diff --git a/sources/tech/20210624 Linux package management with apt.md b/sources/tech/20210624 Linux package management with apt.md deleted file mode 100644 index 02ac54b20d..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20210624 Linux package management with apt.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,192 +0,0 @@ -[#]: subject: (Linux package management with apt) -[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/6/apt-linux) -[#]: author: (Chris Hermansen https://opensource.com/users/clhermansen) -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (hanszhao80) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) - -Linux package management with apt -====== -Learn how to install packages on Debian-based Linux distros with the apt -command, then download our cheat sheet to keep the right command at your -fingertips. -![bash logo on green background][1] - -On Linux, [package managers][2] help you handle updates, uninstalls, troubleshooting, and more for the software on your computer. Seth Kenlon [wrote about `dnf`][3], the command-line package management tool for installing software in RHEL, CentOS, Fedora, Mageia, OpenMandriva, and other Linux distros. - -Debian and Debian-based distros such as MX Linux, Deepin, Ubuntu—and distros based on Ubuntu, such as Linux Mint and Pop!_OS—have `apt`, a "similar but different" tool. In this article, I'll follow Seth's examples—but with `apt`—to show you how to use it. - -Before I start, I want to mention four `apt`-related tools for installing software: - - * [Synaptic][4] is a GTK+ based graphical user interface (GUI) front end for `apt`. - * [Aptitude][5] is an Ncurses-based full-screen command-line front end for `apt`. - * There are `apt-get`, `apt-cache`, and other predecessors of `apt`. - * [Dpkg][6] is the "behind the scenes" package manager `apt` uses to do the heavy lifting. - - - -There are other packaging systems, such as [Flatpak][7] and [Snap][8], that you might run into on Debian and Debian-based systems, but I'm not going to discuss them here. There are also application "stores," such as [GNOME Software][9], that overlap with `apt` and other packaging technologies; again, I'm not going to discuss them here. Finally, there are other Linux distros such as [Arch][10] and [Gentoo][11] that use neither `dnf` nor `apt`, and I'm not going to discuss those here either! - -With all the things I'm not going to discuss here, you may be wondering what tiny subset of software `apt` handles. Well, on my Ubuntu 20.04, `apt` gives me access to 69,371 packages, from the `0ad` real-time strategy game of ancient warfare to the `zzuf` transparent application fuzzer. Not bad at all. - -### Finding software with apt - -The first step in using a package manager such as `apt` is finding a software package of interest. Seth's `dnf` article used the [Cockpit][12] server management application as an example, so I will, too: - - -``` -$ apt search cockpit -Sorting... Done -Full Text Search... Done -389-ds/hirsute,hirsute 1.4.4.11-1 all -  389 Directory Server suite - metapackage - -cockpit/hirsute,hirsute 238-1 all -  Web Console for Linux servers - -... -$ -``` - -The second package above is the one you're after (it's the line beginning with `cockpit/hirsute`). If you decide you want to install it, enter: - - -``` -`$ sudo apt install cockpit` -``` - -`apt` will take care of installing Cockpit and all the bits and pieces, or _dependencies_, needed to make it work. Sometimes that's all that's needed; sometimes it's not. It's possible that having a bit more information could be useful in deciding whether you really want to install this application. - -### Package metadata - -To find out more about a package, use the `apt show` command: - - -``` -$ apt show cockpit -Package: cockpit -Version: 238-1 -Priority: optional -Section: universe/admin -Origin: Ubuntu -Maintainer: Ubuntu Developers <[ubuntu-devel-discuss@lists.ubuntu.com][13]> -Original-Maintainer: Utopia Maintenance Team <[pkg-utopia-maintainers@lists.alioth.debian.org][14]> -Bugs: -Installed-Size: 88.1 kB -Depends: cockpit-bridge (>= 238-1), cockpit-ws (>= 238-1), cockpit-system (>= 238-1) -Recommends: cockpit-storaged (>= 238-1), cockpit-networkmanager (>= 238-1), cockpit-packagekit (>= 238-1) -Suggests: cockpit-doc (>= 238-1), cockpit-pcp (>= 238-1), cockpit-machines (>= 238-1), xdg-utils -Homepage: -Download-Size: 21.3 kB -APT-Sources: hirsute/universe amd64 Packages -Description: Web Console for Linux servers - The Cockpit Web Console enables users to administer GNU/Linux servers using a - web browser. - . - It offers network configuration, log inspection, diagnostic reports, SELinux - troubleshooting, interactive command-line sessions, and more. - -$ -``` - -In particular, notice the `Description` field, which tells you more about the application. The `Depends` field says what else must be installed, and `Recommends` shows what other—if any—cooperating components are suggested alongside it. The `Homepage` field offers a URL in case you need more info. - -### What package provides a file? - -Sometimes you don't know the package name, but you know a file that must be in a package. Seth offers as an example the `qmake-qt5` utility. Using `apt search` doesn't find it: - - -``` -$ apt search qmake-qt5 -Sorting... Done -Full Text Search... Done -$ -``` - -However, a related command, `apt-file` will explore inside packages: - - -``` -$ apt-file search qmake-qt5 -qt5-qmake-bin: /usr/share/man/man1/qmake-qt5.1.gz -$ -``` - -This turns up a man page for `qmake-qt5` that is part of a package called `qt5-qmake-bin`. Note that this package name reverses the `qmake` and `qt5` parts. - -### What files are included in a package? - -That handy `apt-file` command also tells which files are included in a given package. For example: - - -``` -$ apt-file list cockpit -cockpit: /usr/share/doc/cockpit/TODO.Debian -cockpit: /usr/share/doc/cockpit/changelog.Debian.gz -cockpit: /usr/share/doc/cockpit/copyright -cockpit: /usr/share/man/man1/cockpit.1.gz -cockpit: /usr/share/metainfo/cockpit.appdata.xml -cockpit: /usr/share/pixmaps/cockpit.png -$ -``` - -Note that this is distinct from the info provided by the `apt show` command, which lists the package's dependencies (other packages that must be installed). - -### Removing an application - -You can also remove packages with `apt`. For example, to remove the `apt-file` application: - - -``` -`$ sudo apt purge apt-file` -``` - -Note that a superuser must run `apt` to install or remove applications. - -Removing a package doesn't automatically remove all the dependencies that `apt` installs along the way. However, it's easy to carry out that little bit of tidying: - - -``` -`$ sudo apt autoremove` -``` - -### Getting to know apt - -As Seth wrote, "the more you know about how your package manager works, the easier it is for you to install and query applications when necessary." - -Even if you're not a regular `apt` user, knowing it can be useful when you need to work at the command line while installing or removing packages (for example, on a remote server or when following a how-to published by some helpful soul). You may also need to know a bit about Dkpg (mentioned above); for example, some software creators provide a bare `.pkg` file. - -I find the Synaptic package manager to be a really useful tool on my desktop, but I also use `apt` on a handful of servers that I maintain for various purposes. - -**[Download our `apt` cheat sheet][15]** to get used to the command and try some new tricks with it. Once you do, you might find it hard to use anything else. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://opensource.com/article/21/6/apt-linux - -作者：[Chris Hermansen][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[hanszhao80](https://github.com/hanszhao80) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://opensource.com/users/clhermansen -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/bash_command_line.png?itok=k4z94W2U (bash logo on green background) -[2]: https://opensource.com/article/21/2/linux-package-management -[3]: https://opensource.com/article/21/5/dnf -[4]: https://www.nongnu.org/synaptic/ -[5]: https://wiki.debian.org/Aptitude -[6]: https://wiki.debian.org/Teams/Dpkg -[7]: https://flatpak.org/ -[8]: https://snapcraft.io/ -[9]: https://wiki.gnome.org/Apps/Software -[10]: https://archlinux.org/ -[11]: https://www.gentoo.org/ -[12]: https://opensource.com/article/20/11/cockpit-server-management -[13]: mailto:ubuntu-devel-discuss@lists.ubuntu.com -[14]: mailto:pkg-utopia-maintainers@lists.alioth.debian.org -[15]: https://opensource.com/downloads/apt-cheat-sheet diff --git a/translated/tech/20210624 Linux package management with apt.md b/translated/tech/20210624 Linux package management with apt.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..2ed1107691 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20210624 Linux package management with apt.md @@ -0,0 +1,190 @@ +[#]: subject: (Linux package management with apt) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/6/apt-linux) +[#]: author: (Chris Hermansen https://opensource.com/users/clhermansen) +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (hanszhao80) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) + +使用 apt 进行 Linux 包管理 +====== +学习如何使用 apt 命令在基于 Debian 的 Linux 发行版上安装软件包，然后下载我们的速查表，让正确的命令触手可及。 +![绿色背景的 bash 标志][1] + +[包管理器][2] 可帮助你处理 Linux 系统的计算机上软件的更新、卸载、故障排除等问题。Seth Kenlon 写了 [使用 `dnf` 进行 Linux 包管理][3] 一文，介绍了如何使用 dnf 这款命令行包管理工具，在 RHEL、CentOS、Fedora、Mageia、OpenMandriva 和其他 Linux 发行版中安装软件。 + +Debian 和基于 Debian 的发行版（例如 MX Linux、Deepin、Ubuntu）以及基于 Ubuntu 的发行版（例如 Linux Mint 和 Pop!_OS）都有`apt`，一个“相似但不同”的工具。在本文中，我将按照 Seth 的示例（但使用 `apt`）向你展示如何使用它。 + +在一开始，我想先提一下四个跟 `apt` 相关的软件安装工具： + + * [Synaptic][4] 是为 `apt` 服务的一个基于 GTK+ 的图形用户界面（GUI）的前端工具。 + * [Aptitude][5] 是为 `apt` 服务的一个基于 Ncurses 的全屏命令行前端工具。 + * `apt` 的前身有 `apt-get`、`apt-cache` 等工具。 + * [Dpkg][6] 是在 `apt` 包管理器背后处理繁杂事务的”幕后工作者“。 + + + +还有其他的包管理系统，例如 [Flatpak][7] 和 [Snap][8]，你可能会在 Debian 和基于 Debian 的系统上遇到它们，但我不打算在这里讨论。还有一些应用程序“商店”，例如 [GNOME 软件][9]，与 `apt` 和其他打包技术重叠；我也不打算在这里讨论它们。最后，还有其他 Linux 发行版，例如 [Arch][10] 和 [Gentoo][11] 既不使用 `dnf` 也不使用 `apt`，我也不打算在这里讨论它们！ + +上面我讲了这么多我不想提及的内容，您可能怀疑 `apt` 到底还能处理多少软件。这么说吧，在我的 Ubuntu 20.04 上，`apt` 可以让我使用 69,371 个软件包，从 `0ad` ，一款古代战争题材的即时战略游戏，到 `zzuf`，一个透明的应用程序输入模糊器。一点也不差。 + +### 使用 apt 搜索软件 + +使用 `apt` 软件包管理器的第一步是找到感兴趣的软件包。Seth 的 `dnf` 文章以 [Cockpit][12] 服务器管理应用程序为例。用 `apt` 我会输入如下命令： + + +``` +$ apt search cockpit +Sorting... Done +Full Text Search... Done +389-ds/hirsute,hirsute 1.4.4.11-1 all +  389 Directory Server suite - metapackage + +cockpit/hirsute,hirsute 238-1 all +  Web Console for Linux servers + +... +$ +``` + +上面的第二个包就是你要的那个（以 `cockpit/hirsute` 开头的那一行）。如果你决定要安装它，输入： + + +``` +`$ sudo apt install cockpit` +``` + +`apt` 将负责安装 Cockpit 以及使其工作所需的所有部件或 _依赖_。有时我们不太确定这是我们所需要的。了解更多的信息可能有助于你决定是否真的要安装此应用程序。 + +### 包元数据 + +要了解有关软件包的更多信息，使用 `apt show` 命令： + + +``` +$ apt show cockpit +Package: cockpit +Version: 238-1 +Priority: optional +Section: universe/admin +Origin: Ubuntu +Maintainer: Ubuntu Developers <[ubuntu-devel-discuss@lists.ubuntu.com][13]> +Original-Maintainer: Utopia Maintenance Team <[pkg-utopia-maintainers@lists.alioth.debian.org][14]> +Bugs: +Installed-Size: 88.1 kB +Depends: cockpit-bridge (>= 238-1), cockpit-ws (>= 238-1), cockpit-system (>= 238-1) +Recommends: cockpit-storaged (>= 238-1), cockpit-networkmanager (>= 238-1), cockpit-packagekit (>= 238-1) +Suggests: cockpit-doc (>= 238-1), cockpit-pcp (>= 238-1), cockpit-machines (>= 238-1), xdg-utils +Homepage: +Download-Size: 21.3 kB +APT-Sources: hirsute/universe amd64 Packages +Description: Web Console for Linux servers + The Cockpit Web Console enables users to administer GNU/Linux servers using a + web browser. + . + It offers network configuration, log inspection, diagnostic reports, SELinux + troubleshooting, interactive command-line sessions, and more. + +$ +``` + +特别要注意的是 `Description` 字段，它会告诉你更多关于应用程序的信息。`Depends` 字段说明还必须安装什么，而 `Recommends` 则显示建议安装的其他（如果有的话）合作组件。`Homepage` 字段会提供一个网址，通过它你可以了解更多。 + +### 哪个包提供的这个文件？ + +有时你并不知道包名，但你知道包里一定包含着的某个文件。Seth 以 `qmake-qt5` 程序作为示例。使用 `apt search` 找不到它： + + +``` +$ apt search qmake-qt5 +Sorting... Done +Full Text Search... Done +$ +``` + +但是，另一个有关联的命令 `apt-file` 可以用来探索包内部： + + +``` +$ apt-file search qmake-qt5 +qt5-qmake-bin: /usr/share/man/man1/qmake-qt5.1.gz +$ +``` + +这时会显示一个 `qmake-qt5` 的手册页。它是一个名为 `qt5-qmake-bin` 的包的一部分。注意，此包名称颠倒了字符串 `qmake` 和 `qt5` 的顺序。 + +### 包里包含哪些文件？ + +方便的 `apt-file` 命令会列出给定的包中包含哪些文件。例如： + + +``` +$ apt-file list cockpit +cockpit: /usr/share/doc/cockpit/TODO.Debian +cockpit: /usr/share/doc/cockpit/changelog.Debian.gz +cockpit: /usr/share/doc/cockpit/copyright +cockpit: /usr/share/man/man1/cockpit.1.gz +cockpit: /usr/share/metainfo/cockpit.appdata.xml +cockpit: /usr/share/pixmaps/cockpit.png +$ +``` + +注意，这与 `apt show` 命令提供的信息不同，后者列出了包的依赖（其他必须安装的包）。 + +### 移除一个应用程序 + +你还可以使用 `apt` 移除软件包。例如，要移除`apt-file` 应用程序： + + +``` +`$ sudo apt purge apt-file` +``` + +注意必须由超级用户运行 `apt` 才能安装或移除应用程序。 + +移除一个包并不会自动移除 `apt` 在此过程中安装的所有依赖项。不过，一点点的工作就很容易去除这些残留： + + +``` +`$ sudo apt autoremove` +``` + +### 认识一下 apt + +正如 Seth 所写的，“你对包管理器的工作方式了解得越多，在需要安装和查询应用程序时就会越容易。” + +即便你不是 `apt` 的重度使用者，当你需要在命令行中安装或删除软件包时（例如，在一台远程服务器上或遵循某些热心肠发布的操作指南时），掌握一些 apt 的知识也会很有用。在某些软件创作者仅提供了一个裸 `.pkg` 文件的情况下，可能还需要了解一些关于 Dkpg 的知识（如上所述）。 + +我发现 Synaptic 包管理器在我的桌面上是一个非常有用的工具，但出于各种目的，我也在少数维护的服务器上使用着 `apt`。 + +**[下载我们的 `apt` 速查表][15]** 习惯该命令并尝试一些新技巧。一旦你这样做了，你可能会发现很难再使用其他任何东西。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/21/6/apt-linux + +作者：[Chris Hermansen][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[hanszhao80](https://github.com/hanszhao80) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/clhermansen +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/bash_command_line.png?itok=k4z94W2U (bash logo on green background) +[2]: https://opensource.com/article/21/2/linux-package-management +[3]: https://opensource.com/article/21/5/dnf +[4]: https://www.nongnu.org/synaptic/ +[5]: https://wiki.debian.org/Aptitude +[6]: https://wiki.debian.org/Teams/Dpkg +[7]: https://flatpak.org/ +[8]: https://snapcraft.io/ +[9]: https://wiki.gnome.org/Apps/Software +[10]: https://archlinux.org/ +[11]: https://www.gentoo.org/ +[12]: https://opensource.com/article/20/11/cockpit-server-management +[13]: mailto:ubuntu-devel-discuss@lists.ubuntu.com +[14]: mailto:pkg-utopia-maintainers@lists.alioth.debian.org +[15]: https://opensource.com/downloads/apt-cheat-sheet