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Translated:TechView--Linus Torvalds Inventor of Linux.md
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TechView: Linus Torvalds, Inventor of Linux
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> TechView is a new part of TechScape featuring exclusive interviews and long-running conversations with Technology glitterati about all things Technology.
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>
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> Our first conversation is with [Linus Torvalds][1] the legendary inventor of Linux and founder of the Open Source crusade. Torvalds was born in Helsinki, Finland the grandson of poet Ole Torvalds. Though he prefers to tell people he was named after the "Peanuts" character, the truth is he was named after Linus Pauling, two-time Nobel Prize-winner. His computer experience began with a Commodore, moved to a Sinclair and an IBM 386. He initially used a Minix OS which he swapped with his own Linux OS. Torvalds is married to wife, Tove, a six-time Finnish national karate champion, they have three daughters and live in San Jose, California.
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**TechView (TV)**: What excites you in Technology today?
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**Torvalds**: I'm pretty much an "eyes on the ground in front of you" kind of guy, so I get excited by actual new pieces of technology rather than some more fluffy "big trends".
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I love following what the hardware companies do, their newest chips, and what probably motivates me the most (since I'm a software person, after all) is people who come up with new algorithms and software to take advantage of all those new capabilities.
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**TV**: What really pisses you off in Technology today? How and why does it make you angry?
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**Torvalds**: I wouldn't say it makes me angry, but if there's something distasteful in the tech market, it's the glorification of the most visible "leaders".
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That very much includes me, btw. I think the whole "cult of personality" is pretty disturbing, and I hate how people take me and what I say too seriously. The same goes for Jobs, Ellison, Gates, you name it. I wish more people thought for themselves, and realized that the technology actually flows from all those random anonymous great engineers that are all around.
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I understand that people want and need a focus, and that it doesn't just happen in technology either (hey, I sure hope it happens less in technology than it happens in the entertainment industry ;), but it's still a bit sad.
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**TV**: How was it that you missed capturing "the licensing opportunity of a lifetime" but others such as Red Hat, SuSE, etc. didn't? Was this because if Linux wasn't Open Source it never would've been Linux? Tell me more about this and whether you've ever been kicking yourself over it.
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**TV**: I'm definitely not kicking myself over anything. I'm in the enviable position that I get to do what I love to do, and people respect me for it, and I'm even paid to do things that I would (and did) do for free!
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I think very few people get to feel like they have actually made a difference, and let me tell you, it's a good feeling to have. I was never very interested in the commercial side, and to me the people and companies who were able to take Linux and use it commercially are the people who did what I simply would never have had the drive to do. And it was needed, and useful, so I'm actually very grateful for the commercial entities: they've allowed me to concentrate on the parts I enjoy.
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**TV**: Who do you respect in Technology today and why?
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**Torvalds**: Heh. See my answer ranting against that whole "cult of personality". I'm just not all that impressed by the whole "let's find a person and put him on a pedestal" thing.
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So rather than name individuals, I'd be much happier to point to things like the EFF - the organizations (and sometimes just the notions and ideas) that try to not necessarily improve just their own lot in life, but try to do something concrete to help make technology work better in a bigger picture.
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On an individual level, I tend to like people who don't take themselves too seriously, and play well at what they do. If I had to pick some well-known individual, I think the Steve Wozniak kind of person is the kind that I'd prefer to be, and I guess that makes me respect him.
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**TV**: What happens in your estimation between Google and Microsoft when it's all been said and done? Why does the winner win?
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**Torvalds**: I don't think the winner is nearly as interesting as the process of it happening.
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In the whole Google vs. MS, I really don't think the companies themselves are as interesting as the changes in the technology environment that made the focus shift. It shifted from the company that controlled what happened on individual machines, to a company that is much more about the aggregate of tons of individual machines.
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**TV**: Why do you think the Tech Wreck, Dot-Com Debacle and Telecom Meltdown occurred? How can we prevent a repeat in the future?
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**Torvalds**: Actually, I'm going to be contrarian on that, and argue that there's no reason to "prevent a repeat".
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I'm a big believer in pushing the envelope, and I'm not a huge believer in trying to be entirely stable and 100% "sane".
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A lot of real development happens in spurts, and as part of what later is called "hype" and other unflattering things. But the thing is, trying too hard to be sane and boring and not doing stupid things is actually
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counter-productive.
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I personally think the stable development model is not one of continual incremental improvements, but a succession of overshooting and crashing.
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The gradual incremental improvement may often look like the better strategy, but if you don't overshoot and crash occasionally, how do you ever know that you're actually ever pushing the envelope at all?
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**TV**: How will Technology change our lives in the future? Would you work with any other leaders in other sectors to create new technologies, Bioinformatics, for instance?
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**Torvalds**: My personal theory is that technology doesn't change our lives nearly as much as we tend to build our technology to suit our lives.
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Which is why you don't see flying cars etc favorite staples of science fiction - but instead see technology being used to lower the transaction costs of things that existed before but where it just wasn't practical
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before to do them on a bigger scale or individually tailored (except, sometimes, for the insanely rich).
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So technology seldom directly changes our lives per se - although it often means that lots more people have access to things that used to be rare, or only limited to the insanely rich.
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The real changes come about when something gets so cheap and ubiquitous that that just causes you to behave differently. And in many ways, those behavioural changes are more interesting than the technology itself.
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For example, the one thing that the internet really did was to lower the "transaction cost" of finding and communicating with other people who shared your interests, and I think a lot of the real changes flowed from how people change their habits when it's easy to find other people who are interested in the same things without having to really even go to much effort.
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So you find all these specialty interest groups, and a lot of people spending a lot of time discussing the most esoteric issues that they just happen to find interesting - things that you simply couldn't necessarily
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practically do before, because it was really hard to find and talk to people who were interested in some unusual speciality.
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And I think that's how lives really change - not really because of any new technological whiz-bang feature, but because a totally unintentional side effect of technology lowering the incremental costs.
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**TV**: Who in your estimation are the most important people in Technology today?
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**Torvalds**: I think it's a bit telling how a lot of technology is driven no longer by military or even commercial needs, but by the consumer market. I also think that a lot of the totally idiotic things that companies seem to be doing (DRM in particular) seem to be overlooking that the most important person for any technology always ends up being the "user".
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So I think the answer to your question as far as I'm concerned is the "user" aka "consumer", and that it's the most important part exactly because THAT is where the needs and the actual commercial successes will stem from.
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**TV**: What are some of your personal views? Religion? Politics?
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**Torvalds**: I'm completely a-religious--atheist. I find that people seem to think religion brings morals and appreciation of nature. I actually think it detracts from both. It gives people the excuse to say, 'Oh, nature was just created,' and so the act of creation is seen to be something miraculous. I appreciate the fact that, 'Wow, it's incredible that something like this could have happened in the first place.' Yeah, it's kind of ironic that in many European countries, there is actually a kind of legal binding between the state and the state religion.
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I became a United States citizen and I'm registered to vote in the United States. I don't support any political party because I have way too much personal pride to want to be associated with any of them, quite frankly.
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**TV**: Kiitos Linus!
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/billrobinson/techview-linus-torvalds-i_b_5338844.html
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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技术视点：李纳斯·托沃兹，Linux的缔造者
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> 技术视点是技术视角（TechScape）的一个新的组成部分，其特色是与科技界的上层人士进行独家采访和长时间谈话，探讨科技动态。
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> 我们的第一个谈话对象是[李纳斯·托沃兹][1]，Linux的传奇缔造者以及开源改革先驱。托沃兹生于芬兰的赫尔辛基，是诗人奥尔·托沃兹的孙子。尽管他更喜欢告诉人们，他的名字来自于“花生”里角色，但事实是他是以李纳斯·鲍林——两次诺贝尔奖获得者的名字来命名的。他的计算机经历是从康懋达公司的一台Amiga 500计算机上开始的，搬到辛克莱尔后又换到了IBM的386上。刚开始，他使用的是Minix操作系统，后来在该系统上衍生出了他自己的Linux操作系统。托沃兹和他的妻子托芙——六次芬兰全国空手道冠军结婚了，婚后他们定居在加利佛尼亚的圣何塞，育有三个女儿。
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**技术视点（TV）**：在当今科技中，什么令你感兴趣？
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**托沃兹**：我差不多是个“鼠目寸光”的家伙，所以相对于那些更空洞的“大潮流”，我对实在的新的零散的技术更感兴趣。
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我喜欢跟踪公司生产的新硬件，它们最新的芯片，而可能最能激励我的是（因为毕竟我是个做软件的）那些提出新的算法并开发新的软件来利用这些新功能的人。
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**TV**：那在当今科技中，什么真正让你感到生气？它怎么会让你生气，以及为什么让你生气？
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**托沃兹**：我不会用生气这个词，但是如果真要说技术市场中有什么让人反感的，那就是对那些最令人瞩目的“领袖”们的赞美。
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这里，当然也包括我。我认为，整个的“个人崇拜”相当令人不安。而且，我很痛恨把我以及我所说的话看得太重。对于乔布斯，埃里森，盖茨，凡是你说得出的人来讲也一样。我希望更多的人能自己思考，并且意识到技术实际上来自遍布全球的那些默默无闻的伟大的工程师中的一员。
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我理解人们想要并且需要一个焦点，而这种事也不仅仅发生在技术世界中（嘿，毫无疑问，我希望这事在技术世界中要发生得比娱乐行业来得少；）但是，这事仍然有点令人沮丧。
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**TV**：你是怎么错过“申请终身许可证的机会”，而其它像Red Hat，SuSE等等却抓住了这个机会？这是因为如果Linux不开源，它就不是Linux了？你能谈谈更多情况吗？你是否在此事上有点自甘堕落了？
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**托沃兹**：我当然不会因为任何事情自甘堕落。我有着令人羡慕的地位，我能干我喜欢的事情。而且，人们因此而尊重我。况且，我想要做的（而我已经做了）无偿工作也获得了酬劳。
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我想，很少有人会感觉到他们实际上已经有所不同，那么让我来告诉你吧，这种感觉真不错。对于商业方面，我从来都不感兴趣。而且，对我来说，那些可以采用Linux并把它商用的人和公司只是做了我从没有动力做的事情。而这项工作需要人做，也很有益。因此，事实上我很感谢那些商业实体：它们让我集中精力干我想干的那部分事情。
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**TV**：在当今的科技界，哪位是你尊敬的人？为什么？
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**托沃兹**：嗨！看看我对于整个“个人崇拜”的控诉吧。我只是并不对那种“让我们找个人并把他置于令人尊敬的地位上”的事情印象深刻。
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所以，与其个人扬名，我更高兴去做像EFF这样的事情，这些组织（有时候只是观念和想法）不是要试着去穷其一生提升他们自己，而是试着去做一些实质性的事情来给予帮助，让技术工作在一个更大的蓝图中变得更好。
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在个人层面上，我更喜欢那些不把他们太当一回事而又在他们的本质工作上干得很好的人。如果一定要我说一些知名人士，我想我更愿意成为斯蒂芬·沃兹尼克那样的人，而这也是我尊敬他的原因。
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**TV**：照你估计，当谷歌和微软都实现了各自的诺言，他们之间会发生什么？胜者又为什么会胜出？
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**托沃兹**：我不认为获胜的结果会和获胜的过程一样有趣。
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在整个谷歌和微软的竞争中，我真的不认为公司本身比改变技术环境来转移人们的视线更有趣。焦点从一个控制发生在单台机器上的公司转移到了更多关注整合大量独立机器的公司。
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**TV**：为什么你会认为像科技灾难，互联网泡沫崩溃以及电信业崩盘这样的事会发生？我们在今后怎样来防止它们再发生？
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**托沃兹**：实际上，我对此类事情持相反的看法，并且没有理由去“阻止它们反复”。
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我是坚信超越极限，但是我不太相信会完全稳定，而且百分百“正常”。
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大量真正的进展在井喷似的发生，而后来成了被称为“夸大宣传”以及其它不讨好的事情的一部分。但事情是，做了一些太难理解而且无聊的事情，而没有做些蠢事，这实在是事与愿违。
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我个人认为，稳定开发模型不是持续的增量改进，而是一连串的反应过度和崩溃。
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渐进增量改进常常可能看起来是更好的策略，但是如果你不是偶然地反应过度和崩溃，你又怎么知道你实际上是在超越极限呢？
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**TV**：技术在将来会怎样改变我们的生活？你会和其它部门的领袖们一起创建新技术吗，比如生物信息学？
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**托沃兹**：我个人的理论是，技术对我们的生活的改变没有我们构建技术来适应我们的生活来得多。
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这就是为什么你看不到飞行汽车等喜爱的装订本科幻小说中的的东西——但是相反，你却看到了利用技术来降低交易成本这类此前就存在的事情，但此前不能大规模应用或者量身定制（除了有时候是为了那些富得冒油的做）。
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因此，技术很少直接改变我们的生活本身——虽然它往往意味着更多的人能获得那些以前是罕见的或只限于暴富者的东西。
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真正的改变发生在当某些事物变得如此廉价并且遍地都是让你行为变得大不相同的时候。而在不同方面，这些行为上的改变要比技术本身来得更有趣。
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例如，互联网做真正做的一件事是让你寻找并与志趣相投的人交流的成本更低。而且，我认为大量的真正的改变正是从人们无需付出太多努力就能找到其他和你对同一事物有相同兴趣的人的时候，他们的习惯因此而改变中得以体现。
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因此，你发现了所有的这些专业兴趣小组，以及许多人正在花大量时间讨论最神秘的问题，这些问题他们刚刚发现很有趣——这些事，你在之前不一定能实际去做的，因为那时真的很难找到和你在某些不同寻常的专业上志趣相投人并进行讨论。
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而我认为那是生活真正改变的方式——而不是因为任何新技术的出色的特性，而是因为完全是技术降低增量成本后的无意的副作用。
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**TV**：据你估计，当今科技界谁是举足轻重的人物？
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**托沃兹**：我想大量的技术怎么会是由消费市场推动，而不再是由军方或甚至是商业需求推动这一点很说明问题。我也常常认为公司正在做的许多貌似愚蠢的事情（特别是DRM）似乎正忽略了一个事实：任何技术上最重要的人，他也最终总是个“用户”。
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因此，就我而言，我认为你的问题的答案是“用户”，或者叫“消费者”，而那个确实是最重要的部分，因为那个正是需求和实际商业成功的根源。
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**TV**：请谈一些你个人的观点,比如宗教？政治？
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**托沃兹**：我完全是一个宗教——无神论者。我发现人们似乎认为宗教带给人道德和感激自然的情感。事实上我认为，它反而把这两方面都削弱了。它给人们理由来说“哦，自然刚被创立”，以及创世行为是神奇的事情。我欣赏此事实“哇，真让人难以置信，竟然首先发生了这样的事情。”是啊，这是种讽刺。在许多欧洲国家，事实上国家和国家宗教之间具有法律约束力。
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我成了一位美国公民，并且我注册取得了在美国的投票权。我不支持任何政党，因为相当坦率地说，我有太多个人引以为豪的东西，不想和他们中的任何人有什么关联。
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**TV**：谢谢，李纳斯！
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/billrobinson/techview-linus-torvalds-i_b_5338844.html
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译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[1]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_Torvalds
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