From 47eaf3ac3b0024db067a4c0f483fcb06f1be2f2b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Andy Song Date: Sat, 25 Aug 2018 23:25:09 +0800 Subject: [PATCH] submit tech/20180812 Ubuntu 18.04 Vs. Fedora 28.md --- .../20180812 Ubuntu 18.04 Vs. Fedora 28.md | 131 ------------------ .../20180812 Ubuntu 18.04 Vs. Fedora 28.md | 120 ++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 120 insertions(+), 131 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20180812 Ubuntu 18.04 Vs. Fedora 28.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20180812 Ubuntu 18.04 Vs. Fedora 28.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20180812 Ubuntu 18.04 Vs. Fedora 28.md b/sources/tech/20180812 Ubuntu 18.04 Vs. Fedora 28.md deleted file mode 100644 index 7cfec3a170..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20180812 Ubuntu 18.04 Vs. Fedora 28.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,131 +0,0 @@ -pinewall translating - -Ubuntu 18.04 Vs. Fedora 28 -====== -![](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/ubuntu-18-04-vs-fedora-28_orig.jpg) - -Hello folks. Today I'll highlight some of the features and differences between the two popular Linux distros; **Ubuntu 18.04** and **Fedora 28** . Each has their own package management; Ubuntu uses DEB while Fedora uses RPM, but both of them features the same [Desktop Environment][3] ([GNOME][4]) and aims to provide quality desktop experience for the Linux users. - -**Ubuntu 18.04** is the latest Ubuntu [LTS][1] release and comes equipped with GNOME desktop. So is Fedora 28 that also features GNOME desktop, but both of them provides a unique desktop experience when it comes down to their software management and of course their User Interfaces too. - -### Quick Facts - -Did you know that Ubuntu which is based on Debian, provides the latest software earlier than the latter one? An example is the popular web browser Firefox Quantum found on Ubuntu while Debian follows behind on the ESR (Extended Support Release) version of the same web browser. - -​ - -The same applies to Fedora which provides cutting-edge software to the end users and also acts as the testing platform for the next stable RHEL (Red Hat Enterprise Linux) release. - -### Desktop overview - -Fedora provides vanilla GNOME desktop experience while Ubuntu 18.04 have tweaked certain aspects of the desktop to enable long-time Unity users a smooth transition to GNOME Desktop Environment. - - _Canonical decided to save development time by ditching Unity and switching to GNOME desktop (starting from Ubuntu [17.10][2]) so they can focus more on IoT. -​_ - -So on Fedora, we have a clean icon-less desktop, a hidden panel on the overview and its look featuring GNOME default theme: Adwaita. - - [![fedora 28 gnome](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/ubuntu-18-04-gnome_orig.jpg)][5] - -Whereas Ubuntu features its classic desktop style with icons, a panel on the left mimicking its traditional dock, and customized window looks (also traditional) with Ubuntu Ambiance theme set as its default look and feel. - - [![Ubuntu gnome 18.04](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/ubuntu-gnome-18-04_orig.jpg)][6] - -However, learning to use one of them and then switching to another won't cost you time. Instead, they are designed with simplicity and user-friendliness in mind so any newbie can feel right at home with either of the two Linux distros. - -​ - -But it's not just the looks or UI that determines the user's decision to choose a Linux distro. Other factors come into the role too, and below are more sub-topics describing all about software management between the two Linux OS. - -### Software center - -Ubuntu uses dpkg; Debian Package Management, for distributing software to end users while Fedora uses Red Hat Package Management called rpm. Both are very popular package management among the Linux community and their command line tools are easy to use too. - - [![ubuntu software center](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/ubuntu-software-center_2_orig.jpg)][7] - -​But each Linux distro quite varies when it comes to the software that's being distributed. Canonical releases new Ubuntu versions every six months; usually in the month of April and then on October. So for each release, the developers maintain a development schedule, after a new Ubuntu release, it enters into "freeze" state where its development on testing new software is halted. - -​ - -Whereas, Fedora also following the same six months release cycle, pretty much mimics a rolling release Linux distro (though it is not one of those). Almost all software packages are updated regularly so users get the opportunity to try out the latest software, unlike Ubuntu. However, this invites "instability" on the user's side as software bugs are more commonly faced but not critical enough to render the system unusable. - -### Software updates - -I've mentioned above about Ubuntu "freeze" state. Well, I'll be exaggerating more about this state since it has some significant importance on the way Ubuntu software is updated... So, once a new version of Ubuntu is released, its development (testing new software) is halted. - - _The development for the next upcoming Ubuntu release begins where it'll go through the phases of "daily builds" then "beta release" and finally shipping the new Ubuntu release to the end users._ - -In this "freeze" state Ubuntu maintainers no longer add the latest software (unless it fixes serious security issues) to its package repository. So Ubuntu users get more "bug fixes" updates than "feature" updates, which is great since the system would remain stable without disrupting user's productivity. - -​ - -Fedora aims to provide cutting-edge software to the end users so users get more "feature" updates than on Ubuntu. Also, measures are taken by the developers to maintain its system stability. For instance, on computer start up the user will be given at most three working kernels (latest one on the top) choices so if one fails to start the user can revert to the other two previous working kernels. - -### Snaps and flatpak - -Both are new and cool sexy tools for distributing software across multiple Linux distributions. Ubuntu provides **snaps** out of the box while **flatpak** goes to Fedora. The most popular among the two is snaps where more popular and proprietary applications are finding their way on snap store. Flatpak too is gaining traction with more apps added onto its platform. - -​ - -Unfortunately, both of them are still new and there are some "window theme-breaking" rants dispersed around the Internet. But still, switching between the two tools isn't nerve wrecking as they are easy to use. - -### Apps showdown - -Below are some of the common apps available on Ubuntu and Fedora, they are compared between the two platforms: - -#### Calculator - -The program launches faster on Fedora than on Ubuntu. The reason is on Fedora, calculator program is natively installed while on Ubuntu the snap version of the same program is installed. - -#### System Monitor - -This might sound nerdy but I find it necessary and intuitive to observe my computer performance and kill offending processes if any. The program's launch time is the same as above ie., faster on Fedora (natively installed) and slower on Ubuntu (snap version). - -#### Help - -I've mentioned above that Ubuntu provides a tweaked version of the GNOME Desktop Environment (for long time Unity users migration ease). Unfortunately, Ubuntu developers have either forgotten or ignored to update the Help program since it's somewhat confusing to look at the documentation (getting started videos) and finding out the demonstration videos and the actual environment varies a tad-bit slightly. - - [![ubuntu 18.04 help manual](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/ubuntu-18-04-help-manual_orig.jpg)][8] - -### Conclusion - -Ubuntu and Fedora are two popular Linux distros. Each has their own eye-candy features, so choosing between the two would be quite a challenge for newbies. I recommend trying both of them out so you can later find out which tools provided by the two Linux distro better suits you. - -​ - -I hope you had a good read and let me know what I missed out/your opinions in the comment section below. - - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/home/ubuntu-1804-vs-fedora-28 - -作者：[LinuxAndUbuntu][a] -选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com -[1]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/home/ubuntu-1804-codename-announced-bionic-beaver -[2]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/home/what-new-is-going-to-be-in-ubuntu-1704-zesty-zapus -[3]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/home/5-best-linux-desktop-environments-with-pros-cons -[4]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/home/walkthrough-on-how-to-use-gnome-boxes -[5]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/ubuntu-18-04-gnome_orig.jpg -[6]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/ubuntu-gnome-18-04_orig.jpg -[7]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/ubuntu-software-center_2_orig.jpg -[8]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/ubuntu-18-04-help-manual_orig.jpg - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/home/ubuntu-1804-vs-fedora-28 - -作者：[LinuxAndUbuntu][a] -选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com diff --git a/translated/tech/20180812 Ubuntu 18.04 Vs. Fedora 28.md b/translated/tech/20180812 Ubuntu 18.04 Vs. Fedora 28.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..4137b2d1a5 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20180812 Ubuntu 18.04 Vs. Fedora 28.md @@ -0,0 +1,120 @@ +对比 Ubuntu 18.04 和 Fedora 28 +====== +![](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/ubuntu-18-04-vs-fedora-28_orig.jpg) + +大家好，我准备在今天突出说明一下两大主流 Linux 发行版，即 **Ubuntu 18.04** 和 **Fedora 28**，包括一些特性和差异。两者都有各自的包管理系统，其中 Ubuntu 使用 DEB，Fedora 使用 RPM；但二者使用同样的[桌面环境Desktop Environment][3] （即 [GNOME][4]）并致力于为 Linux 用户提供高品质的桌面体验desktop experience。 + +**Ubuntu 18.04** 是 Ubuntu 目前最新的 [长期支持版本LTS][1]，为用户提供 GNOME 桌面系统。**Fedora 28** 也提供 GNOME 桌面系统，但落实到具体的软件包管理方面，二者的桌面体验存在差异；在用户接口User Interfaces方面也显然存在差异。 + +### 基本概念 + +不知你是否了解，虽然 Ubuntu 基于 Debian，但 Ubuntu 比 Debian 更早提供最新版本的软件。举个例子，当 Ubuntu 提供流行网页浏览器 Firefox Quantum 时，Debian 仍在提供 Firefox 的长期支持版ESR, Extended Support Release。 + +（LCTT 译注：从 2012 年 1 月开始，Firefox 进入快速版本期，每 6 周发布新的主线版本，每隔 7 个主线版本发布新的 ESR 版本。Firefox 57 的桌面版发布时被命名为Firefox Quantum，同期的 ESR 版本与 Firefox 52 一同发布并基于 Firefox 48。参考 [Wiki: History_of_Firefox][9]） + +同样的情况也适用于 Fedora，它为终端用户提供前沿的软件，也被用作下一个稳定 RHEL (Red Hat Enterprise Linux) 版本的测试平台。 + +### 桌面预览 + +Fedora 提供原生版本的vanilla GNOME 桌面体验；相比之下，Ubuntu 18.04 对 GNOME 做了若干方面的微调，以便长期以来的 Unity 用户可以平滑的过渡到 GNOME 桌面环境。 + +_为节省开发时间，Canonical （从 Ubuntu [17.10][2] 开始）已经决定放弃 Unity并转向 GNOME 桌面，以便可以将更多精力投入到 IoT 领域。_ + +因此，在 Fedora 的桌面预览中，我们可以看到一个简洁的无图标桌面和一个自动隐藏的侧边栏，整体外观采用 GNOME 默认的 Adwaita 主题。 + + [![fedora 28 gnome](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/ubuntu-18-04-gnome_orig.jpg)][5] + +相比之下，Ubuntu 采用其经典的有图标桌面样式，左侧边栏用于模拟其传统的"程序坞"dock，使用 Ubuntu Ambiance 主题定制化窗口，与其传统的（Unity 桌面）外观和体验基本一致。 + + [![Ubuntu gnome 18.04](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/ubuntu-gnome-18-04_orig.jpg)][6] + +虽然存在一定差异，但习惯使用其中一种桌面环境后切换到另外一种并不困难。毕竟二者设计时都充分考虑了简洁性和用户友好性，即使是新用户也不会对这两种 Linux 发行版感到不适应。 +​ +但外观或 UI 并不是决定用户选择哪一种 Linux 发行版的唯一因素，还有其它因素也会影响用户的选择。下面主要介绍两种 Linux 发行版在软件包管理相关方面的内容。 + +### 软件中心 + +Ubuntu 使用 dpkg，即 Debian Package Management，将软件分发给终端用户；Fedora 则使用 rpm，全称为 Red Hat Package Management。它们都是 Linux 社区中非常流行的包管理系统，对应的命令行工具也都简单易用。 + + [![ubuntu software center](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/ubuntu-software-center_2_orig.jpg)][7] + +但在具体分发的软件方面，各个 Linux 发行版会有明显差异。Canonical 每 6 个月发布新版本的 Ubuntu，一般是在每年的 4 月和 10 月。对每个版本，开发者会维护一个开发计划；Ubuntu 新版本发布后，该版本就会进入 freeze 状态，即停止新软件的开发和测试。 + +​相比之下，Fedora 也采用相似的 6 个月发布周期，看起来很像一种滚动更新rolling release的 Linux 发行版（其实并不是这样）。与 Ubuntu 不同之处在于，（Fedora 中的）几乎所有软件包更新都很频繁，让用户有机会尝试最新版本的软件。但这样也导致软件 Bug 更频繁出现，给用户带来“不稳定性”，虽然还不至于导致系统不可用。 + +### 软件更新 + +我上面已经提到了 Ubuntu 版本的 freeze 状态。好吧，由于它对 Ubuntu 软件更新方式有着重要的影响，我再次提到这个状态：当 Ubuntu 新版本发布后，该版本的开发（这里是指测试新软件）就停止了。 + +_即将发布的下个版本的开发也随之开始，先后历经 “每日构建daily build” 和 “测试版beta release” 阶段，最后作为新版本发布给终端用户。_ + +在 freeze 状态下，Ubuntu 维护者不会在软件源package repository中增加最新版软件，除非用于解决严重的安全问题。因此，Ubuntu 用户可用的软件更新更多涉及 Bug 修复而不是新特性，这样的好处在于系统可以保持稳定，不会扰乱用户的使用。 + +Fedora 试图为终端用户提供最新版本的软件，故用户的可用软件更新相比 Ubuntu 而言会更多涉及新特性。当然，开发者为了维持系统的稳定性，也采取了一系列措施。例如，在操作系统启动时，用户可以从最多三个可用内核working kernel（最新内核处于最上方）中进行选择；当新内核无法启动时，用户可以回滚使用之前两个可用内核。 + +### Snaps 和 flatpak + +它们都是新出现的酷炫工具，可以将软件发布到多个 Linux 发行版上。Ubuntu 提供 **snaps**，而 Fedora 则提供 **flatpak** 。二者之中 snaps 更加流行，更多流行软件或版权软件都在考虑上架 snap 商店。Flatpak 也在吸引关注，越来越多的软件上线该平台。 + +不幸的是，由于二者出现的时间都不久，很多人遇到“窗口主题不一致window theme-breaking”问题并在网上表达不满。但由于二者都很易于使用，在二者之间切换并不是难事。 + +（LCTT 译注：按译者理解，由于二者都增加了一层安全隔离，读取系统主题方面会遇到问题；另外，似乎也有反馈 snap 专用主题无法及时应用于 snap 的问题） + +### 应用对比 + +下面列出一些在 Ubuntu 和 Fedora 上共有的常见应用，然后在两个平台之间进行对比： + +#### 计算器 + +Fedora 上的计算器程序启动速度更快。这是因为 Fedora 上的计算器程序是软件包形式安装的，而 Ubuntu 上的计算器程序则是 snap 版本。 + +#### 系统监视器 + +可能听上去比较书呆子气，但我认为观察计算机性能并杀掉令人讨厌的进程是必要且直观的。程序启动速度对比与计算器的结果一致，即 （软件包方式安装的）Fedora 版本快于（snap 形式提供的）Ubuntu 版本。 + +#### 帮助程序 + +我已经提到，（为便于长期以来的 Untiy 用户平滑切换到 GNOME），Ubuntu 提供的 GNOME 桌面环境是经过微调的版本。不幸的是，Ubuntu 开发者似乎忘记或忽略了对帮助程序的更新，用户阅读文档（入门视频）后会发现演示视频与真实环境有略微差异，这可能让人感到迷惑。 + + [![ubuntu 18.04 help manual](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/ubuntu-18-04-help-manual_orig.jpg)][8] + +### 结论 + +Ubuntu 和 Fedora 是两个主流的 Linux 发行版。两者都各自有一些华而不实的特性，因而新接触 Linux 的人很难抉择。我的建议是同时尝试二者，这样你在试用后可以发现哪个发行版提供的工具更适合你。 + +希望你阅读愉快，你可以在下方的评论区给出我漏掉的内容或你的建议。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/home/ubuntu-1804-vs-fedora-28 + +作者：[LinuxAndUbuntu][a] +选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com +[1]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/home/ubuntu-1804-codename-announced-bionic-beaver +[2]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/home/what-new-is-going-to-be-in-ubuntu-1704-zesty-zapus +[3]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/home/5-best-linux-desktop-environments-with-pros-cons +[4]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/home/walkthrough-on-how-to-use-gnome-boxes +[5]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/ubuntu-18-04-gnome_orig.jpg +[6]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/ubuntu-gnome-18-04_orig.jpg +[7]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/ubuntu-software-center_2_orig.jpg +[8]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/ubuntu-18-04-help-manual_orig.jpg +[9]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Firefox + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/home/ubuntu-1804-vs-fedora-28 + +作者：[LinuxAndUbuntu][a] +选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com