mirror of
https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject.git
synced 2025-03-12 01:40:10 +08:00
Merge remote-tracking branch 'LCTT/master'
This commit is contained in:
Xingyu Wang
commit
42ff3c6cca
@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: (geekpi)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: publisher: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11964-1.html)
|
||||
[#]: subject: (Build your own cloud with Fedora 31 and Nextcloud Server)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/build-your-own-cloud-with-fedora-31-and-nextcloud-server/)
|
||||
[#]: author: (storyteller https://fedoramagazine.org/author/storyteller/)
|
||||
@ -38,7 +38,7 @@
|
||||
# systemctl enable --now httpd
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
接下来，允许 _HTTP_ 流量穿过防火墙：
|
||||
接下来，允许 HTTP 流量穿过防火墙：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=http
|
||||
@ -57,7 +57,7 @@
|
||||
# systemctl enable --now mariadb
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
现在，MariaDB 正在运行，你可以运行 _mysql_secure_installation_ 命令来保护它：
|
||||
现在，MariaDB 正在运行，你可以运行 `mysql_secure_installation` 命令来保护它：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# mysql_secure_installation
|
||||
@ -148,14 +148,14 @@ Thanks for using MariaDB!
|
||||
# unzip nextcloud-17.0.2.zip -d /var/www/html/
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
接下来，创建一个数据文件夹，并授予 Apache 对 _nextcloud_ 目录树的读写访问权限：
|
||||
接下来，创建一个数据文件夹，并授予 Apache 对 `nextcloud` 目录树的读写访问权限：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# mkdir /var/www/html/nextcloud/data
|
||||
# chown -R apache:apache /var/www/html/nextcloud
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
SELinux 必须配置为可与 Nextcloud 一起使用。基本命令如下所示，但在 nexcloud 安装中还有很多其他的命令，发布在这里：[Nextcloud SELinux 配置][6]
|
||||
SELinux 必须配置为可与 Nextcloud 一起使用。基本命令如下所示，但在 nexcloud 安装中还有很多其他的命令，发布在这里：[Nextcloud SELinux 配置][6]。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# semanage fcontext -a -t httpd_sys_rw_content_t '/var/www/html/nextcloud/config(/.*)?'
|
||||
@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ SELinux 必须配置为可与 Nextcloud 一起使用。基本命令如下所示
|
||||
|
||||
#### 使用 Web 界面
|
||||
|
||||
在你喜欢的浏览器中，访问 _<http://your\_server\_ip/nextcloud>_ 并输入字段：
|
||||
在你喜欢的浏览器中，访问 <http://your\_server\_ip/nextcloud> 并输入字段：
|
||||
|
||||
![][7]
|
||||
|
||||
@ -186,14 +186,12 @@ SELinux 必须配置为可与 Nextcloud 一起使用。基本命令如下所示
|
||||
|
||||
### 最后几点
|
||||
|
||||
* 我使用的是 _http_ 协议，但是 Nextcloud 也可以在 _https_ 上运行。我可能会在以后的文章中写一篇有关保护 Nextcloud 的文章。
|
||||
* 我禁用了 SELinux，但是如果配置它，你的服务器将更加安全。
|
||||
* Nextcloud 的建议 PHP 内存限制为 512M。要更改它，请编辑 _/etc/php.ini_ 配置文件中的 _memory_limit_ 变量，然后重新启动 _httpd_ 服务。
|
||||
* 默认情况下，只能使用 _<http://localhost/>_ URL 访问 Web 界面。如果要允许使用其他域名访问，[你可编辑 _/var/www/html/nextcloud/config/config.php_ 来进行此操作][8]。\* 字符可用于绕过域名限制，并允许任何解析为服务器 IP 的 URL 访问。
|
||||
* 我使用的是 http 协议，但是 Nextcloud 也可以在 https 上运行。我可能会在以后的文章中写一篇有关保护 Nextcloud 的文章。
|
||||
* 我禁用了 SELinux，但是如果配置它，你的服务器将更加安全。
|
||||
* Nextcloud 的建议 PHP 内存限制为 512M。要更改它，请编辑 `/etc/php.ini` 配置文件中的 `memory_limit` 变量，然后重新启动 httpd 服务。
|
||||
* 默认情况下，只能使用 <http://localhost/> URL 访问 Web 界面。如果要允许使用其他域名访问，[你可编辑 /var/www/html/nextcloud/config/config.php 来进行此操作][8]。`*` 字符可用于绕过域名限制，并允许任何解析为服务器 IP 的 URL 访问。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
```
|
||||
'trusted_domains' =>
|
||||
array (
|
||||
0 => 'localhost',
|
||||
@ -208,7 +206,7 @@ via: https://fedoramagazine.org/build-your-own-cloud-with-fedora-31-and-nextclou
|
||||
作者：[storyteller][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,236 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: (heguangzhi)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: publisher: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11966-1.html)
|
||||
[#]: subject: (How to find what you’re looking for on Linux with find)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3527420/how-to-find-what-you-re-looking-for-on-linux-with-find.html)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Sandra Henry-Stocker https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/)
|
||||
|
||||
通过 find 命令找到你要找的东西
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
> find 命令有巨多的选项可以帮助你准确定位你在 Linux 系统上需要寻找的文件。这篇文章讨论了一系列非常有用的选项。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
在 Linux 系统上有许多用于查找文件的命令，而你在使用它们时也有巨多的选项可以使用。
|
||||
|
||||
例如，你不仅可以通过文件的名称来查找文件，还可以通过文件的所有者或者组、它们的创建时间、大小、分配的权限、最后一次访问它们的时间、关联的信息节点，甚至是文件是否属于系统上不再存在的帐户或组等等来查找文件。
|
||||
|
||||
你还可以指定搜索从哪里开始，搜索应该深入到文件系统的什么位置，以及搜索结果将告诉你它所找到的文件的数量。
|
||||
|
||||
而所有这些要求都可以通过 `find` 命令来处理。
|
||||
|
||||
下面提供了根据这些要求查找文件的示例。在某些命令中，错误（例如试图列出你没有读取权限的文件）输出将被发送到 `/dev/null`，以便我们不必查看它。或者，我们可以简单地以 root 身份运行以避免这个问题。
|
||||
|
||||
请记住，还有更多的其他选项。这篇文章涵盖了很多内容，但并不是 `find` 命令帮助你定位查找文件的所有方式。
|
||||
|
||||
### 选择起点
|
||||
|
||||
使用 `find`，你可以选择一个起点或从你所在的位置开始。要选择的搜索的起点，请在单词 `find` 后输入它。例如，`find /usr` 或 `find ./bin` 将在 `/usr` 目录或当前位置下的 `bin` 目录开始搜索，而 `find ~` 将在你的主目录中开始搜索，即使你当前位于当前文件系统中的其他位置。
|
||||
|
||||
### 选择你要找的
|
||||
|
||||
最常用的搜索策略之一是按名称搜索文件。这需要使用 `-name` 选项。
|
||||
|
||||
默认情况下，`find` 会显示找到的文件的完整路径。如果你在命令中添加 `-print`，你会看到同样的结果。如果你想查看与文件相关的详细信息—-例如：文件的长度、权限等，你需要在你的 `find` 命令的末尾添加 `-ls` 参数。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ find ~/bin -name tryme
|
||||
/home/shs/bin/tryme
|
||||
$ find ~/bin -name tryme -print
|
||||
/home/shs/bin/tryme
|
||||
$ find ~/bin -name tryme -ls
|
||||
917528 4 -rwx------ 1 shs shs 139 Apr 8 2019 /home/shs/bin/tryme
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
你也可以使用子字符串来查找文件。例如，如果你将上面示例中的 `tryme` 替换为 `try*`，你将会找到所有名称以 `try` 开头的文件。（LCTT 译注：如果要使用通配符 `*` ，请将搜索字符串放到单引号或双引号内，以避免通配符被 shell 所解释）
|
||||
|
||||
按名称查找文件可能是 `find` 命令最典型的用法，不过还有很多其他的方式来查找文件，并且有这样做的需要。下面的部分展示了如何使用其他可用的方式。
|
||||
|
||||
此外，当按文件大小、组、索引节点等条件来搜索文件时，你需要确认找到的文件与你要查找的文件是否相匹配。使用 `-ls` 选项来显示细节是非常有用。
|
||||
|
||||
### 通过大小查找文件
|
||||
|
||||
按大小查找文件需要使用 `-size` 选项并且对相应规范使用一点技巧。例如，如果你指定 `-size 189b`，你将找到 189 个块大小的文件，而不是 189 个字节。（LCTT 译注：如果不跟上单位，默认单位是 `b`。一个块是 512 个字节大小，不足或正好 512 个字节将占据一个块。）对于字节，你需要使用 `--size 189c`（字符）。而且，如果你指定 `--size 200w` ，你将会找到 200 个“<ruby>字<rt>word</rt></ruby>”的文件——以“双字节增量”为单位的字，而不是“我们互相谈论的那些事情”中的单词。你还可以通过以千字节（`k`）、兆字节（`M`）和千兆字节（`G`）为单位提供大小来查找文件。（LCTT 译注：乃至还有 `T`、`P`）
|
||||
|
||||
大多数情况下，Linux 用户会搜索比选定大小要大的文件。例如，要查找大于 1 千兆字节的文件，你可以使用这样的命令，其中 `+1G` 表示“大于 1 千兆字节”:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ find -size +1G -ls 2>/dev/null
|
||||
787715 1053976 -rw-rw-r-- 1 shs shs 1079263432 Dec 21 2018 ./backup.zip
|
||||
801834 1052556 -rw-rw-r-- 1 shs shs 1077809525 Dec 21 2018 ./2019/hold.zip
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 通过索引节点号查找文件
|
||||
|
||||
你可以通过用于维护文件元数据（即除文件内容和文件名之外的所有内容）的索引节点来查找文件。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ find -inum 919674 -ls 2>/dev/null
|
||||
919674 4 -rw-rw-r-- 1 shs shs 512 Dec 27 15:25 ./bin/my.log
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 查找具有特定文件所有者或组的文件
|
||||
|
||||
按所有者或组查找文件也非常简单。这里我们使用 `sudo` 来解决权限问题。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo find /home -user nemo -name "*.png" -ls
|
||||
1705219 4 drwxr-xr-x 2 nemo nemo 4096 Jan 28 08:50 /home/nemo/Pictures/me.png
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
在下面这个命令中，我们寻找一个被称为 `admins` 的多用户组拥有的文件。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# find /tmp -group admins -ls
|
||||
262199 4 -rwxr-x--- 1 dory admins 27 Feb 16 18:57 /tmp/testscript
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 查找没有所有者或组的文件
|
||||
|
||||
你可以使用如下命令所示的 `-nouser` 选项来查找不属于当前系统上的任何用户的文件。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# find /tmp -nouser -ls
|
||||
262204 4 -rwx------ 1 1016 1016 17 Feb 17 16:42 /tmp/hello
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
请注意，该列表显示了旧用户的 UID 和 GID，这清楚地表明该用户未在系统上定义。这种命令将查找帐户已从系统中删除的用户创建在主目录之外的文件，或者在用户帐户被删除后而未被删除的主目录中创建的文件。类似地，`-nogroup` 选项也会找到这样的文件，尤其是当这些用户是相关组的唯一成员时。
|
||||
|
||||
### 按上次更新时间查找文件
|
||||
|
||||
在此命令中，我们在特定用户的主目录中查找过去 24 小时内更新过的文件。`sudo` 用于搜索另一个用户的主目录。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo find /home/nemo -mtime -1
|
||||
/home/nemo
|
||||
/home/nemo/snap/cheat
|
||||
/home/nemo/tryme
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 按上次更改权限的时间查找文件
|
||||
|
||||
`-ctime` 选项可以帮助你查找在某个参考时间范围内状态（如权限）发生更改的文件。以下是查找在最后一天内权限发生更改的文件的示例：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ find . -ctime -1 -ls
|
||||
787987 4 -rwxr-xr-x 1 shs shs 189 Feb 11 07:31 ./tryme
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
请记住，显示的日期和时间只反映了对文件内容进行的最后更新。你需要使用像 `stat` 这样的命令来查看与文件相关联的三个状态（文件创建、修改和状态更改）。
|
||||
|
||||
### 按上次访问的时间查找文件
|
||||
|
||||
在这个命令中，我们使用 `-atime` 选项查找在过去两天内访问过的本地 pdf 文件。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ find -name "*.pdf" -atime -2
|
||||
./Wingding_Invites.pdf
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 根据文件相对于另一个文件的时间来查找文件
|
||||
|
||||
你可以使用 `-newer` 选项来查找比其他文件更新的文件。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ find . -newer dig1 -ls
|
||||
786434 68 drwxr-xr-x 67 shs shs 69632 Feb 16 19:05 .
|
||||
1064442 4 drwxr-xr-x 5 shs shs 4096 Feb 16 11:06 ./snap/cheat
|
||||
791846 4 -rw-rw-r-- 1 shs shs 649 Feb 13 14:26 ./dig
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
没有相应的 `-older` 选项，但是你可以用 `! -newer` （即更旧）得到类似的结果，它们基本上一样。
|
||||
|
||||
### 按类型查找文件
|
||||
|
||||
通过文件类型找到一个文件，你有很多选项——常规文件、目录、块和字符文件等等。以下是文件类型选项列表:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
b 块特殊文件（缓冲的）
|
||||
c 字符特殊文件（无缓冲的）
|
||||
d 目录
|
||||
p 命名管道（FIFO）
|
||||
f 常规文件
|
||||
l 符号链接
|
||||
s 套接字
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
这里有一个寻找符号链接的例子：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ find . -type l -ls
|
||||
805717 0 lrwxrwxrwx 1 shs shs 11 Apr 10 2019 ./volcano -> volcano.pdf
|
||||
918552 0 lrwxrwxrwx 1 shs shs 1 Jun 16 2018 ./letter -> pers/letter2mom
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 限制查找的深度
|
||||
|
||||
`-mindepth` 和 `-maxdepth` 选项控制在文件系统中搜索的深度（从当前位置或起始点开始）。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ find -maxdepth 3 -name "*loop"
|
||||
./bin/save/oldloop
|
||||
./bin/long-loop
|
||||
./private/loop
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 查找空文件
|
||||
|
||||
在这个命令中，我们寻找空文件，但不进入目录及其子目录。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ find . -maxdepth 2 -empty -type f -ls
|
||||
917517 0 -rw-rw-r-- 1 shs shs 0 Sep 23 11:00 ./complaints/newfile
|
||||
792050 0 -rw-rw-r-- 1 shs shs 0 Oct 4 19:02 ./junk
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 按权限查找文件
|
||||
|
||||
你可以使用 `-perm` 选项查找具有特定权限集的文件。在下面的示例中，我们只查找常规文件（`-type f`），以避免看到符号链接，默认情况下符号链接被赋予了这种权限，即使它们所引用的文件是受限的。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ find -perm 777 -type f -ls
|
||||
find: ‘./.dbus’: Permission denied
|
||||
798748 4 -rwxrwxrwx 1 shs shs 15 Mar 28 2019 ./runme
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 使用查找来帮助你删除文件
|
||||
|
||||
如果使用如下命令，你可以使用 `find` 命令定位并删除文件：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ find . -name runme -exec rm {} \;
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
`{}` 代表根据搜索条件找到的每个文件的名称。
|
||||
|
||||
一个非常有用的选项是将 `-exec` 替换为 `-ok`。当你这样做时，`find` 会在删除任何文件之前要求确认。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ find . -name runme -ok rm -rf {} \;
|
||||
< rm ... ./bin/runme > ?
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
删除文件并不是 `-ok` 和 `-exec` 能为你做的唯一事情。例如，你可以复制、重命名或移动文件。
|
||||
|
||||
确实有很多选择可以有效地使用 `find` 命令，毫无疑问还有一些在本文中没有涉及到。我希望你已经找到一些新的，特别有帮助的。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3527420/how-to-find-what-you-re-looking-for-on-linux-with-find.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Sandra Henry-Stocker][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[heguangzhi](https://github.com/heguangzhi)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://www.networkworld.com/newsletters/signup.html
|
||||
[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3440100/take-the-intelligent-route-with-consumption-based-storage.html?utm_source=IDG&utm_medium=promotions&utm_campaign=HPE21620&utm_content=sidebar ( Take the Intelligent Route with Consumption-Based Storage)
|
||||
[3]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/
|
||||
[4]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: ( )
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
[#]: subject: (Chinese auto giant Geely plans a private satellite network to support autonomous vehicles)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3530336/chinese-auto-giant-geely-plans-a-private-satellite-network-to-support-autonomous-vehicles.html)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Patrick Nelson https://www.networkworld.com/author/Patrick-Nelson/)
|
||||
|
||||
Chinese auto giant Geely plans a private satellite network to support autonomous vehicles
|
||||
======
|
||||
Geely is developing a satellite network to provide high-bandwidth wireless needed by on-board applications in self-driving vehicles.
|
||||
Olivier Le Moal / Getty Images
|
||||
|
||||
What does a large automaker that’s morphing into a mobile-technology company and heavily investing in autonomous vehicles need to add to its ecosystem? Probably connectivity, and that’s likely why Chinese car giant Geely says it will be building its own satellite data network.
|
||||
|
||||
A need for “highly accurate, autonomous driving solutions,” is part of what’s driving the strategy, the company says in a [press release][1]. Geely – the largest car maker in China and whose assets include Volvo and a stake in Lotus – has begun building a test facility in Taizhou City where it will develop satellite models, the company says.
|
||||
|
||||
[[Get regularly scheduled insights by signing up for Network World newsletters.]][2]
|
||||
|
||||
“The creation of a truly smart, three-dimensional mobility ecosystem,” as the company describes its Geespace project, will include precise navigation, cloud computing and high-speed Internet functions. Geely is investing $326 million in the project [according to Reuters][3], citing a statement from the company.
|
||||
|
||||
Over-the-air updating of vehicle software is a principal reason data networks will become prevalent in automobile technology. Historically, car companies haven’t worried much about the speedy updating of end-user’s systems, in part because they’ve liked getting customers back into the dealership to upsell service options and pitch new cars. A leisurely software patch while the customer hangs around drinking warm coffee and watching daytime soaps suits that purpose. However, autonomous cars are a different story: The safety of self-driving cars can’t tolerate software vulnerabilities.
|
||||
|
||||
Control over vehicle positioning also comes into play. Knowing where the car is and where obstacles are is more important than in traditional vehicles. Lane-change and accident avoidance, for example, are autonomous-vehicle features that require high levels of accuracy.
|
||||
|
||||
“The Geespace low-orbit satellite network will offer much higher centimeter-accurate precision,” Geely says, comparing its proposed constellation with the U.S. government-owned Global Positioning System.
|
||||
|
||||
Data processing, artificial intelligence and infotainment onboard the vehicles all need fat networks, too. Former Intel CEO Brian Krzanich [said at a talk I attended a few years ago][4] that he thought cars would soon create 4,000 GB of data per hour of driving because of the number of sensors, such as cameras, that they’ll be equipped with.
|
||||
|
||||
[][5]
|
||||
|
||||
The Geely private satellite network is the first of its kind for an industrial use and joins [a trend in private wireless networking][6]. Private, terrestrial 5G networks and private LTE networks allow companies to control their own data and uptime, rather than relying on service providers. Mercedes-Benz is reportedly working on a private 5G network for privacy and security.
|
||||
|
||||
“As vehicles become more connected and integrated into the Internet of Things ecosystem, the demand for data has grown exponentially,” Geely says.
|
||||
|
||||
Geely will begin launching the Geespace satellites by the end of 2020.
|
||||
|
||||
Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][7] and [LinkedIn][8] to comment on topics that are top of mind.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3530336/chinese-auto-giant-geely-plans-a-private-satellite-network-to-support-autonomous-vehicles.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Patrick Nelson][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Patrick-Nelson/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: http://zgh.com/media-center/news/2020-03-03-1/?lang=en
|
||||
[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/newsletters/signup.html
|
||||
[3]: https://www.reuters.com/article/geely-china-satellite-autonomous/chinas-geely-invests-326-mln-to-build-satellites-for-autonomous-cars-idUSL4N2AV45H
|
||||
[4]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3147892/one-autonomous-car-will-use-4000-gb-of-dataday.html
|
||||
[5]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3440100/take-the-intelligent-route-with-consumption-based-storage.html?utm_source=IDG&utm_medium=promotions&utm_campaign=HPE21620&utm_content=sidebar ( Take the Intelligent Route with Consumption-Based Storage)
|
||||
[6]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3319176/private-5g-networks-are-coming.html
|
||||
[7]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/
|
||||
[8]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: ( )
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
[#]: subject: (Report: Most IoT transactions are not secure)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3530476/report-most-iot-transactions-are-not-secure.html)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Andy Patrizio https://www.networkworld.com/author/Andy-Patrizio/)
|
||||
|
||||
Report: Most IoT transactions are not secure
|
||||
======
|
||||
Data gathered by security provider Zscaler shows that not only are most internet-of-things transactions unsecured, they are also unauthorized as IoT creeps in as shadow-IT devices.
|
||||
Iot
|
||||
|
||||
The majority of [Internet of Things (IoT)][1] transactions don’t use even basic security, and there is a great deal of unauthorized IoT taking place inside the perimeter of enterprise firewalls thanks to shadow IT, a new study finds.
|
||||
|
||||
Security vendor Zscaler analyzed nearly 500 million IoT transactions from more than 2,000 organizations over a two-week period. [The survey][2] found 553 different IoT devices from more than 200 different manufacturers, many of which had their security turned off.
|
||||
|
||||
[[Get regularly scheduled insights by signing up for Network World newsletters.]][3]
|
||||
|
||||
The study was done on Zscaler’s own Internet Access security service. It found the rate of IoT growth to be explosive: When it first started monitoring IoT traffic in May 2019, IoT traffic generated by its enterprise customer base was 56 million IoT transactions per month. By February 2020, that number had soared to 33 million transactions _per day_, or one billion IoT transactions per month, a 1,500% increase.
|
||||
|
||||
Zscaler is a bit generous in what it defines as enterprise IoT devices, from devices such as data-collection terminals, digital signage media players, industrial control devices, medical devices, to decidedly non-business devices like digital home assistants, TV set-top boxes, IP cameras, smart home devices, smart TVs, smart watches and even automotive multimedia systems.
|
||||
|
||||
“What this tells us is that employees inside the office might be checking their nanny cam over the corporate network. Or using their Apple Watch to look at email. Or working from home, connected to the enterprise network, and periodically checking the home security system or accessing media devices,” the company said in its report.
|
||||
|
||||
Which is typical, to be honest, and let (s)he who is without sin cast the first stone in that regard. What’s troubling is that roughly 83% of IoT-based transactions are happening over plaintext channels, while only 17% are using [SSL][4]. The use of plaintext is risky, opening traffic to packet sniffing, eavesdropping, man-in-the-middle attacks and other exploits.
|
||||
|
||||
And there are a lot of exploits. Zscaler said it detects about 14,000 IoT-based malware exploits per month, a seven-fold increase over the previous year.
|
||||
|
||||
“Folks can keep their smart watches, smart closets, and whatever else they think is making them smart. Banning devices is not going to be the answer here. The answer is changing up the narrative on how we think about IoT devices from a security and risk standpoint, and what expectations we put on manufacturers to increase the security posture of these devices,” wrote Deepen Desai, Zscaler’s vice president of security research in a [blog post][5].
|
||||
|
||||
Desai said the solution is “taking a [zero-trust][6] mentality.” It may be a buzzword but, “it’s about security people not trusting any person or device to touch the network—that is, until you know who the user is, what the device is, and whether that user and device are allowed to access the applications they’re trying to reach.”
|
||||
|
||||
Naturally Zscaler sells such a solution, but he makes a valid point. This is an ages-old problem I have seen time and again; a hot new technology comes along, everyone rushes to embrace it, then they think about securing it later. IoT is no different.
|
||||
|
||||
Whatever your device, at least go into the settings and turn on SSL.
|
||||
|
||||
Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][7] and [LinkedIn][8] to comment on topics that are top of mind.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3530476/report-most-iot-transactions-are-not-secure.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Andy Patrizio][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Andy-Patrizio/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3207535/what-is-iot-the-internet-of-things-explained.html
|
||||
[2]: https://info.zscaler.com/resources-industry-iot-in-the-enterprise
|
||||
[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/newsletters/signup.html
|
||||
[4]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/2303073/lan-wan-what-is-transport-layer-security-protocol.html
|
||||
[5]: https://www.zscaler.com/blogs/corporate/shining-light-shadow-iot-protect-your-organization
|
||||
[6]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3487720/the-vpn-is-dying-long-live-zero-trust.html
|
||||
[7]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/
|
||||
[8]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: ( )
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
[#]: subject: (What is Linux and Why There are 100’s of Linux Distributions?)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/what-is-linux/)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/)
|
||||
|
||||
What is Linux and Why There are 100’s of Linux Distributions?
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
When you are just starting with Linux, it’s easy to get overwhelmed.
|
||||
|
||||
You probably know only Windows and now you want to use Linux because you read that [Linux is better than Windows][1] as it is more secure and you don’t have to buy a license to use Linux.
|
||||
|
||||
But then when you go about downloading and installing Linux, you learn that Linux is not a single entity. There are [Ubuntu][2], [Fedora][3], [Linux Mint][4], elementary and hundreds of such ‘Linux variants’. The trouble is that some of them look just like the other.
|
||||
|
||||
If that’s the case, why are there multiple of those Linux operating systems? And then you also learn that Linux is just a kernel not an operating system.
|
||||
|
||||
![Too Many Linux!][5]
|
||||
|
||||
It gets messy. And you may feel like pulling out your hair. For a person who has a receding hairline, I would like you to keep your hair intact by explaining things in a way you could easily understand.
|
||||
|
||||
I am going to take an analogy and explain why Linux is just a kernel, why there are hundreds of Linux and why, despite looking similar, they are different.
|
||||
|
||||
The explanation here may not be considered good enough for an answer in an exam or interview but it should give you a better understanding of the topic.
|
||||
|
||||
Apology in advance!
|
||||
|
||||
My analogy may not be entirely correct from mechanical point of view as well. I am not knowledgeable about engines, cars and other related mechanical stuff.
|
||||
But in my experience, I have noticed that this analogy helps people clearly understand the concept of Linux and operating system.
|
||||
Also, I have used the term Linux OS instead of Linux distribution deliberately so that newcomers don’t start wondering about distribution.
|
||||
|
||||
### Linux is just a kernel
|
||||
|
||||
_**Linux is not an operating system, it’s just a kernel.**_
|
||||
|
||||
The statement is entirely true. But how do you understand it. If you look into books, you’ll find Linux kernel structure described like this:
|
||||
|
||||
![Linux Kernel Structure][6]
|
||||
|
||||
There is absolutely correct, however, let’s take a different approach. Think of operating systems as vehicles, any kind of vehicle be it motorbikes, cars or trucks.
|
||||
|
||||
What is at the core of a vehicle? An engine.
|
||||
|
||||
Think of kernel as the engine. It’s an essential part of the vehicle and you cannot use a vehicle without the engine.
|
||||
|
||||
![The Operating System Analogy][7]
|
||||
|
||||
But you cannot drive an engine, can you? You need a lot of other stuff to interact with the engine and drive the vehicle. You need wheels, steering, gears, clutch, brakes and more to drive a vehicle on top of that engine.
|
||||
|
||||
Similarly, you cannot use a kernel on its own. You need lots of tool to interact with the kernel and use the operating system. These stuff could be shell, commands, graphical interface (also called desktop environments) etc.
|
||||
|
||||
This makes sense, right? Now that you understand this analogy, let’s take it further so that you understand the rest of it.
|
||||
|
||||
Windows and other operating systems have kernel too
|
||||
|
||||
Kernel is not something exclusive to Linux. You may not have realized but Windows, macOS and other operating systems have a kernel underneath as well.
|
||||
Microsoft Windows operating systems are based on [Windows NT kernel][8]. Apple’s macOS is based on the [XNU kernel][9].
|
||||
|
||||
### Think of operating systems as vehicles
|
||||
|
||||
Think of Microsoft as an automobile company that makes a general purpose car (Windows operating system) that is hugely popular and dominates the car market. They use their own patented engine that no one else can use. But these ‘Microsoft cars’ do not offer scope of customization. You cannot modify the engine on your own.
|
||||
|
||||
Now come to ‘Apple automobile’. They offer shiny looking, luxury cars at an expensive price. If you got a problem, they have a premium support system where they might just replace the car.
|
||||
|
||||
Now comes Linux. Remember, Linux is just an engine (kernel). But this ‘Linux engine’ is not patented and thus anyone is free to modify and build cars (desktop operating system), bikes (small embed system in your toys, tvs etc), trucks (servers) or jet-planes ([supercomputers][10]) on top of it. In real world, no such engine exists but accept it for the sake of this analogy.
|
||||
|
||||
![][11]
|
||||
|
||||
* kernel = engine
|
||||
* Linux kernel = specific type of engine
|
||||
* desktop operating systems = cars
|
||||
* server operating systems = heavy trucks
|
||||
* embed systems = motor-bikes
|
||||
* desktop environment = body of the vehicle along with interiors (dashboard and all)
|
||||
* themes and icons = paint job, rim job and other customization
|
||||
* applications = accessories you put for specific purpose (like music system)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Why there are so many Linux OS/distributions? Why some look similar?
|
||||
|
||||
Why there are so many cars? Because there are several vehicle manufacturers using the ‘Linux engine’ and each of them have so many cars of different type and for different purposes.
|
||||
|
||||
Since ‘Linux engine’ is free to use and modify, anyone can use it to build a vehicle on top of it.
|
||||
|
||||
This is why Ubuntu, Debian, Fedora, SUSE, [Manjaro][12] and many other **Linux-based operating systems (also called Linux distributions or Linux distros)** exist.
|
||||
|
||||
You might also have noticed that these Linux operating systems offer different variants but they look similar. I mean look at Fedora’s default GNOME version and Debian’s GNOME version. They do look the same, don’t they?
|
||||
|
||||
![Fedora GNOME vs Debian GNOME: Virtually No Visual Difference][13]
|
||||
|
||||
The component that gives the look and feel in a Linux OS is called [desktop environment][14]. In our analogy here, you can think of it as a combination of outer body and matching interiors. This is what provides the look and feel to your vehicle, does it not?
|
||||
|
||||
It’s from the exterior that you can identify the cars into category of sedan, SUV, hatchback, station wagon, convertible, minivan, van, compact car, 4×4 etc.
|
||||
|
||||
But these ‘type of cars’ are not exclusive to a single automobile company. Ford offers SUV, compact cars, vans etc and so do other companies like General Motors, Toyota.
|
||||
|
||||
![Vehicles of same type look similar even if they are from different automobile companies][15]
|
||||
|
||||
Similarly, distributions (Linux OSes) like Fedora, Ubuntu, Debian, Manjaro etc also offer different variants in the form of GNOME, KDE, Cinnamon, MATE and other [desktop environments][16].
|
||||
|
||||
Ford’s SUV may look similar to Toyota’s or Renault’s SUV. Fedora’s GNOME version may look similar to Manjaro or Debian’s GNOME version.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Some type of cars consume more fuel, some desktop environments need more RAM
|
||||
|
||||
You probably understand the ‘usefulness’ of different types of cars. Compact cars are good for driving in the cities, vans are good for long trip with family, 4×4 are good for adventures in jungles and other rough terrain. A SUV may look good and feel comfortable for sitting but it consumes more fuel than a compact car that might not be comfortable to sit in.
|
||||
|
||||
Similarly, desktop environments (GNOME, MATE, KDE, Xfce etc) also serve some purpose other than just providing the looks to your Linux operating system.
|
||||
|
||||
GNOME gives a modern looking desktop but it consumes more RAM and thus require that your computer has more than 4 GB of RAM. Xfce on the other hand may look old/vintage but it can run on systems with 1 GB of RAM.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Difference between getting desktop environment from distribution and installing on your own
|
||||
|
||||
As you start using Linux, you’ll also come across suggestions that you can easily install other desktop environments on your current system.
|
||||
|
||||
Remember that Linux is a free world. You are free to modify the engine, customize the looks on your own, if you have the knowledge/experience or if you are an enthusiastic learner.
|
||||
|
||||
Think of it as customizing cars. You may modify a Hundai i20 to look like Suzuki Swift Dzire. But it might not be the same as using a Swift Dzire.
|
||||
|
||||
When you are inside the i20 modified to look like Swiftz Dzire, you’ll find that it may not have the same experience from the inside. Dashboard is different, seats are different. You may also notice that the exterior doesn’t fit the same on i20’s body.
|
||||
|
||||
The same goes for switching desktop environments. You will find that you don’t have the same set of apps in Ubuntu that you should be getting in Mint Cinnamon. Few apps will look out of place. Not to mention that you may find a few things broken, such as network manager indicator missing etc.
|
||||
|
||||
Of course, you can put time, effort and skills to make Hundai i20 look as much like Swift Dzire as possible but you may feel like getting Suzuki Swift Dzire is a better idea in the first place.
|
||||
|
||||
This is the reason why installing Ubuntu MATE is better than installing Ubuntu (GNOME version) and then [installing MATE desktop][17] on it.
|
||||
|
||||
### Linux operating systems also differ in the way they handle applications
|
||||
|
||||
Another major criteria on which the Linux operating systems differ from each other is the package management.
|
||||
|
||||
Package management is basically how you get new software and updates in your systems. It’s up to your Linux distribution/OS to provide the security and maintenance updates. Your Linux OS also provides the means of installing new software on your system.
|
||||
|
||||
Some Linux OS provides all the new software version immediately after their release while some take time to test them for your own good. Some Linux OS (like Ubuntu) provides easier way of installing a new software while you may find it complicated in some other Linux OS (like [Gentoo][18]).
|
||||
|
||||
Keeping the line of our analogy, consider installing software as adding accessories to your vehicle.
|
||||
|
||||
Suppose you have to install a music system in your car. You may have two options here. Your car is designed in such a way that you just insert the music player, you hear the click sound and you know it’s installed. The second option could be to get a screwdriver and then fix the music player on screws.
|
||||
|
||||
Most people would prefer the hassle-free click lock installing system. Some people might take matter (and screwdriver) into their own hands.
|
||||
|
||||
If an automobile company provides scope for installing lots of accessories in click-lock fashion in their cars, they will be preferred, won’t they?
|
||||
|
||||
This is why Linux distributions like Ubuntu have a more users because they have a huge collection of software that can be easily installed in matter of clicks.
|
||||
|
||||
### Conclusion
|
||||
|
||||
Before I conclude this article, I’ll also like to talk about support that plays a significant role in choosing a Linux OS. For your car, you would like to have its official service center or other garages that service the automobile brand you own, don’t you? If the automobile company is popular, naturally, it will have more and more garages providing services.
|
||||
|
||||
The same goes for Linux as well. For a popular Linux OS like Ubuntu, you have some official forums to seek support and a good number of websites and forums providing troubleshooting tips to fix your problem.
|
||||
|
||||
Again, I know this is not a perfect analogy but this helps understand the things slightly better.
|
||||
|
||||
If you are absolutely new to Linux, did this article made things clear for you or you are more confused than before?
|
||||
|
||||
If you already know Linux, how would you explain Linux to someone from non-technical background?
|
||||
|
||||
Your suggestions and feedback is welcome.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://itsfoss.com/what-is-linux/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://itsfoss.com/linux-better-than-windows/
|
||||
[2]: https://ubuntu.com/
|
||||
[3]: https://getfedora.org/
|
||||
[4]: https://linuxmint.com/
|
||||
[5]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/too-many-linux-choices.png?ssl=1
|
||||
[6]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Linux_Kernel_structure.png?ssl=1
|
||||
[7]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/operating_system_analogy.png?ssl=1
|
||||
[8]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_Windows_NT
|
||||
[9]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XNU
|
||||
[10]: https://itsfoss.com/linux-runs-top-supercomputers/
|
||||
[11]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/linux-kernel-as-engine.png?ssl=1
|
||||
[12]: https://manjaro.org/
|
||||
[13]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/fedora-gnome-vs-debian-gnome.jpg?ssl=1
|
||||
[14]: https://itsfoss.com/glossary/desktop-environment/
|
||||
[15]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/linux_suv_analogy.jpg?ssl=1
|
||||
[16]: https://itsfoss.com/best-linux-desktop-environments/
|
||||
[17]: https://itsfoss.com/install-mate-desktop-ubuntu/
|
||||
[18]: https://www.gentoo.org/
|
||||
@ -1,72 +0,0 @@
|
||||
Fisherman110 translating
|
||||
|
||||
Exploring free and open web fonts
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
There is no question that the face of the web has been transformed in recent years by open source fonts. Prior to 2010, the only typefaces you were likely to see in a web browser were the generic "web safe" [core fonts][1] from Microsoft. But that year saw the start of several revolutions: the introduction of the Web Open Font Format ([WOFF][2]), which offered an open standard for efficiently delivering font files over HTTP, and the launch of web-font services like [Google Fonts][3] and the [Open Font Library][4]—both of which offered web publishers access to a large collection of fonts, for free, available under open licenses.
|
||||
|
||||
It is hard to overstate the positive impact of these events on web typography. But it can be all too easy to equate the successes of open web fonts with open source typography as a whole and conclude that the challenges are behind us, the puzzles solved. That is not the case, so if you care about type, the good news is there are a lot of opportunities to get involved in improvement.
|
||||
|
||||
For starters, it's critical to understand that Google Fonts and Open Font Library offer a specialized service—delivering fonts in web pages—and they don't implement solutions for other use cases. That is not a shortcoming on the services' side; it simply means that we have to develop other solutions.
|
||||
|
||||
There are a number of problems to solve. Probably the most obvious example is the awkwardness of installing fonts on a desktop Linux machine for use in other applications. You can download any of the web fonts offered by either service, but all you will get is a generic ZIP file with some TTF or OTF binaries inside and a plaintext license file. What happens next is up to you to guess.
|
||||
|
||||
Most users learn quickly that the "right" step is to manually copy those font binaries into any one of a handful of special directories on their hard drive. But that just makes the files visible to the operating system; it doesn't offer much in the way of a user experience. Again, this is not a flaw with the web-font service; rather it's evidence of the point where the service stops and more work needs to be done on the other side.
|
||||
|
||||
A big improvement from the user's perspective would be for the OS or the desktop environment to be smarter at this "just downloaded" stage. Not only would it install the font files to the right location but, more importantly, it could add important metadata that the user will want to access when selecting a font to use in a project.
|
||||
|
||||
What this additional information consists of and how it is presented to the user is tied to another challenge: Managing a font collection on Linux is noticeably less pleasant than on other operating systems. Periodically, font manager applications appear (see [GTK+ Font Manager][5] for one of the most recent examples), but they rarely catch on. I've been thinking a lot about where I think they come up short; one core factor is they have limited themselves to displaying only the information embedded in the font binary: basic character-set coverage, weight/width/slope settings, embedded license and copyright statements, etc.
|
||||
|
||||
But a lot of decisions go into the process of selecting a font for a job besides what's in this embedded data. Serious font users—like information designers, journal article authors, or book designers—make their font-selection decisions in the context of each document's requirements and needs. That includes license information, naturally, but it includes much more, like information about the designer and the foundry, stylistic trends, or details about how the font works in use.
|
||||
|
||||
For example, if your document includes both English and Arabic text, you probably want a font where the Latin and Arabic glyphs were designed together by someone experienced with the two scripts. Otherwise, you'll waste a ton of time making tiny adjustments to the font sizes and line spacing trying to get the two languages to mix well. You may have learned from experience that certain designers or vendors are better at multi-script design than others. Or it might be relevant to your project that today's fashion magazines almost exclusively use "[Didone][6]"-style typefaces, a name that refers to super-high-contrast styles pioneered by [Firmin Didot][7] and [Giambattista Bodoni][8] around 200 years ago. It just happens to be the trend.
|
||||
|
||||
But none of those terms (Didone, Didot, or Bodoni) are likely to show up in the binary's embedded data, nor is easy to tell whether the Latin and Arabic fit together or anything else about the typeface's back history. That information might appear in supplementary material like a type specimen or font documentation—if any exists.
|
||||
|
||||
A specimen is a designed document (often a PDF) that shows the font in use and includes background information; it frequently serves a dual role as a marketing piece and a sample to look at when choosing a font. The considered design of a specimen showcases how the font functions in practice and in a manner that an automatically generated character table simply cannot. Documentation may include some other vital information, like how to activate the font's OpenType features, what mathematical or archaic forms it provides, or how it varies stylistically across supported languages. Making this sort of material available to the user in the font-management application would go a long way towards helping users find the fonts that fit their projects' needs.
|
||||
|
||||
Of course, if we're going to consider a font manager that can handle documentation and specimens, we also have to take a hard look at what comes with the font packages provided by distributions. Linux users start with a few fonts automatically installed, and repository-provided packages are the only font source most users have besides downloading the generic ZIP archive. Those packages tend to be pretty bare-bones. Commercial fonts generally include specimens, documentation, and other support items, whereas open source fonts usually do not.
|
||||
|
||||
There are some excellent examples of open fonts that do provide quality specimens and documentation (see [SIL Gentium][9] and [Bungee][10] for two distinctly different but valid approaches), but they rarely (if ever) make their way into the downstream packaging chain. We plainly can do better.
|
||||
|
||||
There are some technical obstacles to offering a richer user experience for interacting with the fonts on your system. For one thing, the [AppStream][11] metadata standard defines a few [parameters][12] specific to font files, but so far includes nothing that would cover specimens, designer and foundry information, and other relevant details. For another, the [SPDX][13] (Software Package Data Exchange) format does not cover many of the software licenses (and license variants) used to distribute fonts.
|
||||
|
||||
Finally, as any audiophile will tell you, a music player that does not let you edit and augment the ID3 tags in your MP3 collection is going to get frustrating quickly. You want to fix errors in the tags, you want to add things like notes and album art—essentially, you want to polish your library. You would want to do the same to keep your local font library in a pleasant-to-use state.
|
||||
|
||||
But editing the embedded data in a font file has been taboo because fonts tend to get embedded and attached to other documents. If you monkey with the fields in a font binary, then redistribute it with your presentation slides, anyone who downloads those slides can end up with bad metadata through no fault of their own. So anyone making improvements to the font-management experience will have to figure out how to strategically wrangle repeated changes to the embedded and external font metadata.
|
||||
|
||||
In addition to the technical angle, enriching the font-management experience is also a design challenge. As I said above, good specimens and well-written documentation exist for several open fonts. But there are many more packages missing both, and there are a lot of older font packages that are no longer being maintained. That probably means the only way that most open font packages are going to get specimens or documentation is for the community to create them.
|
||||
|
||||
Perhaps that's a tall order. But the open source design community is bigger than it has ever been, and it is a highly motivated segment of the overall free and open source software movement. So who knows; maybe this time next year finding, downloading, and using fonts on a desktop Linux system will be an entirely different experience.
|
||||
|
||||
One train of thought on the typography challenges of modern Linux users includes packaging, document design, and maybe even a few new software components for desktop environments. There are other trains to consider, too. The commonality is that where the web-font service ends, matters get more difficult.
|
||||
|
||||
The best news, from my perspective, is that there are more people interested in this topic than ever before. For that, I think we have the higher profile that open fonts have received from big web-font services like Google Fonts and Open Font Library to thank.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/article/18/3/webfonts
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Nathan Willis][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://opensource.com/users/n8willis
|
||||
[1]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_fonts_for_the_Web
|
||||
[2]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_Open_Font_Format
|
||||
[3]:https://fonts.google.com/
|
||||
[4]:https://fontlibrary.org/
|
||||
[5]:https://fontmanager.github.io/
|
||||
[6]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didone_(typography)
|
||||
[7]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firmin_Didot
|
||||
[8]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giambattista_Bodoni
|
||||
[9]:https://software.sil.org/gentium/
|
||||
[10]:https://djr.com/bungee/
|
||||
[11]:https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Distributions/AppStream/
|
||||
[12]:https://www.freedesktop.org/software/appstream/docs/sect-Metadata-Fonts.html
|
||||
[13]:https://spdx.org/
|
||||
@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: ( )
|
||||
[#]: translator: (messon007)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: ( )
|
||||
[#]: translator: (geekpi)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,102 +0,0 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: (geekpi)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
[#]: subject: (Install GNU Emacs on Windows)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/20/3/emacs-windows)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth)
|
||||
|
||||
Install GNU Emacs on Windows
|
||||
======
|
||||
Even if your operating system is closed source, you can still use this
|
||||
popular open source text editor.
|
||||
![Tall building with windows][1]
|
||||
|
||||
GNU Emacs is a popular text editor designed for programmers of all sorts. Because it was developed on Unix and is widely used on Linux (and shipped with macOS), people sometimes don't realize that it's also available for Microsoft Windows. You don't need to be an experienced or full-time programmer to make use of Emacs, either. You can download and install Emacs with just a few clicks, and this article shows you how.
|
||||
|
||||
You can install Windows manually or with a package manager, like [Chocolatey][2].
|
||||
|
||||
### 7-zip
|
||||
|
||||
If you haven't already installed 7-zip for Windows, you should do that first. [7-zip][3] is an open source archive utility with the ability to create and extract ZIP, 7z, TAR, XZ, BZIP2, and GZIP (and more) files. It's an invaluable tool for Windows users.
|
||||
|
||||
After installing 7-zip, you have new 7-zip archive options in your right-click menu when browsing files in Windows Explorer.
|
||||
|
||||
### Powershell and Chocolatey
|
||||
|
||||
To install GNU Emacs on Windows using Chocolatey:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
`PS> choco install emacs-full`
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Once it has installed, launch Emacs from Powershell:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
`PS> emacs`
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
![Emacs running on Windows][4]
|
||||
|
||||
### Download GNU Emacs for Windows
|
||||
|
||||
To manually install GNU Emacs on Windows, you must [download Emacs][5].
|
||||
|
||||
![GNU Windows downloader][6]
|
||||
|
||||
This takes you to a server near you, which shows you a list of all available Emacs releases. Find the directory with the highest release number and click into it. There are many different builds of Emacs for Windows, but the most general-purpose version is just named **emacs-VERSION-ARCHITECTURE.zip**. The **VERSION** depends upon which release you're downloading, while the **ARCHITECTURE** depends on whether you have a 32-bit or 64-bit machine. Most modern computers are 64-bit, but if you're in doubt you can download the 32-bit version, which runs on both.
|
||||
|
||||
If you're downloading version 26 of Emacs for a 64-bit machine, you would click the link titled **emacs-26.2-x86_64.zip**. There are smaller downloads available (such as the **no-deps** variety) but you must be familiar with how Emacs is built from source code, knowing which libraries it needs and which of those your computer has on it already. Generally, it's easiest to get the large version of Emacs, because it contains everything it needs to run on your computer.
|
||||
|
||||
### Extract Emacs
|
||||
|
||||
Next, unarchive the ZIP file you downloaded. To extract it, right-click on the Emacs ZIP file and select **Extract to Emacs-VERSION** from the 7-zip sub-menu. It's a big archive, so it may take a while to uncompress, but when it does, you have a new directory containing all the files distributed with Emacs. For example, in this example, the file **emacs-26.2-x86_64.zip** was downloaded, so the unarchived directory is **emacs-26.2-x86_64**.
|
||||
|
||||
### Launch Emacs
|
||||
|
||||
Within the Emacs directory, find the **bin** directory. This folder stores all the binary executable files (EXE files) distributed with Emacs. Double-click the **emacs.exe** file to launch the application.
|
||||
|
||||
![Emacs running on Windows][7]
|
||||
|
||||
You can create a shortcut to **emacs.exe** on your desktop for easier access.
|
||||
|
||||
### Learn Emacs
|
||||
|
||||
Emacs isn't as obtuse as its reputation may indicate. It's got its own traditions and conventions, but when you're typing text into it, you can treat it exactly as you treat Notepad or any given text field on any given website.
|
||||
|
||||
The important differences occur when you _edit_ the text you've typed.
|
||||
|
||||
The only way to learn is to start using it, though, so make Emacs your go-to text editor for simple tasks. When you'd normally open Notepad or Word or Evernote or whatever it is you use for quick notes or as a temporary scratchpad, launch Emacs instead.
|
||||
|
||||
Emacs has the reputation of being a terminal-based application, but obviously it has a GUI, so use the GUI often, just as you would with any application. Copy, cut, and paste (or "yank" in Emacs terminology) from the menu instead of with the keyboard, and open and save files from the menu or toolbar. Start from the beginning and learn the application based on what it is and not how you think it should act based on your experience with other editors.
|
||||
|
||||
### Download our [cheatsheet][8]!
|
||||
|
||||
_Thanks to Matthias Pfuetzner and Stephen Smoogen._
|
||||
|
||||
These are Jimmy's six favorite open source applications that he immediately installs on a new...
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/article/20/3/emacs-windows
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Seth Kenlon][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/seth
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/windows_building_sky_scale.jpg?itok=mH6CAX29 (Tall building with windows)
|
||||
[2]: https://github.com/chocolatey/choco
|
||||
[3]: https://www.7-zip.org/
|
||||
[4]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/windows-ps-choco-emacs.jpg (Emacs running on Windows)
|
||||
[5]: https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/download.html
|
||||
[6]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/windows-emacs-download.jpg (GNU Windows downloader)
|
||||
[7]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/windows-emacs.jpg (Emacs running on Windows)
|
||||
[8]: https://opensource.com/downloads/emacs-cheat-sheet
|
||||
@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: ( )
|
||||
[#]: translator: (HankChow)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
|
||||
153
sources/tech/20200305 5 productivity apps for Linux.md
Normal file
153
sources/tech/20200305 5 productivity apps for Linux.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: ( )
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
[#]: subject: (5 productivity apps for Linux)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/20/3/productivity-apps-linux-elementary)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Scott Nesbitt https://opensource.com/users/scottnesbitt)
|
||||
|
||||
5 productivity apps for Linux
|
||||
======
|
||||
Get organized and accomplish more with these five productivity apps for
|
||||
the Elementary Linux desktop.
|
||||
![Person drinking a hat drink at the computer][1]
|
||||
|
||||
I've had a soft spot for [Elementary OS][2] since I first encountered it in 2013. A lot of that has to do with the distribution being very clean and simple.
|
||||
|
||||
Since 2013, I've recommended Elementary to people who I've helped [transition to Linux][3] from other operating systems. Some have stuck with it. Some who moved on to other Linux distributions told me that Elementary helped smooth the transition and gave them more confidence using Linux.
|
||||
|
||||
Like the distribution itself, many of the applications created specifically for Elementary OS are simple, clean, and useful. They can help boost your day-to-day productivity, too.
|
||||
|
||||
### About "pay-what-you-want" apps
|
||||
|
||||
Some apps in the Elementary AppCenter ask you to pay what you can. You're not obliged to pay to the full amount a developer asks for (or pay anything, for that matter). However, any money that changes hands goes to support the development of those apps.
|
||||
|
||||
Three of the applications in this article—Quilter, Notes-up, and Envelope—are pay-what-you-want. If you find an app useful, I encourage you to send some money the developer's way.
|
||||
|
||||
### Envelope
|
||||
|
||||
Managing your budget should be simple. More than a few people, though, struggle with the task. That's where [Envelope][4] can help. While Envelope doesn't pack the features of something like [GnuCash][5], it's good enough for most of us.
|
||||
|
||||
The app is built around the [envelope system][6] of personal and household budgeting. The first time you launch Envelope, you need to set up an account. You can do that manually, or you can import a [QIF][7] file containing financial information from another program.
|
||||
|
||||
![Adding an account in Envelope][8]
|
||||
|
||||
Either way, Envelope offers a set of categories (your envelopes). Add or delete categories as you see fit—for example, I don't own a car, so I deleted the Fuel category.
|
||||
|
||||
From there, add transactions. Those can be your expenses or your income. Or both.
|
||||
|
||||
![Entering a transaction in Envelope][9]
|
||||
|
||||
Envelope gives you an overview of your spending and income. To get a more focused view of your budget, you can report on the current or previous month or a specific range of dates.
|
||||
|
||||
### Notes-Up
|
||||
|
||||
[Notes-Up][10]'s look and feel are reminiscent of note-taking tools like [Standard Notes][11], Simplenote, and the macOS Notes app. If you use any of them, switching to Notes-Up will be smooth and painless. Regardless, Notes-Up is easy to learn and use.
|
||||
|
||||
![Notes-Up][12]
|
||||
|
||||
Create a note and start typing. Notes-Up supports Markdown, making it easy to add formatting to your notes.
|
||||
|
||||
![Taking notes in Notes-Up][13]
|
||||
|
||||
If your Markdown is rusty, you can click the buttons on the toolbar to add formatting like lists; bold, italics, and strikethrough; code blocks; images; and more. You can also export your notes as PDF or Markdown files.
|
||||
|
||||
Use Notes-Up for a while, and you'll wind up with a long list of notes. Organize them using _notebooks_. You can, for example, create personal, school, and work notebooks. On top of that, Notes-Up enables you to create sub-notebooks. Under my notebook for Opensource.com, for example, I have sub-notebooks for articles and the news roundups I curate.
|
||||
|
||||
Notebooks not your thing? Then use tags to add keywords to your notes to make them easier to sort.
|
||||
|
||||
### Yishu
|
||||
|
||||
I do as much of my work as I can in [plain text][14]. That includes my task list. For that, I turn to a handy command-line application called [Todo.txt][15].
|
||||
|
||||
If you aren't comfortable working at the command line, then [Yishu][16] is for you. It has Todo.txt's key features but graphically on the desktop.
|
||||
|
||||
![Yishu][17]
|
||||
|
||||
When you first fire up Yishu, it asks you to open an existing Todo.txt file. If you have one, open it. Otherwise, create a task. That also creates a new file for your tasks.
|
||||
|
||||
![Adding a task in Yishu][18]
|
||||
|
||||
Your options are limited: a description of the task and a priority. You can also add a due date in the format _YYYY-MM-DD_—for example, _2020-02-17_.
|
||||
|
||||
When you click **OK**, Yishu saves the file Todo.txt to your **/home** folder. That might not be where you want to store your tasks. You can tell Yishu to use another folder in its preferences.
|
||||
|
||||
### Reminduck
|
||||
|
||||
Chances are, your notifications and reminders are jarring. A piercing buzz, an annoying beep, a text box that appears when you least expect it. Why not add a bit of [calm][19] and a bit of whimsy to your reminders—with a duck?
|
||||
|
||||
That's the idea behind [Reminduck][20]. It's a simple and fun way to tell yourself it's time to do, well, anything.
|
||||
|
||||
Fire up the app and create a reminder. You can add a description, date, and time for the reminder to appear, and you can set it to repeat. Reminders can repeat after a number of minutes that you set or at specific times every day, week, or month.
|
||||
|
||||
![Reminduck][21]
|
||||
|
||||
You can set up more than one reminder. Reminduck organizes your reminders, and you can edit or delete them.
|
||||
|
||||
![Reminduck reminders][22]
|
||||
|
||||
When the reminder is triggered, a little message pops out of the notification area on the desktop along with a soft alert and an icon of a smiling duck.
|
||||
|
||||
![Reminduck notification][23]
|
||||
|
||||
### Quilter
|
||||
|
||||
It's easy enough to write with [Markdown][24] in a plain old text editor. Some folks, though, prefer to work with a dedicated Markdown editor. On the Elementary OS desktop, one option is [Quilter][25].
|
||||
|
||||
![Quilter][26]
|
||||
|
||||
Quilter is pretty basic. There's no toolbar to insert formatting; you have to add Markdown by hand. On the other hand, Quilter displays a running word count and an estimate of how long it will take to read what you're writing.
|
||||
|
||||
![Quilter][27]
|
||||
|
||||
The editor's options are few. There's a preview mode, and you can export your documents to PDF or HTML. The result of an export has the same look as a preview. That's not a bad thing.
|
||||
|
||||
Quilter's other options include the ability to change the line spacing and margins, set the editor's font, as well as enable syntax highlighting and spell checking. It also has a mode that you can use to focus on a single line or a single paragraph while you're writing.
|
||||
|
||||
### Final thoughts
|
||||
|
||||
Sometimes, the best tools to boost your productivity are simple ones. Applications like the five above focus on doing one thing and doing it well.
|
||||
|
||||
Envelope, Notes-Up, Yishu, Reminduck, and Quilter won't appeal to everyone. But if you use Elementary OS, give them a try. They can help you keep on track and do what you need to do.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/article/20/3/productivity-apps-linux-elementary
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Scott Nesbitt][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/scottnesbitt
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/coffee_tea_laptop_computer_work_desk.png?itok=D5yMx_Dr (Person drinking a hat drink at the computer)
|
||||
[2]: https://elementary.io
|
||||
[3]: https://opensource.com/article/18/12/help-non-techies
|
||||
[4]: https://nlaplante.github.io/envelope/
|
||||
[5]: https://opensource.com/article/20/2/gnucash
|
||||
[6]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Envelope_system
|
||||
[7]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quicken_Interchange_Format
|
||||
[8]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/envelope-add-account.png (Adding an account in Envelope)
|
||||
[9]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/envelope-entering-transaction.png (Entering a transaction in Envelope)
|
||||
[10]: https://appcenter.elementary.io/com.github.philip-scott.notes-up/
|
||||
[11]: https://opensource.com/article/18/12/taking-notes-standard-notes
|
||||
[12]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/notes-up-main-window.png (Notes-Up)
|
||||
[13]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/notes-up-taking-note.png (Taking notes in Notes-Up)
|
||||
[14]: https://plaintextproject.online
|
||||
[15]: https://opensource.com/article/20/1/open-source-to-do-list
|
||||
[16]: https://appcenter.elementary.io/com.github.lainsce.yishu/
|
||||
[17]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/yishu-task-list.png (Yishu)
|
||||
[18]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/yishu-add-task.png (Adding a task in Yishu)
|
||||
[19]: https://weeklymusings.net/weekly-musings-025
|
||||
[20]: https://appcenter.elementary.io/com.github.matfantinel.reminduck/
|
||||
[21]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/reminduck.png (Reminduck)
|
||||
[22]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/remiunduck-reminders-list.png (Reminduck reminders)
|
||||
[23]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/reminduck-notification.png (Reminduck notification)
|
||||
[24]: https://opensource.com/article/19/8/markdown-beginners-cheat-sheet
|
||||
[25]: https://appcenter.elementary.io/com.github.lainsce.quilter/
|
||||
[26]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/quilter.png (Quilter)
|
||||
[27]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/quilter-editing.png (Quilter)
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,190 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: ( )
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
[#]: subject: (Three Ways to Exclude/Hold/Prevent a Specific Package from an apt Upgrade)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://www.2daygeek.com/debian-ubuntu-exclude-hold-prevent-packages-from-apt-get-upgrade/)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Magesh Maruthamuthu https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/)
|
||||
|
||||
Three Ways to Exclude/Hold/Prevent a Specific Package from an apt Upgrade
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
Sometimes you may accidentally update packages that are not updated due to some application dependency.
|
||||
|
||||
This is always the case during the entire system update or automatic package upgrade process.
|
||||
|
||||
If this happens, it may break the application function.
|
||||
|
||||
This creates a serious problem and you need to spend a lot of time fixing the problem.
|
||||
|
||||
See the following article if you want to **[Exclude Specific Packages from Yum Update][1]**
|
||||
|
||||
How to avoid this kind of situation?
|
||||
|
||||
How do I exclude packages from apt-get update?
|
||||
|
||||
Yes, it can be done using the following three methods on Debian and Ubuntu systems.
|
||||
|
||||
* **[apt-mark Command][2]**
|
||||
* **[dpkg Command][3]**
|
||||
* aptitude Command
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
We will show in detail each.
|
||||
|
||||
### Method-1: How to Exclude Packages Update on Debian/Ubuntu System Using the apt-mark Command
|
||||
|
||||
The apt-mark is used to mark/unmark a package as being automatically installed.
|
||||
|
||||
The Hold option is used to mark a package as blocked, which prevents the package from being automatically installed, upgraded, or removed.
|
||||
|
||||
The unhold option is used to cancel a previously set hold on a package to allow all actions to be repeated.
|
||||
|
||||
Run the following command to hold the given package using the **apt-mark** command.
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo apt-mark hold nano
|
||||
nano set on hold.
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Once you have hold some packages, run the following apt-mark command to view them.
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo apt-mark showhold
|
||||
nano
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
This will show that the **“nano”** package will not be upgraded when you perform a full system update.
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo apt update
|
||||
|
||||
Reading package lists… Done
|
||||
Building dependency tree
|
||||
Reading state information… Done
|
||||
Calculating upgrade… Done
|
||||
The following packages have been kept back:
|
||||
nano
|
||||
0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 1 not upgraded.
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Run the following command to unhold the “nano” package using the apt-mark command.
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo apt-mark unhold nano
|
||||
Canceled hold on nano.
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Method-2: How to Exclude Packages Update on Debian/Ubuntu System Using the dpkg Command
|
||||
|
||||
The dpkg command is a CLI tool to install, build, remove and manage Debian packages. The primary and more user-friendly front-end for dpkg is aptitude.
|
||||
|
||||
Run the following command to block a given package using the dpkg command.
|
||||
|
||||
**Syntax:**
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ echo "package_name hold" | sudo dpkg --set-selections
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Run the below dpkg command to hold the **“apache2”** package.
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ echo "apache2 hold" | sudo dpkg --set-selections
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Once you have hold some packages, run the following command to view them.
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo dpkg --get-selections | grep "hold"
|
||||
apache2 hold
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
It will show that the **“apache2”** package will not be upgraded when you perform a full system update.
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo apt update
|
||||
|
||||
Reading package lists… Done
|
||||
Building dependency tree
|
||||
Reading state information… Done
|
||||
Calculating upgrade… Done
|
||||
The following packages have been kept back:
|
||||
apache2
|
||||
0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 1 not upgraded.
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Run the following command to unhold the given package using the dpkg command.
|
||||
|
||||
**Syntax:**
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ echo "package_name install" | sudo dpkg --set-selections
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Run the following command to unhold the “apache2” package using the dpkg command.
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ echo "apache2 install" | sudo dpkg --set-selections
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Method-3: How to Exclude Packages Update on Debian/Ubuntu System Using the aptitude Command
|
||||
|
||||
The aptitude command is a text-based package management interface to the Debian and it’s derivative.
|
||||
|
||||
It allows the user to view a list of packages and to perform package management tasks such as installing, upgrading, and removing packages. Actions may be performed from a visual interface or from the command-line.
|
||||
|
||||
Run the following command to hold the given package using the aptitude command.
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo aptitude hold python3
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Once you have hold some packages, run the following aptitude command to view them.
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo dpkg --get-selections | grep "hold"
|
||||
or
|
||||
$ sudo apt-mark showhold
|
||||
|
||||
python3
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
This will show that the **“python3”** package will not be upgraded when you perform a full system update.
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo apt update
|
||||
|
||||
Reading package lists… Done
|
||||
Building dependency tree
|
||||
Reading state information… Done
|
||||
Calculating upgrade… Done
|
||||
The following packages have been kept back:
|
||||
python3
|
||||
0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 1 not upgraded.
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Run the following command to unhold the **“python3”** package using the apt-mark command.
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo aptitude unhold python3
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://www.2daygeek.com/debian-ubuntu-exclude-hold-prevent-packages-from-apt-get-upgrade/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Magesh Maruthamuthu][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://www.2daygeek.com/redhat-centos-yum-update-exclude-specific-packages/
|
||||
[2]: https://www.2daygeek.com/apt-get-apt-cache-command-examples-manage-packages-debian-ubuntu-systems/
|
||||
[3]: https://www.2daygeek.com/dpkg-command-to-manage-packages-on-debian-ubuntu-linux-mint-systems/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
|
||||
|
||||
探索免费而开放的网络字体
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
毫无疑问，近些年来互联网的面貌已经被开放免费的字体所改变。在早些的2010年，你在网络浏览器上几乎只能看到微软制作的最普通的“网络安全字体”[core fonts]
|
||||
[1]。但这一年（2010）正好是好几轮技术革新开始的见证之年：Web开放字体格式的应用给网络高效传输字体文件提供了一个开放的标准，像[Google Fonts]和
|
||||
[Open Font Library]这样的网络字体服务使网络内容发布者在开放证书证书下可以免费使用海量的字体库。
|
||||
|
||||
要夸大这些网络排印领域大事件的积极影响是很难的。但是要将网络开放字体的成功与开源的网络排印划上等号作为一个整体却非常容易，而且得到的结论是挑战已经远离了我们，困难悉数被解决了。然而事实并非如此，如果你很关注网络字体，好消息是你会有非常多的机会参与到对这些字体的改进工作当中去。
|
||||
|
||||
对新手来说，必须要意识到谷歌字体和开源字体库为网页提供了特殊的”服务提供“（service—delivering）字体但是他们给其他使用情况制定字体解决方案。这不是服务方的短视，这是是意味这我们必须去建立其他的解决方案。
|
||||
|
||||
需要解决的问题还非常多。可能最明显的例子就是给linux桌面机器的其他软件安装字体使用所遇到的尴尬情况。你可以通过任何一种服务下载任何一种网络字体，但是你能得到的是一个最普通的压缩包文件，里面有一些TTF或OTF二进制文件和一个普通文本文件的证书。接下来会发生什么完完全全需要你去猜。
|
||||
|
||||
大部分用户很快学会了”正确“的步骤就是手动地复制这些字体二进制文件到他们硬件驱动里一大把的文件夹里的某个文件夹里。但是这样做只能使这个文件被操作系统检索到。它并不能为用户体验带来什么。再强调一遍，这不是网络字体服务的缺陷，然而它是对于关于服务到哪里停止和更多工作需要在其他方面做这个观点的证据。
|
||||
|
||||
在用户视角来说，一个巨大的提升可能就是直接在“下载“这个阶段系统或者桌面环境变得更智能。它（系统或桌面环境）不仅会把字体文件安装到正确的位置上，更重要的是，当用户选择在一个工程使用的字体时，它会自己添加用户所需要得到的重要的元数据。
|
||||
|
||||
附加信息的组成与它如何展示给用户连接着另一个挑战：在linux环境管理一个字体库明显不如任何其他操作系统愉快。字体管理软件总是时不时的出现一下（例如[GTK+ Font Manager][5] 这是最近的一个例子），但是他们（字体管理软件）很少能正确的时候出现。我一直在思考一大堆这些软件让人失望的方面。一个核心的原因是他们把自己限制只展示自己在二进制字体文件内嵌的信息：基本字符集的覆盖，粗细，宽度，和斜度的设定，内置的证书和版权说明等等。
|
||||
|
||||
但是在选择字体的过程中为了工作的选择（字体）都不能在内置数据中找到。正经的字体用户像信息设计者，杂志文章作者，或者书籍美工设计者，他们的字体选择是在每一份文件的需求上做出的。这些需求包含了证书信息，很自然的，它还包含了更多，像关于设计师和厂商的信息，潮流风格的趋势，或者字体在使用当中的细节。
|
||||
|
||||
举个例子，如果你的文档包含了英语和阿拉伯文，你多半想要一种某个很熟悉拉丁文和阿拉伯文设计师设计同时设计两种语言的字体。否则，你将浪费一大堆时间来微调字体大小和行间距来使两种语言良好地结合在一起。你可能从经验中学到，特定的设计师或服务商（字体）比其他人更善于多语言设计。或许和你职业相关的是今天的时尚杂志几乎无一例外的采用"[Didone][6]"风格的字体，"[Didone][6]"是指一种两百多年前最先被[Firmin Didot][7] 和 [Giambattista Bodoni][8]设计出来的反差超级大的字体风格。这种字体恰好就是现在的潮流。
|
||||
|
||||
但是这些字体（Didone, Didot, or Bodoni）中没有一种有可能会出现在内置的二进制文件中，你也不容易发现拉丁文和阿拉伯文是否相得益彰或其他关于字体的背后故事。这些信息有可能出现在补充的材料中，类似某种样本或字体文件中，如果这些东西存在的话。
|
||||
|
||||
字体样本是一份设计好的文档（一般是PDF），它展示了这种字体在使用的情况而且包括了背景信息。字体样本经常起到两重作用，作为市场样本和在挑选字体时的样本。一份样品精心的设计展示了字体在实际应用中的情况和一种自动生产字符表所不能形成的风格。字体样本文件也有可能包含了一些其他重要信息，比如怎样激活字体的开放特色，它提供了什么样的数学表达式和古体字，或者它怎么在跨支持的语言上风格多样。要使这些资源能够被字体管理软件上的用户使用还要走过帮助用户找到合适他们工程的字体的漫长之路。
|
||||
|
||||
当然，如果我们要去考虑一个字体管理软件能够解决文件和样本问题，我们也必须仔细观察各种发行版提供的字体包伴随着什么。linux的用户刚开始只有自动安装的那几种字体，并且提供仓库的包是大部分用户除了下载最普通的压缩包档案之外的唯一字体来源。这些资源包往往非常的“骨感”。商业字体总的来说都包含了样本，文档，还有其他的支持项目，然而开源字体往往没有（这些配套文件）。
|
||||
|
||||
也有一些很棒的开源字体提供了高质量的样本和文档的例子（例如 [SIL Gentium][9] 和 [Bungee][10] 是两种极度不一样但是有效的方案），但是他们几乎不涉足下端的整合包链条。我们肯定能做的（比他们）更好。
|
||||
|
||||
在和系统的字体交互方面提供更丰富的用户体验上面还有一些技术问题。比如说，[AppStream][11]的元数据标准定义了几项针对字体文件的参数，但是现在为止这些参数没有包含样本，设计师和厂商，和其他相关细节的任何信息。另外一个例子，[SPDX][13] （软件包信息交换）格式也没有包含很多软件证书（和证书参数），这些软件证书是用来分配指定字体的。
|
||||
|
||||
最后，就像任何一个唱片爱好者都会告诉你，一个不允许你编辑和完善你的mp3库的ID3信息(mp3头部的一个字节，记录歌手信息）的音乐播放器很快就会变得让人失望。你想要处理标志里的错误，你想要添加比如笔记和乐队，艺术家这样的基本信息，你想要提升你的音乐库。你可能想要做一样的事情来使你的本地字体仓库保持在一个方便使用的状态。
|
||||
|
||||
但是改动字体文件的内置数据已经被禁止了，因为字体往往是被内置或附加到其他文件里的。如果你拿字体二进制文件来胡闹的话，那么你需要重新为你的展示幻灯片分配字体，任何一个人下载这些幻灯片最终都会面对错误的元数据但他们自己并没有过失。所以任何一个要提升字体管理体验的人都要弄清楚如何来战略的讨论内置或外置的字体元数据里反反复复的变化。
|
||||
|
||||
除了技术角度之外，丰富字体管理的体验也是一个设计的挑战。就像我前面说的一样，有几种开放的字体也带了良好的样本和精心写好的证明文件。但是有更多的字体包两者都没有，还有大量的更老的字体包已经没有人维护了。这很可能意味着大部分开放字体包想要获得样本和证明文件的唯一办法就是让（字体）社区去为它们创造。
|
||||
|
||||
可能那（前面说的）是一个很高的要求。但是开源设计社区现在比它以前任何时候都要庞大，并且它（社区）是全面免费开源软件运动中的一个高度活跃的组成部分。所以谁知道呢。可能明年这个时候会发现，在linux桌面系统下载和使用字体会变成一种完全不同的体验。
|
||||
|
||||
在关于现代Linux用户的文字设计上的挑战的一连串思考中包含了打包文件，证明文件设计，甚至有可能需要在桌面环境加入不少新的软件成分。还有其他一连串的东西也需要考虑。共通性就是在网络字体服务不及的地方，事情就变得更加困难。
|
||||
|
||||
最好的消息是，从我的视角来看，就是现在比起以前有更多的人对这个议题感兴趣。我认为我们要感谢像谷歌字体和开放字体库这样的网络字体服务巨头让开放字体得到了更高的关注。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/article/18/3/webfonts
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Nathan Willis][a]
|
||||
译者：https://github.com/Fisherman110
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://opensource.com/users/n8willis
|
||||
[1]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_fonts_for_the_Web
|
||||
[2]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_Open_Font_Format
|
||||
[3]:https://fonts.google.com/
|
||||
[4]:https://fontlibrary.org/
|
||||
[5]:https://fontmanager.github.io/
|
||||
[6]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didone_(typography)
|
||||
[7]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firmin_Didot
|
||||
[8]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giambattista_Bodoni
|
||||
[9]:https://software.sil.org/gentium/
|
||||
[10]:https://djr.com/bungee/
|
||||
[11]:https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Distributions/AppStream/
|
||||
[12]:https://www.freedesktop.org/software/appstream/docs/sect-Metadata-Fonts.html
|
||||
[13]:https://spdx.org/
|
||||
@ -1,241 +0,0 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: (heguangzhi)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
[#]: subject: (How to find what you’re looking for on Linux with find)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3527420/how-to-find-what-you-re-looking-for-on-linux-with-find.html)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Sandra Henry-Stocker https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/)
|
||||
|
||||
如何在 Linux上通过 find 命令找到你要找的东西
|
||||
======
|
||||
find 命令有大量选项可以帮助你准确定位你在 Linux 系统上需要寻找的文件。这篇文章讨论了一系列非常有用的选项。
|
||||
|
||||
CSA 图片/ Getty 图片
|
||||
|
||||
在 Linux 系统上有许多用于查找文件的命令，但是在查找文件时也有大量的选项可以选择。
|
||||
|
||||
例如，你不仅可以通过文件的名称来查找文件，还可以通过文件的所有者或者组、它们的创建时间、大小、分配的权限、最后一次访问它们的时间、关联的信息节点，甚至是文件是否属于系统上不再存在的帐户或组等等来查找文件。
|
||||
|
||||
[[Get regularly scheduled insights by signing up for Network World newsletters.]][1]
|
||||
你还可以指定搜索从哪里开始，搜索应该深入到文件系统的什么位置，以及搜索结果将告诉你它所找到的文件的数量。
|
||||
|
||||
而所有这些要求都可以通过 **find** 命令来处理。
|
||||
|
||||
下面提供了根据这些标准查找文件的示例。在某些命令中，错误(例如试图列出你没有读取权限的文件)，错误输出将被发送到 **/dev/null**，以便我们不必查看它。在其他情况下，我们将简单地以 root 身份运行以避免这个问题。
|
||||
|
||||
请记住，还其他选项存在。这篇文章涵盖了很多内容，但并不是 **find** 命令帮助你定位查找文件的所有方式。
|
||||
|
||||
### 选择起点
|
||||
|
||||
使用 **find**，您可以选择一个起点或从你所在的位置开始。请在单词“find”后输入要选择起点。例如，“find /usr” 或 “find ./bin "将在 **/usr** 目录或 **bin** 目录开始搜索，而" find ~ " 将在你的主目录中开始，即使你位于当前文件系统中的其他位置。
|
||||
|
||||
[][2]
|
||||
|
||||
### 选择你想看的
|
||||
|
||||
最常用的搜索策略之一是按名称搜索文件。这需要使用 **-name** 选项。
|
||||
|
||||
默认情况下，**查找** 会显示找到的文件的完整路径。如果你在命令中添加 **-print**，你会看到同样的情况。如果你想查看与文件相关的详细信息—-例如：文件的长度、权限等，您需要在你的 **查找** 命令的末尾添加 **-ls** 命令。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ find ~/bin -name tryme
|
||||
/home/shs/bin/tryme
|
||||
$ find ~/bin -name tryme -print
|
||||
/home/shs/bin/tryme
|
||||
$ find ~/bin -name tryme -ls
|
||||
917528 4 -rwx------ 1 shs shs 139 Apr 8 2019 /home/shs/bin/tryme
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
你也可以使用子字符串来查找文件。例如，如果你将上面示例中的“tryme”替换为“try*”，你将会找到所有名称以“try”开头的文件。
|
||||
|
||||
按名称查找文件可能是 **find** 命令最典型的用法，但是有很多其他的方式来查找文件，并且有很好的理由这样做。下面的部分展示了如何使用其他可用的方式。
|
||||
|
||||
此外，当按大小、组、索引节点等条件来搜索文件时，你需要确认找到的文件与你要查找的文件是否相匹配。使用 **-ls** 选项来显示细节是非常有用。
|
||||
|
||||
### 通过大小查找文件
|
||||
|
||||
按大小查找文件需要使用 **-size** 选项并且对相应规范使用一点技巧。如果你指定 **-size 189b**，例如，你将找到189个块长的文件，而不是189个字节。对于字节，你需要使用 **--size 189c**(字符)。而且，如果你指定 **--size 200w** ，你将会找到200个单词的文件——以“双字节增量”为单位的单词，而不是“我们彼此都在说的那些事情”中的单词。你还可以通过以千字节(k)、兆字节(M)和千兆字节(G)为单位提供大小来查找文件。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
大多数情况下，Linux用户会搜索比所选文件大的文件。例如，要查找大于1千兆字节的文件，你可以使用这样的命令，其中 +1G 表示“大于1千兆字节”:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ find -size +1G -ls 2>/dev/null
|
||||
787715 1053976 -rw-rw-r-- 1 shs shs 1079263432 Dec 21 2018 ./backup.zip
|
||||
801834 1052556 -rw-rw-r-- 1 shs shs 1077809525 Dec 21 2018 ./2019/hold.zip
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 通过索引节点查找文件 #
|
||||
|
||||
你可以通过用于维护文件元数据(即除文件内容和文件名之外的所有内容)的索引节点来查找文件。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ find -inum 919674 -ls 2>/dev/null
|
||||
919674 4 -rw-rw-r-- 1 shs shs 512 Dec 27 15:25 ./bin/my.log
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 查找具有特定文件所有者或组的文件
|
||||
|
||||
按所有者或组查找文件也非常简单。这里我们使用 sudo 来解决权限问题。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo find /home -user nemo -name "*.png"-ls
|
||||
1705219 4 drwxr-xr-x 2 nemo nemo 4096 Jan 28 08:50 /home/nemo/Pictures/me.png
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
在这个命令中，我们寻找一个被称为 “admins” 的多用户组拥有的文件。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# find /tmp -group admins -ls
|
||||
262199 4 -rwxr-x--- 1 dory admins 27 Feb 16 18:57 /tmp/testscript
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 查找没有所有者或组的文件
|
||||
|
||||
你可以使用如下命令所示的 **-nouser** 选项来查找系统上没有任何现存用户属性的文件。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# find /tmp -nouser -ls
|
||||
262204 4 -rwx------ 1 1016 1016 17 Feb 17 16:42 /tmp/hello
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
请注意，该列表显示了旧用户的 UID 和 GID，这清楚地表明该用户未在系统上定义。这种命令将查找由于帐户已从系统中删除的用户在非主目录中创建的文件，或者在用户帐户被删除后未被删除的主目录中创建的文件。类似地，**-nogroup** 选项会找到这样的文件，尤其是当这些用户是相关组的唯一成员时。
|
||||
|
||||
### 按上次更新时间查找文件
|
||||
|
||||
在此命令中，我们在特定用户的主目录中查找过去24小时内更新过的文件。**sudo** 用于搜索另一个用户的主目录。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo find /home/nemo -mtime -1
|
||||
/home/nemo
|
||||
/home/nemo/snap/cheat
|
||||
/home/nemo/tryme
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 按上次更改权限的时间查找文件
|
||||
|
||||
**-ctime** 选项可以帮助你查找在某个参考时间范围内状态(如权限)发生更改的文件。以下是查找在最后一天内权限发生更改的文件的示例:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ find . -ctime -1 -ls
|
||||
787987 4 -rwxr-xr-x 1 shs shs 189 Feb 11 07:31 ./tryme
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
请记住，显示的日期和时间反映了文件内容的最后更新。你需要使用像 **stat** 这样的命令来查看与文件相关联的三个状态(文件创建、修改和状态更改)。
|
||||
|
||||
### Finding files based on last access times
|
||||
|
||||
在这个命令中，我们使用 **-atime** 选项查找在过去两天内访问过的本地 pdf 文件。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ find -name "*.pdf" -atime -2
|
||||
./Wingding_Invites.pdf
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 根据文件相对于另一个文件的时间来查找文件
|
||||
|
||||
你可以使用 -newer 选项来查找比其他文件更新的文件。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ find . -newer dig1 -ls
|
||||
786434 68 drwxr-xr-x 67 shs shs 69632 Feb 16 19:05 .
|
||||
1064442 4 drwxr-xr-x 5 shs shs 4096 Feb 16 11:06 ./snap/cheat
|
||||
791846 4 -rw-rw-r-- 1 shs shs 649 Feb 13 14:26 ./dig
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
没有相应的 **-older** 选项，但是你可以用**，得到类似的结果 **! -newer**(即更旧)，这意味着几乎相同的事情。
|
||||
|
||||
### 按类型查找文件
|
||||
|
||||
通过文件类型找到一个文件，你有很多选项——常规文件、目录、块和字符文件等等。以下是文件类型选项列表:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
b block (buffered) special
|
||||
c character (unbuffered) special
|
||||
d directory
|
||||
p named pipe (FIFO)
|
||||
f regular file
|
||||
l symbolic link
|
||||
s socket
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
这里有一个寻找符号链接的例子:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ find . -type l -ls
|
||||
805717 0 lrwxrwxrwx 1 shs shs 11 Apr 10 2019 ./volcano -> volcano.pdf
|
||||
918552 0 lrwxrwxrwx 1 shs shs 1 Jun 16 2018 ./letter -> pers/letter2mom
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 限制查找的深度
|
||||
|
||||
**-mindepth** 和 **-maxdepth** 选项控制在文件系统中搜索的深度(从当前位置或起始点开始)。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ find -maxdepth 3 -name "*loop"
|
||||
./bin/save/oldloop
|
||||
./bin/long-loop
|
||||
./private/loop
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 查找空文件
|
||||
|
||||
在这个命令中，我们寻找空文件，但不超过目录及其子目录。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ find . -maxdepth 2 -empty -type f -ls
|
||||
917517 0 -rw-rw-r-- 1 shs shs 0 Sep 23 11:00 ./complaints/newfile
|
||||
792050 0 -rw-rw-r-- 1 shs shs 0 Oct 4 19:02 ./junk
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 按权限查找文件
|
||||
|
||||
你可以使用 **-perm** 选项查找具有特定权限集的文件。在下面的示例中，我们只查找常规文件(**-type f**)，以避免看到默认情况下被赋予这些权限的符号链接，即使它们引用的文件是受限的。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ find -perm 777 -type f -ls
|
||||
find: ‘./.dbus’: Permission denied
|
||||
798748 4 -rwxrwxrwx 1 shs shs 15 Mar 28 2019 ./runme
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 使用查找来帮助你删除文件
|
||||
|
||||
如果使用如下命令，你可以使用 find 命令定位并删除文件:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ find . -name runme -exec rm {} \;
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
{} 代表根据搜索条件找到的每个文件的名称。
|
||||
|
||||
一个非常有用的选项是将 **-exec** 替换为 **-ok**。当您这样做时，**find** 会在删除任何文件之前要求确认。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ find . -name runme -ok rm -rf {} \;
|
||||
< rm ... ./bin/runme > ?
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
删除文件并不是 **-ok** 和 **-rm** 能为你做的唯一事情。例如，你可以复制、重命名或移动文件。
|
||||
|
||||
确实有很多选择可以有效地使用 find 命令，毫无疑问还有一些在本文中没有涉及到。我希望你已经找到一些新的，特别有帮助的。
|
||||
|
||||
加入[Facebook][3]和[LinkedIn][4]上的网络世界社区，评论最热门的话题。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3527420/how-to-find-what-you-re-looking-for-on-linux-with-find.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Sandra Henry-Stocker][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[heguangzhi](https://github.com/heguangzhi)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://www.networkworld.com/newsletters/signup.html
|
||||
[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3440100/take-the-intelligent-route-with-consumption-based-storage.html?utm_source=IDG&utm_medium=promotions&utm_campaign=HPE21620&utm_content=sidebar ( Take the Intelligent Route with Consumption-Based Storage)
|
||||
[3]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/
|
||||
[4]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world
|
||||
99
translated/tech/20200302 Install GNU Emacs on Windows.md
Normal file
99
translated/tech/20200302 Install GNU Emacs on Windows.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: (geekpi)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
[#]: subject: (Install GNU Emacs on Windows)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/20/3/emacs-windows)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth)
|
||||
|
||||
在 Windows 上安装 GNU Emacs
|
||||
======
|
||||
即使你的操作系统是闭源的，你仍然可以使用这个流行的开源文本编辑器。
|
||||
![Tall building with windows][1]
|
||||
|
||||
GNU Emacs 是一个专为各种程序员设计的流行的文本编辑器。因为它是在 Unix 上开发的，并在 Linux（macOS 中也有）上得到了广泛使用，所以人们有时没有意识到它也可用于 Microsoft Windows 上。你也无需成为有经验的或专职的程序员即可使用 Emacs。只需单击几下就可以下载并安装 Emacs，本文向你展示了如何进行。
|
||||
|
||||
你可以手动安装 Windows，也可以使用包管理器安装，例如 [Chocolatey][2]。
|
||||
|
||||
### 7-zip
|
||||
|
||||
如果还没在 Windows 中安装 7-zip，那么就先安装它。[7-zip][3] 是一个开源的存档程序，能够创建和解压 ZIP、7z、TAR、XZ、BZIP2 和 GZIP（以及更多）文件。对于 Windows 用户来说，这是一个宝贵的工具。
|
||||
|
||||
安装 7-zip 后，在 Windows 资源管理器中浏览文件时，右键单击菜单中就有新的 7-zip 存档选项。
|
||||
|
||||
### Powershell 和 Chocolatey
|
||||
|
||||
要在 Windows 上使用 Chocolatey 安装 GNU Emacs ：
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
`PS> choco install emacs-full`
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
安装后，在 Powershell 中启动 Emacs：
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
`PS> emacs`
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
![Emacs running on Windows][4]
|
||||
|
||||
### 下载适用于 Windows 的 GNU Emacs
|
||||
|
||||
要在 Windows 上手动安装 GNU Emacs，你必须[下载 Emacs][5]。
|
||||
|
||||
![GNU Windows downloader][6]
|
||||
|
||||
它会打开连接到离你最近的服务器，并展示所有可用的 Emacs 版本。找到发行版本号最高的目录，然后单击进入。Windows 有许多不同的 Emacs 构建，但是最通用的版本只是被命名为 emacs-VERSION-ARCHITECTURE.zip。**VERSION** 取决于你要下载的版本，而 **ARCHITECTURE** 取决于你使用的是 32 位还是 64 位计算机。大多数现代计算机都是 64 位的，但是如果你有疑问，可以下载 32 位版本，它可在两者上运行。
|
||||
|
||||
如果要下载 64 位计算机的 Emacs v26，你应该点击 emacs-26.2-x86_64.zip 的链接。有较小的下载包（例如 “no-deps” 等），但是你必须熟悉如何从源码构建 Emacs，知道它需要哪些库以及你的计算机上已经拥有哪些库。通常，获取较大版本的 Emacs 最容易，因为它包含了在计算机上运行所需的一切。
|
||||
|
||||
### 解压 Emacs
|
||||
|
||||
接下来，解压下载的 ZIP 文件。要解压缩，请右键单击 Emacs ZIP 文件，然后从 7-zip 子菜单中选择 **Extract to Emacs-VERSION**。这是一个很大的压缩包，因此解压可能需要一段时间，但是完成后，你将拥有一个新目录，其中包含与 Emacs 一起分发的所有文件。例如，在此例中，下载了 emacs-26.2-x86_64.zip，因此解压后的目录为 emacs-26.2-x86_64。
|
||||
|
||||
### 启动 Emacs
|
||||
|
||||
在 Emacs 目录中，找到 **bin** 目录。此文件夹存储随 Emacs 一起分发的所有二进制可执行文件（EXE 文件）。双击 emacs.exe 文件启动应用。
|
||||
|
||||
![Emacs running on Windows][7]
|
||||
|
||||
你可以在桌面上创建 **emacs.exe** 的快捷方式，以便于访问。
|
||||
|
||||
### 学习 Emacs
|
||||
|
||||
Emacs 并不像传闻那样难用。它具有自己的传统和惯例，但是当你其中输入文本时，你可以像在记事本或者网站的文本框中那样使用它。
|
||||
|
||||
重要的区别是在你_编辑_输入的文本时。
|
||||
|
||||
但是，学习的唯一方法是开始使用它，因此，使 Emacs 成为完成简单任务的首选文本编辑器。当你通常打开记事本、Word 或 Evernote 或其他工具来做快速笔记或临时记录时，请启动 Emacs。
|
||||
|
||||
Emacs 以基于终端的应用而闻名，但它显然有 GUI，因此请像使用其他程序一样经常使用它的 GUI。从菜单而不是使用键盘复制、剪切和粘贴（paste）（或用 Emacs 的术语 “yank”），然后从菜单或工具栏打开和保存文件。从头开始，并根据应用本身来学习它，而不是根据你以往对其他编辑器的经验就认为它应该是怎样。
|
||||
|
||||
### 下载[速查表][8]!
|
||||
|
||||
_感谢 Matthias Pfuetzner 和 Stephen Smoogen。_
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/article/20/3/emacs-windows
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Seth Kenlon][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/seth
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/windows_building_sky_scale.jpg?itok=mH6CAX29 (Tall building with windows)
|
||||
[2]: https://github.com/chocolatey/choco
|
||||
[3]: https://www.7-zip.org/
|
||||
[4]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/windows-ps-choco-emacs.jpg (Emacs running on Windows)
|
||||
[5]: https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/download.html
|
||||
[6]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/windows-emacs-download.jpg (GNU Windows downloader)
|
||||
[7]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/windows-emacs.jpg (Emacs running on Windows)
|
||||
[8]: https://opensource.com/downloads/emacs-cheat-sheet
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user