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SSUUMMMMAARRYY OOFF LLEESSSS CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
Commands marked with * may be preceded by a number, _N.
Notes in parentheses indicate the behavior if _N is given.
A key preceded by a caret indicates the Ctrl key; thus ^K is ctrl-K.
h H Display this help.
q :q Q :Q ZZ Exit.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
MMOOVVIINNGG
e ^E j ^N CR * Forward one line (or _N lines).
y ^Y k ^K ^P * Backward one line (or _N lines).
f ^F ^V SPACE * Forward one window (or _N lines).
b ^B ESC-v * Backward one window (or _N lines).
z * Forward one window (and set window to _N).
w * Backward one window (and set window to _N).
ESC-SPACE * Forward one window, but don't stop at end-of-file.
d ^D * Forward one half-window (and set half-window to _N).
u ^U * Backward one half-window (and set half-window to _N).
ESC-) RightArrow * Left one half screen width (or _N positions).
ESC-( LeftArrow * Right one half screen width (or _N positions).
F Forward forever; like "tail -f".
r ^R ^L Repaint screen.
R Repaint screen, discarding buffered input.
---------------------------------------------------
Default "window" is the screen height.
Default "half-window" is half of the screen height.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
SSEEAARRCCHHIINNGG
/_p_a_t_t_e_r_n * Search forward for (_N-th) matching line.
?_p_a_t_t_e_r_n * Search backward for (_N-th) matching line.
n * Repeat previous search (for _N-th occurrence).
N * Repeat previous search in reverse direction.
ESC-n * Repeat previous search, spanning files.
ESC-N * Repeat previous search, reverse dir. & spanning files.
ESC-u Undo (toggle) search highlighting.
&_p_a_t_t_e_r_n * Display only matching lines
---------------------------------------------------
A search pattern may be preceded by one or more of:
^N or ! Search for NON-matching lines.
^E or * Search multiple files (pass thru END OF FILE).
^F or @ Start search at FIRST file (for /) or last file (for ?).
^K Highlight matches, but don't move (KEEP position).
^R Don't use REGULAR EXPRESSIONS.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
JJUUMMPPIINNGG
g < ESC-< * Go to first line in file (or line _N).
G > ESC-> * Go to last line in file (or line _N).
p % * Go to beginning of file (or _N percent into file).
t * Go to the (_N-th) next tag.
T * Go to the (_N-th) previous tag.
{ ( [ * Find close bracket } ) ].
} ) ] * Find open bracket { ( [.
ESC-^F _<_c_1_> _<_c_2_> * Find close bracket _<_c_2_>.
ESC-^B _<_c_1_> _<_c_2_> * Find open bracket _<_c_1_>
---------------------------------------------------
Each "find close bracket" command goes forward to the close bracket
matching the (_N-th) open bracket in the top line.
Each "find open bracket" command goes backward to the open bracket
matching the (_N-th) close bracket in the bottom line.
m_<_l_e_t_t_e_r_> Mark the current position with <letter>.
'_<_l_e_t_t_e_r_> Go to a previously marked position.
'' Go to the previous position.
^X^X Same as '.
---------------------------------------------------
A mark is any upper-case or lower-case letter.
Certain marks are predefined:
^ means beginning of the file
$ means end of the file
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
CCHHAANNGGIINNGG FFIILLEESS
:e [_f_i_l_e] Examine a new file.
^X^V Same as :e.
:n * Examine the (_N-th) next file from the command line.
:p * Examine the (_N-th) previous file from the command line.
:x * Examine the first (or _N-th) file from the command line.
:d Delete the current file from the command line list.
= ^G :f Print current file name.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
MMIISSCCEELLLLAANNEEOOUUSS CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
-_<_f_l_a_g_> Toggle a command line option [see OPTIONS below].
--_<_n_a_m_e_> Toggle a command line option, by name.
__<_f_l_a_g_> Display the setting of a command line option.
___<_n_a_m_e_> Display the setting of an option, by name.
+_c_m_d Execute the less cmd each time a new file is examined.
!_c_o_m_m_a_n_d Execute the shell command with $SHELL.
|XX_c_o_m_m_a_n_d Pipe file between current pos & mark XX to shell command.
v Edit the current file with $VISUAL or $EDITOR.
V Print version number of "less".
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
OOPPTTIIOONNSS
Most options may be changed either on the command line,
or from within less by using the - or -- command.
Options may be given in one of two forms: either a single
character preceded by a -, or a name preceded by --.
-? ........ --help
Display help (from command line).
-a ........ --search-skip-screen
Search skips current screen.
-A ........ --SEARCH-SKIP-SCREEN
Search starts just after target line.
-b [_N] .... --buffers=[_N]
Number of buffers.
-B ........ --auto-buffers
Don't automatically allocate buffers for pipes.
-c ........ --clear-screen
Repaint by clearing rather than scrolling.
-d ........ --dumb
Dumb terminal.
-D [_x_n_._n] . --color=_x_n_._n
Set screen colors. (MS-DOS only)
-e -E .... --quit-at-eof --QUIT-AT-EOF
Quit at end of file.
-f ........ --force
Force open non-regular files.
-F ........ --quit-if-one-screen
Quit if entire file fits on first screen.
-g ........ --hilite-search
Highlight only last match for searches.
-G ........ --HILITE-SEARCH
Don't highlight any matches for searches.
-h [_N] .... --max-back-scroll=[_N]
Backward scroll limit.
-i ........ --ignore-case
Ignore case in searches that do not contain uppercase.
-I ........ --IGNORE-CASE
Ignore case in all searches.
-j [_N] .... --jump-target=[_N]
Screen position of target lines.
-J ........ --status-column
Display a status column at left edge of screen.
-k [_f_i_l_e] . --lesskey-file=[_f_i_l_e]
Use a lesskey file.
-K --quit-on-intr
Exit less in response to ctrl-C.
-L ........ --no-lessopen
Ignore the LESSOPEN environment variable.
-m -M .... --long-prompt --LONG-PROMPT
Set prompt style.
-n -N .... --line-numbers --LINE-NUMBERS
Don't use line numbers.
-o [_f_i_l_e] . --log-file=[_f_i_l_e]
Copy to log file (standard input only).
-O [_f_i_l_e] . --LOG-FILE=[_f_i_l_e]
Copy to log file (unconditionally overwrite).
-p [_p_a_t_t_e_r_n] --pattern=[_p_a_t_t_e_r_n]
Start at pattern (from command line).
-P [_p_r_o_m_p_t] --prompt=[_p_r_o_m_p_t]
Define new prompt.
-q -Q .... --quiet --QUIET --silent --SILENT
Quiet the terminal bell.
-r -R .... --raw-control-chars --RAW-CONTROL-CHARS
Output "raw" control characters.
-s ........ --squeeze-blank-lines
Squeeze multiple blank lines.
-S ........ --chop-long-lines
Chop (truncate) long lines rather than wrapping.
-t [_t_a_g] .. --tag=[_t_a_g]
Find a tag.
-T [_t_a_g_s_f_i_l_e] --tag-file=[_t_a_g_s_f_i_l_e]
Use an alternate tags file.
-u -U .... --underline-special --UNDERLINE-SPECIAL
Change handling of backspaces.
-V ........ --version
Display the version number of "less".
-w ........ --hilite-unread
Highlight first new line after forward-screen.
-W ........ --HILITE-UNREAD
Highlight first new line after any forward movement.
-x [_N[,...]] --tabs=[_N[,...]]
Set tab stops.
-X ........ --no-init
Don't use termcap init/deinit strings.
-y [_N] .... --max-forw-scroll=[_N]
Forward scroll limit.
-z [_N] .... --window=[_N]
Set size of window.
-" [_c[_c]] . --quotes=[_c[_c]]
Set shell quote characters.
-~ ........ --tilde
Don't display tildes after end of file.
-# [_N] .... --shift=[_N]
Horizontal scroll amount (0 = one half screen width)
........ --no-keypad
Don't send termcap keypad init/deinit strings.
........ --follow-name
The F command changes files if the input file is renamed.
........ --use-backslash
Subsequent options use backslash as escape char.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
LLIINNEE EEDDIITTIINNGG
These keys can be used to edit text being entered
on the "command line" at the bottom of the screen.
RightArrow ..................... ESC-l ... Move cursor right one character.
LeftArrow ...................... ESC-h ... Move cursor left one character.
ctrl-RightArrow ESC-RightArrow ESC-w ... Move cursor right one word.
ctrl-LeftArrow ESC-LeftArrow ESC-b ... Move cursor left one word.
HOME ........................... ESC-0 ... Move cursor to start of line.
END ............................ ESC-$ ... Move cursor to end of line.
BACKSPACE ................................ Delete char to left of cursor.
DELETE ......................... ESC-x ... Delete char under cursor.
ctrl-BACKSPACE ESC-BACKSPACE ........... Delete word to left of cursor.
ctrl-DELETE .... ESC-DELETE .... ESC-X ... Delete word under cursor.
ctrl-U ......... ESC (MS-DOS only) ....... Delete entire line.
UpArrow ........................ ESC-k ... Retrieve previous command line.
DownArrow ...................... ESC-j ... Retrieve next command line.
TAB ...................................... Complete filename & cycle.
SHIFT-TAB ...................... ESC-TAB Complete filename & reverse cycle.
ctrl-L ................................... Complete filename, list all.

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Linux 有问必答： 如何在Ubuntu或者Debian中下载和安装ixgbe驱动
================================================================================
> **提问**： 我想为我的Intel 10G网卡下载安装最新的ixgbe。我该如何在Ubuntu（或者Debian）中安装ixgbe驱动？
Intel的10G网卡（比如，82598、 82599、 x540）由ixgbe驱动支持。现代的Linux发版已经将ixgbe作为一个可加载模块。然而，有些情况你不想要你机器上的已经编译和安装的ixgbe驱动。比如，你想要体验ixbge驱动的最新特性。同样，自带内核中的ixgbe中的一个默认问题是不允许你自定义旭东内核参数。如果你想要完全自动一ixgbe驱动（比如 RSS、多队列、中断阈值等等），你需要手动从源码编译ixgbe驱动。
这里是如何在Ubuntu、Debian或者它们的衍生版中下载安装ixgbe驱动。
### 第一步： 安装前提 ###
安装之前，需要安装匹配的内核头文件和开发工具包。
$ sudo apt-get install linux-headers-$(uname -r)
$ sudo apt-get install gcc make
### 第二步： 编译Ixgbe驱动 ###
从[最新的ixgbe驱动][1]中下载源码。
$ wget http://sourceforge.net/projects/e1000/files/ixgbe%20stable/3.23.2/ixgbe-3.23.2.tar.gz
如下编译ixgbe驱动。
$ tar xvfvz ixgbe-3.23.2.tar.gz
$ cd ixgbe-3.23.2/src
$ make
### 第三步： 检查Ixgbe驱动 ###
编译之后，你会看到在ixgbe-3.23.2/src目录下创建了**ixgbe.ko**。这就是会加载到内核之中的ixgbe驱动。
用modinfo命令检查内核模块的信息。注意你需要指定模块的绝对路径（比如 ./ixgbe.ko 或者 /home/xmodulo/ixgbe/ixgbe-3.23.2/src/ixgbe.ko）。输出中会显示ixgbe内核的版本。
$ modinfo ./ixgbe.ko
----------
filename: /home/xmodulo/ixgbe/ixgbe-3.23.2/src/ixgbe.ko
version: 3.23.2
license: GPL
description: Intel(R) 10 Gigabit PCI Express Network Driver
author: Intel Corporation,
srcversion: 2ADA5E537923E983FA9DAE2
alias: pci:v00008086d00001560sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v00008086d00001558sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v00008086d0000154Asv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v00008086d00001557sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v00008086d0000154Fsv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v00008086d0000154Dsv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v00008086d00001528sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v00008086d000010F8sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v00008086d0000151Csv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v00008086d00001529sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v00008086d0000152Asv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v00008086d000010F9sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v00008086d00001514sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v00008086d00001507sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v00008086d000010FBsv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v00008086d00001517sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v00008086d000010FCsv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v00008086d000010F7sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v00008086d00001508sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v00008086d000010DBsv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v00008086d000010F4sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v00008086d000010E1sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v00008086d000010F1sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v00008086d000010ECsv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v00008086d000010DDsv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v00008086d0000150Bsv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v00008086d000010C8sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v00008086d000010C7sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v00008086d000010C6sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias: pci:v00008086d000010B6sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
depends: ptp,dca
vermagic: 3.11.0-19-generic SMP mod_unload modversions
parm: InterruptType:Change Interrupt Mode (0=Legacy, 1=MSI, 2=MSI-X), default IntMode (deprecated) (array of int)
parm: IntMode:Change Interrupt Mode (0=Legacy, 1=MSI, 2=MSI-X), default 2 (array of int)
parm: MQ:Disable or enable Multiple Queues, default 1 (array of int)
parm: DCA:Disable or enable Direct Cache Access, 0=disabled, 1=descriptor only, 2=descriptor and data (array of int)
parm: RSS:Number of Receive-Side Scaling Descriptor Queues, default 0=number of cpus (array of int)
parm: VMDQ:Number of Virtual Machine Device Queues: 0/1 = disable, 2-16 enable (default=8) (array of int)
parm: max_vfs:Number of Virtual Functions: 0 = disable (default), 1-63 = enable this many VFs (array of int)
parm: VEPA:VEPA Bridge Mode: 0 = VEB (default), 1 = VEPA (array of int)
parm: InterruptThrottleRate:Maximum interrupts per second, per vector, (0,1,956-488281), default 1 (array of int)
parm: LLIPort:Low Latency Interrupt TCP Port (0-65535) (array of int)
parm: LLIPush:Low Latency Interrupt on TCP Push flag (0,1) (array of int)
parm: LLISize:Low Latency Interrupt on Packet Size (0-1500) (array of int)
parm: LLIEType:Low Latency Interrupt Ethernet Protocol Type (array of int)
parm: LLIVLANP:Low Latency Interrupt on VLAN priority threshold (array of int)
parm: FdirPballoc:Flow Director packet buffer allocation level:
1 = 8k hash filters or 2k perfect filters
2 = 16k hash filters or 4k perfect filters
3 = 32k hash filters or 8k perfect filters (array of int)
parm: AtrSampleRate:Software ATR Tx packet sample rate (array of int)
parm: FCoE:Disable or enable FCoE Offload, default 1 (array of int)
parm: LRO:Large Receive Offload (0,1), default 1 = on (array of int)
parm: allow_unsupported_sfp:Allow unsupported and untested SFP+ modules on 82599 based adapters, default 0 = Disable (array of int)
### 第四步： 测试Ixgbe驱动 ###
在测试新的模块之前，如果你内核中已存在旧版本ixgbe模块的话你需要先移除它。
$ sudo rmmod ixgbe
接着使用insmod命令插入新编译的ixgbe模块。确保指定一个模块的绝对路径。
$ sudo insmod ./ixgbe.ko
如果上面的命令成功运行，就不会显示任何的信息。
如果你需要，你可以尝试加入额外的参数。比如，设置RSS的队列数量为16：
$ sudo insmod ./ixgbe.ko RSS=16
检查**/var/log/kern.log**来查看ixgbe驱动是否成功激活。查看日志中的“Intel(R) 10 Gigabit PCI Express Network Driver”。ixgbe的版本信息应该和之前的modinfo的显示应该相同。
Sep 18 14:48:52 spongebob kernel: [684717.906254] Intel(R) 10 Gigabit PCI Express Network Driver - version 3.22.3
![](https://farm8.staticflickr.com/7583/16056721867_f06e152076_c.jpg)
### 第五步： 安装Ixgbe驱动 ###
一旦你验证新的ixgbe驱动已经成功家在，最后一步是在你的系统中安装驱动。
$ sudo make install
**ixgbe.ko** 接着会安装在/lib/modules/<kernel-version>/kernel/drivers/net/ethernet/intel/ixgbe 下。
这一步起，你可以用下面的modprobe命令加载ixgbe驱动了。注意你不必再指定绝对路径。
$ sudo modprobe ixgbe
如果你希望在启动时家在ixgbe驱动，你可以在/etc/modules的最后加入“ixgbe”。
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://ask.xmodulo.com/download-install-ixgbe-driver-ubuntu-debian.html
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[1]:http://sourceforge.net/projects/e1000/files/ixgbe%20stable/