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Translated:20140922 How to use logrotate to manage log files in Linux.md
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Translating by GOLinux ...
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How to use logrotate to manage log files in Linux
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================================================================================
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Log files contain useful information about what is going on within the system. They are often inspected during troubleshooting processes or server performance analysis. For a busy server, log files may grow quickly into very large sizes. This becomes a problem as the server will soon run out of space. Besides, working with a single large log file can often be tricky.
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logrotate is a very useful tool that can automate the process of breaking up (or rotating), compressing, and deleting old log files. For example, you can set up logrotate such that the log file /var/log/foo is rotated every 30 days, and logs older than 6 months are deleted. Once configured, the process is fully automated using logrotate without any further need for human interaction. Optionally, old logs can be emailed as well, but that option is beyond the scope of this tutorial.
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The logrotate package is typically installed by default on major Linux distros. If, for some reason, logrotate is not present, you can install it using apt-get or yum command.
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On Debian or Ubuntu:
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# apt-get install logrotate cron
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On Fedora, CentOS or RHEL:
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# yum install logrotate crontabs
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The configuration file for logrotate is /etc/logrotate.conf. Generally no modification is needed here. The log files to be rotated are defined in separate configuration file(s) placed under /etc/logrotate.d/ directory.
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### Example One ###
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In the first example, we will create a 10 MB log file /var/log/log-file. We will see how we can use logrotate to manage this log file.
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We start by creating a log file, and populating it with a 10 MB worth of random bit stream.
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# touch /var/log/log-file
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# head -c 10M < /dev/urandom > /var/log/log-file
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Now that the log file is ready, we will configure logrotate to rotate this log file. Let's create a configuration file for this.
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# vim /etc/logrotate.d/log-file
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----------
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/var/log/log-file {
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monthly
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rotate 5
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compress
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delaycompress
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missingok
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notifempty
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create 644 root root
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postrotate
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/usr/bin/killall -HUP rsyslogd
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endscript
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}
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Where:
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- **monthly**: The log file will now be rotated monthly. Other possible values are 'daily', 'weekly' or 'yearly'.
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- **rotate 5**: A total of 5 archived logs will be stored at a time. For the 6th archive, the oldest stored archive will be deleted.
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- **compress**: The rotated archive will be compressed using gzip, after the rotation task is complete.
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- **delaycompress**: Always used together with compress option, the delaycompress parameter instructs logrotate to not run compression on the most recent archive. Compression will be performed during the next rotation cycle. This is useful if you or any software still needs to access the fresh archive.
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- **missingok**: During log rotation, any errors will be ignored, e.g., "file not found".
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- **notifempty**: Rotation will not be performed if the log file is empty.
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- **create 644 root root**: A fresh log file will be created with specified permissions as logrotate may rename the original log file.
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- **postrotate/endscript**: The command(s) specified between postrotate and endscript will be carried out after all other instructions are completed. In this case, the process rsyslogd will re-read its configuration on the fly and continue running.
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The above template is generic, and the configuration parameters may vary based on your requirements. Not all the parameters may be necessary.
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### Example Two ###
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In this example, we want to rotate a log file only when the size of the log file grows over 50 MB.
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# vim /etc/logrotate.d/log-file
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----------
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/var/log/log-file {
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size=50M
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rotate 5
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create 644 root root
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postrotate
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/usr/bin/killall -HUP rsyslogd
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endscript
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}
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### Example Three ###
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We want old log files to be named with the date of creation. This can be achieved by adding dateext parameter.
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# vim /etc/logrotate.d/log-file
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----------
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/var/log/log-file {
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monthly
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rotate 5
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dateext
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create 644 root root
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postrotate
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/usr/bin/killall -HUP rsyslogd
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endscript
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}
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This will cause the archived files to contain the date in their name.
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### Troubleshooting ###
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Here are a few troubleshooting tips for logrotate setup.
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#### 1. Running logrotate manually ####
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**logrotate** can be invoked manually from the command line at any time.
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To invoke **logrotate on** all logs as configured in /etc/logrotate.d/*:
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# logrotate /etc/logrotate.conf
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To invoke logrotate for a particular configuration:
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# logrotate /etc/logrotate.d/log-file
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#### 2. Dry run ####
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The best option during troubleshooting is to run logrotate as a dry run using '-d' option. For verification, a dry run simulates log rotation and displays its output without actually rotating any log files.
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# logrotate -d /etc/logrotate.d/log-file
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As we can see from the above output, logrotate decided that rotation is not necessary. This can happen if the age of the file is less than one day.
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#### 3. Force run ####
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We can force logrotate to rotate log files even when rotation conditions are not met, by using '-f' option. The '-v' parameter provides verbose output.
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# logrotate -vf /etc/logrotate.d/log-file
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reading config file /etc/logrotate.d/log-file
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reading config info for /var/log/log-file
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Handling 1 logs
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rotating pattern: /var/log/log-file forced from command line (5 rotations)
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empty log files are rotated, old logs are removed
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considering log /var/log/log-file
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log needs rotating
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rotating log /var/log/log-file, log->rotateCount is 5
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dateext suffix '-20140916'
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glob pattern '-[0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9]'
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renaming /var/log/log-file.5.gz to /var/log/log-file.6.gz (rotatecount 5, logstart 1, i 5),
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old log /var/log/log-file.5.gz does not exist
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renaming /var/log/log-file.4.gz to /var/log/log-file.5.gz (rotatecount 5, logstart 1, i 4),
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old log /var/log/log-file.4.gz does not exist
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. . .
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renaming /var/log/log-file.0.gz to /var/log/log-file.1.gz (rotatecount 5, logstart 1, i 0),
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old log /var/log/log-file.0.gz does not exist
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log /var/log/log-file.6.gz doesn't exist -- won't try to dispose of it
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renaming /var/log/log-file to /var/log/log-file.1
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creating new /var/log/log-file mode = 0644 uid = 0 gid = 0
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running postrotate script
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compressing log with: /bin/gzip
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#### 4. Logrotate logging ####
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Logs for logrotate itself are usually stored in the directory /var/lib/logrotate/status. If we want logrotate to log to any specific file for troubleshooting purposes, we can specify that from the command line as follows.
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# logrotate -vf –s /var/log/logrotate-status /etc/logrotate.d/log-file
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#### 5. Logrotate cron job ####
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The **cron** jobs needed for logrotate should automatically be created during installation. I am posting the contents of the cron file for reference.
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# cat /etc/cron.daily/logrotate
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#!/bin/sh
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# Clean non existent log file entries from status file
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cd /var/lib/logrotate
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test -e status || touch status
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head -1 status > status.clean
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sed 's/"//g' status | while read logfile date
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do
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[ -e "$logfile" ] && echo "\"$logfile\" $date"
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done >> status.clean
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mv status.clean status
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test -x /usr/sbin/logrotate || exit 0
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/usr/sbin/logrotate /etc/logrotate.conf
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To sum up, logrotate is a very useful tool for preventing gigantic log files from using up storage space. Once configured, the process is fully automated, and can run without human intervention for a long time. This tutorial focused on several basic examples of how to use logrotate. You can customize it even further to match your requirements.
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Hope this helps.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/09/logrotate-manage-log-files-linux.html
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作者：[Sarmed Rahman][a]
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:http://xmodulo.com/author/sarmed
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@ -0,0 +1,199 @@
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Linux日志文件总管——logrotate
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日志文件包含了关于系统中发生的事件的有用信息，在排障过程中或者系统性能分析时经常被用到。对于忙碌的服务器，日志文件大小会快速增长，服务器会很快消耗磁盘空间，这成了个问题。除此之外，处理一个单个的庞大日志文件也常常是件十分棘手的事。
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logrotate是个十分有用的工具，它可以自动对日志进行分解（或轮循）、压缩以及删除旧日志文件。例如，你可以设置logrotate，让/var/log/foo日志文件每30天轮循，并删除超过6个月的日志。配置完后，logrotate的运作完全自动化，不必进行任何进一步的认为干预。另外，旧日志也可以通过电子邮件发送，不过该选项超出了本教程的讨论范围。
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主流Linux发行版上都默认安装有logrotate包，如果出于某种原因，logrotate没有出现在里头，你可以使用apt-get或yum命令来安装。
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在Debian或Ubuntu上：
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# apt-get install logrotate cron
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在Fedora，CentOS或RHEL上：
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# yum install logrotate crontabs
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logrotate的配置文件是/etc/logrotate.conf，通常不需要对它进行修改。日志文件的轮循设置在独立的配置文件中，它（们）放在/etc/logrotate.d/目录下。
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### 样例一 ###
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在第一个样例中，我们将创建一个10MB的日志文件/var/log/log-file。我们将展示怎样使用logrotate来管理该日志文件。
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我们从创建一个日志文件开始吧，然后在其中填入一个10MB的随机比特流数据。
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# touch /var/log/log-file
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# head -c 10M < /dev/urandom > /var/log/log-file
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由于现在日志文件已经准备好，我们将配置logrotate来轮循该日志文件。让我们为该文件创建一个配置文件。
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# vim /etc/logrotate.d/log-file
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/var/log/log-file {
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monthly
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rotate 5
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compress
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delaycompress
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missingok
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notifempty
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create 644 root root
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postrotate
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/usr/bin/killall -HUP rsyslogd
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endscript
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}
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这里：
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- **monthly**: 日志文件将按月轮循。其它可用值为‘daily’，‘weekly’或者‘yearly’。
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- **rotate 5**: 一次将存储5个归档日志。对于第六个归档，时间最久的归档将被删除。
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- **compress**: 在轮循任务完成后，已轮循的归档将使用gzip进行压缩。
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- **delaycompress**: 总是与compress选项一起用，delaycompress选项指示logrotate不要将最近的归档压缩，压缩将在下一次轮循周期进行。这在你或任何软件仍然需要读取最新归档时很有用。
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- **missingok**: 在日志轮循其间，任何错误将被忽略，例如“文件无法找到”之类的错误。
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- **notifempty**: 如果日志文件为空，轮循不会进行。
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- **create 644 root root**: 以指定的权限创建全新的日志文件，同时logrotate也会重命名原始日志文件。
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- **postrotate/endscript**: 在所有其它指令完成后，postrotate和endscript之间指定的命令将被执行。在这种情况下，rsyslogd 进程将立即再次读取其配置并继续运行。
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上面的模板是通用的，而配置参数则根据你的需求进行调整，不是所有的参数都是必要的。
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### 样例二 ###
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在本例中，我们只想要轮循一个日志文件，然而日志文件大小会增长到50MB。
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# vim /etc/logrotate.d/log-file
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/var/log/log-file {
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size=50M
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rotate 5
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create 644 root root
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postrotate
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/usr/bin/killall -HUP rsyslogd
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endscript
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}
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### 样例三 ###
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我们想要让旧日志文件以创建日期命名，这可以通过添加dateext常熟实现。
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# vim /etc/logrotate.d/log-file
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/var/log/log-file {
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monthly
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rotate 5
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dateext
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create 644 root root
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postrotate
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/usr/bin/killall -HUP rsyslogd
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endscript
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}
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这将导致归档文件在它们的文件名中包含日期信息。
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### 排障 ###
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这里提供了一些logrotate设置的排障提示。
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#### 1. 手动运行logrotate ####
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**logrotate**可以在任何时候从命令行手动调用。
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要调用为/etc/lograte.d/下配置的所有日志调用**logrotate**：
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# logrotate /etc/logrotate.conf
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要为某个特定的配置调用logrotate：
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# logrotate /etc/logrotate.d/log-file
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#### 2. 演练 ####
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排障过程中的最佳选择是使用‘-d’选项以预演方式运行logrotate。要进行验证，不用实际轮循任何日志文件，可以模拟演练日志轮循并显示其输出。
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# logrotate -d /etc/logrotate.d/log-file
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正如我们从上面的输出结果可以看到的，logrotate判断该轮循是不必要的。如果文件的时间小于一天，这就会发生了。
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#### 3. 强制运行 ####
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即使轮循条件没有满足，我们也可以通过使用‘-f’选项来强制logrotate轮循日志文件，‘-v’参数提供了详细的输出。
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# logrotate -vf /etc/logrotate.d/log-file
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----------
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reading config file /etc/logrotate.d/log-file
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reading config info for /var/log/log-file
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Handling 1 logs
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rotating pattern: /var/log/log-file forced from command line (5 rotations)
|
||||||
|
empty log files are rotated, old logs are removed
|
||||||
|
considering log /var/log/log-file
|
||||||
|
log needs rotating
|
||||||
|
rotating log /var/log/log-file, log->rotateCount is 5
|
||||||
|
dateext suffix '-20140916'
|
||||||
|
glob pattern '-[0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9]'
|
||||||
|
renaming /var/log/log-file.5.gz to /var/log/log-file.6.gz (rotatecount 5, logstart 1, i 5),
|
||||||
|
old log /var/log/log-file.5.gz does not exist
|
||||||
|
renaming /var/log/log-file.4.gz to /var/log/log-file.5.gz (rotatecount 5, logstart 1, i 4),
|
||||||
|
old log /var/log/log-file.4.gz does not exist
|
||||||
|
. . .
|
||||||
|
renaming /var/log/log-file.0.gz to /var/log/log-file.1.gz (rotatecount 5, logstart 1, i 0),
|
||||||
|
old log /var/log/log-file.0.gz does not exist
|
||||||
|
log /var/log/log-file.6.gz doesn't exist -- won't try to dispose of it
|
||||||
|
renaming /var/log/log-file to /var/log/log-file.1
|
||||||
|
creating new /var/log/log-file mode = 0644 uid = 0 gid = 0
|
||||||
|
running postrotate script
|
||||||
|
compressing log with: /bin/gzip
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
#### 4. Logrotate记录日志 ####
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
logrotate自身的日志通常存放于/var/lib/logrotate/status目录。如果处于排障目的，我们想要logrotate记录到任何指定的文件，我们可以指定像下面这样从命令行指定。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
# logrotate -vf –s /var/log/logrotate-status /etc/logrotate.d/log-file
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
#### 5. Logrotate定时任务 ####
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
logrotate需要的**cron**任务应该在安装时就自动创建了，我把cron文件的内容贴出来，以供大家参考。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
# cat /etc/cron.daily/logrotate
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
----------
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
#!/bin/sh
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
# Clean non existent log file entries from status file
|
||||||
|
cd /var/lib/logrotate
|
||||||
|
test -e status || touch status
|
||||||
|
head -1 status > status.clean
|
||||||
|
sed 's/"//g' status | while read logfile date
|
||||||
|
do
|
||||||
|
[ -e "$logfile" ] && echo "\"$logfile\" $date"
|
||||||
|
done >> status.clean
|
||||||
|
mv status.clean status
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
test -x /usr/sbin/logrotate || exit 0
|
||||||
|
/usr/sbin/logrotate /etc/logrotate.conf
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
小结一下，logrotate工具对于防止因庞大的日志文件而耗尽存储空间是十分有用的。配置完毕后，进程是全自动的，可以长时间在不需要人为干预下运行。本教程重点关注几个使用logrotate的几个基本样例，你也可以定制它以满足你的需求。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
希望本文对你有所帮助。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/09/logrotate-manage-log-files-linux.html
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
作者：[Sarmed Rahman][a]
|
||||||
|
译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux)
|
||||||
|
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
[a]:http://xmodulo.com/author/sarmed
|
||||||
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Block a user