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Linux FAQs with Answers--How to check memory usage on Linux
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================================================================================
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> **Question**: I would like to monitor memory usage on my Linux system. What are the available GUI-based or command-line tools for checking current memory usage of Linux?
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When it comes to optimizing the performance of a Linux system, physical memory is the single most important factor. Naturally, Linux offers a wealth of options to monitor the usage of the precious memory resource. Different tools vary in terms of their monitoring granularity (e.g., system-wide, per-process, per-user), interface (e.g., GUI, command-line, ncurses) or running mode (e.g., interactive, batch mode).
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Here is a non-exhaustive list of GUI or command-line tools to choose from to check used and free memory on Linux platform.
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### 1. /proc/meminfo ###
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The simpliest method to check RAM usage is via /proc/meminfo. This dynamically updated virtual file is actually the source of information displayed by many other memory related tools such as free, top and ps tools. From the amount of available/free physical memory to the amount of buffer waiting to be or being written back to disk, /proc/meminfo has everything you want to know about system memory usage. Process-specific memory information is also available from /proc/<pid>/statm and /proc/<pid>/status
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$ cat /proc/meminfo
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### 2. atop ###
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The atop command is an ncurses-based interactive system and process monitor for terminal environments. It shows a dynamically-updated summary of system resources (CPU, memory, network, I/O, kernel), with colorized warnings in case of high system load. It also offers a top-like view of processes (or users) along with their resource usage, so that system admin can tell which processes or users are responsible for system load. Reported memory statistics include total/free memory, cached/buffer memory and committed virtual memory.
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$ sudo atop
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### 3. free ###
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The free command is a quick and easy way to get an overview of memory usage gleaned from /proc/meminfo. It shows a snapshot of total/free physical memory and swap space of the system, as well as used/free buffer space in the kernel.
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$ free -h
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### 4. GNOME System Monitor ###
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GNOME System Monitor is a GUI application that shows a short history of system resource utilization for CPU, memory, swap space and network. It also offers a process view of CPU and memory usage.
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$ gnome-system-monitor
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### 5. htop ###
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The htop command is an ncurses-based interactive processor viewer which shows per-process memory usage in real time. It can report resident memory size (RSS), total program size in memory, library size, shared page size, and dirty page size for all running processes. You can scroll the (sorted) list of processes horizontally or vertically.
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$ htop
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### 6. KDE System Monitor ###
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While GNOME desktop has GNOME System Monitor, KDE desktop has its own counterpart: KDE System Monitor. Its functionality is mostly similar to GNOME version, i.e., showing a real-time history of system resource usage, as well as a process list along with per-process CPU/memory consumption.
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$ ksysguard
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### 7. memstat ###
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The memstat utility is useful to identify which executable(s), process(es) and shared libraries are consuming virtual memory. Given a process ID, memstat identifies how much virtual memory is used by the process' associated executable, data, and shared libraries.
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$ memstat -p <PID>
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### 8. nmon ###
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The nmon utility is an ncurses-based system benchmark tool which can monitor CPU, memory, disk I/O, kernel, filesystem and network resources in interactive mode. As for memory usage, it can show information such as total/free memory, swap space, buffer/cached memory, virtual memory page in/out statistics, all in real time.
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$ nmon
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### 9. ps ###
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The ps command can show per-process memory usage in real-time. Reported memory usage information includes %MEM (percent of physical memory used), VSZ (total amount of virtual memory used), and RSS (total amount of physical memory used). You can sort the process list by using "--sort" option. For example, to sort in the decreasing order of RSS:
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$ ps aux --sort -rss
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### 10. smem ###
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The [smem][1] command allows you to measure physical memory usage by different processes and users based on information available from /proc. It utilizes proportional set size (PSS) metric to accurately quantify effective memory usage of Linux processes. Memory usage analysis can be exported to graphical charts such as bar and pie graphs.
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$ sudo smem --pie name -c "pss"
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### 11. top ###
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The top command offers a real-time view of running processes, along with various process-specific resource usage statistics. Memory related information includes %MEM (memory utilization percentage), VIRT (total amount of virtual memory used), SWAP (amount of swapped-out virtual memory), CODE (amount of physical memory allocated for code execution), DATA (amount of physical memory allocated to non-executable data), RES (total amount of physical memory used; CODE+DATA), and SHR (amount of memory potentially shared with other processes). You can sort the process list based on memory usage or size.
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### 12. vmstat ###
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The vmstat command-line utility displays instantaneous and average statistics of various system activities covering CPU, memory, interrupts, and disk I/O. As for memory information, the command shows not only physical memory usage (e.g., tota/used memory and buffer/cache memory), but also virtual memory statistics (e.g., memory paged in/out, swapped in/out).
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$ vmstat -s
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://ask.xmodulo.com/check-memory-usage-linux.html
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[1]:http://xmodulo.com/visualize-memory-usage-linux.html
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@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
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Ping -- Translating
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iptraf: A TCP/UDP Network Monitoring Utility
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================================================================================
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[iptraf][1] is an ncurses-based IP LAN monitor that generates various network statistics including TCP info, UDP counts, ICMP and OSPF information, Ethernet load info, node stats, IP checksum errors, and others.
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@ -61,4 +63,4 @@ via: http://www.unixmen.com/iptraf-tcpudp-network-monitoring-utility/
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:http://www.unixmen.com/author/seth/
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[1]:http://iptraf.seul.org/about.html
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[1]:http://iptraf.seul.org/about.html
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Linux有问必答：如何检查Linux的内存使用状况
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================================================================================
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>**问题**：我想要监测Linux系统的内存使用状况。有哪些可用的图形界面或者命令行工具来检查当前内存使用情况？
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当涉及到Linux系统性能优化的时候，物理内存是一个最重要的因素。自然的，Linux提供了丰富的选择来监测对于珍贵的内存资源的使用。不同的工具，在监测粒度（例如：全系统范围, 每个进程, 每个用户），接口（例如：图形用户界面, 命令行, ncurses）或者运行模式（交互模式, 批量处理模式）上都不尽相同。
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下面是一个可供选择的但并不全面的图形或命令行工具列表，这些工具用来检查并且释放Linux平台中内存。
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### 1. /proc/meminfo ###
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一种最简单的方法是通过“/proc/meminfo”来检查内存使用状况。这个动态更新的虚拟文件事实上是许多信息资源的集中展示，这些资源来自于诸如free，top和ps这些与内存相关的工具。从可用/闲置物理内存数量到等待被写入缓存的数量或者已写回磁盘的数量，只要是你想要的关于内存使用的信息，“/proc/meminfo”应有尽有。特定进程的内存信息也可以通过“/proc/<pid>/statm”和“/proc/<pid>/status”来获取。
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$ cat /proc/meminfo
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### 2. atop ###
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atop命令是用于终端环境的基于ncurses的交互系统和进程监测工具。它展示了动态更新的系统资源（中央处理器, 内存, 网络, 输入/输出, 内核）摘要，并且用醒目的颜色将高系统负载的警告信息标注出来。它同样提供了类似于top的线程（或用户）资源使用视图，因此系统管理员可以指出哪个进程或者用户对系统负载负责。内存统计报告包括了总计/闲置内存，缓存的/缓冲的内存 和 提交的虚拟内存。
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$ sudo atop
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### 3. free ###
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free命令是一个用来获得内存使用概况的快速简单的方法，这些信息从“/proc/meminfo”获取。它提供了一个快照用于展示总计/闲置的物理内存和系统交换区，以及已使用/闲置的内核缓冲区。
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$ free -h
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### 4. GNOME System Monitor ###
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GNOME System Monitor 是一个图形界面应用，它展示了包括中央处理器，内存，交换区和网络在内的系统资源使用率的短暂历史记录。它同时也可以提供一个带有中央处理器和内存使用情况的进程视图。
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$ gnome-system-monitor
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### 5. htop ###
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htop命令是一个基于ncurses的交互处理视图，它实时展示了每个进程的内存使用情况。它可以报告所有运行中进程的常驻内存大小（RSS）、内存中程序的总大小、库大小、共享文件大小、和脏页面大小。你可以横向或者纵向滚动进程列表进行查看。
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$ htop
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### 6. KDE System Monitor ###
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就像GNOME桌面拥有GNOME System Monitor一样，KDE桌面也有它自己的对口应用：KDE System Monitor。这个工具的功能与GNOME版本极其相似，也就是说，它同样展示了一个关于系统资源使用情况，以及带有每个进程的中央处理器/内存消耗情况的实时历史记录。
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$ ksysguard
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### 7. memstat ###
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memstat工具对于识别正在消耗虚拟内存的可执行文件、进程和共享库非常有用。给出一个进程识别号，memstat即可识别出与之相关联的可执行文件、数据和共享库究竟使用了多少虚拟内存。
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$ memstat -p <PID>
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### 8. nmon ###
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nmon工具是一个基于ncurses系统基准测试工具，它能够以交互方式监测中央处理器、内存、磁盘输入/输出、内核、文件系统以及网络资源。对于内存使用状况而言，它能够展示像总计/闲置内存、交换区、缓冲的/缓存的内存，虚拟内存页面输入输出统计，所有这些都是实时的。
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$ nmon
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### 9. ps ###
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ps命令能够实时展示每个进程的内存使用状况。内存使用报告里包括了 %MEM (物理内存使用百分比), VSZ (虚拟内存使用总量), and RSS (物理内存使用总量)。你可以使用“--sort”选项来对进程列表排序。例如，按照RSS降序排序：
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$ ps aux --sort -rss
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### 10. smem ###
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[smem][1]命令允许你测定不同进程和用户的物理内存使用状况，这些信息来源于“/proc”目录。它利用比例设置大小（PSS）指标来精确量化Linux进程的有效内存使用情况。内存使用分析能够扩展成为柱状图或者饼图类的图形化图表。
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$ sudo smem --pie name -c "pss"
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### 11. top ###
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top命令提供了一个运行中进程的实时视图，以及特定进程的各种资源使用统计信息。与内存相关的信息包括 %MEM (内存使用率), VIRT (虚拟内存使用总量), SWAP (交换出的虚拟内存使用量), CODE (分配给代码执行的物理内存数量), DATA (分配给无需执行的数据的物理内存数量), RES (物理内存使用总量; CODE+DATA), and SHR (有可能与其他进程共享的内存数量).你能够基于内存使用情况或者大小对进程列表进行排序。
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### 12. vmstat ###
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vmstat命令行工具显示涵盖了中央处理器、内存、中断和磁盘输入/输出在内的各种系统活动的瞬时和平均统计数据。对于内存信息而言，命令不仅仅展示了物理内存使用情况（例如总计/已使用内存和缓冲的/缓存的内存），还同样展示了虚拟内存统计数据（例如，内存的页输入/输出，交换输入/输出）
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$ vmstat -s
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://ask.xmodulo.com/check-memory-usage-linux.html
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译者：[Ping](https://github.com/mr-ping)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[1]:http://xmodulo.com/visualize-memory-usage-linux.html
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