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13
sources/tech/20180130 Create and manage MacOS LaunchAgents using Go.md
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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: (runningwater)
[#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )
[#]: subject: (Create and manage MacOS LaunchAgents using Go)
[#]: via: (https://ieftimov.com/post/create-manage-macos-launchd-agents-golang/)
[#]: author: (https://ieftimov.com/about)
Create and manage MacOS LaunchAgents using Go
============================================================
@ -287,7 +296,7 @@ This is where I write about software development, programming languages and ever
via: https://ieftimov.com/create-manage-macos-launchd-agents-golang
作者：[Ilija Eftimov ][a]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
译者：[runningwater](https://github.com/runningwater)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
@ -302,4 +311,4 @@ via: https://ieftimov.com/create-manage-macos-launchd-agents-golang
[7]:https://golang.org/x/sys
[8]:https://docs.google.com/document/d/1QXzI9I1pOfZPujQzxhyRy6EeHYTQitKKjHfpq0zpxZs/edit
[9]:https://golang.org/x/sys
[10]:https://github.com/jteeuwen/go-bindata
[10]:https://github.com/jteeuwen/go-bindata

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sources/tech/20190711 DevOps for introverted people.md
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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: ( XLCYun )
[#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )
[#]: subject: (DevOps for introverted people)
[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/7/devops-introverted-people)
[#]: author: (Matthew Broberg https://opensource.com/users/mbbroberg/users/don-watkins/users/shawnhcorey/users/mbbroberg/users/marcobravo)
DevOps for introverted people
======
We asked the Opensource.com DevOps team to talk about their experience
as DevOps introverts and to give DevOps extroverts some advice. Here are
their answers.
![Q and A letters][1]
We asked members of our [DevOps team][2] to talk about their experience as introverts and to give extroverts some advice. Before we get into their responses, though, let’s first define the term.
### What does being introverted mean?
Being an introvert is commonly defined as someone who finds it more energy depleting, as opposed to energizing, to be around people. It can be a helpful term when we think about how we recharge: introverted people may require more alone time to recharge, especially after spending a lot of time around groups of people. A big myth about introverts is that they are necessarily shy, but [science suggests][3] that is a separate personality trait.
Introversion and extraversion were popularized by the [Myers Briggs Type Indicators][4] and are now more commonly referred to as two ends of the same [spectrum][5]. Even though it may seem that there are more extroverted people in the world than introverts, psychologists tend to believe that a majority of us fall along the spectrum closer to [ambiverts or introverts][6].
Now, on to the questions and answers.
### What are some techniques DevOps leaders can use to make sure introverts feel like part of the team and increase their willingness to share ideas?
"Everyone is a little different, so it’s important to be observant. Someone from GitLab once told me their philosophy is that if you aren’t offering your opinion, then they’re being exclusionary. If someone isn’t offering an opinion in a meeting, then find ways to include them. **When I know an introvert is interested in a topic we’re meeting about, I’ll ask in advance for written input. A lot of meetings can be avoided by moving the discussion to slack or GitLab where introverts are more willing to engage.** In stand-up, everyone gives an update, and introverts seem to do fine in this context. So we sometimes do the same thing in other meetings just to make sure everyone has time to speak. I also encourage introverts to speak in front of small groups either at work or in the community in order to build those skills." —Dan Barker
"**I think the best thing that anyone ever did for me was to make sure I had the skills necessary to answer the big questions when they came.** As a very young enlisted Air Force member I was giving status briefings to my units’ senior leadership. That required that I have a number of data points available at any given moment as well as the why behind any delays or deviations on the way towards established objectives. That propelled me from a behind the scenes person into being willing to share my opinion and thoughts with others." —Chris Short
"**Lead through culture. Design and try out a ritual for your co-workers.** You can design a smaller weekly ritual for groups or teams or a bigger yearly event for your department or organization. The point is to try something and observe your leadership role in it. Identify gaps or tensions in your culture. Look back at the beliefs and behaviors of teams. Where do you observe tension? What’s missing from your culture? Start with a simple statement 'I see a tension between X and Y'. Or 'My team is missing Z'. Next, flip the gap or tension into a question: write down 3 'How might we’s (HMWs)'." —Catherine Louis
"Introverts are not a different class of people, they are either people who think or wait too much before they share their mind or people who have no idea what's going on. I was one among the first category, I thought too much and sometimes worried about what if my opinion is laughed upon or not entertained or thought otherwise. It was hard coming up of that kind of mindset but it was also eating my chances of learning better things. Once, we were discussing in the team about an implementation issue. My then manager asked me one on one, why I am not participating as I am one of the more experienced people on the team, and I opened up (after I gathered all the power in the universe to say something) saying everything I wanted to say was already shared. He suggested 'I could use a repetition sometimes, as there are many things going on, it would be helpful if you just repeat your thought even if it is discussed'. Well, that was not a very persuasive way but that gave me a bit of confidence that someone at-least wants to hear me.
"Now, the way I used to make people speak in my team, is **I often ask the introvert person for help, even if I know the resolution, and appreciate them in team meetings and discussions to boost up their confidence encouraging them to share more knowledge with the team, by slowly giving them time to come out of their reserved nature**. They may still remain a bit isolated in the outer world but within a team, some emerge a player we can count on." —Abhishek Tamrakar
"My advice to introverts when participating in conferences is to find friends/colleagues who are also attending so you have people to talk to comfortably, reach out prior to the event to schedule some smaller meetings/meals with other attendees (friends, industry contacts, former colleagues, etc.), **be mindful of your exhaustion level and take care of yourself**: skip the social/evening events if you need to recharge, write about your experience in a post-event retrospective." —Elizabeth Joseph
### What are some tips for increasing productivity when working with a teammate who tends to be more of an introvert?
"Productivity is increasingly challenging to really qualify. In many cases, a break from work or a casual conversation can be the spark needed in our creative endeavors. Again, I find slack and GitLab to be very helpful mediums for exchanging ideas and interacting with others when you have introverts on your team. **I also find pair programming to be very useful for most introverts as one on one interactions aren’t usually as taxing but the product quality and efficiency gains are substantial.** However, when an introvert is working alone, everyone on the team should be discouraged from interrupting them. It’s best to send them an email or some non-intrusive medium." —Dan Barker
"Give them great tools for doing and documenting their work. **Enable them to be the best they can be at their job.** Check in with them frequently enough to make sure they’re on the right track but also be mindful it’s a bigger distraction to them than it is more extroverted people." —Chris Short
"**Don’t interrupt me when I am heads down.** Really, don’t. It could take me 2 hours minimally to get my brain back to where I was when I was knee deep in something. It feels painful. Really. Instead, email me and ask me to come to a place where there is a whiteboard. Share the problem from the customer's point of view—draw it—not from your point of view. I may have dozens of customer issues niggling in the back of my brain. If your issues sound like 'make me look good to my upper management', it will get less attention from me than the true customer's issues I already have. Draw a picture. Give me time to think. Make sure there is more than one marker in case I am ready to share. Be prepared that your hypothesis about the problem is completely wrong." —Catherine Louis
"Appreciation and encouragement is the way out, appreciation may not be an appraisal, but an appreciation that encourages people to feel comfortable in presence of more than one living entities, **so that everyone feels heard and not laughed or underrated**." —Abhishek Tamrakar
### Final thoughts
The biggest takeaway from our conversations on introverted DevOps enthusiasts is one of equity: Treat people as they need to be treated, and ask people to treat you as you want to be treated. Whether you are extroverted or introverted, we all need to respect the fact that we do not all experience the world in the same way. Our colleagues deserve the space they need to get the work done, and knowing how to support them starts with a discussion on their needs. Our differences are what make our communities so special and it makes our work more useful for more people. The most effective way to communicate with others is to communicate in a style that works well for both of you.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://opensource.com/article/19/7/devops-introverted-people
作者：[Matthew Broberg][a]
选题：[lujun9972][b]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/mbbroberg/users/don-watkins/users/shawnhcorey/users/mbbroberg/users/marcobravo
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/osdc_QandAorange_520x292_0311LL.png?itok=qa3hHSou (Q and A letters)
[2]: https://opensource.com/devops-team
[3]: https://www.inc.com/melanie-curtin/are-you-shy-or-introverted-science-says-this-is-1-primary-difference.html
[4]: https://www.myersbriggs.org/my-mbti-personality-type/mbti-basics/extraversion-or-introversion.htm?bhcp=1
[5]: https://lifehacker.com/lets-quit-it-with-the-introvert-extrovert-nonsense-1713772952
[6]: https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-gen-y-guide/201710/the-majority-people-are-not-introverts-or-extroverts

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sources/tech/20191217 Build a retro Apple desktop with the Linux MLVWM.md
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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: (geekpi)
[#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )
[#]: subject: (Build a retro Apple desktop with the Linux MLVWM)
[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/12/linux-mlvwm-desktop)
[#]: author: (Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth)
Build a retro Apple desktop with the Linux MLVWM
======
This article is part of a special series of 24 days of Linux desktops.
What if old-school Apple computers were built around open source POSIX?
You can find out by building the Macintosh-like Virtual Window Manager.
![Person typing on a 1980's computer][1]
Imagine traveling into an alternate history where the Apple II GS and MacOS 7 were built upon open source [POSIX][2], using all the same conventions as modern Linux, like plain-text configuration files and modular system design. What would such an OS have enabled for its users? You can answer these questions (and more!) with the [Macintosh-like Virtual Window Manager (MLVWM)][3].
![MLVWM running on Slackware 14.2][4]
### Installing MLVWM
MLVWM is not an easy installation, and it's probably not in your distribution's software repository. If you have the time to decipher a poorly translated README file, edit some configuration files, gather and resize some old **.xpm** images, and edit an Xorg preference or two, then you can experience MLVWM. Otherwise, this is a novelty window manager with its latest release back in 2000.
To compile MLVWM, you must have **imake** installed, which provides the **xmkmf** command. You can install imake from your distribution's software repository, or get it directly from [Freedesktop.org][5]. Assuming you have the **xmkmf** command, change into the directory containing the MLVWM source code, and run these commands to build it:
```
$ xmkmf -a
$ make
```
After building, the compiled **mlvwm** binary is located in the **mlvwm** directory. Move it to any location [in your path][6] to install it:
```
`$ mv mlvwm/mlvwm /usr/local/bin/`
```
#### Editing the config files
MLVWM is now installed, but it won't launch correctly without adjusting several configuration files and carefully arranging required image files. Sample config files are located in the **sample_rc** directory of the source code you downloaded. Copy the files **Mlvwm-Netscape** and **Mlvwm-Xterm** to your home directory:
```
`$ cp sample_rc/Mlvwm-{Netscape,Xterm} $HOME`
```
Move the **Mlvwmrc** file to **$HOME/.mlvwmrc** (yes, you must use a lower-case "m" even though the sample file deceptively begins with a capital letter):
```
`$ cp sample_rc/Mlvwmrc $HOME/.mlvwmrc`
```
Open **.mlwmrc** and find lines 54–55, which define the path (the "IconPath") for the pixmap images that MLVWM uses in its menus and UI:
```
# Set icon search path. It needs before "Style".
IconPath /usr/local/include/X11/pixmaps:/home2/tak/bin/pixmap
```
Adjust the path to match a directory you will fill with your own images (I suggest using **$HOME/.local/share/pixmaps**). MLVWM doesn't provide pixmaps, so it's up to you to provide pixmap icons for the desktop you're building.
Do this even if you have pixmaps located elsewhere on your system (such as **/usr/share/pixmaps**), because you're going to have to adjust the size of the pixmaps, and you probably don't want to do that on a system-wide level.
```
# Set icon search path. It needs before "Style".
IconPath /home/seth/.local/share/pixmaps
```
#### Choosing the pixmaps
You've defined the **.local/share/pixmaps** directory as the source of pixmaps, but neither the directory nor the images exist yet. Create the directory:
```
`$ mkdir -p $HOME/.local/share/pixmaps`
```
Right now, the config file assigns images to menu entries and UI elements, but none of those images exist on your system. To fix this, read through the configuration file and locate every **.xpm** image. For each image listed in the config, add an image with the same file name (or change the file name in the config file) to your IconPath directory.
The **.mlvwmrc** file is well commented, so you can get a general idea of what you're editing. This is just a first pass, anyway. You can always come back and change the look of your desktop later.
Here are some examples.
This code block sets the icon in the upper-left corner of the screen:
```
# Register the menu
Menu Apple, Icon label1.xpm, Stick
```
The **label1.xpm** image is actually provided in the source code download's **pixmap** directory, but I prefer to use **Penguin.xpm** from **/usr/share/pixmaps** (on Slackware). Whatever you use, you must place your custom pixmap in **~/.local/share/pixmaps** and either change the pixmap's name in the configuration or rename the pixmap file to match what's currently in the config file.
This code block defines the applications listed in the left menu:
```
"About this Workstation..." NonSelect, Gray, Action About
"" NonSelect
"Terminal"      Icon mini-display.xpm, Action Exec "kterm" exec kterm -ls
"Editor"  Action Exec "mule" exec mule, Icon mini-edit.xpm
"calculator" Action Exec "xcal" exec xcalc, Icon mini-calc.xpm
END
```
By following the same syntax as what you see in the configuration file, you can customize the pixmaps and add your own applications to the menu (for instance, I changed **mule** to **emacs**). This is your gateway to your applications in the MLVWM GUI, so list everything you want quick access to. You may also wish to include a shortcut to your **/usr/share/applications** folder.
```
`"Applications" Icon Penguin.xpm, Action Exec "thunar /usr/share/applications" exec thunar /usr/share/applications`
```
Once you're finished editing the configuration file and adding your own images to your IconPath directory, your pixmaps must all be resized to roughly 16x16 pixels. (MLVWM isn't consistent in its defaults, so there's room for variation.) You can do this as a bulk action using ImageMagick:
```
`$ for i in ~/.local/share/mlvwm-pixmaps/*xpm ; do convert -resize '16x16^' $i; done`
```
### Starting MLVWM
The easiest way to get up and running with MLVWM is to let Xorg do the bulk of the work. First, you must create a **$HOME/.xinitrc** file. I borrowed this one from Slackware, which borrowed it from Xorg:
```
#!/bin/sh
# $XConsortium: xinitrc.cpp,v 1.4 91/08/22 11:41:34 rws Exp $
userresources=$HOME/.Xresources
usermodmap=$HOME/.Xmodmap
sysresources=/etc/X11/xinit/.Xresources
sysmodmap=/etc/X11/xinit/.Xmodmap
# merge in defaults and keymaps
if [ -f $sysresources ]; then
    xrdb -merge $sysresources
fi
if [ -f $sysmodmap ]; then
    xmodmap $sysmodmap
fi
if [ -f $userresources ]; then
    xrdb -merge $userresources
fi
if [ -f $usermodmap ]; then
    xmodmap $usermodmap
fi
# Start the window manager:
if [ -z "$DESKTOP_SESSION" -a -x /usr/bin/ck-launch-session ]; then
  exec ck-launch-session /usr/local/bin/mlvwm
else
  exec /usr/local/bin/mlvwm
fi
```
According to this file, the default action for the **startx** command is to launch MLVWM. However, your distribution may have other ideas about what happens when your graphic server launches (or is killed to be restarted), so this file may do you little good. On many distributions, you can add a **.desktop** file to **/usr/share/xsessions** to have it listed in the GDM or KDM menu, so create a file called **mlvwm.desktop** and enter this text:
```
[Desktop Entry]
Name=Mlvwm
Comment=Macintosh-like virtual window manager
Exec=/usr/local/bin/mlvwm
TryExec=ck-launch-session /usr/local/bin/mlvwm
Type=Application
```
Log out from your desktop session and log back into MLVWM. By default, your session manager (KDM, GDM, or LightDM, depending on your setup) will continue to log you into your previous desktop, so you must override that before logging in.
With GDM:
![][7]
With SDDM:
![][8]
#### Launching with brute force
If MLVWM fails to start, try installing XDM, a lightweight session manager that doesn't look at **/usr/share/xsessions** and instead just does whatever the authenticated user's **.xinitrc** proscribes.
![MLVWM][9]
### Build your own retro Apple
The MLVWM desktop is unpolished, imperfect, accurate, and loads of fun. Many of the menu options you see are unimplemented, but you can make them active and meaningful.
This is your chance to step back in time, change history, and make the old-school Apple line of computers a bastion of open source. Be a revisionist, design your own retro Apple desktop, and, most importantly, have fun.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://opensource.com/article/19/12/linux-mlvwm-desktop
作者：[Seth Kenlon][a]
选题：[lujun9972][b]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/seth
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/1980s-computer-yearbook.png?itok=eGOYEKK- (Person typing on a 1980's computer)
[2]: https://opensource.com/article/19/7/what-posix-richard-stallman-explains
[3]: http://www2u.biglobe.ne.jp/~y-miyata/mlvwm.html
[4]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/advent-mlvwm-file.jpg (MLVWM running on Slackware 14.2)
[5]: http://cgit.freedesktop.org/xorg/util/imake
[6]: https://opensource.com/article/17/6/set-path-linux
[7]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/advent-gdm_2.jpg
[8]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/advent-kdm_1.jpg
[9]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/advent-mlvwm-chess.jpg (MLVWM)

2
sources/tech/20191220 How to Start, Stop - Restart Services in Ubuntu and Other Linux Distributions.md
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[#]: translator: ( )
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[#]: url: ( )

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sources/tech/20191220 Why Vim fans love the Herbstluftwm Linux window manager.md
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sources/tech/20191221 Customize your Linux desktop with KDE Plasma.md
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[#]: url: ( )

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sources/tech/20191223 10 articles to learn Linux your way.md Normal file
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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: ( )
[#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )
[#]: subject: (10 articles to learn Linux your way)
[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/12/learn-linux)
[#]: author: (Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth)
10 articles to learn Linux your way
======
It's been a good year for Linux, so take a look back at the top 10 Linux
articles on Opensource.com from 2019.
![Penguins gathered together in the Artic][1]
The year 2019 has been good for Linux with Opensource.com readers. Obviously, the term "Linux" itself is weighted: Does it refer to the kernel or the desktop or the ecosystem? In this look back at the top Linux articles of the year, I've intentionally taken a broad view in defining the top 10 Linux articles (for some definition of "top" and some definition of "Linux"). Here they are, offered in no particular order.
### A beginner's guide to Linux permissions
[_A beginner's guide to Linux permissions_][2] by Bryant Son introduces new users to the concept of file permissions with graphics and charts to illustrate each point. It can be hard to come up with visuals for concepts that are, at their core, purely text-based, and this article is friendly for the visual learners out there. I also like how Bryant stays focused. Any discussion of file permissions can lead to several related topics (like ownership and access control lists and so on), but this article is dedicated to explaining one thing and explaining it well.
### Why I made the switch from Mac to Linux
Matthew Broberg offers an insightful and honest look at his migration to Linux from MacOS in [_Why I made the switch from Mac to Linux_][3]. Changing platforms is always tough, and it's important to record what's behind the decision to switch. Matt's article, I think, serves several purposes, but the two most important for me: it's an invitation for the Linux community to support him by answering questions and offering potential solutions, and it's a good data point for others who are considering Linux adoption.
### Troubleshooting slow WiFi on Linux
In [_Troubleshooting slow WiFi on Linux_][4], David Clinton provides a useful analysis of a problem everyone has on every platform—and has tips on how to solve it. It's a good example of an "incidentally Linux" tip that not only helps everyday people with everyday problems but also shows non-Linux users how approachable troubleshooting (on any platform) is.
### How GNOME uses Git
[_How GNOME uses Git_][5] by Molly de Blanc takes a look behind the scenes, revealing how one of the paragons of open source software (the GNOME desktop) uses one of the other paragons of open source (Git) for development. It's always heartening to me to hear about an open source project that defaults to an open source solution for whatever needs to be done. Believe it or not, this isn't always the case, but for GNOME, it's an important and welcoming part of the project's identity.
### Virtual filesystems in Linux: Why we need them and how they work
Alison Chaiken masterfully explains what is considered incomprehensible to many users in [_Virtual filesystems in Linux: Why we need them and how they work_][6]. Understanding what a filesystem is and what it does is one thing, but _virtual_ ones aren't even, by definition, real. And yet Linux delivers them in a way that even casual users can benefit from, and Alison's article explains it in a way that anyone can understand. As a bonus, Alison goes even deeper in the second half of the article and demonstrates how to use bcc scripts to monitor everything she just taught you.
### Understanding file paths and how to use them
I thought [_Understanding file paths and how to use them_][7] was important to write about because it's a concept most users (on any platform) don't seem to be taught. It's a strange phenomenon, because now, more than ever, the _file path_ is something people see literally on a daily basis: Nearly all internet URLs contain a file path telling you exactly where within the domain you are. I often wonder why computer education doesn't start with the internet, the most familiar app of all and arguably the most heavily used supercomputer in existence, and use it to explain the appliances we interface with each day. (I guess it would help if those appliances were running Linux, but we're working on that.)
### Inter-process communication in Linux
[_Inter-process communication in Linux: Shared storage_][8] by Marty Kalin delves into the developer side of Linux, explaining IPC and how to interact with it in your code. I'm cheating by including this article because it's actually a three-part series, but it's the best explanation of its kind. There is very little documentation that manages to explain how Linux handles IPC, much less what IPC is, why it's important, or how to take advantage of it when programming. It's normally a topic you work your way up to in university. Now you can read all about it here instead.
### Understanding system calls on Linux with strace
[_Understanding system calls on Linux with strace_][9] by Gaurav Kamathe is highly technical in ways I wish that every conference talk I've ever seen about **strace** was. This is a clear and helpful demonstration of a complex but amazingly useful command. To my surprise, the command I've found myself using since this article isn't the titular command, but **ltrace** (to see which functions are called by a command). Obviously, this article's packed with information and is a handy reference for developers and QA testers.
### How the Linux desktop has grown
[_How the Linux desktop has grown_][10] by Jim Hall is a visual journey through the history of the Linux desktop. It starts with [TWM][11] and passes by [FVWM][12], [GNOME][13], [KDE][14], and others. If you're new to Linux, this is a fascinating history lesson from someone who was there (and has the screenshots to prove it). If you've been with Linux for many years, then this will definitely bring back memories. In the end, though, one thing is certain: Anyone who can still locate screenshots from 20 years ago is a superhuman data archivist.
### Create your own video streaming server with Linux
[_Create your own video streaming server with Linux_][15] by Aaron J. Prisk breaks down more than just a few preconceptions most of us have about the services we take for granted. Because services like YouTube and Twitch exist, many people assume that those are the only gateways to broadcasting video to the world. Of course, people used to think that Windows and Mac were the only gateways into computing, and that, thankfully, turned out to be a gross miscalculation. In this article, Aaron sets up a video-streaming server and even manages to find space to talk about [OBS][16] in so you can create videos to stream. Is it a fun weekend project or the start of a new career? You decide.
### 10 moments that shaped Linux history
[_10 moments that shaped Linux history_][17] by Alan Formy-Duval attempts the formidable task of choosing just 10 things to highlight in the history of Linux. It's an exercise in futility, of course, because there have been so many important moments, so I love how Alan filters it through his own experience. For example, when was it obvious that Linux was going to last? When Alan realized that all the systems he maintained at work were running Linux. There's a beauty to interpreting history this way because the moments of importance will differ for each person. There's no definitive list for Linux, or articles about Linux, or for open source. You make your own list, and you make yourself a part of it.
### What do you want to learn?
What else do you want to know about Linux? Please tell us about it in the comments, or [write an article][18] for Opensource.com about your experience with Linux.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://opensource.com/article/19/12/learn-linux
作者：[Seth Kenlon][a]
选题：[lujun9972][b]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/seth
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/OSDC_Penguin_Image_520x292_12324207_0714_mm_v1a.png?itok=p7cWyQv9 (Penguins gathered together in the Artic)
[2]: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/understanding-linux-permissions
[3]: https://opensource.com/article/19/10/why-switch-mac-linux
[4]: http://opensource.com/article/19/4/troubleshooting-wifi-linux
[5]: https://opensource.com/article/19/10/how-gnome-uses-git
[6]: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/virtual-filesystems-linux
[7]: https://opensource.com/article/19/8/understanding-file-paths-linux
[8]: https://opensource.com/article/19/4/interprocess-communication-linux-storage
[9]: https://opensource.com/article/19/2/linux-backup-solutions
[10]: https://opensource.com/article/19/8/how-linux-desktop-grown
[11]: https://github.com/freedesktop/twm
[12]: http://www.fvwm.org/
[13]: http://gnome.org
[14]: http://kde.org
[15]: https://opensource.com/article/19/1/basic-live-video-streaming-server
[16]: https://opensource.com/life/15/12/real-time-linux-video-editing-with-obs-studio
[17]: https://opensource.com/article/19/4/top-moments-linux-history
[18]: https://opensource.com/how-submit-article

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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: ( )
[#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )
[#]: subject: (10 resources to become a better Bash user)
[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/12/bash-resources)
[#]: author: (David Both https://opensource.com/users/dboth)
10 resources to become a better Bash user
======
Take a look through our top 10 Bash articles from 2019.
![bash logo on green background][1]
As another great year wraps up at Opensource.com, my fascination with all things [Bash][2] has me looking back at the top 10 Bash articles we published in 2019. These articles include basic how-to articles, tools, shortcuts, and even a way to build your own command-line game with Bash.
I didn't select these articles based solely on the number of hits they had but rather on a number of criteria. In the true spirit of top 10 countdowns, the top Bash article from 2019 is at the end for the final reveal.
10. [_Bash vs. Python: Which language should you use?_][3] by Archit Modi looks at the strengths and weaknesses of these popular languages. Although both have many good points, the bottom line—as with most things Linux—is, "it depends."
9. [_How to program with Bash: Logical operators and shell expansions_][4] is the second in a three-part series I wrote about Bash programming. This article lists all of the Bash logical operators and provides some easy examples for using them. It also discusses five of the seven types of shell expansions and includes easy-to-understand examples that help to clarify how these expansions work.
8. Abhishek Tamrakar shows us how to _[Hone advanced Bash skills by building Minesweeper][5]._ This is an interesting, fun, and informative way to improve the Bash skills you already have. When finished, you have a working command-line game of Minesweeper and some serious skills. This article is one of my favorites because it not only stretches our skills, but it illustrates the power of Bash as a programming language.
7. [_How to program with Bash: Syntax and tools_][6] is the first article in my Bash programming series. In addition to introducing Bash as a programming language, it looks at the basic syntax of Bash programming, the use of variables, and flow control.
6. Matthew Broberg's [_The birth of the Bash shell_][7] delves into the history of the Bash shell with a look at how it all started with Unix and the original (Ken) Thompson shell. As someone who appreciates the historical roots of Linux and many of its components, I gained some new insights from this article.
5. Seth Kenlon contributed _[How to write a loop in Bash][8],_ which explores the _for_ loop in some detail. A _for_ loop is a recipe detailing what actions you want your computer to take for each data object (such as a file) you specify. This article has some excellent examples to get you started and shows the power that loops can bring to Bash scripts.
4. _[7 Bash history shortcuts you will actually use][9]_ shows how to save time on the command line by using Bash shortcuts. Ian Miell describes time-saving tools that go far beyond just simple command-line recall. These are very cool, and I especially like the easy method for reissuing the previous command while reordering the arguments.
3. Seth Kenlon also shows some [_Bash aliases you can't live without_][10] that will save even more time. This article takes us through one of the ways that we "lazy sysadmins" can become even more efficient than we already are. This is all about less typing while getting more results.
2. I always recommend testing scripts to ensure that they do what they are intended to—and that they don't create any other problems while doing so. Darin London introduces us to _[Testing Bash with BATS][11],_ the Bash Automated Testing System, a TAP-compliant testing framework for Bash. The [Test Anything Protocol][12] is also used for testing many other Unix languages. This article is loaded with examples and recommendations for structuring Bash programs so that they can be tested easily with this tool.
1. Our number 1 spot for 2019 is—drum-roll—Seth Kenlon with [_3 command line games for learning Bash the fun way_][13]. Learning is work, but it can be fun. If you are into games (and it seems that we sysadmins like to have fun), this article looks at three tools for learning more about Bash for everyone from noobs to gurus. Everything you do in the game of Bashcrawl, for example, is a valid Bash command that you can use later in real life, and playing the game provides Bash practice because the "game" is made out of actual directories and files on your computer.
These articles can help you learn Bash and some of its many powerful features. I have certainly learned a lot from them.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://opensource.com/article/19/12/bash-resources
作者：[David Both][a]
选题：[lujun9972][b]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/dboth
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/bash_command_line.png?itok=k4z94W2U (bash logo on green background)
[2]: https://opensource.com/downloads/bash-cheat-sheet
[3]: https://opensource.com/article/19/4/bash-vs-python
[4]: https://opensource.com/article/19/10/programming-bash-logical-operators-shell-expansions
[5]: https://opensource.com/article/19/9/advanced-bash-building-minesweeper
[6]: https://opensource.com/article/19/10/programming-bash-syntax-tools
[7]: https://opensource.com/19/9/command-line-heroes-bash
[8]: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/how-write-loop-bash
[9]: https://opensource.com/article/19/10/bash-history-shortcuts
[10]: https://opensource.com/article/19/7/bash-aliases
[11]: https://opensource.com/article/19/2/testing-bash-bats
[12]: https://testanything.org/producers.html
[13]: https://opensource.com/article/19/10/learn-bash-command-line-games

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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: ( )
[#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )
[#]: subject: (Best of 2019: Fedora for system administrators)
[#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/best-of-2019-fedora-for-system-administrators/)
[#]: author: (Paul W. Frields https://fedoramagazine.org/author/pfrields/)
Best of 2019: Fedora for system administrators
======
![][1]
The end of the year is a perfect time to look back on some of the Magazine’s most popular articles of 2019. One of the Fedora operating systems’s many strong points is its wide array of tools for system administrators. As your skills progress, you’ll find that the Fedora OS has even more to offer. And because Linux is the sysadmin’s best friend, you’ll always be in good company. In 2019, there were quite a few articles about sysadmin tools our readers enjoyed. Here’s a sampling.
### Introducing Fedora CoreOS
If you follow modern IT topics, you know that containers are a hot topic — and [containers mean Linux][2]. This summer brought the first preview release of [Fedora CoreOS][3]. This new edition of Fedora can run containerized workloads. You can use it to deploy apps and services in a modern way.
> [Introducing Fedora CoreOS][4]
### InitRAMFS, dracut and the dracut emergency shell
To be a good sysadmin, you need to understand system startup and the boot process. From time to time, you’ll encounter software errors, configuration problems, or other issues that keep your system from starting normally. With the information in the article below, you can do some life-saving surgery on your system, and restore it to working order.
> [InitRAMFS, Dracut, and the Dracut Emergency Shell][5]
### How to reset your root password
Although this article was published a few years ago, it continues to be one of the most popular. Apparently, we’re not the only people who sometimes get locked out of our own system! If this happens to you, and you need to reset the root password, the article below should do the trick.
> [How to reset a root password on Fedora][6]
### Systemd: unit dependencies and order
This article is part of [an entire series][7] on systemd, the modern system and process manager in Fedora and other distributions. As you may know, systemd has sophisticated but easy to use methods to start up or shut own services in the right order. This article shows you how they work. That way you can apply the right options to unit files you create for systemd.
> [systemd: Unit dependencies and order][8]
### Setting kernel command line arguments
Fedora 30 introduced new ways to change the boot options for your kernel. This article from Laura Abbott on the Fedora kernel team explains the new Bootloader Spec (BLS). It also tells you how to use it to set options on your kernel for boot time.
> [Setting kernel command line arguments with Fedora 30][9]
Stay tuned to the Magazine for other upcoming “Best of 2019” categories. All of us at the Magazine hope you have a great end of year and holiday season.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://fedoramagazine.org/best-of-2019-fedora-for-system-administrators/
作者：[Paul W. Frields][a]
选题：[lujun9972][b]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/author/pfrields/
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
[1]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/2019top-sysadmins.png-816x345.jpg
[2]: https://www.redhat.com/en/blog/containers-are-linux
[3]: https://getfedora.org/coreos/
[4]: https://fedoramagazine.org/introducing-fedora-coreos/
[5]: https://fedoramagazine.org/initramfs-dracut-and-the-dracut-emergency-shell/
[6]: https://fedoramagazine.org/reset-root-password-fedora/
[7]: https://fedoramagazine.org/series/systemd-series/
[8]: https://fedoramagazine.org/systemd-unit-dependencies-and-order/
[9]: https://fedoramagazine.org/setting-kernel-command-line-arguments-with-fedora-30/

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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: ( )
[#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )
[#]: subject: (Get back to basics with the TWM Linux desktop)
[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/12/twm-linux-desktop)
[#]: author: (Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth)
Get back to basics with the TWM Linux desktop
======
This article is part of a special series of 24 days of Linux desktops.
TWM may be bare-bones by default, but it's a great foundation for a
customized Linux desktop that has all your favorite bits and pieces.
![Penguin driving a car with a yellow background][1]
The most humble of window managers, TWM, is a little akin to those sample photographs you get when you buy a picture frame. It's basic, almost a bare-minimum proof of concept that Xorg ships with the [X11][2] Windows System to demonstrate that a desktop can indeed be created for a graphical user interface (GUI).
Some distributions treat it as a fallback window manager that can be launched in a pinch if you break your usual desktop and need a terminal just long enough for repairs. Now that Xorg is basically bulletproof and moving aside for [Wayland][3], sometimes TWM isn't even included at all. And yet, amazingly, TWM, short for either _Timeless Window Manager_ or _Tabbed Window Manager_, depending on who you ask, has some fun features and configuration options.
![TWM][4]
Your distribution (XQuartz on Mac OS included) may discreetly include TWM as a fallback window manager. Otherwise, you are likely to find it in your software repository, and you can also get it from the [Freedesktop][5] GitHub repository. If you're already running a different desktop, it's safe to install TWM on the same system because it doesn't include any bundled applications aside from a few configuration panels.
After installing, log out of your current desktop session so you can log into TWM. By default, your session manager (KDM, GDM, LightDM, or XDM, depending on your setup) will continue to log you into your previous desktop, so you must override that before logging into your new one.
With GDM:
![Selecting your desktop in GDM][6]
With SDDM:
![Selecting your desktop in KDM][7]
### Desktop tour
TWM's basic configuration is usually unspectacular. Here's TWM on my Slackware system:
![TWM by default][8]
You can get a pop-up menu with a left-click on the desktop. By default, it has one application listed: xterm. When you launch xterm, the outline of a window appears until you click to place it on the desktop.
More actions are available with a right-click or a middle-click on the desktop or a window's title bar. For instance, to resize a window, you can middle-click the title bar and select **Resize**; this places you into resize mode so you can drag your mouse across the edge of the window you want to make smaller or larger. Click again to confirm the new size.
When you right-click the icon in the upper-left corner of any window, that window is minimized into a desktop icon (a precursor to the OS X dock). You can drag this icon anywhere on your desktop and right-click on it to restore it back to a full-sized window.
These are all old Unix conventions; tricks of the visual interface that long-time Unix users will remember fondly but are utterly baffling at first to new users. You can learn to love them by using TWM, but if you do that, you'll no doubt want something a little prettier and more tailored to your daily workflow.
### TWM configuration
One of my favorite sites is [Linux Questions][9], a tried-and-true Linux support forum. I stumbled across a post there about TWM, where user **rkfb** was, apparently in all seriousness, praising TWM as his favorite lightweight window manager. What's more, **rkfb** had [the config file to prove it][10].
I downloaded the sample **.twmrc** file and discovered that there are a surprising number of options and features in TWM. Like other "building-block" window managers, such as [FVWM][11] or [MLVWM][12], it takes a lot of work to customize it and bring it up to modern expectations. You can also add the usual laundry list of applications to TWM. For instance, you could run [Tint2][13] or [Xfce-panel][14] to provide a traditional taskbar and other applets, or [stalonetray][15] for a system tray, and [vdesk][16] to provide virtual desktops, but then again, TWM isn't meant to be a _modern_ window manager, but a _timeless_ window manager. You may not want to make it too modern.
There are _lots_ of options and definitions in the config file for TWM. Two of my favorites are **RandomPlacement** (an option to activate random placement of windows, so you don't have to manually click to set the location of each window you launch) and **ShowIconManager** (which displays a vertical taskbar).
The syntax to define the contents of the menus is pretty easy to understand:
```
menu "Shells" {
   "Shells"     f.title
   "rxvt"               f.exec "urxvt -fg cyan -bg black -cr white &"
   "Konsole"    f.exec "konsole &"
}
```
Color themes are similarly intuitive from the sample file.
You can set a background using the **feh** command (you probably need to install it first):
```
`$ feh --bg-fill ~/christopher-burns_unsplash.jpg`
```
### Old TWM is new TWM
TWM looks and feels like an artifact of a bygone era, when desktops were simpler in design but complex in configuration. It's probably not the best or the most flexible window manager available, but it's surprisingly configurable. You can use it as the foundation of a customized desktop consisting of all your favorite desktop bits and pieces. You can spend the time to make TWM something you enjoy using, and you'll learn a lot about interface design, Unix history, and pixmap bit depth along the way. Give TWM another look, and make that look beautiful.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://opensource.com/article/19/12/twm-linux-desktop
作者：[Seth Kenlon][a]
选题：[lujun9972][b]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/seth
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/car-penguin-drive-linux-yellow.png?itok=twWGlYAc (Penguin driving a car with a yellow background)
[2]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Window_System
[3]: https://wayland.freedesktop.org/
[4]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/advent-twm.jpg (TWM)
[5]: https://github.com/freedesktop/twm
[6]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/advent-gdm_3.jpg (Selecting your desktop in GDM)
[7]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/advent-kdm_2.jpg (Selecting your desktop in KDM)
[8]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/advent-twm-basic.jpg (TWM by default)
[9]: http://linuxquestions.org
[10]: https://www.linuxquestions.org/questions/linux-desktop-74/share-your-configuration-file-of-twm-best-x-windows-manager-4175585974
[11]: https://opensource.com/article/19/12/fvwm-linux-desktop
[12]: https://opensource.com/article/19/12/linux-mlvwm-desktop
[13]: https://opensource.com/article/19/1/productivity-tool-tint2
[14]: https://opensource.com/article/19/12/xfce-linux-desktop
[15]: http://stalonetray.sourceforge.net/
[16]: https://offog.org/code/vdesk

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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: ( )
[#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )
[#]: subject: (Prioritizing simplicity in your Python code)
[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/12/zen-python-simplicity-complexity)
[#]: author: (Moshe Zadka https://opensource.com/users/moshez)
Prioritizing simplicity in your Python code
======
This is the second part of a special series about the Zen of Python
focusing on the third and fourth principles: simplicity and complexity.
![Person reading a book and digital copy][1]
> "Il semble que la perfection soit atteinte non quand il n'y a plus rien à ajouter, mais quand il n'y plus rien à retrancher."
>
> "It seems that perfection is finally attained not when there is no longer anything to add, but when there is no longer anything to take away."
> —Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, _[Terre des Hommes][2]_, 1939
A common concern in programming is the struggle with complexity. It is easy for any programmer to make a program so complicated no expert can debug it or modify it. The [Zen of Python][3] would not be complete if it did not touch on this.
### Simple is better than complex.
When it is possible to choose at all, choose the simple solution. Python is rarely in the business of _disallowing_ things. This means it is possible, and even straightforward, to design baroque programs to solve straightforward problems.
It is worthwhile to remember at each point that simplicity is one of the easiest things to lose and the hardest to regain when writing code.
This can mean choosing to write something as a function, rather than introducing an extraneous class. This can mean avoiding a robust third-party library in favor of writing a two-line function that is perfect for the immediate use-case. Most often, it means avoiding predicting the future in favor of solving the problem at hand.
It is much easier to change the program later, especially if simplicity and beauty were among its guiding principles than to load the code down with all possible future variations.
### Complex is better than complicated.
This is possibly the most misunderstood principle because understanding the precise meanings of the words is crucial. Something is _complex_ when it is composed of multiple parts. Something is _complicated_ when it has a lot of different, often hard to predict, behaviors.
When solving a hard problem, it is often the case that no simple solution will do. In that case, the most Pythonic strategy is to go "bottom-up." Build simple tools and combine them to solve the problem.
This is where techniques like _object composition_ shine. Instead of having a complicated inheritance hierarchy, have objects that forward some method calls to a separate object. Each of those can be tested and developed separately and then finally put together.
Another example of "building up" is using [singledispatch][4], so that instead of one complicated object, we have a simple, mostly behavior-less object and separate behaviors.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://opensource.com/article/19/12/zen-python-simplicity-complexity
作者：[Moshe Zadka][a]
选题：[lujun9972][b]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/moshez
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/read_book_guide_tutorial_teacher_student_apaper.png?itok=_GOufk6N (Person reading a book and digital copy)
[2]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind,_Sand_and_Stars
[3]: https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0020/
[4]: https://opensource.com/article/19/5/python-singledispatch

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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: ( )
[#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )
[#]: subject: (App Highlight: Falkon Open Source Web Browser from KDE)
[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/falkon-browser/)
[#]: author: (Ankush Das https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/)
App Highlight: Falkon Open Source Web Browser from KDE
======
_**Formerly known as Qupzilla, Falkon is a web browser based on QtWebEngine. In this week’s App Highlight, we take a look at this open source software.**_
### Falkon: Open Source Web Browser for Linux (and Windows)
![][1]
First thing first, [Falkon][2] is not a new web browser. It has been in development since 2010 but it was known as Qupzilla.
In 2017, QupZilla moved under KDE umbrella and changed its name to Falkon. Being under KDE umbrella means that project is actively maintained following KDE standards.
It uses the [QtWebEngine][3] rendering engine – which is a striped down version of Chromium core.
In this article, I shall take a closer look at what it offers and how it’s different than other dominant web browsers on Linux out there.
### Features of Falkon Browser
Thought it may not be a popular browser, I did find it capable enough to browse modern web services.
Let me highlight the key features of Falkon and if you find it interesting enough, give it a try.
#### Simple User Interface
![][4]
I know it’s not exactly a “feature” but the user experience (UX) matters a lot. Despite being a lightweight browser, you have a decent looking interface here. You won’t feel like you are using a browser from the early 2000’s.
#### AdBlock Extension
![][5]
It comes packed in with the AdBlock extension that works pretty well if you want to get rid of the advertisements while browsing a website. You can also customize the behavior of the AdBlock extension.
#### DuckDuckGo Default Search Engine
It’s a good thing to have one of the [privacy-oriented search engines][6] as the default search engine if you do not like using Google.
#### Session Manager
![][7]
Falkon includes a useful session manager from the available options in the browser menu. You can restore a specific recent session using this – which should come in handy.
#### Extension Support
![][8]
It does support adding extensions but you cannot add extensions from Chrome/Firefox add-on marketplace. You have a limited set of extensions to choose from.
#### Theme Support
Falkon also lets you customize the appearance to some extent. You can try them out if you want to change the appearance of the browser.
![][9]
#### Other Essential Settings
![][10]
I also explored other settings/functionalities like adding a bookmark or being able to manage the passwords.
Or, maybe manage the notification access of a webpage.
Oh, I also tried using YouTube – with no problems whatsoever.
Of course, this isn’t an extensive review – but yes, Falkon does have all the essential options that you will need in a browser (unless you have a specific requirements).
### Installing Falkon Browser
You can easily find Falkon browser available in your Software Center.
In case you don’t, you can find Flatpak/Snap packages available from its [official download page][11]. You’ll also find Windows installer files on the download page.
[Download Falkon Browser][11]
**Wrapping Up**
As a KDE product, Falkon is tailored for KDE desktop environment. Some KDE distributions like OpenMandriva use Falkon as the default web browser.
Falkon browser is for the ones looking for a lightweight and feature-rich web browser. An alternative worth taking a look is [Midori][12].
In my opinion, it is a good alternative browser – unless you need tons of extensions, cross-platform synchronization and require to access some browser-specific websites.
What do you think about the Falkon browser? Let me know your thoughts in the comments below.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://itsfoss.com/falkon-browser/
作者：[Ankush Das][a]
选题：[lujun9972][b]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
[1]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/falkon-browser-screenshot.jpg?ssl=1
[2]: https://www.falkon.org/
[3]: https://wiki.qt.io/QtWebEngine
[4]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/falkon-browser.png?ssl=1
[5]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/falkon-adblock.jpg?ssl=1
[6]: https://itsfoss.com/privacy-search-engines/
[7]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/session-manager-falkon.jpg?ssl=1
[8]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/falkon-browser-extensions.png?ssl=1
[9]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/falkon-browser-theme.png?ssl=1
[10]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/falkon-browser-preference.png?ssl=1
[11]: https://www.falkon.org/download/
[12]: https://itsfoss.com/midori-browser/

72
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@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: (XLCYun)
[#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )
[#]: subject: (DevOps for introverted people)
[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/7/devops-introverted-people)
[#]: author: (Matthew Broberg https://opensource.com/users/mbbroberg/users/don-watkins/users/shawnhcorey/users/mbbroberg/users/marcobravo)
内向者的 DevOps
======
我们邀请 Opensource.com 的 DevOps 团队，希望他们能够谈一谈作为 DevOps 内向者的休验，同时给 DevOps 外向者一些建议。下面是他们的回答。
![问答][1]
我们请求我们的 [DevOps 团队][2] 谈一谈他们作为一个内向者的体验，并给外向者们一些建议。但是在我们开始了解他们的回答之前，让我们先来定义一下这些词汇。
### “内向者”是什么意思？
内向者通常指的是一部分人群，当他们和别人相处的时候，会使他们的能量耗尽，而不是激发他们更多的能量。当我们思考我们是如何恢复能量时，这是一个非常有用的词汇：内向者通常需要更多的独处时间来恢复能量，特别是和一群人在一起很长时间后。关于内向者的一个非常大的误解就是他们一定是“害羞的”，但是科学表明，那不过是另一种不同的性格特征。
内向性与外向性是通过 [Myers Briggs 类型指标][4] 而为人所知的，现在也常常被称作一个 [光谱][5] 的两端。虽然这个世界看起来好像外向者比内向者要多，但是心理学者则倾向于认为大部分人在光谱上的位置是落在 [中间性格或偏内向性格的][6]。
现在，我们来看看问答。
### DevOps 技术主管可以通过哪些方式来让内向者感觉他们是团队的一部分并且愿意分享他们的想法？
“每个人都会不大一样，所以观察敏锐就很重要了。从 GitLab 过来的一个人告诉我，他们的哲学就是如果他们没有提供任何意见，那么他们就是被排除在外的。如果有人在一个会议上没有提供任何的意见，那就想办法让他们加入进来。**当我知道一个内向者对我们将要讨论的会议论题感兴趣的时候，我会提前请他写一些书面文本。有非常多的会议其实是可以避免的，只要通过把讨论放到 Slack 或者 GitLab 上就行了，内向者会更愿意参与进来**。在站立会议中，每个人都会交代最新的进展，在这个环境下，内向者表现得很好。有时候我们在其实会议上会重复做一些事情，仅仅是为了保证每个人都有时间发言。我同时也会鼓励内向者在工作小组或者社区小组面前发言，以此来锻炼他们的这些技能。—— 丹·巴克
“**我觉得别人对我做的最好的事情，就是他们保证了当重大问题来临的时候，我拥有必要的技能去回答它**。彼时，我作为一名非常年轻的入伍空军的一员，我需要给我们部队的高级领导做状态简报的汇报。我必须在任何时候都有一些可用的数据点，以及在实现我们确立的目标的过程中，产生延误以及偏差的背后的原因。那样的经历推动着我从一个“幕后人员”逐渐变得更加愿意和别人分享自己的观点和想法。
“**通过文化去领导。为你的同僚一起设计和尝试仪式。**你可以为给你的小组或团队设计一个小的每周仪式，甚至给你的部门或组织设计一个年度的大仪式。它的意义在于去尝试一些事物，并观察你在其中的领导角色。去找到你们文化当中的代沟以及对立。回顾团队的信仰和行为。你能从哪里观察到对立？你们的文化中缺失了什么？从一个小陈述开始‘我从 X 和 Y 之间看到了对立’，或者‘我的团队缺少了 Z’。接着，将代沟与对立转换为问题：写下三个‘我们如何能……(How might we's, HMWs)’。”——凯瑟琳·路易斯
“内向者不是一个不同的群体，他们要么是在分享他们的想法之前想得太多或等得太久的一些人，要么就是一些根本不知道发生了什么的人。我就是第一种，我想太多了，有时候还担心我的意见会被其他人嘲笑，或者没有什么意思，或者想偏了。形成那样的思维方式很难，但它同时也在吞噬着我学习更好事物的机会。有一次，我们团队在讨论一个实现问题。我当时的老大一次又一次地问我，为什么我没有作为团队中更具经验的人参与进来，然后我就（集齐了全宇宙的力量之后）开口说我想说的大家都已经说过了。他说，有时候我可以重复说一次，事情纷繁，如果你能够重复一遍你的想法，即使它已经被讨论过了，也会大有裨益。好吧，虽然它不是一种特别信服的方式，但是我知道了至少有人想听听我怎么说，它给了我一点信心。
“现在，我所使用的让团队中的人发言的方法是**我经常向内向的人求助，即使我知道解决方法，并且在团队会议和讨论中感谢他们来建立他们的自信心，通过给他们时间让他们一点一点的从他们寡言的本性中走出来，从而跟团队分享很多的知识**。他们在外面的世界中可能仍然会有一点点孤立，但是在团队里面，有些会成为我们可以信赖的人。——阿布希什克·塔姆拉卡尔
“我给参加会议的内向者的建议是，找一个同样要参加会议的朋友或者同事，这样到时你就会有人可以跟你一起舒服地交谈，在会议开始之前，提前跟其他的与会者（朋友，行业联系人，前同事等等）约着见个面或者吃顿饭，**要注意你的疲劳程度，并且照顾好自己**：如果你需要重新恢复能量，就跳过那些社交或者夜晚的活动，在事后回顾中记录一下自己的感受。”——伊丽莎白·约瑟夫
### 和一个内向者倾向的同事一起工作时，有什么提高生产效率的小建议？
“在保证质量时，生产效率会越来越具备挑战性。在大多数时候，工作中的一个小憩或者轻松随意的交谈，可能正是我们的创造性活动中需要的一个火花。再说一次，我发现当你的团队中有内向者时， Slack 和 Github 会是一个非常有用的用于交换想法以及和其他人互动的媒介。**我同时也发现，结对编程对于大部分的内向者也非常有用，虽然一对一的交流对于他们来说，并不像交税那么频繁，但是生产质量和效率的提升却是重大的**。但是，当一个内向者在独自工作的时间，团队中的所有人都不应该去打断他们。最好是发个邮件，或者使用没有那么强的侵入性的媒介。——丹·巴克
“给他们趁手的工具，让他们工作并归档他们的工作。**让他们能够在他们的工作上做到最好**。要足够经常地去检查一下，保证他们没有走偏路，但是要记住，相比外向者而言，这样做是更大的一种让人分心的困扰。
“**当我低着头的时候，不要打断我。真的，别打断我**！当我沉浸在某件事物中时，这样做会造成我至少需要花费两个小时，才能让我的大脑重新回到之前的状态。感觉很痛苦。真的。你可以发个邮件让我去有白板的地方。然后从客户的角度而不是你的角度——通过画图的方式——分享下有什么问题。要知道，可能同时会有十几个客户问题缠绕在我的脑海中，如果你的问题听起来就是“这样子做会让我在我的领导面前显得很好”的那一类问题，那么相比我脑袋中已经有的真正的客户问题而言，它不会得到更多的关注的。画个图，给我点时间思考。当我准备分享我的看法的时候，保证有多支马克笔可以使用。准备好接受你对问题的假设有可能完全是错误的。”——凯瑟琳·路易斯
“感谢和鼓励就是解决的方法，感谢可能不是一份工作评估，但是感谢能让人舒服地感受到自己并不仅仅是一个活着的独立实体，**因而每个人都能够感觉到自己是被倾听的，而不是被嘲笑或者低估的**。”——阿布希什克·塔姆拉卡尔
### 结语
在与内向的 DevOps 爱好者的这次交谈中，我们最大的启迪就是平等：其他人需要被怎样对待，就怎样对待他们，同时你想被怎样对待，就去要求别人怎样对待你。无论你是内向还是外向，我们都需要承认我们并非全以相同的一种方式体验这个世界。我们的同事应当被给予足够的空间以完成他们的工作，通过讨论他们的需求作为了解如何支持他们的开始。我们的差异正是我们的社区如此特别的原因，它让我们的工作对更多的人更加的有用。与别人沟通最有效的方式，就是对于你们两者而言都可行的方式。
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
转载自: https://opensource.com/article/19/7/devops-introverted-people
作者：[Matthew Broberg][a]
选题：[lujun9972][b]
译者：[XLCYun](https://github.com/XLCYun)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/mbbroberg/users/don-watkins/users/shawnhcorey/users/mbbroberg/users/marcobravo
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/osdc_QandAorange_520x292_0311LL.png?itok=qa3hHSou (Q and A letters)
[2]: https://opensource.com/devops-team
[3]: https://www.inc.com/melanie-curtin/are-you-shy-or-introverted-science-says-this-is-1-primary-difference.html
[4]: https://www.myersbriggs.org/my-mbti-personality-type/mbti-basics/extraversion-or-introversion.htm?bhcp=1
[5]: https://lifehacker.com/lets-quit-it-with-the-introvert-extrovert-nonsense-1713772952
[6]: https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-gen-y-guide/201710/the-majority-people-are-not-introverts-or-extroverts

218
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@ -0,0 +1,218 @@
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: (geekpi)
[#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )
[#]: subject: (Build a retro Apple desktop with the Linux MLVWM)
[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/12/linux-mlvwm-desktop)
[#]: author: (Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth)
使用 Linux MLVWM 打造复古苹果桌面
======
本文是 24 天 Linux 桌面特别系列的一部分。如果老式的苹果电脑用开源 POSIX 构建如何？你可以通过构建类 Macintosh 虚拟窗口管理器来实现。
![Person typing on a 1980's computer][1]
想象一下进入另外一个历史，Apple II GS 和 MacOS 7 是基于开源 [POSIX][2] 构建的，它使用了与现代 Linux 相同的所有约定，例如纯文本配置文件和模块化系统设计。这样的操作系统将为其用户带来什么？你可以使用[类 Macintosh 虚拟窗口管理器（MLVWM）][3]来回答这些问题（甚至更多！）。
![MLVWM running on Slackware 14.2][4]
### 安装 MLVWM
MLVWM 安装并不容易，并且可能不在发行版的软件仓库中。如果你有时间理解翻译不佳的 README 文件，编辑一些配置文件，收集并调整一些旧的 **.xpm**图像，编辑一两个 Xorg 选项，那么你就可以体验 MLVWM。否则，这是一个新奇的窗口管理器，其最新版本可以追溯到 2000 年。
要编译 MLVWM，你必须安装 **imake**，它提供 **xmkmf** 命令。你可以从发行版的软件仓库中安装 imake，也可以直接从 [Freedesktop.org][5] 获得。假设你已经有 **xmkmf**命令，请进入包含 MLVWM 源码的目录，然后运行以下命令进行构建：
```
$ xmkmf -a
$ make
```
构建后，编译后的 **mlvwm** 二进制文件位于 **mlvwm** 目录中。将其移动到[你的 PATH ][6]的任何位置：
```
`$ mv mlvwm/mlvwm /usr/local/bin/`
```
#### 编辑配置文件
现在已经安装 MLVWM，但是如果不调整几个配置文件并仔细排列所需的图像文件，它将无法正确启动。示例配置文件位于你下载的源代码的 **sample_rc** 目录中。将文件 **Mlvwm-Netscape** 和 **Mlvwm-Xterm** 复制到你的主目录：
```
`$ cp sample_rc/Mlvwm-{Netscape,Xterm} $HOME`
```
将 **Mlvwmrc** 移动到 **$HOME/.mlvwmrc**（是的，即使示例文件的名称看似是大写字母，但你也必须使用小写的 “m”）：
```
`$ cp sample_rc/Mlvwmrc $HOME/.mlvwmrc`
```
打开 **.mlwmrc** 并找到第 54-55 行，它们定义了 MLVWM 在菜单和 UI 中使用的像素图的路径（“IconPath”）：
```
# Set icon search path. It needs before "Style".
IconPath /usr/local/include/X11/pixmaps:/home2/tak/bin/pixmap
```
调整路径以匹配你填充图像的路径（我建议使用 **$HOME/.local/share/pixmaps**）。MLVWM 不提供像素图，因此需要你提供构建桌面所需图标。
即使你有位于系统其他位置的像素图（例如 **/usr/share/pixmaps**)），也要这样做，因为你需要调整像素图的大小，你可能也不想在系统范围内执行此操作。
```
# Set icon search path. It needs before "Style".
IconPath /home/seth/.local/share/pixmaps
```
#### 选择像素图
你已将 **.local/share/pixmaps** 目录定义为像素图源路径，但是该目录和图像均不存在。创建目录：
```
`$ mkdir -p $HOME/.local/share/pixmaps`
```
现在，配置文件将图像分配给菜单项和 UI 元素，但是系统中不存在这些图像。要解决此问题，请通读配置文件并找到每个 **.xpm** 图像。对于配置中列出的每个图像，将具有相同文件名的图像（或更改配置文件中的文件名）添加到你的 IconPath 目录。
**.mlvwmrc** 文件的注释很好，因此你可以大致了解要编辑的内容。无论如何，这只是第一步。你可以随时回来更改桌面外观。
这有些例子
此代码块设置屏幕左上角的图标：
```
# Register the menu
Menu Apple, Icon label1.xpm, Stick
```
**label1.xpm** 图像实际上在源代码的 **pixmap**目录中，但我更喜欢使用来自 **/usr/share/pixmaps** 的 **Penguin.xpm**（在 Slackware 上）。无论使用什么，都必须将自定义像素图放在 **~/.local/share/pixmaps** 中，并在配置中更改像素图的名称，或者重命名像素图以匹配配置文件中当前的名称。
此代码块定义了左侧菜单中列出的应用：
```
"About this Workstation..." NonSelect, Gray, Action About
"" NonSelect
"Terminal"      Icon mini-display.xpm, Action Exec "kterm" exec kterm -ls
"Editor"  Action Exec "mule" exec mule, Icon mini-edit.xpm
"calculator" Action Exec "xcal" exec xcalc, Icon mini-calc.xpm
END
```
通过遵循与配置文件中相同的语法，你可以自定义像素图并将自己的应用添加到菜单中（例如，我将 **mule** 更改为 **emacs**）。 这是你在 MLVWM GUI 中打开应用的入口，因此请列出你要快速访问的所有内容。你可能还希望包括指向 **/usr/share/applications** 文件夹的快捷方式。
```
`"Applications" Icon Penguin.xpm, Action Exec "thunar /usr/share/applications" exec thunar /usr/share/applications`
```
完成编辑配置文件并将自己的图像添加到 IconPath 目录后，必须将所有像素图的大小都调整为大约 16x16 像素。（MLVWM 的默认设置不一致，因此存在变化空间。）你可以使用 ImageMagick 进行批量操作：
```
`$ for i in ~/.local/share/mlvwm-pixmaps/*xpm ; do convert -resize '16x16^' $i; done`
```
### 启动 MLVWM
最简单的运行 MLVWM 的方式是让 Xorg 完成大部分工作。首先，你必须创建一个 **$HOME/.xinitrc** 文件。我从 Slackware 复制了这个，它也是从 Xorg 来的：
```
#!/bin/sh
# $XConsortium: xinitrc.cpp,v 1.4 91/08/22 11:41:34 rws Exp $
userresources=$HOME/.Xresources
usermodmap=$HOME/.Xmodmap
sysresources=/etc/X11/xinit/.Xresources
sysmodmap=/etc/X11/xinit/.Xmodmap
# merge in defaults and keymaps
if [ -f $sysresources ]; then
    xrdb -merge $sysresources
fi
if [ -f $sysmodmap ]; then
    xmodmap $sysmodmap
fi
if [ -f $userresources ]; then
    xrdb -merge $userresources
fi
if [ -f $usermodmap ]; then
    xmodmap $usermodmap
fi
# Start the window manager:
if [ -z "$DESKTOP_SESSION" -a -x /usr/bin/ck-launch-session ]; then
  exec ck-launch-session /usr/local/bin/mlvwm
else
  exec /usr/local/bin/mlvwm
fi
```
根据此文件，**startx** 命令的默认操作是启动 MLVWM。但是，你的发行版可能对于图形服务器启动（或被终止重新启动）时会发生的情况有其他做法，因此此文件可能对你没有什么帮助。在许多发行版上，你可以添加 **.desktop** 文件到 **/usr/share/xsessions** 中，以将其列在 GDM 或 KDM 菜单中，因此创建名为 **mlvwm.desktop** 的文件并输入：
```
[Desktop Entry]
Name=Mlvwm
Comment=Macintosh-like virtual window manager
Exec=/usr/local/bin/mlvwm
TryExec=ck-launch-session /usr/local/bin/mlvwm
Type=Application
```
从桌面会话注销并重新登录到 MLVWM。默认情况下，会话管理器（KDM、GDM 或 LightDM，具体取决于你的设置）将继续登录到以前的桌面，因此在登录之前必须覆盖它。
对于 GDM：
![][7]
对于 SDDM：
![][8]
#### 强制启动
如果 MLVWM 无法启动，请尝试安装 XDM，这是一个轻量级会话管理器，它不会查询 **/usr/share/xsessions** 的内容，而是执行经过身份验证用户的所有 **.xinitrc** 操作。
![MLVWM][9]
### 打造自己的复古苹果
MLVWM 桌面未经打磨、不完美、准确且充满乐趣。你看到的许多菜单项都是未实现的，但你可以使它们变得活跃且有意义。
这是一次让你时光倒流，改变历史，让老式苹果系列电脑成为开源堡垒的机会。成为一名修正主义者，设计你自己的复古苹果桌面，最重要的是，它有乐趣。
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via: https://opensource.com/article/19/12/linux-mlvwm-desktop
作者：[Seth Kenlon][a]
选题：[lujun9972][b]
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/seth
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/1980s-computer-yearbook.png?itok=eGOYEKK- (Person typing on a 1980's computer)
[2]: https://opensource.com/article/19/7/what-posix-richard-stallman-explains
[3]: http://www2u.biglobe.ne.jp/~y-miyata/mlvwm.html
[4]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/advent-mlvwm-file.jpg (MLVWM running on Slackware 14.2)
[5]: http://cgit.freedesktop.org/xorg/util/imake
[6]: https://opensource.com/article/17/6/set-path-linux
[7]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/advent-gdm_2.jpg
[8]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/advent-kdm_1.jpg
[9]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/advent-mlvwm-chess.jpg (MLVWM)