mirror of
https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject.git
synced 2024-12-26 21:30:55 +08:00
translated
This commit is contained in:
HankChow
parent
484ed70516
commit
3eee480d34
@ -1,111 +0,0 @@
|
||||
HankChow translating
|
||||
|
||||
Randomize your MAC address using NetworkManager
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Today, users run their notebooks everywhere. To stay connected you use the local wifi to access the internet, on the couch at home or in a little cafe with your favorite coffee. But modern hotspots track you based on your MAC address, [an address that is unique per network card][1], and in this way identifies your device. Read more below about how to avoid this kind of tracking.
|
||||
|
||||
Why is this a problem? Many people use the word “privacy” to talk about this issue. But the concern is not about someone accessing the private contents of your laptop (that’s a separate issue). Instead, it’s about legibility — in simple terms, the ability to be easily counted and tracked. You can and should [read more about legibility][2]. But the bottom line is legibility gives the tracker power over the tracked. For instance, timed WiFi leases at the airport can only be enforced when you’re legible.
|
||||
|
||||
Since a fixed MAC address for your laptop is so legible (easily tracked), you should change it often. A random address is a good choice. Since MAC-addresses are only used within a local network, a random MAC-address is unlikely to cause a [collision.][3]
|
||||
|
||||
### Configuring NetworkManager
|
||||
|
||||
To apply randomized MAC-addresses by default to all WiFi connections, create the following file /etc/NetworkManager/conf.d/00-macrandomize.conf :
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
[device]
|
||||
wifi.scan-rand-mac-address=yes
|
||||
|
||||
[connection]
|
||||
wifi.cloned-mac-address=stable
|
||||
ethernet.cloned-mac-address=stable
|
||||
connection.stable-id=${CONNECTION}/${BOOT}
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Afterward, restart NetworkManager:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
systemctl restart NetworkManager
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Set cloned-mac-address to stable to generate the same hashed MAC every time a NetworkManager connection activates, but use a different MAC with each connection. To get a truly random MAC with every activation, use random instead.
|
||||
|
||||
The stable setting is useful to get the same IP address from DHCP, or a captive portal might remember your login status based on the MAC address. With random you may be required to re-authenticate (or click “I agree”) on every connect. You probably want “random” for that airport WiFi. See the NetworkManager [blog post][4] for a more detailed discussion and instructions for using nmcli to configure specific connections from the terminal.
|
||||
|
||||
To see your current MAC addresses, use ip link. The MAC follows the word ether.
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ ip link
|
||||
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
|
||||
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
|
||||
2: enp2s0: <NO-CARRIER,BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state DOWN mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
|
||||
link/ether 52:54:00:5f:d5:4e brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
|
||||
3: wlp1s0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc mq state UP mode DORMANT group default qlen 1000
|
||||
link/ether 52:54:00:03:23:59 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### When not to randomize your MAC address
|
||||
|
||||
Naturally, there are times when you do need to be legible. For instance, on your home network, you may have configured your router to assign your notebook a consistent private IP for port forwarding. Or you might allow only certain MAC addresses to use the WiFi. Your employer probably requires legibility as well.
|
||||
To change a specific WiFi connection, use nmcli to see your NetworkManager connections and show the current settings:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ nmcli c | grep wifi
|
||||
Amtrak_WiFi 5f4b9f75-9e41-47f8-8bac-25dae779cd87 wifi --
|
||||
StaplesHotspot de57940c-32c2-468b-8f96-0a3b9a9b0a5e wifi --
|
||||
MyHome e8c79829-1848-4563-8e44-466e14a3223d wifi wlp1s0
|
||||
...
|
||||
$ nmcli c show 5f4b9f75-9e41-47f8-8bac-25dae779cd87 | grep cloned
|
||||
802-11-wireless.cloned-mac-address: --
|
||||
$ nmcli c show e8c79829-1848-4563-8e44-466e14a3223d | grep cloned
|
||||
802-11-wireless.cloned-mac-address: stable
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
This example uses a fully random MAC for Amtrak (which is currently using the default), and the permanent MAC for MyHome (currently set to stable). The permanent MAC was assigned to your network interface when it was manufactured. Network admins like to use the permanent MAC to see [manufacturer IDs on the wire][5].
|
||||
|
||||
Now, make the changes and reconnect the active interface:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ nmcli c modify 5f4b9f75-9e41-47f8-8bac-25dae779cd87 802-11-wireless.cloned-mac-address random
|
||||
$ nmcli c modify e8c79829-1848-4563-8e44-466e14a3223d 802-11-wireless.cloned-mac-address permanent
|
||||
$ nmcli c down e8c79829-1848-4563-8e44-466e14a3223d
|
||||
$ nmcli c up e8c79829-1848-4563-8e44-466e14a3223d
|
||||
$ ip link
|
||||
...
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
You can also install NetworkManager-tui to get the nmtui command for nice menus when editing connections.
|
||||
|
||||
### Conclusion
|
||||
|
||||
When you walk down the street, you should [stay aware of your surroundings][6], and on the [alert for danger][7]. In the same way, learn to be aware of your legibility when using public internet resources.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://fedoramagazine.org/randomize-mac-address-nm/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[sheogorath][a],[Stuart D Gathman][b]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972)
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/author/sheogorath/
|
||||
[b]: https://fedoramagazine.org/author/sdgathman/
|
||||
[1]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAC_address
|
||||
[2]: https://www.ribbonfarm.com/2010/07/26/a-big-little-idea-called-legibility/
|
||||
[3]: https://serverfault.com/questions/462178/duplicate-mac-address-on-the-same-lan-possible
|
||||
[4]: https://blogs.gnome.org/thaller/2016/08/26/mac-address-spoofing-in-networkmanager-1-4-0/
|
||||
[5]: https://www.wireshark.org/tools/oui-lookup.html
|
||||
[6]: https://www.isba.org/committees/governmentlawyers/newsletter/2013/06/becomingmoreawareafewtipsonkeepingy
|
||||
[7]: http://www.selectinternational.com/safety-blog/aware-of-surroundings-can-reduce-safety-incidents
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
|
||||
使用 NetworkManager 随机化你的 MAC 地址
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
今时今日，无论在家里的沙发上，还是在外面的咖啡厅，只要打开笔记本电脑，连上 Wi-Fi，就能通过网络与外界保持联系。但现在的 Wi-Fi 热点们大都能够通过[每张网卡对应的唯一 MAC 地址][1]来追踪你的设备。下面就来看一下如何避免被追踪。
|
||||
|
||||
现在很多人已经开始注重个人隐私这个问题。个人隐私问题并不仅仅指防止他人能够访问到你电脑上的私有内容（这又是另一个问题了），而更多的是指可追踪性，也就是是否能够被轻易地统计和追踪到。大家都应该[对此更加重视][2]。同时，这方面的底线是，服务提供者在得到了用户的授权后才能对用户进行追踪，例如机场的计时 Wi-Fi 只有在用户授权后才能够使用。
|
||||
|
||||
因为固定的 MAC 地址能被轻易地追踪到，所以应该定时进行更换，随机的 MAC 地址是一个好的选择。由于 MAC 地址一般只在局域网内使用，因此随机的 MAC 地址也不太容易产生[冲突][3]。
|
||||
|
||||
### 配置 NetworkManager
|
||||
|
||||
要将随机的 MAC 地址默认应用与所有的 Wi-Fi 连接，需要创建 /etc/NetworkManager/conf.d/00-macrandomize.conf 这个文件：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
[device]
|
||||
wifi.scan-rand-mac-address=yes
|
||||
|
||||
[connection]
|
||||
wifi.cloned-mac-address=stable
|
||||
ethernet.cloned-mac-address=stable
|
||||
connection.stable-id=${CONNECTION}/${BOOT}
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
然后重启 NetworkManager ：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
systemctl restart NetworkManager
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
以上配置文件中，将 cloned-mac-address 的值设置为 stable 就可以在每次 NetworkManager 激活连接的时候都生成相同的 MAC 地址，但连接时使用不同的 MAC 地址。如果要在每次激活连接时获得随机的 MAC 地址，需要将 cloned-mac-address 的值设置为 random。
|
||||
|
||||
设置为 stable 可以从 DHCP 获取相同的 IP 地址，也可以让 Wi-Fi 的强制主页根据 MAC 地址记住你的登录状态。如果设置为 random ，在每次连接的时候都需要重新认证（或者点击“我同意”），在使用机场 Wi-Fi 的时候会需要到这种 random 模式。可以在 NetworkManager 的[博客文章][4]中参阅到有关使用 nmcli 从终端配置特定连接的详细说明。
|
||||
|
||||
使用 ip link 命令可以查看当前的 MAC 地址，MAC 地址将会显示在 ether 一词的后面。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ ip link
|
||||
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
|
||||
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
|
||||
2: enp2s0: <NO-CARRIER,BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state DOWN mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
|
||||
link/ether 52:54:00:5f:d5:4e brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
|
||||
3: wlp1s0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc mq state UP mode DORMANT group default qlen 1000
|
||||
link/ether 52:54:00:03:23:59 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 什么时候不能随机化 MAC 地址
|
||||
|
||||
当然，在某些情况下确实需要能被追踪到。例如在家用网络中，可能需要将路由器配置为对电脑分配一致的 IP 地址以进行端口转发；再例如公司的雇主可能需要根据 MAC 地址来提供 Wi-Fi 服务，这时候就需要进行追踪。要更改特定的 Wi-Fi 连接，请使用 nmcli 查看 NetworkManager 连接并显示当前设置：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ nmcli c | grep wifi
|
||||
Amtrak_WiFi 5f4b9f75-9e41-47f8-8bac-25dae779cd87 wifi --
|
||||
StaplesHotspot de57940c-32c2-468b-8f96-0a3b9a9b0a5e wifi --
|
||||
MyHome e8c79829-1848-4563-8e44-466e14a3223d wifi wlp1s0
|
||||
...
|
||||
$ nmcli c show 5f4b9f75-9e41-47f8-8bac-25dae779cd87 | grep cloned
|
||||
802-11-wireless.cloned-mac-address: --
|
||||
$ nmcli c show e8c79829-1848-4563-8e44-466e14a3223d | grep cloned
|
||||
802-11-wireless.cloned-mac-address: stable
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
以下这个例子使用 Amtrak 的完全随机 MAC 地址（使用默认配置）和 MyHome 的永久 MAC 地址（使用 stable 配置）。永久 MAC 地址是在硬件生产的时候分配到网络接口上的，网络管理员能够根据永久 MAC 地址来查看[设备的制造商 ID][5]。
|
||||
|
||||
更改配置并重新连接活动的接口：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ nmcli c modify 5f4b9f75-9e41-47f8-8bac-25dae779cd87 802-11-wireless.cloned-mac-address random
|
||||
$ nmcli c modify e8c79829-1848-4563-8e44-466e14a3223d 802-11-wireless.cloned-mac-address permanent
|
||||
$ nmcli c down e8c79829-1848-4563-8e44-466e14a3223d
|
||||
$ nmcli c up e8c79829-1848-4563-8e44-466e14a3223d
|
||||
$ ip link
|
||||
...
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
你还可以安装 NetworkManager-tui ，就可以通过可视化界面菜单来编辑连接。
|
||||
|
||||
### 总结
|
||||
|
||||
当你走在路上时，你要[留意周围的环境][6]，并[警惕可能的危险][7]。同样，在使用公共互联网资源时也要注意你自己的可追踪性。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://fedoramagazine.org/randomize-mac-address-nm/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[sheogorath][a],[Stuart D Gathman][b]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972)
|
||||
译者：[HankChow](https://github.com/HankChow)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/author/sheogorath/
|
||||
[b]: https://fedoramagazine.org/author/sdgathman/
|
||||
[1]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAC_address
|
||||
[2]: https://www.ribbonfarm.com/2010/07/26/a-big-little-idea-called-legibility/
|
||||
[3]: https://serverfault.com/questions/462178/duplicate-mac-address-on-the-same-lan-possible
|
||||
[4]: https://blogs.gnome.org/thaller/2016/08/26/mac-address-spoofing-in-networkmanager-1-4-0/
|
||||
[5]: https://www.wireshark.org/tools/oui-lookup.html
|
||||
[6]: https://www.isba.org/committees/governmentlawyers/newsletter/2013/06/becomingmoreawareafewtipsonkeepingy
|
||||
[7]: http://www.selectinternational.com/safety-blog/aware-of-surroundings-can-reduce-safety-incidents
|
||||
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user