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geekpi
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[#]: subject: "How to use httpx, a web client for Python"
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[#]: via: "https://opensource.com/article/22/3/python-httpx"
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[#]: author: "Moshe Zadka https://opensource.com/users/moshez"
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[#]: collector: "lujun9972"
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[#]: translator: "geekpi"
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[#]: reviewer: " "
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[#]: publisher: " "
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[#]: url: " "
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How to use httpx, a web client for Python
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======
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The httpx package for Python is an excellent and flexible module for
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interacting with HTTP.
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![Digital creative of a browser on the internet][1]
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The `httpx` package for Python is a sophisticated web client. Once you install it, you can use it to get data from websites. As usual, the easiest way to install it is with the `pip` utility:
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```
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`$ python -m pip install httpx --user`
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```
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To use it, import it into a Python script, and then use the `.get` function to fetch data from a web address:
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```
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import httpx
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result = httpx.get("<https://httpbin.org/get?hello=world>")
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result.json()["args"]
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```
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Here's the output from that simple script:
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```
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` {'hello': 'world'}`
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```
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### HTTP response
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By default, `httpx` will not raise errors on a non-200 status.
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Try this code:
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```
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result = httpx.get("<https://httpbin.org/status/404>")
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result
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```
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The result:
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```
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` <Response [404 NOT FOUND]>`
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```
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It's possible to raise a response explicitly. Add this exception handler:
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```
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try:
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result.raise_for_status()
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except Exception as exc:
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print("woops", exc)
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```
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Here's the result:
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```
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woops Client error '404 NOT FOUND' for url '<https://httpbin.org/status/404>'
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For more information check: <https://httpstatuses.com/404>
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```
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### Custom client
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It is worthwhile to use a custom client for anything but the simplest script. Aside from nice performance improvements, such as connection pooling, this is a good place to configure the client.
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For example, you can set a custom base URL:
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```
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client = httpx.Client(base_url="<https://httpbin.org>")
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result = client.get("/get?source=custom-client")
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result.json()["args"]
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```
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Sample output:
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```
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` {'source': 'custom-client'}`
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```
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This is useful for a typical scenario where you use the client to talk to a specific server. For example, using both `base_url` and `auth`, you can build a nice abstraction for an authenticated client:
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```
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client = httpx.Client(
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base_url="<https://httpbin.org>",
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auth=("good_person", "secret_password"),
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)
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result = client.get("/basic-auth/good_person/secret_password")
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result.json()
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```
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Output:
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```
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` {'authenticated': True, 'user': 'good_person'}`
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```
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One of the nicer things you can use this for is constructing the client at a top-level "main" function and then passing it around. This lets other functions use the client and lets them get unit-tested with a client connected to a local WSGI app.
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```
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def get_user_name(client):
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result = client.get("/basic-auth/good_person/secret_password")
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return result.json()["user"]
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get_user_name(client)
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'good_person'
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def application(environ, start_response):
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start_response('200 OK', [('Content-Type', 'application/json')])
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return [b'{"user": "pretty_good_person"}']
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fake_client = httpx.Client(app=application, base_url="<https://fake-server>")
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get_user_name(fake_client)
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```
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Output:
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```
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` 'pretty_good_person'`
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```
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### Try httpx
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Visit [python-httpx.org][2] for more information, documentation, and tutorials. I've found it to be an excellent and flexible module for interacting with HTTP. Give it a try and see what it can do for you.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://opensource.com/article/22/3/python-httpx
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作者：[Moshe Zadka][a]
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选题：[lujun9972][b]
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]: https://opensource.com/users/moshez
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[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
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[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/browser_web_internet_website.png?itok=g5B_Bw62 (Digital creative of a browser on the internet)
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[2]: https://www.python-httpx.org/
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@ -0,0 +1,178 @@
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[#]: subject: "How to use httpx, a web client for Python"
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[#]: via: "https://opensource.com/article/22/3/python-httpx"
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[#]: author: "Moshe Zadka https://opensource.com/users/moshez"
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[#]: collector: "lujun9972"
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[#]: translator: "geekpi"
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[#]: reviewer: " "
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[#]: publisher: " "
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[#]: url: " "
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如何使用 httpx，一个 Python web 客户端
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======
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Python 的 httpx 包是一个用于 HTTP 交互的一个优秀且灵活的模块。
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![Digital creative of a browser on the internet][1]
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Python 的 `httpx` 包是一个复杂的 web 客户端。当你安装它后，你就可以用它来从网站上获取数据。像往常一样，安装它的最简单方法是使用 `pip` 工具：
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```
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`$ python -m pip install httpx --user`
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```
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要使用它，把它导入到 Python 脚本中，然后使用 `.get` 函数从一个 web 地址获取数据：
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```
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import httpx
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result = httpx.get("<https://httpbin.org/get?hello=world>")
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result.json()["args"]
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```
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下面是这个简单脚本的输出：
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```
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` {'hello': 'world'}`
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```
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### HTTP 响应
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默认情况下，`httpx` 不会在非 200 状态下引发错误。
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试试这个代码：
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```
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result = httpx.get("<https://httpbin.org/status/404>")
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result
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```
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结果是：
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```
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` <Response [404 NOT FOUND]>`
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```
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可以明确地返回一个响应。添加这个异常处理：
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```
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try:
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result.raise_for_status()
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except Exception as exc:
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print("woops", exc)
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```
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下面是结果：
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```
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woops Client error '404 NOT FOUND' for url '<https://httpbin.org/status/404>'
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For more information check: <https://httpstatuses.com/404>
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```
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### 自定义客户端
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除了最简单的脚本之外，使用一个自定义的客户端是值得的。除了不错的性能改进，比如连接池，这是一个配置客户端的好地方。
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例如, 你可以设置一个自定义的基本 URL：
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```
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client = httpx.Client(base_url="<https://httpbin.org>")
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result = client.get("/get?source=custom-client")
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result.json()["args"]
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```
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输出示例：
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```
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` {'source': 'custom-client'}`
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```
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这对一个典型的场景很有用，你用客户端与一个特定的服务器对话。例如，使用 `base_url` 和 `auth`，你可以为认证的客户端建立一个漂亮的抽象：
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```
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client = httpx.Client(
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base_url="<https://httpbin.org>",
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auth=("good_person", "secret_password"),
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)
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result = client.get("/basic-auth/good_person/secret_password")
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result.json()
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```
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输出：
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```
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` {'authenticated': True, 'user': 'good_person'}`
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```
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你可以用它来做一件更好的事情，就是在顶层的 “main” 函数中构建客户端，然后把它传递给其他函数。这可以让其他函数使用客户端，并让它们与连接到本地 WSGI 应用的客户端进行单元测试。
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```
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def get_user_name(client):
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result = client.get("/basic-auth/good_person/secret_password")
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return result.json()["user"]
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get_user_name(client)
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'good_person'
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def application(environ, start_response):
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start_response('200 OK', [('Content-Type', 'application/json')])
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return [b'{"user": "pretty_good_person"}']
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fake_client = httpx.Client(app=application, base_url="<https://fake-server>")
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get_user_name(fake_client)
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```
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输出：
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```
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` 'pretty_good_person'`
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```
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### 尝试 httpx
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请访问 [python-httpx.org][2] 了解更多信息、文档和教程。我发现它是一个与 HTTP 交互的优秀而灵活的模块。试一试，看看它能为你做什么。
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://opensource.com/article/22/3/python-httpx
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作者：[Moshe Zadka][a]
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选题：[lujun9972][b]
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译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]: https://opensource.com/users/moshez
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[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
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[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/browser_web_internet_website.png?itok=g5B_Bw62 (Digital creative of a browser on the internet)
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[2]: https://www.python-httpx.org/
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