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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: (geekpi)
[#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )
[#]: subject: (How to package Python applications for Linux)
[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/20/4/package-python-applications-linux)
[#]: author: (Moshe Zadka https://opensource.com/users/moshez)
How to package Python applications for Linux
======
Learn how to use dh_virtualenv to make your Python applications
installable as .deb packages.
![Python in a tree][1]
One way to make Python applications installable on Debian-based operating systems (such as Debian or [Elementary OS][2]) is by using the [dh_virtualenv][3] tool. It builds a **.deb** package that wraps a Python virtual environment around an application and deploys it upon installing.
In this article, I will explain how to use it with the example of building a package containing the [HTTPie][4] tool to test HTTP APIs from the command line without having to activate a virtual environment.
### Packaging with dh_virtualenv
First, you need to install the tools that dh_virtualenv needs. dh_virtualenv's [documentation][5] provides all of the installation options. On my Debian-based system, I entered:
```
`apt-get install dh-virtualenv devscripts`
```
While the [devscripts][6] package is not required, it will simplify doing the subsequent operations.
Now, create a directory to keep the sources. Since this is a local, unofficial, packaging of HTTPie, I called it **myhttp**. Next, let's create some files inside **myhttp** to provide metadata to the Debian build system.
First, create the **debian/control** file:
```
Source: myhttp
Section: python
Priority: extra
Maintainer: Jan Doe <[jandoe@example.org][7]>
Build-Depends: debhelper (>= 9), python3.7, dh-virtualenv (>= 0.8)
Standards-Version: 3.9.5
Package: myhttp
Architecture: any
Pre-Depends: dpkg (>= 1.16.1), python3.7, ${misc:Pre-Depends}
Depends: ${misc:Depends}
Description: http client
 Useful for doing stuff
```
So what is all this information about? As the [Debian documentation][8] puts it:
> "Lines 1–7 are the control information for the source package. Lines 9–13 are the control information for the binary package."
Here's my take:
* the **section** value is mostly meaningless for our case, but needs to be there. It's meaningful to provide information to the guided UI installer, which is not relevant for this package.
* The extra **Priority** value is the right priority for 3rd party packages like this one.
* It is highly recommended to put real contact details in the **Maintainer** field. It does not have to be your personal e-mail, though -- "Infrastructure Team <[infra-team-list@company.example.com][9]>", for example, if the package is maintained by the team and you would like issues to be sent to the team's mail alias.
* The **build-depends** field indicates that you need debhelper, python, and dh-virtualenv to build the package: the package build process will make sure those dependencies are installed at package build time.
* The **standards version** is mostly for human consumption. It indicates which guide you are following. This guide is based on the official documentation of dh-virtualenv, which is based on the 3.9.5 guide from Debian. It is almost always the best choice to name the binary package and the source package the same.
* The **Architecture** field should be **Any** because a virtual environment might include some architecture-specific files: otherwise, the field would be better chosen as **all**.
* Keep the **pre-depends** list as-is: pre-depends is a pretty strict form of dependencies, and it is rare that you need anything more than the minimum suggested here. The dependencies are usually calculated accurately by the build system, so there is no reason to specify them manually.
* If your package is mostly for internal use, then the **Description** might only specify minimal information and a link to the company wiki; otherwise, more details might be useful.
Then create the **debian/compat** file, which [exists mostly for historical purposes][10]:
```
`$ echo "9" > debian/compat`
```
Next, create the changelog to tell package users what has changed since the last release. The easiest way is to use **dch --create** to create a template and then fill in the values.
Filled in, it looks like:
```
myhttp (2.0.0-1) stable; urgency=medium
  * Initial release.
 -- Jan Doe <[jandoe@example.org][7]>  Fri, 27 Mar 2020 01:09:22 +0000
```
Now you need to tell the tool to install HTTPie, but which version?
Create a **requirements.in** file that has loose versions:
```
`httpie`
```
In general, the loose requirements file will only contain direct dependencies of your project and will specify minimum versions if needed. It is not always necessary to specify the minimum versions: the tools are usually biased towards tightening the dependencies towards "latest version possible". In the case where your Debian package corresponds to one internal Python package, a common case in internal applications, the loose requirements file will look similar: just one line with the name of the package.
Then use **pip-compile** (which is available by installing the PyPI package **pip-tools**):
```
`$ pip-compile requirements.in > requirements.txt`
```
This will produce a strict dependency file called **requirements.txt**:
```
#
# This file is autogenerated by pip-compile
# To update, run:
#
#    pip-compile requirements.in
#
certifi==2019.11.28       # via requests
chardet==3.0.4            # via requests
httpie==2.0.0             # via -r requirements.in
idna==2.9                 # via requests
pygments==2.6.1           # via httpie
requests==2.23.0          # via httpie
urllib3==1.25.8           # via requests
```
Finally, write a **debian/rules** file for creating the package. Since dh_virtualenv does all the hard work, the rules file is simple:
```
#!/usr/bin/make -f
%:
        dh $@ --with python-virtualenv --python /usr/bin/python3.7
```
Be sure to specify the Python interpreter. By default, it will use the interpreter in **/usr/bin/python**, which is Python 2, but you should use a [supported version of Python][11].
The writing is finished; all that's left is to build the package:
```
`$ debuild -b -us -uc`
```
This will produce a file in the parent directory with a name like **myhttp_2.0.0-1_amd64.deb**. This file can be installed on any compatible operating system.
In general, it's best to build Debian packages that are intended for a specific platform, such as Debian 10.0, on the same platform.
You can store this Debian package in a repository and install it on all relevant systems with, for example, [Ansible][12].
### Conclusion
Packaging applications for Debian-based operating systems is a multi-step process. Using dh_virtualenv will make the process straightforward.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://opensource.com/article/20/4/package-python-applications-linux
作者：[Moshe Zadka][a]
选题：[lujun9972][b]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/moshez
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/life-python.jpg?itok=F2PYP2wT (Python in a tree)
[2]: https://opensource.com/article/19/12/pantheon-linux-desktop
[3]: https://dh-virtualenv.readthedocs.io/en/latest/
[4]: https://opensource.com/article/19/8/getting-started-httpie
[5]: https://dh-virtualenv.readthedocs.io/en/1.1/tutorial.html
[6]: http://man.he.net/man1/devscripts
[7]: mailto:jandoe@example.org
[8]: https://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/maint-guide/dreq.en.html#control
[9]: mailto:infra-team-list@company.example.com
[10]: https://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/maint-guide/dother.en.html#compat
[11]: https://opensource.com/article/19/11/end-of-life-python-2
[12]: https://opensource.com/resources/what-ansible

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@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: (geekpi)
[#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )
[#]: subject: (How to package Python applications for Linux)
[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/20/4/package-python-applications-linux)
[#]: author: (Moshe Zadka https://opensource.com/users/moshez)
如何为 Linux 打包 Python 应用
======
了解如何使用 dh_virtualenv 来让你的 Python 应用可作为 .deb 包安装。
![Python in a tree][1]
一种让 Python 应用可在基于 Debian 的操作系统（例如 Debian 或 [Elementary OS][2]）上安装的方法是使用 [dh_virtualenv][3] 工具。它会构建一个封装了 Python 虚拟环境的 **.deb** 包，并在安装时进行部署。
在本文中，我将以构建包含 [HTTPie][4] 工具的包为例，说明如何无需激活虚拟环境即可从命令行测试 HTTP API。
### 使用 dh_virtualenv 打包
首先，你需要安装 dh_virtualenv 所需的工具。dh_virtualenv 的[文档][5]提供了所有安装选项。在基于 Debian 的系统上，我输入：
```
`apt-get install dh-virtualenv devscripts`
```
尽管不需要 [devscripts][6] 包，但它将简化后续操作。
现在，创建一个目录来保存源码。由于这是 HTTPie 的本地非官方打包，因此我将其称为 **myhttp**。 接下来，让我们在 **myhttp** 内创建一些文件以向 Debian 构建系统提供元数据。
首先，创建 **debian/control** 文件：
```
Source: myhttp
Section: python
Priority: extra
Maintainer: Jan Doe <[jandoe@example.org][7]>
Build-Depends: debhelper (>= 9), python3.7, dh-virtualenv (>= 0.8)
Standards-Version: 3.9.5
Package: myhttp
Architecture: any
Pre-Depends: dpkg (>= 1.16.1), python3.7, ${misc:Pre-Depends}
Depends: ${misc:Depends}
Description: http client
 Useful for doing stuff
```
那么这些是什么信息呢？ [Debian 文档][8]指出：
>“第 1–7 行是源码包的控制信息。第 9–13 行是二进制包的控制信息。”
以下是我使用的：
* **section** 的值对于我们来说大多没有意义，但需要存在。它对提供 UI 安装程序信息是有意义的，这与此包无关。
* 额外的 **Priority** 值是像这样的第三方包的正确优先级。
* 强烈建议在 **Maintainer** 字段中填写正确的联系人信息。但是，如果包由团队维护，并且你希望将问题发送到团队的邮件别名，例如 “Infrastructure Team <[infra-team-list@company.example.com][9]>”，那这不一定是你的个人邮箱。
* **build-depends** 字段标识你需要 debhelper、python 和 dh-virtualenv 来构建包：包生成过程将确保这些依赖项在包构建时安装。
* **standards version** 字段主要给人看。它表明你遵循的指南。本指南基于 dh-virtualenv 的官方文档，它是基于 Debian 的 3.9.5 指南。最好一直将源码包和二进制包命名相同。
* **Architecture** 字段应为 **Any**，因为除非虚拟环境可能包含一些特定于体系结构的文件。否则，最好选择该字段为 **any**。
* 保持 Pre-Depends 列表为当前的样式：预依赖是一种非常严格的依赖关系形式，你很少会需要比建议的最小依赖更多的依赖项。依赖项通常由构建系统准确计算，因此没有理由手动指定它们。
* 如果你的包主要用于内部，那么 **Description** 字段只需要最少的信息或者指向公司 wiki 的链接，不然详细信息更有用。
然后创建 **debian/compat** 文件，它[主要出于历史目的而存在][10]：
```
`$ echo "9" > debian/compat`
```
接下来，创建更新日志以告知包用户自上一发行版以来发生了什么变化。最简单的方法是使用 **dch --create** 创建模板，然后填写值。
填写后，它看起来像：
```
myhttp (2.0.0-1) stable; urgency=medium
  * Initial release.
 -- Jan Doe <[jandoe@example.org][7]>  Fri, 27 Mar 2020 01:09:22 +0000
```
现在你需要告诉工具安装 HTTPie，但是哪个版本？
创建一个宽松版本的 **requirements.in** 文件：
```
`httpie`
```
通常，宽松的需求文件将仅包含项目的直接依赖项，并在需要时指定最低版本。 不一定总是需要指定最低版本：这些工具通常偏向于将依赖关系转化为“可能的最新版本”。如果你的 Debian 包与一个内部 Python 包相对应，这是内部应用中的一种常见情况，那么宽松的需求文件看起来将很相似：仅包含包名的一行。
然后使用 **pip-compile**（可通过安装 PyPI 包 **pip-tools** 获得）：
```
`$ pip-compile requirements.in > requirements.txt`
```
这会生成一个严格的依赖文件，名为 **requirements.txt**：
```
#
# This file is autogenerated by pip-compile
# To update, run:
#
#    pip-compile requirements.in
#
certifi==2019.11.28       # via requests
chardet==3.0.4            # via requests
httpie==2.0.0             # via -r requirements.in
idna==2.9                 # via requests
pygments==2.6.1           # via httpie
requests==2.23.0          # via httpie
urllib3==1.25.8           # via requests
```
最后，写一个 **debian/rules** 文件来创建包。因为 dh_virtualenv 会处理所有困难的事，因此规则文件很简单：
```
#!/usr/bin/make -f
%:
        dh $@ --with python-virtualenv --python /usr/bin/python3.7
```
确保指定 Python 解释器。默认它会使用 **/usr/bin/python**，这是 Python2，但是你应该使用一个[受支持的 Python 版本][11]
完成了，接下来就是构建包：
```
`$ debuild -b -us -uc`
```
这会在父目录生成一个类似 **myhttp_2.0.0-1_amd64.deb** 的文件。该文件可在任何兼容的系统上安装。
通常，最好在同一平台上构建用于特定平台（例如 Debian 10.0）的 Debian 包。
你可以将此 Debian 包保存在存仓库中，并使用例如 [Ansible][12] 的工具将其安装在所有相关系统上。
### 总结
给基于 Debian 的系统的打包应用是一个有多个步骤的过程。使用 dh_virtualenv 将使过程变得简单。
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://opensource.com/article/20/4/package-python-applications-linux
作者：[Moshe Zadka][a]
选题：[lujun9972][b]
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/moshez
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/life-python.jpg?itok=F2PYP2wT (Python in a tree)
[2]: https://opensource.com/article/19/12/pantheon-linux-desktop
[3]: https://dh-virtualenv.readthedocs.io/en/latest/
[4]: https://opensource.com/article/19/8/getting-started-httpie
[5]: https://dh-virtualenv.readthedocs.io/en/1.1/tutorial.html
[6]: http://man.he.net/man1/devscripts
[7]: mailto:jandoe@example.org
[8]: https://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/maint-guide/dreq.en.html#control
[9]: mailto:infra-team-list@company.example.com
[10]: https://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/maint-guide/dother.en.html#compat
[11]: https://opensource.com/article/19/11/end-of-life-python-2
[12]: https://opensource.com/resources/what-ansible