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theo-l translating
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10 Useful ‘ls’ Command Interview Questions – Part 2
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================================================================================
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Continuing the legacy of ls command here is the second interview article on Listing command. The first article of the series was highly appreciated by the Tecmint Community. If you’ve missed the first part of this series you may like to visit at:
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@ -158,10 +160,10 @@ That’s all for now. We will be coming up with the next part of this article se
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via: http://www.tecmint.com/ls-interview-questions/
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作者：[Ravi Saive][a]
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
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译者：[theo-l](https://github.com/theo-l)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/admin/
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[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/ls-command-interview-questions/
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[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/ls-command-interview-questions/
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@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
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theo-l translating
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Translating by ZTinoZ
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15 Basic ‘ls’ Command Examples in Linux
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================================================================================
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@ -11,7 +12,7 @@ Linux ls Command
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ls with no option list files and directories in bare format where we won’t be able to view details like file types, size, modified date and time, permission and links etc.
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# ls
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0001.pcap Desktop Downloads index.html install.log.syslog Pictures Templates
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anaconda-ks.cfg Documents fbcmd_update.php install.log Music Public Videos
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@ -20,7 +21,7 @@ ls with no option list files and directories in bare format where we won’t be
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Here, ls -l (-l is character not one) shows file or directory, size, modified date and time, file or folder name and owner of file and it’s permission.
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# ls -l
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total 176
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-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 683 Aug 19 09:59 0001.pcap
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-rw-------. 1 root root 1586 Jul 31 02:17 anaconda-ks.cfg
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@ -42,7 +43,7 @@ Here, ls -l (-l is character not one) shows file or directory, size, modified da
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List all files including hidden file starting with ‘.‘.
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# ls -a
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. .bashrc Documents .gconfd install.log .nautilus .pulse-cookie
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.. .cache Downloads .gnome2 install.log.syslog .netstat.swp .recently-used.xbel
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0001.pcap .config .elinks .gnome2_private .kde .opera .spice-vdagent
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@ -56,7 +57,7 @@ List all files including hidden file starting with ‘.‘.
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With combination of -lh option, shows sizes in human readable format.
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# ls -lh
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total 176K
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-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 683 Aug 19 09:59 0001.pcap
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-rw-------. 1 root root 1.6K Jul 31 02:17 anaconda-ks.cfg
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@ -78,7 +79,7 @@ With combination of -lh option, shows sizes in human readable format.
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Using -F option with ls command, will add the ‘/’ Character at the end each directory.
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# ls -F
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0001.pcap Desktop/ Downloads/ index.html install.log.syslog Pictures/ Templates/
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anaconda-ks.cfg Documents/ fbcmd_update.php install.log Music/ Public/ Videos/
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@ -87,7 +88,7 @@ Using -F option with ls command, will add the ‘/’ Character at the end each
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The following command with ls -r option display files and directories in reverse order.
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# ls -r
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Videos Public Music install.log fbcmd_update.php Documents anaconda-ks.cfg
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Templates Pictures install.log.syslog index.html Downloads Desktop 0001.pcap
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@ -96,21 +97,21 @@ The following command with ls -r option display files and directories in reverse
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ls -R option will list very long listing directory trees. See an example of output of the command.
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# ls -R
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total 1384
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-rw-------. 1 root root 33408 Aug 8 17:25 anaconda.log
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-rw-------. 1 root root 30508 Aug 8 17:25 anaconda.program.log
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./httpd:
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total 132
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-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Aug 19 03:14 access_log
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-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 61916 Aug 10 17:55 access_log-20120812
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./lighttpd:
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total 68
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-rw-r--r-- 1 lighttpd lighttpd 7858 Aug 21 15:26 access.log
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-rw-r--r--. 1 lighttpd lighttpd 37531 Aug 17 18:21 access.log-20120819
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./nginx:
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total 12
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-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Aug 12 03:17 access.log
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@ -121,7 +122,7 @@ ls -R option will list very long listing directory trees. See an example of outp
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With combination of -ltr will shows latest modification file or directory date as last.
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# ls -ltr
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total 176
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-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 11439 Jul 31 02:13 install.log.syslog
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-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 48867 Jul 31 02:17 install.log
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@ -143,7 +144,7 @@ With combination of -ltr will shows latest modification file or directory date a
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With combination of -lS displays file size in order, will display big in size first.
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# ls -lS
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total 176
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-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 48867 Jul 31 02:17 install.log
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-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 46701 Jul 31 09:58 index.html
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@ -165,7 +166,7 @@ With combination of -lS displays file size in order, will display big in size fi
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We can see some number printed before file / directory name. With -i options list file / directory with inode number.
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# ls -i
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20112 0001.pcap 23610 Documents 23793 index.html 23611 Music 23597 Templates
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23564 anaconda-ks.cfg 23595 Downloads 22 install.log 23612 Pictures 23613 Videos
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23594 Desktop 23585 fbcmd_update.php 35 install.log.syslog 23601 Public
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@ -175,7 +176,7 @@ We can see some number printed before file / directory name. With -i options lis
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Check version of ls command.
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# ls --version
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ls (GNU coreutils) 8.4
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Copyright (C) 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>.
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@ -188,7 +189,7 @@ Check version of ls command.
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List help page of ls command with their option.
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# ls --help
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Usage: ls [OPTION]... [FILE]...
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### 13. List Directory Information ###
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@ -210,7 +211,7 @@ With ls -l command list files under directory /tmp. Wherein with -ld parameters
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----------
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# ls -ld /tmp/
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drwxrwxrwt. 13 root root 4096 Aug 21 12:48 /tmp/
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### 14. Display UID and GID of Files ###
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@ -218,7 +219,7 @@ With ls -l command list files under directory /tmp. Wherein with -ld parameters
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To display UID and GID of files and directories. use option -n with ls command.
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# ls -n
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total 36
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drwxr-xr-x. 2 500 500 4096 Aug 2 01:52 Downloads
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drwxr-xr-x. 2 500 500 4096 Aug 2 01:52 Music
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@ -235,7 +236,7 @@ We have made alias for ls command, when we execute ls command it’ll take -l op
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Note: We can see number of alias available in your system with below alias command and same can be unalias as shown below example.
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# alias
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alias cp='cp -i'
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alias l.='ls -d .* --color=auto'
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alias ll='ls -l --color=auto'
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@ -255,7 +256,7 @@ In our next article we’ll cover up more or advanced ls command with their exam
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via: http://www.tecmint.com/15-basic-ls-command-examples-in-linux/
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作者：[Ravi Saive][a]
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
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译者：[theo-l](https://github.com/theo-l)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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