mirror of
https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject.git
synced 2025-01-04 22:00:34 +08:00
alim0x
commit
41d686efcb
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4MLinux 9.0 Beta 是一个55 MB的操作系统但内容丰富
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麻雀虽小五脏俱全，4MLinux现在才仅55MB
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||||
================================================================================
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||||
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||||
**4MLinux是一个已经发展到版本9.0 Beta版的小型的Linux发行版，专注于计算机的4MS，即维护（用于系统救援的Live CD）、多媒体（像是播放DVD）、迷你服务器（使用inetd守护进程）和Mystery (Linux小游戏)。**
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**4MLinux是一个已经发展到版本9.0 Beta版的小型Linux发行版，专注于计算机的4MS，即维护（用于系统救援的Live CD）、多媒体（像是播放DVD）、迷你服务器（使用inetd守护进程）和Mystery (Linux小游戏)。**
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4MLinux是世界上最小的，能够为用户提供一个桌面环境和一些应用，可以日常应用的发行版。
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很多简约的Linux发行版通常从一开始就不提供这样的大量的应用程序，特别是在只有55MB大小的情况下。
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大多数mini版本的Linux发行版通常从一开始就不提供这样的大量的应用程序，特别是在只有55MB大小的情况下。
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“这个版本的亮点是维护（MBR和GPT分区软件，4MLinux备份脚本9.0，ClamAV0.98.3）、多媒体（MPlayer SVN-r37146，FFmpeg Git-2014-04-10），迷你服务器（FTP，HTTP，SSH，SFTP）和Mystery（一组小游戏）。“
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开发者在博客里说:“4MLinux的X Window基于X.Org Server 1.15.1、Mesa 10.1.3,、JWM 2.2.2 和 FOX toolkit 1.6.49。4MLinux还支持全自动安装的'vanilla'版本的LibreOffice4.2.4、Java RE 7u55和VirtualBox 4.3.12。ISO映像的大小约为55 MB”
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正如你所看到的，大部分提供的包都是很新的，像VirtualBox、LibreOffice、Mesa、ffmpeg、ClamAV等等。如果你有关于这个版本有任何疑问，可以随时用虚拟机尝试它。
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正如你所看到的，大部分提供的包都是很新的，如VirtualBox、LibreOffice、Mesa、ffmpeg、ClamAV等等。如果你有关于这个版本不太有信心，可以随时用虚拟机尝试它。
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有趣的是用户可以在X Server 启动前切入启动进程并使用命令行。
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有趣的是用户可以在X Server 启动前切入启动进程并使用命令行，这是一个不错的做法。
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开发者将开始发布发行版，比如完整版、游戏版、服务器版、媒体版、救援版等等。请记住，你可以从一个非常简单的软件的帮助下，从面板选择并安装这些Linux发行版的。
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开发者在完成了主要的更新后将开始发布所有的其它分支版本，比如完整版、游戏版、服务器版、媒体版、救援版等等。请记住，你可以从一个非常简单的软件的帮助下，从主面板选择并安装这些Linux分支版。
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用户还会发现，大部分你所需要的应用程序都可以在仓库找到，而4MLinux发行版可以通过下载相应的软件包来执行上面的任务。
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@ -28,13 +27,13 @@
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- [4MLinux 8.2 (ISO)][2][iso] [53.90 MB]
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- [4MLinux 9.0 Beta (ISO)][3][iso] [53 MB]
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请记住，这是一个开发版，它不应该在生产机器上安装。它的目的仅用于测试目的。
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请记住，目前9.0还是一个开发版，它不应该在生产机器上安装。它的目的仅用于测试目的。
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||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/4MLinux-9-0-Beta-Is-a-55-MB-Operating-System-that-Has-It-All-443946.shtml
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|
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译者：[2q1w2007](https://github.com/2q1w2007) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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||||
译者：[2q1w2007](https://github.com/2q1w2007) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
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@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
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在VirtualBox中的Linux客户机系统间共享磁盘
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如何在VirtualBox中的Linux客户机系统间共享磁盘
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================================================================================
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在本教程中，让我来给你们展示一下如何在VirtualBox中的两个Linux客户机系统间共享一个磁盘。
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@ -42,6 +42,6 @@
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via: http://www.unixmen.com/share-disks-virtualbox-linux-guest-os/
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|
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译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
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||||
修复Ubuntu 14.04和Linux Mint中无法添加PPA源的错误
|
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如何修复Ubuntu/Mint中无法添加PPA源的错误
|
||||
================================================================================
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||||
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@ -28,7 +28,7 @@
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||||
|
||||
via: http://itsfoss.com/fix-add-ppa-error-ubuntu-1404-linux-mint/
|
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|
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译者：[alim0x](https://github.com/alim0x) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
译者：[alim0x](https://github.com/alim0x) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
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@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
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Linux 中 findmnt 命令检查已挂载的文件系统的8个实例
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findmnt 命令的八个应用实例
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================================================================================
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### 已挂载的文件系统和设备 ###
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linux 中更常用的检查已挂载的文件系统的是 mount 命令，不仅用于列出已挂载的设备，而且可以在需要的时候挂载和卸载。这有一个叫做 findmnt 的超赞命令，它可以用于快速查看挂载位置和选项。
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linux 中常用的检查已挂载的文件系统的是 mount 命令，不仅用于列出已挂载的设备，而且可以在需要的时候挂载和卸载。另外还有一个叫做 findmnt 的超赞命令，它可以用于快速查看挂载位置和选项。
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### 安装findmnt ###
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@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ Findmnt 可以打印出只基于类型的特定的文件系统，例如 ext4，
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/sys/fs/cgroup/systemd systemd cgroup rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,name=systemd
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/run/user/1000/gvfs gvfsd-fuse fuse.gvfsd-fuse rw,nosuid,nodev,relatime,user_id=1000,group_id=1000
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|
||||
看起来非常整洁
|
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看起来非常整洁（译注，亲爱的读者你也这样觉得么？）。
|
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|
||||
#### 7. 通过源设备查找 ####
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@ -2,21 +2,21 @@
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||||
================================================================================
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||||
[安装Ubuntu 14.04之后，先要做的几件事情][1]中其中一项是安装Adobe Flash Player。一般来说，如果安装了[Ubuntu Restricted Extras][2]，Flash Player应该可以工作而且你应该能够在网上观看在线视频，比如You Tube等网站上。
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这不是Chromium和Ubuntu 14.04结合使用的原因。当你用其他的网页浏览器比如火狐、Chrome时，你可以轻松地播放You Tube等网站视频，在Chromium中你将会看到Adobe Flash player缺失插件的通知：
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其实这不是因为Chromium是在Ubuntu 14.04上使用才出现的问题。当你用其他的网页浏览器比如火狐、Chrome时，你可以轻松地播放You Tube等网站视频，但在Chromium中你将会看到Adobe Flash player缺失插件的通知：
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||||
**Adobe Flash Player is required to display some elements on this page. Install plug-in..**
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> **Adobe Flash Player is required to display some elements on this page. Install plug-in..**
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### 只有在Chromium中出现flash player问题的原因： ###
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只有在Chromium中发生这个问题的原因是，之前Chromium使用Netscape Plugin API构架来支持Flash，从Ubuntu 14.04开始，[Chromium将会停止使用Netscape Plugin API][3]。今后，你将要面对Chromium中Adobe Flash Player的问题。
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只有在Chromium中发生这个问题的原因是，之前Chromium使用Netscape Plugin API构架来支持Flash，从Ubuntu 14.04开始，[Chromium将会停止使用Netscape Plugin API][3]。因此，我们才遇到Chromium的Adobe Flash Player的问题。
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现在，为什么这个问题没有发生在其他浏览器上？答案是，因为它们使用 Flash Player 11.2。
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那么，为什么这个问题没有发生在其他浏览器上？答案是，因为它们使用 Flash Player 11.2。
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### 修复Chromium上Adobe Flash Player的问题： ###
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修复这个问题，我们将使用Pepper Flash Player，一个来自Google更安全更稳定的版本的Flash Player。在Ubuntu 14.04的源里有[Adobe Flash Player Pepper 安装器][4]。这个安装器下载Google Chrome，提取出Pepper Flash Player然后建立给Chromium使用。
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修复这个问题，我们应该使用Pepper Flash Player，一个来自Google更安全更稳定的版本的Flash Player。在Ubuntu 14.04的源里有[Adobe Flash Player Pepper 安装器][4]。这个安装器会下载Google Chrome，提取出Pepper Flash Player然后设置给Chromium使用。
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要在Ubuntu 14.04安装Pepper Flash Player，打开一个终端，使用下面的命令：
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@ -30,7 +30,7 @@
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://itsfoss.com/fix-flash-player-issue-chromium-in-ubuntu-14-04/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[linuhap](https://github.com/linuhap) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
译者：[linuhap](https://github.com/linuhap) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,140 +0,0 @@
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||||
CNprober 翻译中<travelwithheart@yeah.net, 619913541>
|
||||
|
||||
A Complete Historical Timeline of Linux Evolution
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Linux is Everywhere, at home, offices, colleges, labs and space stations. But it was not the dominant force in the past it is now, it all started as a hobby by a Finish student. Linux has evolved from a hobby into a computing revolution. We present you with the most complete historical timeline of Linux Evolution on the web spanning over 23 years.
|
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|
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### 1991 ###
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|
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**25 August** : The 21 year old Finnish student Linus Benedict Torvalds announced his work on a free operating system in the comp.os.minix Usenet newsgroup.
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|
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**1 September** : Linux 0.01 was released on the net.
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|
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### 1992 ###
|
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|
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**5 January** : The Linux kernel was relicensed under the GNU GPL with the [v0.12 release][1]. The initial license forbade commercial use. After the change the distribution and sale of possibly modified and unmodified versions of Linux became possible, provided that all those copies be released under the same license and be accompanied by the complete corresponding source code. In a [later interview][2] Linus made the following statement about the license change:
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||||
|
||||
" Making Linux GPL’d was definitely the best thing I ever did."
|
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|
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**29 January** : Andrew S. Tanenbaum posted [LINUX is obsolete][3] to the comp.os.minix mailing list. The debate, which is considered a flame war by some people, was about Linux and kernel architecture in general. Tanenbaum argued that microkernels are superior to monolithic kernels and that therefore Linux is obsolete.
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**5 April** : The first Linux newsgroup, comp.os.linux, is proposed and started by Ari Lemmke.
|
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||||
**21 May** : Peter MacDonald announces SLS, the first standalone Linux install. It was installable by floppy disk and included such cutting-edge features as TCP-IP networking support and the X Window System. At least 10MB of space on disk was recommended.
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### 1993 ###
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**17 June** : Slackware was released by Patrick Volkerding. [Slackware][4] is considered to be the first broadly successful Linux distribution and is still in use today.
|
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|
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**16 August** : Ian Murdock (the ian in Debian) released the 1st version of the Debian Linux distribution. Debian is one of the most influential Linux distros, being the basis of MEPIS, Mint, Ubuntu and many others.
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**19 August** : Matt Welsh’s Linux Installation and Getting Started, version 1 is released. This is the first book on Linux.
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### 1994 ###
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**14 March** : [Version 1.0 of the Linux kernel][5] was released. It supported single-processor i386-based computer systems. Within the 3 years of its existence the kernel code base had grown to 176,250 lines of code.
|
||||
|
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**26 March** : The first issue of Linux Journal is published. This issue featured an interview with Linus Torvalds and articles written by Phil Hughes, Robert “Bob” Young, Michael K. Johnson, Arnold Robbins, Matt Welsh, Ian A.
|
||||
|
||||
**15 August** : William R. Della Croce, Jr. files for the trademark “Linux” and it is registered in September. Della Croce has no known involvement in the Linux community yet sends letters out to prominent Linux companies demanding money for use of the trademark “Linux”. In 1997 the matter was settled by the assignment of the mark to Linus Torvalds on behalf of all Petitioners and Linux users.
|
||||
|
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**3 November** : Red Hat co-founder Marc Ewing announced the availability of the Red Hat Software Linux on CD-ROM, a commercial product that shipped for a retail price of $49.95 and included 30 days of installation support. Red Hat became the [first $1 billion open source company][6] in 2012.
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|
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### 1995 ###
|
||||
|
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**4 April** : Linux Expo, the first Linux-specific tradeshow and conference series, launches and becomes the most popular and well-attended annual Linux show for the next several years. The price for entry into the exhibit hall and a pass to the conferences was $4. After three years Red Hat takes over organization and becomes the major sponsor.
|
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|
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### 1996 ###
|
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|
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**9 May** : The Tux mascot was created by Larry Ewing in 1996 after an initial suggestion made by Alan Cox and further refined by Linus Torvalds on the Linux kernel mailing list. The concept of the Linux mascot being a penguin came from Linus Torvalds, who claims to have contracted penguinitis after being gently nibbled by a penguin.
|
||||
|
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**9 June** : [Version 2.0 of the Linux Kernel][7] was released. It was a significant improvement over the earlier versions being the first stable kernel to support multiple processors in a single system (SMP) and more processor types. Linux becomes a serious alternative for many companies. You can read an in advance [review of Linux Version 2.0][8] that was published in August 1996 in the Linux Journal to learn more about the improvements.
|
||||
|
||||
**14 October** : Matthias Ettrich founded the KDE project in 1996 as he was troubled by the inconsistency of applications running on the Unix desktop.
|
||||
|
||||
### 1997 ###
|
||||
|
||||
**9 January** : Bliss, first “Linux Virus” was discovered. Bliss does not circumvent the security of the system, it relies on people with privilege to do something dumb and reminds users to install digitally signed software from trustworthy sites only and to check signatures before installing.
|
||||
|
||||
“In fact it’s probably easier to write a virus for Linux because it’s open source and the code is available. So we will be seeing more Linux viruses as the OS becomes more common and popular.” —Wishful thinking from McAfee.
|
||||
|
||||
### 1998 ###
|
||||
|
||||
**1 May** : The Google search engine was launched. Not only is it one of the best search engines around, but it’s based on Linux and features a Linux-specific search page.
|
||||
|
||||
**4 December** : A report from IDC says that Linux shipments rose by more than 200% in 1998, and its market share rose by more than 150%. Linux has a 17% market share and a growth rate unmatched by any other system on the market.
|
||||
|
||||
### 1999 ###
|
||||
|
||||
**9 February** : Linux and BSD users unite for “Windows Refund Day”. They visit Microsoft, hoping to return the unused Windows licenses that they were forced to acquire when they purchased a computer system bundled with the OS.
|
||||
|
||||
**3 March** : Another influential desktop environment arrives in the Linux World, [the GNOME desktop][9]. GNOME is the default desktop environment in several major Linux distributions like Debian, Fedora, Red Hat Enterprise Linux, and SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop.
|
||||
|
||||
### 2000 ###
|
||||
|
||||
**4 February** : The latest IDC report suggests that Linux now ranks as the “second-most-popular operating system for server computers”, with 25% of the server operating system sales in 1999. Windows NT is first with 38% and NetWare ranks third with 19%.
|
||||
|
||||
**11 March** : Motorola Computer Group announces the release of its HA Linux distribution. This distribution is aimed at telecommunications applications that require very high amounts of uptime; it includes hot-swap capability and is available for the i386 and PowerPC architectures.
|
||||
|
||||
**23 March** : Ericsson announces its “Screen Phone HS210” product—a Linux-based telephone with a touchscreen that can be used for e-mail, web browsing, etc. Ericsson and Opera Software also announce that Ericsson’s (Linux-based) HS210 Screen Phone will incorporate the Opera web browser.
|
||||
|
||||
**30 September** : Knoppix was one of the first Linux live distributions when initially released by Linux consultant Klaus Knopper.
|
||||
|
||||
### 2001 ###
|
||||
|
||||
**3 January** : The US National Security Agency (NSA) releases SELinux under the GPL. SELinux offers an additional layer of security checks in addition to the standard UNIX-like permissions system.
|
||||
|
||||
### 2003 ###
|
||||
|
||||
**6 March** : The SCO Group (SCO) announced that they were suing IBM for $1 billion, claiming that IBM transferred SCO trade secrets into Linux. Later SCO began numerous legal claims and threats against many of the major names in the computer industry, including HP, Microsoft, Novell, Silicon Graphics, Sun Microsystems and Red Hat. The jury case was decided on 30 March 2010 in Novell’s favour
|
||||
|
||||
### 2004 ###
|
||||
|
||||
**20 October** : [Ubuntu][10] came into life with the unusual version number 4.10, referring to its release date in October 2004 and the odd code name Warty Warthog. Ubuntu’s development is led by Canonical Ltd., a company owned by Mark Shuttleworth. While not being a major contributor to the kernel, Ubuntu plays an important part in the adoption of Linux on desktops and laptops.
|
||||
|
||||
### 2007 ###
|
||||
|
||||
**6 June** : ASUS announced two Eee PC models at Computex Taipei 2007: the 701 and 1001. The 1st Eee PCs came pre-installed with Xandros Linux, a lightweigt distribution optimized for small displays based on Debian.
|
||||
|
||||
**8 August** : Linux Foundation was founded in 2007 by the merger of the [Open Source Development Labs][11] (OSDL) and the [Free Standards Group][12] (FSG). The Linux Foundation sponsors the work of Linux creator Linus Torvalds and is supported by leading Linux and open source companies, including prominent technology corporations such as Fujitsu, HP,IBM, Intel, NEC, Oracle, Qualcomm, Samsungand developers from around the world.
|
||||
|
||||
**5 November** : Instead of announcing a Gphone as speculated beforehand, [Google announced][13] the Open Handset Alliance and [Android][14] calling it "the first truly open and comprehensive platform for mobile devices".
|
||||
|
||||
### 2009 ###
|
||||
|
||||
**29 January** : In January 2009 the New York Times stated: “More than 10 million people are estimated to run Ubuntu today”.
|
||||
|
||||
### 2011 ###
|
||||
|
||||
**11 May** : Google announced the Chromebook at the Google I/O conference 2011. Chromebooks are laptops running the so-called cloud operating system Chrome OS, that is based on the Linux kernel.
|
||||
|
||||
**21 June** : Linus Torvalds announces the release of Linux 3.0.
|
||||
|
||||
### 2013 ###
|
||||
|
||||
**13 December** : Valve Corporation announces its Linux-based operating system SteamOS for video game consoles.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.linuxfederation.com/complete-historical-timeline-linux-evolution/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/Historic/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.12
|
||||
[2]:http://j.mp/fs-pragmatist
|
||||
[3]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanenbaum%E2%80%93Torvalds_debate
|
||||
[4]:http://www.slackware.com/
|
||||
[5]:https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v1.0/
|
||||
[6]:http://www.informationweek.com/software/operating-systems/red-hat-first-$1-billion-open-source-company/d/d-id/1103616
|
||||
[7]:https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v2.0/
|
||||
[8]:http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/1311
|
||||
[9]:http://www.gnome.org/
|
||||
[10]:http://www.ubuntu.com/
|
||||
[11]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Source_Development_Labs
|
||||
[12]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Standards_Group
|
||||
[13]:http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2007/11/wheres-my-gphone.html
|
||||
[14]:http://www.android.com/
|
||||
@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
|
||||
linuhap翻译中
|
||||
Why No Flash Support for Linux Is Good for Open Source
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
> The upcoming end of support for Adobe Flash in the open source Chromium browser for Linux is actually a good thing for the Linux world.
|
||||
@ -28,4 +29,4 @@ via: http://thevarguy.com/open-source-application-software-companies/052814/why-
|
||||
[2]:https://www.google.com/intl/en-US/chrome/browser/
|
||||
[3]:http://www.techrepublic.com/article/browsers-will-flash-linux-into-the-future-or-drag-it-into-the-past/#.
|
||||
[4]:http://www.techrepublic.com/article/browsers-will-flash-linux-into-the-future-or-drag-it-into-the-past/#.
|
||||
[5]:http://www.itworld.com/open-source/420319/adobe-flash-critical-future-linux
|
||||
[5]:http://www.itworld.com/open-source/420319/adobe-flash-critical-future-linux
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,86 +0,0 @@
|
||||
Translating by GOLinux...
|
||||
Linux script command - A recorder inside your Terminal
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
When you are working on the terminal or console, you may want to record what you have done in the terminal. The recording can be used as a documentation about what happen in terminal. Let say you are working together with some Linux Administrators at the same time. Or you let someone to remote your server. You may want to record about what happen in the terminal. To do this, you can use script command.
|
||||
|
||||
### What is script ###
|
||||
|
||||
script is a command that make a typescript that printed in the terminal. It is useful for everyone who need a hardcopy record of the session that happened in the terminal. This record can be saved and printed out later.
|
||||
|
||||
### How to use it ###
|
||||
|
||||
By default, we can start script with typing script on the terminal.
|
||||
|
||||
pungki@dev-machine:~$ script
|
||||
Script started, file is typescript
|
||||
pungki@dev-machine:~$
|
||||
|
||||
You can also define a destination filename to write the result of typescript.
|
||||
|
||||
pungki@dev-machine:~$ script myfile
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
When you received a command prompt again, it means the terminal will record anything that is printed in terminal.
|
||||
|
||||
You will see in the current directory, there is a file named typescript.
|
||||
|
||||
### Why we use script command ###
|
||||
|
||||
As we mention before, script has main function to record everything. Here’s two samples of scenarios why we are using it.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Collaborate with colleague ####
|
||||
|
||||
When working together with your colleague, we can record your activity with script.
|
||||
Let say we will use a typescript file called **collaborate**. To do that type :
|
||||
|
||||
$ script collaborate
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Then after doing some tasks, let say you need to send your work to another engineer. Just send the file. So when the other engineer need to review what was done, he can just open the file using a text editor.
|
||||
|
||||
If he want to update the file, he can use **-a** option.
|
||||
|
||||
$ script -a collaborate
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### Record someone activity in the terminal ####
|
||||
|
||||
You may let your engineer or someone to enter your system remotely. To make sure that your engineer are doing right, you can record what he had done to your system. To make the script command run automatically upon login, we can add it on your shell profile. If you are using **bash** shell, add this line into your bash profile.
|
||||
|
||||
$ vi ~/.profile
|
||||
|
||||
# run the script command to record everything
|
||||
# use -q for quite and -a option to append the script
|
||||
#
|
||||
/usr/bin/script -qa /usr/local/script/log_record_script
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Then save it. Next time he logged in to your system, script command will automatically run and put the log on the **/usr/local/script/log_record_script**
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The option **-q** will run script command in quite mode. The user who logged in will not have any notification that the script command is run. While **-a** option will add the record without erasing the previous record.
|
||||
|
||||
If we don’t use **-q** option, then when the user logged on, the user will get a notification about script as the picture below.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Quit recording ###
|
||||
|
||||
To exit the record activity, we can press **Ctrl+D** button or type **exit** from the terminal. Before you exit from script, you will find the size of the record file is 0 Kb. After you exit from script, the file size will change.
|
||||
|
||||
### Conclusion ###
|
||||
|
||||
Script command may useful when you need to record or documenting what happen in the terminal. The record file will be stored as a text file, so it will easy to open it with any text editor. As usual, we can always type **man script** or **script -h** to display its manual page and explore it more detail.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/script-command-recorder/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
|
||||
CNprober 翻译完成<travelwithheart@yeah.net, 619913541>
|
||||
|
||||
一份完整的Linux发展年表
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
我们周围到处都有Linux的身影，家，公司，大学，实验室，太空空间站。但是过去它不像现在一样是计算机发展的中坚力量，它只是开始于一个芬兰大学生的业余爱好。现在的Linux已经从一个业余爱好发展成了一场计算机革命。在这篇文章里，我们向你展示最完整的Linux23年发展的历史年表。
|
||||
|
||||
### 1991 ###
|
||||
|
||||
**8月25号** : 21岁的芬兰学生Linus Benedict Torvalds 在comp.os.minix 新闻组上宣布了它正在写一个免费的操作系统。
|
||||
|
||||
**9月1号** : Linux 0.01在网上发布。
|
||||
|
||||
### 1992 ###
|
||||
|
||||
**1月5号** : Linux [v0.12 release][1] 版本的内核重新以GUN GPL的协议发布。原来的许可证是禁止任何商业用途的。通过这次协议变更，发布和出售修改或者未修改版的Linux变成可能，只要你将这些拷贝和完整的相应的源代码也以相同的GPL许可证发布。在后来的一次[采访][2]中,Linus对许可证的更改说了这样一句话（让Linux遵守GPL绝对是我干过的最正确的事）：
|
||||
|
||||
" Making Linux GPL’d was definitely the best thing I ever did."
|
||||
|
||||
**1月29号** : Andrew S. Tanenbaum向comp.os.minix邮件列表发送了一封名为[LINUX is obsolete][3]的邮件。这次被一些人认为是跑题的网络口水战的争论总的来说是关于Linux和内核架构的。Tanenbaum争辩说宏内核比微内核更加高级，所以Linux是过时的。
|
||||
|
||||
**4月5号** : 第一个Linux新闻组，comp.os.linux由Ari Lemmke提议和开通。
|
||||
|
||||
**5月21号** : Peter MacDonald 发布第一个独立的Linux安装包。可以通过软盘安装，包括比较前沿的TCP-IP网络支持和X Window视窗系统。它建议至少预留10M的磁盘空间来安装。
|
||||
|
||||
### 1993 ###
|
||||
|
||||
**6月17号** : Slackware Linux由Patrick Volkerding发布。[Slackware][4]被认为是第一个取得广泛成功的Linux发行版，而且它现在还在使用。
|
||||
|
||||
**8月16号** : Ian Murdock（Debian中的'ian'）发布了第一个Debian Linux的发行版。Debian是最有影响力的Linux发行版，是MEPIS，Mint，Ubuntu和很多其他发行版的鼻祖。
|
||||
|
||||
**8月19号** : Matt Welsh写的《Linux Installation and Getting Started》第1版出版，这是第一本关于Linux的书。
|
||||
|
||||
### 1994 ###
|
||||
|
||||
**3月14号** : [Linux内核V1.0][5]发布。它支持基于i386单处理器的计算机系统。这3年来，内核代码增长到了176,250行。
|
||||
|
||||
**3月26号** : 第一期《Linux Journal》杂志发行。这一期杂志的特点是记录了一次对Linus Torvalds的采访和一些Phil Hughes, Robert “Bob” Young, Michael K. Johnson, Arnold Robbins, Matt Welsh, Ian A写的文章。
|
||||
|
||||
**8月15号** : Willian R. Della Croce, Jr. 申请了“Linux”商标，9月进行了注册。Della Croce在不知道Linux社区财政窘迫的前提下，向煊赫的“Linux公司”写了一封信，要求他们为“Linux”商标使用支付费用。这次风波以将商标转让给代表所有请愿者和Linux使用者的Linus Torvalds而告终，时间是1997年。
|
||||
|
||||
**11月3号** : Red Hat的共同创始人Marc Ewing宣布可以以49.95美元的零售价格获得Red Hat Software Linux的CD-ROM和30天的安装支持。2012年Red Hat成为[第一家10亿美元的开源公司][6]。
|
||||
|
||||
### 1995 ###
|
||||
|
||||
**4月4号** : 开展了第一个专门针对Linux的贸易展和会议系列，名字叫Linux Expo。这成为接下来几年中，最流行和备受关注的年度Linux盛会。贸易展和会议的入场券价格是4美元。3年后，Red Hat接管了这个展会，也是主要的赞助商。
|
||||
|
||||
### 1996 ###
|
||||
|
||||
**5月9号** : 在最初Alan Cox的提议和Linus Torvalds的细化下，Larry Ewing1996年创造了现在看到的这个叫做Tux的吉祥物。选定企鹅作为Linux吉祥物的主意来自Linus Torvalds，他说自己被一只企鹅轻轻的咬了一口之后就具有了企鹅的特征。（这是要变成企鹅侠吗？估计是原作者调皮了？--译注）
|
||||
|
||||
**6月9号** : [Linux内核V2.0][7]发布。相比更早的版本这是一个意义重大的提升，这是第一个在单系统中支持多处理器的稳定内核版本，也支持更多的处理器类型。Linux从此以后成了很多公司一个郑重选择的对象。你可以阅读1996年8月在Linux Journal上发布的[回顾Linux V2.0][8]文章了解更多的关于这方面的提升。
|
||||
|
||||
**10月14号** : 1996年Mattias Ettrich发起了KDE项目，因为他深受Unix桌面系统下应用程序的不一致之苦。(在此之前Unix和Linux都没有一个统一的桌面系统，编写桌面软件非常复杂--译注)
|
||||
|
||||
### 1997 ###
|
||||
|
||||
**1月9号** : 第一个“Linux病毒”Bliss被发现了。Bliss不危害系统的安全，他依赖于人们用特权干蠢事来感染系统，然后提醒用户只安装从可靠站点下载的可以验证数字签名的软件，并且安装之前一定要先验证签名(很多地方把这个算作第2个Linux病毒，因为之前还有一个更加“绿色”的病毒--译注)。
|
||||
“事实上，在Linux上写一个病毒可能会更加的简单，因为Linux是开源的，所有的源代码都是可以获取的。所以，随着Linux变得更加通用和流行的时候，我们将看到更多的Linux病毒。”--来自McAfee的畅想。
|
||||
|
||||
### 1998 ###
|
||||
|
||||
**5月1号** : Google搜索引擎面世。它不仅仅是世界上最好的搜索引擎之一，更是基于Linux的，它的特征是有一个Linux的搜索页面。
|
||||
|
||||
**12月4号** : 一份来自IDC的报告称1998年Linux的出货量至少上升了200%，市场占有率上升至少150%。Linux的市场占有率为17%，并且以一个其他操作系统无法企及的速度增长着。
|
||||
|
||||
### 1999 ###
|
||||
|
||||
**2月9号** : Linux和BSD使用者们发起了“Windows退款日”。他们联合起来造访了微软公司，希望退还他们在买电脑时绑定购买Windows许可证的钱，这些许可证他们从来没有用过。
|
||||
|
||||
**3月3号** : 另一个颇具影响力的桌面系统进入了Linux的世界，就是[GNOME桌面系统][9]。在很多主要的Linux发行版比如Debian，Fedora，RedHad Enterprise Linux和SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop中，GNOME是默认的桌面环境。
|
||||
|
||||
### 2000 ###
|
||||
|
||||
**2月4号** : 最新的IDC报告表明Linux现在排在“最受欢迎的服务器操作系统的第2位”，1999年服务器系统销售量占总量的25%。Windows NT38%位列第1，NetWare19%排在第3位。
|
||||
|
||||
**3月11号** : 摩托罗拉公司宣布发行HA Linux。这个发行版专注于通信应用领域，对系统不关机连续运行时间要求非常高。它还包括了热交换能力和支持i386和PowerPC架构。
|
||||
|
||||
**3月23号** : 爱立信公布了“Screen Phone HS210”，这是一款基于Linux的触屏手机，具备邮件和网页浏览等功能。爱立信和Opera Software公司同时宣布这款手机将会安装Opera的网页浏览器。
|
||||
|
||||
**10月30号** : 第一个Linux live发行版由Linux咨询顾问Klaus Knopper发布，名字叫做Knoppix。
|
||||
|
||||
### 2001 ###
|
||||
|
||||
**1月3号** : 美国NAS（美国国家安全局）以GPL许可证发布了SELinux。SELinux提供了标准Unix权限管理系统以外的另一层安全检查。
|
||||
|
||||
### 2003 ###
|
||||
|
||||
**3月6号** : SCO Group公司宣布他们正在发起对IBM高达10亿美元的诉讼，他们声称IBM把SCO的商业机密整合到了Linux中。之后SCO公司发起了一系列的法律诉讼案，这威胁到了很多计算机行业的巨头包括惠普，微软，Novell，Silicon Graphics，Sun Microsystems和RedHat。这次案件在Novell公司的支持下于2010年3月30号判决完。(著名的SCO-Linux争议，SCO声称拥有System V的部分源码所有权，IBM将这部分源码整合到Linux中侵犯了SCO著作权。最后联邦法院裁定Novell才是Unix商标的合法拥有者。--译注)
|
||||
|
||||
### 2004 ###
|
||||
|
||||
**10月20号** : [Ubuntu][10]以一个不同寻常的版本号4.10和怪异的版本代号“Warty Warthog”（长满疙瘩的非洲疣猪）进入大家的生活。用这个版本号是因为发布日期是2004年10月。Ubuntu的开发由Cannonical Ltd公司主导，公司的创始人是Mark Shuttleworth（就是那个不到30岁的亿万富翁，钱多的不知道怎么花，只能烧钱上太空的游一圈的人--译注）。
|
||||
|
||||
### 2007 ###
|
||||
|
||||
**6月6号** : 华硕在2007的台北电脑展上展出了两款“易PC”（Eee PC）：701和1001.第1批易PC预装的是Xandros Linux，这是一个基于Debian，轻量级的为适应小屏幕进行过优化的Linux发行版。
|
||||
|
||||
**8月8号** : 2007年Linux基金会由[开源发展实验室(OSDL)][11]和[自由标准组织(FSG)][12]联合成立。这个基金会目的是赞助Linux创始人Linus的工作。基金会得到了主要的Linux和开源公司，包括富士通，HP，IBM，Intel，NEC，Oracle，Qualcomm，三星和来自世界各地的开发者的支持。
|
||||
|
||||
**11月5号** : 与之前大家推测的发布Gphone不同，[Google宣布][13]组建开放手机联盟(Open Handset Alliance)和发布[Android][14]，这个被称为“第一个真正开放的综合移动设备平台”。
|
||||
|
||||
### 2009 ###
|
||||
|
||||
**1月29号** : 2009年1月纽约时报称“现在预计有超过10亿人在运行Ubuntu系统”。
|
||||
|
||||
### 2011 ###
|
||||
|
||||
**5月11号** : 2011年Google I/O大会发布了Chrombook。这是一款运行着所谓的云操作系统Chrome OS的笔记本。Chome OS也是基于Linux内核的。
|
||||
|
||||
**6月21号** : Linus Torvalds 发布了Linux3.0版本。
|
||||
|
||||
### 2013 ###
|
||||
|
||||
**12月13号** : Valve公司发布基于Linux的StreamOS操作系统，这是一个视频游戏控制台系统。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.linuxfederation.com/complete-historical-timeline-linux-evolution/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[love\\_daisy\\_love](https://github.com/CNprober) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/Historic/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.12
|
||||
[2]:http://j.mp/fs-pragmatist
|
||||
[3]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanenbaum%E2%80%93Torvalds_debate
|
||||
[4]:http://www.slackware.com/
|
||||
[5]:https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v1.0/
|
||||
[6]:http://www.informationweek.com/software/operating-systems/red-hat-first-$1-billion-open-source-company/d/d-id/1103616
|
||||
[7]:https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v2.0/
|
||||
[8]:http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/1311
|
||||
[9]:http://www.gnome.org/
|
||||
[10]:http://www.ubuntu.com/
|
||||
[11]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Source_Development_Labs
|
||||
[12]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Standards_Group
|
||||
[13]:http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2007/11/wheres-my-gphone.html
|
||||
[14]:http://www.android.com/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
|
||||
Linux script命令—— 终端里的记录器
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
当你在终端或者控制台工作时，你可能想要记录在终端中所做的一切。这些记录可以用来当作史料，保存终端所发生的一切。比如说，你和一些Linux管理员们同时管理着相同的机器，或者你让某人远程登陆到了你的服务器上，你可能想要终端里发生的一切。要实现这个目标，你可以使用script命令。
|
||||
|
||||
### script是什么 ###
|
||||
|
||||
scirpt就是一个命令，可以把打字稿打印到终端。对于那些想要记录终端会话的硬拷贝的人来说，这很有用。该记录可以保存并在以后再打印出来。
|
||||
|
||||
### 怎么用 ###
|
||||
|
||||
默认情况下，我们可以通过在终端中输入script来启动scirpt命令。
|
||||
|
||||
pungki@dev-machine:~$ script
|
||||
Script started, file is typescript
|
||||
pungki@dev-machine:~$
|
||||
|
||||
你也可以指定目标文件名来记录打印结果。
|
||||
|
||||
pungki@dev-machine:~$ script myfile
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
当你再次见到命令提示符，这意味着终端将记录打印到终端的任何东西。
|
||||
你会看到当前目录，有个名为typescript的文件。
|
||||
|
||||
### 为什么我们要用script命令 ###
|
||||
|
||||
因为在之前已经提到过，script命令的主要功能是记录所有的东西。下面给出了两个使用该命令的环境。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 和同事共事时 ####
|
||||
|
||||
当和同事一起工作时，我们可以通过script来记录大家的活动。
|
||||
比如，我们会使用名为**collaborate**的打印文件，来完成打印：
|
||||
|
||||
$ script collaborate
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
然后，在完成一些任务后，试想一下你需要把你干的活发给另外一个工程师，那就把那文件发给他。所以当另外一个工程师需要复查所做的事情，他只要用文本编辑器打开这个文件就行了。
|
||||
如果他想要更新该文件，可以使用**-a**选项。
|
||||
|
||||
$ script -a collaborate
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### 记录某人在终端中的所作所为 ####
|
||||
|
||||
你可能让你的工程师或者某个人远程访问你的系统，要确保你的工程师正在干正确的事，你可以记录下他在你系统上的所作所为。要让script命令在登录时自动运行，我们可以把它添加进shell环境配置文件中。如果你正在使用**bash** shell，把这一行加进你的bash环境配置文件中。
|
||||
|
||||
$ vi ~/.profile
|
||||
|
||||
# run the script command to record everything
|
||||
# use -q for quite and -a option to append the script
|
||||
#
|
||||
/usr/bin/script -qa /usr/local/script/log_record_script
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
然后保存。下次他登录进你的系统时，script命令就会自动运行，并把日志记录进**/usr/local/script/log_record_script**。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**-q**选项可以让scirpt命令以静默模式运行，登录进来的用户不会知道script命令已经运行了。而**-a**选项将会让记录附加到文件中，而不会擦除先前的记录。
|
||||
|
||||
如果不使用**-q**选项，那么当用户登录进来时，他会收到像下图中这样的通知。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 退出记录 ###
|
||||
|
||||
要退出记录活动，我们可以在终端中按下**Ctrl+D**，或者输入**exit**。在退出script前，你会发现记录文件的大小为0 Kb，而在退出之后，文件大小会发生改变。
|
||||
|
||||
### 结尾 ###
|
||||
|
||||
Script命令在你需要记录或者存档终端活动时可能很有用，记录文件会存储为文本文件，所以可以很方便地用文本编辑器打开。跟平常一样，我们都可以通过输入**man script**或者**scirpt -h**来显示帮助页并查看更多详细用法。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/script-command-recorder/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
@ -1,22 +1,20 @@
|
||||
Vic020 在被关，我就急
|
||||
|
||||
How to use LVM in Linux
|
||||
Linux LVM简明教程
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Logical Volume Manager (LVM) is a versatile disk management system that can easily be used in Linux or similar operating systems. Traditional partitions are created in fixed sizes, and resizing them is a tedious process. On the other hand, LVM creates and manages "logical" volumes off of physical hard disks, and provides administrators the flexibility to extend and shrink logical volumes easily on demand without damaging stored data. Additional hard disks can be added to LVM at will, further increasing existing logical volumes. LVM does not need reboot as long as the kernel is aware of the existence of a partition.
|
||||
LVM是一个多才多艺的硬盘系统工具。无论在Linux或者其他相似的系统，都是非常的好用。传统分区使用固定大小分区，重新分区十分麻烦。但是，LVM创建和管理从硬盘中分出来的“逻辑”卷，提供管理员弹性管理逻辑卷的扩大缩小，操作简单，还不损坏已存储的数据。附加硬盘可以随意增加到LVM，而且可以直接增加已经存在的逻辑卷。LVM不需要重启而只要内核知道分区的存在。
|
||||
|
||||
LVM uses a hierarchical structure as it can be seen in the following diagram.
|
||||
LVM使用分层结构，如下图所示。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
At the top, we have physical volumes. One or more physical volumes are used to create a volume group. Logical volumes are then created from these volume groups. As long as there is space available in the volume group, we can create logical volumes from the volume group. File system is created on these logical volumes, which are then mounted and accessible in the operating system.
|
||||
图中顶层，首先是实际的物理卷。下一层，一个或多个物理卷可以用来创建卷组。再下一层，然后逻辑卷的创建基于卷组。只要在卷组中有可用空间，就可以随心所欲的创建逻辑卷。最下面层，文件系统的分区就是从逻辑卷上创建，然后可以在操作系统挂载和访问。
|
||||
|
||||
### LVM Test Scenario ###
|
||||
### LVM测试说明 ###
|
||||
|
||||
This tutorial will describe **how to use LVM to create and manage LVM volumes in Linux**. The tutorial will be divided into two parts. In the first part, we will create several logical volumes on one hard disk, and mount them in /lvm-mount directory. We will then resize the created volumes. In the second part, we will add additional volumes created from a second hard disk to LVM.
|
||||
本文将介绍**怎么在linux中创建和管理LVM卷**。我们将会分成两个部分。第一个部分，我们首要要在一个硬盘上创建多个逻辑卷，然后将它们挂载在/lvm-mount目录。然后我们将要对创建好的卷调整大小。而第二部分，我们将会从另外一块硬盘增加额外的卷到LVM中。
|
||||
|
||||
### Preparing Disk Partitions ###
|
||||
### 准备磁盘分区 ###
|
||||
|
||||
Disk partitions are created using fdisk. We will create three partitions of 1 GB each, though identical sized partitions are not mandatory. Also, the partitions are created as type '8e' to make them compatible with LVM.
|
||||
通过使用fdisk，创建磁盘分区。我们需要创建3个1G分区，注意，相同大小的分区不是强制的。同样，分区需要使用‘8e’类型来使他们兼容LVM。
|
||||
|
||||
# fdisk /dev/sdb
|
||||
|
||||
@ -37,7 +35,7 @@ Disk partitions are created using fdisk. We will create three partitions of 1 GB
|
||||
Hex code (type L to list codes): 8e ## code for LVM
|
||||
Changed system type of partition 1 to 8e (Linux LVM)
|
||||
|
||||
We repeat the same steps to create two other partitions. After the partitions are created, we should get an output similar to this:
|
||||
重复上面的操作来创建其他两个分区。分区创建完成后，我们应该有类似如下的输出：
|
||||
|
||||
# fdisk -l
|
||||
|
||||
@ -48,15 +46,15 @@ We repeat the same steps to create two other partitions. After the partitions ar
|
||||
/dev/sdb2 133 264 1060290 8e Linux LVM
|
||||
/dev/sdb3 265 396 1060290 8e Linux LVM
|
||||
|
||||
### Preparing Physical Volumes ###
|
||||
### 准备物理卷 ###
|
||||
|
||||
The newly created partitions are used to store physical volumes. LVM can work with different sized physical volumes.
|
||||
刚创建的分区是用来储存物理卷的。LVM可以在不同大小的物理卷上工作。
|
||||
|
||||
# pvcreate /dev/sdb1
|
||||
# pvcreate /dev/sdb2
|
||||
# pvcreate /dev/sdb3
|
||||
|
||||
Physical volumes can be verified using the following command. The following section contains partial output. "/dev/sdb2" is a new physical volume of "1.01 GiB".
|
||||
使用下列命令检查物理卷已经创建。下面截取部分输出。"/dev/sdb2"是一个新的"1.01 GiB"物理卷。
|
||||
|
||||
# pvdisplay
|
||||
|
||||
@ -73,17 +71,18 @@ Physical volumes can be verified using the following command. The following sect
|
||||
Allocated PE 0
|
||||
PV UUID jszvzz-ENA2-g5Pd-irhV-T9wi-ZfA3-0xo092
|
||||
|
||||
Physical volumes can be deleted using the following command.
|
||||
使用下列命令可以删除物理卷。
|
||||
|
||||
# pvremove /dev/sdb1
|
||||
|
||||
### Preparing Volume Groups ###
|
||||
### 准备卷组 ###
|
||||
|
||||
The following command creates a volume group named 'volume-group1' by using the physical volumes /dev/sdb1, /dev/sdb2 and /dev/sdb3.
|
||||
|
||||
下列命令用来创建名为'volume-group1'的卷组，使用/dev/sdb1, /dev/sdb2 和 /dev/sdb3创建。
|
||||
|
||||
# vgcreate volume-group1 /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdb2 /dev/sdb3
|
||||
|
||||
Volume groups can be verified using the following command.
|
||||
使用下列命令可以来验证卷组。
|
||||
|
||||
# vgdisplay
|
||||
|
||||
@ -110,19 +109,20 @@ Volume groups can be verified using the following command.
|
||||
Free PE / Size 774 / 3.02 GiB
|
||||
VG UUID bwd2pS-fkAz-lGVZ-qc7C-TaKv-fFUC-IzGNBK
|
||||
|
||||
We can view used/total size of the volume group from the output. Logical volumes take the space of the volume group. As long as there is free space available in the volume group, we can create logical volumes.
|
||||
|
||||
Volume groups can be deleted using the following command.
|
||||
从输出中，我们可以看见卷组的使用量/总量。物理卷给卷组提供空间。只要在这个卷组中还有可用空间，我们就可以随意创建逻辑卷。
|
||||
|
||||
使用下列命令删除卷组。
|
||||
|
||||
# vgremove volume-group1
|
||||
|
||||
### Creating Logical Volumes ###
|
||||
### 创建逻辑卷 ###
|
||||
|
||||
The following command creates a logical volume named 'lv1' of size 100MB. We are using small sized partitions to reduce processing time. The logical volume will take its space from the volume group defined earlier.
|
||||
下列命令创建一个名为'1v1'、大小为100MB的逻辑卷。我们使用小分区减少执行时间。逻辑卷使用之前创建的卷组的空间。
|
||||
|
||||
# lvcreate -L 100M -n lv1 volume-group1
|
||||
|
||||
Logical volumes can be verified using the command lvdisplay.
|
||||
逻辑卷使用lvdisplay命令查看。
|
||||
|
||||
# lvdisplay
|
||||
|
||||
@ -143,42 +143,43 @@ Logical volumes can be verified using the command lvdisplay.
|
||||
- currently set to 256
|
||||
Block device 253:2
|
||||
|
||||
Now that the logical volume is ready, we can format and mount the logical volume like any other ext2/3/4 partition.
|
||||
现在逻辑卷已经准备好了，我们可以格式化和挂载逻辑卷，就像ext2/3/4分区一样！
|
||||
|
||||
# mkfs.ext4 /dev/volume-group1/lv1
|
||||
# mkdir /lvm-mount
|
||||
# mount /dev/volume-group1/lv1 /lvm-mount/
|
||||
|
||||
Once the logical volume is mounted, we can access it by reading/writing to the mount point /lvm-mount/. To create and mount additional logical volumes, we can repeat this process.
|
||||
一旦逻辑卷挂载，我们就可以到挂载点/lvm-mount/读取/写入了。为了创建和挂载额外的逻辑卷，我们重复这个过程。
|
||||
|
||||
Finally, we can delete any logical volume with lvremove.
|
||||
最后，使用lvremove我们可以删除逻辑卷。
|
||||
|
||||
# umount /lvm-mount/
|
||||
# lvremove /dev/volume-group1/lv1
|
||||
|
||||
### Expanding an LVM Volume ###
|
||||
### 扩展一个LVM卷 ###
|
||||
|
||||
The ability to resize a logical volume is the best part about using LVM. This section will discuss how we can expand an existing logical volume. We will be expanding the previously created logical volume 'lv1' to 200 MB.
|
||||
调整逻辑卷大小的功能是LVM最好的部分。这个章节会讨论我们怎么样扩展一个存在的逻辑卷。接下来，我们将会扩展先前创建的逻辑卷‘lv1’扩大到200MB。
|
||||
|
||||
Note that after resizing a logical volume, we also need to resize the file system to match. This extra step varies depending on which file system is created in the volume. In this tutorial, we created ext4 file system on 'lv1', so the instruction here focused on ext4 file system (it is compatible with ext2/3 file system as well). The sequence of the commands is important.
|
||||
注意，调整逻辑卷大小之后，也需要对文件系统调整大小进行匹配。有个额外的步骤各不相同,这取决于创建文件系统的类型。在本文中，我们使用'lv1'创建了ext4类型的文件系统，所以这里的操作是针对ext4文件系统的。（它也兼容ext2/3文件系统）。命令的执行顺序是很重要的。
|
||||
|
||||
First, we unmount the volume.
|
||||
首先，我们卸载掉lv1卷
|
||||
|
||||
# umount /lvm-mount/
|
||||
|
||||
Then, the size of the volume is set to be 200M.
|
||||
然后，设置卷的大小为200M
|
||||
|
||||
# lvresize -L 200M /dev/volume-group1/lv1
|
||||
|
||||
Next, the disk is checked for errors.
|
||||
接下来，检查磁盘错误
|
||||
|
||||
# e2fsck -f /dev/volume-group1/lv1
|
||||
|
||||
After that, the ext4 information is updated.
|
||||
完成以后，ext4信息已经更新。
|
||||
|
||||
# resize2fs /dev/volume-group1/lv1
|
||||
|
||||
The logical volume should be extended to 200 MB by now. We can verify it by checking the LV status.
|
||||
现在，这个逻辑卷应该已经扩展到200MB了。我们检查LV的状态来验证。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# lvdisplay
|
||||
|
||||
@ -199,27 +200,28 @@ The logical volume should be extended to 200 MB by now. We can verify it by chec
|
||||
- currently set to 256
|
||||
Block device 253:2
|
||||
|
||||
Now the logical volume can be mounted again, and be used just like any partition.
|
||||
现在，这个逻辑卷可以再次挂载，同样这个方法使用其他分区。
|
||||
|
||||
### Shrinking an LVM Volume ###
|
||||
### 缩减一个LVM卷 ###
|
||||
|
||||
This section will cover the method of reducing the size of an LVM. The sequence of the commands is important. Again, this instruction is valid for ext2/3/4 file system.
|
||||
这章节介绍缩减LVM卷大小的方法。命令的顺序同样重要。并且，下列命令对ext2/3/4文件系统同样有效。
|
||||
|
||||
Note that reducing the size of the logical volume to a value less than stored data will end in loss of data.
|
||||
|
||||
First, the volume is unmounted.
|
||||
注意减少逻辑卷的大小值若小于储存的数据大小，会出现数据丢失。
|
||||
|
||||
首先，卸载掉卷。
|
||||
|
||||
# umount /dev/volume-group1/lv1
|
||||
|
||||
Then, the volume is checked for errors.
|
||||
然后，检测磁盘错误。
|
||||
|
||||
# e2fsck -f /dev/volume-group1/lv1
|
||||
|
||||
Next, the ext4 information is updated.
|
||||
接下来，更新ext4信息。
|
||||
|
||||
# resize2fs /dev/volume-group1/lv1 100M
|
||||
|
||||
After that, the logical volume is reduced.
|
||||
完成以后，减少逻辑卷大小
|
||||
|
||||
# lvresize -L 100M /dev/volume-group1/lv1
|
||||
|
||||
@ -229,7 +231,7 @@ After that, the logical volume is reduced.
|
||||
> Reducing logical volume lv1 to 100.00 MiB
|
||||
> Logical volume lv1 successfully resized
|
||||
|
||||
Finally, the updated size of the logical volume is verified.
|
||||
最后，验证调整后的逻辑卷大小。
|
||||
|
||||
# lvdisplay
|
||||
|
||||
@ -250,11 +252,12 @@ Finally, the updated size of the logical volume is verified.
|
||||
- currently set to 256
|
||||
Block device 253:2
|
||||
|
||||
### Expanding a Volume Group ###
|
||||
### 扩展一个卷组 ###
|
||||
|
||||
This section will cover the method of expanding a volume group by adding a new physical volume to the volume group. Let us assume that our volume group 'volume-group1' is full, and needs to be expanded. Our current hard disk (sdb) does not have any spare partitions, and we have added another hard disk (sdc). We will see how we can expand the volume group by adding a partition from sdc.
|
||||
本节将讨论扩展卷组的方法，将一个物理卷添加到卷组。让我们假设我们的卷组'volume-group1'已经满了，需要扩大。收上的硬盘（sdb）已经没有其他空闲分区，我们添加了另外一个硬盘（sdc）。我们将看到如何从sdc扩展一个卷组，并增加一个分区。
|
||||
|
||||
To check the current state of VG.
|
||||
|
||||
检测现在卷组状态
|
||||
|
||||
# vgdisplay volume-group1
|
||||
|
||||
@ -281,7 +284,7 @@ To check the current state of VG.
|
||||
Free PE / Size 749 / 2.93 GiB
|
||||
VG UUID bwd2pS-fkAz-lGVZ-qc7C-TaKv-fFUC-IzGNBK
|
||||
|
||||
First, we create a 2 GB partition sdc1 of type LVM (8e) as explained earlier in the tutorial.
|
||||
首先，我们创建一个2GB分区sdc1，类型为LVM（8e），如教程前所述。
|
||||
|
||||
# fdisk /dev/sdc
|
||||
|
||||
@ -305,15 +308,15 @@ First, we create a 2 GB partition sdc1 of type LVM (8e) as explained earlier in
|
||||
Command (m for help): w
|
||||
The partition table has been altered!
|
||||
|
||||
Then, we create a physical volume /dev/sdc1.
|
||||
然后，我们创建一个物理卷 /dev/sdc1
|
||||
|
||||
# pvcreate /dev/sdc1
|
||||
|
||||
Now that the physical volume is ready, we can simply add it to the existing volume group 'volume-group1'.
|
||||
现在，物理卷已经准备好了，我们可以简单地将它增加到已存在的卷组'volume-group1'上。
|
||||
|
||||
# vgextend volume-group1 /dev/sdc1
|
||||
|
||||
We can verify it using vgdisplay.
|
||||
使用vgdisplay来验证。
|
||||
|
||||
# vgdisplay
|
||||
|
||||
@ -340,16 +343,16 @@ We can verify it using vgdisplay.
|
||||
Free PE / Size 1262 / 4.93 GiB
|
||||
VG UUID bwd2pS-fkAz-lGVZ-qc7C-TaKv-fFUC-IzGNBK
|
||||
|
||||
Note that although we have used a separate disk for demonstration, any disk of type '8e' can be used for expanding a volume group.
|
||||
注意，尽管我们使用一个单独的磁盘做示范，其实只要是‘8e’类型的磁盘都可以用来扩展卷组。
|
||||
|
||||
To sum up, LVM is a very powerful tool for creating and managing resizable partitions. In this tutorial, we have seen how dynamic partitions can be created and used using LVM. We have also seen the method of expanding/reducing the logical volumes and volume groups, and adding new hard disks to LVM.
|
||||
总结一下，LVM是一个非常给力的工具，用来创建和管理可变大小的分区。本文中，我们已经看见了动态分区如何在LVM中创建和使用。我们也看见了扩展/缩小逻辑卷和卷组的方法，和如何增加一个新的磁盘到LVM。
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Hope this helps.
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希望对你有帮助。
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/05/use-lvm-linux.html
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
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译者：[Vic___](http://www.vicyu.net) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
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|
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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