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[提交翻译][tech]: 20230410.0 ⭐️⭐️ Rust Basics Series 3 Data Types in Rust (#29363)
* [翻译完成][tech]: 20230410.0 ⭐️⭐️ Rust Basics Series 3 Data Types in Rust * [移动翻译][tech]: 20230410.0 ⭐️⭐️ Rust Basics Series 3 Data Types in Rust * [FIX][tech]: 20230410.0 ⭐️⭐️ Rust Basics Series 3 Data Types in Rust
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@ -1,233 +0,0 @@
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[#]: subject: "Rust Basics Series #3: Data Types in Rust"
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[#]: via: "https://itsfoss.com/rust-data-types/"
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[#]: author: "Pratham Patel https://itsfoss.com/author/pratham/"
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[#]: collector: "lkxed"
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[#]: translator: "Cubik65536"
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[#]: reviewer: " "
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[#]: publisher: " "
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[#]: url: " "
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Rust Basics Series #3: Data Types in Rust
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======
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![][1]
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In the [previous post][2] about the Rust programming language, we looked at variables, constants and shadowing.
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It is only natural to cover data types now.
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### What are data types?
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Change the order of these words and you get your answer; "data types" -> "type of data".
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The computer stores data as `0`s and `1`s but to make sense of it when reading, we use data type to say what those `0`s and `1`s mean.
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Rust has two types of data types:
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- **Scalar data type**: Types that store only a single value.
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- **Compound data type**: Types that store multiple values, even values of different types.
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In this article, I shall cover scalar data types. I will go through the second category in the next article.
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Following is a brief overview of the four main categories of Scalar data types in Rust:
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- **Integers**: Stores whole numbers. Has sub-types for each specific use case.
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- **Floats**: Stores numbers with a fractional value. Has two sub-types based on size.
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- **Characters**: Stores a single character of UTF-8 encoding. (Yes, you can store an emoji* in a character.)
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- **Booleans**: Stores either a `true` or a `false`. (For developers who can't agree if `0` is `true` or if `0` means `false`.)
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### Integers
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An integer in the context of a programming language refers to whole numbers. Integers in Rust are either **Signed** or **Unsigned**. Unsigned integers store only 0 and positive numbers, while Signed integers can store negative numbers, 0 and positive numbers.
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> 💡 The range of Signed integers begins from `-(2n-1)` and this range ends with `(2n-1)-1`. Likewise, the range for Unsigned integers starts at `0` and ends with `(2n)-1`.
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Following are the available Integer types based on the sign and length:
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![Integer data types in Rust][3]
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As you can see, Rust has Signed and Unsigned integers of length 8, 16, 32, 64 and even 128!
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The integers with `*size` vary based on the architecture of the computer. On 8-bit micro-controllers, it is `*8`, on 32-bit legacy computers, it is `*32` and on modern 64-bit systems, it is `*64`.
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The use of `*size` is to store data that is mostly related to memory (which is machine dependent), like pointers, offsets, etc.
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> 💡 When you do not explicitly specify a subset of the Integer type, the Rust compiler will infer it's type to be `i32` by default. Obviously, if the value is bigger or smaller than what `i32` can hold, the Rust compiler will politely error out and ask you to manually annotate the type.
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Rust not only allows you to store integers in their decimal form but also in the binary, octal and hex forms too.
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For better readability, you can use underscore `_` as a replacement for commas in writing/reading big numbers.
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```
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fn main() {
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let bin_value = 0b100_0101; // use prefix '0b' for Binary representation
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let oct_value = 0o105; // use prefix '0o' for Octals
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let hex_value = 0x45; // use prefix '0x' for Hexadecimals
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let dec_value = 1_00_00_000; // same as writing 1 Crore (1,00,00,000)
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println!("bin_value: {bin_value}");
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println!("oct_value: {oct_value}");
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println!("hex_value: {hex_value}");
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println!("dec_value: {dec_value}");
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}
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```
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I have stored the decimal number 69 in binary form, octal form and hexadecimal form in the variables `bin_value`, `oct_value` and `hex_value` respectively. In the variable `dec_value`, I have stored the number [1 Crore][4] (10 million) and have commas with underscores, as per the Indian numbering system. For those more familiar with the International numbering system, you may write this as `10_000_000`.
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Upon compiling and running this binary, I get the following output:
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```
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bin_value: 69
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oct_value: 69
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hex_value: 69
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dec_value: 10000000
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```
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### Floating point numbers
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Floating point numbers, or more commonly known as "float(s)" is a data type that holds numbers that have a fractional value (something after the decimal point).
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Unlike the Integer type in Rust, Floating point numbers have only two subset types:
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- `f32`: Single precision floating point type
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- `f64`: Double precision floating point type
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Like the Integer type in Rust, when Rust infers the type of a variable that seems like a float, it is assigned the `f64` type. This is because the `f64` type has more precision than the `f32` type and is almost as fast as the `f32` type in most computational operations. Please note that _both the floating point data types (`f32` and `f64`) are **Signed**_.
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> 📋 The Rust programming language stores the floating point numbers as per the [IEEE 754][5] standard of floating point number representation and arithmetic.
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```
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fn main() {
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let pi: f32 = 3.1400; // f32
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let golden_ratio = 1.610000; // f64
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let five = 5.00; // decimal point indicates that it must be inferred as a float
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let six: f64 = 6.; // even the though type is annotated, a decimal point is still
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// **necessary**
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println!("pi: {pi}");
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println!("golden_ratio: {golden_ratio}");
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println!("five: {five}");
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println!("six: {six}");
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}
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```
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Look closely at the 5th line. Even though I have annotated the type for the variable `six`, I **need** to at least use the decimal point. If you have something _after_ the decimal point is up to you.
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The output of this program is pretty predictable... Or is it?
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```
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pi: 3.14
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golden_ratio: 1.61
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five: 5
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six: 6
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```
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In the above output, you might have noticed that while displaying the value stored inside variables `pi`, `golden_ratio` and `five`, the trailing zeros that I specified at the time of variable declaration, are missing.
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While those zeros are not _removed_, they are omitted while outputting the values via the `println` macro. So no, Rust did not tamper with your variable's values.
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### Characters
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You can store a single character in a variable and the type is simply `char`. Like traditional programming languages of the '80s, you can store an [ASCII][6] character. But Rust also extends the character type to store a valid UTF-8 character. This means that you can store an emoji in a single character 😉
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> 💡 Some emojis are a mix of two existing emojis. A good example is the 'Fiery Heart' emoji: ❤️🔥. This emoji is constructed by combining two emojis using a [zero width joiner][7]: ❤️ + 🔥 = ❤️🔥
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>
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> Storing such emojis in a single Rust variable of the character type is not possible.
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```
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fn main() {
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let a = 'a';
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let p: char = 'p'; // with explicit type annotation
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let crab = '🦀';
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println!("Oh look, {} {}! :{}", a, crab, p);
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}
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```
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As you can see, I have stored the ASCII characters 'a' and 'p' inside variables `a` and `p`. I also store a valid UTF-8 character, the crab emoji, in the variable `crab`. I then print the characters stored in each of these variables.
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Following is the output:
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```
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Oh look, a 🦀! :p
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```
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### Booleans
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The boolean type in Rust stores only one of two possible values: either `true` or `false`. If you wish to annotate the type, use `bool` to indicate the type.
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```
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fn main() {
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let val_t: bool = true;
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let val_f = false;
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println!("val_t: {val_t}");
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println!("val_f: {val_f}");
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}
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```
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The above code, when compiled and executed results in the following output:
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```
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val_t: true
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val_f: false
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```
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### Bonus: Explicit typecasting
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In the previous article about Variables in the Rust programming language, I showed a very basic [temperature conversion program][8]. In there, I mentioned that Rust does not allow implicit typecasting.
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But that doesn't mean that Rust does not allow _explicit_ typecasting either ;)
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To perform explicit type casting, the `as` keyword is used and followed by the data type to which the value should be cast in.
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Following is a demo program:
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```
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fn main() {
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let a = 3 as f64; // f64
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let b = 3.14159265359 as i32; // i32
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println!("a: {a}");
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println!("b: {b}");
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}
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```
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On line 2, instead of using '3.0', I follow the '3' with `as f64` to denote that I want the compiler to handle type casting of '3' (an Integer) into a 64-bit float. Same with the 3rd line. But here, the type casting is **lossy**. Meaning, that the fractional element is _completely gone_. Instead of storing `3.14159265359`, it is stored as simply `3`.
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This can be verified from the program's output:
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```
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a: 3
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b: 3
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```
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### Conclusion
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This article covers the Primitive/Scalar data types in Rust. There are primarily four such data types: Integers, Floating point numbers, Characters and Booleans.
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Integers are used to store whole numbers and they have several sub-types based on either they are signed or unsigned and the length. Floating point numbers are used to store numbers with some fractional values and have two sub-types based on length. The character data type is used to store a single, valid UTF-8 encoded character. Finally, booleans are used to store either a `true` or `false` value.
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In the next chapter, I'll discuss compound data types like arrays and tuples. Stay tuned.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://itsfoss.com/rust-data-types/
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作者：[Pratham Patel][a]
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选题：[lkxed][b]
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译者：[Cubik65536](https://github.com/Cubik65536)
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校对：[Cubik65536](https://github.com/Cubik65536)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/pratham/
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[b]: https://github.com/lkxed/
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[1]: https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/04/humble-bundle-packt-offer.webp
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[2]: https://itsfoss.com/rust-variables
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[3]: https://media.discordapp.net/attachments/1001332168506753024/1062952929734164540/data-type-table1.png
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[4]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crore?ref=itsfoss.com
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[5]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754?ref=itsfoss.com
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[6]: https://www.ascii-code.com/?ref=itsfoss.com
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[7]: https://unicode-table.com/en/200D/?ref=itsfoss.com
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[8]: https://itsfoss.com/rust-variables/#a-rusty-thermometer
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@ -0,0 +1,232 @@
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[#]: subject: "Rust Basics Series #3: Data Types in Rust"
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[#]: via: "https://itsfoss.com/rust-data-types/"
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[#]: author: "Pratham Patel https://itsfoss.com/author/pratham/"
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[#]: collector: "lkxed"
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[#]: translator: "Cubik65536"
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[#]: reviewer: " "
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[#]: publisher: " "
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[#]: url: " "
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Rust 基础系列 #3: Rust 中的数据类型
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======
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![][1]
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在 [上一篇](https://linux.cn/article-15771-1.html) 关于 Rust 编程语言的文章中，我们提到了变量、常量和 <ruby>遮蔽<rt>shadowing</rt></ruby> 。
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现在来讲解数据类型是再自然不过的了。
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### 数据类型是什么？
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将这些单词的顺序改变一下你就会得到答案了；“数据类型” -> “数据的类型”。
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计算机使用 `0` 和 `1` 来存储数据，但是为了让数据在读取时有意义，我们使用数据类型来表示这些 `0` 和 `1` 的含义。
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Rust 有两种数据类型：
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- **标量数据类型**：只能存储单个值的类型。
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- **复合数据类型**：可以存储多个值，甚至是不同类型的值。
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在本文中，我将讲解标量数据类型。我将在下一篇文章中讲解第二类数据类型。
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接下来是 Rust 中四种主要标量数据类型的简要概述：
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- **整数**：存储整数。有每种特定情况下使用的子类型。
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- **浮点数**：存储带有小数部分的数字。有两种基于大小的子类型。
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- **字符**：使用 UTF-8 编码存储单个字符。（是的，你可以在字符中存储表情符号*。）
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- **布尔值**： 存储 `true` 或 `false`。（给那些无法就 `0` 是 `true` 还是 `0` 是 `false` 达成一致的开发者。）
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### 整型
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在编程语言中，整型指的是一个整数。Rust 中的整型要么是**有符号**的，要么是**无符号**的。无符号整型只能存储 0 和正数，而有符号整型可以存储负数、0 和正数。
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> 💡 一个有符号整型的范围从 <code>-(2<sup>n-1</sup>)</code> 开始，以 <code>(2<sup>n-1</sup>)-1</code> 结束。同样，无符号整型的范围从 `0` 开始，以 <code>(2<sup>n</sup>)-1</code> 结束。
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这是根据符号和长度可用的整型：
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![Rust 中的整型数据类型][3]
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正如你所见，Rust 有 8、16、32、64 甚至 128 位的有符号和无符号整型！
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使用 `*size` 的整型根据计算机的架构而变化。在 8 位微控制器上，它是 `*8`，在 32 位的旧计算机上，它是 `*32`，在现代 64 位系统上，它是 `*64`。
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使用 `*size` 是为了存储与内存（这与裸机相关）有关的数据，比如指针、偏移量等。
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> 💡 当你没有显式地指定整型的子类型时，Rust 编译器会默认推断为 `i32`。显然，如果值比 `i32` 能存储的值大或小，Rust 编译器会礼貌地报错并要求你手动指定类型。
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Rust 不仅允许你以十进制形式存储整数，还允许你以二进制、八进制和十六进制形式存储整数。
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为了更好的可读性，你可以使用下划线 `_` 来代替逗号来书写/读取大数。
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```
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fn main() {
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let bin_value = 0b100_0101; // 使用前缀“0b”表示二进制
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let oct_value = 0o105; // 使用前缀“0o”表示八进制
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let hex_value = 0x45; // 使用前缀“0x”表示十六进制
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let dec_value = 1_00_00_000; // 跟写一克若 (1,00,00,000) 一样
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println!("二进制值: {bin_value}");
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println!("八进制值: {oct_value}");
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println!("十六进制值: {hex_value}");
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println!("十进制值: {dec_value}");
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}
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```
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我使用二进制、八进制和十六进制分别将十进制数 69 存储在变量 `bin_value`、`oct_value` 和 `hex_value` 中。在变量 `dec_value` 中，我存储了数字 [1 克若][4]（一千万），并且使用了下划线替代逗号，这是印度的书写系统。对于那些更熟悉国际计数系统的人来说，你可以将其写成 `10_000_000`。
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在编译并运行这个二进制文件后，我得到了如下输出：
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```
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二进制值: 69
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八进制值: 69
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十六进制值: 69
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十进制值: 10000000
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```
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### 浮点数
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浮点数是一种存储带有小数部分的数字的数据类型。
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与 Rust 中的整型不同，浮点数只有两种子类型：
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- `f32`: 单精度浮点数类型
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- `f64`: 双精度浮点数类型
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和 Rust 中的整型一样，当 Rust 推断一个变量的类型时，如果它看起来像一个浮点数，那么它就会被赋予 `f64` 类型。这是因为 `f64` 类型比 `f32` 类型有更高的精度，并且在大多数计算操作中几乎和 `f32` 类型一样快。请注意，_浮点数据类型（`f32` 和 `f64`）都是**有符号**的_。
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> 📋 Rust 编程语言按照 [IEEE 754][5] 二进制浮点数表示与算术标准存储浮点数。
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```
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fn main() {
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let pi: f32 = 3.1400; // f32
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let golden_ratio = 1.610000; // f64
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let five = 5.00; // 小数点表示它必须被推断为浮点数
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let six: f64 = 6.; // 尽管类型说明被显式的添加了，小数点也是**必须**的
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println!("pi: {pi}");
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println!("黄金比例: {golden_ratio}");
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println!("五: {five}");
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println!("六: {six}");
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}
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```
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仔细看第 5 行。尽管我已经为变量 `six` 指定了类型，但我**必须**至少加上一个小数点。小数点之后有什么就由你决定了。
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程序的输出是相当可预测的... 吗？
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```
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pi: 3.14
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黄金比例: 1.61
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五: 5
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六: 6
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```
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||||
|
||||
在上面的输出中，你可能已经注意到，当显示变量 `pi`、`golden_ratio` 和 `five` 中存储的值时，我在变量声明时在结尾增加的零已经消失了。
|
||||
|
||||
就算这些零没有被 _移除_，它们也会在通过 `println` 宏输出值时被省略。所以，不，Rust 没有篡改你的变量值。
|
||||
|
||||
### 字符
|
||||
|
||||
你可以在一个变量中存储一个字符，类型是 `char`。像 80 年代的传统编程语言一样，你可以存储一个 [ASCII][6] 字符。但是 Rust 还扩展了字符类型，以存储一个有效的 UTF-8 字符。这意味着你可以在一个字符中存储一个表情符号 😉
|
||||
|
||||
> 💡 一些表情符号实际上是两个已有表情符号的组合。一个很好的例子是“燃烧的心”表情符号：❤️🔥。这个表情符号是通过使用 [零宽度连接器][7] 来组合两个表情符号构成的：❤️ + 🔥 = ❤️🔥
|
||||
>
|
||||
> Rust 的字符类型无法存储这样的表情符号。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
fn main() {
|
||||
let a = 'a';
|
||||
let p: char = 'p'; // 带有显性类型说明
|
||||
let crab = '🦀';
|
||||
|
||||
println!("Oh look, {} {}! :{}", a, crab, p);
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
正如你所见，我已经将 ASCII 字符 'a' 和 'p' 存储在变量 `a` 和 `p` 中。我还在变量 `crab` 中存储了一个有效的 UTF-8 字符，即螃蟹表情符号。然后我打印了存储在每个变量中的字符。
|
||||
|
||||
这是输出：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
Oh look, a 🦀! :p
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 布尔值
|
||||
|
||||
在 Rust 中，布尔值类型只存储两个可能的值之一：`true` 或 `false`。如果你想显性指定类型，请使用 `bool`。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
fn main() {
|
||||
let val_t: bool = true;
|
||||
let val_f = false;
|
||||
|
||||
println!("val_t: {val_t}");
|
||||
println!("val_f: {val_f}");
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
编译并执行上述代码后，结果如下：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
val_t: true
|
||||
val_f: false
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 额外内容：显性类型转换
|
||||
|
||||
在上一篇讲述 Rust 编程语言中的变量的文章中，我展示了一个非常基础的[温度转换程序][8]。在那里，我提到 Rust 不允许隐式类型转换。
|
||||
|
||||
但这不代表 Rust 也不允许 _显性_ 类型转换 ;)
|
||||
|
||||
要进行显性类型转换，使用 `as` 关键字，后面跟着要转换的数据类型。
|
||||
|
||||
这是一个示例程序：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
fn main() {
|
||||
let a = 3 as f64; // f64
|
||||
let b = 3.14159265359 as i32; // i32
|
||||
|
||||
println!("a: {a}");
|
||||
println!("b: {b}");
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
在第二行，我没有使用 '3.0'，而是在 '3' 后面写上 `as f64`，以表示我希望编译器将 '3'（一个整数）转换为 64 位浮点数的类型转换。第三行也是一样。但是这里，类型转换是**有损的**。这意味着小数部分 _完全消失_。它不是存储为 `3.14159265359`，而是存储为简单的 `3`。
|
||||
|
||||
程序的输出可以验证这一点：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
a: 3
|
||||
b: 3
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 总结
|
||||
|
||||
本文介绍了 Rust 中的原始/标量数据类型。主要有四种这样的数据类型：整数、浮点数、字符和布尔值。
|
||||
|
||||
整型用于存储整数，它们有几种子类型，基于它们是有符号还是无符号以及长度。浮点数用于存储带有小数的数字，根据长度有两种子类型。字符数据类型用于存储单个有效的 UTF-8 编码字符。最后，布尔值用于存储 `true` 或 `false` 值。
|
||||
|
||||
在下一章中，我将讨论数组和元组等复合数据类型。敬请关注。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://itsfoss.com/rust-data-types/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Pratham Patel][a]
|
||||
选题：[lkxed][b]
|
||||
译者：[Cubik65536](https://github.com/Cubik65536)
|
||||
校对：[Cubik65536](https://github.com/Cubik65536)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/pratham/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lkxed/
|
||||
[1]: https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/04/humble-bundle-packt-offer.webp
|
||||
[2]: https://itsfoss.com/rust-variables
|
||||
[3]: https://media.discordapp.net/attachments/1001332168506753024/1062952929734164540/data-type-table1.png
|
||||
[4]: https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/克若
|
||||
[5]: https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/IEEE_754
|
||||
[6]: https://www.ascii-code.com/?ref=itsfoss.com
|
||||
[7]: https://unicode-table.com/en/200D/?ref=itsfoss.com
|
||||
[8]: https://linux.cn/article-15771-1.html
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user