse Engineering a Docker Image.md +++ b/sources/tech/20210318 Reverse Engineering a Docker Image.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ [#]: via: (https://theartofmachinery.com/2021/03/18/reverse_engineering_a_docker_image.html) [#]: author: (Simon Arneaud https://theartofmachinery.com) [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (DCOLIVERSUN) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From cd517709219d4dcca361a1be848bd09683b9d17e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Tue, 23 Mar 2021 22:39:33 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 303/309] PRF @geekpi --- ...know about using WebAssembly on Firefox.md | 35 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 18 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20210315 6 things to know about using WebAssembly on Firefox.md b/translated/tech/20210315 6 things to know about using WebAssembly on Firefox.md index 8b670dc3cf..51efe41756 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20210315 6 things to know about using WebAssembly on Firefox.md +++ b/translated/tech/20210315 6 things to know about using WebAssembly on Firefox.md @@ -3,56 +3,57 @@ [#]: author: (Stephan Avenwedde https://opensource.com/users/hansic99) [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) -关于在 Firefox 上使用 WebAssembly 要了解的 6 件事 +在 Firefox 上使用 WebAssembly 要了解的 6 件事 ====== -了解在 Firefox 上运行 WebAssembly 的机会和局限性。 -![Business woman on laptop sitting in front of window][1] + +> 了解在 Firefox 上运行 WebAssembly 的机会和局限性。 + +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/202103/23/223901pi6tcg7ybsyxos7x.jpg) WebAssembly 是一种可移植的执行格式，由于它能够以近乎原生的速度在浏览器中执行应用而引起了人们的极大兴趣。WebAssembly 本质上有一些特殊的属性和局限性。但是，通过将其与其他技术结合，将出现全新的可能性，尤其是与浏览器中的游戏有关的可能性。 -本文介绍了在 Firefox 上运行 WebAssembly 的概念，可能性和局限性。 +本文介绍了在 Firefox 上运行 WebAssembly 的概念、可能性和局限性。 ### 沙盒 -WebAssembly 有[严格的安全策略][2]。 WebAssembly 中的程序或功能单元称为_模块_。每个模块实例都运行在自己的隔离内存空间中。因此，同一个网页加载了多个模块，它们也无法访问另一个模块的虚拟地址空间。设计上，WebAssembly 还考虑了内存安全性和控制流完整性，这（几乎）使得确定性的执行成为可能。 +WebAssembly 有 [严格的安全策略][2]。 WebAssembly 中的程序或功能单元称为*模块*。每个模块实例都运行在自己的隔离内存空间中。因此，即使同一个网页加载了多个模块，它们也无法访问另一个模块的虚拟地址空间。设计上，WebAssembly 还考虑了内存安全性和控制流完整性，这使得（几乎）确定性的执行成为可能。 ### Web API -通过 JavaScript [Web API][3] 可以访问多种输入和输出设备。根据这个[提案][4]，将来可以不用绕道到 JavaScript 来访问 Web API。C++ 程序员可以在 [Emscripten.org][5] 上找到有关访问 Web API 的信息。Rust 程序员可以使用 [rustwasm.github.io][7] 中写的 [wasm-bindgen][6] 库。 +通过 JavaScript [Web API][3] 可以访问多种输入和输出设备。根据这个 [提案][4]，将来可以不用绕道到 JavaScript 来访问 Web API。C++ 程序员可以在 [Emscripten.org][5] 上找到有关访问 Web API 的信息。Rust 程序员可以使用 [rustwasm.github.io][7] 中写的 [wasm-bindgen][6] 库。 ### 文件输入/输出 因为 WebAssembly 是在沙盒环境中执行的，所以当它在浏览器中执行时，它无法访问主机的文件系统。但是，Emscripten 提供了虚拟文件系统形式的解决方案。 -Emscripten 使在编译时将文件预加载到内存文件系统成为可能。然后可以像在普通文件系统上一样从 WebAssembly 应用中读取这些文件。这个[教程][8]提供了更多信息。 +Emscripten 使在编译时将文件预加载到内存文件系统成为可能。然后可以像在普通文件系统上一样从 WebAssembly 应用中读取这些文件。这个 [教程][8] 提供了更多信息。 ### 持久化数据 -如果你需要在客户端存储持久化数据，那么必须通过 JavaScript Web API 来完成。参考Mozilla开发者网络关于[浏览器存储限制和过期标准][9]的文档，了解不同方法的详细信息。 +如果你需要在客户端存储持久化数据，那么必须通过 JavaScript Web API 来完成。请参考 Mozilla 开发者网络（MDN）关于 [浏览器存储限制和过期标准][9] 的文档，了解不同方法的详细信息。 ### 内存管理 -WebAssembly 模块作为[堆栈机][10]在线性内存上运行。这意味着堆内存分配等概念是没有的。然而，如果你在 C++ 中使用 `new` 或者在 Rust 中使用 `Box::new`，你会期望它会堆内存分配。堆内存分配请求被翻译成 WebAssembly 的方式在很大程度上依赖于工具链。你可以在 Frank Rehberger 关于[_WebAssembly 和动态内存_][11]的帖子中找到关于不同工具链如何处理堆内存分配的详细分析。 +WebAssembly 模块作为 [堆栈机][10] 在线性内存上运行。这意味着堆内存分配等概念是没有的。然而，如果你在 C++ 中使用 `new` 或者在 Rust 中使用 `Box::new`，你会期望它会进行堆内存分配。将堆内存分配请求转换成 WebAssembly 的方式在很大程度上依赖于工具链。你可以在 Frank Rehberger 关于 [WebAssembly 和动态内存][11] 的文章中找到关于不同工具链如何处理堆内存分配的详细分析。 ### 游戏！ 与 [WebGL][12] 结合使用时，WebAssembly 的执行速度很高，因此可以在浏览器中运行原生游戏。大型专有游戏引擎 [Unity][13] 和[虚幻 4][14] 展示了 WebGL 可以实现的功能。也有使用 WebAssembly 和 WebGL 接口的开源游戏引擎。这里有些例子： - * 自 2011 年 11 月起，[id Tech 4][15] 引擎（更著名的是 Doom 3 引擎）可在 [GitHub][16] 上以 GPL 许可的形式获得。此外，还有一个 [Doom 3 的 WebAssembly 移植版][17]。 - * Urho3D 引擎提供了一些[令人印象深刻的例子][18]，它们可以在浏览器中运行。 + * 自 2011 年 11 月起，[id Tech 4][15] 引擎（更常称之为 Doom 3 引擎）可在 [GitHub][16] 上以 GPL 许可的形式获得。此外，还有一个 [Doom 3 的 WebAssembly 移植版][17]。 + * Urho3D 引擎提供了一些 [令人印象深刻的例子][18]，它们可以在浏览器中运行。 * 如果你喜欢复古游戏，可以试试这个 [Game Boy 模拟器][19]。 - * [Godot 引擎也能生成 WebAssembly][20]。我找不到演示，但 [Godot 编辑器][21]已经被移植到 WebAssembly 上。 - + * [Godot 引擎也能生成 WebAssembly][20]。我找不到演示，但 [Godot 编辑器][21] 已经被移植到 WebAssembly 上。 ### 有关 WebAssembly 的更多信息 -WebAssembly 是一项很有前途的技术，我相信我们将来会越来越多地看到它。除了在浏览器中执行之外，WebAssembly 还可以用作可移植的执行格式。[Wasmer][22] 容器托管使你可以在各种平台上执行 WebAssembly 代码。 +WebAssembly 是一项很有前途的技术，我相信我们将来会越来越多地看到它。除了在浏览器中执行之外，WebAssembly 还可以用作可移植的执行格式。[Wasmer][22] 容器主机使你可以在各种平台上执行 WebAssembly 代码。 -如果你需要更多的演示、示例和教程，请看一下这个 [WebAssembly 主题集合][23]。Mozilla 的[游戏和示例合集][24]并非 WebAssembly 独有，但仍然值得一看。 +如果你需要更多的演示、示例和教程，请看一下这个 [WebAssembly 主题集合][23]。Mozilla 的 [游戏和示例合集][24] 并非全是 WebAssembly，但仍然值得一看。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -61,7 +62,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/21/3/webassembly-firefox 作者：[Stephan Avenwedde][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 2b4066391f6942807074aaa783bf39c64c83be62 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Tue, 23 Mar 2021 22:40:06 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 304/309] PUB @geekpi https://linux.cn/article-13230-1.html --- ...315 6 things to know about using WebAssembly on Firefox.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20210315 6 things to know about using WebAssembly on Firefox.md (98%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20210315 6 things to know about using WebAssembly on Firefox.md b/published/20210315 6 things to know about using WebAssembly on Firefox.md similarity index 98% rename from translated/tech/20210315 6 things to know about using WebAssembly on Firefox.md rename to published/20210315 6 things to know about using WebAssembly on Firefox.md index 51efe41756..86b133d783 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20210315 6 things to know about using WebAssembly on Firefox.md +++ b/published/20210315 6 things to know about using WebAssembly on Firefox.md @@ -4,8 +4,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-13230-1.html) 在 Firefox 上使用 WebAssembly 要了解的 6 件事 ====== From 162d323e6aa89695f2c0ba0e4de5266977d89349 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Wed, 24 Mar 2021 05:23:03 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 305/309] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020210323=20?= =?UTF-8?q?WebAssembly=20Security,=20Now=20and=20in=20the=20Future?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20210323 WebAssembly Security, Now and in the Future.md --- ...ssembly Security, Now and in the Future.md | 87 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 87 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20210323 WebAssembly Security, Now and in the Future.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210323 WebAssembly Security, Now and in the Future.md b/sources/tech/20210323 WebAssembly Security, Now and in the Future.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b29459396a --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20210323 WebAssembly Security, Now and in the Future.md @@ -0,0 +1,87 @@ +[#]: subject: (WebAssembly Security, Now and in the Future) +[#]: via: (https://www.linux.com/news/webassembly-security-now-and-in-the-future/) +[#]: author: (Dan Brown https://training.linuxfoundation.org/announcements/webassembly-security-now-and-in-the-future/) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +WebAssembly Security, Now and in the Future +====== + +_By Marco Fioretti_ + +**Introduction** + +WebAssembly is, as we [explained recently][1], a binary format for software written in any language, designed to eventually run on any platform without changes. The first application of WebAssembly is inside web browsers, to make websites faster and more interactive. Plans to push WebAssembly beyond the Web, from servers of all sorts to the Internet of Things (IoT), create as many opportunities as security issues. This post is an introductory overview of those issues and of the WebAssembly security model. + +**WebAssembly is like JavaScript** + +Inside web browsers, WebAssembly modules are managed by the same Virtual Machine (VM) that executes JavaScript code. Therefore, WebAssembly may be used to do much of the same harm that is doable with JavaScript, just more efficiently and less visibly. Since JavaScript is plain text that the browser will compile, and WebAssembly a ready-to-run binary format, the latter runs faster, and is also harder to scan (even by antivirus software) for malicious instructions. + +This “code obfuscation” effect of WebAssembly has been already used, among other things, to pop up unwanted advertising or to open fake “tech support” windows that ask for sensitive data. Another trick is to automatically redirect browsers to “landing” pages that contain the really dangerous malware. + +Finally, WebAssembly may be used, just like JavaScript, to “steal” processing power instead of data. In 2019, an [analysis of 150 different Wasm modules][2] found out that about _32%_ of them were used for cryptocurrency-mining. + +**WebAssembly sandbox, and interfaces** + +WebAssembly code runs closed into a [sandbox][3] managed by the VM, not by the operating system. This gives it no visibility of the host computer, or ways to interact directly with it. Access to system resources, be they files, hardware or internet connections, can only happen through the WebAssembly System Interface (WASI) provided by that VM. + +The WASI is different from most other application programming interfaces, with unique security characteristics that are truly driving the adoption of WASM on servers/edge computing scenarios, and will be the topic of the next post. Here, it is enough to say that its security implications greatly vary, when moving from the web to other environments. Modern web browsers are terribly complex pieces of software, but lay on decades of experience, and of daily tests from billions of people. Compared to browsers, servers or IoT devices are almost uncharted lands. The VMs for those platforms will require extensions of WASI and thus, in turn, surely introduce new security challenges. + +**Memory and code management in WebAssembly** + +Compared to normal compiled programs, WebAssembly applications have very restricted access to memory, and to themselves too. WebAssembly code cannot directly access functions or variables that are not yet called, jump to arbitrary addresses or execute data in memory as bytecode instructions. + +Inside browsers, a Wasm module only gets one, global array (“linear memory”) of contiguous bytes to play with. WebAssembly can directly read and write any location in that area, or request an increase in its size, but that’s all. This linear memory is also separated from the areas that contain its actual code, execution stack, and of course the virtual machine that runs WebAssembly. For browsers, all these data structures are ordinary JavaScript objects, insulated from all the others using standard procedures. + +**The result: good, but not perfect** + +All these restrictions make it quite hard for a WebAssembly module to misbehave, but not impossible. + +The sandboxed memory that makes it almost impossible for WebAssembly to touch what is _outside_ also makes it harder for the operating system to prevent bad things from happening _inside_. Traditional memory monitoring mechanisms like [“stack canaries”][4], which notice if some code tries to mess with objects that it should not touch, [cannot work there][5]. + +The fact that WebAssembly can only access its own linear memory, but directly, may also _facilitate_ the work of attackers. With those constraints, and access to the source code of a module, it is much easier to guess which memory locations could be overwritten to make the most damage. It also seems [possible][6] to corrupt local variables, because they stay in an unsupervised stack in the linear memory. + +A 2020 paper on the [binary security of WebAssembly][5] noted that WebAssembly code can still overwrite string literals in supposedly constant memory. The same paper describes other ways in which WebAssembly may be less secure than when compiled to a native binary, on three different platforms (browsers, server-side applications on Node.js, and applications for stand-alone WebAssembly VMs) and is recommended further reading on this topic. + +In general, the idea that WebAssembly can only damage what’s inside its own sandbox can be misleading. WebAssembly modules do the heavy work for the JavaScript code that calls them, exchanging variables every time. If they write into any of those variables code that may cause crashes or data leaks in the unsafe JavaScript that called WebAssembly, those things _will_ happen. + +**The road ahead** + +Two emerging features of WebAssembly that will surely impact its security (how and how much, it’s too early to tell) are [concurrency][7], and internal garbage collection. + +Concurrency is what allows several WebAssembly modules to run in the same VM simultaneously. Today this is possible only through JavaScript [web workers][8], but better mechanisms are under development. Security-wise, they may bring in [“a lot of code… that did not previously need to be”][9], that is more ways for things to go wrong. + +A [native Garbage Collector][10] is needed to increase performance and security, but above all to use WebAssembly outside the well-tested Java VMs of browsers, that collect all the garbage inside themselves anyway. Even this new code, of course, may become another entry point for bugs and attacks. + +On the positive side, general strategies to make WebAssembly even safer than it is today also exist. Quoting again from [here][5], they include compiler improvements, _separate_ linear memories for stack, heap and constant data, and avoiding to compile as WebAssembly modules code in “unsafe languages, such as C”. + +The post [WebAssembly Security, Now and in the Future][11] appeared first on [Linux Foundation – Training][12]. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.linux.com/news/webassembly-security-now-and-in-the-future/ + +作者：[Dan Brown][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://training.linuxfoundation.org/announcements/webassembly-security-now-and-in-the-future/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://training.linuxfoundation.org/announcements/an-introduction-to-webassembly/ +[2]: https://www.sec.cs.tu-bs.de/pubs/2019a-dimva.pdf +[3]: https://webassembly.org/docs/security/ +[4]: https://ctf101.org/binary-exploitation/stack-canaries/ +[5]: https://www.usenix.org/system/files/sec20-lehmann.pdf +[6]: https://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-talk/telecom/security/more-worries-over-the-security-of-web-assembly +[7]: https://github.com/WebAssembly/threads +[8]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_worker +[9]: https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/08/the-problems-and-promise-of-webassembly.html +[10]: https://github.com/WebAssembly/gc/blob/master/proposals/gc/Overview.md +[11]: https://training.linuxfoundation.org/announcements/webassembly-security-now-and-in-the-future/ +[12]: https://training.linuxfoundation.org/ From 5fa1b6aee12896a56ecf6c55af11951d27a370a8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Wed, 24 Mar 2021 05:27:17 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 306/309] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020210323=20?= =?UTF-8?q?3=20new=20Java=20tools=20to=20try=20in=202021?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20210323 3 new Java tools to try in 2021.md --- ...0210323 3 new Java tools to try in 2021.md | 74 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 74 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20210323 3 new Java tools to try in 2021.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210323 3 new Java tools to try in 2021.md b/sources/tech/20210323 3 new Java tools to try in 2021.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..6eda4eca10 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20210323 3 new Java tools to try in 2021.md @@ -0,0 +1,74 @@ +[#]: subject: (3 new Java tools to try in 2021) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/3/enterprise-java-tools) +[#]: author: (Daniel Oh https://opensource.com/users/daniel-oh) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +3 new Java tools to try in 2021 +====== +Empower your enterprise Java applications and your career with these +three tools and frameworks. +![Person drinking a hot drink at the computer][1] + +Despite the popularity of [Python][2], [Go][3], and [Node.js][4] for implementing [artificial intelligence][5] and machine learning applications and [serverless functions][6] on Kubernetes, Java technologies still play a key role in developing enterprise applications. According to [_Developer Economics_][7], in Q3 2020, there were 8 million enterprise Java developers worldwide. + +Although the programming language has been around for more than 25 years, there are always new trends, tools, and frameworks in the Java world that can empower your applications and your career. + +The vast majority of Java frameworks are designed for long-running processes with dynamic behaviors for running mutable application servers such as physical servers and virtual machines. Things have changed since Kubernetes containers were unleashed in 2014. The biggest issue with using Java applications on Kubernetes is with optimizing application performance by decreasing memory footprints, speeding start and response times, and reducing file sizes. + +### 3 new Java frameworks and tools to consider + +Java developers are also always looking for easier ways to integrate shiny new open source tools and projects into their Java applications and daily work. This significantly increases development productivity and motivates more enterprises and individual developers to keep using the Java stack. + +When trying to meet the expectations listed above for the enterprise Java ecosystem, these three new Java frameworks and tools are worth your attention. + +#### 1\. Quarkus + +[Quarkus][8] is designed to develop cloud-native microservices and serverless with amazingly fast boot time, incredibly low resident set size (RSS) memory, and high-density memory utilization in container orchestration platforms like Kubernetes. According to JRebel's [9th annual global Java developer productivity report][9], the usage of Quarkus by Java developers rose 6% from less than 1%, and [Micronaut][10] and [Vert.x][11] grew to 4% and 2%, respectively, both up from roughly 1% last year. + +#### 2\. Eclipse JKube + +[Eclipse JKube][12] enables Java developers to build container images based on cloud-native Java applications using [Docker][13], [Jib][14], or [Source-To-Image][15] build strategies. It also generates Kubernetes and OpenShift manifests at compile time and improves developers' experience with debug, watch, and logging tools. + +#### 3\. MicroProfile + +[MicroProfile][16] solves the biggest problems related to optimizing enterprise Java for a microservices architecture without adopting new frameworks or refactoring entire applications. Furthermore, MicroProfile [specifications][17] (i.e., Health, Open Tracing, Open API, Fault Tolerance, Metrics, Config) continue to develop in alignment with [Jakarta EE][18] implementation. + +### Conclusion + +It's hard to say which Java frameworks or tools are the best choices for enterprise Java developers to implement. As long as there is room for improvement in the Java stack and accelerating enterprise businesses, we can expect new frameworks, tools, and platforms, like the three above, to become available. Spend some time looking at them to see if they can improve your enterprise Java applications in 2021. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/21/3/enterprise-java-tools + +作者：[Daniel Oh][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/daniel-oh +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/coffee_tea_laptop_computer_work_desk.png?itok=D5yMx_Dr (Person drinking a hot drink at the computer) +[2]: https://opensource.com/resources/python +[3]: https://opensource.com/article/18/11/learning-golang +[4]: https://opensource.com/article/18/7/node-js-interactive-cli +[5]: https://opensource.com/article/18/12/how-get-started-ai +[6]: https://opensource.com/article/19/4/enabling-serverless-kubernetes +[7]: https://developereconomics.com/ +[8]: https://quarkus.io/ +[9]: https://www.jrebel.com/resources/java-developer-productivity-report-2021 +[10]: https://micronaut.io/ +[11]: https://vertx.io/ +[12]: https://www.eclipse.org/jkube/ +[13]: https://opensource.com/resources/what-docker +[14]: https://github.com/GoogleContainerTools/jib +[15]: https://www.openshift.com/blog/create-s2i-builder-image +[16]: https://opensource.com/article/18/1/eclipse-microprofile +[17]: https://microprofile.io/ +[18]: https://opensource.com/article/18/5/jakarta-ee From d2fdcb0af47443d1292c5431a57b1c760a822ea1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Wed, 24 Mar 2021 05:28:38 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 307/309] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020210323=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Affordable=20high-temperature=203D=20printers=20at=20home?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20210323 Affordable high-temperature 3D printers at home.md --- ...le high-temperature 3D printers at home.md | 75 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 75 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20210323 Affordable high-temperature 3D printers at home.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210323 Affordable high-temperature 3D printers at home.md b/sources/tech/20210323 Affordable high-temperature 3D printers at home.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..564a53465d --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20210323 Affordable high-temperature 3D printers at home.md @@ -0,0 +1,75 @@ +[#]: subject: (Affordable high-temperature 3D printers at home) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/3/desktop-3d-printer) +[#]: author: (Joshua Pearce https://opensource.com/users/jmpearce) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +Affordable high-temperature 3D printers at home +====== +How affordable? Under $1,000 USD +![High-temperature 3D-printed mask][1] + +3D printers have been around since the 1980s, but they didn't gain popular attention until they became open source, thanks to the [RepRap][2] project. RepRap stands for self-replicating rapid prototyper; it's a 3D printer that can largely print itself. The open source plans were released [in 2004][3] and led to 3D printer costs dropping from hundreds of thousands of dollars to a few hundred dollars. + +These open source desktop tools have been limited to low-performance, low-temperature thermoplastics like ABS (e.g., Lego blocks). There are several high-temperature printers on the market, but their high costs (tens to hundreds of thousands of dollars) make them inaccessible to most people. They didn't have a lot of competition until recently because they were locked up by a patent (US6722872B1), which [expired][4] on February 27, 2021. + +With this roadblock removed, we are about to see an explosion of high-temperature, low-cost, fused-filament 3D printers. + +How low? How about under $1,000. + +During the height of the pandemic, my team rushed to publish designs for an [open source high-temperature 3D printer][5] for manufacturing heat-sterilizable personal protective equipment (PPE). The project's idea is to enable people [to print PPE][6] (e.g., masks) with high-temperature materials and pop them in their home oven to sterilize them. We call our device the Cerberus, and it has the following features: + + 1. 200°C capable heated bed + 2. 500°C capable hot end + 3. Isolated heated chamber with 1kW space heater core + 4. Mains (AC power) voltage chamber and bed heating for rapid start + + + +You can build this project from readily available parts, some of which you can print, for under $1,000. It successfully prints polyetherketoneketone (PEKK) and polyetherimide (PEI, which sells under the trade name Ultem). Both materials are much stronger than anything that can be printed today on low-cost printers. + +![PPE printer][7] + +(J.M.Pearce, [GNU Free Documentation License][8]) + +The high-temperature 3D printer was designed to have three heads, but we released it with only one. The Cerberus is named after Greek mythology's three-headed watchdog of the underworld. Normally we would not have released the printer with only one head, but the pandemic shifted our priorities. The [open source community rallied][9] to help solve supply deficits early on, and many desktop 3D printers were spitting out useful products to help protect people from COVID. + +What about the other two heads? + +The other two heads were intended for high-temperature fused particle fabricators (e.g., the high-temperature version of this open source [3D printer hack][10]) and laying in metal wire (like in [this design][11]) to build an open source heat exchanger. Other functionalities for the Cerberus printer might be an automatic nozzle cleaner and a method to print continuous fibers at high temperatures. Also, you can mount anything you like on the turret to manufacture high-end products. + +The expiration of the [obvious patent][12] for putting a box around a 3D printer while leaving the electronics on the outside paves the way for high-temperature home 3D printers, which will enable these devices to graduate from mere toys to industrial tools at reasonable costs. + +Companies are already building on the RepRap tradition and bringing these low-cost systems to the market (e.g., the $1,250 [Creality3D CR-5 Pro][13] 3D printer that can get to 300°C). Creality sells the most popular desktop 3D printer and has open sourced some of its designs. + +To print super-high-end engineering polymers, however, these printers will need to get over 350°C. Open source plans are already available to help desktop 3D printer manufacturers start competing with the lumbering companies that have held back 3D printing for 20 years as they hid behind patents. Expect the competition for low-cost, high-temperature desktop 3D printers to really heat up! + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/21/3/desktop-3d-printer + +作者：[Joshua Pearce][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/jmpearce +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/3d_printer_mask.jpg?itok=5ePZghTW (High-temperature 3D-printed mask) +[2]: https://reprap.org/wiki/RepRap +[3]: https://reprap.org/wiki/Wealth_Without_Money +[4]: https://3dprintingindustry.com/news/stratasys-heated-build-chamber-for-3d-printer-patent-us6722872b1-set-to-expire-this-week-185012/ +[5]: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ohx.2020.e00130 +[6]: https://www.appropedia.org/Open_Source_High-Temperature_Reprap_for_3-D_Printing_Heat-Sterilizable_PPE_and_Other_Applications +[7]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/ppe-hight3dp.png (PPE printer) +[8]: https://www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl-1.3.html +[9]: https://opensource.com/article/20/3/volunteer-covid19 +[10]: https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/3dp.2019.0195 +[11]: https://www.appropedia.org/Open_Source_Multi-Head_3D_Printer_for_Polymer-Metal_Composite_Component_Manufacturing +[12]: https://www.academia.edu/17609790/A_Novel_Approach_to_Obviousness_An_Algorithm_for_Identifying_Prior_Art_Concerning_3-D_Printing_Materials +[13]: https://creality3d.shop/collections/cr-series/products/cr-5-pro-h-3d-printer From 2b0bfece1001a84fcfc448a989702477a71b3fd6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Wed, 24 Mar 2021 08:48:20 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 308/309] translating --- ... projects to try in Copr for March 2021.md | 145 ------------------ ... projects to try in Copr for March 2021.md | 145 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 145 insertions(+), 145 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20210319 4 cool new projects to try in Copr for March 2021.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20210319 4 cool new projects to try in Copr for March 2021.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20210319 4 cool new projects to try in Copr for March 2021.md b/sources/tech/20210319 4 cool new projects to try in Copr for March 2021.md deleted file mode 100644 index 31f101555b..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20210319 4 cool new projects to try in Copr for March 2021.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,145 +0,0 @@ -[#]: subject: (4 cool new projects to try in Copr for March 2021) -[#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/4-cool-new-projects-to-try-in-copr-for-march-2021/) -[#]: author: (Jakub Kadlčík https://fedoramagazine.org/author/frostyx/) -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) - -4 cool new projects to try in Copr for March 2021 -====== - -![][1] - -Copr is a [collection][2] of personal repositories for software that isn’t carried in Fedora Linux. Some software doesn’t conform to standards that allow easy packaging. Or it may not meet other Fedora standards, despite being free and open-source. Copr can offer these projects outside the Fedora set of packages. Software in Copr isn’t supported by Fedora infrastructure or signed by the project. However, it can be a neat way to try new or experimental software. - -This article presents a few new and interesting projects in Copr. If you’re new to using Copr, see the [Copr User Documentation][3] for how to get started. - -### [][4] - -### Ytfzf - -[Ytfzf][5] is a simple command-line tool for searching and watching YouTube videos. It provides a fast and intuitive interface built around fuzzy find utility [fzf][6]. It uses [youtube-dl][7] to download selected videos and opens an external video player to watch them. Because of this approach, _ytfzf_ is significantly less resource-heavy than a web browser with YouTube. It supports thumbnails (via [ueberzug][8]), history saving, queueing multiple videos or downloading them for later, channel subscriptions, and other handy features. Thanks to tools like [dmenu][9] or [rofi][10], it can even be used outside the terminal. - -![][11] - -#### [][12] Installation instructions - -The [repo][13] currently provides Ytfzf for Fedora 33 and 34. To install it, use these commands: - -``` -sudo dnf copr enable bhoman/ytfzf -sudo dnf install ytfzf -``` - -### [][14] Gemini clients - -Have you ever wondered what your internet browsing experience would be if the World Wide Web went an entirely different route and didn’t adopt CSS and client-side scripting? [Gemini][15] is a modern alternative to the HTTPS protocol, although it doesn’t intend to replace it. The [stenstorp/gemini][16] Copr project provides various clients for browsing Gemini _websites_, namely [Castor][17], [Dragonstone][18], [Kristall][19], and [Lagrange][20]. - -The [Gemini][21] site provides a list of some hosts that use this protocol. Using Castor to visit this site is shown here: - -![][22] - -#### [][23] Installation instructions - -The [repo][16] currently provides Gemini clients for Fedora 32, 33, 34, and Fedora Rawhide. Also available for EPEL 7 and 8, and CentOS Stream. To install a browser, chose from the install commands shown here: - -``` -sudo dnf copr enable stenstorp/gemini - -sudo dnf install castor -sudo dnf install dragonstone -sudo dnf install kristall -sudo dnf install lagrange -``` - -### [][24] Ly - -[Ly][25] is a lightweight login manager for Linux and BSD. It features a ncurses-like text-based user interface. Theoretically, it should support all X desktop environments and window managers (many of them [were tested][26]). Ly also provides basic Wayland support (Sway works very well). Somewhere in the configuration, there is an easter egg option to enable the famous [PSX DOOM fire][27] animation in the background, which on its own, is worth checking out. - -![][28] - -#### [][29] Installation instructions - -The [repo][30] currently provides Ly for Fedora 32, 33, and Fedora Rawhide. To install it, use these commands: - -``` -sudo dnf copr enable dhalucario/ly -sudo dnf install ly -``` - -Before setting up Ly to be your system login screen, run _ly_ command in the terminal to make sure it works properly. Then proceed with disabling your current login manager and enabling Ly instead. - -``` -sudo systemctl disable gdm -sudo systemctl enable ly -``` - -Finally, restart your computer for the changes to take an effect. - -### [][31] AWS CLI v2 - -[AWS CLI v2][32] brings a steady and methodical evolution based on the community feedback, rather than a massive redesign of the original client. It introduces new mechanisms for configuring credentials and now allows the user to import credentials from the _.csv_ files generated in the AWS Console. It also provides support for AWS SSO. Other big improvements are server-side auto-completion, and interactive parameters generation. A fresh new feature is interactive wizards, which provide a higher level of abstraction and combines multiple AWS API calls to create, update, or delete AWS resources. - -![][33] - -#### [][34] Installation instructions - -The [repo][35] currently provides AWS CLI v2 for Fedora Linux 32, 33, 34, and Fedora Rawhide. To install it, use these commands: - -``` -sudo dnf copr enable spot/aws-cli-2 -sudo dnf install aws-cli-2 -``` - -Naturally, access to an AWS account is necessary. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://fedoramagazine.org/4-cool-new-projects-to-try-in-copr-for-march-2021/ - -作者：[Jakub Kadlčík][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/author/frostyx/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/4-copr-945x400-1-816x345.jpg -[2]: https://copr.fedorainfracloud.org/ -[3]: https://docs.pagure.org/copr.copr/user_documentation.html -[4]: https://github.com/FrostyX/fedora-magazine/blob/main/2021-march.md#droidcam -[5]: https://github.com/pystardust/ytfzf -[6]: https://github.com/junegunn/fzf -[7]: http://ytdl-org.github.io/youtube-dl/ -[8]: https://github.com/seebye/ueberzug -[9]: https://tools.suckless.org/dmenu/ -[10]: https://github.com/davatorium/rofi -[11]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/ytfzf.png -[12]: https://github.com/FrostyX/fedora-magazine/blob/main/2021-march.md#installation-instructions -[13]: https://copr.fedorainfracloud.org/coprs/bhoman/ytfzf/ -[14]: https://github.com/FrostyX/fedora-magazine/blob/main/2021-march.md#gemini-clients -[15]: https://gemini.circumlunar.space/ -[16]: https://copr.fedorainfracloud.org/coprs/stenstorp/gemini/ -[17]: https://git.sr.ht/~julienxx/castor -[18]: https://gitlab.com/baschdel/dragonstone -[19]: https://kristall.random-projects.net/ -[20]: https://github.com/skyjake/lagrange -[21]: https://gemini.circumlunar.space/servers/ -[22]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/gemini.png -[23]: https://github.com/FrostyX/fedora-magazine/blob/main/2021-march.md#installation-instructions-1 -[24]: https://github.com/FrostyX/fedora-magazine/blob/main/2021-march.md#ly -[25]: https://github.com/nullgemm/ly -[26]: https://github.com/nullgemm/ly#support -[27]: https://fabiensanglard.net/doom_fire_psx/index.html -[28]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/ly.png -[29]: https://github.com/FrostyX/fedora-magazine/blob/main/2021-march.md#installation-instructions-2 -[30]: https://copr.fedorainfracloud.org/coprs/dhalucario/ly/ -[31]: https://github.com/FrostyX/fedora-magazine/blob/main/2021-march.md#aws-cli-v2 -[32]: https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/developer/aws-cli-v2-is-now-generally-available/ -[33]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/aws-cli-2.png -[34]: https://github.com/FrostyX/fedora-magazine/blob/main/2021-march.md#installation-instructions-3 -[35]: https://copr.fedorainfracloud.org/coprs/spot/aws-cli-2/ diff --git a/translated/tech/20210319 4 cool new projects to try in Copr for March 2021.md b/translated/tech/20210319 4 cool new projects to try in Copr for March 2021.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..db5edb9c45 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20210319 4 cool new projects to try in Copr for March 2021.md @@ -0,0 +1,145 @@ +[#]: subject: (4 cool new projects to try in Copr for March 2021) +[#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/4-cool-new-projects-to-try-in-copr-for-march-2021/) +[#]: author: (Jakub Kadlčík https://fedoramagazine.org/author/frostyx/) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +COPR 仓库中 4 个很酷的新项目（2021.03） +====== + +![][1] + +COPR 是个人软件仓库[集合][2]，它不在 Fedora 中。这是因为某些软件不符合轻松打包的标准；或者它可能不符合其他 Fedora 标准，尽管它是自由而开源的。COPR 可以在 Fedora 套件之外提供这些项目。COPR 中的软件不受 Fedora 基础设施的支持，或者是由项目自己背书的。但是，这是一种尝试新的或实验性的软件的一种巧妙的方式。 + +本文介绍了 COPR 中一些有趣的新项目。如果你第一次使用 COPR，请参阅 [COPR 用户文档][3]。 + +### [][4] + +### Ytfzf + +[Ytfzf][5] 是一个简单的命令行工具，用于搜索和观看 YouTube 视频。它提供了围绕模糊查找程序 [fzf][6] 构建的快速直观的界面。它使用 [youtube-dl][7] 来下载选定的视频，并打开外部视频播放器来观看。由于这种方式，_ytfzf_ 比使用浏览器观看 YouTube 资源占用要少得多。它支持缩略图（通过 [ueberzug][8]）、历史记录保存、多个视频排队或下载它们以供以后使用、频道订阅以及其他方便的功能。多亏了像 [dmenu][9] 或 [rofi][10] 这样的工具，它甚至可以在终端之外使用。 + +![][11] + +#### [][12] 安装说明 + +目前[仓库][13]为 Fedora 33 和 34 提供 Ytfzf。要安装它，请使用以下命令： + +``` +sudo dnf copr enable bhoman/ytfzf +sudo dnf install ytfzf +``` + +### [][14] Gemini 客户端 + +你有没有想过，如果万维网走的是一条完全不同的路线，不采用 CSS 和客户端脚本，你的互联网浏览体验会如何？[Gemini][15] 是 HTTPS 协议的现代替代品，尽管它并不打算取代 HTTPS 协议。[stenstorp/gemini][16] COPR 项目提供了各种客户端来浏览 Gemini _网站_，有 [Castor][17]、[Dragonstone][18]、[Kristall][19] 和 [Lagrange][20]。 + +[Gemini][21] 站点提供了一些使用该协议的主机列表。以下显示了使用 Castor 访问这个站点的情况： + +![][22] + +#### [][23] 安装说明 + +该[仓库][16]目前为 Fedora 32、33、34 和 Fedora Rawhide 提供 Gemini 客户端。EPEL 7 和 8，以及 CentOS Stream 也可使用。要安装浏览器，请从这里显示的安装命令中选择： + +``` +sudo dnf copr enable stenstorp/gemini + +sudo dnf install castor +sudo dnf install dragonstone +sudo dnf install kristall +sudo dnf install lagrange +``` + +### [][24] Ly + +[Ly][25] 是一个 Linux 和 BSD 的轻量级登录管理器。它有一个类似于 ncurses 的基于文本的用户界面。理论上，它应该支持所有的 X 桌面环境和窗口管理器（其中很多都[经过测试][26]）。Ly 还提供了基本的 Wayland 支持（Sway 也工作良好）。在配置的某个地方，有一个复活节彩蛋选项，可以在背景中启用著名的 [PSX DOOM fire][27] 动画，就其本身而言，值得一试。 + +![][28] + +#### [][29] 安装说明 + +该[仓库][30]目前为 Fedora 32、33 和 Fedora Rawhide 提供 Ly。要安装它，请使用以下命令： + +``` +sudo dnf copr enable dhalucario/ly +sudo dnf install ly +``` + +在将 Ly 设置为系统登录界面之前，请在终端中运行 _ly_ 命令以确保其正常工作。然后关闭当前的登录管理器，启用 Ly。 + +``` +sudo systemctl disable gdm +sudo systemctl enable ly +``` + +最后，重启计算机，使其更改生效。 + +### [][31] AWS CLI v2 + +[AWS CLI v2][32] 带来基于社区反馈进行的稳健而有条理的演变，而不是对原有客户端的大规模重新设计。它引入了配置凭证的新机制，现在允许用户从 AWS 控制台中生成的 _.csv_ 文件导入凭证。它还提供了对 AWS SSO 的支持。其他大的改进是服务端自动补全，以及交互式参数生成。一个新功能是交互式向导，它提供了更高层次的抽象，并结合多个 AWS API 调用来创建、更新或删除 AWS 资源。 + +![][33] + +#### [][34] 安装说明 + +该[仓库][35]目前为 Fedora Linux 32、33、34 和 Fedora Rawhide 提供 AWS CLI v2。要安装它，请使用以下命令： + +``` +sudo dnf copr enable spot/aws-cli-2 +sudo dnf install aws-cli-2 +``` + +自然地，访问 AWS 账户是必要的。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://fedoramagazine.org/4-cool-new-projects-to-try-in-copr-for-march-2021/ + +作者：[Jakub Kadlčík][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/author/frostyx/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/4-copr-945x400-1-816x345.jpg +[2]: https://copr.fedorainfracloud.org/ +[3]: https://docs.pagure.org/copr.copr/user_documentation.html +[4]: https://github.com/FrostyX/fedora-magazine/blob/main/2021-march.md#droidcam +[5]: https://github.com/pystardust/ytfzf +[6]: https://github.com/junegunn/fzf +[7]: http://ytdl-org.github.io/youtube-dl/ +[8]: https://github.com/seebye/ueberzug +[9]: https://tools.suckless.org/dmenu/ +[10]: https://github.com/davatorium/rofi +[11]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/ytfzf.png +[12]: https://github.com/FrostyX/fedora-magazine/blob/main/2021-march.md#installation-instructions +[13]: https://copr.fedorainfracloud.org/coprs/bhoman/ytfzf/ +[14]: https://github.com/FrostyX/fedora-magazine/blob/main/2021-march.md#gemini-clients +[15]: https://gemini.circumlunar.space/ +[16]: https://copr.fedorainfracloud.org/coprs/stenstorp/gemini/ +[17]: https://git.sr.ht/~julienxx/castor +[18]: https://gitlab.com/baschdel/dragonstone +[19]: https://kristall.random-projects.net/ +[20]: https://github.com/skyjake/lagrange +[21]: https://gemini.circumlunar.space/servers/ +[22]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/gemini.png +[23]: https://github.com/FrostyX/fedora-magazine/blob/main/2021-march.md#installation-instructions-1 +[24]: https://github.com/FrostyX/fedora-magazine/blob/main/2021-march.md#ly +[25]: https://github.com/nullgemm/ly +[26]: https://github.com/nullgemm/ly#support +[27]: https://fabiensanglard.net/doom_fire_psx/index.html +[28]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/ly.png +[29]: https://github.com/FrostyX/fedora-magazine/blob/main/2021-march.md#installation-instructions-2 +[30]: https://copr.fedorainfracloud.org/coprs/dhalucario/ly/ +[31]: https://github.com/FrostyX/fedora-magazine/blob/main/2021-march.md#aws-cli-v2 +[32]: https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/developer/aws-cli-v2-is-now-generally-available/ +[33]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/aws-cli-2.png +[34]: https://github.com/FrostyX/fedora-magazine/blob/main/2021-march.md#installation-instructions-3 +[35]: https://copr.fedorainfracloud.org/coprs/spot/aws-cli-2/ From 31be9b6df9edabb5e4d021e720f9fb997e4610ea Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Wed, 24 Mar 2021 08:54:03 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 309/309] translating --- sources/tech/20210322 Why I use exa instead of ls on Linux.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20210322 Why I use exa instead of ls on Linux.md b/sources/tech/20210322 Why I use exa instead of ls on Linux.md index 885abd0756..a4b0f557c5 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20210322 Why I use exa instead of ls on Linux.md +++ b/sources/tech/20210322 Why I use exa instead of ls on Linux.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/3/replace-ls-exa) [#]: author: (Sudeshna Sur https://opensource.com/users/sudeshna-sur) [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( )