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Defending the Free Linux World
================================================================================
![](http://www.linuxinsider.com/ai/908455/open-invention-network.jpg)
**Co-opetition is a part of open source. The Open Invention Network model allows companies to decide where they will compete and where they will collaborate, explained OIN CEO Keith Bergelt. As open source evolved, "we had to create channels for collaboration. Otherwise, we would have hundreds of entities spending billions of dollars on the same technology."**
The [Open Invention Network][1], or OIN, is waging a global campaign to keep Linux out of harm's way in patent litigation. Its efforts have resulted in more than 1,000 companies joining forces to become the largest defense patent management organization in history.
The Open Invention Network was created in 2005 as a white hat organization to protect Linux from license assaults. It has considerable financial backing from original board members that include Google, IBM, NEC, Novell, Philips, [Red Hat][2] and Sony. Organizations worldwide have joined the OIN community by signing the free OIN license.
Organizers founded the Open Invention Network as a bold endeavor to leverage intellectual property to protect Linux. Its business model was difficult to comprehend. It asked its members to take a royalty-free license and forever forgo the chance to sue other members over their Linux-oriented intellectual property.
However, the surge in Linux adoptions since then -- think server and cloud platforms -- has made protecting Linux intellectual property a critically necessary strategy.
Over the past year or so, there has been a shift in the Linux landscape. OIN is doing a lot less talking to people about what the organization is and a lot less explaining why Linux needs protection. There is now a global awareness of the centrality of Linux, according to Keith Bergelt, CEO of OIN.
"We have seen a culture shift to recognizing how OIN benefits collaboration," he told LinuxInsider.
### How It Works ###
The Open Invention Network uses patents to create a collaborative environment. This approach helps ensure the continuation of innovation that has benefited software vendors, customers, emerging markets and investors.
Patents owned by Open Invention Network are available royalty-free to any company, institution or individual. All that is required to qualify is the signer's agreement not to assert its patents against the Linux system.
OIN ensures the openness of the Linux source code. This allows programmers, equipment vendors, independent software vendors and institutions to invest in and use Linux without excessive worry about intellectual property issues. This makes it more economical for companies to repackage, embed and use Linux.
"With the diffusion of copyright licenses, the need for OIN licenses becomes more acute. People are now looking for a simpler or more utilitarian solution," said Bergelt.
OIN legal defenses are free of charge to members. Members commit to not initiating patent litigation against the software in OIN's list. They also agree to offer their own patents in defense of that software. Ultimately, these commitments result in access to hundreds of thousands of patents cross-licensed by the network, Bergelt explained.
### Closing the Legal Loopholes ###
"What OIN is doing is very essential. It offers another layer of IP protection, said Greg R. Vetter, associate professor of law at the [University of Houston Law Center][3].
Version 2 of the GPL license is thought by some to provide an implied patent license, but lawyers always feel better with an explicit license, he told LinuxInsider.
What OIN provides is something that bridges that gap. It also provides explicit coverage of the Linux kernel. An explicit patent license is not necessarily part of the GPLv2, but it was added in GPLv3, according to Vetter.
Take the case of a code writer who produces 10,000 lines of code under GPLv3, for example. Over time, other code writers contribute many more lines of code, which adds to the IP. The software patent license provisions in GPLv3 would protect the use of the entire code base under all of the participating contributors' patents, Vetter said.
### Not Quite the Same ###
Patents and licenses are overlapping legal constructs. Figuring out how the two entities work with open source software can be like traversing a minefield.
"Licenses are legal constructs granting additional rights based on, typically, patent and copyright laws. Licenses are thought to give a permission to do something that might otherwise be infringement of someone else's IP rights," Vetter said.
Many free and open source licenses (such as the Mozilla Public License, the GNU GPLv3, and the Apache Software License) incorporate some form of reciprocal patent rights clearance. Older licenses like BSD and MIT do not mention patents, Vetter pointed out.
A software license gives someone else certain rights to use the code the programmer created. Copyright to establish ownership is automatic, as soon as someone writes or draws something original. However, copyright covers only that particular expression and derivative works. It does not cover code functionality or ideas for use.
Patents cover functionality. Patent rights also can be licensed. A copyright may not protect how someone independently developed implementation of another's code, but a patent fills this niche, Vetter explained.
### Looking for Safe Passage ###
The mixing of license and patent legalities can appear threatening to open source developers. For some, even the GPL qualifies as threatening, according to William Hurley, cofounder of [Chaotic Moon Studios][4] and [IEEE][5] Computer Society member.
"Way back in the day, open source was a different world. Driven by mutual respect and a view of code as art, not property, things were far more open than they are today. I believe that many efforts set upon with the best of intentions almost always end up bearing unintended consequences," Hurley told LinuxInsider.
Surpassing the 1,000-member mark might carry a mixed message about the significance of intellectual property right protection, he suggested. It might just continue to muddy the already murky waters of today's open source ecosystem.
"At the end of the day, this shows some of the common misconceptions around intellectual property. Having thousands of developers does not decrease risk -- it increases it. The more developers licensing the patents, the more valuable they appear to be," Hurley said. "The more valuable they appear to be, the more likely someone with similar patents or other intellectual property will try to take advantage and extract value for their own financial gain."
### Sharing While Competing ###
Co-opetition is a part of open source. The OIN model allows companies to decide where they will compete and where they will collaborate, explained Bergelt.
"Many of the changes in the evolution of open source in terms of process have moved us into a different direction. We had to create channels for collaboration. Otherwise, we would have hundreds of entities spending billions of dollars on the same technology," he said.
A glaring example of this is the early evolution of the cellphone industry. Multiple standards were put forward by multiple companies. There was no sharing and no collaboration, noted Bergelt.
"That damaged our ability to access technology by seven to 10 years in the U.S. Our experience with devices was far behind what everybody else in the world had. We were complacent with GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) while we were waiting for CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)," he said.
### Changing Landscape ###
OIN experienced a growth surge of 400 new licensees in the last year. That is indicative of a new trend involving open source.
"The marketplace reached a critical mass where finally people within organizations recognized the need to explicitly collaborate and to compete. The result is doing both at the same time. This can be messy and taxing," Bergelt said.
However, it is a sustainable transformation driven by a cultural shift in how people think about collaboration and competition. It is also a shift in how people are embracing open source -- and Linux in particular -- as the lead project in the open source community, he explained.
One indication is that most significant new projects are not being developed under the GPLv3 license.
### Two Better Than One ###
"The GPL is incredibly important, but the reality is there are a number of licensing models being used. The relative addressability of patent issues is generally far lower in Eclipse and Apache and Berkeley licenses that it is in GPLv3," said Bergelt.
GPLv3 is a natural complement for addressing patent issues -- but the GPL is not sufficient on its own to address the issues of potential conflicts around the use of patents. So OIN is designed as a complement to copyright licenses, he added.
However, the overlap of patent and license may not do much good. In the end, patents are for offensive purposes -- not defensive -- in almost every case, Bergelt suggested.
"If you are not prepared to take legal action against others, then a patent may not be the best form of legal protection for your intellectual properties," he said. "We now live in a world where the misconceptions around software, both open and proprietary, combined with an ill-conceived and outdated patent system, leave us floundering as an industry and stifling innovation on a daily basis," he said.
### Court of Last Resort ###
It would be nice to think the presence of OIN has dampened a flood of litigation, Bergelt said, or at the very least, that OIN's presence is neutralizing specific threats.
"We are getting people to lay down their arms, so to say. At the same time, we are creating a new cultural norm. Once you buy into patent nonaggression in this model, the correlative effect is to encourage collaboration," he observed.
If you are committed to collaboration, you tend not to rush to litigation as a first response. Instead, you think in terms of how can we enable you to use what we have and make some money out of it while we use what you have, Bergelt explained.
"OIN is a multilateral solution. It encourages signers to create bilateral agreements," he said. "That makes litigation the last course of action. That is where it should be."
### Bottom Line ###
OIN is working to prevent Linux patent challenges, Bergelt is convinced. There has not been litigation in this space involving Linux.
The only thing that comes close are the mobile wars with Microsoft, which focus on elements high in the stack. Those legal challenges may be designed to raise the cost of ownership involving the use of Linux products, Bergelt noted.
Still, "these are not Linux-related law suits," he said. "They do not focus on what is core to Linux. They focus on what is in the Linux system."
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://www.linuxinsider.com/story/Defending-the-Free-Linux-World-81512.html
作者：Jack M. Germain
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[1]:http://www.openinventionnetwork.com/
[2]:http://www.redhat.com/
[3]:http://www.law.uh.edu/
[4]:http://www.chaoticmoon.com/
[5]:http://www.ieee.org/

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守卫自由的Linux世界
================================================================================
![](http://www.linuxinsider.com/ai/908455/open-invention-network.jpg)
**"合作是开源的一部分。OIN的CEO Keith Bergelt解释说，开放创新网络（Open Invention Network）模式允许众多企业和公司决定它们该在哪较量，在哪合作。随着开源的演变，“我们需要为合作创造渠道。否则我们将会有几百个团体把数十亿美元花费到同样的技术上。”**
[开放创新网络（Open Invention Network）][1]，既OIN，正在全球范围内开展让 Linux 远离专利诉讼的伤害的活动。它的努力得到了一千多个公司的热烈回应，它们的加入让这股力量成为了历史上最大的反专利管理组织。
开放创新网络以白帽子组织的身份创建于2005年，目的是保护 Linux 免受来自许可证方面的困扰。包括Google、 IBM、 NEC、 Novell、 Philips、 [Red Hat][2] 和 Sony这些成员的董事会给予了它可观的经济支持。世界范围内的多个组织通过签署自由 OIN 协议加入了这个社区。
创立开放创新网络的组织成员把它当作利用知识产权保护 Linux 的大胆尝试。它的商业模式非常的难以理解。它要求它的成员持无专利证并永远放弃由于 Linux 相关知识产权起诉其他成员的机会。
然而，从 Linux 收购风波——想想服务器和云平台——那时起，保护 Linux 知识产权的策略就变得越加的迫切。
在过去的几年里，Linux 的版图曾经历了一场变革。OIN 不必再向人们解释这个组织的定义，也不必再解释为什么 Linux 需要保护。据 OIN 的 CEO Keith Bergelt 说，现在 Linux 的重要性得到了全世界的关注。
“我们已经见到了一场人们了解到OIN如何让合作受益的文化变革，”他对 LinuxInsider 说。
### 如何运作 ###
开放创新网络使用专利权的方式创建了一个协作环境。这种方法有助于确保创新的延续。这已经使很多软件商贩、顾客、新型市场和投资者受益。
开放创新网络的专利证可以让任何公司、公共机构或个人免版权使用。这些权利的获得建立在签署者同意不会专为了维护专利而攻击 Linux 系统的基础上。
OIN 确保 Linux 的源代码保持开放的状态。这让编程人员、设备出售人员、独立软件开发者和公共机构在投资和使用 Linux 时不用过多的担心知识产权的问题。这让对 Linux 进行重新装配、嵌入和使用的公司省了不少钱。
“随着版权许可证越来越广泛的使用，对 OIN 许可证的需求也变得更加的迫切。现在，人们正在寻找更加简单或更功利的解决方法”，Bergelt 说。
OIN 法律防御援助对成员是免费的。成员必须承诺不对 OIN 名单带上的软件发起专利诉讼。为了保护该软件，他们也同意提供他们自己的专利。最终，这些保证将导致几十万的交叉许可通过网络连接，Bergelt 如此解释道。
### 填补法律漏洞 ###
“OIN 正在做的事情是非常必要的。它提供额另一层 IP 保护，”[休斯顿法律中心大学][3]的副教授 Greg R. Vetter 这样说道。
他回答 LinuxInsider 说，某些人设想的第二版 GPL 许可证会隐含的提供专利许可，但是律师们更喜欢明确的许可。
OIN 所提供的许可填补了这个空白。它还明确的覆盖了 Linux 核心。据 Vetter 说，明确的专利许可并不是 GPLv2 中的必要部分，但是这个部分曾在 GPLv3 中。
拿一个在 GPLv3 中写了10000行代码的代码编写者来说。随着时间推移，其他的代码编写者会贡献更多行的代码到 IP 中。GPLv3 中的软件专利许可条款将保护所有基于参与其中的贡献者的专利的全部代码的使用，Vetter 如此说道。
### 并不完全一样 ###
专利权和许可证在法律结构上层层叠叠互相覆盖。弄清两者对开源软件的作用就像是穿越雷区。
Vetter 说“许可证是授予通常是建立在专利和版权法律上的额外权利的法律结构。许可证被认为是给予了人们做一些的可能会侵犯到其他人的 IP 权利的事的许可。”
Vetter 指出，很多自由开源许可证（例如 Mozilla 公共许可、GNU、GPLv3 以及 Apache 软件许可）融合了某些互惠专利权的形式。Vetter 指出，像 BSD 和 MIT 这样旧的许可证不会提到专利。
一个软件的许可证让其他人可以在某种程度上使用这个编程人员创造的代码。版权对所属权的建立是自动的，只要某个人写或者画了某个原创的东西。然而，版权只覆盖了个别的表达方式和衍生的作品。他并没有涵盖代码的功能性或可用的想法。
专利涵盖了功能性。专利权还可以成为许可证。版权可能无法保护某人如何独立的对另一个人的代码的实现的开发，但是专利填补了这个小瑕疵，Vetter 解释道。
### 寻找安全通道 ###
许可证和专利混合的法律性质可能会对开源开发者产生威胁。据 [Chaotic Moon Studios][4] 的创办者之一、 [IEEE][5] 计算机协会成员 William Hurley 说，对于某些人来说即使是 GPL 也会成为威胁。
"在很久以前，开源是个完全不同的世界。被彼此间的尊重和把代码视为艺术而非资产的观点所驱动，那时的程序和代码比现在更加的开放。我相信很多为最好的意图所做的努力几乎最后总是背负着意外的结果，"Hurley 这样告诉 LinuxInsider。
他暗示说，成员人数超越了1000人可能带来了一个关于知识产权保护重要性的混乱信息。这可能会继续搅混开源生态系统这滩浑水。
“最终，这些显现出了围绕着知识产权的常见的一些错误概念。拥有几千个开发者并不会减少风险——而是增加。给专利许可的开发者越多，它们看起来就越值钱，”Hurley 说。“它们看起来越值钱，有着类似专利的或者其他知识产权的人就越可能试图利用并从中榨取他们自己的经济利益。”
### 共享与竞争共存 ###
竞合策略是开源的一部分。OIN 模型让各个公司能够决定他们将在哪竞争以及在哪合作，Bergelt 解释道。
“开源演化中的许多改变已经把我们移到了另一个方向上。我们必须为合作创造渠道。否则我们将会有几百个团体把数十亿美元花费到同样的技术上，”他说。
手机产业的革新就是个很好的例子。各个公司放出了不同的标准。没有共享，没有合作，Bergelt 解释道。
他说：“这让我们在美国接触技术的能力落后了七到五年。我们接触设备的经验远远落后于世界其他地方的人。在我们等待 CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access 码分多址访问通信技术)时自满于 GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications 全球移动通信系统)。”
### 改变格局 ###
OIN 在去年经历了增长了400个新许可的浪潮。这意味着着开源有了新趋势。
Bergelt 说：“市场到达了一个临界点，组织内的人们终于意识到直白地合作和竞争的需要。结果是两件事同时进行。这可能会变得复杂、费力。”
然而，这个由人们开始考虑合作和竞争的文化革新所驱动的转换过程是可以忍受的。他解释说，这也是人们在以把开源作为开源社区的最重要的工程的方式拥抱开源——尤其是 Linux——的转变。
还有一个迹象是，最具意义的新工程都没有在 GPLv3 许可下开发。
### 二个总比一个好 ###
“GPL 极为重要，但是事实是有一堆的许可模型正被使用着。在Eclipse、Apache 和 Berkeley 许可中，专利问题的相对可解决性通常远远低于在 GPLv3 中的。”Bergelt 说。
GPLv3 对于解决专利问题是个自然的补充——但是 GPL 自身不足以独自解决围绕专利使用的潜在冲突。所以 OIN 的设计是以能够补充版权许可为目的的，他补充道。
然而，层层叠叠的专利和许可也许并没有带来多少好处。到最后，专利在几乎所有的案例中都被用于攻击目的——而不是防御目的，Bergelt 暗示说。
“如果你不准备对其他人采取法律行动，那么对于你的知识财产来说专利可能并不是最佳的法律保护方式”，他说。“我们现在生活在一个对软件——开放和专有——误会重重的世界里。这些软件还被错误并过时的专利系统所捆绑。我们每天在工业化的被窒息的创新中挣扎”，他说。
### 法院是最后的手段###
想到 OIN 的出现抑制了诉讼的泛滥就感到十分欣慰，Bergelt 说，或者至少可以说 OIN 的出现扼制了特定的某些威胁。
“可以说我们让人们放下它们了的武器。同时我们正在创建一种新的文化规范。一旦你入股这个模型中的非侵略专利，所产生的相关影响就是对合作的鼓励”，他说。
如果你愿意承诺合作，你的第一反应就会趋向于不急着起诉。相反的，你会想如何让我们允许你使用我们所拥有的东西并让它为你赚钱，而同时我们也能使用你所拥有的东西，Bergelt 解释道。
“OIN 是个多面的解决方式。他鼓励签署者创造双赢协议”，他说。“这让起诉成为最逼不得已的行为。那才是它的位置。”
### 底线###
Bergelt 坚信，OIN 的运作是为了阻止 Linux 受到专利伤害。在 Linux 的世界里没有诉讼的地方。
唯一临近的是和微软的移动大战，这主要关系到堆栈中高的元素。那些来自法律的挑战可能是为了提高包括使用 Linux 产品的所属权的成本，Bergelt 说。
尽管如此“这些并不是有关 Linux 诉讼”，他说。“他们的重点并不在于 Linux 的核心。他们关注的是 Linux 系统里都有些什么。”
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://www.linuxinsider.com/story/Defending-the-Free-Linux-World-81512.html
作者：Jack M. Germain
译者：[H-mudcup](https://github.com/H-mudcup)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[1]:http://www.openinventionnetwork.com/
[2]:http://www.redhat.com/
[3]:http://www.law.uh.edu/
[4]:http://www.chaoticmoon.com/
[5]:http://www.ieee.org/