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geekpi
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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
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[#]: translator: (geekpi)
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[#]: reviewer: ( )
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[#]: publisher: ( )
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[#]: url: ( )
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[#]: subject: (Using the Linux stat command to create flexible file listings)
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[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3573802/using-the-linux-stat-command-to-create-flexible-file-listings.html)
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[#]: author: (Sandra Henry-Stocker https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/)
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Using the Linux stat command to create flexible file listings
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======
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D3Damon / Getty Images
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The **stat** command supplies a lot of detailed information on files.
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It provides not just the date/time of the most recent file changes, but also shows when files were most recently accessed and permissions changed. It tells you the file size in both bytes and blocks. It displays the inode being used by the file along with the file type. It includes the file owner and the associated user group both by name and UID/GID. It displays file permissions in both the “rwx” (referred to as the “human-readable” format) and numerically. On some systems, it might even include the date and time that a file was created (called its “birth”).
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[[Get regularly scheduled insights by signing up for Network World newsletters.]][1]
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In addition to providing all this information, the **stat** command can also be used to create file listings. These listings are extremely flexible in that you can choose to include any or all of the information described above.
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To generate a custom listing, you just need to use the **stat** command’s **-c** (or --**format**) option and specify the fields you want included. For example, to create a listing that shows file permissions in both of the available formats, use this command:
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```
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$ stat -c '%n %a %A' my*
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my.banner 664 -rw-rw-r--
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mydir 775 drwxrwxr-x
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myfile 664 -rw-rw-r--
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myjunk 777 lrwxrwxrwx
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mykey 664 -rw-rw-r--
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mylog 664 -rw-rw-r--
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myscript 755 -rwxr-xr-x
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mytext 664 -rw-rw-r--
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mytext.bak 664 -rw-rw-r--
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mytwin 50 -rw-r-----
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mywords 664 -rw-rw-r--
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```
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As you can see in the example above, **%n** represents the file name, **%a** the permissions in octal and **%A** the permissions in the **rwx** form. A complete list is shown below.
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To create an alias for this command, type this or add this definition to your **.bashrc** file:
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```
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$ alias ls_perms="stat -c '%n %a %A'"
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```
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To create a listing that is very close to the long listing provided by **ls -l**, do this:
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```
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$ stat -c '%A %h %U %G %s %y %n' my*
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-rw-rw-r-- 1 shs shs 255 2020-04-01 16:20:00.899374215 -0400 my.banner
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drwxrwxr-x 2 shs shs 4096 2020-09-07 12:50:20.224470760 -0400 mydir
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-rw-rw-r-- 1 shs shs 6 2020-05-16 11:12:00.460355387 -0400 myfile
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lrwxrwxrwx 1 shs shs 11 2020-05-28 18:49:21.666792608 -0400 myjunk
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-rw-rw-r-- 1 shs shs 655 2020-01-14 15:56:08.540540488 -0500 mykey
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-rw-rw-r-- 1 shs shs 8 2020-03-04 17:13:21.406874246 -0500 mylog
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-rwxr-xr-x 1 shs shs 201 2020-09-07 12:50:41.316745867 -0400 myscript
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-rw-rw-r-- 1 shs shs 40 2019-06-06 08:54:09.538663323 -0400 mytext
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-rw-rw-r-- 1 shs shs 24 2019-06-06 08:48:59.652712578 -0400 mytext.bak
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-rw-r----- 2 shs shs 228 2019-04-12 19:37:12.790284604 -0400 mytwin
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-rw-rw-r-- 1 shs shs 1983 2020-08-10 14:39:57.164842370 -0400 mywords
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```
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The differences include: 1) no attempt to line up the fields in discernible columns, 2) the date in a _**yyyy-mm-dd**_ format, 3) considerably more precision in the time field and 4) the addition of the time zone (-0400 is EDT).
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If you want to see files listed according to the date they were most last accessed (e.g., displayed with the **cat** command), use a command like this:
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```
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$ stat -c '%n %x' my* | sort -k2
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mytwin 2019-04-22 11:25:20.656828964 -0400
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mykey 2020-08-20 16:10:34.479324431 -0400
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mylog 2020-08-20 16:10:34.527325066 -0400
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myfile 2020-08-20 16:10:57.815632794 -0400
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mytext.bak 2020-08-20 16:10:57.935634379 -0400
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mytext 2020-08-20 16:15:42.323391985 -0400
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mywords 2020-08-20 16:15:43.479407259 -0400
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myjunk 2020-09-07 10:04:26.543980300 -0400
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myscript 2020-09-07 12:50:41.312745815 -0400
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my.banner 2020-09-07 13:22:38.105826116 -0400
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mydir 2020-09-07 14:53:10.171867194 -0400
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```
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The field options available for listing file details with **stat** include:
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* %a – access rights in octal (note '#' and '0' printf flags)
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* %A – access rights in human readable form
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* %b – number of blocks allocated (see %B)
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* %B – the size in bytes of each block reported by %b
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* %C – SELinux security context string
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* %d – device number in decimal
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* %D – device number in hex
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* %f – raw mode in hex
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* %F – file type
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* %g – group ID of owner
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* %G – group name of owner
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* %h – number of hard links
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* %i – inode number
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* %m – mount point
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* %n – file name
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* %N – quoted file name with dereference if symbolic link
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* %o – optimal I/O transfer size hint
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* %s – total size, in bytes
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* %t – major device type in hex, for character/block device special files
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* %T – minor device type in hex, for character/block device special files
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* %u – user ID of owner
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* %U – user name of owner
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* %w – time of file birth, human-readable; - if unknown
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* %W – time of file birth, seconds since Epoch; 0 if unknown
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* %x – time of last access, human-readable
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* %X – time of last access, seconds since Epoch
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* %y – time of last data modification, human-readable
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* %Y – time of last data modification, seconds since Epoch
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* %z – time of last status change, human-readable
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* %Z – time of last status change, seconds since Epoch
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These field choices are all listed in the man page and you can choose any, though creating a few aliases with your preferred details should save you a lot of trouble. Some options, like the SELinux security context string, will not be available unless that option is in use on the system. File birth is only available if your system retains that information.
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Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][2] and [LinkedIn][3] to comment on topics that are top of mind.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3573802/using-the-linux-stat-command-to-create-flexible-file-listings.html
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作者：[Sandra Henry-Stocker][a]
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选题：[lujun9972][b]
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/
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[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
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[1]: https://www.networkworld.com/newsletters/signup.html
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[2]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/
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[3]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world
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@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
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[#]: translator: (geekpi)
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[#]: reviewer: ( )
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[#]: publisher: ( )
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[#]: url: ( )
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[#]: subject: (Using the Linux stat command to create flexible file listings)
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[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3573802/using-the-linux-stat-command-to-create-flexible-file-listings.html)
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[#]: author: (Sandra Henry-Stocker https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/)
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使用 Linux stat 命令创建灵活的文件列表
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======
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**stat** 命令提供了很多关于文件的详细信息。
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它不仅提供了文件最近变化的日期/时间，还显示了最近访问文件的时间和权限变化。它可以同时告诉你文件的字节大小和块的数量。它显示文件使用的 inode 以及文件类型。它包括文件所有者和相关用户组的名称和 UID/GID。它以 “rwx”（被称为 "人类可读 "格式）和数字方式显示文件权限。在某些系统中，它甚至可能包括文件创建的日期和时间（称为"出生"）。
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除了提供所有这些信息外，**stat** 命令还可以用来创建文件列表。这些列表非常灵活，你可以选择包含上述任何或全部信息。
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要生成一个自定义列表，你只需要使用 **stat** 命令的 **-c**（或 --**format**）选项，并指定你想要包含的字段。例如，要创建一个以两种格式显示文件权限的列表，使用这个命令：
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```
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$ stat -c '%n %a %A' my*
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my.banner 664 -rw-rw-r--
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mydir 775 drwxrwxr-x
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myfile 664 -rw-rw-r--
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myjunk 777 lrwxrwxrwx
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mykey 664 -rw-rw-r--
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mylog 664 -rw-rw-r--
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myscript 755 -rwxr-xr-x
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mytext 664 -rw-rw-r--
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mytext.bak 664 -rw-rw-r--
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mytwin 50 -rw-r-----
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mywords 664 -rw-rw-r--
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```
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如上例所示，**%n** 代表文件名，**%a** 代表八进制的权限，**%A** 代表 **rwx** 形式的权限。完整的列表如下所示。
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要为这个命令创建一个别名，输入这个，或在 **.bashrc** 文件中添加这个定义。
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```
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$ alias ls_perms="stat -c '%n %a %A'"
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```
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要创建一个非常接近 **ls -l** 提供的长列表，可以这样做：
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```
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$ stat -c '%A %h %U %G %s %y %n' my*
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-rw-rw-r-- 1 shs shs 255 2020-04-01 16:20:00.899374215 -0400 my.banner
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drwxrwxr-x 2 shs shs 4096 2020-09-07 12:50:20.224470760 -0400 mydir
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-rw-rw-r-- 1 shs shs 6 2020-05-16 11:12:00.460355387 -0400 myfile
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lrwxrwxrwx 1 shs shs 11 2020-05-28 18:49:21.666792608 -0400 myjunk
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-rw-rw-r-- 1 shs shs 655 2020-01-14 15:56:08.540540488 -0500 mykey
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-rw-rw-r-- 1 shs shs 8 2020-03-04 17:13:21.406874246 -0500 mylog
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-rwxr-xr-x 1 shs shs 201 2020-09-07 12:50:41.316745867 -0400 myscript
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-rw-rw-r-- 1 shs shs 40 2019-06-06 08:54:09.538663323 -0400 mytext
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-rw-rw-r-- 1 shs shs 24 2019-06-06 08:48:59.652712578 -0400 mytext.bak
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-rw-r----- 2 shs shs 228 2019-04-12 19:37:12.790284604 -0400 mytwin
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-rw-rw-r-- 1 shs shs 1983 2020-08-10 14:39:57.164842370 -0400 mywords
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```
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不同之处包括： 1) 不试图将字段排成可辨认的一列，2) 日期是 _**yy-mm-dd**_ 格式，3) 时间字段更精确，4) 增加了时区（-0400 是 EDT）。
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如果你想根据最后一次访问的日期来列出文件(例如，用 **cat** 命令来显示)，使用这样的命令：
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```
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$ stat -c '%n %x' my* | sort -k2
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mytwin 2019-04-22 11:25:20.656828964 -0400
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mykey 2020-08-20 16:10:34.479324431 -0400
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mylog 2020-08-20 16:10:34.527325066 -0400
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myfile 2020-08-20 16:10:57.815632794 -0400
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mytext.bak 2020-08-20 16:10:57.935634379 -0400
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mytext 2020-08-20 16:15:42.323391985 -0400
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mywords 2020-08-20 16:15:43.479407259 -0400
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myjunk 2020-09-07 10:04:26.543980300 -0400
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myscript 2020-09-07 12:50:41.312745815 -0400
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my.banner 2020-09-07 13:22:38.105826116 -0400
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mydir 2020-09-07 14:53:10.171867194 -0400
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```
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用 **stat** 列出文件细节时，可用的选项包括：
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* %a - 八进制的访问权限（注意 “#”和 “0” printf标志）。
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* %A – 人类可读的访问权限；
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* %b – 分配的块数（见 %B）。
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* %B – %b 报告的每个块的字节数。
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* %C – SELinux 安全上下文字符串。
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* %d – 十进制的设备编号
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* %D – 十六进制的设备编号
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* %f – 十六进制的原始模式
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* %F – 文件类型
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* %g – 所有者的组 ID
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* %G – 所有者的组名
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* %h – 硬链接的数量
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* %i – inode 编号
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* %m – 挂载点
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* %n – 文件名
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* %N – 如果是符号链接，则引用的文件名会解引用。
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* %o – 最佳 I/O 传输大小提示
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* %s – 以字节为单位的总大小。
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* %t – 十六进制的主要设备类型，用于字符/块设备特殊文件。
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* %T – 十六进制的次要设备类型，用于字符/块设备特殊文件。
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* %u – 所有者的用户 ID
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* %U – 所有者的用户名
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* %w – 文件创建时间，以人类可读形式； 如果未知，则为 -。
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* %W – 文件创建时间，以纪元以来的秒数形式；如果未知，则为 0。
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* %x – 上次访问时间，以人类可读形式。
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* %X – 上次访问时间，以纪元以来的秒数形式。
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* %y – 上次数据修改时间，以人类可读形式。
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* %Y – 上次数据修改时间，以纪元以来的秒数形式。
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* %z – 上次状态改变的时间，以人类可读形式。
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* %Z – 上次状态改变的时间，以纪元以来的秒数形式。
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这些字段的选择都列在手册页中，你可以选择任何一个，不过用你喜欢的选项创建一些别名应该可以省去很多麻烦。有些选项，如 SELinux 安全上下文字符串，除非在系统中有使用，它将无法使用。文件创建只有在你的系统保留该信息的情况下才能使用。
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加入 [Facebook][2] 和 [LinkedIn][3] 上的 Network World 社区，评论热门主题。
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3573802/using-the-linux-stat-command-to-create-flexible-file-listings.html
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作者：[Sandra Henry-Stocker][a]
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选题：[lujun9972][b]
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译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
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||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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||||
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||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/
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[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
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[2]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/
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[3]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world
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