mirror of
https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject.git
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Ricky Gong
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一个八年的 Linux 老用户使用 Windows 10 的体验
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==========================================================
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Windows 10 是2015年7月29日上市的最新一代 Windows NT 系列系统，它是 Windows 8.1 的继任者。Windows 10 支持 Intel 32位平台，AMD64 以及 ARM v7 处理器。
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*对比：Windows 10与Linux*
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作为一个连续使用 linux 超过8年的用户，我想要去体验一下 Windows 10 ，因为有很多关于它的消息。这篇文章是我观察力的一个重大突破。我将从一个 linux 用户的角度去看待一切，所以这篇文章可能会有些偏向于 linux。尽管如此，本文也绝对不会有任何虚假信息。
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1、用谷歌搜索“download Windows 10”并且点击第一个链接。
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*搜索 Windows 10*
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你也可以直接打开： [https://www.microsoft.com/en_us/software-download/Windows10[1]
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2、微软要求我从 Windows 10， Windows 10 KN， Windows 10 N 和 Windows 10 单语言版中选择一个版本。
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*选择版本*
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以下是各个版本的简略信息：
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- Windows 10 - 包含微软提供给我们的所有软件
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- Windows 10N - 此版本不包含媒体播放器
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- Windows 10KN - 此版本没有媒体播放能力
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- Windows 10 单语言版 - 仅预装一种语言
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3、我选择了第一个选项“Windows 10”并且单击“确认”。之后我要选择语言，我选择了“英语”。
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微软给我提供了两个下载链接。一个是32位版，另一个是64位版。我单击了64位版--这与我的电脑架构相同。
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*下载 Windows 10*
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我的带宽是15M的，下载了整整3个小时。不幸的是微软没有提供系统的种子文件，否则整个过程会更加舒畅。镜像大小为 3.8 GB（LCTT译者注：就我的10M小水管，我使用迅雷下载用时50分钟）。
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我找不到更小的镜像，微软并没有为 Windows 提供网络安装镜像。我也没有办法在下载完成后去校验哈希值。（LCTT 译注：你知道的，这对于 Linux 来说都是常识了）
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我十分惊讶，Windows 在这样的问题上居然如此漫不经心。为了验证这个镜像是否正确下载，我需要把它刻到光盘上或者复制到我的U盘上然后启动它，一直静静的看着它安装直到安装完成。
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首先，我用 dd 命令将 win10 的 iso 镜像刻录到U盘上。
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# dd if=/home/avi/Downloads/Win10_English_x64.iso of=/dev/sdb1 bs=512M; sync
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这需要一点时间。在此之后我重启系统并在 UEFI（BIOS）设置中选择从我的U盘启动。
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#### 系统要求 ####
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升级
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- 仅支持从 Windows 7 SP1 或者 Windows 8.1 升级
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全新安装
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- 处理器: 1GHz 以上
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- 内存: 1GB以上(32位)，2GB以上(64位)
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- 硬盘: 16GB以上(32位)，20GB以上(64位)
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- 显卡: 支持DirectX 9或更新 + WDDM 1.0 驱动
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###Windows 10 安装过程###
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1、Windows 10启动成功了。他们又换了logo，但是仍然没有信息提示我它正在做什么。
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*Windows 10 Logo*
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2、选择安装语言，时区，键盘，输入法，点击下一步。
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*选择语言和时区*
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3、点击“现在安装”。
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*安装Ｗindows 10*
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4、下一步是输入密钥，我点击了“跳过”。
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*Windows 10 产品密钥*
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5、从列表中选择一个系统版本。我选择了 Windows 10专业版。
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*选择系统版本*
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6、到了协议部分，选中"我接受"然后点击下一步。
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*同意协议*
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7、下一步是选择（从 Windows 的老版本）升级到 Windows 10 或者安装 Ｗindows。我搞不懂为什么微软要让我自己选择：“安装Ｗindows”被微软建议为“高级”选项。但是我还是选择了“安装Windows”。
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*选择安装类型*
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8、选择驱动器，点击“下一步”。
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*选择安装盘*
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9、安装程序开始复制文件，准备文件，安装更新，之后进行收尾。如果安装程序能在安装时输出一堆字符来表示它在做什么就更好了。
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*安装 Windows*
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10、在此之后 Windows 重启了。它们说要继续的话，我们需要重启。
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*安装进程*
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11、我看到了一个写着“正在准备 Windows”的界面。它停了整整五分多钟！仍然没有说明它正在做什么。没有输出。
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*正在准备 Windows*
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12、又到了输入产品密钥的时间。我点击了“以后再说”，并使用快速设置。
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*输入产品密钥*
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*使用快速设置*
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13、又出现了三个界面，作为 Linux 用户我认为此处应有信息来告诉我安装程序在做什么，但是我想多了。
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*载入 Windows*
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*获取更新*
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*还是载入 Ｗindows*
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14、安装程序想要知道谁拥有这台机器，“我的组织”或者我自己。选择我自己并继续。
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*选择组织*
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15、在单击继续之前，安装程序提示我加入“Aruze Ad”或者“加入域”。我选择了后者。
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*连接网络*
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16、安装程序让我新建一个账户。所以我输入了“user_name”就点击了下一步，我觉得我会收到一个要求我必须输入密码的信息。
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*新建账户*
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17、让我惊讶的是 Windows 甚至都没有显示一个警告或提示信息，告诉我必须创建密码。真粗心。不管怎样，现在我可以体验系统了。
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*Windows 10的桌面环境*
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#### Linux 用户(我)直到现在的体验 ####
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- 没有网络安装镜像
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- 镜像文件太臃肿了
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- 没有验证 iso 是否为正确的方法（官方没有提供哈希值）
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- 启动与安装方式仍然与 XP，Win 7，Win 8 相同（可能吧...）
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- 和以前一样，安装程序没有输出它正在干什么 - 正在复制什么和正在安装什么软件包
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- 安装程序比 Linux 发行版的更加傻瓜和简单
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####测试 Windows 10####
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18、默认桌面很干净，上面只有一个回收站图标。我们可以直接从桌面搜索网络。底部的快捷方式分别是任务预览、网络、微软应用商店。和以前的版本一样，消息栏在右下角。
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*桌面图标*
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19、IE 浏览器被换成了 Edge 浏览器。微软把他们的老IE换成了 Edge （斯巴达计划）
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*Edge 浏览器*
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测试起来，这个浏览器至少比 IE 要快。他们有相同的用户界面。它的主页包含新闻更新。它还有一个搜索标题栏是“下一步怎么走”。由于浏览器的全面性能提升，它的加载速度非常快。Edge 的内存占用看起来正常。
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*性能*
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Edge 也有小娜加成（智能个人助理）、支持 Chrome 扩展、支持笔记（在浏览网页时记笔记）、分享（在选项卡上右击而不必打开其他选项卡）
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#### Linux 用户(我)此时体验 ####
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20、微软确实提升了网页浏览体验。我绝对稳定性和质量还好。现在它并不落后。
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21、对我来说，Edge 的内存占用不算太大。但是有很多用户抱怨它的内存占用太多。
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22、很难说目前 Edge 已经准备好了与火狐或 Chrome竞争。让我们静观其变。
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#### 更多的视觉体验 ####
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23、重新设计的开始菜单 -- 看起来很简洁高效。Merto 磁贴大部分都会动。预先放置了最通用的应用。
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*Windows*
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而在 Linux 的 Gnome 桌面环境下。我仅仅需要按下 Win 键并输入应用名就可以搜索应用。
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*桌面内进行搜索*
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24、文件浏览器 -- 设计的很简洁。左边是进入文件夹的快捷方式。
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*Windows 文件管理器*
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我们的 Gnome 下的文件管理也同样的简洁高效。从图标上移走了不需要的图形图像是个加分点。
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*Gnome 的文件管理*
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25、设置 -- 尽管 Windows 10的设置有点精炼，但是我们还是可以把它与 linux 的设置进行对比。
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**Windows 的设置**
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*Windows 10 设置*
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**Linux Gnome 上的设置**
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*Gnome 的设置*
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26、应用列表 -- 目前，Linux上的应用列表要好于之前的版本（据我所记，那时我还是一个普通的 Windows 用户），但是 Windows 10 的还比 Gnome 3 的差一点。
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**Windows 的应用列表**
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*Windows 10 的应用列表*
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**Gnome3 的应用列表**
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*Gnome3 的应用列表*
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27、虚拟桌面 -- Windows 10 上的虚拟桌面是近来被提及最多的特性之一。
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这是 Windows 10 上的虚拟桌面。
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*Windows 的虚拟桌面*
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这是我们 Linux 用户使用了超过20年的虚拟桌面。
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*Linux 的虚拟桌面*
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#### Windows 10 的其他新特性 ####
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28、Windows 10 自带 wifi 感知。它会把你的 wifi 密码分享给他人。任何在你 wifi 范围内并且曾经通过 Skype， Outlook， Hotmail 或 Facebook与你联系的人都能够获得你的网络接入权。这个特性的本意是让用户可以省时省力的连接网络。
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在微软对于 Tecmint 的问题的回答中，他们说道 -- 用户需要在每次到一个新的网络环境时自己去同意打开 wifi 感知。如果我们考虑到网络安全这将是很不安全的一件事。微软的说法并没有说服我。
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29、从 Windows 7 和 Windows 8.1 升级可以省下买新版的花费。（家庭版 $119 专业版$199）
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30、微软发布了第一个累积更新，这个更新在一小部分设备上会让系统一直重启。Windows可能不知道这个问题或者不知道它发生的原因。
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31、微软内建的“禁用/隐藏我不想要的更新”的功能在我这不起作用。这意味着一旦更新开始推送，你没有方法去禁用/隐藏他们。对不住啦，Windows 用户。
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#### Windows 10 包含的来源于 Linux 的功能 ####
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Windows 10 有很多直接取自 Linux 的功能。如果 Linux 不以 GPL 发布的话，也许以下这些功能永远不会出现在 Windows上。
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32、命令行的包管理器 -- 是的，你没有听错！Windows 10内建了一个包管理器。它只在 Power Shell 下工作。OneGet 是Windows 的官方包管理器。
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*Windows 10的包管理器*
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- 无边窗口
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- 扁平化图标
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- 虚拟桌面
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- 离线/在线搜索一体化
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- 手机/桌面系统融合
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### 总体印象###
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- 响应速度提升
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- 动画很好看
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- 资源占用少
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- 电池续航提升
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- Edge 浏览器很稳定
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- 支持树莓派 2
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- Windows 10 好的原因是 Windows 8/8.1 没有达到公众预期并且坏的可以
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- 旧瓶装新酒：Windows 10基本上就是以前的那一套换上新的图标
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测试后我对 Windows 10 的评价是：Windows 10 在视觉和感觉上做了一些更新（就如同 Windows 经常做的那样）。我要为斯巴达计划、虚拟桌面、命令行包管理器、整合在线/离线搜索的搜索栏点赞。这确实是一个更新后的产品 ，但是认为 Windows 10 将是 Linux 的最后一个棺材钉的人错了。
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Linux 走在 Windows 前面。它们的做事方法并不相同。在以后的一段时间里 Windows 不会站到 Linux这一旁。也没有什么让 Linux 用户值得去使用 Windows 10。
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这就是我要说的。希望你喜欢本文。如果你们喜欢本篇文章我会再写一些你们喜欢读的有趣的文章。在下方留下你的有价值的评论。
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://www.tecmint.com/a-linux-user-using-Windows-10-after-more-than-8-years-see-comparison/
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作者：[Avishek Kumar][a]
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译者：[name1e5s](https://github.com/name1e5s)
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校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/avishek/
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[1]:https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/software-download/Windows10ISO
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@ -1,12 +1,13 @@
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优秀的开源合作编辑工具
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六款优秀的开源协作编辑工具
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
一句话，合作编著就是多个人进行编著。合作有好处也有风险。好处包括更加全面/协调的方式，更好的利用现有资源和一个更加有力的、团结的声音。对于我来说，最大的好处是极大的透明度。那是当我需要采纳同事的观点。同事之间来来回回地传文件效率非常低，导致不必要的延误还让人（比如，我）对整个合作这件事都感到不满意。有个好的合作软件，我就能实时地或异步地分享笔记，数据和文件，并用评论来分享自己的想法。这样在文档、图片、视频、演示文稿上合作就不会那么的琐碎而无聊。
|
||||
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||||
有很多种方式能在线进行合作，简直不能更简便了。这篇文章表明了我最喜欢的开源实时文档合作编辑工具。
|
||||
简而言之，协作编辑（Collaborative Edit）就是多个人进行编辑。协作有好处也有风险。好处之一是更加全面/协调的方式，更好的利用现有资源和一个更加有力一致的声音。对于我来说，最大的好处是极大的透明度。那是当我需要采纳同事的观点。同事之间来来回回地传文件效率非常低，导致不必要的延误还让人（比如，我）对整个协作这件事都感到不满意。有个好的协作软件，我就能实时地或异步地分享笔记，数据和文件，并用评论来分享自己的想法。这样在文档、图片、视频、演示文稿上协作就不会那么的琐碎而无聊。
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||||
|
||||
Google Docs 是个非常好的高效应用，有着大部分我所需要的功能。它可以作为一个实时地合作编辑文档的工具提供服务。文档可以被分享、打开并被多位用户同时编辑，用户还能看见其他合作者一个字母一个字母的编辑过程。虽然 Google Docs 对个人是免费的，但并不开源。
|
||||
有很多种方式能在线进行协作，简直不能更简便了。这篇文章展示了我最喜欢的开源的实时文档协作编辑工具。
|
||||
|
||||
下面是我带来的最棒的开源合作编辑器，它们能帮你不被打扰的集中精力进行写作，而且是和其他人协同完成。
|
||||
Google Docs 是个非常好的高效应用，有着大部分我所需要的功能。它可以作为一个实时地协作编辑文档的工具提供服务。文档可以被分享、打开并被多位用户同时编辑，用户还能看见其他协作者一个字母一个字母的编辑过程。虽然 Google Docs 对个人是免费的，但并不开源。
|
||||
|
||||
下面是我带来的最棒的开源协作编辑器，它们能帮你不被打扰的集中精力进行写作，而且是和其他人协同完成。
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
@ -14,17 +15,17 @@ Google Docs 是个非常好的高效应用，有着大部分我所需要的功
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Hackpad 是个开源的基于网页的实时 wiki，基于开源 EtherPad 合作文档编辑器。
|
||||
Hackpad 是个开源的基于网页的实时 wiki，基于开源 EtherPad 协作文档编辑器。
|
||||
|
||||
Hackpad 允许用户实时分享你的文档，它还用彩色编码显示各个作者分别贡献了哪部分。它还允许插入图片、清单，由于提供了语法高亮功能，它还能用来写代码。
|
||||
|
||||
当2014年4月 Dropbox 获得了 Hackpad 后，这款软件就以开源的形式在本月发行。让我们经历的等待非常值得。
|
||||
当2014年4月 Dropbox 收购了 Hackpad 后，就在这个月这款软件以开源的形式发布。让我们经历的等待非常值得。
|
||||
|
||||
特性：
|
||||
|
||||
- 有类似 wiki 所提供的，一套非常完善的功能
|
||||
- 实时或者异步地记合作笔记，共享数据和文件，或用评论分享你们的想法
|
||||
- 细致的隐私许可让你可以邀请单个朋友，一个十几人的团队或者上千的 Twitter 粉丝
|
||||
- 实时或者异步地记录协作笔记，共享数据和文件，或用评论分享你们的想法
|
||||
- 细致的隐私许可让你可以邀请单个朋友、一个十几人的团队或者上千的 Twitter 粉丝
|
||||
- 智能执行
|
||||
- 直接从流行的视频分享网站上插入视频
|
||||
- 表格
|
||||
@ -42,9 +43,9 @@ Hackpad 允许用户实时分享你的文档，它还用彩色编码显示各个
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Etherpad 是个基于网页的开源实时合作编辑器，允许多个作者同时编辑一个文本文档，写评论，并与其他作者用群聊方式进行交流。
|
||||
Etherpad 是个基于网页的开源实时协作编辑器，允许多个作者同时编辑一个文本文档，写评论，并与其他作者用群聊方式进行交流。
|
||||
|
||||
Etherpad 是用 JavaScript 运行的，在 AppJet 平台的顶端，通过 Comet 流实现实时的功能。
|
||||
Etherpad 是用 JavaScript 编写的，运行在 AppJet 平台之上，通过 Comet 流实现实时的功能。
|
||||
|
||||
特性：
|
||||
|
||||
@ -55,9 +56,9 @@ Etherpad 是用 JavaScript 运行的，在 AppJet 平台的顶端，通过 Comet
|
||||
- 每隔一段很短的时间就会自动保存
|
||||
- 可个性化程度高
|
||||
- 有客户端插件可以扩展编辑的功能
|
||||
- 几百个支持 Etherpad 的扩展包括支持 email 提醒，pad 管理，授权
|
||||
- 几百个支持 Etherpad 的扩展，包括支持 email 提醒，pad 管理，授权
|
||||
- 可访问性开启
|
||||
- 可从 Node 里或通过 CLI（命令行界面）和 Pad 目录实时交互
|
||||
- 可从 Node 里或通过 CLI（命令行界面）和 EtherPad 的内容交互
|
||||
|
||||
- 网站： [etherpad.org][4]
|
||||
- 源代码：[github.com/ether/etherpad-lite][5]
|
||||
@ -71,7 +72,7 @@ Etherpad 是用 JavaScript 运行的，在 AppJet 平台的顶端，通过 Comet
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Firepad 是个开源的合作文本编辑器。它的设计目的是被嵌入到更大的网页应用中对几天内新加入的代码进行批注。
|
||||
Firepad 是个开源的协作文本编辑器。它的设计目的是被嵌入到更大的网页应用中对几天内新加入的代码进行批注。
|
||||
|
||||
Firepad 是个全功能的文本编辑器，有解决冲突，光标同步，用户属性，用户在线状态检测功能。它使用 Firebase 作为后台，而且不需要任何服务器端的代码。他可以被加入到任何网页应用中。Firepad 可以使用 CodeMirror 编辑器或者 Ace 编辑器提交文本，它的操作转换代码是从 ot.js 上借鉴的。
|
||||
|
||||
@ -81,7 +82,7 @@ Firepad 已被多个编辑器使用，包括Atlassian Stash Realtime Editor、Ni
|
||||
|
||||
特性：
|
||||
|
||||
- 纯正的合作编辑
|
||||
- 纯正的协作编辑
|
||||
- 基于 OT 的智能合并及解决冲突
|
||||
- 支持多种格式的文本和代码的编辑
|
||||
- 光标位置同步
|
||||
@ -106,13 +107,13 @@ Firepad 已被多个编辑器使用，包括Atlassian Stash Realtime Editor、Ni
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
ownCloud Documents 是个可以单独并/或合作进行办公室文档编辑 ownCloud 应用。它允许最多5个人同时在网页浏览器上合作进行编辑 .odt 和 .doc 文件。
|
||||
ownCloud Documents 是个可以单独并/或协作进行办公室文档编辑 ownCloud 应用。它允许最多5个人同时在网页浏览器上协作进行编辑 .odt 和 .doc 文件。
|
||||
|
||||
ownCloud 是个自托管文件同步和分享服务器。他通过网页界面，同步客户端或 WebDAV 提供你数据的使用权，同时提供一个容易在设备间进行浏览、同步和分享的平台。
|
||||
|
||||
特性：
|
||||
|
||||
- 合作编辑，多个用户同时进行文件编辑
|
||||
- 协作编辑，多个用户同时进行文件编辑
|
||||
- 在 ownCloud 里创建文档
|
||||
- 上传文档
|
||||
- 在浏览器里分享和编辑文件，然后在 ownCloud 内部或通过公共链接进行分享这些文件
|
||||
@ -131,16 +132,16 @@ ownCloud 是个自托管文件同步和分享服务器。他通过网页界面
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Gobby 是个支持在一个会话内进行多个用户聊天并打开多个文档的合作编辑器。所有的用户都能同时在文件上进行工作，无需锁定。不同用户编写的部分用不同颜色高亮显示，它还支持多个编程和标记语言的语法高亮。
|
||||
Gobby 是个支持在一个会话内进行多个用户聊天并打开多个文档的协作编辑器。所有的用户都能同时在文件上进行工作，无需锁定。不同用户编写的部分用不同颜色高亮显示，它还支持多个编程和标记语言的语法高亮。
|
||||
|
||||
Gobby 允许多个用户在互联网上实时共同编辑同一个文档。他很好的整合了 GNOME 环境。它拥有一个客户端-服务端结构，这让它能支持一个会话开多个文档，文档同步请求，密码保护和 IRC 式的聊天方式可以在多个频道进行交流。用户可以选择一个颜色对他们在文档中编写的文本进行高亮。
|
||||
Gobby 允许多个用户在互联网上实时共同编辑同一个文档。它很好的整合了 GNOME 环境。它拥有一个客户端-服务端结构，这让它能支持一个会话开多个文档，文档同步请求，密码保护和 IRC 式的聊天方式可以在多个频道进行交流。用户可以选择一个颜色对他们在文档中编写的文本进行高亮。
|
||||
|
||||
还供有一个叫做 infinoted 的专用服务器。
|
||||
|
||||
特性：
|
||||
|
||||
- 成熟的文本编辑能力包括使用 GtkSourceView 的语法高亮功能
|
||||
- 实时、无需锁定、通过加密（包括PFS）连接的合作文本编辑
|
||||
- 实时、无需锁定、通过加密（包括PFS）连接的协作文本编辑
|
||||
- 整合了群聊
|
||||
- 本地组撤销：撤销不会影响远程用户的修改
|
||||
- 显示远程用户的光标和选择区域
|
||||
@ -170,9 +171,9 @@ Gobby 允许多个用户在互联网上实时共同编辑同一个文档。他
|
||||
|
||||
ONLYOFFICE（从前叫 Teamlab Office）是个多功能云端在线办公套件，整合了 CRM（客户关系管理）系统、文档和项目管理工具箱、甘特图以及邮件整合器
|
||||
|
||||
它能让你整理商业任务和时间表，保存并分享你的合作或个人文档，使用网络社交工具如博客和论坛，还可以和你的队员通过团队的即时聊天工具进行交流。
|
||||
它能让你整理商业任务和时间表，保存并分享你的协作或个人文档，使用网络社交工具如博客和论坛，还可以和你的队员通过团队的即时聊天工具进行交流。
|
||||
|
||||
能在同一个地方管理文档、项目、团队和顾客关系。OnlyOffice 结合了文本，电子表格和电子幻灯片编辑器，他们的功能跟微软桌面应用（Word、Excel 和 PowerPoint）的功能相同。但是他允许实时进行合作编辑、评论和聊天。
|
||||
能在同一个地方管理文档、项目、团队和顾客关系。OnlyOffice 结合了文本，电子表格和电子幻灯片编辑器，他们的功能跟微软桌面应用（Word、Excel 和 PowerPoint）的功能相同。但是他允许实时进行协作编辑、评论和聊天。
|
||||
|
||||
OnlyOffice 是用 ASP.NET 编写的，基于 HTML5 Canvas 元素，并且被翻译成21种语言。
|
||||
|
||||
@ -182,7 +183,7 @@ OnlyOffice 是用 ASP.NET 编写的，基于 HTML5 Canvas 元素，并且被翻
|
||||
- 文档可以在浏览/编辑模式下分享
|
||||
- 文档嵌入
|
||||
- 电子表格和电子幻灯片编辑器
|
||||
- 合作编辑
|
||||
- 协作编辑
|
||||
- 评论
|
||||
- 群聊
|
||||
- 移动应用
|
||||
@ -209,7 +210,7 @@ via: http://www.linuxlinks.com/article/20150823085112605/CollaborativeEditing.ht
|
||||
|
||||
作者：Frazer Kline
|
||||
译者：[H-mudcup](https://github.com/H-mudcup)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,25 +1,24 @@
|
||||
如何在Linux系统上安装Suricata入侵检测系统
|
||||
如何在 Linux 系统上安装 Suricata 入侵检测系统
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
随着安全威胁的不断发生，入侵检测系统(IDS)在如今的数据中心环境中显得尤为必要。然而，随着越来越多的服务器将他们的网卡升级到10GB/40GB网络，对如此线路上的硬件进行计算密集型的入侵检测越来越困难。其中一种扩展入侵检测系统性能的途径是**多线程入侵检测系统**，它将CPU密集型的深度包检测工作并行的分配给多个并发任务来完成。这样的并行检测可以充分利用多核硬件的优势来轻松扩展入侵检测系统的吞吐量。在这方面有两个知名的开源项目，分别是[Suricata][1] 和 [Bro][2]。
|
||||
随着安全威胁的不断发生，入侵检测系统（IDS）在如今的数据中心环境中显得尤为必要。然而，随着越来越多的服务器将他们的网卡升级到10GB/40GB以太网，对如此线路上的硬件进行计算密集型的入侵检测越来越困难。其中一种提升入侵检测系统性能的途径是**多线程入侵检测系统**，它将 CPU 密集型的深度包检测工作并行的分配给多个并发任务来完成。这样的并行检测可以充分利用多核硬件的优势来轻松提升入侵检测系统的吞吐量。在这方面有两个知名的开源项目，分别是 [Suricata][1] 和 [Bro][2]。
|
||||
|
||||
这个教程里，我会向大家演示**如何在Linux服务器上安装和配置Suricata入侵检测系统**
|
||||
这个教程里，我会向大家演示**如何在 Linux 服务器上安装和配置 Suricata 入侵检测系统**
|
||||
|
||||
### 在Linux上安装Suricata IDS ###
|
||||
### 在 Linux 上安装 Suricata IDS ###
|
||||
|
||||
让我们从源文件来构建 Suricata，但在此之前，需要按如下所示安装几个依赖包先。
|
||||
让我们从源文件来构建 Suricata，但在此之前，需要按如下所示先安装几个依赖包。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 在Debian, Ubuntu 或者 Linux Mint 操作系统上安装依赖包 ####
|
||||
#### 在 Debian, Ubuntu 或者 Linux Mint 操作系统上安装依赖包 ####
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo apt-get install wget build-essential libpcre3-dev libpcre3-dbg automake autoconf libtool libpcap-dev libnet1-dev libyaml-dev zlib1g-dev libcap-ng-dev libjansson-dev
|
||||
|
||||
#### 在CentOS, Fedora 或者 RHEL 操作系统上安装依赖包 ####
|
||||
#### 在 CentOS, Fedora 或者 RHEL 操作系统上安装依赖包 ####
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo yum install wget libpcap-devel libnet-devel pcre-devel gcc-c++ automake autoconf libtool make libyaml-devel zlib-devel file-devel jansson-devel nss-devel
|
||||
|
||||
一旦将所有依赖包安装完毕，我们就可以继续安装 Suricata 了。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
首先从 [http://suricata-ids.org/download/][3] 下载 Suricata 源代码，然后构建它。撰写这篇文章的时候，其最新版本号为 2.0.8 。
|
||||
|
||||
$ wget http://www.openinfosecfoundation.org/download/suricata-2.0.8.tar.gz
|
||||
@ -61,12 +60,11 @@ Suricata 源代码带有默认的配置文件。按照如下方法安装这些
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo make install-conf
|
||||
|
||||
正如你所料，如果没有IDS规则集的话，Suricata 毛用没有。幸好 Makefile 为我们提供了 IDS 规则集的安装选项。安装方法如下。
|
||||
|
||||
正如你所料，如果没有IDS规则集的话，Suricata 什么用也没有。幸好 Makefile 为我们提供了 IDS 规则集的安装选项。安装方法如下。
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo make install-rules
|
||||
|
||||
以上的规则安装命令会从 [EmergingThreats.net][4] 上下载可用的现存社区规则集快照，并且将其存储在 /etc/suricata/rules 目录下。
|
||||
以上的规则安装命令会从 [EmergingThreats.net][4] 上下载可用的社区规则集快照，并且将其存储在 /etc/suricata/rules 目录下。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -76,14 +74,13 @@ Suricata 源代码带有默认的配置文件。按照如下方法安装这些
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo vi /etc/suricata/suricata.yaml
|
||||
|
||||
文件中有一些基本的配置供你使用。
|
||||
文件中有一些运行所需的基本配置。
|
||||
|
||||
为"default-log-dir"关键字指定Suricata日至文件所在的位置。
|
||||
为`default-log-dir`关键字指定 Suricata 日志文件所在的位置。
|
||||
|
||||
default-log-dir: /var/log/suricata/
|
||||
|
||||
在"vars"部分下方，你会发现几项对 Suricata 来说很重要变量。"HOME_NET"变量需要指定 Suricata 检查的网络。被分配给 EXTERNAL_NET 变量的 "!$HOME_NET" 代表除本地网络之外的其他网络。"XXX_PORTS"变量用来辨别不同服务所用到的端口号。需要注意的是无论使用什么端口，Suricata 都可以自动检测HTTP流量。所以是不是正确指定端口就显得没那么重要了。
|
||||
|
||||
在`vars`部分下方，你会发现几项对 Suricata 来说很重要变量。`HOME_NET`变量需要指定 Suricata 检查的网络。被分配给 `EXTERNAL_NET` 变量的 `!$HOME_NET` 代表除本地网络之外的其他网络。`XXX_PORTS`变量用来辨别不同服务所用到的端口号。需要注意的是无论使用什么端口，Suricata 都可以自动检测 HTTP 流量。所以是不是正确指定端口就显得没那么重要了。
|
||||
|
||||
vars:
|
||||
HOME_NET: "[192.168.122.0/24]"
|
||||
@ -92,7 +89,7 @@ Suricata 源代码带有默认的配置文件。按照如下方法安装这些
|
||||
SHELLCODE_PORTS: "!80"
|
||||
SSH_PORTS: 22
|
||||
|
||||
"host-os-policy" 部分用于防御利用操作系统网络栈（例如：TCP reassembly）的自身行为来逃避检测的一些知名攻击手段。作为对策，通过针对目标操作系统而对检测引擎算法进行微调，现代IDC提供了“基于目标”的检测手段。因此，如果你知道某台主机运行了什么操作系统的话，将这个信息提供给 Suricata 就可以大幅提高检测的成功率。这就是 "host-os-policy" 存在的意义。本例中，默认的IDC对策是Linux系统。如果针对某个IP地址没有指定操作系统信息，Suricata 会默认应用基于Linux系统的检测策略。当捕获到对192.168.122.0/28 和 192.168.122.155通讯时，Suricata就会应用基于Windows系统的检测策略。
|
||||
`host-os-policy` 部分用于防御利用操作系统网络栈的自身行为来逃避检测的一些知名攻击手段（例如：TCP reassembly）。作为对策，通过针对目标操作系统而对检测引擎算法进行微调，现代 IDC 提供了“基于目标”的检测手段。因此，如果你知道某台主机运行了什么操作系统的话，将这个信息提供给 Suricata 就可以大幅提高检测的成功率。这就是 `host-os-policy` 存在的意义。本例中，默认的 IDC 策略是 Linux 系统。如果针对某个 IP 地址没有指定操作系统信息，Suricata 会默认应用基于 Linux 系统的检测策略。如下，当捕获到对 192.168.122.0/28 和 192.168.122.155通讯时，Suricata 就会应用基于 Windows 系统的检测策略。
|
||||
|
||||
host-os-policy:
|
||||
# These are Windows machines.
|
||||
@ -111,38 +108,37 @@ Suricata 源代码带有默认的配置文件。按照如下方法安装这些
|
||||
vista: []
|
||||
windows2k3: []
|
||||
|
||||
在 "threading" 部分下，你可以为不同的 Suricata 线程指定CPU关联。默认状态下，[CPU 关联][5] 是被禁止使用的 ("set-cpu-affinity: no")，这意味着 Suricata 会分配其线程到所有可用的CPU核心上。Suricata 会默认为每一个CPU核心创建一个检测线程。你可以通过指定 "detect-thread-ratio: N" 来调整此行为。此处会创建 N*M 个检测线程，M代表CPU核心总数。
|
||||
在 `threading` 部分下，你可以为不同的 Suricata 线程指定 CPU 关联。默认状态下，[CPU 关联][5] 是被禁止使用的 (`set-cpu-affinity: no`)，这意味着 Suricata 会分配其线程到所有可用的 CPU 核心上。Suricata 会默认为每一个 CPU 核心创建一个检测线程。你可以通过指定 `detect-thread-ratio: N` 来调整此行为。此处会创建 N*M 个检测线程，M 代表 CPU 核心总数。
|
||||
|
||||
threading:
|
||||
set-cpu-affinity: no
|
||||
detect-thread-ratio: 1.5
|
||||
|
||||
通过以上对线程的设置，Suricata会创建 1.5*M 个检测线程，M是系统的CPU核心总数。
|
||||
通过以上对线程的设置，Suricata 会创建 1.5*M 个检测线程，M 是系统的 CPU 核心总数。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你想对Suricata配置有更多的了解，可以去翻阅默认配置文件。里边配有有大量的注释以供你清晰理解。
|
||||
如果你想对 Suricata 配置有更多的了解，可以去翻阅默认配置文件。里边配有有大量的注释以供你清晰理解。
|
||||
|
||||
### 使用Suricata进行入侵监控 ###
|
||||
### 使用 Suricata 进行入侵监控 ###
|
||||
|
||||
现在是时候让 Suricata 跑起来了，但在这之前还有一个步骤需要去完成。
|
||||
|
||||
当你使用 pcap捕获模式 的时候，强烈建议关闭Suricata监听网卡上的任何的包卸载(例如 LRO/GRO)功能。这些功能会干扰包的实时捕获行为。
|
||||
当你使用 pcap 捕获模式的时候，强烈建议关闭 Suricata 监听网卡上的任何的包卸载（例如 LRO/GRO）功能。这些功能会干扰包的实时捕获行为。
|
||||
|
||||
按照以下方法关闭 eth0 接口的 LRO/GRO 功能。
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo ethtool -K eth0 gro off lro off
|
||||
|
||||
这里要注意，在使用部分网卡的情况下，你会看到如下警告信息。忽略它们就行了，这些信息只不过告诉你你的网卡不支持LRO功能而已。
|
||||
这里要注意，在使用某些网卡的情况下，你会看到如下警告信息。忽略它们就行了，这些信息只不过告诉你你的网卡不支持 LRO 功能而已。
|
||||
|
||||
Cannot change large-receive-offload
|
||||
|
||||
Suricata 支持许多运行模式。运行模式决定着IDC会使用何种线程。以下命令可以查看所有 [可用的运行模式][6]。
|
||||
Suricata 支持许多运行模式。运行模式决定着 IDC 会使用何种线程。以下命令可以查看所有 [可用的运行模式][6]。
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo /usr/local/bin/suricata --list-runmodes
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Suricata 使用的默认运行模式是autofp（"auto flow pinned load balancing"==“自动流绑定负载均衡” 的缩写）。这个模式下，来自某一个流的包会被分配到一个单独的检测线程中。这些流会根据未被处理的包的最低数量来分配相应的线程。
|
||||
Suricata 使用的默认运行模式是 autofp（"auto flow pinned load balancing"==“自动流绑定负载均衡” 的缩写）。这个模式下，来自某一个流的包会被分配到一个单独的检测线程中。这些流会根据未被处理的包的最低数量来分配相应的线程。
|
||||
|
||||
最后，让我们将 Suricata 运行起来，看看它表现如何。
|
||||
|
||||
@ -150,14 +146,13 @@ Suricata 使用的默认运行模式是autofp（"auto flow pinned load balancing
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
本例中，我们在一个8核心系统中监控eth0网络接口。如上所示，Suricata 创建了13个包处理线程和3个管理线程。包处理线程中包括一个PCAP包捕获线程，12个检测线程(由8*1.5得出)。这表示IDS内的1个包捕获线程均衡负载到12个检测线程中。管理线程包括1个流管理和2个计数/统计相关线程。
|
||||
本例中，我们在一个8核心系统中监控 eth0 网络接口。如上所示，Suricata 创建了13个包处理线程和3个管理线程。包处理线程中包括一个 PCAP 包捕获线程，12个检测线程(由8*1.5得出)。这表示 IDS 内的1个包捕获线程均衡负载到12个检测线程中。管理线程包括1个流管理和2个计数/统计相关线程。
|
||||
|
||||
Here is a thread-view of Suricata process (plotted by [htop][7]).
|
||||
以下是一个关于Suricata处理的线程截图(由 [htop][7] 绘制)。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Suricata检测日志存储在 /var/log/suricata 目录下。
|
||||
Suricata 检测日志存储在 /var/log/suricata 目录下。
|
||||
|
||||
$ tail -f /var/log/suricata/fast.log
|
||||
|
||||
@ -167,7 +162,7 @@ Suricata检测日志存储在 /var/log/suricata 目录下。
|
||||
04/01/2015-15:49:06.565901 [**] [1:2200074:1] SURICATA TCPv4 invalid checksum [**] [Classification: (null)] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 172.16.253.158:22 -> 172.16.253.1:46317
|
||||
04/01/2015-15:49:06.566759 [**] [1:2200074:1] SURICATA TCPv4 invalid checksum [**] [Classification: (null)] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 172.16.253.158:22 -> 172.16.253.1:46317
|
||||
|
||||
日志也可以提供Json格式，被当做引用实例去使用：
|
||||
日志也可以提供 Json 格式以便导入：
|
||||
|
||||
$ tail -f /var/log/suricata/eve.json
|
||||
|
||||
@ -177,9 +172,9 @@ Suricata检测日志存储在 /var/log/suricata 目录下。
|
||||
|
||||
### 总结 ###
|
||||
|
||||
这篇教程中，我为大家演示了如何在一台多核Linux服务器上安装Suricata入侵检测系统。不同于单线程的 [Snort IDS][8] ，Suricata 可以很容易的从多核硬件的多进程特性所带来的红利中获益。定制Suricata来最大化其效能和检测范围是一个很好的主意。Suricata的粉丝们维护着一个 [在线 Wiki][9]，如果你打算将Suricata部署到你的环境中，我强烈建议你去那儿取取经。
|
||||
这篇教程中，我为大家演示了如何在一台多核 Linux 服务器上安装 Suricata 入侵检测系统。不同于单线程的 [Snort IDS][8] ，Suricata 可以很容易的从多核硬件的多进程特性所带来的好处中获益。定制 Suricata 来最大化其效能和检测范围是一个很好的主意。Suricata 的粉丝们维护着一个 [在线 Wiki][9]，如果你打算将 Suricata 部署到你的环境中，我强烈建议你去那儿取取经。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你现在已经开始使用Suricata了的话，把你的经验也分享出来吧。
|
||||
如果你现在已经开始使用 Suricata 了的话，把你的经验也分享出来吧。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
@ -187,7 +182,7 @@ via: http://xmodulo.com/install-suricata-intrusion-detection-system-linux.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Dan Nanni][a]
|
||||
译者：[mr-ping](https://github.com/mr-ping)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,241 @@
|
||||
理查德·斯托曼经典语录集锦
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
注：youtube 视频
|
||||
<iframe width="660" height="495" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/aIL594DTzH4?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>
|
||||
|
||||
**理查德·马修·斯托曼（Richard Matthew Stallman）** (RMS) – 神级程序员之一。他是一名程序员，是 GCC、GDB、Emacs 的构建者，软件自由的传教士，[GNU Project][1] 和 [FSF][2] 的创办人。
|
||||
|
||||
**GNU** 是 “GNU’s Not Unix!”的递归缩写。GNU 是一系列用于基于 Unix 的操作系统的自由软件集合。它能用于 GNU/Hurd 和 Linux 内核。于1983年9月27日公诸于众。常用组件有：
|
||||
|
||||
- GNU Compiler Collection (GCC)
|
||||
- GNU C library (glibc)
|
||||
- GNU Core Utilities (coreutils)
|
||||
- GNU Debugger (GDB)
|
||||
- GNU Binary Utilities (binutils)
|
||||
- GNU Bash shell
|
||||
- GNOME desktop environment
|
||||
|
||||
注：视频
|
||||
<video src="//static.fsf.org/nosvn/FSF30-video/FSF_30_720p.webm" controls="controls" width="640" height="390"></video>
|
||||
|
||||
**自由软件基金会（Free Software Foundation）** (FSF) – 一个自由软件的非营利组织，致力于推进计算机用户的自由和捍卫他们的权力。于 1985年10月4日成立。阅读[更多][3]。
|
||||
|
||||
许多人不理解开源代码（open source code）和自由软件（free software）的区别。每个程序都应该是自由软件：
|
||||
|
||||
- 与目的无关，随心运行程序的自由（自由0）。
|
||||
- 学习程序如何运作，并改变它为你所用的自由（自由1）。可以访问源码是这一条的前提。
|
||||
- 重新发布副本的自由，如此你便可以帮助你周围的人（自由 2）。
|
||||
- 发布自己修改版本给他人的自由（自由 3）。这样能让整个社区有机会从你的改变中受益。可以访问源码是这条的前提。
|
||||
|
||||
以上为自由软件的四项自由原则。
|
||||
|
||||
以下为理查德·斯托曼关于自由、软件、社交、哲学等方面的名言摘引。
|
||||
|
||||
**关于 Facebook：**
|
||||
|
||||
> Facebook is not your friend, it is a surveillance engine.
|
||||
|
||||
Facebook 不是你的朋友，是监控引擎。
|
||||
|
||||
**关于 Android：**
|
||||
|
||||
> Android is very different from the GNU/Linux operating system because it contains very little of GNU. Indeed, just about the only component in common between Android and GNU/Linux is Linux, the kernel.
|
||||
|
||||
Android 和 GNU/Linux 有很大的区别，因为其中几乎没有 GNU。的确，Android 和 GNU/Linux 之间仅有一个共同组件，那就是内核 - Linux。
|
||||
|
||||
**关于计算机行业：**
|
||||
|
||||
> The computer industry is the only industry that is more fashion-driven than women's fashion.
|
||||
|
||||
计算机行业是唯一一个比女性时尚业更容易受潮流影响的行业了。
|
||||
|
||||
**关于云计算：**
|
||||
|
||||
> The interesting thing about cloud computing is that we've redefined cloud computing to include everything that we already do.
|
||||
|
||||
关于云计算，有趣的是我们已经重新定义了云计算来包含我们曾干过的所有事。
|
||||
|
||||
**关于伦理：**
|
||||
|
||||
> Whether gods exist or not, there is no way to get absolute certainty about ethics. Without absolute certainty, what do we do? We do the best we can.
|
||||
|
||||
无论神存在与否，都没有绝对的伦理道德。没有这份理所当然，我们该如何？也唯有尽善吧。
|
||||
|
||||
**关于自由：**
|
||||
|
||||
> Free software is software that respects your freedom and the social solidarity of your community. So it's free as in freedom.
|
||||
|
||||
自由软件是尊重个人自由和社会团结的软件。所以才能如自由般自由自在。
|
||||
|
||||
**关于目标和理想：**
|
||||
|
||||
> If you want to accomplish something in the world, idealism is not enough - you need to choose a method that works to achieve the goal.
|
||||
|
||||
如果你想为这世界做些什么，仅有理想是不够的，你需要找条通往目标的道路并走完。
|
||||
|
||||
**关于分享：**
|
||||
|
||||
> Sharing is good, and with digital technology, sharing is easy.
|
||||
|
||||
分享很棒，而且数字化技术也使分享变得容易。
|
||||
|
||||
**关于 facebook（进阶版）：**
|
||||
|
||||
> Facebook mistreats its users. Facebook is not your friend; it is a surveillance engine. For instance, if you browse the Web and you see a 'like' button in some page or some other site that has been displayed from Facebook. Therefore, Facebook knows that your machine visited that page.
|
||||
|
||||
Facebook 蹂躏它们的用户。它不是你们的朋友；它就是个监控引擎。举个例子，你是否曾在一些网页或网站上看到 Facebook 的 “like” 按键。对，Facebook 知道你的电脑曾访问过那些网页。
|
||||
|
||||
**关于 web 应用：**
|
||||
|
||||
> One reason you should not use web applications to do your computing is that you lose control.
|
||||
|
||||
给你个为什么不应该使用 web 应用的理由，因为你失去了计算机的控制权。
|
||||
|
||||
> If you use a proprietary program or somebody else's web server, you're defenceless. You're putty in the hands of whoever developed that software.
|
||||
|
||||
如果你使用私有程序或他人的 web 服务器，那么你只能任人鱼肉。被软件的开发者轻易操纵。
|
||||
|
||||
**关于书：**
|
||||
|
||||
> With paper printed books, you have certain freedoms. You can acquire the book anonymously by paying cash, which is the way I always buy books. I never use a credit card. I don't identify to any database when I buy books. Amazon takes away that freedom.
|
||||
|
||||
印刷出来的书，当然是自由的。你可以付现金匿名买书，这也是我一直买书的方式。我绝不会使用信用卡，我买书时不会被任何数据库记下。是亚马逊把自由夺走了。
|
||||
|
||||
**关于 MPAA：**
|
||||
|
||||
> Officially, MPAA stands for Motion Picture Association of America, but I suggest that MPAA stands for Malicious Power Attacking All.
|
||||
|
||||
MPAA 其实是美国电影协会（Motion Picture Association of America），但我认为叫做攻击万物的邪恶力量（Malicious Power Attacking All）更为合适。
|
||||
|
||||
**关于金钱与职业：**
|
||||
|
||||
> I could have made money this way, and perhaps amused myself writing code. But I knew that at the end of my career, I would look back on years of building walls to divide people, and feel I had spent my life making the world a worse place.
|
||||
|
||||
我可以找份工作赚钱，并沉浸在编码的快乐中。但在职业生涯结束后，回首目睹自己筑就的高墙将人与人分隔开，我会觉得我耗尽毕生精力只换来了一个更糟糕的世界。
|
||||
|
||||
**关于私有软件：**
|
||||
|
||||
> Proprietary software keeps users divided and helpless. Divided because each user is forbidden to redistribute it to others, and helpless because the users can't change it since they don't have the source code. They can't study what it really does. So the proprietary program is a system of unjust power.
|
||||
|
||||
私有软件使用户孤立、无助。因为禁止将软件给他人使用所以孤立，因为无法改变源码所以无助。他们不能学习其中真正的工作方式，所以整个私有软件体系就是一种不公的力量。
|
||||
|
||||
**关于智能手机：**
|
||||
|
||||
> A smartphone is a computer - it's not built using a computer - the job it does is the job of being a computer. So, everything we say about computers, that the software you run should be free - you should insist on that - applies to smart phones just the same. And likewise to those tablets.
|
||||
|
||||
智能手机就是电脑 —— 虽然做的和常用的电脑不同 —— 但是却能干电脑能干的活。所以我们所说的一切有关于电脑上的软件应该能自由运行 —— 必须坚持这一点 —— 在智能手机上也是这样，当然也包括平板。
|
||||
|
||||
**关于 CD 和数字内容：**
|
||||
|
||||
> CD stores have the disadvantage of an expensive inventory, but digital bookshops would need no such thing: they could write copies at the time of sale on to memory sticks, and sell you one if you forgot your own.
|
||||
|
||||
CD 商店有一个弱势就是需要昂贵的库存，但是电子商店就没有这方面的需求：他们只需要将售卖的副本写入记忆棒，并在你忘带自己的记忆棒时卖你一个就是了。
|
||||
|
||||
**关于竞争范式（paradigm of competition）：**
|
||||
|
||||
> The paradigm of competition is a race: by rewarding the winner, we encourage everyone to run faster. When capitalism really works this way, it does a good job; but its defenders are wrong in assuming it always works this way.
|
||||
|
||||
竞争范式就像是赛跑：奖励胜者，鼓励每一个跑得更快的人。当资本主义真的这样运作时，当然是件好事；但是维护它的人若是假设它一直这样运作的话那就大错特错了。
|
||||
|
||||
**关于 vi 和 emacs：**
|
||||
|
||||
> People sometimes ask me if it is a sin in the Church of Emacs to use vi. Using a free version of vi is not a sin; it is a penance. So happy hacking.
|
||||
|
||||
有时会有人问我在 Emacs 的阵营使用 vi 是不是一种罪过。使用自由版的 vi 并不是一种罪过；是一种自我惩罚。所以好好享受其中乐趣吧。
|
||||
|
||||
**关于自由和历史：**
|
||||
|
||||
> Value your freedom or you will lose it, teaches history. 'Don't bother us with politics', respond those who don't want to learn.
|
||||
|
||||
历史告诉我们不珍惜自由便失去自由，然而有的人不懂吸取教训，只知道说“别拿政治烦我们”。
|
||||
|
||||
**关于专利：**
|
||||
|
||||
> Fighting patents one by one will never eliminate the danger of software patents, any more than swatting mosquitoes will eliminate malaria.
|
||||
|
||||
和专利一个一个的战斗并不能解决软件专利带来的危害，就像打再多的蚊子也消灭不了疟疾一样。
|
||||
|
||||
> Software patents are dangerous to software developers because they impose monopolies on software ideas.
|
||||
|
||||
软件专利对于软件的开发者来说十分危险，因为它们加剧了对于软件理念的垄断。
|
||||
|
||||
**关于版权：**
|
||||
|
||||
> In practice, the copyright system does a bad job of supporting authors, aside from the most popular ones. Other authors' principal interest is to be better known, so sharing their work benefits them as well as readers.
|
||||
|
||||
其实，版权制度对作者也没有什么好处，撇开最受欢迎的那个，其他作者的主旨可能更好理解，所以分享无论对他们还是你的读者都是一件好事。
|
||||
|
||||
**关于工作与报酬：**
|
||||
|
||||
> There is nothing wrong with wanting pay for work, or seeking to maximize one's income, as long as one does not use means that are destructive.
|
||||
|
||||
劳有所得，或寻求收入的最大化并没有什么错，只要不是不择手段。
|
||||
|
||||
**关于 Chrome OS：**
|
||||
|
||||
> In essence, Chrome OS is the GNU/Linux operating system. However, it is delivered without the usual applications, and rigged up to impede and discourage installing applications.
|
||||
|
||||
Chrome OS 确实是 GNU/Linux 的操作系统。但是，它在发布时没有安装常用应用，并为安装他们设置了阻碍。
|
||||
|
||||
**关于 Linux 用户：**
|
||||
|
||||
> Many users of the GNU/Linux system will not have heard the ideas of free software. They will not be aware that we have ideas, that a system exists because of ethical ideals, which were omitted from ideas associated with the term 'open source.'
|
||||
|
||||
许多的 GNU/Linux 用户并没有听过自由软件。他们并没有意识到，这个系统是因为道德理想才存在的，与此一起被忽视的还有所谓的“开源”。
|
||||
|
||||
**关于 facebook 的隐私：**
|
||||
|
||||
> If there is a Like button in a page, Facebook knows who visited that page. And it can get IP address of the computer visiting the page even if the person is not a Facebook user.
|
||||
|
||||
如果页面上有 “like” 按键，Facebook 就能知道谁访问了页面。即使不是 Facebook 的用户，也可以得到访问该页面电脑的 IP 地址。
|
||||
|
||||
**关于编程：**
|
||||
|
||||
> Programming is not a science. Programming is a craft.
|
||||
|
||||
编程不是科学，编程是手艺。
|
||||
|
||||
> My favorite programming languages are Lisp and C. However, since around 1992 I have worked mainly on free software activism, which means I am too busy to do much programming. Around 2008 I stopped doing programming projects.
|
||||
|
||||
Lisp 和 C 语言是我的最爱。然自 1992 年以来我主要工作在自由软件活动上，导致我太忙了，没法做更多的编程。大概在 2008 年我便停止了做编程项目。
|
||||
|
||||
> C++ is a badly designed and ugly language. It would be a shame to use it in Emacs.
|
||||
|
||||
C++ 设计的真糟糕、真丑陋。在 Emacs 上用它应该觉得羞愧。
|
||||
|
||||
**关于钻研（hacking）和学习编程：**
|
||||
|
||||
> People could no longer learn hacking the way I did, by starting to work on a real operating system, making real improvements. In fact, in the 1980s I often came across newly graduated computer science majors who had never seen a real program in their lives. They had only seen toy exercises, school exercises, because every real program was a trade secret. They never had the experience of writing features for users to really use, and fixing the bugs that real users came across. The things you need to know to do real work.
|
||||
|
||||
(时过境迁，)人们没法再像我当初那样通过改进实实在在的操作系统来学习编程了。上世纪 80 年代，我常遇见计算机专业的毕业生，有生以来没见过真正的程序。他们接触的到的只有小玩意和学校的作业，因为每一个程序都是商业机密。他们没有机会为用户去写真正实用的特性，修复用户真正遭遇的问题。而这些正是真正的工作中你需要掌握的(东西)。
|
||||
|
||||
> It is hard to write a simple definition of something as varied as hacking, but I think what these activities have in common is playfulness, cleverness, and exploration. Thus, hacking means exploring the limits of what is possible, in a spirit of playful cleverness. Activities that display playful cleverness have "hack value".
|
||||
|
||||
对于如“hacking”这般多样化的东西真的很难简单的下定义，不过在我看来诸如此类的行为都会有以下的这些共同点：嬉乐、智慧和探索。因此，hacking 意味着对可能的极限的探索，一颗向往快乐与智慧的心。能带来快乐与智慧的行为就有 “hack 的价值” 。
|
||||
|
||||
**关于浏览网页：**
|
||||
|
||||
> For personal reasons, I do not browse the web from my computer. (I also have no net connection much of the time.) To look at page I send mail to a daemon which runs wget and mails the page back to me. It is very efficient use of my time, but it is slow in real time.
|
||||
|
||||
出于个人原因，我不会在我的电脑上浏览网页。（大部分时间处于没有网络连接的状态。）要浏览网页，我需要给一个守护进程发 mail，然后它会运行 wget 并把页面通过 mail 发还给我。这对我而言已经是最效率了，但那真的比实时慢太多了。
|
||||
|
||||
**关于音乐共享：**
|
||||
|
||||
> Friends share music with each other, they don't allow themselves to be divided by a system that says that nobody is supposed to have copies.
|
||||
|
||||
朋友之间彼此分享音乐，绝不会希望因为系统的一句：“禁止私下拷贝！”而生分。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://tlhp.cf/fsf-richard-stallman/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Pavlo Rudyi][a]
|
||||
译者：[martin2011qi](https://github.com/martin2011qi)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://tlhp.cf/fsf-richard-stallman/
|
||||
[1]:http://www.gnu.org/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.fsf.org/
|
||||
[3]:https://www.fsf.org/about/
|
||||
@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
|
||||
|
||||
Linux 系统管理员必备的80个监控工具
|
||||
最全列表： 80 多个 Linux 系统管理员必备的监控工具
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
随着行业的不断发展，各种工具多得不可胜数。这里列出网上最全的（工具）。拥有超过80种方式来管理你的机器。在本文中，我们主要讲述以下方面：
|
||||
随着互联网行业的不断发展，各种监控工具多得不可胜数。这里列出网上最全的监控工具。让你可以拥有超过80种方式来管理你的机器。在本文中，我们主要包括以下方面：
|
||||
|
||||
- 命令行工具
|
||||
- 网络相关内容
|
||||
@ -11,51 +11,51 @@ Linux 系统管理员必备的80个监控工具
|
||||
- 日志监控工具
|
||||
- 基础设施监控工具
|
||||
|
||||
监控和调试性能问题非常困难，但用对了正确的工具有时也是很容易的。下面是一些你可能听说过的工具，当你使用它们时可能存在一些问题：
|
||||
监控和调试性能问题是一个艰巨的任务，但用对了正确的工具有时也是很容易的。下面是一些你可能听说过的工具，也有可能没有听说过——何不赶快开始试试？
|
||||
|
||||
### 十大系统监控工具 ###
|
||||
### 八大系统监控工具 ###
|
||||
|
||||
#### 1. Top ####
|
||||
#### 1. top ####
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
这是一个被预装在许多 UNIX 系统中的小工具。当你想要查看在系统中运行的进程或线程时：top 是一个很好的工具。你可以对这些进程以不同的标准进行排序，默认是以 CPU 进行排序的。
|
||||
这是一个被预装在许多 UNIX 系统中的小工具。当你想要查看在系统中运行的进程或线程时：top 是一个很好的工具。你可以对这些进程以不同的方式进行排序，默认是以 CPU 进行排序的。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 2. [htop][1] ####
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
HTOP 实质上是 top 的增强版本。它更容易对进程排序。它在视觉上更容易理解并且已经内建了许多通用的命令。它也是完全交互的。
|
||||
htop 实质上是 top 的一个增强版本。它更容易对进程排序。它看起来上更容易理解，并且已经内建了许多通用操作。它也是完全交互式的。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 3. [atop][2] ####
|
||||
|
||||
Atop 和 top，htop 非常相似，它也能监控所有进程，但不同于 top 和 htop 的是，它会记录进程的日志供以后分析。它也能显示所有进程的资源消耗。它还会高亮显示已经达到临界负载的资源。
|
||||
atop 和 top，htop 非常相似，它也能监控所有进程，但不同于 top 和 htop 的是，它可以按日记录进程的日志供以后分析。它也能显示所有进程的资源消耗。它还会高亮显示已经达到临界负载的资源。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 4. [apachetop][3] ####
|
||||
|
||||
Apachetop 会监控 apache 网络服务器的整体性能。它主要是基于 mytop。它会显示当前 reads, writes 的数量以及 requests 进程的总数。
|
||||
apachetop 会监控 apache 网络服务器的整体性能。它主要是基于 mytop。它会显示当前的读取进程、写入进程的数量以及请求进程的总数。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 5. [ftptop][4] ####
|
||||
|
||||
ftptop 给你提供了当前所有连接到 ftp 服务器的基本信息，如会话总数，正在上传和下载的客户端数量以及客户端信息。
|
||||
ftptop 给你提供了当前所有连接到 ftp 服务器的基本信息，如会话总数，正在上传和下载的客户端数量以及客户端是谁。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 6. [mytop][5] ####
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
mytop 是一个很简洁的工具，用于监控线程和 mysql 的性能。它给了你一个实时的数据库来查询处理结果。
|
||||
mytop 是一个很简洁的工具，用于监控 mysql 的线程和性能。它能让你实时查看数据库以及正在处理哪些查询。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 7. [powertop][6] ####
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
powertop 可以帮助你诊断与电量消耗和电源管理相关的问题。它也可以帮你进行电源管理设置，以实现对你服务器最有效的配置。你可以使用 tab 键进行选项切换。
|
||||
powertop 可以帮助你诊断与电量消耗和电源管理相关的问题。它也可以帮你进行电源管理设置，以实现对你服务器最有效的配置。你可以使用 tab 键切换选项卡。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 8. [iotop][7] ####
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
iotop 用于检查 I/O 的使用情况，并为你提供了一个类似 top 的界面来显示。它每列显示读和写的速率，每行代表一个进程。当出现等待 I/O 交换时，它也显示进程消耗时间的百分比。
|
||||
iotop 用于检查 I/O 的使用情况，并为你提供了一个类似 top 的界面来显示。它按列显示读和写的速率，每行代表一个进程。当发生交换或 I/O 等待时，它会显示进程消耗时间的百分比。
|
||||
|
||||
### 与网络相关的监控 ###
|
||||
|
||||
@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ iotop 用于检查 I/O 的使用情况，并为你提供了一个类似 top 的
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
ntopng 是 ntop 的升级版，它提供了一个能使用浏览器进行网络监控的图形用户界面。它还有其他用途，如：定位主机，显示网络流量和 ip 流量分布并能进行分析。
|
||||
ntopng 是 ntop 的升级版，它提供了一个能通过浏览器进行网络监控的图形用户界面。它还有其他用途，如：地理定位主机，显示网络流量和 ip 流量分布并能进行分析。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 10. [iftop][9] ####
|
||||
|
||||
@ -75,17 +75,17 @@ iftop 类似于 top，但它主要不是检查 cpu 的使用率而是监听所
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
jnettop 以相同的方式来监测网络流量但比 iftop 更形象。它还支持自定义的文本输出并能以友好的交互方式来深度分析日志。
|
||||
jnettop 以相同的方式来监测网络流量但比 iftop 更形象。它还支持自定义的文本输出，并能以友好的交互方式来深度分析日志。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 12. [bandwidthd][11] ####
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
bandwidthd 可以跟踪 TCP/IP 网络子网的使用情况并能在浏览器中通过 png 图片形象化地构建一个 HTML 页面。它有一个数据库驱动系统，支持搜索、过滤，多传感器和自定义报表。
|
||||
BandwidthD 可以跟踪 TCP/IP 网络子网的使用情况，并能在浏览器中通过 png 图片形象化地构建一个 HTML 页面。它有一个数据库系统，支持搜索、过滤，多传感器和自定义报表。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 13. [EtherApe][12] ####
|
||||
|
||||
EtherApe 以图形化显示网络流量，可以支持更多的节点。它可以捕获实时流量信息，也可以从 tcpdump 进行读取。也可以使用具有 pcap 语法的网络过滤显示特定信息。
|
||||
EtherApe 以图形化显示网络流量，可以支持更多的节点。它可以捕获实时流量信息，也可以从 tcpdump 进行读取。也可以使用 pcap 格式的网络过滤器来显示特定信息。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 14. [ethtool][13] ####
|
||||
|
||||
@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ ethtool 用于显示和修改网络接口控制器的一些参数。它也可以
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
NetHogs 打破了网络流量按协议或子网进行统计的原理。它以进程组来计算。所以，当网络流量猛增时，你可以使用 NetHogs 查看是由哪个进程造成的。
|
||||
NetHogs 打破了网络流量按协议或子网进行统计的惯例，它以进程来分组。所以，当网络流量猛增时，你可以使用 NetHogs 查看是由哪个进程造成的。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 16. [iptraf][15] ####
|
||||
|
||||
@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ iptraf 收集的各种指标，如 TCP 连接数据包和字节数，端口统
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
如果不是网络层的话，ngrep 就是 grep。pcap 意识到后允许其指定扩展规则或十六进制表达式来匹配数据包。
|
||||
ngrep 就是网络层的 grep。它使用 pcap ，允许通过指定扩展正则表达式或十六进制表达式来匹配数据包。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 18. [MRTG][17] ####
|
||||
|
||||
@ -121,29 +121,29 @@ MRTG 最初被开发来监控路由器的流量，但现在它也能够监控网
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Bmon 能监控并帮助你调试网络。它能捕获网络相关的统计数据，并以友好的方式进行展示。你还可以与 bmon 通过脚本进行交互。
|
||||
bmon 能监控并帮助你调试网络。它能捕获网络相关的统计数据，并以友好的方式进行展示。你还可以与 bmon 通过脚本进行交互。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 20. traceroute ####
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Traceroute 是一个内置工具，能显示路由和测试数据包在网络中的延迟。
|
||||
traceroute 是一个内置工具，能显示路由和测量数据包在网络中的延迟。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 21. [IPTState][19] ####
|
||||
|
||||
IPTState 可以让你跨越 iptables 来监控流量，并通过你指定的条件来进行排序。该工具还允许你从表中删除状态信息。
|
||||
IPTState 可以让你观察流量是如何通过 iptables，并通过你指定的条件来进行排序。该工具还允许你从 iptables 的表中删除状态信息。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 22. [darkstat][20] ####
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Darkstat 能捕获网络流量并计算使用情况的统计数据。该报告保存在一个简单的HTTP服务器中，它为你提供了一个非常棒的图形用户界面。
|
||||
darkstat 能捕获网络流量并计算使用情况的统计数据。该报告保存在一个简单的 HTTP 服务器中，它为你提供了一个非常棒的图形用户界面。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 23. [vnStat][21] ####
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
vnStat 是一个网络流量监控工具，它的数据统计是由内核进行提供的，其消耗的系统资源非常少。系统重新启动后，它收集的数据仍然存在。它具有颜色选项供系统管理员使用。
|
||||
vnStat 是一个网络流量监控工具，它的数据统计是由内核进行提供的，其消耗的系统资源非常少。系统重新启动后，它收集的数据仍然存在。有艺术感的系统管理员可以使用它的颜色选项。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 24. netstat ####
|
||||
|
||||
@ -159,19 +159,19 @@ netstat 是一个内置的工具，它能显示 TCP 网络连接，路由表和
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Nmap 可以扫描你服务器开放的端口并且可以检测正在使用哪个操作系统。但你也可以使用 SQL 注入漏洞，网络发现和渗透测试相关的其他手段。
|
||||
Nmap 可以扫描你服务器开放的端口并且可以检测正在使用哪个操作系统。但你也可以将其用于 SQL 注入漏洞、网络发现和渗透测试相关的其他用途。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 27. [MTR][23] ####
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
MTR 结合了 traceroute 和 ping 的功能到一个网络诊断工具上。当使用该工具时，它会限制单个数据包的跳数，同时也监视它们的到期时间。然后每秒进行重复。
|
||||
MTR 将 traceroute 和 ping 的功能结合到了一个网络诊断工具上。当使用该工具时，它会限制单个数据包的跳数，然后监视它们的到期时到达的位置。然后每秒进行重复。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 28. [Tcpdump][24] ####
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Tcpdump 将输出一个你在命令中匹配并捕获到的数据包的信息。你还可以将此数据保存并进一步分析。
|
||||
Tcpdump 将按照你在命令行中指定的表达式输出匹配捕获到的数据包的信息。你还可以将此数据保存并进一步分析。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 29. [Justniffer][25] ####
|
||||
|
||||
@ -185,13 +185,13 @@ Justniffer 是 tcp 数据包嗅探器。使用此嗅探器你可以选择收集
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
nmon 将数据输出到屏幕上的，或将其保存在一个以逗号分隔的文件中。你可以查看 CPU，内存，网络，文件系统，top 进程。数据也可以被添加到 RRD 数据库中用于进一步分析。
|
||||
nmon 将数据输出到屏幕上的，或将其保存在一个以逗号分隔的文件中。你可以查看 CPU，内存，网络，文件系统，前列 进程。数据也可以被添加到 RRD 数据库中用于进一步分析。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 31. [conky][27] ####
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Conky 能监视不同操作系统并统计数据。它支持 IMAP 和 POP3， 甚至许多流行的音乐播放器！出于方便不同的人，你可以使用自己的 Lua 脚本或程序来进行扩展。
|
||||
Conky 能监视很多的操作系统数据。它支持 IMAP 和 POP3， 甚至许多流行的音乐播放器！出于方便不同的人，你可以使用自己的 Lua 脚本或程序来进行扩展。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 32. [Glances][28] ####
|
||||
|
||||
@ -211,17 +211,17 @@ Saidar 是一个非常小的工具，为你提供有关系统资源的基础信
|
||||
|
||||
RRDtool 是用来处理 RRD 数据库的工具。RRDtool 旨在处理时间序列数据，如 CPU 负载，温度等。该工具提供了一种方法来提取 RRD 数据并以图形界面显示。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 35. [monit][31] ####
|
||||
#### 35. [monit][31] ####
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
如果出现故障时，monit 有发送警报以及重新启动服务的功能。它可以对任何类型进行检查，你可以为 monit 写一个脚本，它有一个 Web 用户界面来分担你眼睛的压力。
|
||||
如果出现故障时，monit 有发送警报以及重新启动服务的功能。它可以对各种数据进行检查，你可以为 monit 写一个脚本，它有一个 Web 用户界面来分担你眼睛的压力。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 36. [Linux process explorer][32] ####
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Linux process explorer 是类似 OSX 或 Windows 的在线监视器。它比 top 或 ps 的使用范围更广。你可以查看每个进程的内存消耗以及 CPU 的使用情况。
|
||||
Linux process explorer 是类似 OSX 或 Windows 的活动监视器。它比 top 或 ps 的使用范围更广。你可以查看每个进程的内存消耗以及 CPU 的使用情况。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 37. df ####
|
||||
|
||||
@ -233,37 +233,37 @@ df 是 disk free 的缩写，它是所有 UNIX 系统预装的程序，用来显
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Discus 类似于 df，它的目的是通过使用更吸引人的特性，如颜色，图形和数字来对 df 进行改进。
|
||||
discus 类似于 df，它的目的是通过使用更吸引人的特性，如颜色，图形和数字来对 df 进行改进。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 39. [xosview][34] ####
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
xosview 是一款经典的系统监控工具，它给你提供包括 IRQ 的各个不同部分的总览。
|
||||
xosview 是一款经典的系统监控工具，它给你提供包括 IRQ 在内的各个不同部分的简单总览。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 40. [Dstat][35] ####
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Dstat 旨在替代 vmstat，iostat，netstat 和 ifstat。它可以让你查实时查看所有的系统资源。这些数据可以导出为 CSV。最重要的是 dstat 允许使用插件，因此其可以扩展到更多领域。
|
||||
dstat 旨在替代 vmstat，iostat，netstat 和 ifstat。它可以让你查实时查看所有的系统资源。这些数据可以导出为 CSV。最重要的是 dstat 允许使用插件，因此其可以扩展到更多领域。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 41. [Net-SNMP][36] ####
|
||||
|
||||
SNMP 是“简单网络管理协议”，Net-SNMP 工具套件使用该协议可帮助你收集服务器的准确信息。
|
||||
SNMP 即“简单网络管理协议”，Net-SNMP 工具套件使用该协议可帮助你收集服务器的准确信息。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 42. [incron][37] ####
|
||||
|
||||
Incron 允许你监控一个目录树，然后对这些变化采取措施。如果你想将目录‘a’中的新文件复制到目录‘b’，这正是 incron 能做的。
|
||||
incron 允许你监控一个目录树，然后对这些变化采取措施。如果你想在目录‘a’中出现新文件时，将其复制到目录‘b’，这正是 incron 能做的。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 43. [monitorix][38] ####
|
||||
|
||||
Monitorix 是轻量级的系统监控工具。它可以帮助你监控一台机器，并为你提供丰富的指标。它也有一个内置的 HTTP 服务器，来查看图表和所有指标的报告。
|
||||
Monitorix 是轻量级的系统监控工具。它可以帮助你监控单独一台机器，并为你提供丰富的指标。它也有一个内置的 HTTP 服务器，来查看图表和所有指标的报告。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 44. vmstat ####
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
vmstat（virtual memory statistics）是一个小的内置工具，能监控和显示机器的内存。
|
||||
vmstat（virtual memory statistics）是一个小型内置工具，能监控和显示机器的内存。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 45. uptime ####
|
||||
|
||||
@ -273,13 +273,13 @@ vmstat（virtual memory statistics）是一个小的内置工具，能监控和
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
mpstat 是一个内置的工具，能监视 cpu 的使用情况。最常见的使用方法是 `mpstat -P ALL`，它给你提供 cpu 的使用情况。你也可以间隔更新 cpu 的使用情况。
|
||||
mpstat 是一个内置的工具，能监视 cpu 的使用情况。最常见的使用方法是 `mpstat -P ALL`，它给你提供 cpu 的使用情况。你也可以间歇性地更新 cpu 的使用情况。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 47. pmap ####
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
pmap 是一个内置的工具，报告一个进程的内存映射。你可以使用这个命令来找出内存瓶颈的原因。
|
||||
pmap 是一个内置的工具，报告一个进程的内存映射。你可以使用这个命令来找出导致内存瓶颈的原因。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 48. ps ####
|
||||
|
||||
@ -291,13 +291,13 @@ pmap 是一个内置的工具，报告一个进程的内存映射。你可以使
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
sar 是 sysstat 包的一部分，可以帮助你收集，报告和保存不同系统的指标。使用不同的参数，它会给你提供 CPU, 内存 和 I/O 使用情况及其他东西。
|
||||
sar 是 sysstat 包的一部分，可以帮助你收集、报告和保存不同系统的指标。使用不同的参数，它会给你提供 CPU、 内存和 I/O 使用情况及其他东西。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 50. [collectl][40] ####
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
类似于 sar，collectl 收集你机器的性能指标。默认情况下，显示 cpu，网络和磁盘统计数据，但它实际收集了很多信息。与 sar 不同的是，collectl 能够处理比秒更小的单位，它可以被直接送入绘图工具并且 collectl 的监控过程更广泛。
|
||||
类似于 sar，collectl 收集你机器的性能指标。默认情况下，显示 cpu、网络和磁盘统计数据，但它实际收集了很多信息。与 sar 不同的是，collectl 能够处理比秒更小的单位，它可以被直接送入绘图工具并且 collectl 的监控过程更广泛。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 51. [iostat][41] ####
|
||||
|
||||
@ -309,23 +309,23 @@ iostat 也是 sysstat 包的一部分。此命令用于监控系统的输入/输
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
这是一个内置的命令用于显示你机器上可用的内存大小以及已使用的内存大小。它还可以显示某时刻内核所使用的缓冲区大小。
|
||||
这是一个内置的命令，用于显示你机器上可用的内存大小以及已使用的内存大小。它还可以显示某时刻内核所使用的缓冲区大小。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 53. /Proc 文件系统 ####
|
||||
#### 53. /proc 文件系统 ####
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
proc 文件系统可以让你查看内核的统计信息。从这些统计数据可以得到你机器上不同硬件设备的详细信息。看看这个 [ proc文件统计的完整列表 ][42]。
|
||||
proc 文件系统可以让你查看内核的统计信息。从这些统计数据可以得到你机器上不同硬件设备的详细信息。看看这个 [proc 文件统计的完整列表][42]。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 54. [GKrellM][43] ####
|
||||
|
||||
GKrellm 是一个图形应用程序来监控你硬件的状态信息，像CPU，内存，硬盘，网络接口以及其他的。它也可以监视并启动你所选择的邮件阅读器。
|
||||
GKrellm 是一个图形应用程序，用来监控你硬件的状态信息，像CPU，内存，硬盘，网络接口以及其他的。它也可以监视并启动你所选择的邮件阅读器。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 55. [Gnome 系统监控器][44] ####
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Gnome 系统监控器是一个基本的系统监控工具，其能通过一个树状结构来查看进程的依赖关系，能杀死及调整进程优先级，还能以图表形式显示所有服务器的指标。
|
||||
Gnome 系统监控器是一个基本的系统监控工具，其能通过一个树状结构来查看进程的依赖关系，能杀死进程及调整进程优先级，还能以图表形式显示所有服务器的指标。
|
||||
|
||||
### 日志监控工具 ###
|
||||
|
||||
@ -333,11 +333,11 @@ Gnome 系统监控器是一个基本的系统监控工具，其能通过一个
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
GoAccess 是一个实时的网络日志分析器，它能分析 apache, nginx 和 amazon cloudfront 的访问日志。它也可以将数据输出成 HTML，JSON 或 CSV 格式。它会给你一个基本的统计信息，访问量，404页面，访客位置和其他东西。
|
||||
GoAccess 是一个实时的网络日志分析器，它能分析 apache, nginx 和 amazon cloudfront 的访问日志。它也可以将数据输出成 HTML，JSON 或 CSV 格式。它会给你一个基本的统计信息、访问量、404 页面，访客位置和其他东西。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 57. [Logwatch][46] ####
|
||||
|
||||
Logwatch 是一个日志分析系统。它通过分析系统的日志，并为你所指定的区域创建一个分析报告。它每天给你一个报告可以让你花费更少的时间来分析日志。
|
||||
Logwatch 是一个日志分析系统。它通过分析系统的日志，并为你所指定的部分创建一个分析报告。它每天给你一个报告，以便让你花费更少的时间来分析日志。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 58. [Swatch][47] ####
|
||||
|
||||
@ -349,13 +349,13 @@ Logwatch 是一个日志分析系统。它通过分析系统的日志，并为
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
MultiTail 可帮助你在多窗口下监控日志文件。你可以将这些日志文件合并成一个。它也像正则表达式一样使用不同的颜色来显示日志文件以方便你阅读。
|
||||
MultiTail 可帮助你在多个窗口之下监控日志文件。你可以将这些日志文件合并到一个窗口。它可以通过正则表达式的帮助，使用不同的颜色来显示日志文件以方便你阅读。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 系统工具 ####
|
||||
### 系统工具 ###
|
||||
|
||||
#### 60. [acct or psacct][49] ####
|
||||
|
||||
acct 也称 psacct（取决于如果你使用 apt-get 还是 yum）可以监控所有用户执行的命令，包括 CPU 和内存在系统内所使用的时间。一旦安装完成后你可以使用命令 ‘sa’ 来查看。
|
||||
acct 也称 psacct（取决于如果你使用 apt-get 还是 yum）可以监控所有用户执行的命令，包括 CPU 时间和内存占用。一旦安装完成后你可以使用命令 `sa` 来查看统计。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 61. [whowatch][50] ####
|
||||
|
||||
@ -365,31 +365,31 @@ acct 也称 psacct（取决于如果你使用 apt-get 还是 yum）可以监控
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
strace 被用于诊断，调试和监控程序之间的相互调用过程。最常见的做法是用 strace 打印系统调用的程序列表，其可以看出程序是否像预期那样被执行了。
|
||||
strace 被用于诊断、调试和监控程序之间的相互调用过程。最常见的做法是用 strace 打印系统调用的程序列表，其可以看出程序是否像预期那样被执行了。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 63. [DTrace][52] ####
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
DTrace 可以说是 strace 的大哥。它动态地跟踪与检测代码实时运行的指令。它允许你深入分析其性能和诊断故障。但是，它并不简单，大约有1200本书中提到过它。
|
||||
DTrace 可以说是 strace 的大哥。它动态地跟踪与检测代码实时运行的指令。它允许你深入分析其性能和诊断故障。但是，它并不简单，关于这个话题有1200本书之多。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 64. [webmin][53] ####
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Webmin 是一个基于 Web 的系统管理工具。它不需要手动编辑 UNIX 配置文件，并允许你远程管理系统。它有一对监控模块用于连接它。
|
||||
Webmin 是一个基于 Web 的系统管理工具。它不需要手动编辑 UNIX 配置文件，可以让你远程管理系统。它有一对监控模块用于连接它。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 65. stat ####
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Stat 是一个内置的工具，用于显示文件和文件系统的状态信息。它会显示文件被修改，访问或更改的信息。
|
||||
Stat 是一个内置的工具，用于显示文件和文件系统的状态信息。它会显示文件何时被修改、访问或更改。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 66. ifconfig ####
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
ifconfig 是一个内置的工具用于配置网络接口。大多数网络监控工具背后都使用 ifconfig 将其设置成混乱模式来捕获所有的数据包。你可以手动执行 `ifconfig eth0 promisc` 并使用 `ifconfig eth0 -promisc` 返回正常模式。
|
||||
ifconfig 是一个内置的工具，用于配置网络接口。大多数网络监控工具背后都使用 ifconfig 将网卡设置成混乱模式来捕获所有的数据包。你可以手动执行 `ifconfig eth0 promisc` 进入混乱模式，使用 `ifconfig eth0 -promisc` 返回正常模式。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 67. [ulimit][54] ####
|
||||
|
||||
@ -399,23 +399,23 @@ ulimit 是一个内置的工具，可监控系统资源，并可以限制任何
|
||||
|
||||
#### 68. [cpulimit][55] ####
|
||||
|
||||
CPULimit 是一个小工具用于监控并限制进程对 CPU 的使用率。其特别有用，能限制批处理作业对 CPU 的使用率保持在一定范围。
|
||||
CPULimit 是一个小工具，用于监控并限制进程对 CPU 的使用率。其特别可以用于将批处理作业对 CPU 的使用率保持在一定范围。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 69. lshw ####
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
lshw 是一个小的内置工具能提取关于本机硬件配置的详细信息。它可以输出 CPU 版本和主板配置。
|
||||
lshw 是一个小的内置工具，能提取关于本机硬件配置的详细信息。它可以输出 CPU 版本和主板配置。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 70. w ####
|
||||
|
||||
w 是一个内置命令用于显示当前登录用户的信息及他们所运行的进程。
|
||||
w 是一个内置命令，用于显示当前登录用户的信息及他们所运行的进程。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 71. lsof ####
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
lsof 是一个内置的工具可让你列出所有打开的文件和网络连接。从那里你可以看到文件是由哪个进程打开的，基于进程名，可通过一个特定的用户来杀死属于某个用户的所有进程。
|
||||
lsof 是一个内置的工具，可让你列出所有打开的文件和网络连接。从那里你可以看到文件是由哪个进程打开的，基于进程名可找到其特定的用户，或杀死属于某个用户的所有进程。
|
||||
|
||||
### 基础架构监控工具 ###
|
||||
|
||||
@ -423,13 +423,13 @@ lsof 是一个内置的工具可让你列出所有打开的文件和网络连接
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
我们的 [服务器监控工具][56]！它有一个 web 界面，使你可以进行报警设置并可以通过图表来查看所有系统的网络指标。你还可以设置监控的网站，无论是否在线。Server Density 允许你设置用户的权限，你可以根据我们的插件或 api 来扩展你的监控。该服务已经支持 Nagios 的插件了。
|
||||
我们的 [服务器监控工具][56] 它有一个 web 界面，使你可以进行报警设置并可以通过图表来查看所有系统的网络指标。你还可以设置监控的网站，无论是否在线。Server Density 允许你设置用户的权限，你可以根据我们的插件或 api 来扩展你的监控。该服务已经支持 Nagios 的插件了。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 73. [OpenNMS][57] ####
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
OpenNMS 主要有四个功能区：事件管理和通知;发现和配置;服务监控和数据收集。其设计可被在多种网络环境中定制。
|
||||
OpenNMS 主要有四个功能区：事件管理和通知；发现和配置；服务监控和数据收集。其设计为可被在多种网络环境中定制。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 74. [SysUsage][58] ####
|
||||
|
||||
@ -441,19 +441,19 @@ SysUsage 通过 Sar 和其他系统命令持续监控你的系统。一旦达到
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
brainypdm 是一个数据管理和监控工具，它能收集来自 nagios 或其它公共资源的数据并以图表显示。它是跨平台的，其基于 Web 并可自定义图形。
|
||||
brainypdm 是一个数据管理和监控工具，它能收集来自 nagios 或其它常规来源的数据并以图表显示。它是跨平台的，其基于 Web 并可自定义图形。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 76. [PCP][60] ####
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
PCP 可以收集来自多个主机的指标，并且效率很高。它也有一个插件框架，所以你可以把它收集的对你很重要的指标使用插件来管理。你可以通过任何一个 Web 界面或 GUI 访问图形数据。它比较适合大型监控系统。
|
||||
PCP 可以收集来自多个主机的指标，并且效率很高。它也有一个插件框架，所以你可以让它收集对你很重要的指标。你可以通过任何一个 Web 界面或 GUI 访问图形数据。它比较适合大型监控系统。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 77. [KDE 系统保护][61] ####
|
||||
#### 77. [KDE 系统守护][61] ####
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
这个工具既是一个系统监控器也是一个任务管理器。你可以通过工作表来查看多台机器的服务指标，如果一个进程需要被杀死或者你需要启动一个进程，它可以在 KDE 系统保护中来完成。
|
||||
这个工具既是一个系统监控器也是一个任务管理器。你可以通过工作表来查看多台机器的服务指标，如果需要杀死一个进程或者你需要启动一个进程，它可以在 KDE 系统守护中来完成。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 78. [Munin][62] ####
|
||||
|
||||
@ -471,7 +471,7 @@ Nagios 是系统和网络监控工具，可帮助你监控多台服务器。当
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Zenoss 提供了一个 Web 界面，使你可以监控所有的系统和网络指标。此外，它能自动发现网络资源和修改网络配置。并且会提醒你采取行动，它也支持 Nagios 的插件。
|
||||
Zenoss 提供了一个 Web 界面，使你可以监控所有的系统及网络指标。此外，它能自动发现网络资源和修改网络配置。并且会提醒你采取行动，它也支持 Nagios 的插件。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 81. [Cacti][65] ####
|
||||
|
||||
@ -483,7 +483,7 @@ Zenoss 提供了一个 Web 界面，使你可以监控所有的系统和网络
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Zabbix 是一个开源的基础设施监控解决方案。它使用了许多数据库来存放监控统计信息。其核心是用 C 语言编写，并在前端中使用 PHP。如果你不喜欢安装代理，Zabbix 可能是一个最好选择。
|
||||
Zabbix 是一个开源的基础设施监控解决方案。它使用了许多数据库来存放监控统计信息。其核心是用 C 语言编写，并在前端中使用 PHP。如果你不喜欢安装代理端，Zabbix 可能是一个最好选择。
|
||||
|
||||
### 附加部分： ###
|
||||
|
||||
@ -491,15 +491,15 @@ Zabbix 是一个开源的基础设施监控解决方案。它使用了许多数
|
||||
|
||||
#### 83. [collectd][67] ####
|
||||
|
||||
Collectd 是一个 Unix 守护进程来收集所有的监控数据。它采用了模块化设计并使用插件来填补一些缺陷。这样能使 collectd 保持轻量级并可进行定制。
|
||||
Collectd 是一个 Unix 守护进程，用来收集所有的监控数据。它采用了模块化设计并使用插件来填补一些缺陷。这样能使 collectd 保持轻量级并可进行定制。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 84. [Observium][68] ####
|
||||
|
||||
Observium 是一个自动发现网络的监控平台，支持普通的硬件平台和操作系统。Observium 专注于提供一个优美，功能强大，简单直观的界面来显示网络的健康和状态。
|
||||
Observium 是一个自动发现网络的监控平台，支持大量硬件平台和操作系统。Observium 专注于提供一个优美、功能强大、简单直观的界面来显示网络的健康和状态。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 85. Nload ####
|
||||
|
||||
这是一个命令行工具来监控网络的吞吐量。它很整洁，因为它使用两个图表和其他一些有用的数据类似传输的数据总量来对进出站流量进行可视化。你可以使用如下方法安装它：
|
||||
这是一个命令行工具来监控网络的吞吐量。它很整洁，因为它使用两个图表和其他一些类似传输的数据总量这样的有用数据来对进出站流量进行可视化。你可以使用如下方法安装它：
|
||||
|
||||
yum install nload
|
||||
|
||||
@ -509,15 +509,15 @@ Observium 是一个自动发现网络的监控平台，支持普通的硬件平
|
||||
|
||||
#### 86. [SmokePing][69] ####
|
||||
|
||||
SmokePing 可以跟踪你网络延迟，并对他们进行可视化。SmokePing 有一个流行的延迟测量插件。如果图形用户界面对你来说非常重要，现在有一个正在开发中的插件来实现此功能。
|
||||
SmokePing 可以跟踪你网络延迟，并对他们进行可视化。有各种为 SmokePing 开发的延迟测量插件。如果图形用户界面对你来说非常重要，现在有一个正在开发中的插件来实现此功能。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 87. [MobaXterm][70] ####
|
||||
|
||||
如果你整天在 windows 环境下工作。你可能会觉得 Windows 下受终端窗口的限制。MobaXterm 正是由此而来的，它允许你使用多个在 Linux 中相似的终端。这将会极大地帮助你在监控方面的需求！
|
||||
如果你整天在 windows 环境下工作。你可能会觉得 Windows 下终端窗口的限制。MobaXterm 正是由此而来的，它允许你使用多个通常出现在 Linux 中的命令。这将会极大地帮助你在监控方面的需求！
|
||||
|
||||
#### 88. [Shinken monitoring][71] ####
|
||||
|
||||
Shinken 是一个监控框架，其是由 python 对 Nagios 进行完全重写的。它的目的是增强灵活性和管理更大环境。但仍保持所有的 nagios 配置和插件。
|
||||
Shinken 是一个监控框架，其是采用 python 对 Nagios 进行了完全重写。它的目的是增强灵活性和管理更大环境。但仍保持所有的 nagios 配置和插件。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
@ -525,7 +525,7 @@ via: https://blog.serverdensity.com/80-linux-monitoring-tools-know/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Jonathan Sundqvist][a]
|
||||
译者：[strugglingyouth](https://github.com/strugglingyouth)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,57 +1,58 @@
|
||||
如何在Ubuntu 15.04 上安装带JSON 支持的SQLite 3.9.1
|
||||
如何在 Ubuntu 15.04 上安装带 JSON 支持的 SQLite 3.9.1
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
欢迎阅读我们关于SQLite 的文章，SQLite 是当今时间上使用最广泛的SQL 数据库引擎，它他基本不需要配置，不需要安装或者管理就可以运行。SQLite 是一个是开放领域的软件，是关系数据库的管理系统，或者说RDBMS，用来在大表存储用户定义的记录。对于数据存储和管理来说，数据库引擎要处理复杂的查询命令，这些命令可能会从多个表获取数据然后生成报告的数据总结。
|
||||
欢迎阅读我们关于SQLite 的文章，SQLite 是当今世界上使用最广泛的 SQL 数据库引擎，它基本不需要配置，不需要设置或管理就可以运行。SQLite 是一个是开放领域（public-domain）的软件，是一个关系型数据库管理系统（RDBMS），用来在一个大数据表中存储用户定义的记录。对于数据存储和管理来说，数据库引擎要处理复杂的查询命令，这些命令可能会从多个表获取数据然后生成报告和数据总结。
|
||||
|
||||
SQLite 是一个非常小、轻量级，不需要分离的服务进程或系统。他可以运行在UNIX，Linux，Mac OS-X，Android，iOS 和Windows 上，已经被大量的软件程序使用，如Opera, Ruby On Rails, Adobe System, Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome 和 Skype。
|
||||
SQLite 是一个非常小、轻量级，不需要独立的服务进程或系统。它可以运行在 UNIX，Linux，Mac OS-X，Android，iOS 和 Windows 上，已经被大量的软件程序使用，如 Opera, Ruby On Rails, Adobe System, Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome 和 Skype。
|
||||
|
||||
### 1) 基本需求: ###
|
||||
|
||||
在几乎全部支持SQLite 的平台上安装SQLite 基本上没有复杂的要求。
|
||||
在绝大部分支持 SQLite 的平台上安装 SQLite 基本上并没有复杂的要求。
|
||||
|
||||
所以让我们在CLI 或者Secure Shell 上使用sudo 或者root 权限登录Ubuntu 服务器。然后更新系统，这样子就可以让操作系统的软件更新到新版本。
|
||||
让我们在 CLI 或者 Secure Shell 上使用 sudo 或者 root 权限登录 Ubuntu 服务器。然后更新系统，这样子就可以让操作系统的软件更新到新版本。
|
||||
|
||||
在Ubuntu 上，下面的命令是用来更新系统的软件源的。
|
||||
在 Ubuntu 上，使用如下的命令来更新系统的软件源。
|
||||
|
||||
# apt-get update
|
||||
|
||||
如果你要在新安装的Ubuntu 上部署SQLite，那么你需要安装一些基础的系统管理工具，如wget, make, unzip, gcc。
|
||||
如果你要在新安装的 Ubuntu 上部署 SQLite，那么你需要安装一些基础的系统管理工具，如 wget, make, unzip, gcc。
|
||||
|
||||
要安装wget，可以使用下面的命令，然后输入Y 如果系统提示的话：
|
||||
要安装 wget，可以使用下面的命令，如果系统提示的话，输入 Y ：
|
||||
|
||||
# apt-get install wget make gcc
|
||||
|
||||
### 2) 下载 SQLite ###
|
||||
|
||||
要下载SQLite 最好是在[SQLite 官网][1]下载，如下所示
|
||||
要下载 SQLite ，最好是在 [SQLite 官网][1]下载，如下所示
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
你也可以直接复制资源的连接然后再命令行使用wget 下载，如下所示：
|
||||
你也可以直接复制资源的连接然后在命令行使用 wget 下载，如下所示：
|
||||
|
||||
# wget https://www.sqlite.org/2015/sqlite-autoconf-3090100.tar.gz
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
下载完成之后，解压缩安装包，切换工作目录到解压缩后的SQLite 目录，使用下面的命令。
|
||||
下载完成之后，解压缩安装包，切换工作目录到解压缩后的 SQLite 目录，使用下面的命令。
|
||||
|
||||
# tar -zxvf sqlite-autoconf-3090100.tar.gz
|
||||
|
||||
### 3) 安装 SQLite ###
|
||||
|
||||
现在我们要开始安装、配置刚才下载的SQLite。所以在Ubuntu 上编译、安装SQLite，运行配置脚本。
|
||||
现在我们要开始安装、配置刚才下载的 SQLite。在 Ubuntu 上编译、安装 SQLite，运行配置脚本：
|
||||
|
||||
root@ubuntu-15:~/sqlite-autoconf-3090100# ./configure –prefix=/usr/local
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
配置要上面的prefix 之后，运行下面的命令编译安装包。
|
||||
|
||||
root@ubuntu-15:~/sqlite-autoconf-3090100# make
|
||||
配置要上面的安装位置前缀（prefix）之后，运行下面的命令编译安装包。
|
||||
```
|
||||
root@ubuntu-15:~/sqlite-autoconf-3090100# make
|
||||
source='sqlite3.c' object='sqlite3.lo' libtool=yes \
|
||||
DEPDIR=.deps depmode=none /bin/bash ./depcomp \
|
||||
/bin/bash ./libtool --tag=CC --mode=compile gcc -DPACKAGE_NAME=\"sqlite\" -DPACKAGE_TARNAME=\"sqlite\" -DPACKAGE_VERSION=\"3.9.1\" -DPACKAGE_STRING=\"sqlite\ 3.9.1\" -DPACKAGE_BUGREPORT=\"http://www.sqlite.org\" -DPACKAGE_URL=\"\" -DPACKAGE=\"sqlite\" -DVERSION=\"3.9.1\" -DSTDC_HEADERS=1 -DHAVE_SYS_TYPES_H=1 -DHAVE_SYS_STAT_H=1 -DHAVE_STDLIB_H=1 -DHAVE_STRING_H=1 -DHAVE_MEMORY_H=1 -DHAVE_STRINGS_H=1 -DHAVE_INTTYPES_H=1 -DHAVE_STDINT_H=1 -DHAVE_UNISTD_H=1 -DHAVE_DLFCN_H=1 -DLT_OBJDIR=\".libs/\" -DHAVE_FDATASYNC=1 -DHAVE_USLEEP=1 -DHAVE_LOCALTIME_R=1 -DHAVE_GMTIME_R=1 -DHAVE_DECL_STRERROR_R=1 -DHAVE_STRERROR_R=1 -DHAVE_POSIX_FALLOCATE=1 -I. -D_REENTRANT=1 -DSQLITE_THREADSAFE=1 -DSQLITE_ENABLE_FTS3 -DSQLITE_ENABLE_RTREE -g -O2 -c -o sqlite3.lo sqlite3.c
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
运行完上面的命令之后，要在Ubuntu 上完成SQLite 的安装得运行下面的命令。
|
||||
运行完上面的命令之后，要在 Ubuntu 上完成 SQLite 的安装得运行下面的命令。
|
||||
|
||||
# make install
|
||||
|
||||
@ -59,7 +60,7 @@ DEPDIR=.deps depmode=none /bin/bash ./depcomp \
|
||||
|
||||
### 4) 测试 SQLite 安装 ###
|
||||
|
||||
要保证SQLite 3.9 安装成功了，运行下面的命令。
|
||||
要保证 SQLite 3.9 安装成功了，运行下面的命令。
|
||||
|
||||
# sqlite3
|
||||
|
||||
@ -77,7 +78,7 @@ SQLite 很容易上手。要获得详细的使用方法，在SQLite 控制台里
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
现在开始最后一部分，使用一点SQLite 命令创建数据库。
|
||||
现在开始最后一部分，使用一点 SQLite 命令创建数据库。
|
||||
|
||||
要创建一个新的数据库需要运行下面的命令。
|
||||
|
||||
@ -103,17 +104,18 @@ SQLite 很容易上手。要获得详细的使用方法，在SQLite 控制台里
|
||||
sqlite> .exit
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 结论 ###
|
||||
|
||||
通过本文你可以了解如果安装支持JSON1 的最新版的SQLite，SQLite 从3.9.0 开始支持JSON1。这是一个非常棒的库，可以用来获取内嵌到应用程序，利用它可以很有效而且很轻量的管理资源。我们希望你能觉得本文有所帮助，请自由的像我们反馈你遇到的问题和困难。
|
||||
通过本文你可以了解如果安装支持 JSON1 的最新版的 SQLite，SQLite 从 3.9.0 开始支持 JSON1。这是一个非常棒的库，可以内嵌到应用程序，利用它可以很有效而轻量的管理资源。我们希望你能觉得本文有所帮助，请随意地向我们反馈你遇到的问题和困难。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://linoxide.com/ubuntu-how-to/install-sqlite-json-ubuntu-15-04/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Kashif Siddique][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/oska874)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
译者：[oska874](https://github.com/oska874)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,237 @@
|
||||
在 Ubuntu 15.04 / CentOS 7 上安装广告服务器 Revive Adserver
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Revive Adserver是一个自由开源的广告管理系统，能使出版商，广告平台和广告商在网页、应用、视频上投放并管理广告的系统。Revive Adserver以前叫做OpenX Source，遵循GNU通用公共授权协议。它集广告管理、网站定位、地理定位和一个用于数据收集的跟踪系统于一体。能使网站站长管理内部的、付费的以及第三方来源的广告，如谷歌的AdSense。本教程中，将会教会你在Ubuntu 15.04或CentOS 7安装并运行Revive Adserver。
|
||||
|
||||
### 1. 安装LAMP###
|
||||
|
||||
首先，Revive Adserver需要完整的LAMP环境才能运行，所以我们先安装LAMP。LAMP是Apache网页服务器，MySQL/MariaDB数据库和PHP模块的集合。要使Revive正常运行，需要安装PHP的众多模块，如apc, zlib, xml, pcre, mysql和mbstring。在不同的Linux发行版中，我们可以用下列命令进行LAMP的配置:
|
||||
|
||||
#### 在Ubuntu 15.04下####
|
||||
|
||||
# apt-get install apache2 mariadb-server php5 php5-gd php5-mysql php5-curl php-apc zlibc zlib1g zlib1g-dev libpcre3 libpcre3-dev libapache2-mod-php5 zip
|
||||
|
||||
#### 在CentOS 7下 ####
|
||||
|
||||
# yum install httpd mariadb php php-gd php-mysql php-curl php-mbstring php-xml php-apc zlibc zlib1g zlib1g-dev libpcre3 libpcre3-dev zip
|
||||
|
||||
### 2. 启动Apache Web和MariaDB服务
|
||||
|
||||
可以用下列命令启动刚刚安装好的Apache Web服务和MariaDB数据库服务。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 在Ubuntu 15.04下####
|
||||
|
||||
Ubuntu15.04使用Systemd作为默认初始系统，所以用下列命令启动Apache和MariaDB进程：
|
||||
|
||||
# systemctl start apache2 mysql
|
||||
|
||||
可以用下列命令使其开机自动运行：
|
||||
|
||||
# systemctl enable apache2 mysql
|
||||
|
||||
Synchronizing state for apache2.service with sysvinit using update-rc.d...
|
||||
Executing /usr/sbin/update-rc.d apache2 defaults
|
||||
Executing /usr/sbin/update-rc.d apache2 enable
|
||||
Synchronizing state for mysql.service with sysvinit using update-rc.d...
|
||||
Executing /usr/sbin/update-rc.d mysql defaults
|
||||
Executing /usr/sbin/update-rc.d mysql enable
|
||||
|
||||
#### 在CentOS 7下
|
||||
|
||||
CentOS 7同样是以Systemd作为默认初始系统，可以用下列命令启动:
|
||||
|
||||
# systemctl start httpd mariadb
|
||||
|
||||
ln -s '/usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service' '/etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/httpd.service'
|
||||
ln -s '/usr/lib/systemd/system/mariadb.service' '/etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/mariadb.service'
|
||||
|
||||
### 3. 配置MariaDB
|
||||
|
||||
#### 在CentOS 7/Ubuntu 15.04下 ####
|
||||
|
||||
当我们第一次启动MariaDB时，MariaDB是没有分配密码的，所以要先设置一个root密码。之后再创建一个新的数据库用来储存Revive Adserver的数据。
|
||||
|
||||
使用以下命令配置MariaDB并设置其root密码：
|
||||
|
||||
# mysql_secure_installation
|
||||
|
||||
这时会要我们输入root密码，但我们之前什么密码都没设置，所以按回车下一步。之后，要求设置root密码，这时我们输入Y，然后输入自己想要的密码。回车继续下一步。
|
||||
|
||||
….
|
||||
so you should just press enter here.
|
||||
|
||||
Enter current password for root (enter for none):
|
||||
OK, successfully used password, moving on…
|
||||
|
||||
Setting the root password ensures that nobody can log into the MariaDB
|
||||
root user without the proper authorisation.
|
||||
|
||||
Set root password? [Y/n] y
|
||||
New password:
|
||||
Re-enter new password:
|
||||
Password updated successfully!
|
||||
Reloading privilege tables..
|
||||
… Success!
|
||||
…
|
||||
installation should now be secure.
|
||||
Thanks for using MariaDB!
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 4. 创建新的数据库 ###
|
||||
|
||||
为MariaDB的root用户设置了密码之后，就可以创建用来储存Revive Adserver应用数据的数据库。首先通过以下命令登录MariaDB控制台：
|
||||
|
||||
# mysql -u root -p
|
||||
|
||||
这时要求输入root用户的密码，我们只要输入上一步设置好的密码。然后进入MariaDB控制台创建新的数据库，数据库用户及其密码，并且授予其创建、删除、编辑和存储表与数据的全部权限。
|
||||
|
||||
> CREATE DATABASE revivedb;
|
||||
> CREATE USER 'reviveuser'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'Pa$$worD123';
|
||||
> GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON revivedb.* TO 'reviveuser'@'localhost';
|
||||
> FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
|
||||
> EXIT;
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 5. 下载Revive Adserver
|
||||
|
||||
接下来下载Revive Adserver的最新版本Revive Adserver.3.2.2（写本文时）。可以使用wget命令从Revive Adserverde 官方网站下载压缩包，网址是：[http://www.revive-adserver.com/download/][1] 。命令如下：
|
||||
|
||||
# cd /tmp/
|
||||
# wget http://download.revive-adserver.com/revive-adserver-3.2.2.zip
|
||||
|
||||
--2015-11-09 17:03:48-- http://download.revive-adserver.com/revive-adserver-3.2.2.zip
|
||||
Resolving download.revive-adserver.com (download.revive-adserver.com)... 54.230.119.219, 54.239.132.177, 54.230.116.214, ...
|
||||
Connecting to download.revive-adserver.com (download.revive-adserver.com)|54.230.119.219|:80... connected.
|
||||
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK
|
||||
Length: 11663620 (11M) [application/zip]
|
||||
Saving to: 'revive-adserver-3.2.2.zip'
|
||||
revive-adserver-3.2 100%[=====================>] 11.12M 1.80MB/s in 13s
|
||||
2015-11-09 17:04:02 (906 KB/s) - 'revive-adserver-3.2.2.zip' saved [11663620/11663620]
|
||||
|
||||
解压到临时目录下：
|
||||
|
||||
# unzip revive-adserver-3.2.2.zip
|
||||
|
||||
把解压后的整个文件夹移动到Apache Web服务器的默认根目录/var/www/html/下：
|
||||
|
||||
# mv revive-adserver-3.2.2 /var/www/html/reviveads
|
||||
|
||||
### 6. 配置Apache Web服务
|
||||
|
||||
现在配置Apache服务使Revive正常运行。通过创建配置文件reviveads.conf来创建一个新的虚拟主机。这个目录在不同的Linux发行版上有所不同。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 在Ubuntu 15.04下
|
||||
|
||||
# touch /etc/apache2/sites-available/reviveads.conf
|
||||
# ln -s /etc/apache2/sites-available/reviveads.conf /etc/apache2/sites-enabled/reviveads.conf
|
||||
# nano /etc/apache2/sites-available/reviveads.conf
|
||||
|
||||
在这个文件中添加下列几行文本：
|
||||
|
||||
<VirtualHost *:80>
|
||||
ServerAdmin info@reviveads.linoxide.com
|
||||
DocumentRoot /var/www/html/reviveads/
|
||||
ServerName reviveads.linoxide.com
|
||||
ServerAlias www.reviveads.linoxide.com
|
||||
<Directory /var/www/html/reviveads/>
|
||||
Options FollowSymLinks
|
||||
AllowOverride All
|
||||
</Directory>
|
||||
ErrorLog /var/log/apache2/reviveads.linoxide.com-error_log
|
||||
CustomLog /var/log/apache2/reviveads.linoxide.com-access_log common
|
||||
</VirtualHost>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
保存并退出，重启Apache Web服务：
|
||||
|
||||
# systemctl restart apache2
|
||||
|
||||
#### 在CentOS 7下 ####
|
||||
|
||||
在CentOS下，我们直接在/etc/httpd/conf.d/ 目录下创建reviveads.conf :
|
||||
|
||||
# nano /etc/httpd/conf.d/reviveads.conf
|
||||
|
||||
在这个文件中添加下列几行文本：
|
||||
|
||||
<VirtualHost *:80>
|
||||
ServerAdmin info@reviveads.linoxide.com
|
||||
DocumentRoot /var/www/html/reviveads/
|
||||
ServerName reviveads.linoxide.com
|
||||
ServerAlias www.reviveads.linoxide.com
|
||||
<Directory /var/www/html/reviveads/>
|
||||
Options FollowSymLinks
|
||||
AllowOverride All
|
||||
</Directory>
|
||||
ErrorLog /var/log/httpd/reviveads.linoxide.com-error_log
|
||||
CustomLog /var/log/httpd/reviveads.linoxide.com-access_log common
|
||||
</VirtualHost>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
保存并退出，重启Apache Web服务：
|
||||
|
||||
# systemctl restart httpd
|
||||
|
||||
### 7. 修复权限和所有权
|
||||
|
||||
现在我们修改安装路径下文件的权限和所有权。把安装目录的所有权改成Apache进程所有，以便Apache Web服务有文件和目录的编辑、创建和删除的完全权限。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 在Ubuntu 15.04下####
|
||||
|
||||
# chown www-data: -R /var/www/html/reviveads
|
||||
|
||||
#### 在CentOS 7下
|
||||
|
||||
# chown apache: -R /var/www/html/reviveads
|
||||
|
||||
### 8. 设置防火墙
|
||||
|
||||
现在要配置防火墙，打开80端口使Apache Web服务运行的Revive Adserver能够被网络上的其他机器所访问。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 在Ubuntu 15.04/CentOS 7下
|
||||
|
||||
Ubuntu15.04/CentOS 7都使用Systemd作为默认初始系统，使用firewalld作为其防火墙。要打开80端口（http服务端口），执行以下命令：
|
||||
|
||||
# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=http
|
||||
|
||||
success
|
||||
|
||||
# firewall-cmd --reload
|
||||
|
||||
success
|
||||
|
||||
### 9. 网站的安装
|
||||
|
||||
顺利的话我们能够使用浏览器进行交互，并可以将浏览器指向正在运行的网络服务器。只要在浏览器输入http://ip-address/ 或者 http://domain.com 。这里我们要访问 http://reviveads.linoxide.com/
|
||||
|
||||
打开后可以看到Revive Adserver的欢迎页面，上面还有作为它发行许可证的GNU通用公共许可证V2。点击 I agree 继续下一步安装。
|
||||
|
||||
在下一页中，我们要输入数据库信息以便把Revive Adserver和MariaDB数据库服务连接起来。要输入之前设置的数据库名称，用户名以及密码。在本教程中，我们分别输入数据库名称为revivedb，用户名为reviveuser，密码为Pa$$worD123,并且令主机名为localhost，点击continue继续。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
输入要填的信息，如：管理员用户名，密码和邮箱。可以以这些信息登录Adserver的控制界面。然后跳到最后一页，可以看到Revive Adserver已经安装成功了。
|
||||
|
||||
接着，转到Adverstiser页面，添加新的广告管理。在控制界面添加新用户到adserver，为广告库户添加标题，网页，视频
|
||||
广告。
|
||||
|
||||
### 总结 ###
|
||||
|
||||
本文中，我们学习了如何在Ubuntu 15.04和CentOS 7上安装并配置Revive Adserver。尽管Revive Adserver的原始代码是从OpenX那买的，但现在OpenX Enterprise和Revive Adserver已经完全分开了。可以从[http://www.adserverplugins.com/][2] 获得更多插件来扩展新特性。讲真，这个软件确实让网页，应用，视频上的广告管理变得容易了许多。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://linoxide.com/linux-how-to/install-revive-adserver-ubuntu-15-04-centos-7/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Arun Pyasi][a]
|
||||
译者：[chisper](https://github.com/chisper)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://linoxide.com/author/arunp/
|
||||
[1]:http://www.revive-adserver.com/download/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.adserverplugins.com/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
|
||||
没有 Linux 和开源软件的世界会变得怎么样
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
> Linux 基金会针最近对人们关于 “没有 Linux 的世界” 系列短片所提出的问题做了回应，解答了包括没有 Linux 和其他的开源软件的因特网会变得怎么样等问题。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
假如 Linux —— 这个开源的操作系统内核 —— 不曾出现过，我们现在的世界是否会是另一番景象。会不会没有了因特网，或者没有了电影？这些都是观看 [Linux 基金会][1] 正在连续播出的 “[没有 Linux 的世界][2]” 系列短片的观众提出来的问题。
|
||||
|
||||
假如你错过了观看这些短片也不要紧，“[没有 Linux 的世界][2]” 系列短片是一个搞笑短片的集合，里边描述了没有了 Linux （或者说没有开源软件）的世界发生的事情。这些短片强调了 Linux 在 [电影制作][3] 以及 [因特网服务][4] 中充当的角色。
|
||||
|
||||
为了揭示该系列短片的一些主张、倾向和隐藏元素，Linux 基金会副主席 Jennifer Cloer 最近在 The VAR Guy 上回应了关于该短片的一些问题。以下是她的原话解答。
|
||||
|
||||
### 最新一集短片 —— Sam 和 Annie 一起看电影。假如没有 Linux，我们现在的荧屏是不是也和短片中的一样？ ###
|
||||
|
||||
在第 4 集剧情中，我们恶搞了一下电影 “阿凡达（Avatar）”。不管你喜欢还是讨厌，现实中的 “阿凡达（Avatar）” 在荧屏上的效果还是让人记忆深刻的。在没有 Linux 的世界中，电影的效果就变得非常丑陋，但是我们并不知道它有多难看，因为那已经是最好的了。但实际上，“阿凡达（Avatar）” 是使用 Linux 来进行效果制作的。Weta 数码使用了当时世界上最大的 Linux 集群来给电影做效果渲染和 3D 建模。据报道，指环王（Lord of the Rings）、神奇四侠（Fantastic Four）和金刚（King Kong）等电影都用到了 Linux。我希望该短片能引起人们关注，因为它所做的这方面的工作还并不广为人知。
|
||||
|
||||
### 很多人对短片的原始剧情进行了批判，其中就包括“没有 Linux 将没有因特网”的剧情的指责。你对此持什么样的看法？ ###
|
||||
|
||||
我们很喜欢人们在短片刚上映就进行激烈的辩论。该短片上映当天就超过了 100,000 的观众，这引起了人们对 Linux 在社会中扮演的角色以及对全世界的社区贡献者和维护者的关注。当然了，没有 Linux 的话，因特网也是会出现的，只是不会像当前我们所熟知的互联网那么成熟而已。每一个短片都对 Linux 在我们每天生活中扮演的角色进行了大胆且有趣的描述。我们希望，这些短片能够把关于 Linux 的故事推广到全世界的人的心里去。
|
||||
|
||||
### 为什么 Sam 和 Annie 的那只猫叫做 String？ ###
|
||||
|
||||
该短片系列中没有一处剧情是随意的。仔细的观看的话，你就会发现其中关于 Linux 和极客们的各种玩笑。小猫 String 是我们的 Linux.com 主编 Libby Clark 以弦理论（string theory）亲自来命名的。在物理学里，弦理论（string theory）是一个理论框架，它用一个叫做弦（String）的一维对象替换了粒子物理学中粒子状的粒子。弦理论（string theory）描述了这些弦（String）如何在空间传播以及相互影响。就像 Sam、Annie 和 String 在那个没有 Linux 的世界里的关系那样。
|
||||
|
||||
### 我们期待已久的下两集是什么样的，特别是，最后那集什么时候上映？ ###
|
||||
|
||||
在第 5 集短片中，我们将到太空并体验一下没有 Linux 的世界对太空探索的影响。这就像是一场疯狂的骑行。在短片的最后，我们最终还是会见到没有 Linux 的世界里的 Linus。贯穿整个短片系列，里边已经给出关于结局的线索，我在这就不能给太多提示了，因为还有好多人在找线索比赛中继续寻找着。并且我也不能给你们说出关于结局短片的上映日期。你们要自己跟进 #WorldWithoutLinux 主题帖来获取更多信息。
|
||||
|
||||
### 你可给一些关于第 4 集短片相关线索的提示吗？ ###
|
||||
|
||||
在该短片中有另外一个关于免费汉堡餐厅（Free Burger Restaurant）的线索。在那个没有 Linux 的世界里，Linux 最后还是以一种很隐秘的方式出现了，可以说，就像是以另一种语言来解读 Linux。当然，这只是为了好玩，String 也以另外一个模样出现。
|
||||
|
||||
### 那么，该系列短片达到你所想要的效果了吗？ ###
|
||||
|
||||
是的，达到了。我们很高兴看到人们分享并参与到这些故事中去。我们希望向那些可能不知道 Linux 的人传达更多关于 Linux 的故事并了解到 Linux 在当今世界中是无处不在的。全部的短片就是为了把这些关于 Linux 的真相推广给大家，并感谢那些全球性社区的开发者和公司对 Linux 的支持，Linux 使得一切成为可能。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://thevarguy.com/open-source-application-software-companies/linux-foundation-explains-world-without-linux-and-open-so
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Christopher Tozzi][a]
|
||||
译者：[GHLandy](https://github.com/GHLandy)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://thevarguy.com/author/christopher-tozzi
|
||||
[1]:http://linuxfoundation.org/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.linuxfoundation.org/world-without-linux
|
||||
[3]:http://thevarguy.com/open-source-application-software-companies/new-linux-foundation-video-highlights-role-open-source-3d
|
||||
[4]:http://thevarguy.com/open-source-application-software-companies/100715/would-internet-exist-without-linux-yes-without-open-sourc
|
||||
@ -1,52 +1,52 @@
|
||||
Cinnamon 2.8 评论
|
||||
Cinnamon 2.8 新变化一览
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
除了Gnome和KDE外，Cinnamon是另一个很多人使用的桌面环境。它是由创作Linux Mint的团队制作的，并且可以被安装在许多其他发行版上。该桌面环境的最新版本 - Cinnamon 2.8 - 于本月早些时间发布，此版本修复了许多的Bug、做了许多改进并添加了一些新功能。
|
||||
除了Gnome和KDE外，Cinnamon是另一个很多人使用的桌面环境。它是由创作Linux Mint的团队制作的，并且可以被安装在许多其他发行版上。该桌面环境的最新版本 - Cinnamon 2.8 - 于去年底发布，此版本修复了许多的Bug、做了许多改进并添加了一些新功能。
|
||||
|
||||
我将仔细介绍该发行版本的主要改进，以及如何更新到Cinnamon 2.8或者第一次安装它。
|
||||
|
||||
### 对Applets的改进 ###
|
||||
|
||||
在此版本中，对已经在面板中存在的Applets做了若干的改进。
|
||||
在此版本中，对面板中已有的Applets做了若干的改进。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 声音 Applet ####
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
声音Applet经过修订，目前可以显示音轨信息并且可以在音频文件的艺术家封面上面进行媒体控制。对于支持拖动的音乐播放器来说（例如Banshee），会有一个进度条在同样的位置，您可以用它来改变音轨位置。在applet的面板上右击将显示对输入和输出静音的选项。
|
||||
声音Applet经过修正，目前可以显示音轨信息并且可以在音频文件的艺术家封面上面进行媒体控制。对于支持拖动的音乐播放器来说（例如Banshee），会有一个进度条显示同样的播放进度，您可以用它来改变音轨位置。在applet的面板上右击将显示对输入和输出设备静音的选项。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 电源 Applet ####
|
||||
|
||||
电源applet则会使用制造商的数据而不是通用名称显示每一个连接的电池和设备。
|
||||
电源applet则会使用电池制造商的数据而不是通用名称来显示每一个连接的电池和设备。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 窗口缩略图 ####
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Cinnamon 2.8带来了可以在鼠标悬停于面板里窗口列表中的窗口时展示窗口缩略图的选项。如果您不喜欢该功能，您还可以关闭它。
|
||||
在Cinnamon 2.8中，可以在鼠标悬停于面板里窗口列表时展示窗口缩略图。如果您不喜欢该功能，您还可以关闭该选项。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 工作区切换 Applet ####
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
添加工作区切换applet到您的面板将为您显示一个代表工作区的可视化的图像，一些矩形嵌套在其中，代表您的窗口的位置。
|
||||
添加工作区切换applet到您的面板将为您显示一个代表该工作区的可视化图像，一些矩形嵌套显示在其中，代表您的窗口的位置。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 系统托盘 ####
|
||||
|
||||
Cinnamon 2.8带来了对系统托盘中的应用程序指示器的支持。您可以很容易地在设置中禁用它，这将强制应用程序回滚以使用状态图标作为替代。
|
||||
Cinnamon 2.8支持在系统托盘中显示应用程序指示器。您可以很容易地在设置中禁用它，这将强制应用程序到以前使用状态图标的方式。
|
||||
|
||||
### 视觉改进 ###
|
||||
|
||||
Cinnamon 2.8还做了很多视觉上的改进。经典的切换器和Alt + Tab预览切换器都被细细打磨，有了显著的改进，同时修复了Alt + F2对话框的bug，并赋予了它更好的命令自动补全功能。
|
||||
Cinnamon 2.8还做了很多视觉上的改进。经典的切换器和Alt + Tab预览切换器都被精细打磨，有了显著的改进，同时修复了Alt + F2对话框的bug，并赋予了它更好的命令自动补全功能。
|
||||
|
||||
而且，在于最小化窗口时的存在的传统的动画效果中的问题现已被解决并可用于多个面板。
|
||||
而且，传统的最小化窗口时动画效果的问题现已被解决，并可用于多个面板。
|
||||
|
||||
### Nemo 的改进 ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Cinnamon默认的文件管理器也修复了一些bug，并有了新的“快速重命名”的功能，用于重命名文件和文件夹。可以通过两次点击文件或文件夹并在两次点击之前进行简短的停顿以重命名文件。
|
||||
Cinnamon默认的文件管理器也修复了一些bug，并有了新的“快速重命名”的功能，用于重命名文件和文件夹。可以通过两次点击文件或文件夹并在两次点击之间进行简短的停顿以重命名文件。
|
||||
|
||||
Nemo也会自动地检测缩略图存在的问题，并提示您快速地修复它们。
|
||||
|
||||
@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ Nemo也会自动地检测缩略图存在的问题，并提示您快速地修复
|
||||
|
||||
- Applets如今会在它们被更新的时候自动地重新加载一次。
|
||||
- 对于多个监视器的支持有了显著的提高。
|
||||
- 对话框窗口有了提高，并且会附加到它的父窗口上。
|
||||
- 对话框窗口有了改进，并且会附加到它的父窗口上。
|
||||
- HiDPI检测有了改进。
|
||||
- QT5应用程序现在看起来更加原生并使用了默认的GTK主题。
|
||||
- 窗口管理和渲染性能有了提升。
|
||||
@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ via: https://www.maketecheasier.com/cinnamon-2-8-review/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Ayo Isaiah][a]
|
||||
译者：[wwy-hust](https://github.com/wwy-hust)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
|
||||
如何 Mutt 邮件客户端中使用密文密码
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Mutt 是一个 Linux/UNIX 终端环境下的开源的邮件客户端。Mutt 以及 [Alpine][1] 在 Linux 命令行爱好者中有着最忠诚的追随者，这不是没有原因的。想一下你所期待邮件客户端应有的功能，Mutt 拥有：多协议支持（例如，POP3、IMAP 和 SMTP），S/MIME 和 PGP/GPG 集成，会话线索，颜色标记，可定制宏/快捷键，等等。另外，基于命令行的 Mutt 相比粗重的基于浏览器的邮件客户端（如：Gmail，Ymail）或图形用户界面的邮件客户端（如：Thunderbird，MS Outlook）而言，是一个使用电子邮件的轻量级替代品。
|
||||
|
||||
当你想使用 Mutt 通过公司的 SMTP/IMAP 服务器访问或发送邮件，或取代网页邮件服务，可能所关心的一个问题是如何保护您的邮件凭据（如：SMTP/IMAP 密码），它们存储在一个纯文本 Mutt 配置文件（~/.muttrc）中。
|
||||
|
||||
对于这些人对安全的担忧，确实有一个容易的方法来**加密 Mutt 配置文件***，以防止这种风险。在这个教程中，我描述了如何加密 Mutt 敏感配置，比如使用 GnuPG（GPG）加密 SMTP/IMAP 密码，GPG 是一个开源的 OpenPGP 实现。
|
||||
|
||||
### 第一步 （可选）：创建 GPG 密钥 ###
|
||||
|
||||
因为我们将要使用 GPG 加密 Mutt 配置文件，如果你没有 GPG 密钥，第一步就是创建一个（公钥/私钥对）。如果有，请忽略这步。
|
||||
|
||||
创建一个新 GPG 密钥，输入下面命令：
|
||||
|
||||
$ gpg --gen-key
|
||||
|
||||
选择密钥类型（RSA），密钥长度（2048 bits），和过期时间（0 代表不过期）。当出现用户 ID 提示时，输入关联到该公钥/私钥对的名字（Dan Nanni） 和邮箱地址（myemail@email.com）。最后，输入一个密码来保护你的私钥。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
生成一个 GPG 密钥需要大量的随机字节来构成熵，所以在生成密钥期间确保在你的系统上执行一些随机行为（如：敲打键盘，移动鼠标或者读写磁盘）。根据密钥长度，生成 GPG 密钥要花几分钟或更多时间。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 第二步：加密 Mutt 敏感配置 ###
|
||||
|
||||
下一步，在 ~/.mutt 目录创建一个新的文本文件，然后把一些你想隐藏的 Mutt 敏感配置放进去。这个例子里，我指定了 SMTP/IMAP 密码。
|
||||
|
||||
$ mkdir ~/.mutt
|
||||
$ vi ~/.mutt/password
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
set smtp_pass="XXXXXXX"
|
||||
set imap_pass="XXXXXXX"
|
||||
|
||||
现在通过 GPG 使用你的公钥加密这个文件如下：
|
||||
|
||||
$ gpg -r myemail@email.com -e ~/.mutt/password
|
||||
|
||||
这将创建 ~/.mutt/password.gpg，这是一个原始文件的 GPG 加密版本。
|
||||
|
||||
然后删除 ~/.mutt/password，只保留 GPG 加密版本。
|
||||
|
||||
### 第三步：创建完整 Mutt 配置文件 ###
|
||||
|
||||
现在你已经在一个单独的文件放置了加密的 Mutt 敏感配置，你可以在 ~/.muttrc 指定其余的 Mutt 配置。然后增加下面这行在 ~/.muttrc 末尾。
|
||||
|
||||
source "gpg -d ~/.mutt/password.gpg |"
|
||||
|
||||
当你启动 Mutt 时，这行将解密 ~/.mutt/password.gpg ，然后将解密内容应用到你的 Mutt 配置中。
|
||||
|
||||
下面展示一个完整 Mutt 配置例子，这可以让你通过 Mutt 访问 Gmail，而没有暴露你的 SMTP/IMAP 密码。用你的 Gmail ID 替代下面的 `yourgmailaccount`，此外你也需要在[你的 Goolgle 账户设置][3]中启用“支持不太安全的应用访问”。
|
||||
|
||||
set from = "yourgmailaccount@gmail.com"
|
||||
set realname = "Your Name"
|
||||
set smtp_url = "smtp://yourgmailaccount@smtp.gmail.com:587/"
|
||||
set imap_user = "yourgmailaccount@gmail.com"
|
||||
set folder = "imaps://imap.gmail.com:993"
|
||||
set spoolfile = "+INBOX"
|
||||
set postponed = "+[Google Mail]/Drafts"
|
||||
set trash = "+[Google Mail]/Trash"
|
||||
set header_cache =~/.mutt/cache/headers
|
||||
set message_cachedir =~/.mutt/cache/bodies
|
||||
set certificate_file =~/.mutt/certificates
|
||||
set move = no
|
||||
set imap_keepalive = 900
|
||||
|
||||
# encrypted IMAP/SMTP passwords
|
||||
source "gpg -d ~/.mutt/password.gpg |"
|
||||
|
||||
### 第四步（可选）：配置 GPG 代理 ###
|
||||
|
||||
这时候，你将可以使用加密了IMAP/SMTP 密码的 Mutt。然而，每次你运行 Mutt，你都要先被提示输入一个 GPG 密码来使用你的私钥解密 IMAP/SMTP 密码。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
如果你想避免这样的 GPG 密码提示，你可以部署一个 gpg-agent。它以后台守护进程方式运行，gpg-agent 可以安全地缓存你的 GPG 密码，无需手工干预，gpg 可以自动从 gpg-agent 获得你的 GPG 密码。如果你正在使用 Linux 桌面，你可以配置使用一些等同于 gpg-agent 的特定的桌面软件，例如，GNOME 桌面的 gnome-keyring-daemon。
|
||||
|
||||
你可以在基于 Debian 系统安装 gpg-agent：
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo apt-get install gpg-agent
|
||||
|
||||
gpg-agent 在基于 Red Hat 的系统上是预装好的。
|
||||
|
||||
现在增加下面这些到你的 .bashrc 文件中。
|
||||
|
||||
envfile="$HOME/.gnupg/gpg-agent.env"
|
||||
if [[ -e "$envfile" ]] && kill -0 $(grep GPG_AGENT_INFO "$envfile" | cut -d: -f 2) 2>/dev/null; then
|
||||
eval "$(cat "$envfile")"
|
||||
else
|
||||
eval "$(gpg-agent --daemon --allow-preset-passphrase --write-env-file "$envfile")"
|
||||
fi
|
||||
export GPG_AGENT_INFO
|
||||
|
||||
重载 .bashrc，或简单的登出然后重新登录。
|
||||
|
||||
$ source ~/.bashrc
|
||||
|
||||
现在确认 GPG_AGENT_INFO 环境变量已经设置妥当。
|
||||
|
||||
$ echo $GPG_AGENT_INFO
|
||||
|
||||
/tmp/gpg-0SKJw8/S.gpg-agent:942:1
|
||||
|
||||
并且，当你输入 gpg-agent 命令时，你应该看到下面的信息。
|
||||
|
||||
$ gpg-agent
|
||||
|
||||
gpg-agent: gpg-agent running and available
|
||||
|
||||
一旦 gpg-agent 启动运行，它将会在第一次提示你输入密码时缓存你的 GPG 密码。随后你多次运行 Mutt ，都不会被提示要 GPG 密码（gpg-agent 一直开着，缓存就不会过期）。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 结论 ###
|
||||
|
||||
在这个指导里，我提供一个使用 GnuPG 加密如 SMTP/IMAP 密码这样的 Mutt 敏感配置的方法。注意，如果你想在 Mutt 上使用 GnuPG 来加密或签名你的邮件，你可以参考[官方指南][2]关于 GPG 与 Mutt 结合的部分。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你知道任何使用 Mutt 的安全技巧，欢迎分享它。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://xmodulo.com/mutt-email-client-encrypted-passwords.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Dan Nanni][a]
|
||||
译者：[wyangsun](https://github.com/wyangsun)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://xmodulo.com/author/nanni
|
||||
[1]:http://xmodulo.com/gmail-command-line-linux-alpine.html
|
||||
[2]:http://dev.mutt.org/trac/wiki/MuttGuide/UseGPG
|
||||
[3]:https://www.google.com/settings/u/1/security
|
||||
51
published/20151206 Supporting secure DNS in glibc.md
Normal file
51
published/20151206 Supporting secure DNS in glibc.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
|
||||
通过修改 glibc 支持 DNS 加密
|
||||
========================
|
||||
|
||||
域名解析系统（DNS）是互联网安全的许多薄弱环节之一；可以将应用程序所访问的主机对应的 IP 地址误导到其它地方。也就是说，会连接到错误的位置，从而引发中间人（man-in-the-middle ）攻击等等。而 [DNSSEC][1] 扩展协议则通过为 DNS 信息建立一条加密的可信通道来解决这个漏洞。在正确地配置好 DNSSEC 后，应用程序将可以得到可靠的主机查询信息。通过关于[尝试将 DNSSEC 更好地集成到 GNU C 库里][2]的讨论，我们知道，确保 DNS 查询信息安全这件事并不是那么简单。
|
||||
|
||||
从某种意义上来说，这个问题多年以前就解决了，我们可以配置一个本地域名服务实现完整的 DNSSEC 校验（verification）并允许应用程序通过 glibc 函数来使用该服务。DNSSEC 甚至还可以用于提高其他领域的安全性，比如，它可以携带 SSH 或 TLS 密钥指纹，让应用程序可以确认其在与正确的服务器对话。不过，当我们希望确认这条自称带有 DNSSEC 校验的 DNS 结果是不是真的已通过认证的时候 - 也就是说，当我们想依赖 DNSSEC 所承诺的安全的时候，事情变得有点复杂。
|
||||
|
||||
### /etc/resolv.conf 问题
|
||||
|
||||
从 glibc 的角度来看，这个问题一部分是因为 glibc 本身并没有做 DNSSEC 校验，而是引用 /etc/resolv.conf 文件，从该文件里读出的服务器来做解析以及校验，再将结果返回给应用程序。如果应用程序使用底层 res_query() 接口，那结果中将会包含“已认证数据（authenticated data）”（AD）标识（如果域名服务器设定了的话）以表示 DNSSEC 校验已经成功。但是 glibc 却完全不知道提供这些结果的域名服务器的信用，所以它其实并不能告诉应用程序结果是否真的可靠。
|
||||
|
||||
由 glibc 的维护者 Carlos O'Donell 提出的建议是在 resolv.conf 文件里增加一个选项（dns-strip-dnssec-ad-bit）告诉 glibc 无条件移除 AD 标识。这个选项可以由各发行版设定，表示 DNSSEC 级别的 DNS 查询结果并不可靠。而一旦建立好合适的环境可以获得可靠的查询结果后，再移除这个选项。这样一来，虽然问题还没有完全解决，至少应用程序有依据来评价从 glibc 获取的 DNS 查询结果的可靠性。
|
||||
|
||||
一个可靠的环境配置应该是什么样？标准情况应该和这个差不太多：有一个本地域名服务器，通过环路（loopback）接口访问，作为访问 /etc/resolv.conf 文件的唯一条目。这个域名服务器应该配置来做校验，而在校验失败后就只是简单地不返回任何结果。绝大多数情况下，应用程序就不再需要关心 AD 标识，如果结果不可靠，应用程序就根本看不到。一些发行版已经倾向于这种模型，不过情况仍然不像一些人所设想的那么简单。
|
||||
|
||||
其中一个问题是，这种方式将 /etc/resolv.conf 文件放到整个系统可信任度的中心。但是，在一个典型的 Linux 系统里，有无数的 DHCP 客户端、网络脚本以及其他更多的程序可以修改这个文件。就像 Paul Wouters 所[指出][3]的，在短时间内锁定这个文件是不可能的。有时候这种修改是必须的：在一个无盘系统启动的时候，在自身的域名服务器启动之前也是需要域名服务的；一个系统的整个 DNS 环境也会根据所连接的网络不同而有所改变；运行在容器里的系统也最好是配置成使用宿主机的域名服务器；等等。
|
||||
|
||||
所以，现在一般认为，现有系统里的 /etc/resolv.conf 文件并不可信。于是有人提出增加另一个配置文件（/etc/secure-resolv.conf 或其他什么），但这并没有从根本上解决问题。除此之外，有些参与者觉得就算有一个运行在环路接口上的域名服务器也不是真正可靠，比如 Zack Weinberg 甚至[建议][4]系统管理员可以有意禁用 DNSSEC 确认（validation）。
|
||||
|
||||
既然当前系统里的配置不足以信任，那可以这样推断，在情况有改善能够取得可信的结果后，glibc 需要有一种方式来通知应用程序。可以是上面讨论的屏蔽 AD 标识的方式（或者与之相反，增加一个显示的“此域名服务器可以信任”选项）；当然，这都需要一定程度上锁定系统以免 /etc/resolv.conf 受到任何不可预计的修改。按 Petr Spacek 的[建议][5]，还有一种引申方式，就是提供一种途径允许应用程序查询 glibc 当前通讯的是不是本地域名服务器。
|
||||
|
||||
### 在 glibc 里来处理？
|
||||
|
||||
另一种方式是不管域名服务器，而是让 glibc 本身来做 DNSSEC 确认。不过，把这么大一坨加密相关代码放进 glibc 也是有很大阻力。这样将增加库本身的大小，从而感觉会增加使用它的应用程序的受攻击可能性。这个方向再引申一下，由 Zack 提出的[建议][6]，可以把确认相关代码放到域名服务缓冲守护进程（nscd）里。因为 nscd 也是 glibc 的一部分，由 glibc 开发人员维护，因此在一定程度上可以相信能正确执行 DNSSEC 确认。而且 nscd 的通讯 socket 所在位置也是公开的，所以可以不考虑 /etc/resolv.conf 问题。不过，Carlos [担心][7]这种方式不能让那些不想使用 nscd 缓存功能的用户所接受；在他看来，基本可以排除 nscd 的方式。
|
||||
|
||||
所以，至少近期内，glibc 不太可能全部执行 DNSSEC 确认了的整个查询过程。这意味着，如果一个有安全考虑的应用要使用 glibc 库来查询域名，该库将需要提供一个标识来评价从独立域名服务器返回的结果有多大程度的可靠性。这几乎肯定需要发行版或系统管理员做出一些明确的改动。就像 Simo Sorce [说的][8]那样：
|
||||
|
||||
> 如果 glibc 不使用明确的配置选项来通知应用程序它所用的域名解析是可信的，不会有什么用……不改一下还有很大弊端，因为应用程序开发者将马上认识到他们不能信任从 glibc 获取的任何信息，从而在处理 DNSSEC 相关信息时就简单地不用它。
|
||||
|
||||
要配置一个系统能正常使用 DNSSEC 需要改动该系统的很多组件 - 这是一个发行版范围的问题，需要时间来完全解决。在这个转变过程中 glibc 所扮演的角色很可能会比较小，但是很重要的一部分：如果应用程序不实现一套自己的域名解析代码，glibc 很可能是保证 DNS 结果可信的唯一方式。在一个系统中运行多个 DNSSEC 实现方式看起来不像是一种安全的方式，所以最好还是把事情做对了。
|
||||
|
||||
glibc 项目目前并没有确定用哪种方式来做这个事情，虽然从 /etc/resolv.conf 文件里的某些标记看上去快好了。这种改动应该需要发布新版本；考虑到 glibc 开发的保守天性，很可能来不及加入预计二月份发布的 2.23 版本了。所以 glibc 中暂时还不会有更高安全性的 DNSSEC ，不过在这个方向上也有一些进展了。
|
||||
|
||||
---------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://lwn.net/Articles/664776/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：Jonathan Corbet
|
||||
译者：[zpl1025](https://github.com/zpl1025)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System_Security_Extensions
|
||||
[2]: http://lwn.net/Articles/664790/
|
||||
[3]: http://lwn.net/Articles/664794/
|
||||
[4]: http://lwn.net/Articles/664782/
|
||||
[5]: http://lwn.net/Articles/664784/
|
||||
[6]: http://lwn.net/Articles/664796/
|
||||
[7]: http://lwn.net/Articles/664786/
|
||||
[8]: http://lwn.net/Articles/664787/
|
||||
@ -1,53 +1,54 @@
|
||||
GHLandy Translated
|
||||
|
||||
LibreOffice 中的六大实用扩展组件
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
图片来源：Opensource.com
|
||||
|
||||
LibreOffice 是最好的免费办公套件，并在所有的主要 Linux 发行版中得到应用。尽管 LibreOffice 已经拥有了大多数特性，它仍然可以添加特定的附加组件，即扩展。
|
||||
LibreOffice 是最好的自由办公套件，并在所有的主要 Linux 发行版中得到应用。尽管 LibreOffice 已经拥有了大多数特性，它仍然可以通过添加一种叫做扩展（extension）的特定的附加组件来增加功能。
|
||||
|
||||
LibreOffice 的扩展组件的网站是 [extensions.libreoffice.org][1]。扩展组件只是一些工具，可以在安装主体上进行独立添加或者移除，以便增加新功能或者让已有功能更容易使用。
|
||||
|
||||
### 1. 多格式保存组件 ###
|
||||
|
||||
多格式保存组件可以根据用户的设置，同时将文档保存为开源文档、微软 Office 文档或者 PDF 文档。在你将微软 Office 文档格式转为标准的[开源文档格式][2]的时候，这个组件就很实用了，因为该组件同时提供了两种选择：互操作性较强的 ODF 文档格式以及为所有用户让在实用的微软 Office 文档格式保持兼容性。这样使管理员的文档迁移过程变得更具弹性、更易于管理。
|
||||
多格式保存组件可以根据用户的设置，同时将文档保存为开源文档（OpenDocument）、微软 Office 文档或者 PDF 文档。在你需要将微软 Office 文档格式转为标准的[开源文档格式][2]的时候，这个组件就很实用了，因为该组件同时提供了两种选择：互操作性较强的 ODF 文档格式，以及微软 Office 文档格式，以便同所有需要使用老旧的文档格式的用户保持兼容性。这样使管理员的文档迁移过程变得更具弹性、更易于管理。
|
||||
|
||||
**[下载 多格式保存组件][3]**
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 2. Writer 中可交替使用的查找与替换组件（交替搜索） ###
|
||||
### 2. Writer 中可备选使用的查找与替换组件（备选搜索 （AltSearch）） ###
|
||||
|
||||
该组件向 Writer 中的查找与替换功能添加了许多新特性：可以查找和替换一段或多段文本；一次执行在多个查找和替换；搜索：书签、笔记、文本字段、交叉引用和参考标志内容、名称或标志及其插入；搜索和插入脚注和尾注；通过名称来搜索表格对象、图像和文本框；搜索帮助手册页的分栏符以及创建和失活时间；根据光标位置搜索相同格式的文本。还可以保存/加载查找和替换参数，并在多个同时打开的文件中执行批处理。
|
||||
该组件向 Writer 中的查找与替换功能添加了许多新特性：可以查找和替换一段或多段文本；一次执行多个查找和替换；搜索：书签、笔记、文本字段、交叉引用和参考标志内容、名称或标志及其插入；搜索和插入脚注和尾注；通过名称来搜索表格对象、图像和文本框；搜索帮助手册页和分栏符以及创建和失活时间；根据光标位置搜索相同格式的文本。还可以保存/加载查找和替换参数，并在多个同时打开的文件中执行批处理。
|
||||
|
||||
**[下载 Writer 中可交替使用的查找与替换组件（交替搜索）][4]**
|
||||
**[下载 Writer 中可交替使用的查找与替换组件（交替搜索 （AltSearch））][4]**
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 3. Pepito 清除组件 ###
|
||||
中 LibreOffice 中， Pepito 清除组件主要用来快速清除并修复旧扫描件、导入的 PDF 以及每个电子文本文档的格式错误。通过点击 LibreOffice 工具栏中的 Pepito 图标，用户可以打开一个用于分析文档并呈现文档错误类型。当你将 PDF 文档转换为 ODF 文档时，这个工具就非常有用了，它会自动清除转换过程中出现的错误。
|
||||
|
||||
Pepito 清除组件是一个 LibreOffice 扩展，主要用来快速清除并修复旧式扫描件、导入的 PDF 以及每个电子文本文档的格式错误。通过点击 LibreOffice 工具栏中的 Pepito 图标，用户可以打开一个用于分析文档并按类型呈现文档错误。当你将 PDF 文档转换为 ODF 文档时，这个工具就非常有用了，它会自动清除转换过程中出现的错误。
|
||||
|
||||
**[下载 Pepito 清除组件][5]**
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 4. ImpressRunner 组件###
|
||||
Impress Runner 是将 [Impress][6] 文档转换成自动播放文件的扩展组件。该组件会添加两个图标，用以设置或移除自动开始播放的功能，我们还可以通过编辑 文件 | 属性 | 自定义属性 菜单来手动添加这两个图标，并将自动运行按钮添加到四个文本域之前。在会议与活动组织而且幻灯片无人主持的时候，这个扩展组件就变得非常有用。
|
||||
|
||||
Impress Runner 是将 [Impress][6] 文档转换成自动播放文件的扩展组件。该组件会添加两个图标，用以设置或移除自动开始播放的功能，我们还可以通过编辑 文件 | 属性 | 自定义属性 菜单来手动添加这两个图标，并将自动运行按钮添加到前四个文本域之一前面。在会议与组织活动时，如果幻灯片无人主持，这个扩展组件就变得非常有用。
|
||||
|
||||
**[下载 ImpressRunner 组件][7]**
|
||||
|
||||
### 5. 导出为图像组件 ###
|
||||
|
||||
导出为图像组件是 Impress 和 [Draw][8] 中文件菜单里边的一个入口——导出为图像...，，主要用于将所有的幻灯片和页面导出成 JPG、PNG、GIF、BMP 和 TIFF 等图像格式，并且允许用户自定义导出图像的名称、大小以及其他参数。
|
||||
导出为图像组件为 Impress 和 [Draw][8] 中文件菜单里增加了一个入口——“导出为图像...”，主要用于将所有的幻灯片和页面导出成 JPG、PNG、GIF、BMP 和 TIFF 等图像格式，并且允许用户自定义导出图像的名称、大小以及其他参数。
|
||||
|
||||
**[下载 导出为图像组件][9]**
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 6. Anaphraseus 组件###
|
||||
Anaphraseus 是一个 CAT（Computer-Aided Translation，计算机辅助翻译）工具组件，用来创建、管理双语翻译。Anaphraseus 是一个设置成扩展组件或者独立文档的 LibreOffice 宏。最开始，开发者设计 Anaphraseus 为快速翻译（Wordfast）格式，但现在它可以将文件导入或者到出成 TMX 格式。其主要特性：分本分割、在翻译记录中模糊搜索、术语识别以及导入导出 TMX（OmegaT translation memory format，OmegaT 翻译存储格式）。
|
||||
|
||||
Anaphraseus 是一个 CAT（Computer-Aided Translation，计算机辅助翻译）工具组件，用来创建、管理双语翻译。Anaphraseus 是一个 LibreOffice 宏集合，可以作为扩展组件或者用在单独的文档中。最开始，Anaphraseus 支持快速翻译（Wordfast）格式，但现在它可以导入或者导出成 TMX 格式。其主要特性：分本分割、在翻译记录（Translation Memory）中模糊搜索、术语识别以及导入导出 TMX（OmegaT translation memory format，OmegaT 翻译存储格式）。
|
||||
|
||||
**[下载 Anaphraseus 组件][10]**
|
||||
|
||||
@ -60,8 +61,8 @@ Anaphraseus 是一个 CAT（Computer-Aided Translation，计算机辅助翻译
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/business/15/12/6-useful-libreoffice-extensions
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Italo Vignoli][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
译者：[GHLandy](https://github.com/GHLandy)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,36 +1,37 @@
|
||||
如何在FreeBSD 10.2上配置Apache和SSL并安装Bugzilla
|
||||
在 FreeBSD 10.2 上如何通过配置 Apache 和 SSL 安装 Bugzilla
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Bugzilla是一款bug跟踪系统和测试工具，它基于web且开源，由mozilla计划开发并由Mozilla公共许可证授权。它经常被一些高科技公司如mozilla、红帽公司和gnome使用。Bugzilla起初由Terry Weissman在1998年创立，它用perl语言编写，用MySQL作为后端数据库。它是一款旨在帮助管理软件开发的服务器软件，它功能丰富、高优化度的数据库、卓越的安全性、高级的搜索工具、整合邮件功能等等。
|
||||
|
||||
在本教程中，我们将给web服务器安装bugzilla 5.0的apache并为它启用SSL，然后在freebsd 10.2上安装mysql 5.1来作为数据库系统。
|
||||
Bugzilla 是一款开源的 Web 应用，用于 bug 跟踪系统和测试工具，由 mozilla 开发，并采用 Mozilla 公共许可证授权（MPL）。它经常被一些高科技公司如 mozilla、红帽公司和 gnome 使用。Bugzilla 起初由 Terry Weissman开发于1998年，它用 perl 语言编写，用 MySQL 作为后端数据库。它是一款旨在帮助管理软件开发的服务器软件，它有丰富的功能、高度优化的数据库、卓越的安全性、高级的搜索工具、集成了邮件功能等等。
|
||||
|
||||
在本教程中，我们将安装 bugzilla 5.0 ，采用 apache 作为 Web 服务器，并为它启用 SSL，然后在 freebsd 10.2 上安装 mysql 5.1 来作为数据库系统。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 准备 ####
|
||||
|
||||
FreeBSD 10.2 - 64位
|
||||
Root权限
|
||||
- FreeBSD 10.2 - 64位
|
||||
- Root 权限
|
||||
|
||||
### 第一步 - 更新系统 ###
|
||||
|
||||
用ssl登录freebsd服务器，并更新库：
|
||||
用 ssh 登录 freebsd 服务器，并更新软件库：
|
||||
|
||||
sudo su
|
||||
freebsd-update fetch
|
||||
freebsd-update install
|
||||
|
||||
### 第二步 - 安装并配置Apache ###
|
||||
### 第二步 - 安装并配置 Apache ###
|
||||
|
||||
在这一步我们将从freebsd库中用pkg命令安装apache，然后在apache24目录下编辑"httpd.conf"文件，启用SSL和CGI支持。
|
||||
在这一步我们将使用 pkg 命令从 freebsd 软件库中安装 apache，然后在 apache24 目录下编辑 "httpd.conf" 文件，来配置 apache 以启用 SSL 和 CGI 支持。
|
||||
|
||||
用pkg命令安装apache：
|
||||
用 pkg 命令安装 apache：
|
||||
|
||||
pkg install apache24
|
||||
|
||||
进入apache目录并用nano编辑器编辑"httpd.conf"文件：
|
||||
进入 apache 目录并用 nano 编辑器编辑"httpd.conf"文件：
|
||||
|
||||
cd /usr/local/etc/apache24
|
||||
nano -c httpd.conf
|
||||
|
||||
反注释掉下面列出的行：
|
||||
取消下面列出行的注释：
|
||||
|
||||
#第70行
|
||||
LoadModule authn_socache_module libexec/apache24/mod_authn_socache.so
|
||||
@ -55,11 +56,11 @@ Bugzilla是一款bug跟踪系统和测试工具，它基于web且开源，由moz
|
||||
|
||||
保存并退出。
|
||||
|
||||
接着，我们需要从freebsd库中安装mod perl，并启用它：
|
||||
接着，我们需要从 freebsd 库中安装 mod perl，并启用它：
|
||||
|
||||
pkg install ap24-mod_perl2
|
||||
|
||||
启用mod_perl，编辑"httpd.conf"文件并添加"Loadmodule"行：
|
||||
启用 mod_perl，编辑"httpd.conf"文件并添加"Loadmodule"行：
|
||||
|
||||
nano -c httpd.conf
|
||||
|
||||
@ -70,20 +71,20 @@ Bugzilla是一款bug跟踪系统和测试工具，它基于web且开源，由moz
|
||||
|
||||
保存并退出。
|
||||
|
||||
在启用apache之前，用sysrc命令添加以下行来在引导的时候启动：
|
||||
在启用 apache 之前，用 sysrc 命令添加以下行作为开机启动项：
|
||||
|
||||
sysrc apache24_enable=yes
|
||||
service apache24 start
|
||||
|
||||
### 第三步 - 安装并配置MySQL数据库 ###
|
||||
### 第三步 - 安装并配置 MySQL 数据库 ###
|
||||
|
||||
我们要用mysql 5.1来作为后端数据库并且支持perl模块。用pkg命令安装mysql 5.1：
|
||||
我们要用 mysql 5.1 来作为后端数据库并且支持 perl 模块。用 pkg 命令安装 mysql 5.1：
|
||||
|
||||
pkg install p5-DBD-mysql51 mysql51-server mysql51-client
|
||||
|
||||
现在我们要在启动时添加mysql服务并启动，然后为mysql配置root密码。
|
||||
现在我们要将 mysql 服务设置为开机启动，然后为 mysql 配置 root 密码。
|
||||
|
||||
运行以下命令来完成所有操作：
|
||||
运行以下命令来完成上述所有操作：
|
||||
|
||||
sysrc mysql_enable=yes
|
||||
service mysql-server start
|
||||
@ -91,13 +92,13 @@ Bugzilla是一款bug跟踪系统和测试工具，它基于web且开源，由moz
|
||||
|
||||
注意：
|
||||
|
||||
这里mysql密码为：aqwe123
|
||||
这里 mysql 密码为：aqwe123
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
以上步骤都完成之后，我们用root登录mysql shell，然后为bugzilla安装创建一个新的数据库和用户。
|
||||
以上步骤都完成之后，我们用 root 登录 mysql shell，然后为 bugzilla 安装创建一个新的数据库和用户。
|
||||
|
||||
用以下命令登录mysql shell：
|
||||
用以下命令登录 mysql shell：
|
||||
|
||||
mysql -u root -p
|
||||
password: aqwe123
|
||||
@ -112,32 +113,32 @@ Bugzilla是一款bug跟踪系统和测试工具，它基于web且开源，由moz
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
bugzilla的数据库创建好了，名字为"bugzilladb"，用户名和密码分别为"bugzillauser"和"bugzillauser@"。
|
||||
bugzilla 的数据库创建好了，名字为"bugzilladb"，用户名和密码分别为"bugzillauser"和"bugzillauser@"。
|
||||
|
||||
### 第四步 - 生成新的SSL证书 ###
|
||||
### 第四步 - 生成新的 SSL 证书 ###
|
||||
|
||||
在bugzilla站点的"ssl"目录里生成新的自签名SSL证书。
|
||||
在 bugzilla 站点的 "ssl" 目录里生成新的自签名 SSL 证书。
|
||||
|
||||
前往apache24目录并在此创建新目录"ssl"：
|
||||
前往 apache24 目录并在此创建新目录 "ssl"：
|
||||
|
||||
cd /usr/local/etc/apache24/
|
||||
mkdir ssl; cd ssl
|
||||
|
||||
接着，用openssl命令生成证书文件，然后更改其权限：
|
||||
接着，用 openssl 命令生成证书文件，然后更改其权限：
|
||||
|
||||
sudo openssl req -x509 -nodes -days 365 -newkey rsa:2048 -keyout /usr/local/etc/apache24/ssl/bugzilla.key -out /usr/local/etc/apache24/ssl/bugzilla.crt
|
||||
chmod 600 *
|
||||
|
||||
### 第五步 - 配置虚拟主机 ###
|
||||
|
||||
我们将在"/usr/local/www/bugzilla"目录里安装bugzilla，所以我们必须为它创建新的虚拟主机配置。
|
||||
我们将在 "/usr/local/www/bugzilla" 目录里安装 bugzilla，所以我们必须为它创建新的虚拟主机配置。
|
||||
|
||||
前往apache目录并为虚拟主机文件创建名为"vhost"的新目录：
|
||||
前往 apache 目录并为虚拟主机文件创建名为 "vhost" 的新目录：
|
||||
|
||||
cd /usr/local/etc/apache24/
|
||||
mkdir vhost; cd vhost
|
||||
|
||||
现在为虚拟主机文件创建新文件"bugzilla.conf"：
|
||||
现在为虚拟主机文件创建新文件 "bugzilla.conf"：
|
||||
|
||||
nano -c bugzilla.conf
|
||||
|
||||
@ -173,9 +174,9 @@ bugzilla的数据库创建好了，名字为"bugzilladb"，用户名和密码分
|
||||
|
||||
保存并退出。
|
||||
|
||||
上述都完成之后，为bugzilla安装创建新目录并通过添加虚拟主机配置至httpd.conf文件来启用bugzilla虚拟主机。
|
||||
上述都完成之后，为 bugzilla 安装创建新目录，并在 httpd.conf 文件添加虚拟主机配置来启用 bugzilla虚拟主机。
|
||||
|
||||
在"apache24"目录下运行以下命令：
|
||||
在 "apache24" 目录下运行以下命令：
|
||||
|
||||
mkdir -p /usr/local/www/bugzilla
|
||||
cd /usr/local/etc/apache24/
|
||||
@ -187,72 +188,72 @@ bugzilla的数据库创建好了，名字为"bugzilladb"，用户名和密码分
|
||||
|
||||
保存并退出。
|
||||
|
||||
现在用"apachectl"命令测试一下apache的配置并重启它：
|
||||
现在用 "apachectl" 命令测试一下 apache 的配置并重启它：
|
||||
|
||||
apachectl configtest
|
||||
service apache24 restart
|
||||
|
||||
### 第六步 - 安装Bugzilla ###
|
||||
### 第六步 - 安装 Bugzilla ###
|
||||
|
||||
我们可以通过下载源来手动安装bugzilla了，或从freebsd库中安装也可以。在这一步中我们将用pkg命令从freebsd库中安装bugzilla：
|
||||
我们可以通过下载源来手动安装 bugzilla 了，或从 freebsd 库中安装也可以。在这一步中我们将用 pkg 命令从 freebsd 库中安装 bugzilla：
|
||||
|
||||
pkg install bugzilla50
|
||||
|
||||
以上步骤都完成之后，前往bugzilla安装目录并安装所有bugzilla需要的perl模块。
|
||||
以上步骤都完成之后，前往 bugzilla 安装目录并安装所有 bugzilla 需要的 perl 模块。
|
||||
|
||||
cd /usr/local/www/bugzilla
|
||||
./install-module --all
|
||||
|
||||
要等到所有都完成，这需要点时间。
|
||||
|
||||
下一步，在bugzilla的安装目录中执行"checksetup.pl"文件来生成配置文件"localconfig"。
|
||||
下一步，在 bugzilla 的安装目录中执行 "checksetup.pl" 文件来生成配置文件 "localconfig"。
|
||||
|
||||
./checksetup.pl
|
||||
|
||||
你会看到一条关于数据库配置错误，你得用nano编辑器编辑一下"localconfig"文件：
|
||||
你会看到一条关于数据库配置错误的消息，你得用 nano 编辑器编辑一下 "localconfig" 文件：
|
||||
|
||||
nano -c localconfig
|
||||
|
||||
现在添加第三步创建的数据库。
|
||||
|
||||
#第五十七行
|
||||
#第57行
|
||||
$db_name = 'bugzilladb';
|
||||
|
||||
#第六十行
|
||||
#第60行
|
||||
$db_user = 'bugzillauser';
|
||||
|
||||
#第六十七行
|
||||
#第67行
|
||||
$db_pass = 'bugzillauser@';
|
||||
|
||||
保存并退出。
|
||||
|
||||
然后再次运行"checksetup.pl"：
|
||||
然后再次运行 "checksetup.pl"：
|
||||
|
||||
./checksetup.pl
|
||||
|
||||
你会收到输入邮箱名和管理员账号的提示，你只要输入你得邮箱、用户名和密码就行了。
|
||||
你会收到输入邮箱名和管理员账号的提示，你只要输入你的邮箱、用户名和密码就行了。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
最后，我们需要把安装目录的属主改成"www"，然后用服务命令重启apache：
|
||||
最后，我们需要把安装目录的属主改成 "www"，然后用服务命令重启 apache：
|
||||
|
||||
cd /usr/local/www/
|
||||
chown -R www:www bugzilla
|
||||
service apache24 restart
|
||||
|
||||
现在Bugzilla已经安装好了，你可以通过访问mybugzilla.me来查看，并且将会重定向到https连接。
|
||||
现在 Bugzilla 已经安装好了，你可以通过访问 mybugzilla.me 来查看，并且将会重定向到 https 连接。
|
||||
|
||||
Bugzilla首页：
|
||||
Bugzilla 首页：
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Bugzilla admin面板：
|
||||
Bugzilla admin 面板：
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 结论 ###
|
||||
|
||||
Bugzilla是一个基于web并能帮助你管理软件开发的应用，它用perl开发并使用MySQL作为数据库系统。Bugzilla被mozilla,redhat,gnome等等公司用来帮助它们的软件开发工作。Bugzilla有很多功能并易于配置和安装。
|
||||
Bugzilla 是一个基于 web 的应用，并能帮助你管理软件开发，它用 perl 开发并以 MySQL 作为数据库系统。Bugzilla 帮助 mozilla、redhat、gnome 等公司完成软件开发工作。Bugzilla 有很多功能并易于配置和安装。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
@ -260,7 +261,7 @@ via: http://linoxide.com/tools/install-bugzilla-apache-ssl-freebsd-10-2/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Arul][a]
|
||||
译者：[ZTinoZ](https://github.com/ZTinoZ)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
校对：[Caroline](https://github.com/carolinewuyan)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
|
||||
Linux / Unix桌面之趣：终端上的圣诞树
|
||||
Linux/Unix 桌面趣事：终端上的圣诞树
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
给你的Linux或Unix控制台创造一棵圣诞树玩玩吧。在此之前，需要先安装一个Perl模块，命名为Acme::POE::Tree。这是一棵很喜庆的圣诞树，我已经在Linux、OSX和类Unix系统上验证过了。
|
||||
|
||||
给你的Linux或Unix控制台创造一棵圣诞树玩玩吧。在此之前，需要先安装一个Perl模块，命名为Acme::POE::Tree。这是一棵很喜庆的圣诞树，我已经在Linux、OSX和类Unix系统上验证过了。
|
||||
|
||||
### 安装 Acme::POE::Tree ###
|
||||
|
||||
安装perl模块最简单的办法就是使用cpan（Perl综合典藏网）。打开终端，把下面的指令敲进去便可安装Acme::POE::Tree。
|
||||
安装perl模块最简单的办法就是使用CPAN（Perl综合典藏网（Comprehensive Perl Archive Network））。打开终端，把下面的指令敲进去便可安装Acme::POE::Tree。
|
||||
|
||||
## 以root身份运行 ##
|
||||
perl -MCPAN -e 'install Acme::POE::Tree'
|
||||
|
||||
**案例输出：**
|
||||
**示例输出：**
|
||||
|
||||
Installing /home/vivek/perl5/man/man3/POE::NFA.3pm
|
||||
Installing /home/vivek/perl5/man/man3/POE::Kernel.3pm
|
||||
@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ Linux / Unix桌面之趣：终端上的圣诞树
|
||||
|
||||
perl -MAcme::POE::Tree -e 'Acme::POE::Tree->new()->run()'
|
||||
|
||||
**案例输出**
|
||||
**示例输出**
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ Gif 01: 一棵用Perl写的喜庆圣诞树
|
||||
);
|
||||
$tree->run();
|
||||
|
||||
这样就可以通过修改star_delay、run_for和light_delay参数的值来自定义你的树了。一棵提供消遣的终端圣诞树就此诞生。
|
||||
这样就可以通过修改star_delay、run_for和light_delay参数的值来自定义你的树了。一棵好玩的终端圣诞树就此诞生。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
@ -79,6 +79,6 @@ via: http://www.cyberciti.biz/open-source/command-line-hacks/linux-unix-desktop-
|
||||
|
||||
作者：Vivek Gite
|
||||
译者：[soooogreen](https://github.com/soooogreen)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,232 @@
|
||||
KDE 的19年进化历程
|
||||
================
|
||||
|
||||
注：youtube 视频
|
||||
<iframe width="660" height="371" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/1UG4lQOMBC4?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>
|
||||
|
||||
## 概述
|
||||
|
||||
KDE – 史上功能最强大的桌面环境之一；开源且可自由使用。19年前，1996年10月14日，德国程序员 Matthias Ettrich 开始了这个美观的桌面环境的开发。KDE 提供了用户界面以及其他很多日常使用的程序。今日，KDE 被成千上万人在 Unix 和 Windows 上使用。19年，一个对软件项目而言极为漫长的年岁。现在是时候让我们回到最初，看看这一切肇始于何处。
|
||||
|
||||
K Desktop Environment（KDE）有很多创新之处：新设计，美观，一致的体验，易于使用，对普通用户和专业用户都足够强大的应用库。“KDE”这个名字是对单词“通用桌面环境”（Common Desktop Environment）玩的一个简单谐音游戏，“K”即“Cool”。 第一代 KDE 在双许可证授权下使用了 Trolltech 公司专利的 Qt framework（现 Qt 的前身），这两个许可证分别是开源的 QPL（Q public license）和商业专利许可证（proprietary commercial license）。在2000年 Trolltech 公司让一部分 Qt 软件库开始发布在 GPL 证书下; Qt 4.5 发布在了 LGPL 2.1 许可证下。自2009起 KDE 桌面环境由三部分构成：Plasma Workspaces（用做交互界面），KDE Applications，作为 KDE Software 编译的 KDE Platform。
|
||||
|
||||
## 各发布版本
|
||||
|
||||
### 预发布版本 – 1996年10月14日
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
当时名称为 Kool Desktop Environment；“Kool”这个单词在很快就被弃用了。最初，所有 KDE 的组件都是被单独发布在开发社区里的，它们并没有被一个大的项目所贯穿起来。开发组邮件列表中的首选通信是发往kde@fiwi02.wiwi.uni-Tubingen.de 邮件列表。
|
||||
|
||||
### KDE 1.0 – 1998年7月12日
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
这个版本受到了颇有争议的反馈。很多人反对使用 Qt 框架，因为当时的 FreeQt 许可证和自由软件许可证并不兼容，他们建议开发组使用 Motif 或者 LessTif 替代。尽管有着这些反对声，KDE 仍然被很多用户所青睐，并且成功作为第一个 Linux 发行版的环境被集成了进去。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*1999年1月28日*
|
||||
|
||||
有一次升级，**K Desktop Environment 1.1**，更快，更稳定的同时加入了很多小的改进。这个版本同时也加入了很多新的图标，背景和材质纹理。和这些全面翻新同时出现的还有 Torsten Rahn 绘制的全新 KDE 图标----一个放在齿轮前的字母 K ；这个图标的修改版也一直沿用至今。
|
||||
|
||||
### KDE 2.0 – 2000年10月23日
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
重大更新：
|
||||
|
||||
- DCOP (Desktop COmmunication Protocol)，一个端到端的通信协议
|
||||
- KIO，一个应用程序 I/O 库
|
||||
- KParts，组件对象模型
|
||||
- KHTML，一个符合 HTML 4.0 标准的渲染绘制引擎。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*2001年2月26日*
|
||||
|
||||
**K Desktop Environment 2.1** 首次发布了媒体播放器 noatun，它使用了模组化、插件设计。为了便利开发者，K Desktop Environment 2.1 打包了 KDevelop。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*2001年8月15日*
|
||||
|
||||
**KDE 2.2**版本在 GNU/Linux 上加快了50%的应用启动速度，同时提高了 HTML 渲染、JavaScript 稳定性和性能，同时还增加了一些 KMail 的功能。
|
||||
|
||||
### KDE 3.0 – 2002年4月3日
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
K Desktop Environment 3.0 加入了更好的限制使用功能，这个功能在电话亭、网咖，企业公用电脑上被广泛需求，它可以禁止用户完全使用软件的某些能力。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*2003年1月28日*
|
||||
|
||||
**K Desktop Environment 3.1** 加入了新的默认窗口（Keramik）和图标样式（Crystal）和其他一些改进。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*2004年2月3日*
|
||||
|
||||
**K Desktop Environment 3.2** 加入了诸如在网页表格、书写邮件中拼写检查的新功能；增强了邮件和日历功能。完善了 Konqueror 中的标签机制和对 Microsoft Windows 桌面共享协议（RDP）的支持。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*2004年8月19日*
|
||||
|
||||
**K Desktop Environment 3.3** 侧重于组合不同的桌面组件。Kontact 被放进了群件应用 Kolab 并与 Kpilot 结合。Konqueror 的加入让 KDE 有了更好的 IM 交流功能，比如支持发送文件，以及其他 IM 协议（如IRC）的支持。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*2005年3月16日*
|
||||
|
||||
**K Desktop Environment 3.4** 侧重于提高易用性。这次更新为 Konqueror、Kate、KPDF 加入了文字-语音转换功能；也在桌面系统中加入了独立的 KSayIt 文字-语音转换软件。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*2005年11月29日*
|
||||
|
||||
**The K Desktop Environment 3.5** 发布加入了 SuperKaramba，为桌面环境提供了易于安装的插件（widgets）机制。 Konqueror 加入了广告屏蔽功能并成为了有史以来第二个通过 Acid2 CSS 测试的浏览器。
|
||||
|
||||
### KDE SC 4.0 – 2008年1月11日
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
大部分的开发投身于把最新的技术和开发框架整合进 KDE 4 当中。Plasma 和 Oxygen 是两次最大的用户界面风格变更。同时，Dolphin 替代 Konqueror 成为默认文件管理器，Okular 成为了默认文档浏览器。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*2008年7月29日*
|
||||
|
||||
**KDE 4.1** 引入了一个在 PIM 和 Kopete 中共享使用的表情主题系统；引入了可以让用户便利地从互联网上一键下载数据的 DXS。同时引入了 GStreamer、QuickTime 和 DirectShow 9 Phonon 后端。加入了新应用如：
|
||||
|
||||
- Dragon Player
|
||||
- Kontact
|
||||
- Skanlite — 扫描仪软件
|
||||
- Step —— 物理模拟软件
|
||||
- 新游戏: Kdiamond、Kollision、KBreakout 和更多......
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*2009年1月27日*
|
||||
|
||||
**KDE 4.2** 被认为是在已经极佳的 KDE 4.1 基础上的又一次全面超越，同时也成为了大多数用户替换旧 3.5 版本的完美选择。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*2009年8月4日*
|
||||
|
||||
**KDE 4.3** 修复了超过10000个 bug，同时加入了让近2000个用户要求的功能。整合一些新的技术例如：PolicyKit、NetworkManage & Geolocation services 等也是这个版本的一大重点。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*2010年2月9日*
|
||||
|
||||
**KDE SC 4.4** 基于 Qt 4 toolkit 的 4.6 版本，加入新的应用 KAddressBook。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*2010年8月10日*
|
||||
|
||||
**KDE SC 4.5** 增加了一些新特性：整合了开源的浏览器引擎 WebKit 库，其现在也在 Apple Safari 和 Google Chrome 中广泛使用。KPackageKit 替换了 Kpackage。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*2011年1月26日*
|
||||
|
||||
**KDE SC 4.6** 加强了 OpenGl 的性能，同时照常更新了无数bug和小改进。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*2011年7月27日*
|
||||
|
||||
**KDE SC 4.7** 升级 KWin 以兼容 OpenGL ES 2.0 ，更新了 Qt Quick，Plasma Desktop 带来许多增强和在应用里的大量新特性， 修复了1.2万个 bug。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*2012年1月25日*
|
||||
|
||||
**KDE SC 4.8**: 更好的 KWin 性能与 Wayland 支持，更崭新的 Doplhin 的外观设计。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*2012年8月1日*
|
||||
|
||||
**KDE SC 4.9**: 向 Dolphin 文件管理器增加了一些更新，比如重新加入了实时文件重命名，鼠标辅助按钮支持，更好的位置面板和更多文件分类管理功能。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*2013年2月6日*
|
||||
|
||||
**KDE SC 4.10**: 很多 Plasma 插件使用 QML 重写； Nepomuk、Kontact 和 Okular 得到了很大程度的性能和功能提升。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*2013年8月14日*
|
||||
|
||||
**KDE SC 4.11**: Kontact 和 Nepomuk 有了很多优化。 第一代 Plasma Workspaces 进入了单纯维护阶段。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*2013年12月18日*
|
||||
|
||||
**KDE SC 4.12**: Kontact 得到了极大的提升，包括许多小的改进。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*2014年4月16日*
|
||||
|
||||
**KDE SC 4.13**: Nepomuk 语义搜索功能替代了桌面上的原有的 Baloo 搜索。 KDE SC 4.13 以53个语言版本发布。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*2014年8月20日*
|
||||
|
||||
**KDE SC 4.14**: 这个发布版本侧重于稳定性提升：大量的 bug 修复和增加了一些小的功能。这是最后一个 KDE SC 4 发布版本。
|
||||
|
||||
### KDE Plasma 5.0 – 2014年7月15日
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
KDE Plasma 5 – 第五代 KDE。大幅改进了设计和系统，新的默认主题 Breeze 完全迁移到了 QML，更好的 OpenGL 性能，更完美的 HiDPI （高分辨率）显示支持。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*2014年11月11日*
|
||||
|
||||
**KDE Plasma 5.1**：迁移了从 Plasma 4 里丢失的功能。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*2015年1月27日*
|
||||
|
||||
**KDE Plasma 5.2**：新组件：BlueDevil、KSSHAskPass、Muon、SDDM 主题设置、KScreen、GTK+ 样式设置和 KDecoration。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*2015年4月28日*
|
||||
|
||||
**KDE Plasma 5.3**：Plasma Media Center 技术预览。新的蓝牙和触摸板小程序；改良了电源管理。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*2015年8月25日*
|
||||
|
||||
**KDE Plasma 5.4**：Wayland 登场，新的基于 QML 的音频管理程序，一个全屏的程序启动器替代品。
|
||||
|
||||
万分感谢 [KDE][1] 开发者及社区，并感谢 Wikipedia 为书写 [概述][2] 带来的帮助，同时，感谢所有读者。让我们保持自由精神（be free）并继续支持如同 KDE 一样的开源的自由软件发展。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: [https://tlhp.cf/kde-history/](https://tlhp.cf/kde-history/)
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Pavlo Rudyi][a]
|
||||
译者：[jerryling315](https://github.com/jerryling315)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]: https://www.kde.org/
|
||||
[2]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDE_Plasma_5
|
||||
[a]: https://tlhp.cf/author/paul/
|
||||
@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
|
||||
使用 grep 命令来搜索多个单词/字符串模式
|
||||
grep 命令系列：使用 grep 命令来搜索多个单词
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
要使用 grep 命令来搜索多个字符串或单词，我们该怎么做？例如我想要查找 /path/to/file 文件中的 word1、word2、word3 等单词，我怎么样命令 grep 查找这些单词呢？
|
||||
|
||||
[grep 命令支持正则表达式][1]匹配模式。要使用多单词搜索，请使用如下语法：
|
||||
@ -10,7 +11,7 @@
|
||||
|
||||
$ grep 'warning\|error\|critical' /var/log/messages
|
||||
|
||||
仅仅只是要匹配单词的话，可以加上 -w 选项参数：
|
||||
仅仅只是要匹配单词（即该词两侧是单词分界符，针对西方以空格分隔的语言而言）的话，可以加上 -w 选项参数：
|
||||
|
||||
$ grep -w 'warning\|error\|critical' /var/log/messages
|
||||
|
||||
@ -26,7 +27,7 @@ egrep 命令可以跳过上面的语法格式，其使用的语法格式如下
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Fig.01: Linux / Unix egrep 命令查找多个单词输出例子
|
||||
图一: Linux / Unix egrep 命令查找多个单词输出例子
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
@ -34,8 +35,8 @@ via: http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/searching-multiple-words-string-using-grep/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：Vivek Gite
|
||||
译者：[runningwater](https://github.com/runningwater)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/grep-regular-expressions/
|
||||
[1]:https://linux.cn/article-6941-1.html
|
||||
@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
|
||||
Grep 命令统计匹配的字符串/单词行数
|
||||
grep 命令系列：用 grep 命令统计匹配字符串的行数
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
在 Linux 或 UNIX 操作系统下，对于给定的单词或字符串，我们应该怎么统计它们在每个输入文件中存在的行数呢？
|
||||
|
||||
您需要通过添加 -c 或者 --count 选项参数来抑制正常的输出。它将会显示对输入文件单词匹配的行数，如下示：
|
||||
您需要通过添加 -c 或者 --count 选项参数来抑制正常的输出。它将会显示对输入文件单词匹配的行数，如下所示：
|
||||
|
||||
$ grep -c vivek /etc/passwd
|
||||
|
||||
@ -28,6 +29,6 @@ via: http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/grep-count-lines-if-a-string-word-matches/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：Vivek Gite
|
||||
译者：[runningwater](https://github.com/runningwater)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
|
||||
(translating by runningwater)
|
||||
Grep From Files and Display the File Name
|
||||
grep 命令系列：从文件中搜索并显示文件名
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
How do I grep from a number of files and display the file name only?
|
||||
|
||||
When there is more than one file to search it will display file name by default:
|
||||
我怎样从几个文件中搜索（grep），并只显示匹配到的文件的文件名？
|
||||
|
||||
grep "word" filename
|
||||
当你从不止一个的文件中搜索时，默认它将显示文件名：
|
||||
|
||||
grep "word" 文件名
|
||||
grep root /etc/*
|
||||
|
||||
Sample outputs:
|
||||
示例输出：
|
||||
|
||||
/etc/bash.bashrc: See "man sudo_root" for details.
|
||||
/etc/crontab:17 * * * * root cd / && run-parts --report /etc/cron.hourly
|
||||
@ -20,12 +20,12 @@ Sample outputs:
|
||||
/etc/logrotate.conf: create 0664 root utmp
|
||||
/etc/logrotate.conf: create 0660 root utmp
|
||||
|
||||
The first name is file name (e.g., /etc/crontab, /etc/group). The -l option will only print filename if th
|
||||
每行开始的第一个部分是文件名（如：/etc/crontab、/etc/group）。使用 -l 选项可以只显示文件名：
|
||||
|
||||
grep -l "string" filename
|
||||
grep -l root /etc/*
|
||||
|
||||
Sample outputs:
|
||||
示例输出：
|
||||
|
||||
/etc/aliases
|
||||
/etc/arpwatch.conf
|
||||
@ -36,12 +36,12 @@ Sample outputs:
|
||||
/etc/crontab
|
||||
/etc/group
|
||||
|
||||
You can suppress normal output; instead print the name of each input file from **which no output would normally have been** printed:
|
||||
你也可以逆转输出；使用 -L 选项来输出**那些不匹配的文件的文件名**：
|
||||
|
||||
grep -L "word" filename
|
||||
grep -L root /etc/*
|
||||
|
||||
Sample outputs:
|
||||
示例输出：
|
||||
|
||||
/etc/apm
|
||||
/etc/apparmor
|
||||
@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ Sample outputs:
|
||||
via: http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/grep-from-files-and-display-the-file-name/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：Vivek Gite
|
||||
译者：[runningwater](https://github.com/runningwater)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
@ -1,21 +1,17 @@
|
||||
如何在 UNIX 中根据文件内容查找文件
|
||||
How To Find Files by Content Under UNIX
|
||||
grep 命令系列：如何在 UNIX 中根据文件内容查找文件
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
为了完成课程作业，我写了很多 C 语言代码并把它们保存为 /home/user/c/*.c and *.h。那么在 UNIX shell 窗口中我如何能通过字符串或者单词（例如函数名 main()）文件内容来查找文件呢？
|
||||
I had written lots of code in C for my school work and saved it as source code under /home/user/c/*.c and *.h. How do I find files by content such as string or words (function name such as main() under UNIX shell prompt?
|
||||
|
||||
为了完成课程作业，我写了很多 C 语言代码并把它们保存为 /home/user/c/*.c 和 *.h。那么在 UNIX shell 窗口中我如何能通过字符串或者单词（例如函数名 main()）文件内容来查找文件呢？
|
||||
|
||||
你需要用到以下工具：
|
||||
You need to use the following tools:
|
||||
|
||||
[a] **grep 命令** ： 输出匹配模式的行。
|
||||
|
||||
[b] **find 命令**： 在目录层次中查找文件。
|
||||
|
||||
### [使用 grep 命令根据内容查找文件][1]
|
||||
### [grep Command To Find Files By][1] Content ###
|
||||
|
||||
输入以下命令：
|
||||
Type the command as follows:
|
||||
|
||||
grep 'string' *.txt
|
||||
grep 'main(' *.c
|
||||
@ -25,48 +21,37 @@ Type the command as follows:
|
||||
grep -iR 'ultra' *.conf
|
||||
|
||||
其中
|
||||
Where
|
||||
|
||||
- **-i** ： 忽视模式（匹配字符串 valid、 VALID、 ValID ）和输入文件（匹配 file.c FILE.c FILE.C）的大小写。
|
||||
- **-i** ： 忽略模式（匹配字符串 valid、 VALID、 ValID ）和输入文件（匹配 file.c FILE.c FILE.C）的大小写。
|
||||
- **-R** ： 递归读取每个目录下的所有文件。
|
||||
- **-i** : Ignore case distinctions in both the PATTERN (match valid, VALID, ValID string) and the input files (math file.c FILE.c FILE.C filename).
|
||||
- **-R** : Read all files under each directory, recursively
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 高亮匹配到的模式 ###
|
||||
### Highlighting searched patterns ###
|
||||
|
||||
在搜索大量文件的时候你可以轻松地高亮模式：
|
||||
You can highlight patterns easily while searching large number of files:
|
||||
|
||||
$ grep --color=auto -iR 'getChar();' *.c
|
||||
|
||||
### 为查找到的模式显示文件名和行号 ###
|
||||
### Displaying file names and line number for searched patterns ###
|
||||
|
||||
你也许需要显示文件名和行号：
|
||||
You may also need to display filenames and numbers:
|
||||
|
||||
$ grep --color=auto -iRnH 'getChar();' *.c
|
||||
|
||||
其中，
|
||||
Where,
|
||||
|
||||
- **-n** ： 在输出的每行前面添加文件中以 1 开始的行号。
|
||||
- **-n** ： 在输出的每行前面添加以 1 开始的行号。
|
||||
- **-H** ： 为每个匹配打印文件名。要搜索多个文件时这是默认选项。
|
||||
- **-n** : Prefix each line of output with the 1-based line number within its input file.
|
||||
- **-H** Print the file name for each match. This is the default when there is more than one file to search.
|
||||
|
||||
$grep --color=auto -nH 'DIR' *
|
||||
|
||||
输出样例：
|
||||
Sample output:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Fig.01: grep 命令显示搜索到的模式
|
||||
*Fig.01: grep 命令显示搜索到的模式*
|
||||
|
||||
你也可以使用 find 命令：
|
||||
You can also use find command:
|
||||
|
||||
$ find . -name "*.c" -print | xargs grep "main("
|
||||
|
||||
@ -76,7 +61,7 @@ via: http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/unix-linux-finding-files-by-content/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：Vivek Gite
|
||||
译者：[ictlyh](http://mutouxiaogui.cn/blog/)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
|
||||
Linux / UNIX 下只查看配置文件的有效配置行（配置文件中未被注释的命令行）
|
||||
grep 命令系列：如何只查看配置文件中未被注释的有效配置行
|
||||
=========================================================
|
||||
|
||||
大多数的Linux和类Unix系统的配置文件中都有许多的注释行，但是有时候我只想看其中的有效配置行。那我怎么才能只看到quid.conf或httpd.conf这样的配置文件中的非注释命令行呢？怎么去掉这些注释或者空行呢？
|
||||
|
||||
我们可以使用UNIX / BSD / OS X / Linux 这些操作系统自身提供的grep，sed，awk，perl或者其他文本处理工具来查看配置文件中的有效配置命令行。
|
||||
|
||||
我们可以使用 UNIX/BSD/OS X/Linux 这些操作系统自身提供的 grep，sed，awk，perl或者其他文本处理工具来查看配置文件中的有效配置命令行。
|
||||
|
||||
### grep 命令示例——去掉注释 ###
|
||||
|
||||
@ -100,7 +99,7 @@ Linux / UNIX 下只查看配置文件的有效配置行（配置文件中未被
|
||||
|
||||
Include /etc/apache2/sites-enabled/
|
||||
|
||||
想要跳过空行，可以使用 [egrep 命令][1], 示例:
|
||||
想要跳过其中的空行，可以使用 [egrep 命令][1], 示例:
|
||||
|
||||
egrep -v "^#|^$" /etc/apache2/apache2.conf
|
||||
## or pass it to the page such as more or less ##
|
||||
@ -119,23 +118,24 @@ Linux / UNIX 下只查看配置文件的有效配置行（配置文件中未被
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Fig.01: Unix/Linux Egrep 除去注释行和空行
|
||||
*图 01: Unix/Linux Egrep 除去注释行和空行*
|
||||
|
||||
### 理解 grep/egrep 命令行选项 ###
|
||||
|
||||
-v 选项，选择出不匹配的命令行。该选项适用于所有基于posix的系统。正则表达式 ^$ 匹配出所有的非空行， ^#匹配出所有的不以“#”开头的非注释行。
|
||||
-v 选项，选择出不匹配的命令行。该选项适用于所有基于posix的系统。正则表达式 `^$` 匹配出所有的非空行， `^#` 匹配出所有的不以“#”开头的非注释行。
|
||||
|
||||
### sed 命令示例 ###
|
||||
|
||||
可以按照如下示例使用 GNU / sed 命令:
|
||||
可以按照如下示例使用 GNU 上的 sed 命令:
|
||||
|
||||
$ sed '/ *#/d; /^ *$/d' /path/to/file
|
||||
$ sed '/ *#/d; /^ *$/d' /etc/apache2/apache2.conf
|
||||
GNU or BSD sed 也可以修改配置文件。下面的语法是编辑文件，修改扩展名（比如 .bak）进行文件备份：
|
||||
|
||||
GNU 或 BSD 上的 sed 也可以修改配置文件。下面的命令的作用是原地编辑文件，并以特定（比如 .bak）备份文件：
|
||||
|
||||
sed -i'.bak.2015.12.27' '/ *#/d; /^ *$/d' /etc/apache2/apache2.conf
|
||||
|
||||
更多信息见参考手册 - [grep(1)][2], [sed(1)][3]
|
||||
更多信息见参考手册 - [grep(1)][2], [sed(1)][3]。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ via: http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/shell-display-uncommented-lines-only/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：Vivek Gite
|
||||
译者：[sonofelice](https://github.com/sonofelice)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
|
||||
如何将 Debian Linux 中的默认的 Python 版本切换为替代版本
|
||||
====================================================
|
||||
|
||||
当你安装 Debian Linux 时，安装过程有可能同时为你提供多个可用的 Python 版本，因此系统中会存在多个 Python 的可执行二进制文件。你可以按照以下方法使用 `ls` 命令来查看你的系统中都有那些 Python 的二进制文件可供使用。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ ls /usr/bin/python*
|
||||
/usr/bin/python /usr/bin/python2 /usr/bin/python2.7 /usr/bin/python3 /usr/bin/python3.4 /usr/bin/python3.4m /usr/bin/python3m
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
执行如下命令查看默认的 Python 版本信息:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ python --version
|
||||
Python 2.7.8
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
###1、基于用户修改 Python 版本：
|
||||
|
||||
想要为某个特定用户修改 Python 版本，只需要在其 home 目录下创建一个 `alias`(别名) 即可。打开该用户的 `~/.bashrc` 文件，添加新的别名信息来修改默认使用的 Python 版本。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
alias python='/usr/bin/python3.4'
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
一旦完成以上操作，重新登录或者重新加载 `.bashrc` 文件，使操作生效。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ . ~/.bashrc
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
检查当前的 Python 版本。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ python --version
|
||||
Python 3.4.2
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
###2、 在系统级修改 Python 版本
|
||||
|
||||
我们可以使用 `update-alternatives` 来为整个系统更改 Python 版本。以 root 身份登录，首先罗列出所有可用的 python 替代版本信息：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# update-alternatives --list python
|
||||
update-alternatives: error: no alternatives for python
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
如果出现以上所示的错误信息，则表示 Python 的替代版本尚未被 `update-alternatives` 命令识别。想解决这个问题，我们需要更新一下替代列表，将 `python2.7` 和 `python3.4` 放入其中。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/python python /usr/bin/python2.7 1
|
||||
update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/python2.7 to provide /usr/bin/python (python) in auto mode
|
||||
# update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/python python /usr/bin/python3.4 2
|
||||
update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/python3.4 to provide /usr/bin/python (python) in auto mode
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
`--install` 选项使用了多个参数用于创建符号链接。最后一个参数指定了此选项的优先级，如果我们没有手动来设置替代选项，那么具有最高优先级的选项就会被选中。这个例子中，我们为 `/usr/bin/python3.4` 设置的优先级为2，所以 `update-alternatives` 命令会自动将它设置为默认 Python 版本。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# python --version
|
||||
Python 3.4.2
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
接下来，我们再次列出可用的 Python 替代版本。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# update-alternatives --list python
|
||||
/usr/bin/python2.7
|
||||
/usr/bin/python3.4
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
现在开始，我们就可以使用下方的命令随时在列出的 Python 替代版本中任意切换了。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# update-alternatives --config python
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# python --version
|
||||
Python 2.7.8
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
###3、移除替代版本
|
||||
|
||||
一旦我们的系统中不再存在某个 Python 的替代版本时，我们可以将其从 `update-alternatives` 列表中删除掉。例如，我们可以将列表中的 python2.7 版本移除掉。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# update-alternatives --remove python /usr/bin/python2.7
|
||||
update-alternatives: removing manually selected alternative - switching python to auto mode
|
||||
update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/python3.4 to provide /usr/bin/python (python) in auto mode
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://linuxconfig.org/how-to-change-from-default-to-alternative-python-version-on-debian-linux
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[mr-ping](https://github.com/mr-ping)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
53
sources/news/20160129 Recognizing correct code.md
Normal file
53
sources/news/20160129 Recognizing correct code.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
|
||||
# Recognizing correct code
|
||||
|
||||
Automatic bug-repair system fixes 10 times as many errors as its predecessors.
|
||||
------
|
||||
DongShuaike is translating.
|
||||
|
||||
MIT researchers have developed a machine-learning system that can comb through repairs to open-source computer programs and learn their general properties, in order to produce new repairs for a different set of programs.
|
||||
|
||||
The researchers tested their system on a set of programming errors, culled from real open-source applications, that had been compiled to evaluate automatic bug-repair systems. Where those earlier systems were able to repair one or two of the bugs, the MIT system repaired between 15 and 18, depending on whether it settled on the first solution it found or was allowed to run longer.
|
||||
|
||||
While an automatic bug-repair tool would be useful in its own right, professor of electrical engineering and computer science Martin Rinard, whose group developed the new system, believes that the work could have broader ramifications.
|
||||
|
||||
“One of the most intriguing aspects of this research is that we’ve found that there are indeed universal properties of correct code that you can learn from one set of applications and apply to another set of applications,” Rinard says. “If you can recognize correct code, that has enormous implications across all software engineering. This is just the first application of what we hope will be a brand-new, fabulous technique.”
|
||||
|
||||
Fan Long, a graduate student in electrical engineering and computer science at MIT, presented a paper describing the new system at the Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages last week. He and Rinard, his advisor, are co-authors.
|
||||
|
||||
Users of open-source programs catalogue bugs they encounter on project websites, and contributors to the projects post code corrections, or “patches,” to the same sites. So Long was able to write a computer script that automatically extracted both the uncorrected code and patches for 777 errors in eight common open-source applications stored in the online repository GitHub.
|
||||
|
||||
**Feature performance**
|
||||
|
||||
As with [all][1] machine-learning systems, the crucial aspect of Long and Rinard’s design was the selection of a “[feature set][2]” that the system would analyze. The researchers concentrated on values stored in memory — either variables, which can be modified during a program’s execution, or constants, which can’t. They identified 30 prime characteristics of a given value: It might be involved in an operation, such as addition or multiplication, or a comparison, such as greater than or equal to; it might be local, meaning it occurs only within a single block of code, or global, meaning that it’s accessible to the program as a whole; it might be the variable that represents the final result of a calculation; and so on.
|
||||
|
||||
Long and Rinard wrote a computer program that evaluated all the possible relationships between these characteristics in successive lines of code. More than 3,500 such relationships constitute their feature set. Their machine-learning algorithm then tried to determine what combination of features most consistently predicted the success of a patch.
|
||||
|
||||
“All the features we’re trying to look at are relationships between the patch you insert and the code you are trying to patch,” Long says. “Typically, there will be good connections in the correct patches, corresponding to useful or productive program logic. And there will be bad patterns that mean disconnections in program logic or redundant program logic that are less likely to be successful.”
|
||||
|
||||
**Ranking candidates**
|
||||
|
||||
In earlier work, Long had developed an algorithm that attempts to repair program bugs by systematically modifying program code. The modified code is then subjected to a suite of tests designed to elicit the buggy behavior. This approach may find a modification that passes the tests, but it could take a prohibitively long time. Moreover, the modified code may still contain errors that the tests don’t trigger.
|
||||
|
||||
Long and Rinard’s machine-learning system works in conjunction with this earlier algorithm, ranking proposed modifications according to the probability that they are correct before subjecting them to time-consuming tests.
|
||||
|
||||
The researchers tested their system, which they call Prophet, on a set of 69 program errors that had cropped up in eight popular open-source programs. Of those, 19 are amenable to the type of modifications that Long’s algorithm uses; the other 50 have more complicated problems that involve logical inconsistencies across larger swaths of code.
|
||||
|
||||
When Long and Rinard configured their system to settle for the first solution that passed the bug-eliciting tests, it was able to correctly repair 15 of the 19 errors; when they allowed it to run for 12 hours per problem, it repaired 18.
|
||||
|
||||
Of course, that still leaves the other 50 errors in the test set untouched. In ongoing work, Long is working on a machine-learning system that will look at more coarse-grained manipulation of program values across larger stretches of code, in the hope of producing a bug-repair system that can handle more complex errors.
|
||||
|
||||
“A revolutionary aspect of Prophet is how it leverages past successful patches to learn new ones,” says Eran Yahav, an associate professor of computer science at the Technion in Israel. “It relies on the insight that despite differences between software projects, fixes — patches — applied to projects often have commonalities that can be learned from. Using machine learning to learn from ‘big code’ holds the promise to revolutionize many programming tasks — code completion, reverse-engineering, et cetera.”
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://news.mit.edu/2016/faster-automatic-bug-repair-code-errors-0129
|
||||
|
||||
作者：Larry Hardesty
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/翻译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://news.mit.edu/2013/teaching-computers-to-see-by-learning-to-see-like-computers-0919
|
||||
[2]:http://news.mit.edu/2015/automating-big-data-analysis-1016
|
||||
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
|
||||
Meizu PRO 5 Ubuntu Edition Announced and It's a Beast
|
||||
========================================================
|
||||
|
||||
## Canonical and Meizu have just revealed that Meizu PRO 5 Ubuntu Edition will be available for pre-order during Mobile World Congress 2016.
|
||||
|
||||
It's been a while since we last heard something from Meizu, but it looks like the collaboration between Canonical and the Chinese hardware maker is still alive. From the looks of it, the previous Meizu MX4 Ubuntu Edition was only a limited release, so only a small number of devices have been sold.
|
||||
|
||||
We can only hope that Meizu PRO 5 Ubuntu Edition will be made available in greater numbers, especially since it's a much newer phone that's still supported by Meizu.
|
||||
|
||||
This latest Meizu PRO 5 Ubuntu Edition is the fifth official device that comes with Ubuntu Touch, and we'll likely see many more phones and maybe tablets with this operating system landing in 2016.
|
||||
|
||||
##Meizu PRO 5 Ubuntu Edition is a beast
|
||||
|
||||
Canonical says that it's the most powerful Ubuntu smartphone launched to date, and they are right, not to mention that it's also the biggest, if we don't count the tablet. Meizu PRO 5 features a Samsung Exynos 7420 Octa-core processor, a 5.7-inch 1920x1080 AMOLED display, Corning Gorilla Glass 3, and LPDDR4 memory technology.
|
||||
|
||||
Many of you will probably ask if this new phone is also capable of desktop convergence, and it looks that users are in luck.
|
||||
|
||||
"Canonical remains committed to the vision of reinventing personal computing through a single, adaptive platform for all personal device form factors. As such, while the PRO 5 lacks MHL output, the software running on the Meizu PRO 5 is the latest code which also powers recently announced tablets and other devices and is capable of providing a traditional desktop experience," the company explained.
|
||||
|
||||
Meizu PRO 5 was initially launched back in September 2015. Users will also get a 21 MP back camera, and the phone can shoot video at 2160p and 30fps. It also comes with a fingerprint sensor and a Li-Ion 3050 mAh battery with fast charging.
|
||||
|
||||
For now, the phone will only be available in China and Europe, and the preorders will be opened during the Mobile World Congress 2016 that takes place between February 22 and 25.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.linux.com/news/embedded-mobile/mobile-linux/886322-meizu-pro-5-ubuntu-edition-announced-and-its-a-beast
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Silviu Stahie][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://news.softpedia.com/editors/browse/silviu-stahie
|
||||
33
sources/news/20160218 Russia Announces Switch to Linux.md
Normal file
33
sources/news/20160218 Russia Announces Switch to Linux.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
|
||||
This Week in Linux News:Russia Announces Switch to Linux, Outdated Fight for the Linux Desktop
|
||||
=========================================================================
|
||||
This week in Linux news, Russia announces a possible switch to Linux, Jack Wallen ponders the importance of the Linux Desktop in 2016, and more! Get up-to-date on the Latest Linux news with our weekly digest.
|
||||
|
||||
1. Russia announces a possible switch to Linux in retalliation against Western business embargo on Crimea.
|
||||
|
||||
[Russia Might Switch Thousands of Government Computers to Linux to Spite Microsoft](http://www.techradar.com/news/world-of-tech/russia-might-switch-thousands-of-government-computers-to-linux-to-spite-microsoft-1314762) - TechRadar
|
||||
|
||||
2. "It doesn't matter if Linux has 1% or 99% of the desktop market share" writes Jack Wallen.
|
||||
|
||||
[Should the Fight for the Linux Desktop Really Matter?](http://www.techrepublic.com/article/should-the-fight-for-the-linux-desktop-really-matter/) - TechRepublic
|
||||
|
||||
3. The Linux Foundation's Hyperledger Project experiences growth in membership since its launch in December.
|
||||
|
||||
[Linux Foundation-Led Blockchain Project Grows to 30 Members](http://www.coindesk.com/linux-foundation-led-hyperledger-project-swells-to-30-members/) - CoinDesk
|
||||
|
||||
4. Docker's founder and CTO, Solomon Hykes, suggests Alpine Linux will be the company's new default OS.
|
||||
|
||||
[Is Docker Ditching Ubuntu Linux? Confusion Reigns](http://www.infoworld.com/article/3031847/open-source-tools/is-docker-ditching-ubuntu-linux-confusion-reigns.html) - InfoWorld
|
||||
|
||||
5. The Node.js Foundation, a Linux Foundation Collaborative Project, will bring in popular third-party "Express" package.
|
||||
|
||||
[The Node.js Foundation Plans to Incubate One of the Community’s Most Popular Packages](http://www.linux.com/news/software/applications/885174-this-week-in-linux-news-russia-announces-switch-to-linux-outdated-fight-for-the-linux-desktop-a-more#gref)- The Next Web
|
||||
|
||||
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.linux.com/news/software/applications/885174-this-week-in-linux-news-russia-announces-switch-to-linux-outdated-fight-for-the-linux-desktop-a-more
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[linux.com][linux.com]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
|
||||
translating by tastynoodle
|
||||
5 best open source board games to play online
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
I have always had a fascination with board games, in part because they are a device of social interaction, they challenge the mind and, most importantly, they are great fun to play. In my misspent youth, myself and a group of friends gathered together to escape the horrors of the classroom, and indulge in a little escapism. The time provided an outlet for tension and rivalry. Board games help teach diplomacy, how to make and break alliances, bring families and friends together, and learn valuable lessons.
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
|
||||
GHLandy Translating
|
||||
|
||||
Bossie Awards 2015: The best open source application development tools
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
InfoWorld's top picks among platforms, frameworks, databases, and all the other tools that programmers use
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
|
||||
bazz2222222222222222222222222222222222222222222
|
||||
Review EXT4 vs. Btrfs vs. XFS
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
|
||||
213edu Translating
|
||||
|
||||
Gaming On Linux: All You Need To Know
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
|
||||
sonofelice translating
|
||||
How bad a boss is Linus Torvalds?
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,12 +1,8 @@
|
||||
taichirain 翻译中
|
||||
|
||||
5 great Raspberry Pi projects for the classroom
|
||||
5 伟大的树莓派项目教室
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Image by : opensource.com
|
||||
图片来源 : opensource.com
|
||||
|
||||
### 1. Minecraft Pi ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
|
||||
translated by iov-wang
|
||||
How to Install OsTicket Ticketing System in Fedora 22 / Centos 7
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
In this article, we'll learn how to setup help desk ticketing system with osTicket in our machine or server running Fedora 22 or CentOS 7 as operating system. osTicket is a free and open source popular customer support ticketing system developed and maintained by [Enhancesoft][1] and its contributors. osTicket is the best solution for help and support ticketing system and management for better communication and support assistance with clients and customers. It has the ability to easily integrate with inquiries created via email, phone and web based forms into a beautiful multi-user web interface. osTicket makes us easy to manage, organize and log all our support requests and responses in one single place. It is a simple, lightweight, reliable, open source, web-based and easy to setup and use help desk ticketing system.
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
|
||||
translated by ivo-wang
|
||||
How to Configure OpenNMS on CentOS 7.x
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Systems management and monitoring services are very important that provides information to view important systems management information that allow us to to make decisions based on this information. To make sure the network is running at its best and to minimize the network downtime we need to improve application performance. So, in this article we will make you understand the step by step procedure to setup OpenNMS in your IT infrastructure. OpenNMS is a free open source enterprise level network monitoring and management platform that provides information to allow us to make decisions in regards to future network and capacity planning.
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
|
||||
chisper 翻译中
|
||||
How to Install Pure-FTPd with TLS on FreeBSD 10.2
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
FTP or File Transfer Protocol is application layer standard network protocol used to transfer file from the client to the server, after user logged in to the FTP server over the TCP-Network, such as internet. FTP has been round long time ago, much longer then P2P Program, or World Wide Web, and until this day it was a primary method for sharing file with other over the internet and it it remain very popular even today. FTP provide an secure transmission, that protect username, password and encrypt the content with SSL/TLS.
|
||||
@ -151,4 +152,4 @@ via: http://linoxide.com/linux-how-to/install-pure-ftpd-tls-freebsd-10-2/
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://linoxide.com/author/arulm/
|
||||
[a]:http://linoxide.com/author/arulm/
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
|
||||
Translating by KnightJoker
|
||||
How to send email notifications using Gmail SMTP server on Linux
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Suppose you want to configure a Linux app to send out email messages from your server or desktop. The email messages can be part of email newsletters, status updates (e.g., [Cachet][1]), monitoring alerts (e.g., [Monit][2]), disk events (e.g., [RAID mdadm][3]), and so on. While you can set up your [own outgoing mail server][4] to deliver messages, you can alternatively rely on a freely available public SMTP server as a maintenance-free option.
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,242 +0,0 @@
|
||||
How to Install Revive Adserver on Ubuntu 15.04 / CentOS 7
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Revive AdserverHow to Install Revive Adserver on Ubuntu 15.04 / CentOS 7 is a free and open source advertisement management system that enables publishers, ad networks and advertisers to serve ads on websites, apps, videos and manage campaigns for multiple advertiser with many features. Revive Adserver is licensed under GNU Public License which is also known as OpenX Source. It features an integrated banner management interface, URL targeting, geo-targeting and tracking system for gathering statistics. This application enables website owners to manage banners from both in-house advertisement campaigns as well as from paid or third-party sources, such as Google's AdSense. Here, in this tutorial, we'll gonna install Revive Adserver in our machine running Ubuntu 15.04 or CentOS 7.
|
||||
|
||||
### 1. Installing LAMP Stack ###
|
||||
|
||||
First of all, as Revive Adserver requires a complete LAMP Stack to work, we'll gonna install it. LAMP Stack is the combination of Apache Web Server, MySQL/MariaDB Database Server and PHP modules. To run Revive properly, we'll need to install some PHP modules like apc, zlib, xml, pcre, mysql and mbstring. To setup LAMP Stack, we'll need to run the following command with respect to the distribution of linux we are currently running.
|
||||
|
||||
#### On Ubuntu 15.04 ####
|
||||
|
||||
# apt-get install apache2 mariadb-server php5 php5-gd php5-mysql php5-curl php-apc zlibc zlib1g zlib1g-dev libpcre3 libpcre3-dev libapache2-mod-php5 zip
|
||||
|
||||
#### On CentOS 7 ####
|
||||
|
||||
# yum install httpd mariadb php php-gd php-mysql php-curl php-mbstring php-xml php-apc zlibc zlib1g zlib1g-dev libpcre3 libpcre3-dev zip
|
||||
|
||||
### 2. Starting Apache and MariaDB server ###
|
||||
|
||||
We’ll now start our newly installed Apache web server and MariaDB database server in our linux machine. To do so, we'll need to execute the following commands.
|
||||
|
||||
#### On Ubuntu 15.04 ####
|
||||
|
||||
Ubuntu 15.04 is shipped with Systemd as its default init system, so we'll need to execute the following commands to start apache and mariadb daemons.
|
||||
|
||||
# systemctl start apache2 mysql
|
||||
|
||||
After its started, we'll now make it able to start automatically in every system boot by running the following command.
|
||||
|
||||
# systemctl enable apache2 mysql
|
||||
|
||||
Synchronizing state for apache2.service with sysvinit using update-rc.d...
|
||||
Executing /usr/sbin/update-rc.d apache2 defaults
|
||||
Executing /usr/sbin/update-rc.d apache2 enable
|
||||
Synchronizing state for mysql.service with sysvinit using update-rc.d...
|
||||
Executing /usr/sbin/update-rc.d mysql defaults
|
||||
Executing /usr/sbin/update-rc.d mysql enable
|
||||
|
||||
#### On CentOS 7 ####
|
||||
|
||||
Also in CentOS 7, systemd is the default init system so, we'll run the following command to start them.
|
||||
|
||||
# systemctl start httpd mariadb
|
||||
|
||||
Next, we'll enable them to start automatically in every startup of init system using the following command.
|
||||
|
||||
# systemctl enable httpd mariadb
|
||||
|
||||
ln -s '/usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service' '/etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/httpd.service'
|
||||
ln -s '/usr/lib/systemd/system/mariadb.service' '/etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/mariadb.service'
|
||||
|
||||
### 3. Configuring MariaDB ###
|
||||
|
||||
#### On CentOS 7/Ubuntu 15.04 ####
|
||||
|
||||
Now, as we are starting MariaDB for the first time and no password has been assigned for MariaDB so, we’ll first need to configure a root password for it. Then, we’ll gonna create a new database so that it can store data for our Revive Adserver installation.
|
||||
|
||||
To configure MariaDB and assign a root password, we’ll need to run the following command.
|
||||
|
||||
# mysql_secure_installation
|
||||
|
||||
This will ask us to enter the password for root but as we haven’t set any password before and its our first time we’ve installed mariadb, we’ll simply press enter and go further. Then, we’ll be asked to set root password, here we’ll hit Y and enter our password for root of MariaDB. Then, we’ll simply hit enter to set the default values for the further configurations.
|
||||
|
||||
….
|
||||
so you should just press enter here.
|
||||
|
||||
Enter current password for root (enter for none):
|
||||
OK, successfully used password, moving on…
|
||||
|
||||
Setting the root password ensures that nobody can log into the MariaDB
|
||||
root user without the proper authorisation.
|
||||
|
||||
Set root password? [Y/n] y
|
||||
New password:
|
||||
Re-enter new password:
|
||||
Password updated successfully!
|
||||
Reloading privilege tables..
|
||||
… Success!
|
||||
…
|
||||
installation should now be secure.
|
||||
Thanks for using MariaDB!
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 4. Creating new Database ###
|
||||
|
||||
After we have assigned the password to our root user of mariadb server, we'll now create a new database for Revive Adserver application so that it can store its data into the database server. To do so, first we'll need to login to our MariaDB console by running the following command.
|
||||
|
||||
# mysql -u root -p
|
||||
|
||||
Then, it will ask us to enter the password of root user which we had just set in the above step. Then, we'll be welcomed into the MariaDB console in which we'll create our new database, database user and assign its password and grant all privileges to create, remove and edit the tables and data stored in it.
|
||||
|
||||
> CREATE DATABASE revivedb;
|
||||
> CREATE USER 'reviveuser'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'Pa$$worD123';
|
||||
> GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON revivedb.* TO 'reviveuser'@'localhost';
|
||||
> FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
|
||||
> EXIT;
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 5. Downloading Revive Adserver Package ###
|
||||
|
||||
Next, we'll download the latest release of Revive Adserver ie version 3.2.2 in the time of writing this article. So, we'll first get the download link from the official Download Page of Revive Adserver ie [http://www.revive-adserver.com/download/][1] then we'll download the compressed zip file using wget command under /tmp/ directory as shown bellow.
|
||||
|
||||
# cd /tmp/
|
||||
# wget http://download.revive-adserver.com/revive-adserver-3.2.2.zip
|
||||
|
||||
--2015-11-09 17:03:48-- http://download.revive-adserver.com/revive-adserver-3.2.2.zip
|
||||
Resolving download.revive-adserver.com (download.revive-adserver.com)... 54.230.119.219, 54.239.132.177, 54.230.116.214, ...
|
||||
Connecting to download.revive-adserver.com (download.revive-adserver.com)|54.230.119.219|:80... connected.
|
||||
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK
|
||||
Length: 11663620 (11M) [application/zip]
|
||||
Saving to: 'revive-adserver-3.2.2.zip'
|
||||
revive-adserver-3.2 100%[=====================>] 11.12M 1.80MB/s in 13s
|
||||
2015-11-09 17:04:02 (906 KB/s) - 'revive-adserver-3.2.2.zip' saved [11663620/11663620]
|
||||
|
||||
After the file is downloaded, we'll simply extract its files and directories using unzip command.
|
||||
|
||||
# unzip revive-adserver-3.2.2.zip
|
||||
|
||||
Then, we'll gonna move the entire Revive directories including every files from /tmp to the default webroot of Apache Web Server ie /var/www/html/ directory.
|
||||
|
||||
# mv revive-adserver-3.2.2 /var/www/html/reviveads
|
||||
|
||||
### 6. Configuring Apache Web Server ###
|
||||
|
||||
We'll now configure our Apache Server so that revive will run with proper configuration. To do so, we'll create a new virtualhost by creating a new configuration file named reviveads.conf . The directory here may differ from one distribution to another, here is how we create in the following distributions of linux.
|
||||
|
||||
#### On Ubuntu 15.04 ####
|
||||
|
||||
# touch /etc/apache2/sites-available/reviveads.conf
|
||||
# ln -s /etc/apache2/sites-available/reviveads.conf /etc/apache2/sites-enabled/reviveads.conf
|
||||
# nano /etc/apache2/sites-available/reviveads.conf
|
||||
|
||||
Now, we'll gonna add the following lines of configuration into this file using our favorite text editor.
|
||||
|
||||
<VirtualHost *:80>
|
||||
ServerAdmin info@reviveads.linoxide.com
|
||||
DocumentRoot /var/www/html/reviveads/
|
||||
ServerName reviveads.linoxide.com
|
||||
ServerAlias www.reviveads.linoxide.com
|
||||
<Directory /var/www/html/reviveads/>
|
||||
Options FollowSymLinks
|
||||
AllowOverride All
|
||||
</Directory>
|
||||
ErrorLog /var/log/apache2/reviveads.linoxide.com-error_log
|
||||
CustomLog /var/log/apache2/reviveads.linoxide.com-access_log common
|
||||
</VirtualHost>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
After done, we'll gonna save the file and exit our text editor. Then, we'll restart our Apache Web server.
|
||||
|
||||
# systemctl restart apache2
|
||||
|
||||
#### On CentOS 7 ####
|
||||
|
||||
In CentOS, we'll directly create the file reviveads.conf under /etc/httpd/conf.d/ directory using our favorite text editor.
|
||||
|
||||
# nano /etc/httpd/conf.d/reviveads.conf
|
||||
|
||||
Then, we'll gonna add the following lines of configuration into the file.
|
||||
|
||||
<VirtualHost *:80>
|
||||
ServerAdmin info@reviveads.linoxide.com
|
||||
DocumentRoot /var/www/html/reviveads/
|
||||
ServerName reviveads.linoxide.com
|
||||
ServerAlias www.reviveads.linoxide.com
|
||||
<Directory /var/www/html/reviveads/>
|
||||
Options FollowSymLinks
|
||||
AllowOverride All
|
||||
</Directory>
|
||||
ErrorLog /var/log/httpd/reviveads.linoxide.com-error_log
|
||||
CustomLog /var/log/httpd/reviveads.linoxide.com-access_log common
|
||||
</VirtualHost>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Once done, we'll simply save the file and exit the editor. And then, we'll gonna restart our apache web server.
|
||||
|
||||
# systemctl restart httpd
|
||||
|
||||
### 7. Fixing Permissions and Ownership ###
|
||||
|
||||
Now, we'll gonna fix some file permissions and ownership of the installation path. First, we'll gonna set the ownership of the installation directory to Apache process owner so that apache web server will have full access of the files and directories to edit, create and delete.
|
||||
|
||||
#### On Ubuntu 15.04 ####
|
||||
|
||||
# chown www-data: -R /var/www/html/reviveads
|
||||
|
||||
#### On CentOS 7 ####
|
||||
|
||||
# chown apache: -R /var/www/html/reviveads
|
||||
|
||||
### 8. Allowing Firewall ###
|
||||
|
||||
Now, we'll gonna configure our firewall programs to allow port 80 (http) so that our apache web server running Revive Adserver will be accessible from other machines in the network across the default http port ie 80.
|
||||
|
||||
#### On Ubuntu 15.04/CentOS 7 ####
|
||||
|
||||
As CentOS 7 and Ubuntu 15.04 both has systemd installed by default, it contains firewalld running as firewall program. In order to open the port 80 (http service) on firewalld, we'll need to execute the following commands.
|
||||
|
||||
# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=http
|
||||
|
||||
success
|
||||
|
||||
# firewall-cmd --reload
|
||||
|
||||
success
|
||||
|
||||
### 9. Web Installation ###
|
||||
|
||||
Finally, after everything is done as expected, we'll now be able to access the web interface of the application using a web browser. We can go further towards the web installation, by pointing the web browser to the web server we are running in our linux machine. To do so, we'll need to point our web browser to http://ip-address/ or http://domain.com assigned to our linux machine. Here, in this tutorial, we'll point our browser to http://reviveads.linoxide.com/ .
|
||||
|
||||
Here, we'll see the Welcome page of the installation of Revive Adserver with the GNU General Public License V2 as Revive Adserver is released under this license. Then, we'll simply click on I agree button in order to continue the installation.
|
||||
|
||||
In the next page, we'll need to enter the required database information in order to connect Revive Adserver with the MariaDB database server. Here, we'll need to enter the database name, user and password that we had set in the above step. In this tutorial, we entered database name, user and password as revivedb, reviveuser and Pa$$worD123 respectively then, we set the hostname as localhost and continue further.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
We'll now enter the required information like administration username, password and email address so that we can use these information to login to the dashboard of our Adserver. After done, we'll head towards the Finish page in which we'll see that we have successfully installed Revive Adserver in our server.
|
||||
|
||||
Next, we'll be redirected to the Adverstiser page where we'll add new Advertisers and manage them. Then, we'll be able to navigate to our Dashboard, add new users to the adserver, add new campaign for our advertisers, banners, websites, video ads and everything that its built with.
|
||||
|
||||
For enabling more configurations and access towards the administrative settings, we can switch our Dashboard user to the Administrator account. This will add new administrative menus in the dashboard like Plugins, Configuration through which we can add and manage plugins and configure many features and elements of Revive Adserver.
|
||||
|
||||
### Conclusion ###
|
||||
|
||||
In this article, we learned some information on what is Revive Adserver and how we can setup on linux machine running Ubuntu 15.04 and CentOS 7 distributions. Though Revive Adserver's initial source code was bought from OpenX, currently the code base for OpenX Enterprise and Revive Adserver are completely separate. To extend more features, we can install more plugins which we can also find from [http://www.adserverplugins.com/][2] . Really, this piece of software has changed the way of managing the ads for websites, apps, videos and made it very easy and efficient. If you have any questions, suggestions, feedback please write them in the comment box below so that we can improve or update our contents. Thank you !
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://linoxide.com/linux-how-to/install-revive-adserver-ubuntu-15-04-centos-7/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Arun Pyasi][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://linoxide.com/author/arunp/
|
||||
[1]:http://www.revive-adserver.com/download/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.adserverplugins.com/
|
||||
@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
|
||||
Translating by DongShuaike
|
||||
|
||||
Data Structures in the Linux Kernel
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
|
||||
#name1e5s Translating
|
||||
8 things to do after installing openSUSE Leap 42.1
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
|
||||
zpl1025
|
||||
A new Mindcraft moment?
|
||||
=======================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
|
||||
translation by strugglingyouth
|
||||
Linux Desktop Fun: Summon Swarms Of Penguins To Waddle About The Desktop
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
XPenguins is a program for animating cute cartoons animals in your root window. By default it will be penguins they drop in from the top of the screen, walk along the tops of your windows, up the side of your windows, levitate, skateboard, and do other similarly exciting things. Now you can send an army of cute little penguins to invade the screen of someone else on your network.
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
|
||||
translating by ezio
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Securi-Pi: Using the Raspberry Pi as a Secure Landing Point
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
|
||||
[Translating by cposture 16-01-14]
|
||||
* * *
|
||||
|
||||
# GCC-Inline-Assembly-HOWTO
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
|
||||
translating by fw8899
|
||||
What is good stock portfolio management software on Linux
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
If you are investing in the stock market, you probably understand the importance of a sound portfolio management plan. The goal of portfolio management is to come up with the best investment plan tailored for you, considering your risk tolerance, time horizon and financial goals. Given its importance, no wonder there are no shortage of commercial portfolio management apps and stock market monitoring software, each touting various sophisticated portfolio performance tracking and reporting capabilities.
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,103 +0,0 @@
|
||||
Translating by Ping
|
||||
|
||||
How to change from default to alternative Python version on Debian Linux
|
||||
====================================================
|
||||
|
||||
Your Debian Linux installation may include multiple python versions and thus also include multiple python binary executables. You can run the following `ls` command to find out what python binary executables are available on your system:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ ls /usr/bin/python*
|
||||
/usr/bin/python /usr/bin/python2 /usr/bin/python2.7 /usr/bin/python3 /usr/bin/python3.4 /usr/bin/python3.4m /usr/bin/python3m
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
To check what is your default python version execute:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ python --version
|
||||
Python 2.7.8
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
1、Change python version on per user basis
|
||||
To change a python version on per user basis you simply create an `alias` within user's home directory. Open `~/.bashrc` file and add new alias to change your default python executable:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
alias python='/usr/bin/python3.4'
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Once you make the above change, re-login or source your `.bashrc` file:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ . ~/.bashrc
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Check your default python version:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ python --version
|
||||
Python 3.4.2
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
2、 Change python version system-wide
|
||||
To change python version system-wide we can use `update-alternatives` command. Logged in as a root user, first list all available python alternatives:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# update-alternatives --list python
|
||||
update-alternatives: error: no alternatives for python
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
The above error message means that no python alternatives has been recognized by `update-alternatives` command. For this reason we need to update our alternatives table and include both `python2.7` and `python3.4`:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/python python /usr/bin/python2.7 1
|
||||
update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/python2.7 to provide /usr/bin/python (python) in auto mode
|
||||
# update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/python python /usr/bin/python3.4 2
|
||||
update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/python3.4 to provide /usr/bin/python (python) in auto mode
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
The `--install` option take multiple arguments from which it will be able to create a symbolic link. The last argument specified it priority means, if no manual alternative selection is made the alternative with the highest priority number will be set. In our case we have set a priority 2 for `/usr/bin/python3.4` and as a result the `/usr/bin/python3.4` was set as default python version automatically by `update-alternatives` command.
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# python --version
|
||||
Python 3.4.2
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Next, we can again list all python alternatives:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# update-alternatives --list python
|
||||
/usr/bin/python2.7
|
||||
/usr/bin/python3.4
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
From now on, we can anytime switch between the above listed python alternative versions using below command and entering a selection number:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# update-alternatives --config python
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# python --version
|
||||
Python 2.7.8
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
3、 Appendix
|
||||
In case we no longer have the alternative python version installed on our system we can remove its `update-alternatives` listing. For example let's remove python2.7 version:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# update-alternatives --remove python /usr/bin/python2.7
|
||||
update-alternatives: removing manually selected alternative - switching python to auto mode
|
||||
update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/python3.4 to provide /usr/bin/python (python) in auto mode
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://linuxconfig.org/how-to-change-from-default-to-alternative-python-version-on-debian-linux
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[作者][]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
|
||||
(翻译中 by runningwater)
|
||||
How to Add New Disk in Linux CentOS 7 Without Rebooting
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
Increasing disk spaces on the Linux servers is a daily routine work for very system administrator. So, in this article we are going to show you some simple simple steps that you can use to increase your disk spaces on Linux CentOS 7 without rebooting to your production server using Linux commands. We will cover multiple methods and possibilities to increase and add new disks to the Linux systems, so that you can follow the one that you feel comfortable while using according to your requirements.
|
||||
|
||||
### 1. Increasing Disk of VM Guest: ###
|
||||
|
||||
Before increasing the disk volume inside your Linux system, you need to add a new disk or increase the one its has already attached with the system by editing its settings from your VMware vShere, Workstation or any other infrastructure environment that you are using.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 2. Check Disk Space: ###
|
||||
|
||||
Run the following command to check the current size of your disk space.
|
||||
|
||||
# df -h
|
||||
# fdisk -l
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Here we can see that the total disk size is still the same that is 10 GB while we have already increased it to 50 GB from the back end.
|
||||
|
||||
### 3. Expanding Space without Rebooting VM ###
|
||||
|
||||
Now run the following commands to expand the disk space in the physical volume of the Operating System without rebooting the virtual machine by Re-scanning the SCSI Bus and then adding SCSI Device.
|
||||
|
||||
# ls /sys/class/scsi_host/
|
||||
# echo "- - -" > /sys/class/scsi_host/host0/scan
|
||||
# echo "- - -" > /sys/class/scsi_host/host1/scan
|
||||
# echo "- - -" > /sys/class/scsi_host/host2/scan
|
||||
|
||||
Check the names of your SCSI devices and then rescan the SCSI buses using below commands.
|
||||
|
||||
# ls /sys/class/scsi_device/
|
||||
# echo 1 > /sys/class/scsi_device/0\:0\:0\:0/device/rescan
|
||||
# echo 1 > /sys/class/scsi_device/2\:0\:0\:0/device/rescan
|
||||
|
||||
That will rescan the current scsi bus and the disk size that we increased from the VM guest settings will be show up as you can see in the below image.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 4. New Disk Partition: ###
|
||||
|
||||
Once you are able to see the increased disk space inside your system then the run the following command to format your disk for creating a new partition by following the steps to increase your physical disk volume.
|
||||
|
||||
# fdisk /dev/sda
|
||||
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2) press the 'm' key for help
|
||||
Command (m for help): m
|
||||
Command action
|
||||
a toggle a bootable flag
|
||||
b edit bsd disklabel
|
||||
c toggle the dos compatibility flag
|
||||
d delete a partition
|
||||
g create a new empty GPT partition table
|
||||
G create an IRIX (SGI) partition table
|
||||
l list known partition types
|
||||
m print this menu
|
||||
n add a new partition
|
||||
o create a new empty DOS partition table
|
||||
p print the partition table
|
||||
q quit without saving changes
|
||||
s create a new empty Sun disklabel
|
||||
t change a partition's system id
|
||||
u change display/entry units
|
||||
v verify the partition table
|
||||
w write table to disk and exit
|
||||
x extra functionality (experts only)
|
||||
|
||||
Command (m for help):
|
||||
|
||||
Type the 'p' to print the current partition table then create a new primary partition by typing the 'n' key and selecting the available sectors. Change the disk type to 'Linux LVM' by using 't' command and selecting the code to '8e' or leave as it to its default type that is '83'.
|
||||
|
||||
Now write the table to disk and exit by Entring 'w' key as shown.
|
||||
|
||||
Command (m for help): w
|
||||
The partition table has been altered!
|
||||
|
||||
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
|
||||
|
||||
WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy.
|
||||
The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at
|
||||
the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 5. Creating Physical Volume: ###
|
||||
|
||||
As indicated above run the 'partprobe' or kpartx command so that the tables are ready to use and then create the new Physical Volume using the below commands.
|
||||
|
||||
# partprobe
|
||||
# pvresize /dev/sda3
|
||||
|
||||
To check the newly created volume run the following command to see if the new physical volume has been created and visible. After that we will extend the Volume Group 'centos' with the newly create Physical Volume as shown.
|
||||
|
||||
# pvdisplay
|
||||
# vgextend centos /dev/sda3
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 6. Extending Logical Volume: ###
|
||||
|
||||
Now we will extend the Logical Volume to increase the disk space on it using the the below command.
|
||||
|
||||
# lvextend -L +40G /dev/mapper/centos-root
|
||||
|
||||
Once you get the successfully increased message, run the command as shown below to extend the size of your logical volume .
|
||||
|
||||
# xfs_growfs /dev/mapper/centos-root
|
||||
|
||||
The size of the '/' partition has been increased successfully, you can check the size of your disk drives by using the 'df' command as shown.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 7. Extending Root Partition by Adding New Disk Without Reboot: ###
|
||||
|
||||
This is the second method with but with quite similar commands to increase the size of the Logical volume in CentOS 7.
|
||||
|
||||
So, the first step is to Open the setting of your VM guest settings and click on the 'Add' new button and proceed to the next option.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Choose the required configuration for the new disk by selecting the size of the new disk and its type as shown in the below image.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Then come to the server side and repeat the following commands to scan your disk devices to the new disk is visible on the system.
|
||||
|
||||
# echo "- - -" > /sys/class/scsi_host/host0/scan
|
||||
# echo "- - -" > /sys/class/scsi_host/host1/scan
|
||||
# echo "- - -" > /sys/class/scsi_host/host2/scan
|
||||
|
||||
List the names of your SCSi devices
|
||||
|
||||
# ls /sys/class/scsi_device/
|
||||
# echo 1 > /sys/class/scsi_device/1\:0\:0\:0/device/rescan
|
||||
# echo 1 > /sys/class/scsi_device/2\:0\:0\:0/device/rescan
|
||||
# echo 1 > /sys/class/scsi_device/3\:0\:0\:0/device/rescan
|
||||
# fdisk -l
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Once the new disk is visible run the below commands to create the new physical volume and add it to the volume group as shown.
|
||||
|
||||
# pvcreate /dev/sdb
|
||||
# vgextend centos /dev/sdb
|
||||
# vgdisplay
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Now extend the Logical Volume by adding the disk space on it and then add it to the root partition.
|
||||
|
||||
# lvextend -L +20G /dev/mapper/centos-root
|
||||
# xfs_growfs /dev/mapper/centos-root
|
||||
# df -h
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Conclusion: ###
|
||||
|
||||
Managing disk partitions in Linux CentOS 7 is a simple process to increase the disk space of any of your logical volumes by using the steps as described in this article. You don't need to give your production server's reboot for this purpose but simply rescan your SCSi devices and expand your desired LVM. We hope you find this article much helpful. Feel free to leave your valuable comments or suggestions.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://linoxide.com/linux-how-to/add-new-disk-centos-7-without-rebooting/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Kashif S][a]
|
||||
译者：[runningwater](https://github.com/runningwater
|
||||
)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://linoxide.com/author/kashifs/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,327 @@
|
||||
translation by strugglingyouth
|
||||
How to Install MariaDB 10 on CentOS 7 CPanel Server
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
MariaDB is a enhanced open source and drop-in replacement for MySQL. It is developed by MariaDB community and available under the terms of the GPL v2 license. Software Security is the main focus for the MariaDB developers. They maintain its own set of security patches for each MariaDB releases. When any critical security issues are discovered, the developers introduces a new release of MariaDB to get the fix out as soon as possible.
|
||||
|
||||
MariaDB is always up-to-date with the latest MySQL releases. It is highly compatible and works exactly like the MySQL. Almost all commands, data, table definition files, Client APIs, protocols, interfaces, structures, filenames, binaries, ports, database storage locations etc are same as the MySQL. It isn't even needed to convert databases to switch to MariaDB.
|
||||
|
||||
### Advantages of MariaDB ###
|
||||
|
||||
- Truly Open source
|
||||
- More quicker and transparent security releases
|
||||
- Highly Compatible with MySQL
|
||||
- Improved Performance
|
||||
- More storage engines compared to MySQL
|
||||
|
||||
In this article, I provides guidelines on how to upgrade MySQL 5.5 to the latest MariaDB on a CentOS 7 CPanel server. Let's walk through the Pre-installation steps.
|
||||
|
||||
### Pre-requisites: ###
|
||||
|
||||
#### 1. Stop current MySQL Service ####
|
||||
|
||||
root@server1 [/var/# mysql
|
||||
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
|
||||
Your MySQL connection id is 5859
|
||||
Server version: 5.5.47-cll MySQL Community Server (GPL)
|
||||
|
||||
Copyright (c) 2000, 2015, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
|
||||
|
||||
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
|
||||
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
|
||||
owners.
|
||||
|
||||
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
|
||||
|
||||
root@server1 [~]# systemctl stop mysql
|
||||
root@server1 [~]# systemctl status mysql
|
||||
● mysql.service - LSB: start and stop MySQL
|
||||
Loaded: loaded (/etc/rc.d/init.d/mysql)
|
||||
Active: failed (Result: exit-code) since Sun 2016-01-31 10:00:02 UTC; 1min 31s ago
|
||||
Docs: man:systemd-sysv-generator(8)
|
||||
Main PID: 23430 (code=exited, status=203/EXEC)
|
||||
|
||||
Jan 31 10:00:02 server1.centos7-test.com systemd[1]: Started MySQL Server.
|
||||
Jan 31 10:00:02 server1.centos7-test.com systemd[1]: Starting MySQL Server...
|
||||
Jan 31 10:00:02 server1.centos7-test.com systemd[1]: mysql.service: main process exited, code=exited, status=203/EXEC
|
||||
Jan 31 10:00:02 server1.centos7-test.com systemd[1]: Unit mysql.service entered failed state.
|
||||
Jan 31 10:00:02 server1.centos7-test.com systemd[1]: mysql.service failed.
|
||||
|
||||
#### 2. Move all configuration files and databases prior to the upgrade ####
|
||||
|
||||
Move the DB storage path and MySQL configuration files
|
||||
|
||||
root@server1 [~]# cp -Rf /var/lib/mysql /var/lib/mysql-old
|
||||
|
||||
root@server1 [/var/lib/mysql]# cat /etc/my.cnf
|
||||
[mysqld]
|
||||
default-storage-engine=MyISAM
|
||||
innodb_file_per_table=1
|
||||
max_allowed_packet=268435456
|
||||
open_files_limit=10000
|
||||
|
||||
root@server1 [~]#mv /etc/my.cnf /etc/my.cnf-old
|
||||
|
||||
#### 3. Remove and uninstall all MySQL rpms from the server ####
|
||||
|
||||
Run the following commands to disable the MySQL RPM targets. By running this commands, cPanel will no longer handle MySQL updates, and mark these rpm.versions as uninstalled on the system.
|
||||
|
||||
/scripts/update_local_rpm_versions --edit target_settings.MySQL50 uninstalled
|
||||
/scripts/update_local_rpm_versions --edit target_settings.MySQL51 uninstalled
|
||||
/scripts/update_local_rpm_versions --edit target_settings.MySQL55 uninstalled
|
||||
/scripts/update_local_rpm_versions --edit target_settings.MySQL56 uninstalled
|
||||
|
||||
Now run the this command:
|
||||
|
||||
/scripts/check_cpanel_rpms --fix --targets=MySQL50,MySQL51,MySQL55,MySQL56 to remove all existing MySQL rpms on the server and leave a clean environment for MariaDB installation. Please see its output below:
|
||||
|
||||
root@server1 [/var/lib/mysql]# /scripts/check_cpanel_rpms --fix --targets=MySQL50,MySQL51,MySQL55,MySQL56
|
||||
[2016-01-31 09:53:59 +0000]
|
||||
[2016-01-31 09:53:59 +0000] Problems were detected with cPanel-provided files which are RPM controlled.
|
||||
[2016-01-31 09:53:59 +0000] If you did not make these changes intentionally, you can correct them by running:
|
||||
[2016-01-31 09:53:59 +0000]
|
||||
[2016-01-31 09:53:59 +0000] > /usr/local/cpanel/scripts/check_cpanel_rpms --fix
|
||||
[2016-01-31 09:53:59 +0000]
|
||||
[2016-01-31 09:53:59 +0000] The following RPMs are unneeded on your system and should be uninstalled:
|
||||
[2016-01-31 09:53:59 +0000] MySQL55-client-5.5.47-1.cp1148
|
||||
[2016-01-31 09:53:59 +0000] MySQL55-devel-5.5.47-1.cp1148
|
||||
[2016-01-31 09:53:59 +0000] MySQL55-server-5.5.47-1.cp1148
|
||||
[2016-01-31 09:53:59 +0000] MySQL55-shared-5.5.47-1.cp1148
|
||||
[2016-01-31 09:53:59 +0000] MySQL55-test-5.5.47-1.cp1148
|
||||
[2016-01-31 09:53:59 +0000] compat-MySQL50-shared-5.0.96-4.cp1136
|
||||
[2016-01-31 09:53:59 +0000] compat-MySQL51-shared-5.1.73-1.cp1150
|
||||
[2016-01-31 09:53:59 +0000] Removing 0 broken rpms:
|
||||
[2016-01-31 09:53:59 +0000] rpm: no packages given for erase
|
||||
[2016-01-31 09:53:59 +0000] No new RPMS needed for install
|
||||
[2016-01-31 09:53:59 +0000] Disabling service monitoring.
|
||||
[2016-01-31 09:54:01 +0000] Uninstalling unneeded rpms: MySQL55-test MySQL55-server MySQL55-client compat-MySQL51-shared compat-MySQL50-shared MySQL55-shared MySQL55-devel
|
||||
[2016-01-31 09:54:04 +0000] Removed symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/mysql.service.
|
||||
[2016-01-31 09:54:04 +0000] Restoring service monitoring.
|
||||
|
||||
With these steps, we've uninstalled existing MySQL RPMs, marked targets to prevent further MySQL updates and made the server ready and clean for the MariaDB installation.
|
||||
|
||||
To startup with the installation, we need to create a yum repository for MariaDB depending on the MariaDB & CentOS versions. This is how I did it!
|
||||
|
||||
### Installation procedures: ###
|
||||
|
||||
#### Step 1: Creating a YUM repository. ####
|
||||
|
||||
root@server1 [~]# vim /etc/yum.repos.d/MariaDB.repo
|
||||
[mariadb]
|
||||
name = MariaDB
|
||||
baseurl = http://yum.mariadb.org/10.0/centos7-amd64/
|
||||
gpgkey=https://yum.mariadb.org/RPM-GPG-KEY-MariaDB
|
||||
gpgcheck=1
|
||||
root@server1 [/etc/yum.repos.d]# cat /etc/yum.repos.d/MariaDB.repo
|
||||
[mariadb]
|
||||
name = MariaDB
|
||||
baseurl = http://yum.mariadb.org/10.0/centos7-amd64/
|
||||
gpgkey=https://yum.mariadb.org/RPM-GPG-KEY-MariaDB
|
||||
gpgcheck=1
|
||||
|
||||
#### Step 2: Open the /etc/yum.conf and modify the exclude line as below: ####
|
||||
|
||||
**Remove this line** exclude=courier* dovecot* exim* filesystem httpd* mod_ssl* mydns* mysql* nsd* php* proftpd* pure-ftpd* spamassassin* squirrelmail*
|
||||
|
||||
**And replace with this line** exclude=courier* dovecot* exim* filesystem httpd* mod_ssl* mydns* nsd* proftpd* pure-ftpd* spamassassin* squirrelmail*
|
||||
|
||||
**\*\*\* IMPORTANT \*\*\***
|
||||
|
||||
We need to make sure, we've removed the MySQL and PHP from the exclude list.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Step 3: Run the following command to install MariaDB and related packages. ####
|
||||
|
||||
**yum install MariaDB-server MariaDB-client MariaDB-devel php-mysql**
|
||||
|
||||
root@server1 [~]#yum install MariaDB-server MariaDB-client MariaDB-devel php-mysql
|
||||
|
||||
Dependencies Resolved
|
||||
|
||||
===============================================================================================================================================
|
||||
Package Arch Version Repository Size
|
||||
===============================================================================================================================================
|
||||
Installing:
|
||||
MariaDB-client x86_64 10.0.23-1.el7.centos mariadb 10 M
|
||||
MariaDB-devel x86_64 10.0.23-1.el7.centos mariadb 6.3 M
|
||||
MariaDB-server x86_64 10.0.23-1.el7.centos mariadb 55 M
|
||||
php-mysql x86_64 5.4.16-36.el7_1 base 99 k
|
||||
Installing for dependencies:
|
||||
MariaDB-common x86_64 10.0.23-1.el7.centos mariadb 43 k
|
||||
MariaDB-shared x86_64 10.0.23-1.el7.centos mariadb 1.2 M
|
||||
libzip x86_64 0.10.1-8.el7 base 48 k
|
||||
php-common x86_64 5.4.16-36.el7_1 base 563 k
|
||||
php-pdo x86_64 5.4.16-36.el7_1 base 97 k
|
||||
|
||||
Transaction Summary
|
||||
===============================================================================================================================================
|
||||
Install 4 Packages (+5 Dependent package)
|
||||
|
||||
#### Step 4: Restart and make sure the MySQL service is up. ####
|
||||
|
||||
root@server1 [~]# systemctl start mysql
|
||||
root@server1 [~]#
|
||||
root@server1 [~]#
|
||||
root@server1 [~]# systemctl status mysql
|
||||
● mysql.service - LSB: start and stop MySQL
|
||||
Loaded: loaded (/etc/rc.d/init.d/mysql)
|
||||
Active: active (exited) since Sun 2016-01-31 10:01:46 UTC; 3s ago
|
||||
Docs: man:systemd-sysv-generator(8)
|
||||
Process: 23717 ExecStart=/etc/rc.d/init.d/mysql start (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
|
||||
Main PID: 23430 (code=exited, status=203/EXEC)
|
||||
|
||||
Jan 31 10:01:46 server1.centos7-test.com systemd[1]: Starting LSB: start and stop MySQL...
|
||||
Jan 31 10:01:46 server1.centos7-test.com mysql[23717]: Starting MySQL SUCCESS!
|
||||
Jan 31 10:01:46 server1.centos7-test.com systemd[1]: Started LSB: start and stop MySQL.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Step 5: Run mysql_upgrade command ####
|
||||
|
||||
It will examine all tables in all databases for incompatibilities with the current installed version and upgrades the system tables if necessary to take advantage of new privileges or capabilities that might have added with the current version.
|
||||
|
||||
root@server1 [~]# mysql_upgrade
|
||||
MySQL upgrade detected
|
||||
Phase 1/6: Checking and upgrading mysql database
|
||||
Processing databases
|
||||
mysql
|
||||
mysql.columns_priv OK
|
||||
mysql.db OK
|
||||
mysql.event OK
|
||||
mysql.func OK
|
||||
mysql.help_category OK
|
||||
mysql.help_keyword OK
|
||||
mysql.help_relation OK
|
||||
mysql.help_topic OK
|
||||
mysql.host OK
|
||||
mysql.ndb_binlog_index OK
|
||||
mysql.plugin OK
|
||||
mysql.proc OK
|
||||
mysql.procs_priv OK
|
||||
mysql.proxies_priv OK
|
||||
mysql.servers OK
|
||||
mysql.tables_priv OK
|
||||
mysql.time_zone OK
|
||||
mysql.time_zone_leap_second OK
|
||||
mysql.time_zone_name OK
|
||||
mysql.time_zone_transition OK
|
||||
mysql.time_zone_transition_type OK
|
||||
mysql.user OK
|
||||
Phase 2/6: Fixing views from mysql
|
||||
Phase 3/6: Running 'mysql_fix_privilege_tables'
|
||||
Phase 4/6: Fixing table and database names
|
||||
Phase 5/6: Checking and upgrading tables
|
||||
Processing databases
|
||||
cphulkd
|
||||
cphulkd.auths OK
|
||||
cphulkd.blacklist OK
|
||||
cphulkd.brutes OK
|
||||
cphulkd.good_logins OK
|
||||
cphulkd.ip_lists OK
|
||||
cphulkd.known_netblocks OK
|
||||
cphulkd.login_track OK
|
||||
cphulkd.logins OK
|
||||
cphulkd.report OK
|
||||
cphulkd.whitelist OK
|
||||
eximstats
|
||||
eximstats.defers OK
|
||||
eximstats.failures OK
|
||||
eximstats.sends OK
|
||||
eximstats.smtp OK
|
||||
information_schema
|
||||
leechprotect
|
||||
leechprotect.hits OK
|
||||
modsec
|
||||
modsec.hits OK
|
||||
performance_schema
|
||||
roundcube
|
||||
roundcube.cache OK
|
||||
roundcube.cache_index OK
|
||||
roundcube.cache_messages OK
|
||||
roundcube.cache_shared OK
|
||||
roundcube.cache_thread OK
|
||||
roundcube.contactgroupmembers OK
|
||||
roundcube.contactgroups OK
|
||||
roundcube.contacts OK
|
||||
roundcube.cp_schema_version OK
|
||||
roundcube.dictionary OK
|
||||
roundcube.identities OK
|
||||
roundcube.searches OK
|
||||
roundcube.session OK
|
||||
roundcube.system OK
|
||||
roundcube.users OK
|
||||
saheetha_test
|
||||
saheetha_test.authors OK
|
||||
whmxfer
|
||||
whmxfer.sessions OK
|
||||
Phase 6/6: Running 'FLUSH PRIVILEGES'
|
||||
OK
|
||||
|
||||
#### Step 6 : Restart the MySQL service once again to ensure everything works perfect. ####
|
||||
|
||||
root@server1 [~]# systemctl restart mysql
|
||||
root@server1 [~]#
|
||||
root@server1 [~]# systemctl status mysql
|
||||
● mysql.service - LSB: start and stop MySQL
|
||||
Loaded: loaded (/etc/rc.d/init.d/mysql)
|
||||
Active: active (running) since Sun 2016-01-31 10:04:11 UTC; 9s ago
|
||||
Docs: man:systemd-sysv-generator(8)
|
||||
Process: 23831 ExecStop=/etc/rc.d/init.d/mysql stop (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
|
||||
Process: 23854 ExecStart=/etc/rc.d/init.d/mysql start (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
|
||||
Main PID: 23430 (code=exited, status=203/EXEC)
|
||||
CGroup: /system.slice/mysql.service
|
||||
├─23861 /bin/sh /usr/bin/mysqld_safe --datadir=/var/lib/mysql --pid-file=/var/lib/mysql/server1.centos7-test.com.pid
|
||||
└─23933 /usr/sbin/mysqld --basedir=/usr --datadir=/var/lib/mysql --plugin-dir=/usr/lib64/mysql/plugin --user=mysql --log-error=/v...
|
||||
|
||||
Jan 31 10:04:10 server1.centos7-test.com systemd[1]: Starting LSB: start and stop MySQL...
|
||||
Jan 31 10:04:11 server1.centos7-test.com mysql[23854]: Starting MySQL. SUCCESS!
|
||||
Jan 31 10:04:11 server1.centos7-test.com systemd[1]: Started LSB: start and stop MySQL.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Step 7: Run EasyApache to rebuild Apache/PHP with MariaDB and ensure all PHP modules remains intact. ####
|
||||
|
||||
root@server1 [~]#/scripts/easyapache --build
|
||||
|
||||
****IMPORTANT *****
|
||||
If you forget to rebuild Apache/PHP after the MariaDB installation, it will report the library error as below:
|
||||
|
||||
root@server1 [/etc/my.cnf.d]# php -v
|
||||
php: error while loading shared libraries: libmysqlclient.so.18: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory
|
||||
|
||||
#### Step 8: Now verify the installation and databases. ####
|
||||
|
||||
root@server1 [/var/lib/mysql]# mysql
|
||||
Welcome to the MariaDB monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
|
||||
Your MariaDB connection id is 15
|
||||
Server version: 10.0.23-MariaDB MariaDB Server
|
||||
|
||||
Copyright (c) 2000, 2015, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.
|
||||
|
||||
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
|
||||
|
||||
MariaDB [(none)]> show storage engines;
|
||||
+--------------------+---------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------+------+------------+
|
||||
| Engine | Support | Comment | Transactions | XA | Savepoints |
|
||||
+--------------------+---------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------+------+------------+
|
||||
| CSV | YES | CSV storage engine | NO | NO | NO |
|
||||
| MRG_MyISAM | YES | Collection of identical MyISAM tables | NO | NO | NO |
|
||||
| MEMORY | YES | Hash based, stored in memory, useful for temporary tables | NO | NO | NO |
|
||||
| BLACKHOLE | YES | /dev/null storage engine (anything you write to it disappears) | NO | NO | NO |
|
||||
| MyISAM | YES | MyISAM storage engine | NO | NO | NO |
|
||||
| InnoDB | DEFAULT | Percona-XtraDB, Supports transactions, row-level locking, and foreign keys | YES | YES | YES |
|
||||
| ARCHIVE | YES | Archive storage engine | NO | NO | NO |
|
||||
| FEDERATED | YES | FederatedX pluggable storage engine | YES | NO | YES |
|
||||
| PERFORMANCE_SCHEMA | YES | Performance Schema | NO | NO | NO |
|
||||
| Aria | YES | Crash-safe tables with MyISAM heritage | NO | NO | NO |
|
||||
+--------------------+---------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------+------+------------+
|
||||
10 rows in set (0.00 sec)
|
||||
|
||||
That's all :). Now we're all set to go with MariaDB with its improved and efficient features. Hope you enjoyed reading this documentation. I would recommend your valuable suggestions and feedback on this!
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://linoxide.com/how-tos/install-mariadb-10-centos-7-cpanel/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Saheetha Shameer][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://linoxide.com/author/saheethas/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
|
||||
9 Key Trends in Hybrid Cloud Computing
|
||||
========================================
|
||||
|
||||
All three forms of cloud computing – public, private, and hybrid – have undergone considerable evolution since the concepts first gained the attention of IT years ago. Hybrid cloud is the overwhelming favorite form of the cloud, with [88% of firms surveyed](https://www.greenhousedata.com/blog/hybrid-continues-to-be-most-popular-cloud-option-adoption-accelerating) rating it as important or critical to their business.
|
||||
|
||||
The lightning-fast evolution of hybrid cloud means the conventional wisdom of a year or two back is already obsolete. So we asked several industry analysts where they saw the hybrid cloud headed in 2016 and got some interesting answers.
|
||||
|
||||
1. **2016 might be the year that we get hybrid cloud to actually work.**
|
||||
|
||||
By its very nature, hybrid cloud relies on private cloud, which has proven elusive for most enterprises. The fact is that the public cloud – Amazon, Google, Microsoft – have had much more investment and a longer head start. The private cloud has hamstrung the hybrid cloud's growth and usability.
|
||||
|
||||
There hasn't been as much investment in the private cloud because by its very nature, the private cloud means keeping and investing in your own data center. And many public cloud providers are pushing enterprises to reduce or eliminate their data center spending all together.
|
||||
|
||||
However, this year will see the private cloud start to catch up thanks to advances in OpenStack and Microsoft's Azure Stack, which is basically a private cloud in a box. The tools, infrastructures, and architectures to support hybrid cloud are also becoming much more robust.
|
||||
|
||||
2. **Containers, microservices, and unikernels will bolster the hybrid cloud.**
|
||||
|
||||
These are all cloud native technologies and will all be more or less mainstream by the end of 2016, analysts predict. They are maturing rapidly and serving as a viable alternative to virtual machines, which require more resources.
|
||||
|
||||
More importantly, they work in an on-premises scenario as well as an off-premises scenario. Containerization and orchestration allow rapid scale up, scale out, and service migration between public and private cloud, making it even easier to move your services around.
|
||||
|
||||
3. **Data and relevance take center stage**
|
||||
|
||||
The cloud, in all its forms, has been in growth mode. That makes it a technology story. But with the cloud shifting into maturity, data and relevance become more important, according to the consultancy [Avoa](http://avoa.com/2016/01/01/2016-is-the-year-of-data-and-relevance/). At first, the cloud and Big Data were all about sucking up as much data as possible. Then they worried about what to do with it.
|
||||
|
||||
In 2016, organizations will hone their craft in how data is collected and used. There is still much progress to be made in the technological and cultural aspects that must be dealt with. But 2016 should bring a renewed focus on the importance of data from all aspects and finding the most relevant information, not just lots of it.
|
||||
|
||||
4. **Cloud services move beyond just on-demand workloads**
|
||||
|
||||
AWS got its start as a place where a programmer/developer could spin up a VM real quick, get some work done, and get off. That's the essence of on-demand use, and given how much it can cost to leave those services constantly running, there is almost a disincentive to keep them running 24/7.
|
||||
|
||||
However, IT organizations are starting to act as service brokers to provide all manner of IT services to their in-house users. This can be anything from in-house IT services, public cloud infrastructure providers, platform-as-a-service, and software-as-a-service.
|
||||
|
||||
They will increasingly recognize the value of tools like cloud management platforms to provide consistent policy-based management over many of these different services. And they will see the value of technology such as containers to enhance portability. However, cloud service brokering in the sense of rapidly moving workloads between clouds for price arbitrage and related reasons will continue to be a non-starter.
|
||||
|
||||
5. **Service providers become cloud service providers**
|
||||
|
||||
Up to now, buying cloud services has been a direct sale model. The user was frequently the buyer of AWS EC2 services, either through officially recognized channels at work or through Shadow IT. But as cloud services become more comprehensive, and the menu of services more confusing, more and more people are turning to resellers and services providers to act as the purchaser of IT services for them.
|
||||
|
||||
A recent survey by 2nd Watch, a Seattle-based cloud services provider, found nearly 85 percent of IT executives in the United States would be willing to pay a small premium to buy public cloud from a channel partner if it were to make it less complex. And about four out of every five within that 85 percent would shell out an extra 15 percent or more, the survey found. One in three executives surveyed said they could use the help in buying, using, and managing public cloud services.
|
||||
|
||||
6. **IoT and cloud is to 2016 what mobile and cloud was to 2012**
|
||||
|
||||
IoT is gaining mindshare and, more importantly, it's moving from test beds to real use cases. The cloud is a vital part for IoT due to its distributed nature, and for industrial IoT, where machinery and heavy equipment talk to back-end systems, a hybrid cloud will be most natural driver because the connection, data collection, and processing will happen in a hybrid cloud environment, due to perceived benefits of the private cloud side, like security and privacy.
|
||||
|
||||
7. **The NIST definition of the cloud begins to break down**
|
||||
|
||||
In 2011, the National Institute of Standards and Technology published "[The NIST Definition of Cloud Computing](http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-145/SP800-145.pdf)" (PDF) that became the standard definitions of private, public, and hybrid cloud terms and as-a-service models.
|
||||
|
||||
Over time, though, the definitions have changed. IaaS has become much more complex, supporting things like OpenStack, [Swift](https://wiki.openstack.org/wiki/Swift) for object storage and [Neutron networking](https://wiki.openstack.org/wiki/Neutron). PaaS seems to be fading out because there's little that separates it from traditional middleware application development. And SaaS, which was just apps accessed through a browser, is losing steam because with so many cloud APIs for apps and services, you can access them through anything, not just a browser.
|
||||
|
||||
8. **Analytics becomes more important**
|
||||
|
||||
Analytics will be a huge growth opportunity for hybrid cloud because the high volume of data used in analytics is well suited to cloud, with its advantages of large scale and elasticity. For some forms of analytics, like highly sensitive data, then the private cloud will still rule. But the private cloud is part of the hybrid cloud, so either way, hybrid cloud wins.
|
||||
|
||||
9. **Security takes on a new urgency**
|
||||
|
||||
As hybrid cloud grows in 2016 and adds all kinds of new technologies, like IoT and containers, this just adds more vulnerable surface areas for data breaches. Add to it the tendency to rush into a new technology and then secure it later, which happens all the time, along with inexperienced technologists who don't think to secure the system – and you have a recipe for disaster.
|
||||
|
||||
When new technologies come out, management discipline almost always lags and we think about securing the technology later. Containers are a good example. You can download all kinds of sample containers from Docker, but do you know where it came from? Docker had to go back and add security verifications after it started letting people download and run containers without any idea what was really in it.
|
||||
|
||||
Mobile technologies like Path and Snapchat had major security problems a few years back as the smartphone market was taking off. It's inevitable that a new technology will be exploited by the bad guys. So security researchers will have their hands full trying to secure these new technologies. Probably after they get deployed.
|
||||
|
||||
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.datamation.com/cloud-computing/9-key-trends-in-hybrid-cloud-computing.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Andy Patrizio][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.datamation.com/author/Andy-Patrizio-90720.html
|
||||
50
sources/tech/20160218 A Linux-powered microwave oven.md
Normal file
50
sources/tech/20160218 A Linux-powered microwave oven.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
|
||||
A Linux-powered microwave oven
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
Scratching an itch is a recurring theme in presentations at [linux.conf.au](http://linux.conf.au/). As the open-hardware movement gains strength, more and more of these itches relate to the physical world, not just the digital. David Tulloh used his [presentation [WebM]](http://mirror.linux.org.au/linux.conf.au/2016/04_Thursday/D4.303_Costa_Theatre/Linux_driven_microwave.webm) on the “Linux Driven Microwave” to discuss how annoying microwave ovens can be and to describe his project to build something less irritating.
|
||||
|
||||
Tulloh's story began when he obtained a microwave oven, admittedly an inexpensive one, with a user interface even worse than the norm. Setting the time required pressing buttons so hard that the microwave tended to get pushed away — a fact that was elegantly balanced by the door handle requiring a sufficiently hard tug to return the oven to its original position. While this is clearly an extreme case, Tulloh lamented that microwave ovens really hadn't improved noticeably in recent decades. They may have gotten a little cheaper and gained a few features that few people could use without poring over the instruction manual — the implied contrast to smartphones, which are widely used with little instruction, was clear.
|
||||
|
||||
This microwave oven was not a lost cause — it gave its life to the greater good and became the prototype for an idea that Tulloh hopes to turn into a crowd-funded project if he can find the right match between features and demand: a Linux-driven microwave oven.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## Adding novelty
|
||||
|
||||
Adding a smartphone-like touchscreen and a network connection and encouraging a community to build innovative apps such as recipe sharing are fairly obvious ideas once you think to put “Linux” and “microwave oven” together, but Tulloh's vision and prototype lead well beyond there. Two novel features that have been fitted are a thermal camera and a scale for measuring weight.
|
||||
|
||||
The thermal camera provides an eight-by-eight-pixel image of the contents of the oven with a precision of about two degrees. This is enough to detect if a glass of milk is about to boil over, or if the steak being thawed is in danger of getting cooked. In either case, the power can be reduced or removed. If appropriate, an alert can be sounded. This would not be the first microwave to be temperature sensitive — GE sold microwave ovens with temperature probes decades ago — but an always-present sensor is much more useful than a manually inserted probe, especially when there is an accessible API behind it.
|
||||
|
||||
The second innovation is a built-in scale to weigh the food (and container) being cooked. Many recipes give cooking-time guidance based on weight and some microwave ovens allow you to enter the weight manually so it can do a calculation for you. With built-in scales, that can become automatic. Placing a scale reliably under the rotating plate typical of many microwave ovens would be a mechanical challenge that Tulloh did not think worth confronting. Instead his design is based on the “flat-plate” or “flat-bed” style of oven — placing a sensor at each of the four corners is mechanically straightforward and gives good results.
|
||||
|
||||
[User interface]
|
||||
Once you have these extra sensors — weight and temperature — connected to a suitable logic engine, more interesting possibilities can be explored. A cup of cold milk from the fridge will have a particular weight and temperature profile with a modest degree of error. Tulloh suggested that situation could be detected and some relevant options such as “Boil” or “Warm” could be offered for easy selection (a mock up of the interface is at right, a clickable version is [here](http://mwgui.tulloh.id.au/)). Simple machine learning could extend this to create a personalized experience. It would be easy to collect a history of starting profiles and cooking choices; when those patterns are detected, the most likely cooking choices could be made the easiest to select.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## Overcoming staleness
|
||||
|
||||
Beyond just new functionality, Tulloh wants to improve the functionality that already exists. Door handles as stiff as on Tulloh's cheap microwave may not be common, but few microwave oven doors seem designed to make life easy for people with physical handicaps. There are regulatory restrictions, particularly in the US, that require the oven to function only if there is positive confirmation that the door is actually shut. This confirmation must be resilient against simple fraud, so poking a stick in the hole must not trick the oven into working with the door open. In fact, there must be two independent confirmations and, if they disagree, a fuse must be blown so that a service call is required. Tulloh believes that a magnetic latch would provide much greater flexibility (including easy software control) and that magnetic keying similar to that used in a [magnetic keyed lock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_keyed_lock) would allow the magnetic latch to pass certification.
|
||||
|
||||
Another pain point with microwave ovens is the annoying sounds they make. Tulloh has discarded the beeper and hooked up a speaker to the Banana Pi that is controlling his prototype. This allows for more pleasant and configurable alerts as well as for advice and guidance through a text-to-speech system. Adding a microphone for voice control is an obvious next step.
|
||||
|
||||
Many microwave ovens can do more than just set a time and a power level — they provide a range of power profiles for cooking, warming, defrosting, and so on. Adding precise temperature sensing will allow the community to extend this range substantially. A question from Andrew Tridgell in the audience wondered if tempering chocolate — a process that requires very precise temperature control — would be possible. Tulloh had no experience with the process, and couldn't make promises, but thought it was certainly worth looking in to. Even if that doesn't work out, it shows clear potential for value to be gained from community input.
|
||||
|
||||
## Availability
|
||||
|
||||
Tulloh would very much like to get these Linux-enabled microwave ovens out into the world to create a community and see where it goes. Buying existing ovens and replacing the electronics is not seen as a viable option. The result would be ugly and, given that a small-run smart microwave will inevitably cost more, potential buyers are going to want something that doesn't look completely out of place in their kitchen.
|
||||
|
||||
Many components are available off-the-shelf (magnetron, processor board, thermal sensor) and others, such as a USB interface for the thermal sensor, are easily built. Prototype software is, of course, already available on [GitHub](https://github.com/lod?tab=repositories). The case and door are more of a challenge and would need to be made to order. Tulloh wants to turn this adversity into an opportunity by providing the option for left-handed microwave ovens and a variety of colors.
|
||||
|
||||
A quick survey of the audience suggested that few people would hastily commit to his target price of $AU1000 for a new, improved, open oven. Whether a bit more time for reflection and a wider audience might tip the balance is hard to know. The idea is intriguing, so it seems worth watching Tulloh's [blog](http://david.tulloh.id.au/category/microwave/) for updates.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://lwn.net/Articles/674877/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：Neil Brown
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
|
||||
Best Linux Desktop Environments for 2016
|
||||
=============================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Linux creates a friendly environment for choices and options. For example, there are many Linux-based distributions out there that use different desktop environments for you to choose from. I have picked some of the best desktop environments that you will see in the Linux world.
|
||||
|
||||
## Plasma
|
||||
|
||||
I consider [KDE’s Plasma desktop](https://www.kde.org/workspaces/plasmadesktop/) to be the most advanced desktop environment (DE). It’s the most feature-rich and customizable desktop environment that I have ever seen; even Mac OS X and Windows don’t come near Plasma when it comes to complete control by the user.
|
||||
|
||||
I also love Plasma because of its awesome file manager, Dolphin. One reason I prefer Plasma over Gnome-based systems is the file manager. One of my biggest gripes with Gnome is that its file manager, Files, can’t handle basic tasks, such as batch-files renaming. That’s important for me because I take a lot of pictures, and Gnome makes it impossible for me to rename image files. On Dolphin, it’s a walk in the park.
|
||||
|
||||
Then, you can add more functionality to Plasma with plugins. Plasma comes with some incredible software including Krita, Kdenlive, Calligra Office Suite, digiKam, Kwrite, and many other applications being developed by the KDE community.
|
||||
|
||||
The only weakness of the Plasma desktop is its default email client, Kmail. It’s way too complicated to set up, and I also wish that setting up Kmail also configured the Address Book and Calendar.
|
||||
|
||||
Plasma is the default desktop environment of many major distributions including openSUSE.
|
||||
|
||||
## GNOME
|
||||
|
||||
[GNOME](https://www.gnome.org/) (GNU Network Object Model Environment) was founded by [Miguel de Icaza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_de_Icaza) and Federico Mena in 1997 because KDE used Qt toolkit, which was released under a proprietary license. Unlike KDE, where there were numerous customizations, GNOME focused on keeping things simple. GNOME became extremely popular due to its simplicity and ease of use. A factor that I think contributed heavily to Gnome’s popularity was the fact that Ubuntu, one of the most popular Linux distributions, picked it as their default desktop environment.
|
||||
|
||||
With changing times, GNOME needed a change. Therefore, with GNOME 3 the developers introduced the GNOME 3 Shell, which brought with it an entirely new design paradigm. That in turn led to some conflict with Canonical’s plans with Ubuntu, and they created their own shell for GNOME called Unity. Initially, GNOME 3 Shell was plagued by many issues -- most notably, the fact that extensions would stop working after updates. This major shift in design and the various problems then led to many forks of GNOME, such as the Cinnamon and Mate desktops.
|
||||
|
||||
That said, what makes GNOME desktop interesting is that they are targeting touch-based devices, so if you have new laptops that come with a touchscreen, Gnome is the best suited DE for them.
|
||||
|
||||
With version 3.18, GNOME has made some impressive improvements. The most interesting thing that they have done is Google Drive integration where users can mount their Google Drive as a remote file storage and work with files without having to use a web browser. I also love GNOME’s awesome integration of email client with calendar and address book. Despite all this awesomeness, however, the one thing that keeps me from using GNOME is its file manager, which can’t handle batch file renames. I will stick to Plasma until GNOME developers fix this problem.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## Unity
|
||||
|
||||
[Unity](https://unity.ubuntu.com/) is technically not a desktop environment, it’s a graphical shell developed by Canonical for Ubuntu. Unity runs on top of GNOME desktop environment and uses most stock GNOME apps and tools. The Ubuntu team has forked a few GNOME components to better suit the needs of Unity users.
|
||||
|
||||
Unity plays a very important role in Ubuntu’s convergence story and with Unity 8, the company is bringing the desktop and mobile world together. Canonical has developed many intriguing technologies for Unity including HUD (Head-up Display). They also took a unique approach with lenses and scopes making it easy for users to find appropriate content.
|
||||
|
||||
The upcoming release of Ubuntu, 16.04, is expected to ship with Unity 8 so users will get to experience all the work that developers have put into this open source software. One of the biggest criticisms with Unity was opt-out integration of Amazon ads and other services. With the upcoming release, though, Canonical is removing Amazon ads from Dash, making it a privacy-respecting OS by default.
|
||||
|
||||
## Cinnamon
|
||||
|
||||
[Cinnamon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnamon_(software)) was initially developed by [Linux Mint](http://www.linuxmint.com/) -- the most popular distro on DistroWatch. Cinnamon is a fork of GNOME Shell, just like Unity. Later, however, it evolved into a desktop environment as Linux Mint developers forked many components of the GNOME desktop, including Files, to address the needs of their users.
|
||||
|
||||
Because Linux Mint was based on regular releases of Ubuntu, the developers continued to chase the moving target that was Ubuntu. As a result, despite great promises Cinnamon was full of bugs and problems. With the 17.x release, however, Linux Mint developers moved to LTS edition of Ubuntu that allowed them to focus on core components of Cinnamon without having to worry about the base. As a result of this move, Cinnamon has become incredibly stable and bug free. The developers have started adding more features to the desktop.
|
||||
|
||||
For those who prefer the good old Windows-like UI on top of the simplicity of GNOME, Cinnamon is the best desktop environment.
|
||||
|
||||
## MATE Desktop
|
||||
|
||||
The [MATE desktop](http://mate-desktop.com/) environment is also a fork of GNOME. However, unlike Cinnamon, it’s not a fork of GNOME 3; instead it’s a fork of GNOME 2 codebase, which is not unmaintained. A few developers didn’t like Gnome 3 and wanted to “continue” GNOME 2, so they took the codebase and created MATE. The MATE project forked many components of the GNOME project and created a few from scratch. To avoid any conflict with GNOME 3, they renamed all their packages: Nautilus become Caja, Gedit became Pluma, Evince became Atril, and so on.
|
||||
|
||||
Although MATE is a continuation of GNOME 2, that doesn’t mean they are using old and obsolete technologies; they are using newer technologies to offer a modern GNOME 2 experience.
|
||||
|
||||
What makes MATE an impressive desktop environment is that it’s extremely resource efficient. You can run it on older hardware or newer less powerful hardware, such as Raspberry Pi or Chromebook Flip. What’s makes it even more interesting is that using it on powerful systems frees most system resources for applications instead of the resources being consumed by the desktop environment itself.
|
||||
|
||||
## LXQt
|
||||
|
||||
[LXQt](http://lxqt.org/) is the successor of LXDE, one of the most lightweight desktop environments. It’s a merger of two open source projects LXDE and Razor-Qt. The first usable version of LXQt (v 0.9) was released in 2015. Initially, the developers used Qt4 but then all compatibility with it was dropped, and they moved to Qt5 and KDE Frameworks 5 for speedy development. I have tried LXQt on my Arch systems, and its a great lightweight desktop environment, but it has a long way to go before it becomes the rightful successor of LXDE.
|
||||
|
||||
## Xfce
|
||||
|
||||
[Xfce](http://www.xfce.org/) predates the KDE desktop environment. It is one of the oldest and lightest desktop environments around. The latest release of Xfce is 4.15, which was released in 2015 and uses modern technologies like GTK+ 3. Xfce is used by many special purpose distributions, such as Ubuntu Studio, because -- much like MATE -- it frees most system resources for applications. It’s also the default desktop environment of many notable Linux distributions including Manjaro Linux, PC/OS, Salix, and Mythbuntu.
|
||||
|
||||
## Budgie
|
||||
|
||||
[Budgie](https://solus-project.com/budgie/) is a new desktop environment being developed by the Solus Linux team. Solus is new Linux distribution that’s being developed from scratch, and Budgie is a core component of it. Budgie uses many GNOME components and offers a minimalistic UI. Because there’s not much information about the new desktop, I talked to the core developer of Solus, Ikey Doherty, and he explained, “We ship our own desktop, the Budgie Desktop. Unlike some other desktops, this is not a fork, rather it aims for full integration into the GNOME stack. It's written from scratch, and is specifically designed to cater for the experience Solus is offering. We work with upstream GNOME here as much as we can, contributing fixes, and advocate and support their work.”
|
||||
|
||||
## Pantheon
|
||||
|
||||
[Pantheon](https://elementary.io/) needs no introduction, it’s the desktop environment powering the lovely Linux distribution elementary OS. Similar to Budgie, Pantheon is not a fork of GNOME as many may assume. elementary OS team comes from design background so they pay very close attention to minute details, as a result Pantheon is extremely polished desktop environment. At the moment, it may lack many feature found in DEs like Plasma, but the developers are taking their time in order to stick to the design principle.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## Conclusion
|
||||
|
||||
As I went through this story, I realized the awesomeness of open source and Linux. There is something for everyone. As Jon “maddog” Hall said during the latest SCaLE 14, “Yes, there are 300 Linux distributions. I can try them and stick to the one that I like!”
|
||||
|
||||
So, enjoy this diversity and use the one that floats your boat!
|
||||
|
||||
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.linux.com/news/software/applications/881107-best-linux-desktop-environments-for-2016
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Swapnil Bhartiya][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.linux.com/community/forums/person/61003
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
|
||||
Canonical's ZFS Plans Are Lining Up For Ubuntu 16.04
|
||||
=======================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Ubuntu developers have been working on [ZFS support for Ubuntu 16.04](http://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=ZFS-For-Ubuntu-16.04) and all of that file-system support is getting squared away.
|
||||
|
||||
EXT4 will continue to be the default for Ubuntu 16.04 installations, but ZFS support will be automatically built into the Ubuntu Linux kernel releases, the module will automatically load when needed, zfsutils-linux is part of the main Ubuntu archive, and the support is being backed to commercial customers via Canonical.
|
||||
|
||||
For those interested in official ZFS support for Ubuntu Linux, Canonical's Dustin Kirkland has written [a new blog post](http://blog.dustinkirkland.com/2016/02/zfs-is-fs-for-containers-in-ubuntu-1604.html) covering some of the details and why "ZFS is *the* FS for Containers in Ubuntu 16.04!"
|
||||
|
||||
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=Ubuntu-ZFS-Continues-16.04&utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+Phoronix+%28Phoronix%29
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Michael Larabel][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.michaellarabel.com/
|
||||
147
sources/tech/20160218 Getting to Know Linux File Permissions.md
Normal file
147
sources/tech/20160218 Getting to Know Linux File Permissions.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
|
||||
Getting to Know Linux File Permissions
|
||||
==========================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
One of the most basic tasks in Linux is setting file permissions. Understanding how this is done should be considered a must-know, first step in your travels through the Linux ecosystem. As you might expect, such a fundamental issue within the operating environment hasn’t changed much over the years. In fact, the Linux file permission system is taken directly from the UNIX file permission (and even uses many of the same tools).
|
||||
|
||||
But, don’t think for a second that understanding file permissions is something you’ll wind up having to spend days and days studying...it’s actually quite simple. Let’s walk through what you need to know and how to put it all together.
|
||||
|
||||
## The Bits and Pieces
|
||||
|
||||
The first thing you need to understand is what file permissions apply to. Effectively what you do is apply a permission to a group. When you break it down, the concept really is that simple. But what are the permissions and what are the groups?
|
||||
|
||||
There are three types of permissions you can apply:
|
||||
|
||||
- read — gives the group permission to read the file (indicated with `r`)
|
||||
|
||||
- write — gives the group permission to edit the file (indicated with `w`)
|
||||
|
||||
- execute — gives the group permission to execute (run) the file (indicated with `x`)
|
||||
|
||||
To better explain how this is applied to a group, you could, for example, give a group permission to read and write to a file, but not execute the file. Or, you could give a group permission to read and execute a file, but not write to a file. You can even give a group full permission to read, write, and execute a file or strip a group of any access to a file by removing all permissions.
|
||||
|
||||
Now, what are the groups? There are four:
|
||||
|
||||
- user — the actual owner of the file
|
||||
|
||||
- group — users in the file’s group
|
||||
|
||||
- others — other users not in the file’s group
|
||||
|
||||
- all — all users
|
||||
|
||||
For the most part, you will only really ever bother with the first three groups. The all group is really only used as a shortcut (I’ll explain later).
|
||||
|
||||
So far so simple, right? Let’s layer on a bit of complexity.
|
||||
|
||||
If you open up a terminal window and issue the command ls -l, you will see a line-by-line listing of all files and folders within the current working directory (Figure 1 above).
|
||||
|
||||
If you look in the far left column, you’ll notice listings like `-rw-rw-r--`.
|
||||
|
||||
That listing should actually be looked at like so:
|
||||
|
||||
>rw- rw- r--
|
||||
|
||||
As you can see, the listing is broken into three sections:
|
||||
|
||||
- rw-
|
||||
|
||||
- rw-
|
||||
|
||||
- r--
|
||||
|
||||
The order is quite important...for both permissions and for groups. The order is always:
|
||||
|
||||
- User Group Others — for groups
|
||||
|
||||
- Read Write Execute — for permissions
|
||||
|
||||
In our permissions listing example above, the User has read/write permission, the Group has read/write permission, and Others has only read permission. Had any of those groups been given executable permissions, it would have been represented with an x.
|
||||
|
||||
## Numerical Equivalent
|
||||
|
||||
Let’s make this even more complex. Each permission can also be represented by a number. The numbers are:
|
||||
|
||||
- Read — 4
|
||||
|
||||
- Write — 2
|
||||
|
||||
- Execute — 1
|
||||
|
||||
The numerical substitution isn’t an apples to apples change. You can’t drop in:
|
||||
|
||||
>-42-42-4--
|
||||
|
||||
Instead, what you do is add up the numbers you want for each group. Let’s stick with our example above (`-rw-rw-r—`). To give the User group read and write permission, you would add up 4+2 to get 6. For the Group, you need the same permissions, so they get the same number. You only want Others to have read permissions, so they get 4. The numerical equivalent is now:
|
||||
|
||||
>664
|
||||
|
||||
So, if you want to give a file 664 permissions, you’d issue the chmod command like this:
|
||||
|
||||
>chmod 664 FILENAME
|
||||
|
||||
where FILENAME is the name of the file.
|
||||
|
||||
## Changing Permissions
|
||||
|
||||
Now that you understand the actual permissions of files, it’s time to learn how to change those permissions. This is done with the chmod command. One of the first things you must understand is that, to be able to change the permissions of a file, either you must be the owner of the file or you must have permission to edit the file (or have admin access by way of su or sudo). Because of that, you cannot just jump around in the directory structure and change permissions of files at will.
|
||||
|
||||
Let’s stick with our example (`-rw-rw-r--`). Suppose this file (we’ll name it script.sh) is actually a shell script and needs to be executed...but you only want to give yourself permission to execute that script. At this point, you should be thinking, “Ah, then I need the permission listing to read `-rwx-rw-r--`!”. To get that `x` bit in there, you’d run the chmod command like so:
|
||||
|
||||
>chmod u+x script.sh
|
||||
|
||||
At this point, the listing will be -rwx-rw-r--.
|
||||
|
||||
If you wanted to give both User and Group executable permission, the command would look like:
|
||||
|
||||
>chmod ug+x script.sh
|
||||
|
||||
See how this works? Let’s make it interesting. Say, for whatever reason, you accidentally give all groups executable permissions for that file (so the listing looks like `-rwx-rwx-r-x`). If you want to strip Others of executable permissions, issue the command:
|
||||
|
||||
>chmod o-x script.sh
|
||||
|
||||
What if you want to completely remove executable permission from the file? You can do that two ways:
|
||||
|
||||
>chmod ugo-x script.sh
|
||||
|
||||
or
|
||||
|
||||
>chmod a-x script.sh
|
||||
|
||||
That’s where all comes into play. This is used to make the process a bit more efficient. I prefer to avoid using a as it could lead to issues (such as, when you accidentally issue the command chmod `a-rwx` script.sh).
|
||||
|
||||
## Directory Permissions
|
||||
|
||||
You can also execute the chmod command on a directory. When you create a new directory as a user, it is typically created with the following permissions:
|
||||
|
||||
>drwxrwxr-x
|
||||
|
||||
NOTE: The leading d indicates it is a directory.
|
||||
|
||||
As you can see, both User and Group have executable permission for the folder. This does not mean that any files created in the folder will have the same permissions (files will be created with the default system permissions of `-rw-rw-r--`). But, suppose you do create files in this new directory, and you want to strip Group of write permissions. You don’t have to change into the directory and then issue the chmod command on all the files. You can add the R option (which means recursive) to the chmod command and change the permission on both the folder and all the containing files.
|
||||
|
||||
Now, suppose our example is a folder named TEST and within it is a number of scripts — all of which (including the TEST folder) have permissions `-rwxrwxr-x`. If you want to strip Group of write permissions, you could issue the command:
|
||||
|
||||
>chmod -R g-w TEST
|
||||
|
||||
If you now issue the command ls `-l`, you will see the TEST folder now has a permission listing of `drwxr-xr-x`. Group has been stripped of its write permissions (as will all the files within).
|
||||
|
||||
## Permission to Conclude
|
||||
|
||||
At this point, you should now have a solid understand of the basic Linux file permissions. There are more advanced issues that you can now easily study, such as setuid and setgid and ACLs. Without a good foundation of the basics, however, you’d quickly get lost with those next-level topics.
|
||||
|
||||
Linux file permissions haven’t changed much, since the early days. And, they most likely won’t change much going into the future.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.linux.com/learn/tutorials/885268-getting-to-know-linux-file-permissions
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Jack Wallen][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.linux.com/community/forums/person/93
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
|
||||
How to Set Nginx as Reverse Proxy on Centos7 CPanel
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
Nginx is one of the fastest and most powerful web-server. It is known for its high performance and low resource utilization. It can be installed as both a standalone and a Reverse Proxy Web-server. In this article, I'm discussing about the installation of Nginx as a reverse proxy along with Apache on a CPanel server with latest CentOS 7 installed.
|
||||
|
||||
Nginx as a reverse proxy will work as a frontend webserver serving static contents along with Apache serving the dynamic files in backend. This setup will boost up the overall server performance.
|
||||
|
||||
Let's walk through the installation steps for Nginx as reverse proxy in CentOS7 x86_64 bit server with cPanel 11.52 installed.
|
||||
|
||||
First of all, we need to install the EPEL repo to start-up with the process.
|
||||
|
||||
### Step 1: Install the EPEL repo. ###
|
||||
|
||||
root@server1 [/usr]# yum -y install epel-release
|
||||
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, tsflags, universal-hooks
|
||||
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
|
||||
* EA4: 66.23.237.210
|
||||
* base: mirrors.linode.com
|
||||
* extras: mirrors.linode.com
|
||||
* updates: mirrors.linode.com
|
||||
Resolving Dependencies
|
||||
--> Running transaction check
|
||||
---> Package epel-release.noarch 0:7-5 will be installed
|
||||
--> Finished Dependency Resolution
|
||||
|
||||
Dependencies Resolved
|
||||
|
||||
===============================================================================================================================================
|
||||
Package Arch Version Repository Size
|
||||
===============================================================================================================================================
|
||||
Installing:
|
||||
epel-release noarch 7-5 extras 14 k
|
||||
|
||||
### Step 2: After installing the repo, we can start with the installation of the nDeploy RPM repo for CentOS to install our required nDeploy Webstack and Nginx plugin. ###
|
||||
|
||||
root@server1 [/usr]# yum -y install http://rpm.piserve.com/nDeploy-release-centos-1.0-1.noarch.rpm
|
||||
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, tsflags, universal-hooks
|
||||
nDeploy-release-centos-1.0-1.noarch.rpm | 1.7 kB 00:00:00
|
||||
Examining /var/tmp/yum-root-ei5tWJ/nDeploy-release-centos-1.0-1.noarch.rpm: nDeploy-release-centos-1.0-1.noarch
|
||||
Marking /var/tmp/yum-root-ei5tWJ/nDeploy-release-centos-1.0-1.noarch.rpm to be installed
|
||||
Resolving Dependencies
|
||||
--> Running transaction check
|
||||
---> Package nDeploy-release-centos.noarch 0:1.0-1 will be installed
|
||||
--> Finished Dependency Resolution
|
||||
|
||||
Dependencies Resolved
|
||||
|
||||
===============================================================================================================================================
|
||||
Package Arch Version Repository Size
|
||||
===============================================================================================================================================
|
||||
Installing:
|
||||
nDeploy-release-centos noarch 1.0-1 /nDeploy-release-centos-1.0-1.noarch 110
|
||||
|
||||
### Step 3: Install the nDeploy and Nginx nDeploy plugins. ###
|
||||
|
||||
root@server1 [/usr]# yum --enablerepo=ndeploy install nginx-nDeploy nDeploy
|
||||
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, tsflags, universal-hooks
|
||||
epel/x86_64/metalink | 9.9 kB 00:00:00
|
||||
epel | 4.3 kB 00:00:00
|
||||
ndeploy | 2.9 kB 00:00:00
|
||||
(1/4): ndeploy/7/x86_64/primary_db | 14 kB 00:00:00
|
||||
(2/4): epel/x86_64/group_gz | 169 kB 00:00:00
|
||||
(3/4): epel/x86_64/primary_db | 3.7 MB 00:00:02
|
||||
|
||||
Dependencies Resolved
|
||||
|
||||
===============================================================================================================================================
|
||||
Package Arch Version Repository Size
|
||||
===============================================================================================================================================
|
||||
Installing:
|
||||
nDeploy noarch 2.0-11.el7 ndeploy 80 k
|
||||
nginx-nDeploy x86_64 1.8.0-34.el7 ndeploy 36 M
|
||||
Installing for dependencies:
|
||||
PyYAML x86_64 3.10-11.el7 base 153 k
|
||||
libevent x86_64 2.0.21-4.el7 base 214 k
|
||||
memcached x86_64 1.4.15-9.el7 base 84 k
|
||||
python-inotify noarch 0.9.4-4.el7 base 49 k
|
||||
python-lxml x86_64 3.2.1-4.el7 base 758 k
|
||||
|
||||
Transaction Summary
|
||||
===============================================================================================================================================
|
||||
Install 2 Packages (+5 Dependent packages)
|
||||
|
||||
With these steps, we've completed with the installation of Nginx plugin in our server. Now we need to configure Nginx as reverse proxy and create the virtualhost for the existing cPanel user accounts. For that we can run the following script.
|
||||
|
||||
### Step 4: To enable Nginx as a front end Web Server and create the default configuration files. ###
|
||||
|
||||
root@server1 [/usr]# /opt/nDeploy/scripts/cpanel-nDeploy-setup.sh enable
|
||||
Modifying apache http and https port in cpanel
|
||||
|
||||
httpd restarted successfully.
|
||||
Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/nginx.service to /usr/lib/systemd/system/nginx.service.
|
||||
Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/ndeploy_watcher.service to /usr/lib/systemd/system/ndeploy_watcher.service.
|
||||
Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/ndeploy_backends.service to /usr/lib/systemd/system/ndeploy_backends.service.
|
||||
ConfGen:: saheetha
|
||||
ConfGen:: satest
|
||||
|
||||
As you can see these script will modify the Apache port from 80 to another port to make Nginx run as a front end web server and create the virtual host configuration files for the existing cPanel accounts. Once it is done, confirm the status of both Apache and Nginx.
|
||||
|
||||
### Apache Status: ###
|
||||
|
||||
root@server1 [/var/run/httpd]# systemctl status httpd
|
||||
● httpd.service - Apache Web Server
|
||||
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled)
|
||||
Active: active (running) since Mon 2016-01-18 06:34:23 UTC; 12s ago
|
||||
Process: 25606 ExecStart=/usr/sbin/apachectl start (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
|
||||
Main PID: 24760 (httpd)
|
||||
CGroup: /system.slice/httpd.service
|
||||
‣ 24760 /usr/local/apache/bin/httpd -k start
|
||||
|
||||
Jan 18 06:34:23 server1.centos7-test.com systemd[1]: Starting Apache Web Server...
|
||||
Jan 18 06:34:23 server1.centos7-test.com apachectl[25606]: httpd (pid 24760) already running
|
||||
Jan 18 06:34:23 server1.centos7-test.com systemd[1]: Started Apache Web Server.
|
||||
|
||||
### Nginx Status: ###
|
||||
|
||||
root@server1 [~]# systemctl status nginx
|
||||
● nginx.service - nginx-nDeploy - high performance web server
|
||||
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/nginx.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled)
|
||||
Active: active (running) since Sun 2016-01-17 17:18:29 UTC; 13h ago
|
||||
Docs: http://nginx.org/en/docs/
|
||||
Main PID: 3833 (nginx)
|
||||
CGroup: /system.slice/nginx.service
|
||||
├─ 3833 nginx: master process /usr/sbin/nginx -c /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
|
||||
├─25473 nginx: worker process
|
||||
├─25474 nginx: worker process
|
||||
└─25475 nginx: cache manager process
|
||||
|
||||
Jan 17 17:18:29 server1.centos7-test.com systemd[1]: Starting nginx-nDeploy - high performance web server...
|
||||
Jan 17 17:18:29 server1.centos7-test.com nginx[3804]: nginx: the configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf syntax is ok
|
||||
Jan 17 17:18:29 server1.centos7-test.com nginx[3804]: nginx: configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf test is successful
|
||||
Jan 17 17:18:29 server1.centos7-test.com systemd[1]: Started nginx-nDeploy - high performance web server.
|
||||
|
||||
Nginx act as a frontend webserver running on port 80 and Apache configuration is modified to listen on http port 9999 and https port 4430. Please see their status below:
|
||||
|
||||
root@server1 [/usr/local/src]# netstat -plan | grep httpd
|
||||
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:4430 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 17270/httpd
|
||||
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:9999 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 17270/httpd
|
||||
tcp6 0 0 :::4430 :::* LISTEN 17270/httpd
|
||||
tcp6 0 0 :::9999 :::* LISTEN 17270/httpd
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
root@server1 [/usr/local/src]# netstat -plan | grep nginx
|
||||
tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:80 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 17802/nginx: master
|
||||
tcp 0 0 45.79.183.73:80 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 17802/nginx: master
|
||||
|
||||
The virtualhost entries created for the existing users as located in the folder "**/etc/nginx/sites-enabled**". This file path is included in the Nginx main configuration file.
|
||||
|
||||
root@server1 [/etc/nginx/sites-enabled]# ll | grep .conf
|
||||
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 311 Jan 17 09:02 saheetha.com.conf
|
||||
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 336 Jan 17 09:02 saheethastest.com.conf
|
||||
|
||||
### Sample Vhost for a domain: ###
|
||||
|
||||
server {
|
||||
|
||||
listen 45.79.183.73:80;
|
||||
#CPIPVSIX:80;
|
||||
|
||||
# ServerNames
|
||||
server_name saheetha.com www.saheetha.com;
|
||||
access_log /usr/local/apache/domlogs/saheetha.com main;
|
||||
access_log /usr/local/apache/domlogs/saheetha.com-bytes_log bytes_log;
|
||||
|
||||
include /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/saheetha.com.include;
|
||||
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
We can confirm the working of the web server status by calling a website in the browser. Please see the web server information on my server after the installation.
|
||||
|
||||
root@server1 [/home]# ip a | grep -i eth0
|
||||
3: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000
|
||||
inet 45.79.183.73/24 brd 45.79.183.255 scope global dynamic eth0
|
||||
root@server1 [/home]# nginx -v
|
||||
nginx version: nginx/1.8.0
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Nginx will create the virtual host automatically for any newly created accounts in cPanel. With these simple steps we can configure Nginx as reverse proxy on a CentOS 7/CPanel server.
|
||||
|
||||
### Advantages of Nginx as Reverse Proxy: ###
|
||||
|
||||
1. Easy to install and configure
|
||||
2. Performance and efficiency
|
||||
3. Prevent DDOS attacks
|
||||
4. Allows .htaccess PHP rewrite rules
|
||||
|
||||
I hope this article is useful for you guys. Thank you for referring to this. I would appreciate your valuable comments and suggestions on this for further improvements.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://linoxide.com/linux-how-to/set-nginx-reverse-proxy-centos-7-cpanel/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Saheetha Shameer][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://linoxide.com/author/saheethas/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
|
||||
Linux Kernel 4.1.18 LTS Is the Biggest in the Series with Hundreds of Changes
|
||||
=================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
**It looks like renowned kernel maintainer Greg Kroah-Hartman is on vacation, as Sasha Levin has had the great pleasure of [announcing](http://lkml.iu.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/1602.2/00520.html) earlier today, February 16, 2016, the general availability of the eighteenth maintenance release of Linux kernel 4.1 LTS.**
|
||||
|
||||
Being a long-term supported kernel branch, Linux 4.1 will receive updates and patches for a few more years, and today's maintenance build proves that the kernel developers are committed to keeping the series stable and reliable for all GNU/Linux operating systems that use it. Linux kernel 4.1.18 LTS is a massive release with a total of 228 files changes, consisting of 5,304 insertions and 1,128 deletions.
|
||||
|
||||
What's new in Linux kernel 4.1.18 LTS? Well, let's start with improvements to the ARM, ARM64 (AArch64), MIPS, PA-RISC, m32r, PowerPC (PPC), s390, and x86 hardware architectures. Moreover, there are enhancements to the Btrfs, CIFS, NFS, XFS, OCFS2, OverlayFS, and UDF filesystems, networking stack fixes, especially for mac80211, as well as multiple core, crypto, and mm improvements and sound updates.
|
||||
|
||||
"I'm announcing the release of the 4.1.18 kernel. All users of the 4.1 kernel series must upgrade," says Sasha Levin. "The updated 4.1.y git tree can be found at: git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux-stable.git linux-4.1.y and can be browsed at the normal kernel.org git web browser: http://git.kernel.org/?p=linux/kernel/git/stable/linux-stable.git;a=summary."
|
||||
|
||||
## Numerous drivers have been updated
|
||||
|
||||
Besides the architectures, filesystems, sound, networking, crypto, mm, and core kernel improvements, Linux kernel 4.1.18 LTS updates various drivers for better hardware support. This is in particular for things like Bluetooth, DMA, EDAC, GPU (mostly Radeon and Intel i915), InfiniBand, IOMMU, IRQchip, MD, MMC, DVB, networking (mostly wireless), PCI, SCSI, USB, thermal, staging, TTY, and Virtio.
|
||||
|
||||
As usual, we're urging all users of Linux kernel-based operating systems that use kernel packages from the Linux 4.1 LTS series to update to today's 4.1.18 release as soon as possible. This can be done either by installing the update from the default software repositories or by manually compiling the sources, which you can download right now from the [kernel.org](http://kernel.org/) website or via [Softpedia](http://linux.softpedia.com/get/System/Operating-Systems/Kernels/Linux-Kernel-Stable-1960.shtml).
|
||||
|
||||
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/linux-kernel-4-1-18-lts-is-the-biggest-in-the-series-with-hundreds-of-changes-500500.shtml
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Marius Nestor ][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://news.softpedia.com/editors/browse/marius-nestor
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
|
||||
Linux Systems Patched for Critical glibc Flaw
|
||||
=================================================
|
||||
|
||||
**Google exposed a critical flaw affecting major Linux distributions. The glibc flaw could have potentially led to remote code execution.**
|
||||
|
||||
Linux users today are scrambling to patch a critical flaw in the core glibc open-source library that could be exposing systems to a remote code execution risk. The glibc vulnerability is identified as CVE-2015-7547 and is titled, "getaddrinfo stack-based buffer overflow."
|
||||
|
||||
The glibc, or GNU C Library, is an open-source implementation of the C and C++ programming language libraries and is part of every major Linux distribution. Google engineers came across the CVE-2015-7547 issue when they were attempting to connect into a certain host system and a segmentation fault (segfault) occurred, causing the connection to crash. Further investigation revealed that glibc was at fault and the crash could potentially achieve an arbitrary remote code execution condition.
|
||||
|
||||
"The glibc DNS client side resolver is vulnerable to a stack-based buffer overflow when the getaddrinfo() library function is used," Google wrote in a blog post. "Software using this function may be exploited with attacker-controlled domain names, attacker-controlled DNS [Domain Name System] servers, or through a man-in-the-middle attack."
|
||||
|
||||
Actually exploiting the CVE-2015-7547 issue is not trivial, but it is possible. To prove that the issue can be exploited, Google has published proof-of-concept (PoC) code on GitHub that demonstrates if an end user or system is vulnerable.
|
||||
|
||||
"The server code triggers the vulnerability and therefore will crash the client code," the GitHub PoC page states.
|
||||
|
||||
Mark Loveless, senior security researcher at Duo Security, explained that the main risk of CVE-2015-7547 is to Linux client-based applications that rely on DNS responses.
|
||||
|
||||
"There are some specific conditions, so not every single application will be impacted, but it appears that several command-line utilities, including the popular SSH [Secure Shell] client could trigger the flaw," Loveless told eWEEK. "We deem this serious mainly because of the existing risks to Linux systems, but also because of the potential for other issues."
|
||||
|
||||
Other issues could potentially include a risk of an email-based attack that triggers the vulnerable glibc getaddrinfo() library call. Also of note is the fact that the vulnerability was in the code for years before it was discovered.
|
||||
|
||||
Google's engineers were not the first or only group to discover the security risk in glibc. The issue was first reported to a glibc bug [tracker](https://sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=1866) on July 13, 2015. The roots of the flaw go back even further with the actual code commit that introduced the flaw first in glibc 2.9, which was released in May 2008.
|
||||
|
||||
Linux vendor Red Hat also independently was looking at the bug in glibc and on Jan. 6, 2016, Google and Red Hat developers confirmed that they had been independently working on the same vulnerability as part of the initial private discussion with upstream glibc maintainers.
|
||||
|
||||
"Once it was confirmed that both teams were working on the same vulnerability, we collaborated on potential fixes, mitigations and regression testing," Florian Weimer, principal software engineer for product security at Red Hat, told eWEEK. "We also worked together to make the test coverage as wide as possible to catch any related problems in the code to help prevent future issues."
|
||||
|
||||
It took years to discover that there was a security issue with the glibc code because that flaw isn't obvious or immediately apparent.
|
||||
|
||||
"To diagnose bugs in a networking component, like a DNS resolver, it is common to look at packet traces which were captured while the issue was encountered," Weimer said. "Such packet captures were not available in this case, so some experimentation was needed to reproduce the exact scenario that triggered the bug."
|
||||
|
||||
Weimer added that once the packet captures were available, considerable effort went into validating the fix, leading to a series of refinements culminating in the regression test suite that was contributed upstream to the glibc project.
|
||||
|
||||
In many cases in Linux, the Security Enhanced Linux (SELinux) mandatory access security controls can mitigate the risk of potential vulnerabilities, but that's not the case with the new glibc issue.
|
||||
|
||||
"The risk is a compromise of important system functionality due to the execution of arbitrary code supplied by an attacker," Weimer said. "A suitable SELinux policy can contain some of the damage an attacker might do and constrain their access to the system, but DNS is used by many applications and system components, so SELinux policies offer only limited containment for this issue."
|
||||
|
||||
Alongside the vulnerability disclosure today, there is now a patch available to mitigate the potential risk of CVE-2015-7547.
|
||||
|
||||
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.eweek.com/security/linux-systems-patched-for-critical-glibc-flaw.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Michael Kerner][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://twitter.com/TechJournalist
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
|
||||
translating by ynmlml
|
||||
Mozilla contributor creates diabetes project for the masses
|
||||
================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
My open source story started in high school as a student. I always considered myself to be a hacker—not the malicious type, but the curious type who liked to tinker with code and hardware. My first encounter with open source was in 2001 when I installed my first Linux distro, [Lindows](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linspire). Of course, I was also an early user of [Mozilla Firefox](https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/new/?utm_source=firefox-com&utm_medium=referral).
|
||||
|
||||
As a result of my early adoption of Linux, the first version I used was 1.0.4 (if I recall correctly), and I immediately fell in love. While I did not stay long with Lindows, hopping across many distros ([Debian](https://www.debian.org/), [Puppy Linux](http://puppylinux.org/main/Overview%20and%20Getting%20Started.htm), [SUSE](https://www.suse.com/), [Slackware](http://www.slackware.com/), [Ubuntu](http://ubuntu.com/)) over the years I continued to use open source software on a daily basis from my youth into adulthood.
|
||||
|
||||
Eventually, I consistently used Ubuntu. Around the release of Hardy Heron I started some of my first contributions to Ubuntu, helping out on IRC and helping users locally who needed help. With Ubuntu being where I cut my teeth in open source, it has always had a special place in my heart. The community behind Ubuntu is very diverse, passionate, and friendly and everyone comes together with some shared common goals but also individuals' goals as drivers for why they contribute to open source.
|
||||
|
||||
After having contributed to Ubuntu for a while, I started contributing upstream to projects like Debian, [GNOME](https://www.gnome.org/), [Ganeti](https://code.google.com/p/ganeti/), and many others. In the past few years I have contributed to over 40 different open source projects, some small and some very large.
|
||||
|
||||
After some changes in direction in the Ubuntu project, I ended up deciding not only that was it time for me to try something new, but that also I wanted to put my contributions into something new. So I started getting involved in Mozilla around 2009, helping out on IRC and then eventually getting involved with the [Mozilla WebFWD program](https://webfwd.org/), becoming a team member, then the [Mozilla Reps Program](https://reps.mozilla.org/), [Mozilla DevRel Program](https://wiki.mozilla.org/Devrel), and then for just over two years was a Firefox Community Release Manager overseeing the release of Firefox Nightly and Firefox ESR. Contributing to Mozilla was an even more rewarding experience than contributions to other open source projects. Of all the open source communities I've been involved in, Mozilla has been the most diverse, largest, and friendliest.
|
||||
|
||||
One thing that has happened over the years in terms of my feelings about open source is I've become more and more aligned to the values of free software and more defensive of things like privacy and respecting licensing and working in the open. I believe all three of those topics are very important to open source, and while many may not care about these things it's important that people advocate for them.
|
||||
|
||||
And here I am today, no longer a full-time contributor to other people's open source projects. Recently being diagnosed with diabetes, I saw a gap in the open source ecosystem where open source health software was not very abundant. Where it did exist, it was not as active as other open source software applications like Linux distros or browsers.
|
||||
|
||||
I recently founded my own open source project, [Glucosio](http://www.glucosio.org/), to bring open source diabetes management and research software to the masses. My years of contributing to open source projects and observing various structures has really come in handy being a project leader now. I'm very excited about the future of Glucosio, but most importantly about the future open source and how that will play out in health and medicine.
|
||||
|
||||
There is a lot of potential for software innovation in healthcare, and I think we will soon see a startup disrupt healthcare and medicine with open source solutions.
|
||||
|
||||
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/life/15/11/my-open-source-story-ben-kerensa
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[opensource.com][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:opensource.com
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
|
||||
ST Releases Free Linux IDE for 32-Bit MCUs
|
||||
=================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The 32-bit microcontroller world is starting to open up to Linux. This week, leading ARM Cortex-M vendor STMicroelectronics (ST) [released](http://www.st.com/web/en/press/p3781) a free Linux desktop version of its development software for its line of STM32 microcontroller units (MCUs). The tools include ST’s STM32CubeMX configurator and initialization tool, as well as its [System Workbench for STM32 (SW4STM32)](http://www.st.com/web/catalog/tools/FM147/CL1794/SC961/SS1533/PF261797) , an Eclipse-based IDE created by Ac6 Tools. SW4STM32 is supported with toolchain, forums, blogs, and technical support by the [openSTM32.org](http://www.openstm32.org/tiki-index.php?page=HomePage) development community.
|
||||
|
||||
"The Linux community is known to attract creative free-thinkers who are adept at sharing ideas and solving challenges efficiently," stated Laurent Desseignes, Microcontroller Ecosystem Marketing Manager, Microcontroller Division, STMicroelectronics. "We are now making it ultra-easy for them to apply their skills to create imaginative new products, leveraging the features and performance of our STM32 family."
|
||||
|
||||
Linux is the leading platform for Internet of Things gateways and hubs, as well as higher-end IoT endpoints. Yet, much of the IoT revolution, as well as the wearables market, is based on tiny, low-power microcontrollers, increasingly Cortex-M chips. A small subset of these can run the stripped-down uCLinux (see below), but none support more comprehensive Linux distributions. Instead, they are controlled with real-time operating systems (RTOSes) or go bare-bones with no OS at all. The firmware development work is typically done on a Windows-based Integrated Development Environment (IDE).
|
||||
|
||||
With ST’s free tools, Linux developers can more easily tap this new realm. ST’s tools, some of which should also be available for Mac OS/X in the second quarter, work with [STM32 Nucleo](http://www.st.com/web/en/catalog/tools/FM146/CL2167/SC2003?icmp=sc2003_pron_pr-stm32f446_dec2014&sc=stm32nucleo-pr5) boards, Discovery kits, and Evaluation boards. The Nucleo boards are available in 32-, 64-, and 144-pin versions, and offer hardware add-ons such as Arduino connectors.
|
||||
|
||||
The STM32CubeMX configurator and SW4STM32 IDE enable Linux developers to configure microcontrollers and develop and debug code. SW4STM32 supports the ST-LINK/V2 debugging tool under Linux via an adapted version of the [OpenOCD](http://openocd.org/) community project.
|
||||
|
||||
The software is compatible with microcontroller firmware within the STM32Cube embedded-software packages or Standard Peripheral Library, says ST. Targets include ST’s full range of MCUs, from entry-level Cortex-M0 cores to high-performing M7 chips, including M0+, M3, and DSP-extended M4 cores.
|
||||
|
||||
ST is not the first 32-bit MCU vendor to offer Linux-ready IDEs for Cortex-M chips, but it appears to be one of the first major free Linux platforms. For example, NXP, whose share of the MCU market increased with its recent acquisition of Freescale (Kinetis MCUs, among others), offers an [LPCXpresso IDE](http://www.nxp.com/pages/lpcxpresso-ide:LPCXPRESSO) with Linux, Windows, and Mac support. However, LPCXpresso costs $450 per individual seat.
|
||||
|
||||
Microsemi, which integrates Cortex-M3 chips in its [SmartFusion FPGA SoCs](http://www.microsemi.com/products/fpga-soc/soc-processors/arm-cortex-m3) has a [Libero IDE](http://www.linux.com/news/embedded-mobile/mobile-linux/884961-st-releases-free-linux-ide-for-32-bit-mcus#device-support) available for Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) in addition to Windows. However, Libero requires a license, and the RHEL version lacks support for add-on packages such as FlashPro and SoftConsole.
|
||||
|
||||
## Why Learn MCU-Speak?
|
||||
|
||||
Even if a Linux developer has no plans to load uClinux on a Cortex-M chip, knowledge of MCUs should come in handy. This is especially true with complex, heterogeneous IoT projects that extend from MCU-based endpoints to cloud platforms.
|
||||
|
||||
For prototyping and hobbyist projects, an interface to an Arduino board offers fairly easy access to MCU benefits. Yet beyond prototyping, developers often replace the Arduino board and its 8-bit ATmega32u4 MCU with a faster 32-bit Cortex-M chip with additional functionality. This includes improved memory addressing, independent clock settings for the core and various buses, and in the case of some [Cortex-M7](http://www.electronicsnews.com.au/products/stm32-mcus-with-arm-cortex-m7-processors-and-graph) chips, rudimentary graphics.
|
||||
|
||||
Other categories where MCU development skills might come in handy include wearables, where low power, low cost, and small size give MCUs an edge, and robotics and drones where real-time processing and motor control are the main benefits. In robotics, you’re likely to see Cortex-A and Cortex-M both integrated in the same product.
|
||||
|
||||
There’s also a modest trend toward system-on-chips adding MCUs to Linux-driven Cortex-A cores, as with the [NXP i.MX6 SoloX](http://linuxgizmos.com/freescales-popular-i-mx6-soc-sprouts-a-cortex-m4-mcu/). While most embedded projects don’t use such hybrid SoCs or combine applications processor and MCUs on the same product, developers may increasingly find themselves working on product lines that extend from low-end MCU models to Linux- or Android-driven Cortex-A based designs.
|
||||
|
||||
## uClinux Stakes Linux Claim in MCUs
|
||||
|
||||
With the rise of IoT, we’re starting to see more SBCs and computer-on-modules that run uClinux on 32-bit MCUs. Unlike other Linux distributions, uClinux does not require a memory management unit (MMU). uClinux does, however, have higher memory requirements than most MCUs can meet. The distro requires higher end Cortex-M4 and Cortex-M4 MCUs with built-in memory controllers supporting external DRAM chips.
|
||||
|
||||
[Amptek’s iCon](http://www.semiconductorstore.com/Amptek/) SBCs run uClinux on NXP LPC Cortex-M3 and -M4 chips, offering familiar trappings like WiFi, Bluetooth, USB, and other interfaces. Arrow’s [SF2+](http://linuxgizmos.com/iot-dev-kit-runs-uclinux-on-a-microsemi-cortex-m3-fpga-soc/) IoT development kit runs uClinux on an Emcraft Systems SmartFusion2 COM based on Microsemi’s 166MHz, Cortex-M3/FPGA SmartFusion2 hybrid SoC.
|
||||
|
||||
[Emcraft](http://www.emcraft.com/), which sells uClinux-based COMs based on ST and NXP, as well as Microsemi MCUs, has been actively promoting the role of uClinux on 32-bit MCUs. Increasingly, uClinux is up against ARM’s own [Mbed OS](http://linuxgizmos.com/arm-announces-mbed-os-for-iot-devices/), at least on high-end MCU projects that require wireless communications and more sophisticated rules-based operation. Proponents of Mbed and modern, open source RTOSes like FreeRTOS say that uClinux requires too much RAM overhead to make it affordable for IoT endpoints. However, Emcraft and other uCLinux proponents claim the costs are overstated, and are worth the more extensive Linux wireless and interface support available even in a stripped down distro like uClinux.
|
||||
|
||||
When asked for comment on the ST release, Emcraft director of engineering Vladimir Khusainov had this to say: “ST’s decision to port its development tools to Linux is good news for Emcraft since it allows Linux users an easy way to start working with embedded STM MCUs. We expect that, having had a chance to get familiar with STM devices using the ST configurator and embedded libraries, some of those users may become interested in running embedded Linux (in its uClinux form) on the target.”
|
||||
|
||||
For a recent overview of uClinux on Cortex-M4, check out this [slide show](http://events.linuxfoundation.org/sites/events/files/slides/optimize-uclinux.pdf) from last year’s Embedded Linux Conference by Jim Huang and Jeff Liaw. More on Cortex-M processors in general may be found in this tidy [AnandTech overview](http://www.anandtech.com/show/8400/arms-cortex-m-even-smaller-and-lower-power-cpu-cores).
|
||||
|
||||
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.linux.com/news/embedded-mobile/mobile-linux/884961-st-releases-free-linux-ide-for-32-bit-mcus
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Arun Pyasi][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.linux.com/community/forums/person/42808
|
||||
118
sources/tech/20160218 The Best Linux Distros of 2016.md
Normal file
118
sources/tech/20160218 The Best Linux Distros of 2016.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
|
||||
The Best Linux Distros of 2016
|
||||
================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2015 was a very important year for Linux, [both in the enterprise as well as in the consumer space](http://www.cio.com/article/3017983/linux/2015s-most-exciting-linux-devices.html). As a Linux user since 2005, I can see that the operating system has come a long way in the past 10 years. [And, 2016 is going to be even more exciting](http://www.cio.com/article/3017177/linux/11-predictions-for-linux-in-2016.html). In this article, I have picked some of the best distros that will shine in 2016.
|
||||
|
||||
## Best Comeback Distro: openSUSE
|
||||
|
||||
SUSE, the company behind openSUSE, is the oldest Linux company; [it was formed just a year after Linus Torvalds announced Linux](http://www.linux.com/news/software/applications/866964-exclusive-interview-with-suse-president-nils-brauckmann). The company actually predates Linux king Red Hat. SUSE is also the sponsor of the community-based distro [openSUSE](https://www.opensuse.org/).
|
||||
|
||||
In 2015, openSUSE teams decided to come closer to SUSE Linux Enterprise (SLE) so that users could have a distribution that shares its DNA with the enterprise server -- similar to CentOS and Ubuntu. Thus, openSUSE became [openSUSE Leap](https://en.opensuse.org/Portal:Leap), a distribution that’s directly based on SLE SP (service pack) 1.
|
||||
|
||||
The two distros will share the code base to benefit each other -- SUSE will take what’s good in openSUSE and vice versa. With this move, openSUSE is also ditching the regular release cycle, and a new version will be released in sync with SLE. That means each version will have a much longer life cycle.
|
||||
|
||||
As a result of this move, openSUSE has become a very important distribution because potential SLE users can now use openSUSE Leap. That’s not all, however; openSUSE also announced the release of [Tumbleweed](http://www.cio.com/article/3008856/open-source-tools/is-opensuse-tumbleweed-good-enough-for-a-seasoned-arch-user.html), a pure rolling-release version. So, now, users can use either the super-stable openSUSE Leap or the always up-to-date openSUSE Tumbleweed.
|
||||
|
||||
No other distro has made such an impressive comeback in my memory.
|
||||
|
||||
Most Customizable Distro: Arch Linux
|
||||
|
||||
Arch Linux is the best rolling-release distribution out there. Period. Ok, I could be biased because I am an Arch Linux user. However, the reason behind my claim is that Arch excels in many other areas, too, and that’s why I use it as my main operating system.
|
||||
|
||||
[Arch Linux](https://www.archlinux.org/) is a great distro for those who want to learn everything about Linux. Because you have to install everything manually, you learn all the bits and pieces of a Linux-based operating system.
|
||||
|
||||
- Arch is the most customizable distribution. There is no “Arch” flavor of any DE. All you get is a foundation and you can build whatever distro want, on top of it. For good or for worse, unlike openSUSE or Ubuntu there is no extra patching or integration. You get what upstream developers created. Period.
|
||||
|
||||
- Arch Linux is also one of the best rolling releases. It’s always updated. Users always run the latest packages, and they can also run pre-released software through unstable repositories.
|
||||
|
||||
- Arch is also known for having excellent documentation. Arch Wiki is my to-go resource for everything Linux related.
|
||||
|
||||
- What I like the most about Arch is that is offers almost every package and software that’s available for “any” Linux distribution, thanks to the Arch User Repository, aka AUR.
|
||||
|
||||
## Best-Looking Distro: elementary OS
|
||||
|
||||
Different Linux distributions have different focus areas -- in most cases, these are technical differences. In many Linux distributions. the look and feel is an afterthought -- a side project at the mercy of the specific desktop environment.
|
||||
|
||||
[elementary OS](https://elementary.io/) is trying to change all that. Here, design is at the forefront, and the reason is quite obvious. The distro is being developed by designers who have made their name in the Linux world by creating beautiful icons.
|
||||
|
||||
elementary OS is quite strict about the holistic look and feel. The developers have created their own components, including the desktop environment. Additionally, they choose only those applications that fit into the design paradigm. One can find heavy influence of Mac OS X on elementary OS.
|
||||
|
||||
## Best Newcomer: Solus
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[Solus](https://solus-project.com/) operating system has garnered quite a lot of attention lately. It’s a decent-looking operating system that has been created from scratch. It’s not a derivative of Debian or Ubuntu. It comes with the Budgie desktop environment, which was built from scratch but aims to integrate with Gnome. Solus has the same minimalistic approach as Google’s Chrome OS.
|
||||
|
||||
I have not played with Solus much, but it does look promising. Solus is actually not a “new” OS. It has been around for a while in different forms and names. But the entire project was revived back in 2015 under this new name.
|
||||
|
||||
## Best Cloud OS: Chrome OS
|
||||
|
||||
[Chrome OS](https://www.chromium.org/chromium-os) may not be your typical Linux-based distribution because it’s a browser-based operating system for online activities. However, because it’s based on Linux and its source code is available for anyone to compile, it’s an attractive OS. I use Chrome OS on a daily basis. It’s an excellent, maintenance-free, always updated OS for anyone using a computer purely for web-related activities. Chrome OS, along with Android, deserves all the credit for making Linux popular in the PC and mobile space.
|
||||
|
||||
## Best Laptop OS: Ubuntu MATE
|
||||
|
||||
Most laptops don’t have very high-end hardware, and if you are running a really resource-intensive desktop environment then you won’t have much system resources or battery life at your disposal -- they will be used by the OS itself. That’s where I found [Ubuntu MATE](http://www.cio.com/article/2848475/ubuntu-mate-enterprise-customers.html) to be an excellent operating system. It’s lightweight, yet has all the bells and whistles needed for a pleasant experience. Thanks to its lightweight design, the majority of system resources are free for applications so you can still do some heavy work on it. I also found it to be a great distro on really low-end systems.
|
||||
|
||||
## Best Distro for Old Hardware: Lubuntu
|
||||
|
||||
If you have an old laptop or PC sitting around, breathe new life into it with [Lubuntu](http://lubuntu.net/). Lubuntu uses LXDE, but the project has merged with Razor Qt to create LXQt. Although the latest release 15.04 is still using LXDE, the future versions will be using LXQt. Lubuntu is a decent operating system for old hardware.
|
||||
|
||||
## Best Distro for IoT: Snappy Ubuntu Core
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Snappy Ubuntu Core is the best Linux-based operating system out there for Internet of Things (IoT) and other such devices. The operating system holds great potential to turn almost everything around us into smart devices -- such as routers, coffeemakers, drones, etc. What makes it even more interesting is the way the software manages updates and offers containerization for added security.
|
||||
|
||||
## Best Distro for Desktops: Linux Mint Cinnamon
|
||||
|
||||
[Linux Mint Cinnamon](http://www.linux.com/news/software/applications/838569-review-linux-mint-172-release/) is the best operating system for desktops and powerful laptops. I will go as far as calling it the Mac OS X of the Linux world. Honestly, I had not been a huge fan of Linux Mint for a long time because of unstable Cinnamon. But, as soon as the developers chose to use LTS as the base, the distro has become incredibly stable. Because the developers don’t have to spend much time worrying about keeping up with Ubuntu, they are now investing all of their time in making Cinnamon better.
|
||||
|
||||
## Best Distro for Games: Steam OS
|
||||
|
||||
Gaming has been a weakness of desktop Linux. Many users dual-boot with Windows just to be able to play games. Valve Software is trying to change that. Valve is a game distributor that offers a client to run games on different platforms. And, Valve has now created their open operating system -- [Steam OS](http://store.steampowered.com/steamos/) -- to create a Linux-based gaming platform. By the end of 2015, partners started shipping Steam machines to the market.
|
||||
|
||||
## Best Distro for Privacy: Tails
|
||||
|
||||
In this age of mass surveillance and tracking by marketers (anonymous tracking for targeted content is acceptable), privacy has become a major issue. If you are someone who needs to keep the government and marketing agencies out of your business, you need an operating system that’s created -- from the ground up -- with privacy in mind.
|
||||
|
||||
And, nothing beats [Tails](https://tails.boum.org/) for this purpose. It’s a Debian-based distribution that offers privacy and anonymity by design. Tails is so good that, according to reports, the NSA considers it a major threat to their mission.
|
||||
|
||||
## Best Distro for Multimedia Production: Ubuntu Studio
|
||||
|
||||
Multimedia production is one of the major weaknesses of Linux-based operating systems. All the professional-grade applications are available for either Windows or Mac OS X. There is no dearth of decent audio/video production software for Linux, but a multimedia production system needs more than just decent applications. It should use a lightweight desktop environment so that precious system resources -- such as CPU and RAM -- are used sparingly by the system itself, leaving them for the multimedia applications. And, the best Linux distribution for multimedia production is [Ubuntu Studio](https://ubuntustudio.org/tour/). It uses Xfce and comes with a broad range of audio, video, and image editing applications.
|
||||
|
||||
## Best Enterprise Distro: SLE/RHEL
|
||||
|
||||
Enterprise customers don’t look for articles like these to choose a distribution to run on their servers. They already know where to go: It’s either [Red Hat Enterprise Linux](https://www.redhat.com/en/technologies/linux-platforms/enterprise-linux) or [SUSE Linux Enterprise](https://www.suse.com/). These two names have become synonymous with enterprise servers. These companies are also pushing boundaries by innovating in this changing landscape where everything is containerized and becoming software defined.
|
||||
|
||||
## Best Server OS: Debian/CentOS
|
||||
|
||||
If you are looking at running a server, but you can’t afford or don’t want to pay a subscription fee for RHEL or SLE, then there is nothing better than [Debian](https://www.debian.org/) or [CentOS](https://www.centos.org/). These distributions are the gold standard when it comes to community-based servers. And, they are supported for a very long time, so you won’t have to worry about upgrading your system so often.
|
||||
|
||||
## Best Mobile OS: Plasma Mobile
|
||||
|
||||
Although the Linux-based distribution Android is ruling the roost, many in the open source community, including me, still desire a distribution that offers traditional Linux desktop apps on mobile devices. At the same time, it’s better if the distro is run by a community instead of a company so that a user remains in the focus and not the company’s financial goals. And that’s where KDE’s [Plasma Mobile](https://community.kde.org/Plasma/Mobile) brings some hope.
|
||||
|
||||
This Kubuntu-based distribution was launched in 2015. Because the KDE community is known for their adherence to standards and developing stuff in public, I am quite excited about the future of Plasma Mobile.
|
||||
|
||||
## Best Distro for ARM Devices: Arch Linux ARM
|
||||
|
||||
With the success of Android, we are now surrounded by ARM-powered devices -- from Raspberry Pi to Chromebook and Nvidia Shield. The traditional distros written for Intel/AMD processors won’t run on these systems. Some distributions are aimed at ARM, but they are mostly for specific hardware only, such as Raspbian for Raspberry Pi. That’s where [Arch Linux ARM](http://archlinuxarm.org/) (ALARM) shines. It’s a purely community-based distribution that’s based on Arch Linux. You can run it on Raspberry Pi, Chromebooks, Android devices, Nvidia Shield, and what not. What makes this distribution even more interesting is that, thanks to the Arch User Repository (AUR), you can install many applications than you may not get on other distributions.
|
||||
|
||||
## Conclusion
|
||||
|
||||
I was astonished and amazed when I worked on this story. It’s very exciting to see that there is something for everyone in the Linux world. It doesn’t matter if the year of the desktop Linux never arrives. We are happy with our Linux moments!
|
||||
|
||||
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.linux.com/news/software/applications/878620-the-best-linux-distros-of-2016
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Swapnil Bhartiya][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.linux.com/community/forums/person/61003
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
|
||||
Tizen 3.0 Joins Growing List of Raspberry Pi 2 Distributions
|
||||
==============================================================
|
||||
Last week’s news that Tizen 3.0 has been ported to the Raspberry Pi 2 Model B is the latest example of how the year-old ARMv7 version of the Pi is attracting ports from more powerful Linux distributions, most notably Fedora, Ubuntu MATE, and Snappy. The [Samsung Open Source Group’s Tizen for Pi](http://blogs.s-osg.org/bringing-tizen-to-a-raspberry-pi-2-near-you/) project has been underway for several years, achieving several beta releases, and now the effort has shifted to the new Tizen 3.0. It’s still in beta, but now you can create builds for the Pi 2 using tools from the [Yocto](https://www.yoctoproject.org/) Project and [OpenEmbedded project](http://www.openembedded.org/wiki/Main_Page).
|
||||
|
||||
Tizen 3.0 offers performance and security improvements, multiple-user and 64-bit support, and an Internet of Things (IoT) framework. Samsung, the principal backer of the [Linux Foundation hosted Tizen project](https://www.tizen.org/), is using the Pi port to expand the base of developers using Tizen for IoT projects, according to an [IDG News Service post](http://www.cio.com/article/3031812/samsung-hopes-raspberry-pi-can-spread-tizen-os-adoption.html) that reported on the port.
|
||||
|
||||
Although Samsung finally [shipped a Tizen-based](http://www.linux.com/news/embedded-mobile/mobile-linux/837843-samsung-sells-a-million-tizen-phones-as-mozilla-rethinks-firefox-os) phone in India last summer, and Gear smartwatches continue to use Tizen, the main focus now appears to be on IoT. At CES last month, Samsung [announced](http://www.linux.com/news/embedded-mobile/mobile-linux/877879-linux-based-drones-upstage-other-mobile-gadgets-at-ces) that all of its Tizen-based, 2016 Smart TVs will be able to act as SmartThings home automation hubs, letting users monitor the household while watching TV.
|
||||
|
||||
## The Growing List of Pi Distros
|
||||
|
||||
[Elinux.org](http://elinux.org/RPi_Distributions) lists some 46 ARMv6-ready distributions that run on all the Raspberry Pi boards. A separate listing notes two ARMv7-only distros that require the ARMv7 Raspberry Pi 2: Ubuntu MATE, which replaces the resource-intensive Unity desktop with the Gnome 2.0 flavored MATE, and Windows 10 IoT Core. The prominent placement of a Microsoft distribution is not as controversial as one might have thought. To many younger Linux developers and casual Pi hackers, Microsoft is just another tech company, not so much the evil empire loathed by old-time Linux hackers.
|
||||
|
||||
Windows 10 IoT Core isn’t the only non-Linux distro running on the Pi. There’s also the Unix-like FreeBSD and NetBSD, as well as the revived RISC OS Pi version of the old Acorn Computers OS. Some of the 48 operating systems on the Elinux.org list are incomplete, out-of-date, or dedicated to limited niches. [DistroWatch](https://distrowatch.com/search.php?category=Raspberry+Pi) offers a more manageable list of 20.
|
||||
|
||||
The [Raspberry Pi Foundation](https://www.raspberrypi.org/) still prominently posts a download page for its homegrown, Debian-based Raspbian, in both standard and NOOBS packages. This lightweight distro is still the most popular and typically the highest rated Linux build for the Pi. The Scratch-ready distro is especially equally suited for desktop use and embedded hacking with home automation gear, robots, and other IoT gizmos. Raspbian recently [received an update](http://news.softpedia.com/news/raspbian-gets-experimental-opengl-driver-gpu-now-used-for-acceleration-500152.shtml) with an experimental OpenGL driver for doing hardware acceleration on the VideoCore IV GPU used with the Pi 2’s Broadcom BCM2836 SoC.
|
||||
|
||||
The Pi Foundation also lists several [third-party downloads](https://www.raspberrypi.org/downloads/). In addition to Windows 10 IoT Core and and Ubuntu MATE, the list includes the lightweight, transactionally focused [Snappy Ubuntu Core](http://www.linux.com/news/embedded-mobile/mobile-linux/804659-ubuntu-snappy-leads-mobile-linux-migration-to-iot) for the Pi 2. Canonical is aiming Snappy at those who want an app platform and cloud integration in embedded devices like drones and IoT devices. Snappy also came out last week in a version designed for [Intel NUC mini-PCs](https://insights.ubuntu.com/2016/02/10/ubuntu-core-is-available-for-the-intel-nuc/). The Pi Foundation also posts images for RISC OS and the education-focused PINET. There are also two media center distros related to KODI/XBMC: OSMC and OpenElec.
|
||||
|
||||
In addition to its list of 48 released distros, Elinux.org lists several “announced” distros including Firefox OS, [openSUSE](https://www.reddit.com/r/openSUSE/comments/3hxrz4/opensuse_on_a_raspberry_pi_2_armv7/), Meego MER & XBMC, Puppy, RPi-Buildroot, and Aros. Missing, however, is Tizen, as well as newly announced ports such as [Manjaro-ARM](http://www.linux-arm.info/index.php/1103-hands-on-more-adventures-with-manjaro-arm-for-the-raspberry-pi-2) and the CentOS 7-based [CentOS AltArch 7](http://www.linux-arm.info/index.php/1054-centos-altarch-7-now-available-for-aarch64-powerpc64-powerpc8-le-and-armhfp) for the Pi 2, Banana Pi, and CubieTruck SBCs.
|
||||
|
||||
## Android Still Pi in the Sky
|
||||
|
||||
Elinux.org’s “announced” list also includes Android and a Miracast-like program called Android Transporter. People have been trying to port Android to the Pi for years; yet, even with the more suitable [Pi 2](http://www.linux.com/news/embedded-mobile/mobile-linux/807087-faster-raspberry-pi-2-says-yes-to-ubuntu-and-windows-but-wheres-android) shipping for a year now, Android is still pretty much a no-show. Android can run on lower-powered SoCs than the Pi 2’s quad-core, Cortex-A7, but the limited 1GB of RAM and the lack of GPU acceleration are big challenges. Perhaps Raspbian’s OpenGL driver could be ported to Android as well, although the Pi Foundation does not seem very interested in Android.
|
||||
|
||||
There are several Android-for-Pi projects in the works, but without the foundation’s backing, there is still nothing close to a complete port. Projects include an [AOSP Marshmallow](http://www.linux.com/news/embedded-mobile/mobile-linux/886126-tizen-30-joins-growing-list-of-raspberry-pi-2-distros#!topic/android-rpi/YW_gGr8wZkk) patch-set from Peter Yoon, as well as a [RaspAnd](https://extonlinux.wordpress.com/2015/04/05/run-android-5-1-lollipop-exton-build-on-your-raspberry-pi-2/) release based on the Ubuntu-based RaspEx, which makes use of the Aptoide package manager to load some Android 5.1 apps on a Pi 2. The [Razdroid project](https://www.raspberrypi.org/forums/viewtopic.php?f=73&t=19106), which aims to tap into the secrets of Broadcom hardware acceleration, seems to have stalled.
|
||||
|
||||
Most Rasp Pi users, however, appear more interested in [Ubuntu MATE](https://ubuntu-mate.org/raspberry-pi/), which was never optimized for ARMv6, and Fedora. For years, Pi users have run the lightweight spin-down of Fedora called Pidora, but with the Pi 2, they can now try the real thing. The Raspberry Pi Foundation has yet to post Fedora, but the recent [betas of the Pi 2 port](https://chisight.wordpress.com/2015/10/19/fedora-22-or-23-on-raspberry-pi-2/) have received high marks.
|
||||
|
||||
Other Linux distributions that regularly make Top Pi distro lists include Arch Linux, which unlike most ports from mature Linux distros, works just fine on ARMv6. A recent [TechRadar Top 5 list](http://www.techradar.com/us/news/software/5-of-the-most-popular-raspberry-pi-distros-1292537) includes several more niche distros in addition to Raspbian. These include the OSMC media player environment, RetroPie for playing classic games, OpenMediaVault for turning your Pi into a NAS, and Pi MusicBox, based on the Mopidy music streaming server.
|
||||
|
||||
Beyond Ubuntu, Fedora, and Tizen, other distros, both arcane and general, are heading for the Pi 2, as well. The platform is rapidly expanding the boundaries of, as well as redefining the meaning of, desktop Linux.
|
||||
|
||||
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.linux.com/news/embedded-mobile/mobile-linux/886126-tizen-30-joins-growing-list-of-raspberry-pi-2-distros
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Eric Brown][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a](http://www.linux.com/community/forums/person/42808)
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
|
||||
What do Linux developers think of Git and GitHub?
|
||||
=====================================================
|
||||
|
||||
**Also in today’s open source roundup: DistroWatch reviews XStream Desktop 153, and Street Fighter V is coming to Linux and SteamOS in the spring**
|
||||
|
||||
## What do Linux developers think of Git and GitHub?
|
||||
|
||||
The popularity of Git and GitHub among Linux developers is well established. But what do developers think of them? And should GitHub really be synonymous with Git itself? A Linux redditor recently asked about this and got some very interesting answers.
|
||||
|
||||
Dontwakemeup46 asked his question:
|
||||
|
||||
>I am learning Git and Github. What I am interested in is how these two are viewed by the community. That git and github are used extensively, is something I know. But are there serious issues with either Git or Github? Something that the community would love to change?
|
||||
|
||||
[More at Reddit](http://api.viglink.com/api/click?format=go&jsonp=vglnk_145580413015211&key=0a7039c08493c7c51b759e3d13019dbe&libId=iksc5hc8010113at000DL3yrsuvp7&loc=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoworld.com%2Farticle%2F3033059%2Flinux%2Fwhat-do-linux-developers-think-of-git-and-github.html&v=1&out=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reddit.com%2Fr%2Flinux%2Fcomments%2F45jy59%2Fthe_popularity_of_git_and_github%2F&ref=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linux.com%2Fnews%2Fsoftware%2Fapplications%2F886008-what-do-linux-developers-think-of-git-and-github&title=What%20do%20Linux%20developers%20think%20of%20Git%20and%20GitHub%3F%20%7C%20InfoWorld&txt=More%20at%20Reddit)
|
||||
|
||||
His fellow Linux redditors responded with their thoughts about Git and GitHub:
|
||||
|
||||
>Derenir: ”Github is not affliated with Git.
|
||||
|
||||
>Git is made by Linus Torvalds.
|
||||
|
||||
>Github hardly supports Linux.
|
||||
|
||||
>Github is a corporate bordelo that tries to make money from Git.
|
||||
|
||||
>[https://desktop.github.com/](http://api.viglink.com/api/click?format=go&jsonp=vglnk_145580415025712&key=0a7039c08493c7c51b759e3d13019dbe&libId=iksc5hc8010113at000DL3yrsuvp7&loc=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoworld.com%2Farticle%2F3033059%2Flinux%2Fwhat-do-linux-developers-think-of-git-and-github.html&v=1&type=U&out=https%3A%2F%2Fdesktop.github.com%2F&ref=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linux.com%2Fnews%2Fsoftware%2Fapplications%2F886008-what-do-linux-developers-think-of-git-and-github&title=What%20do%20Linux%20developers%20think%20of%20Git%20and%20GitHub%3F%20%7C%20InfoWorld&txt=https%3A%2F%2Fdesktop.github.com%2F) see here no Linux Support.”
|
||||
|
||||
>**Bilog78**: ”A minor update: git hasn't been “made by Linus Torvalds” for a while. The maintainer is Junio C Hamano and the main contributors after him are Jeff King and Shawn O. Pearce.”
|
||||
|
||||
>**Fearthefuture**: ”I like git but can't understand why people even use github anymore. From my point of view the only thing it does better than bitbucket are user statistics and the larger userbase. Bitbucket has unlimited free private repos, much better UI and very good integration with other services such as Jenkins.”
|
||||
|
||||
>**Thunger**: ”Gitlab.com is also nice, especially since you can host your own instance on your own servers.”
|
||||
|
||||
>**Takluyver**: ”Lots of people are familiar with the UI of Github and associated services like Travis, and lots of people already have Github accounts, so it's a good place for projects to be. People also use their Github profile as a kind of portfolio, so they're motivated to put more projects on there. Github is a de facto standard for hosting open source projects.”
|
||||
|
||||
>**Tdammers**: ”Serious issue with git would be the UI, which is kind of counterintuitive, to the point that many users just stick with a handful of memorized incantations.
|
||||
|
||||
Github: most serious issue here is that it's a proprietary hosted solution; you buy convenience, and the price is that your code is on someone else's server and not under your control anymore. Another common criticism of github is that its workflow isn't in line with the spirit of git itself, particularly the way pull requests work. And finally, github is monopolizing the code hosting landscape, and that's bad for diversity, which in turn is crucial for a thriving free software community.”
|
||||
|
||||
>**Dies**: ”How is that the case? More importantly, if that is the case, then what's done is done and I guess we're stuck with Github since they control so many projects.”
|
||||
|
||||
>**Tdammers**: ”The code is hosted on someone else's server, "someone else" in this case being github. Which, for an open-source project, is not typically a huge problem, but still, you don't control it. If you have a private project on github, then the only assurance you have that it will remain private is github's word for it. If you decide to delete things, then you can never be sure whether it's been deleted, or just hidden.
|
||||
|
||||
Github doesn't control the projects themselves (you can always take your code and host it elsewhere, declaring the new location the "official" one), it just has deeper access to the code than the developers themselves.”
|
||||
|
||||
>**Drelos**: ”I have read a lot of praises and bad stuff about Github ([here's an example](http://api.viglink.com/api/click?format=go&jsonp=vglnk_145580428524613&key=0a7039c08493c7c51b759e3d13019dbe&libId=iksc5hc8010113at000DL3yrsuvp7&loc=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoworld.com%2Farticle%2F3033059%2Flinux%2Fwhat-do-linux-developers-think-of-git-and-github.html&v=1&out=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2F2015%2F06%2Fproblem-putting-worlds-code-github%2F&ref=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linux.com%2Fnews%2Fsoftware%2Fapplications%2F886008-what-do-linux-developers-think-of-git-and-github&title=What%20do%20Linux%20developers%20think%20of%20Git%20and%20GitHub%3F%20%7C%20InfoWorld&txt=here%27s%20an%20example)) but my simple noob question is why aren't efforts towards a free and open "version" ?”
|
||||
|
||||
>**Twizmwazin**: ”GitLab is sorta pushing there.”
|
||||
|
||||
[More at Reddit](http://api.viglink.com/api/click?format=go&jsonp=vglnk_145580429720714&key=0a7039c08493c7c51b759e3d13019dbe&libId=iksc5hc8010113at000DL3yrsuvp7&loc=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoworld.com%2Farticle%2F3033059%2Flinux%2Fwhat-do-linux-developers-think-of-git-and-github.html&v=1&out=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reddit.com%2Fr%2Flinux%2Fcomments%2F45jy59%2Fthe_popularity_of_git_and_github%2F&ref=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linux.com%2Fnews%2Fsoftware%2Fapplications%2F886008-what-do-linux-developers-think-of-git-and-github&title=What%20do%20Linux%20developers%20think%20of%20Git%20and%20GitHub%3F%20%7C%20InfoWorld&txt=More%20at%20Reddit)
|
||||
|
||||
## DistroWatch reviews XStream Desktop 153
|
||||
|
||||
XStreamOS is a version of Solaris created by Sonicle. XStream Desktop brings the power of Solaris to desktop users, and distrohoppers might be interested in checking it out. DistroWatch did a full review of XStream Desktop 153 and found that it performed fairly well.
|
||||
|
||||
Jesse Smith reports for DistroWatch:
|
||||
|
||||
>I think XStream Desktop does a lot of things well. Admittedly, my trial got off to a rocky start when the operating system would not boot on my hardware and I could not get the desktop to use my display's full screen resolution when running in VirtualBox. However, after that, XStream performed fairly well. The installer works well, the operating system automatically sets up and uses boot environments, insuring we can recover the system if something goes wrong. The package management tools work well and XStream ships with a useful collection of software.
|
||||
|
||||
>I did run into a few problems playing media, specifically getting audio to work. I am not sure if that is another hardware compatibility issue or a problem with the media software that ships with the operating system. On the other hand, tools such as the web browser, e-mail, productivity suite and configuration tools all worked well.
|
||||
|
||||
>What I appreciate about XStream the most is that the operating system is a branch of the OpenSolaris family that is being kept up to date. Other derivatives of OpenSolaris tend to lag behind, at least with desktop software, but XStream is still shipping recent versions of Firefox and LibreOffice.
|
||||
|
||||
>For me personally, XStream is missing a few components, like a printer manager, multimedia support and drivers for my specific hardware. Other aspects of the operating system are quite attractive. I like the way the developers have set up LXDE, I like the default collection of software and I especially like the way file system snapshots and boot environments are enabled out of the box. Most Linux distributions, openSUSE aside, have not caught on to the usefulness of boot environments yet and I hope it is a technology that is picked up by more projects.
|
||||
|
||||
[More at DistroWatch](http://api.viglink.com/api/click?format=go&jsonp=vglnk_145580434172315&key=0a7039c08493c7c51b759e3d13019dbe&libId=iksc5hc8010113at000DL3yrsuvp7&loc=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoworld.com%2Farticle%2F3033059%2Flinux%2Fwhat-do-linux-developers-think-of-git-and-github.html&v=1&out=http%3A%2F%2Fdistrowatch.com%2Fweekly.php%3Fissue%3D20160215%23xstreamos&ref=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linux.com%2Fnews%2Fsoftware%2Fapplications%2F886008-what-do-linux-developers-think-of-git-and-github&title=What%20do%20Linux%20developers%20think%20of%20Git%20and%20GitHub%3F%20%7C%20InfoWorld&txt=More%20at%20DistroWatch)
|
||||
|
||||
## Street Fighter V and SteamOS
|
||||
|
||||
Street Fighter is one of the most well known game franchises of all time, and now [Capcom has announced](http://api.viglink.com/api/click?format=go&jsonp=vglnk_145580435418216&key=0a7039c08493c7c51b759e3d13019dbe&libId=iksc5hc8010113at000DL3yrsuvp7&loc=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoworld.com%2Farticle%2F3033059%2Flinux%2Fwhat-do-linux-developers-think-of-git-and-github.html&v=1&out=http%3A%2F%2Fsteamcommunity.com%2Fgames%2F310950%2Fannouncements%2Fdetail%2F857177755595160250&ref=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linux.com%2Fnews%2Fsoftware%2Fapplications%2F886008-what-do-linux-developers-think-of-git-and-github&title=What%20do%20Linux%20developers%20think%20of%20Git%20and%20GitHub%3F%20%7C%20InfoWorld&txt=Capcom%20has%20announced) that Street Fighter V will be coming to Linux and SteamOS in the spring. This is great news for Linux gamers.
|
||||
|
||||
Joe Parlock reports for Destructoid:
|
||||
|
||||
>Are you one of the less than one percent of Steam users who play on a Linux-based system? Are you part of the even smaller percentage of people who play on Linux and are excited for Street Fighter V? Well, I’ve got some good news for you.
|
||||
|
||||
>Capcom has announced via Steam that Street Fighter V will be coming to SteamOS and other Linux operating systems sometime this spring. It’ll come at no extra cost, so those who already own the PC build of the game will just be able to install it on Linux and be good to go.
|
||||
|
||||
[More at Destructoid](http://api.viglink.com/api/click?format=go&jsonp=vglnk_145580435418216&key=0a7039c08493c7c51b759e3d13019dbe&libId=iksc5hc8010113at000DL3yrsuvp7&loc=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoworld.com%2Farticle%2F3033059%2Flinux%2Fwhat-do-linux-developers-think-of-git-and-github.html&v=1&out=http%3A%2F%2Fsteamcommunity.com%2Fgames%2F310950%2Fannouncements%2Fdetail%2F857177755595160250&ref=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linux.com%2Fnews%2Fsoftware%2Fapplications%2F886008-what-do-linux-developers-think-of-git-and-github&title=What%20do%20Linux%20developers%20think%20of%20Git%20and%20GitHub%3F%20%7C%20InfoWorld&txt=Capcom%20has%20announced)
|
||||
|
||||
Did you miss a roundup? Check the [Eye On Open home page](http://www.infoworld.com/blog/eye-on-open/) to get caught up with the latest news about open source and Linux.
|
||||
|
||||
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.infoworld.com/article/3033059/linux/what-do-linux-developers-think-of-git-and-github.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Jim Lynch][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.infoworld.com/author/Jim-Lynch/
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
|
||||
Being translated by hittlle......
|
||||
Part 10 - LFCS: Understanding & Learning Basic Shell Scripting and Linux Filesystem Troubleshooting
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
The Linux Foundation launched the LFCS certification (Linux Foundation Certified Sysadmin), a brand new initiative whose purpose is to allow individuals everywhere (and anywhere) to get certified in basic to intermediate operational support for Linux systems, which includes supporting running systems and services, along with overall monitoring and analysis, plus smart decision-making when it comes to raising issues to upper support teams.
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
|
||||
Translating by Flowsnow
|
||||
|
||||
Part 7 - LFCS: Managing System Startup Process and Services (SysVinit, Systemd and Upstart)
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
A couple of months ago, the Linux Foundation announced the LFCS (Linux Foundation Certified Sysadmin) certification, an exciting new program whose aim is allowing individuals from all ends of the world to get certified in performing basic to intermediate system administration tasks on Linux systems. This includes supporting already running systems and services, along with first-hand problem-finding and analysis, plus the ability to decide when to raise issues to engineering teams.
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,209 +0,0 @@
|
||||
# 19年KDE进化历程
|
||||
注：youtube 视频
|
||||
<iframe width="660" height="371" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/1UG4lQOMBC4?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>
|
||||
|
||||
## 概述
|
||||
KDE – 史上功能最强大的桌面环境之一； 开源且免费。19年前，1996年10月14日，德国程序员 Matthias Ettrich 开始了编写这个美观的桌面环境。KDE提供了诸如shell以及其他很多日常使用的程序。今日，KDE被成千上万人在 Unix 和 Windows 上使用。19年----一个对软件项目而言极为漫长的年岁。现在是时候让我们回到最初，看看这一切从哪里开始了。
|
||||
|
||||
K Desktop Environment（KDE）有很多创新之处：新设计，美观，连贯性，易于使用，对普通用户和专业用户都足够强大的应用库。"KDE"这个名字是对单词"通用桌面环境"（Common Desktop Environment）玩的一个简单谐音游戏，"K"----"Cool"。 第一代KDE在双证书授权下使用了有专利的 Trolltech's Qt 框架 （现Qt的前身），这两个许可证分别是 open source QPL(Q public license) 和 商业专利许可证（proprietary commercial license）。在2000年 Trolltech 让一部分 Qt 软件库开始发布在 GPL 证书下; Qt 4.5 发布在了 LGPL 2.1 许可证下。自2009起 KDE 桌面环境由三部分构成：Plasma Workspaces (作Shell)，KDE 应用，作为 KDE Software 编译的 KDE Platform.
|
||||
|
||||
## 各发布版本
|
||||
### Pre-Release – 1996年10月14日
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
当时名称为 Kool Desktop Environment；"Kool"这个单词在很快就被弃用了。最初，所有KDE的组件都是被单独发布在开发社区里的，他们之间没有任何环绕大项目的组装配合。开发组邮件列表中的第一封通信是发往kde@fiwi02.wiwi.uni-Tubingen.de 的邮件。
|
||||
|
||||
### KDE 1.0 – 1998年7月12日
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
这个版本受到了颇有争议的反馈。很多人反对使用Qt框架----当时的 FreeQt 许可证和自由软件许可证并不兼容----并建议开发组使用 Motif 或者 LessTif 替代。尽管有着这些反对声，KDE 仍然被很多用户所青睐，并且成功作为第一个Linux发行版的环境被集成了进去。(made its way into the first Linux distributions)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1999年1月28日
|
||||
|
||||
一次升级，**K Desktop Environment 1.1**，更快，更稳定的同时加入了很多小升级。这个版本同时也加入了很多新的图标，背景，外观文理。和这些全面翻新同时出现的还有 Torsten Rahn 绘制的全新KDE图标----齿轮前的3个K字母；这个图标的修改版也一直沿用至今。
|
||||
|
||||
### KDE 2.0 – 2000年10月23日
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
重大更新：_ DCOP (Desktop COmmunication Protocol)，一个端到端的通信协议 _ KIO，一个应用程序I/O库 _ KParts，组件对象模板 _ KHTML，一个符合 HTML 4.0 标准的图像绘制引擎。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2001年2月26日
|
||||
|
||||
**K Desktop Environment 2.1** 首次发布了媒体播放器 noatun，noatun使用了先进的模组-插件设计。为了便利开发者，K Desktop Environment 2.1 打包了 KDevelop
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2001年8月15日
|
||||
|
||||
**KDE 2.2**版本在GNU/Linux上加快了50%的应用启动速度，同时提高了稳定性和 HTML、JavaScript的解析性能，同时还增加了一些 KMail 的功能。
|
||||
|
||||
### KDE 3.0 – 2002年4月3日
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
K Desktop Environment 3.0 加入了更好的限制使用功能，这个功能在网咖，企业公用电脑上被广泛需求。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2003年1月28日
|
||||
|
||||
**K Desktop Environment 3.1** 加入了新的默认窗口（Keramik）和图标样式（Crystal）和其他一些改进。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2004年2月3日
|
||||
|
||||
**K Desktop Environment 3.2** 加入了诸如网页表格，书写邮件中拼写检查的新功能；补强了邮件和日历功能。完善了Konqueror 中的标签机制和对 Microsoft Windows 桌面共享协议的支持。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2004年8月19日
|
||||
|
||||
**K Desktop Environment 3.3** 侧重于组合不同的桌面组件。Kontact 被放进了群件应用Kolab 并与 Kpilot 结合。Konqueror 的加入让KDE有了更好的 IM 交流功能，比如支持发送文件，以及其他 IM 协议（如IRC）的支持。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2005年3月16日
|
||||
|
||||
**K Desktop Environment 3.4** 侧重于提高易用性。这次更新为Konqueror，Kate，KPDF加入了文字-语音转换功能；也在桌面系统中加入了独立的 KSayIt 文字-语音转换软件。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2005年11月29日
|
||||
|
||||
**The K Desktop Environment 3.5** 发布加入了 SuperKaramba，为桌面环境提供了易于安装的插件机制。 desktop. Konqueror 加入了广告屏蔽功能并成为了有史以来第二个通过Acid2 CSS 测试的浏览器。
|
||||
|
||||
### KDE SC 4.0 – 2008年1月11日
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
大部分开组投身于把最新的技术和开发框架整合进 KDE 4 当中。Plasma 和 Oxygen 是两次最大的用户界面风格变更。同时，Dolphin 替代 Konqueror 成为默认文件管理器，Okular 成为了默认文档浏览器。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2008年7月29日
|
||||
|
||||
**KDE 4.1** 引入了一个在 PIM 和 Kopete 中使用的表情主题系统；引入了可以让用户便利地从互联网上一键下载数据的DXS。同时引入了 GStreamer，QuickTime，和 DirectShow 9 Phonon 后台。加入了新应用如：_ Dragon Player _ Kontact _ Skanlite – 扫描仪软件，_ Step – 物理模拟软件 * 新游戏: Kdiamond，Kollision，KBreakout 和更多......
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2009年1月27日
|
||||
|
||||
**KDE 4.2** 被认为是在已经极佳的 KDE 4.1 基础上的又一次全面超越，同时也成为了大多数用户替换旧 3.5 版本的完美选择。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2009年8月4日
|
||||
|
||||
**KDE 4.3** 修复了超过10,000个 bugs，同时加入了让近2,000个被用户需求的功能。整合一些新的技术例如：PolicyKit，NetworkManage & Geolocation services 等也是这个版本的一大重点。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2010年2月9日
|
||||
|
||||
**KDE SC 4.4** 基础 Qt 4 开框架的 4.6 版本，新的应用 KAddressBook 被加入，同时也是is based on version 4.6 of the Qt 4 toolkit. New application – KAddressBook，Kopete首次发布。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2010年8月10日
|
||||
|
||||
**KDE SC 4.5** 增加了一些新特性：整合了 WebKit 库----一个开源的浏览器引擎库，现在也被在 Apple Safari 和 Google Chrome 中广泛使用。KPackageKit 替换了 Kpackage。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2011年1月26日
|
||||
|
||||
**KDE SC 4.6** 加强了 OpenGl 的性能，同时照常更新了无数bug和小改进。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2011年7月27日
|
||||
|
||||
**KDE SC 4.7** 升级 KWin 以兼容 OpenGL ES 2.0 ，更新了 Qt Quick，Plasma Desktop 中在应用里普遍使用的新特性 1.2万个bug被修复。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2012年1月25日
|
||||
|
||||
**KDE SC 4.8**: 更好的 KWin 性能与 Wayland 支持，更新了 Doplhin 的外观设计。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2012年8月1日
|
||||
|
||||
**KDE SC 4.9**: 向 Dolphin 文件管理器增加了一些更新，比如加入了实时文件重命名，鼠标辅助按钮支持，更好的位置标签和更多文件分类管理功能。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2013年2月6日
|
||||
|
||||
**KDE SC 4.10**: 很多 Plasma 插件使用 QML 重写； Nepomuk，Kontact 和 Okular 得到了很大程度的性能和功能提升。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2013年8月14日
|
||||
|
||||
**KDE SC 4.11**: Kontact 和 Nepomuk 有了很大的优化。 第一代 Plasma Workspaces 进入了仅有维护而没有新生开发的软件周期。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2013年12月18日
|
||||
|
||||
**KDE SC 4.12**: Kontact 得到了极大的提升。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2014年4月16日
|
||||
|
||||
**KDE SC 4.13**: Nepomuk 语义搜索功能替代了桌面上的原有的Baloo搜索。 KDE SC 4.13 发布了53个语言版本。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2014年8月20日
|
||||
|
||||
**KDE SC 4.14**: 这个发布版本侧重于稳定性提升：大量的bug修复和小更新。这是最后一个 KDE SC 4 发布版本。
|
||||
|
||||
### KDE Plasma 5.0 – 2014年7月15日
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
KDE Plasma 5 – 第五代 KDE。大幅改进了设计和系统，新的默认主题 ---- Breeze，完全迁移到了 QML，更好的 OpenGL 性能，更完美的 HiDPI （高分辨率）显示支持。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2014年11月11日
|
||||
|
||||
**KDE Plasma 5.1**：加入了Plasma 4里原先没有补完的功能。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2015年1月27日
|
||||
|
||||
**KDE Plasma 5.2**：新组件：BlueDevil，KSSHAskPass，Muon，SDDM 主题设置，KScreen，GTK+ 样式设置 和 KDecoration.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2015年4月28日
|
||||
|
||||
**KDE Plasma 5.3**：Plasma Media Center 技术预览。新的蓝牙和触摸板小程序；改良了电源管理。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2015年8月25日
|
||||
|
||||
**KDE Plasma 5.4**：Wayland 登场，新的基于 QML 的音频管理程序，交替式全屏程序显示。
|
||||
|
||||
万分感谢 [KDE][1] 开发者和社区及Wikipedia 为书写 [概述][2] 带来的帮助，同时，感谢所有读者。希望大家保持自由精神（be free）并继续支持如同 KDE 一样的开源的自由软件发展。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: [https://tlhp.cf/kde-history/](https://tlhp.cf/kde-history/)
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Pavlo RudyiCategories][a] 译者：[jerryling315](https://github.com/jerryling315) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]: https://www.kde.org/
|
||||
[2]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDE_Plasma_5
|
||||
[a]: https://tlhp.cf/author/paul/
|
||||
@ -1,344 +0,0 @@
|
||||
对比Windows 10与Linux:Linux用户已经使用'Windows 10'超过8年
|
||||
==============================================================================================================================================================
|
||||
Windows 10 是2015年7月29日上市的最新一代Windows NT系列系统,Windows 8.1 的继任者.Windows 10 支持Intel 32位平台,AMD64以及ARM v7处理器.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
对比:Windows 10与Linux
|
||||
|
||||
作为一个连续使用linux超过8年的用户,我想要去测试Windows 10 ,因为它最近制造了很多新闻.这篇文章是我观察力的一个重大突破.我将从一个linux用户的角度去看待一切,所以这篇文章可能会有些偏向于linux.尽管如此,本文也应该不会有任何错误信息.
|
||||
|
||||
1. 用谷歌搜索"download Windows 10" 并且点击第一个链接.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
搜索Windows 10
|
||||
|
||||
你也可以直接打开: [https://www.microsoft.com/en_us/software-download/Windows10[1]
|
||||
|
||||
2. 微软要求我从Windows 10, Windows 10 KN, Windows 10 N 和Windows 10 单语言版中选择一个版本
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
选择版本
|
||||
|
||||
以下是各个版本的简略信息:
|
||||
|
||||
- Windows 10 - 包含微软提供给我们的所有软件
|
||||
- Windows 10N - 此版本不包含媒体播放器
|
||||
- Windows 10KN - 此版本没有媒体播放能力
|
||||
- Windows 10单语言版 - 仅预装一种语言
|
||||
|
||||
3. 我选择了第一个选项 " Windows 10"并且单击"确认".之后我要选择语言,我选择了"英语"
|
||||
|
||||
微软给我提供了两个下载链接.一个是32位版,另一个是64位版.我单击了64位版--这与我的电脑架构相同.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
下载Windows 10
|
||||
|
||||
我的带宽是15M的,下载了整整3个小时.不幸的是微软没有提供系统的种子文件,否则整个过程会更加舒畅.镜像大小为 3.8 GB(译者注:就我的10M小水管,我使用迅雷下载用时50分钟).
|
||||
|
||||
我找不到更小的镜像,微软并没有为Windows提供网络安装镜像.我也没有办法在下载完成后去校验哈希值.
|
||||
|
||||
我十分惊讶,Windows在这样的问题上居然如此漫不经心.为了验证这个镜像是否正确下载,我需要把它刻到光盘上或者复制到我的U盘上然后启动它,一直静静的看着它安装直到安装完成.
|
||||
|
||||
首先,我用dd命令将win10的iso镜像刻录到U盘上
|
||||
|
||||
# dd if=/home/avi/Downloads/Win10_English_x64.iso of=/dev/sdb1 bs=512M; sync
|
||||
|
||||
这需要一点时间.在此之后我重启系统并在UEFI(BIOS)设置中选择从我的U盘启动.
|
||||
|
||||
#### 系统要求 ####
|
||||
|
||||
升级
|
||||
|
||||
- 仅支持从Windows 7 SP1或者Windows 8.1升级
|
||||
|
||||
重新安装
|
||||
|
||||
- 处理器: 1GHz 以上
|
||||
- 内存: 1GB以上(32位),2GB以上(64位)
|
||||
- 硬盘: 16GB以上(32位),20GB以上(64位)
|
||||
- 显卡: 支持DirectX 9或更新 + WDDM 1.0 驱动
|
||||
|
||||
###Windows 10 安装过程###
|
||||
|
||||
1. Windows 10启动成功了.他们又换了logo,但是仍然没有信息提示我它正在做什么.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Windows 10 Logo
|
||||
|
||||
2. 选择安装语言,时区,键盘,输入法,点击下一步
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
选择语言和时区
|
||||
|
||||
3. 点击'现在安装'
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
安装Ｗindows 10
|
||||
|
||||
4. 下一步是输入密钥,我点击了跳过
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Windows 10 产品密钥
|
||||
|
||||
5. 从列表中选择一个系统版本.我选择了Windows 10专业版
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
选择系统版本
|
||||
|
||||
6. 到了协议部分,选中"我接受"然后点击下一步
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
同意协议
|
||||
|
||||
7. 下一步是选择(从Windows的老版本)升级到Windows 10或者安装Ｗindows.我搞不懂为什么微软要让我自己选择:"安装Ｗindows"被微软建议为"高级"选项.但是我还是选择了"安装Windows".
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
选择安装类型
|
||||
|
||||
8. 选择驱动器,点击"下一步"
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
选择安装盘
|
||||
|
||||
9. 安装程序开始复制文件,准备文件,安装更新,之后进行收尾.（如果安装程序能在安装时输出一堆字符来表示他在做什么就更好了）
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
安装 Windows
|
||||
|
||||
10. 在此之后Windows重启了.他们说为了继续,我们需要重启
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
安装进程
|
||||
|
||||
11. 我看到了一个写着"正在准备Windows"的界面.它停了整整五分多钟,仍然没有说明它正在做什么.没有输出.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
正在准备Windows
|
||||
|
||||
12. 又到了输入产品密钥的时间.我点击了"以后再说",并使用快速设置
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
输入产品密钥
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
使用快速设置
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
13. 又出现了三个界面,作为Linux用户我认为此处应有信息来告诉我安装程序在做什么,但是我想多了
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
载入 Windows
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
获取更新
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
还是载入 Ｗindows
|
||||
|
||||
14. 安装程序想要知道谁拥有这台机器,"我的组织"或者我自己
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
选择组织
|
||||
|
||||
15. 安装程序提示我加入"Aruze Ad"或者"加入域".在单击继续之前,我选择了后者.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
连接网络
|
||||
|
||||
16. 安装程序让我新建一个账户.所以我输入了 "user_name"并点击下一步,我觉得我会收到一个要求我必须输入密码的信息.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
新建账户
|
||||
|
||||
17. 让我惊讶的是Windows甚至都没有警告/发现我必须创建密码.真粗心.不管怎样,现在我可以体验系统了.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Windows 10的桌面环境
|
||||
|
||||
#### Linux用户(我)直到现在的体验 ####
|
||||
|
||||
- 没有网络安装镜像
|
||||
- 镜像文件太臃肿了
|
||||
- 没有验证iso是否为正确的方法(官方没有提供哈希值)
|
||||
- 启动与安装方式仍然与XP,Win 7,Win 8相同(可能吧...)
|
||||
- 和以前一样,安装程序没有输出他正在干什么 - 正在复制什么和正在安装什么软件包
|
||||
- 安装程序比Linux发行版的更加直白和简单
|
||||
|
||||
####测试 Windows####
|
||||
|
||||
18. 默认桌面很干净,上面只有一个回收站图标.我们可以直接从桌面搜索网络.底部的快捷方式分别是任务预览,网络,微软应用商店.和以前的版本一样,消息栏在右下角.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
桌面图标
|
||||
|
||||
19. IE浏览器被换成了Edge浏览器.微软把他们的老IE换成了Edge(斯巴达计划)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Edge浏览器
|
||||
|
||||
这个浏览器至少比IE要快.他们有相同的用户界面.它的主页包含新的更新.它还有一个标题是"下一步怎么走".由于它全面的性能提升,它的加载速度非常快.Edge的内存占用看起来一般般.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
性能
|
||||
|
||||
Edge也有小娜加成 -- 智能个人助理.支持笔记(在浏览网页时记笔记),分享(在本TAB分享而不必打开其他TAB)
|
||||
|
||||
#### Linux用户(我)此时体验 ####
|
||||
|
||||
20. 微软确实提升了网页浏览体验.我们要看的就是他的稳定性和质量.现在它并不落后.
|
||||
|
||||
21. 对我来说,Edge的内存占用不算太大.但是有很多用户抱怨他的内存占用.
|
||||
|
||||
22. 很难说目前Edge已经准备好了与火狐或Chrome竞争.让我们静观其变.
|
||||
|
||||
#### 更多的视觉体验 ####
|
||||
|
||||
23. 重新设计的开始菜单 -- 看起来很简洁高效.Merto磁贴大部分都会动.预先放置了最通用的应用.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Windows
|
||||
|
||||
在Linux的Gnome桌面环境下.我仅仅需要按下Win键并输入应用名就可以搜索应用.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
桌面内进行搜索
|
||||
|
||||
24. 文件浏览器 -- 设计的很简洁.左边是进入文件夹的快捷方式.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Windows资源管理器
|
||||
|
||||
我们的Gnome下的文件管理也同样的简洁高效.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Gnome 的文件管理
|
||||
|
||||
25. 设置 -- 尽管Windows 10的设置有点精炼,但是我们还是可以把它与linux的设置进行对比.
|
||||
|
||||
**Windows 的设置**
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Windows 10 设置
|
||||
|
||||
**Linux Gnome 上的设置**
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Gnome 的设置
|
||||
|
||||
26. 应用列表 -- 目前,Linux上的应用列表比之前的版本要好一些
|
||||
|
||||
**Windows 的应用列表**
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Windows 10 的应用列表
|
||||
|
||||
**Gnome3 的应用列表**
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Gnome3 的应用列表
|
||||
|
||||
27. 虚拟桌面 -- Windows 10 上的虚拟桌面是近来被提及最多的特性之一
|
||||
|
||||
这是Windows 10 上的虚拟桌面.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Windows的虚拟桌面
|
||||
|
||||
这是我们Linux用户使用了超过20年的虚拟桌面.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Linux的虚拟桌面
|
||||
|
||||
#### Windows 10 的其他新特性 ####
|
||||
|
||||
28. Windows 10 自带wifi感知.它会把你的wifi密码分享给他人.任何在你wifi范围内并且曾经通过Skype, Outlook, Hotmail 或 Facebook与你联系的人都能够获得你的网络接入权.这个特性的本意是让用户可以省时省力的连接网络.
|
||||
|
||||
在微软对于 Tecmint 的问题的回答中,他们说道 -- 用户需要在每次到一个新的网络环境时自己去同意打开wifi感知.如果我们考虑到网络安全这将是很不安全的一件事.微软的说法并没有说服我.
|
||||
|
||||
29. 从Windows 7 和 Windows 8.1升级可以省下买新版的花费.(家庭版$119 专业版$199 )
|
||||
|
||||
30. 微软发布了第一个累积更新,这个更新在一小部分设备上会让系统一直重启.Windows可能不知道这个问题或者不知道它发生的原因.
|
||||
|
||||
31. 微软内建的禁用/隐藏我不想要的更新的功能在我这不起作用.这意味着一旦更新开始推送,你没有方法去禁用/隐藏他们.对不住啦,Windows 用户.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Windows 10 包含的来源于Linux的功能 ####
|
||||
|
||||
Windows 10有很多直接取自Linux的功能.如果Linux不已GPL发布的话,以下下这些功能永远不会出现在Windows上.
|
||||
|
||||
32. 包管理器 -- 是的,你没有听错!Windows 10内建了一个包管理器.它只在Power Shell下工作.OneGet是Windows的官方包管理器.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Windows 10的包管理器
|
||||
|
||||
- 无国界的Windows
|
||||
- 扁平化图标
|
||||
- 虚拟桌面
|
||||
- 离线/在线搜索一体化
|
||||
- 手机/桌面系统一体化
|
||||
|
||||
### 总体印象###
|
||||
|
||||
- 响应速度提升
|
||||
- 动画很好看
|
||||
- 资源占用少
|
||||
- 电池续航提升
|
||||
- Edge浏览器坚如磐石
|
||||
- 支持树莓派 2
|
||||
- Windows 10好的原因是Windows 8/8.1没有达到公众预期并且坏的可以
|
||||
- 旧瓶装新酒:Windows 10基本上就是以前的那一套换上新的图标
|
||||
|
||||
测试后我对Windows 10的评价是:Windows 10 在视觉和感觉上做了一些更新(就如同Windows经常做的那样).我要为斯巴达计划,虚拟桌面,命令行包管理器,整合在线/离线搜索的搜索栏点赞.这确实是一个更新后的产品 ,但是认为Windows 10将是Linux的最后一个棺材钉的人错了.
|
||||
|
||||
Linux走在Windows前面.它们的做事方法并不相同.在以后的一段时间里Windows不会站到Linux这一旁.Linux用户也不必去使用Windows 10.
|
||||
|
||||
这就是我要说的.希望你喜欢本文.如果你们喜欢本篇文章我会再写一些你们喜欢读的有趣的文章.在下方留下你的有价值的评论.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.tecmint.com/a-linux-user-using-Windows-10-after-more-than-8-years-see-comparison/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[vishek Kumar][a]
|
||||
译者：[name1e5s](https://github.com/name1e5s)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译,[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/avishek/
|
||||
[1]:https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/software-download/Windows10ISO
|
||||
@ -1,171 +0,0 @@
|
||||
30 年自由软件基金会：理查德·斯托曼语录集锦
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
注：youtube 视频
|
||||
<iframe width="660" height="495" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/aIL594DTzH4?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>
|
||||
|
||||
**理查德·马修·斯托曼** (rms) – IT大牛之一。他是一名程序员，GCC、GDB、Emacs 的构建者，软件自由传教士，[GNU Project][1] 和 [FSF][2] 的创办人。
|
||||
|
||||
**GNU** 是 “GNU’s Not Unix!”的缩写。GNU 是基于 Unix 操作系统的自由计算机软件集合。支持 GNU/Hurd 和 Linux 内核。于1983年9月27日公诸于众。常有组件：
|
||||
|
||||
- GNU Compiler Collection (GCC)
|
||||
- GNU C library (glibc)
|
||||
- GNU Core Utilities (coreutils)
|
||||
- GNU Debugger (GDB)
|
||||
- GNU Binary Utilities (binutils)
|
||||
- GNU Bash shell
|
||||
- NOME desktop environment
|
||||
|
||||
注：视频
|
||||
<video src="//static.fsf.org/nosvn/FSF30-video/FSF_30_720p.webm" controls="controls" width="640" height="390"></video>
|
||||
|
||||
**自由软件基金会** (FSF) – 一个自由软件的非营利组织，致力于计算机用户自由的提升和权力的捍卫。于 1985 年 10 月 4 日成立。阅读[更多][3]。
|
||||
|
||||
- 于目的无关，随心运行程序的自由（自由0）。
|
||||
- 学习程序如何运作，并改变它为你所用的自由（自由1）。可以访问源码是这条的前提。
|
||||
- 重新发布副本的自由，如此你便可以帮助你的邻居了 （自由 2）。
|
||||
- 发布自己修改版本给他人的自由（自由 3）。这样能让整个社区有机会从你的改变中受益。可以访问源码是这条的前提。
|
||||
|
||||
以上为自由软件的四项自由原则。
|
||||
|
||||
以下为理查德·斯托曼关于自由、软件、社交、哲学等的名言摘引。
|
||||
|
||||
**关于 Facebook：**
|
||||
|
||||
> Facebook 不是你的朋友，是监控引擎。
|
||||
|
||||
**关于 Android：**
|
||||
|
||||
> Android 和 GNU/Linux 有很大的区别，因为其中几乎没有 GNU。的确，Android 和 GNU/Linux 之间仅有一个共同组件，那就是内核 - Linux。
|
||||
|
||||
**关于计算机行业：**
|
||||
|
||||
> 计算机行业是唯一一个比时尚女装更被时尚驱动的行业。
|
||||
|
||||
**关于云计算：**
|
||||
|
||||
> 关于云计算，有趣的是我们已经重新定义了云计算来包含我们曾干的所有事。
|
||||
|
||||
**关于伦理：**
|
||||
|
||||
> 无论神存在与否，都没有绝对的伦理道德。没有这份理所当然，我们该如何？也唯有尽善吧。
|
||||
|
||||
**关于自由：**
|
||||
|
||||
> 自由软件是尊重个人自由和社会团结的软件。所以才能如自由般自由自在。
|
||||
|
||||
**关于目标和理想：**
|
||||
|
||||
> 如果你想为这世界做些什么，仅有理想是不够的，你需要找条通往目标的道路并走完。
|
||||
|
||||
**关于分享：**
|
||||
|
||||
> 分享很棒，而且数字化技术也使分享变得容易。
|
||||
|
||||
**关于 facebook（进阶版）：**
|
||||
|
||||
> Facebook 蹂躏它们的用户。它不是你们的朋友；它就是个监控引擎。举个例子，你是否曾在一些网页或网站上看到 Facebook 的 “like” 按键。对，Facebook 知道你的电脑曾访问过那些网页。
|
||||
|
||||
**关于 web 应用：**
|
||||
|
||||
> 给你个为什么不应该使用 web 应用的理由，因为你失去了计算机的控制权。
|
||||
>
|
||||
> 如果你使用私有程序或他人的 web 服务器，那么你只能任人鱼肉。被软件的软件的开发者轻易操纵。
|
||||
|
||||
**关于书：**
|
||||
|
||||
> 印刷出来的书，当然是自由的。即使你买了别人也不知道，这也是我一直买书的方式。买时不会被任何数据库认出。是亚马逊把自由夺走了。
|
||||
|
||||
**关于 MPAA：**
|
||||
|
||||
> MPAA 其实是美国电影协会（Motion Picture Association of America），但我认为叫做攻击万物的邪恶力量（Malicious Power Attacking All）更为合适。
|
||||
|
||||
**关于金钱与职业：**
|
||||
|
||||
> 我可以这样赚钱，并沉浸在编码的快乐中。但在职业生涯结束后，回首目睹自己筑就的高墙将人与人分隔开，我会觉得我耗尽毕生精力只换来了一个更糟糕的世界。
|
||||
|
||||
**关于私有软件：**
|
||||
|
||||
> 私有软件使用户孤立、无助。因为禁止将软件给他人使用所以孤立，因为无法改变源码所以无助。他们学不了其中正真的工作方式。所以整个私有软件体系就是一种不公的力量。
|
||||
|
||||
**关于智能手机：**
|
||||
|
||||
> 智能手机就是电脑 - 虽然做的和常用的电脑不同 - 但是却能干电脑能干的活。所以我们所说的一切有关于电脑上的软件应该能自由运行 - 必须坚持 - 在智能手机上也是这样。当然也包括平板。
|
||||
|
||||
**关于 CD 和数字内容：**
|
||||
|
||||
> CD 商店有一个弱势就是需要昂贵的库存，但是电子商店就没有这方面的需求：他们只需要将售卖的副本写入记忆棒，并在你忘带自己的记忆棒时卖你一个就是了。
|
||||
|
||||
**关于竞争范式：About paradigm of competition:**
|
||||
|
||||
> 竞争范式就像是赛跑：鼓励每一个跑得更快的人。当资本主义真的这样运作时，当然是件好事；但是维护者若是假设它一直这样运作的话那就大错特错了。
|
||||
|
||||
**关于 vi 和 emacs：**
|
||||
|
||||
> 有时会有人问我在 Emacs 的阵营使用 vi 是不是一种罪过。使用自由版的 vi 并不是一种罪过；是一种忏悔。所以好好享受其中乐趣吧。
|
||||
|
||||
**关于自由和历史：**
|
||||
|
||||
> 历史教会我们：珍惜自由，否则你将失去他。“别和我们谈政治”，对听不进的人这就是答复。
|
||||
|
||||
**关于专利：**
|
||||
|
||||
> 和专利一个一个的战斗并不能解决软件专利带来的危害，就像打再多的蚊子也消灭不了疟疾一样。
|
||||
>
|
||||
> 软件专利对于软件的开发者来说十分危险，因为它们加剧了对于软件理念的垄断。
|
||||
|
||||
**关于版权：**
|
||||
|
||||
> 其实，版权制度对作者也没有什么好处，撇开最受欢迎的那个，其他作者的主旨可能更好理解，所以分享无论对他们还是你的读者都是一件好事。
|
||||
|
||||
**关于工作与报酬：**
|
||||
|
||||
> 劳有所得，或寻求收入的最大化并没有什么错，只要不是不择手段。
|
||||
|
||||
**关于 Chrome OS：**
|
||||
|
||||
> Chrome OS 确实是 GNU/Linux 的操作系统。但是，它在发布时没有安装常用应用，并为安装他们设置了阻碍。
|
||||
|
||||
**关于 Linux 用户：**
|
||||
|
||||
> 许多的 GNU/Linux 用户并没有听过自由软件。他们并没有意识到，这个系统是因为道德理想才存在的，与此一起被忽视的还有所谓的“开源”。
|
||||
|
||||
**关于 facebook 的隐私：**
|
||||
|
||||
> 如果页面上有 “like” 按键，Facebook 就能知道谁访问了页面。即使不是 Facebook 的用户，也可以得到访问该页面电脑的 IP 地址。
|
||||
|
||||
**关于编程：**
|
||||
|
||||
> 编程不是科学，编程是手艺。
|
||||
>
|
||||
> Lisp 和 C 语言是我的最爱。然自 1992 年以来高频的自由软件活动，确实反映了我编的太过匆忙。大概在 2008 年我便停止了编程开发。
|
||||
>
|
||||
> C++ 设计的真糟糕、真丑陋。在 Emacs 上用他应该觉得羞愧。
|
||||
|
||||
**关于钻研（hacking）和学习编程：**
|
||||
|
||||
> 今时不同往日，大家再也不用走我的老路了，完全可以在实际的操作系统上提升自己。上世纪 80 年代，我常遇见计算机专业的毕业生，自出生以来没见过真正的程序。他们接触的到的只有小玩意和学校的作业，因为每一个程序都是商业机密。他们没有机会去写真正实用的特性，修复用户真正遭遇的问题。做这些事便是你应知晓的最好的提升方式。
|
||||
>
|
||||
> 对于如 hacking 这般多样化的东西真的很难简单的下定义，不过在我看来诸如此类的行为都会有以下的这些共同点：嬉乐、智慧和探索。因此，hacking 意味着对可能的极限的探索，一颗向往快乐与智慧心。能带来快乐与智慧的行为就有 “hack 的价值” 。
|
||||
|
||||
**关于浏览网页：**
|
||||
|
||||
> 由于个人原因，我不会在我的电脑上浏览网页。（大部分时间处于没有网络连接的状态。）要浏览网页，我需要给守护进程发 mail，然后它会运行 wget 并把页面通过 mail 发还给我。这对我而言已经是最效率了，但那真的比实时慢太多了。
|
||||
|
||||
**关于音乐共享：**
|
||||
|
||||
> 朋友之间彼此分享音乐，绝不会希望因为系统的一句：禁止私下拷贝！而生分。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://tlhp.cf/fsf-richard-stallman/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Pavlo Rudyi][a]
|
||||
译者：[martin2011qi](https://github.com/martin2011qi)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://tlhp.cf/fsf-richard-stallman/
|
||||
[1]:http://www.gnu.org/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.fsf.org/
|
||||
[3]:https://www.fsf.org/about/
|
||||
@ -1,52 +0,0 @@
|
||||
没有 Linux 和开源软件的世界会变得怎么样 —— 听听来自 Linux 基金会的解释
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
> Linux 基金会针最近对人们关于 “没有 Linux 的世界” 系列短片提出的问题做了回应：包括没有 Linux 和其他的开源软件的因特网会变得怎么样等问题。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
假如 Linux —— 一个开源的操作系统内核 —— 不曾出现过，我们现在的世界是否会是另一番景象。会不会没有了因特网，或者没有了电影？这些都是 [Linux 基金会][1] 正在连续播出的 “[没有 Linux 的世界][2]” 系列短片的观众提出来的问题。
|
||||
|
||||
假如你错过了观看这些短片也不要紧，“没有 Linux 的世界” 系列短片是一个古怪的短片集合，里边描述了没有了 Linux （或者说没有开源软件）的世界发生的事情。这些短片强调了 Linux 在 [电影制作][3] 以及 [服务于因特网][4] 中充当的角色。
|
||||
|
||||
为了提供该系列短片的一些主张、方向和隐藏元素，Linux 基金会副主席 Jennifer Cloer 最近在 The VAR Guy 上回应了关于该短片的一些问题。以下是她的原话解答。
|
||||
|
||||
### 最新一集短片 —— Sam 和 Annie 一起看电影。假如没有 Linux，我们现在的荧屏是不是也和短片中的一样？ ###
|
||||
|
||||
在 #4 剧情中，我们恶搞了一下电影 “Avatar”。不管你喜欢还是讨厌，现实中的 “Avatar” 在荧屏上的效果还是让人产生记忆深刻的。在没有 Linux 的世界中，电影的效果就变得非常恐怖，但是我们并不介意它，因为那已经是最好的了。但实际上，“Avatar” 是使用了 Linux 来进行效果制作的。Weta 数码使用了当时世界上最大的 Linux 集群来给电影做效果渲染和 3D 建模。据报道，指环王（Lord of the Rings）、神奇四侠（Fantastic Four）和金刚（King Kong）等电影都用到了 Linux。我希望该短片能引起电影制作工作者的关注，还有很多我们不知道的用到 Linux 来制作的电影。（译者注：这句应该是强度 Linux 在电影制作中的重要应用，可能翻译的不是很好。that work应该指的电影制作，只是直译感觉有点怪，这暂时没想到怎么译的最好。原话为：We hope this episode can bring attention to that work, which hasn't been widely reported.）
|
||||
|
||||
### 很多人对短片的原始剧情进行了批判，其中包括没有 Linux 将没有因特网。你对此持什么样的看法？ ###
|
||||
|
||||
我们很喜欢人们从短片刚上映就进行激烈的辩论。该短片上映当天就超过了 100,000 的观众，这引起了人们对 Linux 在社会中扮演的角色以及全球的社区贡献者和维护者的关注。当然了，没有 Linux 的话，因特网也是会出现的，只是不会像当前我们所熟知的互联网那么成熟而已。每一个短片都对 Linux 在我们每天生活中扮演的角色进行了大胆且有趣的描述。我们希望，这些短片能够把关于 Linux 的故事推广到全世界的人的心里去。
|
||||
|
||||
### 为什么 Sam 和 Annie 的那只猫叫做 String？ ###
|
||||
|
||||
该短片系列中没有一处剧情是偶然的。仔细的观看话，你就会发现其中关于 Linux 和极客们的各种玩笑。小猫 String 是我们的 Linux.com 主编 Libby Clark 以弦理论（string theory）亲自来命名的。在物理学里，弦理论（string theory）是一个理论框架，它用一个叫做弦（String）的一维对象替换了粒子物理学中粒子状粒子。弦理论（string theory）描述了这些弦（String）如何在空间传播以及相互影响。就像 Sam、Annie 和 String 在那个没有 Linux 的世界里的关系那样。
|
||||
|
||||
### 我们期待已久的下两集是什么样的，特别是，最后那集什么时候上映？ ###
|
||||
|
||||
在 #5 短片中，我们将到太空并体验一下没有 Linux 的世界对太空探索的影响。这就像是一场疯狂的骑行。在短片的最后，我们最终还是会见到没有 Linux 的世界里的 Linus。贯穿整个短片系列，里边已经给出关于结局的线索，我在这就不能给太多提示了，因为还有好多人在找线索比赛中继续寻找着。并且我也不能给你们说出关于结局短片的上映日期。你们要自己跟进 #WorldWithoutLinux 主题帖来获取跟多信息。
|
||||
|
||||
### 你可给一些关于 #4 短片相关线索的提示吗？ ###
|
||||
|
||||
在该短片中有另外一个关于免费汉堡餐厅（Free Burger Restaurant）的线索。在那个没有 Linux 的世界里，Linux 最后还是以一种很隐秘的方式出现了，可以说，就像是以另一种语言来解读 Linux。当然，这只是为了好玩，String 也是另外一个模样。
|
||||
|
||||
### 那么，该系列短片达到你所想要的效果了吗？ ###
|
||||
|
||||
是的，达到了。我们很高兴看到人们分享并参与到这些故事中去。
|
||||
我们希望向那些可能不知道 Linux 的人传达更多关于 Linux 的故事并了解 Linux 在当今世界中是无处不在的。全部的短片就是为了把这些关于 Linux 的真相推广给大家，并感谢那些全球性社区的开发者和公司对 Linux 的支持，Linux 使得一切成为可能。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://thevarguy.com/open-source-application-software-companies/linux-foundation-explains-world-without-linux-and-open-so
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Christopher Tozzi][a]
|
||||
译者：[GHLandy](https://github.com/GHLandy)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://thevarguy.com/author/christopher-tozzi
|
||||
[1]:http://linuxfoundation.org/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.linuxfoundation.org/world-without-linux
|
||||
[3]:http://thevarguy.com/open-source-application-software-companies/new-linux-foundation-video-highlights-role-open-source-3d
|
||||
[4]:http://thevarguy.com/open-source-application-software-companies/100715/would-internet-exist-without-linux-yes-without-open-sourc
|
||||
@ -1,49 +1,49 @@
|
||||
正在翻译：zky001
|
||||
How to Configure Tripwire IDS on Debian
|
||||
如何在Debian中配置Tripewire IDS
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
This article is about Tripwire installation and configuration on Debian OS. It is a host based Intrusion detection system (IDS) for Linux environment. Prime function of tripwire IDS is to detect and report any unauthorized change (files and directories ) on linux system. After tripwire installation, baseline database created first, tripwire monitors and detects changes such as new file addition/creation, file modification and user who changed it etc. If the changes are legitimate, you can accept the changes to update tripwire database.
|
||||
本文是一篇关于Debian中安装和配置Tripewire的文章。它是Linux环境下基于主机的入侵检测系统（IDS）。tripwire的高级功能有检测并报告任何Linux中未授权的更改（文件和目录）。tripewire安装之后，会先创建一个基本的数据库，tripewire监控并检测新文件的创建修改和谁修改了它等等。如果修改过是合法的，你可以接受修改并更新tripwire的数据库。
|
||||
|
||||
### Installation and Configuration ###
|
||||
### 安装和配置 ###
|
||||
|
||||
Tripwire installation on Debian VM is shown below.
|
||||
tripwire在Debian VM中的安装如下。
|
||||
|
||||
# apt-get install tripwire
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
During installation, tripwire prompt for following configuration.
|
||||
安装中，tripwire会有下面的配置提示。
|
||||
|
||||
#### Site key Creation ####
|
||||
#### 站点密钥创建 ####
|
||||
|
||||
tripwire需要一个站点口令来加密tripwire的配置文件tw.cfg和策略文件tw.pol。tripewire使用指定的密码加密两个文件。一个tripewire实例必须指定站点口令。
|
||||
|
||||
Tripwire required a site passphrase to secure the tw.cfg tripwire configuration file and tw.pol tripwire policy file. Tripewire encrypte both files using given passphrase. Site passphrase is must even for a single instance tripwire.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### Local Key passphrase ####
|
||||
#### 本地密钥口令 ####
|
||||
|
||||
Local passphrase is needed for the protection of tripwire database and report files . Local key used by the tripwire to avoid unauthorized modification of tripwire baseline database.
|
||||
本地口令用来保护tripwire数据库和报告文件。本地密钥用于阻止非授权的tripewire数据库修改。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### Tripwire configuration path ####
|
||||
#### Tripwire配置路径 ####
|
||||
|
||||
Tripwire configuration saved in the /etc/tripwire/twcfg.txt file. It is used to generate encrypted configuration file tw.cfg.
|
||||
tripewire配置存储在/etc/tripwire/twcfg.txt。它用于生成加密的配置文件tw.cfg。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**Tripwire Policy path**
|
||||
**Tripwire策略路径**
|
||||
|
||||
Tripwire saves policies in /etc/tripwire/twpol.txt file . It is used for the generation of encrypted policy file tw.pol used by the tripwire.
|
||||
tripwire在/etc/tripwire/twpol.txt中保存策略文件。它用于生成加密的策略文件tw.pol。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Final installation of tripwire is shown in the following snapshot.
|
||||
安装完成后如下图所示。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### Tripwire Configuration file (twcfg.txt) ####
|
||||
#### Tripwire配置文件 (twcfg.txt) ####
|
||||
|
||||
Tripwire configuration file (twcfg.txt) details is given below. Paths of encrypted policy file (tw.pol), site key (site.key) and local key (hostname-local.key) etc are given below.
|
||||
tripewire配置文件（twcfg.txt）细节如下图所示。加密策略文件（tw.pol）,站点密钥（site.key）和本地密钥（hostname-local.key）如下所示。
|
||||
|
||||
ROOT =/usr/sbin
|
||||
|
||||
@ -79,9 +79,9 @@ Tripwire configuration file (twcfg.txt) details is given below. Paths of encrypt
|
||||
|
||||
TEMPDIRECTORY =/tmp
|
||||
|
||||
#### Tripwire Policy Configuration ####
|
||||
#### Tripwire策略配置 ####
|
||||
|
||||
Configure tripwire configuration before generation of baseline database. It is necessary to disable few policies such as /dev , /proc ,/root/mail etc. Detailed policy file twpol.txt is given below.
|
||||
在生成基础数据库之前先配置tripwire配置。有必要经用一些策略如/dev、 /proc 、/root/mail等。详细的twpol.txt策略文件如下所示。
|
||||
|
||||
@@section GLOBAL
|
||||
TWBIN = /usr/sbin;
|
||||
@ -237,13 +237,13 @@ Configure tripwire configuration before generation of baseline database. It is n
|
||||
#/proc -> $(Device) ;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
#### Tripwire Report ####
|
||||
#### Tripwire 报告 ####
|
||||
|
||||
**tripwire –check** command checks the twpol.txt file and based on this file generates tripwire report which is shown below. If this is any error in the twpol.txt file, tripwire does not generate report.
|
||||
**tripwire –check** 命令检查twpol.txt文件并基于此文件生成tripwire报告如下。如果twpol.txt中有任何错误，tripwire不会生成报告。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**Report in text form**
|
||||
**文本形式报告**
|
||||
|
||||
root@VMdebian:/home/labadmin# tripwire --check
|
||||
|
||||
@ -363,18 +363,20 @@ Configure tripwire configuration before generation of baseline database. It is n
|
||||
|
||||
Integrity check complete.
|
||||
|
||||
### Conclusion ###
|
||||
### 总结 ###
|
||||
|
||||
In this article, we learned installation and basic configuration of open source IDS tool Tripwire. First it generates baseline database and detects any change (file/folder) by comparing it with already generated baseline. However, tripwire is not live monitoring IDS.
|
||||
本篇中，我们学习安装配置开源入侵检测软件tripwire。首先生成基础数据库并通过比较检测出任何改动（文件/文件夹）。然而，tripwire并不是实时监测的IDS。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://linoxide.com/security/configure-tripwire-ids-debian/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[nido][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者zky001](https://github.com/zky001)
|
||||
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://linoxide.com/author/naveeda/
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
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