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[提交译文][tech]:20210624 Linux package management with apt.md
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[#]: subject: (Linux package management with apt)
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[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/6/apt-linux)
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[#]: author: (Chris Hermansen https://opensource.com/users/clhermansen)
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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
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[#]: translator: (hanszhao80)
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[#]: reviewer: ( )
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[#]: publisher: ( )
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[#]: url: ( )
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Linux package management with apt
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======
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Learn how to install packages on Debian-based Linux distros with the apt
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command, then download our cheat sheet to keep the right command at your
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fingertips.
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![bash logo on green background][1]
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On Linux, [package managers][2] help you handle updates, uninstalls, troubleshooting, and more for the software on your computer. Seth Kenlon [wrote about `dnf`][3], the command-line package management tool for installing software in RHEL, CentOS, Fedora, Mageia, OpenMandriva, and other Linux distros.
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Debian and Debian-based distros such as MX Linux, Deepin, Ubuntu—and distros based on Ubuntu, such as Linux Mint and Pop!_OS—have `apt`, a "similar but different" tool. In this article, I'll follow Seth's examples—but with `apt`—to show you how to use it.
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Before I start, I want to mention four `apt`-related tools for installing software:
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* [Synaptic][4] is a GTK+ based graphical user interface (GUI) front end for `apt`.
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* [Aptitude][5] is an Ncurses-based full-screen command-line front end for `apt`.
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* There are `apt-get`, `apt-cache`, and other predecessors of `apt`.
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* [Dpkg][6] is the "behind the scenes" package manager `apt` uses to do the heavy lifting.
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There are other packaging systems, such as [Flatpak][7] and [Snap][8], that you might run into on Debian and Debian-based systems, but I'm not going to discuss them here. There are also application "stores," such as [GNOME Software][9], that overlap with `apt` and other packaging technologies; again, I'm not going to discuss them here. Finally, there are other Linux distros such as [Arch][10] and [Gentoo][11] that use neither `dnf` nor `apt`, and I'm not going to discuss those here either!
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With all the things I'm not going to discuss here, you may be wondering what tiny subset of software `apt` handles. Well, on my Ubuntu 20.04, `apt` gives me access to 69,371 packages, from the `0ad` real-time strategy game of ancient warfare to the `zzuf` transparent application fuzzer. Not bad at all.
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### Finding software with apt
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The first step in using a package manager such as `apt` is finding a software package of interest. Seth's `dnf` article used the [Cockpit][12] server management application as an example, so I will, too:
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```
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$ apt search cockpit
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Sorting... Done
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Full Text Search... Done
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389-ds/hirsute,hirsute 1.4.4.11-1 all
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389 Directory Server suite - metapackage
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cockpit/hirsute,hirsute 238-1 all
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Web Console for Linux servers
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...
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$
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```
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The second package above is the one you're after (it's the line beginning with `cockpit/hirsute`). If you decide you want to install it, enter:
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```
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`$ sudo apt install cockpit`
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```
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`apt` will take care of installing Cockpit and all the bits and pieces, or _dependencies_, needed to make it work. Sometimes that's all that's needed; sometimes it's not. It's possible that having a bit more information could be useful in deciding whether you really want to install this application.
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### Package metadata
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To find out more about a package, use the `apt show` command:
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```
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$ apt show cockpit
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Package: cockpit
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Version: 238-1
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Priority: optional
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Section: universe/admin
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Origin: Ubuntu
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Maintainer: Ubuntu Developers <[ubuntu-devel-discuss@lists.ubuntu.com][13]>
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Original-Maintainer: Utopia Maintenance Team <[pkg-utopia-maintainers@lists.alioth.debian.org][14]>
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Bugs: <https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+filebug>
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Installed-Size: 88.1 kB
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Depends: cockpit-bridge (>= 238-1), cockpit-ws (>= 238-1), cockpit-system (>= 238-1)
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Recommends: cockpit-storaged (>= 238-1), cockpit-networkmanager (>= 238-1), cockpit-packagekit (>= 238-1)
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Suggests: cockpit-doc (>= 238-1), cockpit-pcp (>= 238-1), cockpit-machines (>= 238-1), xdg-utils
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Homepage: <https://cockpit-project.org/>
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Download-Size: 21.3 kB
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APT-Sources: <http://ca.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu> hirsute/universe amd64 Packages
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Description: Web Console for Linux servers
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The Cockpit Web Console enables users to administer GNU/Linux servers using a
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web browser.
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.
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It offers network configuration, log inspection, diagnostic reports, SELinux
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troubleshooting, interactive command-line sessions, and more.
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$
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```
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In particular, notice the `Description` field, which tells you more about the application. The `Depends` field says what else must be installed, and `Recommends` shows what other—if any—cooperating components are suggested alongside it. The `Homepage` field offers a URL in case you need more info.
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### What package provides a file?
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Sometimes you don't know the package name, but you know a file that must be in a package. Seth offers as an example the `qmake-qt5` utility. Using `apt search` doesn't find it:
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```
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$ apt search qmake-qt5
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Sorting... Done
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Full Text Search... Done
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$
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```
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However, a related command, `apt-file` will explore inside packages:
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```
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$ apt-file search qmake-qt5
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qt5-qmake-bin: /usr/share/man/man1/qmake-qt5.1.gz
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$
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```
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This turns up a man page for `qmake-qt5` that is part of a package called `qt5-qmake-bin`. Note that this package name reverses the `qmake` and `qt5` parts.
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### What files are included in a package?
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That handy `apt-file` command also tells which files are included in a given package. For example:
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```
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$ apt-file list cockpit
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cockpit: /usr/share/doc/cockpit/TODO.Debian
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cockpit: /usr/share/doc/cockpit/changelog.Debian.gz
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cockpit: /usr/share/doc/cockpit/copyright
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cockpit: /usr/share/man/man1/cockpit.1.gz
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cockpit: /usr/share/metainfo/cockpit.appdata.xml
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cockpit: /usr/share/pixmaps/cockpit.png
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$
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```
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Note that this is distinct from the info provided by the `apt show` command, which lists the package's dependencies (other packages that must be installed).
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### Removing an application
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You can also remove packages with `apt`. For example, to remove the `apt-file` application:
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```
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`$ sudo apt purge apt-file`
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```
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Note that a superuser must run `apt` to install or remove applications.
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Removing a package doesn't automatically remove all the dependencies that `apt` installs along the way. However, it's easy to carry out that little bit of tidying:
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```
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`$ sudo apt autoremove`
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```
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### Getting to know apt
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As Seth wrote, "the more you know about how your package manager works, the easier it is for you to install and query applications when necessary."
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Even if you're not a regular `apt` user, knowing it can be useful when you need to work at the command line while installing or removing packages (for example, on a remote server or when following a how-to published by some helpful soul). You may also need to know a bit about Dkpg (mentioned above); for example, some software creators provide a bare `.pkg` file.
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I find the Synaptic package manager to be a really useful tool on my desktop, but I also use `apt` on a handful of servers that I maintain for various purposes.
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**[Download our `apt` cheat sheet][15]** to get used to the command and try some new tricks with it. Once you do, you might find it hard to use anything else.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://opensource.com/article/21/6/apt-linux
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作者：[Chris Hermansen][a]
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选题：[lujun9972][b]
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译者：[hanszhao80](https://github.com/hanszhao80)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]: https://opensource.com/users/clhermansen
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[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
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[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/bash_command_line.png?itok=k4z94W2U (bash logo on green background)
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[2]: https://opensource.com/article/21/2/linux-package-management
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[3]: https://opensource.com/article/21/5/dnf
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[4]: https://www.nongnu.org/synaptic/
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[5]: https://wiki.debian.org/Aptitude
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[6]: https://wiki.debian.org/Teams/Dpkg
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[7]: https://flatpak.org/
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[8]: https://snapcraft.io/
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[9]: https://wiki.gnome.org/Apps/Software
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[10]: https://archlinux.org/
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[11]: https://www.gentoo.org/
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[12]: https://opensource.com/article/20/11/cockpit-server-management
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[13]: mailto:ubuntu-devel-discuss@lists.ubuntu.com
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[14]: mailto:pkg-utopia-maintainers@lists.alioth.debian.org
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[15]: https://opensource.com/downloads/apt-cheat-sheet
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translated/tech/20210624 Linux package management with apt.md
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[#]: subject: (Linux package management with apt)
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[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/6/apt-linux)
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[#]: author: (Chris Hermansen https://opensource.com/users/clhermansen)
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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
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[#]: translator: (hanszhao80)
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[#]: reviewer: ( )
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[#]: publisher: ( )
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[#]: url: ( )
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使用 apt 进行 Linux 包管理
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======
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学习如何使用 apt 命令在基于 Debian 的 Linux 发行版上安装软件包，然后下载我们的速查表，让正确的命令触手可及。
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![绿色背景的 bash 标志][1]
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[包管理器][2] 可帮助你处理 Linux 系统的计算机上软件的更新、卸载、故障排除等问题。Seth Kenlon 写了 [使用 `dnf` 进行 Linux 包管理][3] 一文，介绍了如何使用 dnf 这款命令行包管理工具，在 RHEL、CentOS、Fedora、Mageia、OpenMandriva 和其他 Linux 发行版中安装软件。
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Debian 和基于 Debian 的发行版（例如 MX Linux、Deepin、Ubuntu）以及基于 Ubuntu 的发行版（例如 Linux Mint 和 Pop!_OS）都有`apt`，一个“相似但不同”的工具。在本文中，我将按照 Seth 的示例（但使用 `apt`）向你展示如何使用它。
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在一开始，我想先提一下四个跟 `apt` 相关的软件安装工具：
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* [Synaptic][4] 是为 `apt` 服务的一个基于 GTK+ 的图形用户界面（GUI）的前端工具。
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* [Aptitude][5] 是为 `apt` 服务的一个基于 Ncurses 的全屏命令行前端工具。
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* `apt` 的前身有 `apt-get`、`apt-cache` 等工具。
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* [Dpkg][6] 是在 `apt` 包管理器背后处理繁杂事务的”幕后工作者“。
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还有其他的包管理系统，例如 [Flatpak][7] 和 [Snap][8]，你可能会在 Debian 和基于 Debian 的系统上遇到它们，但我不打算在这里讨论。还有一些应用程序“商店”，例如 [GNOME 软件][9]，与 `apt` 和其他打包技术重叠；我也不打算在这里讨论它们。最后，还有其他 Linux 发行版，例如 [Arch][10] 和 [Gentoo][11] 既不使用 `dnf` 也不使用 `apt`，我也不打算在这里讨论它们！
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上面我讲了这么多我不想提及的内容，您可能怀疑 `apt` 到底能处理多少软件。这么说吧，在我的 Ubuntu 20.04 上，`apt` 可以让我使用 69,371 个软件包，从 `0ad` ，一款古代战争题材的即时战略游戏，到 `zzuf`，一个透明的应用程序输入模糊器。一点也不差。
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### 使用 apt 搜索软件
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使用 `apt` 软件包管理器的第一步是找到感兴趣的软件包。Seth 的 `dnf` 文章以 [Cockpit][12] 服务器管理应用程序为例。用 `apt` 我会输入如下命令：
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```
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$ apt search cockpit
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Sorting... Done
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Full Text Search... Done
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389-ds/hirsute,hirsute 1.4.4.11-1 all
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389 Directory Server suite - metapackage
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cockpit/hirsute,hirsute 238-1 all
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Web Console for Linux servers
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...
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$
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```
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上面的第二个包是你要的那个（以 `cockpit/hirsute` 开头的那一行）。如果你决定要安装它，输入：
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```
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`$ sudo apt install cockpit`
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```
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`apt` will take care of installing Cockpit and all the bits and pieces, or _dependencies_, needed to make it work. Sometimes that's all that's needed; sometimes it's not. It's possible that having a bit more information could be useful in deciding whether you really want to install this application.`apt` 将负责安装 Cockpit 以及使其工作所需的所有部件或 _依赖_。有时这就是我们所需要的；有时不是。了解更多的信息可能有助于你决定是否真的要安装此应用程序。
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### 包元数据
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要了解有关软件包的更多信息，使用 `apt show` 命令：
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```
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$ apt show cockpit
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Package: cockpit
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Version: 238-1
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Priority: optional
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Section: universe/admin
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Origin: Ubuntu
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Maintainer: Ubuntu Developers <[ubuntu-devel-discuss@lists.ubuntu.com][13]>
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Original-Maintainer: Utopia Maintenance Team <[pkg-utopia-maintainers@lists.alioth.debian.org][14]>
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Bugs: <https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+filebug>
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Installed-Size: 88.1 kB
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Depends: cockpit-bridge (>= 238-1), cockpit-ws (>= 238-1), cockpit-system (>= 238-1)
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Recommends: cockpit-storaged (>= 238-1), cockpit-networkmanager (>= 238-1), cockpit-packagekit (>= 238-1)
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Suggests: cockpit-doc (>= 238-1), cockpit-pcp (>= 238-1), cockpit-machines (>= 238-1), xdg-utils
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Homepage: <https://cockpit-project.org/>
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Download-Size: 21.3 kB
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APT-Sources: <http://ca.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu> hirsute/universe amd64 Packages
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Description: Web Console for Linux servers
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The Cockpit Web Console enables users to administer GNU/Linux servers using a
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web browser.
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.
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It offers network configuration, log inspection, diagnostic reports, SELinux
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troubleshooting, interactive command-line sessions, and more.
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$
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```
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In particular, notice the `Description` field, which tells you more about the application. The `Depends` field says what else must be installed, and `Recommends` shows what other—if any—cooperating components are suggested alongside it. The `Homepage` field offers a URL in case you need more info.特别要注意的是 `Description` 字段，它会告诉你更多关于应用程序的信息。`Depends` 字段说明还必须安装什么，而 `Recommends` 则显示建议安装的其他（如果有的话）合作组件。`Homepage` 字段会提供一个网址，通过它你可以了解更多。
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### 哪个包提供的这个文件？
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有时你并不知道包名，但你知道包里一定包含着的某个文件。Seth 以 `qmake-qt5` 程序作为示例。使用 `apt search` 找不到它：
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```
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$ apt search qmake-qt5
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Sorting... Done
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Full Text Search... Done
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$
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```
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但是，一个有关联的命令 `apt-file` 会探索包内部：
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
$ apt-file search qmake-qt5
|
||||||
|
qt5-qmake-bin: /usr/share/man/man1/qmake-qt5.1.gz
|
||||||
|
$
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
这时会显示一个 `qmake-qt5` 的手册页。它是一个名为 `qt5-qmake-bin` 的包的一部分。注意，此包名称颠倒了字符串 `qmake` 和 `qt5` 的顺序。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### 包里包含哪些文件？
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
方便的 `apt-file` 命令会列出一个给定的包中包含哪些文件。例如：
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
$ apt-file list cockpit
|
||||||
|
cockpit: /usr/share/doc/cockpit/TODO.Debian
|
||||||
|
cockpit: /usr/share/doc/cockpit/changelog.Debian.gz
|
||||||
|
cockpit: /usr/share/doc/cockpit/copyright
|
||||||
|
cockpit: /usr/share/man/man1/cockpit.1.gz
|
||||||
|
cockpit: /usr/share/metainfo/cockpit.appdata.xml
|
||||||
|
cockpit: /usr/share/pixmaps/cockpit.png
|
||||||
|
$
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
注意，这与 `apt show` 命令提供的信息不同，后者列出了包的依赖（其他必须安装的包）。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### 移除一个应用程序
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
你还可以使用 `apt` 移除软件包。例如，要移除`apt-file` 应用程序：
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
`$ sudo apt purge apt-file`
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
注意必须由超级用户运行 `apt` 才能安装或移除应用程序。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
移除一个包并不会自动移除 `apt` 在此过程中安装的所有依赖项。不过，一点点的工作就很容易去除这些残留：
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
`$ sudo apt autoremove`
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### 认识一下 apt
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
正如 Seth 所写的，“你对包管理器的工作方式了解得越多，在需要安装和查询应用程序时就会越容易。”
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
即便你不是 `apt` 的重度使用者，当你需要在命令行中安装或删除软件包时（例如，在一台远程服务器上或遵循某些热心肠发布的操作指南时），掌握一些 apt 的知识也会很有用。在某些软件创作者仅提供了一个裸 `.pkg` 文件的情况下，可能还需要了解一些关于 Dkpg 的知识（如上所述）。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
我发现 Synaptic 包管理器在我的桌面上是一个非常有用的工具，但出于各种目的，我也在少数我维护的服务器上使用着 `apt`。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
**[下载我们的 `apt` 速查表][15]** 习惯该命令并尝试一些新技巧。一旦你这样做了，你可能会发现很难再使用其他任何东西。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
via: https://opensource.com/article/21/6/apt-linux
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
作者：[Chris Hermansen][a]
|
||||||
|
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||||
|
译者：[hanszhao80](https://github.com/hanszhao80)
|
||||||
|
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/clhermansen
|
||||||
|
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||||
|
[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/bash_command_line.png?itok=k4z94W2U (bash logo on green background)
|
||||||
|
[2]: https://opensource.com/article/21/2/linux-package-management
|
||||||
|
[3]: https://opensource.com/article/21/5/dnf
|
||||||
|
[4]: https://www.nongnu.org/synaptic/
|
||||||
|
[5]: https://wiki.debian.org/Aptitude
|
||||||
|
[6]: https://wiki.debian.org/Teams/Dpkg
|
||||||
|
[7]: https://flatpak.org/
|
||||||
|
[8]: https://snapcraft.io/
|
||||||
|
[9]: https://wiki.gnome.org/Apps/Software
|
||||||
|
[10]: https://archlinux.org/
|
||||||
|
[11]: https://www.gentoo.org/
|
||||||
|
[12]: https://opensource.com/article/20/11/cockpit-server-management
|
||||||
|
[13]: mailto:ubuntu-devel-discuss@lists.ubuntu.com
|
||||||
|
[14]: mailto:pkg-utopia-maintainers@lists.alioth.debian.org
|
||||||
|
[15]: https://opensource.com/downloads/apt-cheat-sheet
|
||||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user