Merge pull request #44 from LCTT/master

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2025-03-03 01:10:13 +08:00 · 2014-11-10 09:38:59 +08:00 · 2014-11-10 09:38:59 +08:00 · 3b2c0eaa3d
commit 3b2c0eaa3d
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--- a/translated/talk/20140702
+++ b/translated/talk/20140702
@ -7,35 +7,22 @@
 在软件开发者 [Yitao Li (李逸韬) 的 GitHub 仓库][1]中，几乎所有的项目都是在他的 Linux 机器上开发完成的。它们没有一个是必须特定需要 Linux 的，但李逸韬说他使用 Linux 来做“任何事情”。
-举些例子：“编码/脚本设计，网页浏览，网站托管，任何云相关的，发送/接受 PGP 签名的邮件，调整防火墙规则，将 OpenWrt 镜像刷入路由器，运行某版本的 Linux kernel 的同时编译另一个版本，从事研究，完成功课（例如，用 Tex 输入数学公式），以及其他许多......” Li 在邮件里如是说。
+举些例子：“编码/脚本设计，网页浏览，网站托管，任何云相关的，发送/接收 PGP 签名的邮件，调整防火墙规则，将 OpenWrt 镜像刷入路由器，运行某版本的 Linux kernel 的同时编译另一个版本，从事研究，完成功课（例如，用 Tex 输入数学公式），以及其他许多......” Li 在邮件里如是说。
-在李逸韬的 GitHub 仓库里所有项目中他的最爱是一个学校项目,调用 libpthread 和 libfuse 库使用 C++ 开发，用来理解和正确执行基于 PAXOS 的分布式加锁，键值对服务，最终实现一个分布式文件系统。他使用若干测试脚本分别在单核和多核的机器上对这个项目进行测试。
+在李逸韬的 GitHub 仓库里所有项目中他的最爱是一个学校项目，调用 libpthread 和 libfuse 库，使用 C++ 开发，用来理解和正确执行基于 PAXOS 的分布式加锁，键值对服务，最终实现一个分布式文件系统。他使用若干测试脚本分别在单核和多核的机器上对这个项目进行测试。
 "可以借助正确地实现（或者至少大部分正确）PAXOS 协议，并且通过了所有测试，来学习关于分布式共识协议的知识，"他说，“当然一旦这完成了，他就可以获得一些炫耀的权利。除此之外，一个分布式文件系统在其他许多编程项目中也可以很有用。”
-“One can learn something about distributed consensus protocol by implementing the PAXOS protocol correctly (or at least mostly correctly) such that the implementation will pass all the tests,” he said. “And of course once that is accomplished, one can also earn some bragging rights. Besides, a distributed filesystem can be useful in many other programming projects.”
+Li 是在 16 岁的时候第一次开始使用 Linux，或是者说大约 7.47 年之前，他说，通过使用网站 [linuxfromscratch.org][2] ，从 Scratch book 中获得的免费可下载的 Linux 中学习了大量知识。那么他为什么会使用 Linux？
->"One can learn something about distributed consensus protocol by implementing the PAXOS protocol correctly (or at least mostly correctly) such that the implementation will pass all the tests"  不知道翻译的是不是有点混乱
+"1. Linux 是黑客的天才工具，所以我没看到任何不用它的理由，"他写道，“2. 大脑的前额叶皮质（可能）在我16岁时正变得很发达。”
 "一个人可以通过正确实现（或者至少大部分正确）PAXOS 协议，让它通过所有测试，来学习关于分布式共识协议的知识，"他说，“当然一旦这完成了，他就可以获得一些炫耀的权利。除此之外，一个分布式文件系统在其他许多编程项目中也可以很有用。”
 Li first started using Linux at age 16, or about 7.47 years ago, he says, using the website [linuxfromscratch.org][2], with numerous hints from the free, downloadable Linux From Scratch book. Why?
 >with numerous hints from the free, downloadable Linux From Scratch book.  讲的应该是从 Linuxfromscratch 学习 LFS 编译安装 Linux，不知道该怎么翻译。
 Li 是在 16 岁的时候第一次开始使用 Linux，或是者说大约 7.47 年之前，他说，通过使用网站 [linuxfromscratch.org][2] ，从 Scratch book 中获得免费可下载的 Linux，以及大量 Hints。那么他为什么会使用 Linux？
 “1. Linux is very hacker-friendly and I do not see any reason for not using it,” he writes. “2. The prefrontal cortex of the brain becoming well-developed at age 16 (?).”
 >2. The prefrontal cortex of the brain becoming well-developed at age 16 (?).   原文里的 16 (?) 是啥意思？
 "1. Linux 非常黑客友好所以我没看到任何不用它的理由，"他写道，“2. 大脑的前额叶皮质在16岁时正变得发达。”
 [![](http://www.linux.com/images/stories/41373/ldc_peop_linux.png)][3]
-他现在为 eBay工作，主要进行 Java 编程但有时也使用 Hadoop, Pig, Zookeeper, Cassandra, MongoDB，以及其他一些需要 POSIX 兼容平台的软件来工作。他主要通过给 Wikipedia 页面和 Linux 相关的论坛做贡献来支持 Linux 社区，另外当然还通过成为 Linux 基金会的个人会员。
+他现在为 eBay工作，主要进行 Java 编程但有时也使用 Hadoop, Pig, Zookeeper, Cassandra, MongoDB，以及其他一些需要 POSIX 兼容平台的软件来工作。他主要通过给 Wikipedia 页面和 Linux 相关的论坛做贡献来支持 Linux 社区，另外当然还成为了 Linux 基金会的个人会员。
 他紧跟最新的 Linux 发展动态，最近还对 GCC 4.9 及之后版本新增的 “-fstack-protector-strong” 选项印象深刻。
 "虽然这并不与我的任何项目直接相关，但它对于安全和性能问题十分重要。"他说，“这个选项比 ‘-fstack-protector-all’ 更高效的多，却在安全上几乎没有影响，同时比 ‘-fstack-protector’ 选项提供了更好的栈溢出防护覆盖。”
 欢迎来到 Linux 基金会，Yitao !
@ -52,7 +39,7 @@ Li 是在 16 岁的时候第一次开始使用 Linux，或是者说大约 7.47
 via: http://www.linux.com/news/featured-blogs/200-libby-clark/778559-the-people-who-support-linux-hacking-on-linux-since-age-16
-译者：[jabirus](https://github.com/jabirus) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+译者：[jabirus](https://github.com/jabirus) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
--- a/translated/tech/20140919
+++ b/translated/tech/20140919
@ -1,20 +1,20 @@
-Arch Linux安装捷径：Evo/Lution
+Arch Linux 安装捷径：Evo/Lution
 ================================================================================
-有些人只体验过Ubuntu或Mint的安装，却鼓起勇气想要安装Arch Linux，他们的学习道路是那样的陡峭和严峻，安装过程中半途而废的人数可能要比顺利过关的人多。如果你成功以有用的方式跑起并配置了Arch Linux，那么它已经把你培养成了一个饱经风霜的Linux用户。
+有些人只体验过Ubuntu或Mint的安装，却鼓起勇气想要安装Arch Linux，他们的学习道路是那样的陡峭和严峻，安装过程中半途而废的人数可能要比顺利过关的人多得多。如果你成功搭建并按你所需的配置好了Arch Linux，那么它已经把你培养成了一个饱经风霜的Linux用户。
-即使有[有帮助的维基][1]可以为新手提供指南，对于那些想要征服Arch的人而言要求仍然太高。你需要至少熟悉诸如fdisk或mkfs之类的终端命令，并且听过mc、nano或chroot这些，并努力掌握它们。这让我回想起了10年前的Debian安装。
+即使有[可以帮助你的维基][1]为新手提供指南，对于那些想要征服Arch的人而言要求仍然太高。你需要至少熟悉诸如fdisk或mkfs之类的终端命令，并且听过mc、nano或chroot这些，并努力掌握它们。这让我回想起了10年前的Debian安装。
-对于那些满怀抱负而又缺乏知识的生灵，有一个叫[Evo/Lution Live ISO][2]的ISO镜像格式安装器可以拯救他们。即便它貌似和自有发行版一样启动，但它也什么都没干，除了辅助安装Arch Linux准系统。Evo/Lution是一个项目，它旨在通过提供Arch的简单安装方式让Arch的用户基础多样化，就像为那些用户提供全面帮助和文档的社区一样。在这样一个组合中，Evo是Live CD（不可安装），而Lution是个安装器。项目创立者看到了Arch开发者和用户之间的巨大鸿沟及其衍生发行版，而想要在所有参与者之间构筑一个平等身份的社区。
+对于那些满怀抱负而又缺乏知识的生灵，有一个叫[Evo/Lution Live ISO][2]的ISO镜像格式安装器可以拯救他们。即便它貌似像发行版一样启动，但它其实除了辅助安装Arch Linux准系统之外啥都不干。Evo/Lution是一个项目，它旨在通过提供Arch的简单安装方式来为Arch的增加更多的用户基数，就像为那些用户提供全面帮助和文档的社区一样。在这样一个组合中，Evo是Live CD（不可安装），而Lution是个安装器本身。项目创立者看到了Arch及其衍生发行版的开发者和用户之间的巨大鸿沟，而想要在所有参与者之间构筑一个身份平等的社区。
 ![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5559/15067088008_ecb221408c_z.jpg)
-项目的软件部分是命令行安装器Lution-AIS，它解释了一个普通的纯净的Arch安装过程中的每一步。安装完毕后，你将获得Arch提供的没有从AUR添加任何东西的最新软件或其它任何自定义的包。
+项目的软件部分是命令行安装器Lution-AIS，它负责解释一个普通的纯净的Arch安装过程中的每一步。安装完毕后，你将获得Arch提供的没有从AUR添加任何东西的最新软件或其它任何自定义的包。
 启动这个422MB大小的ISO镜像后，一个由显示在右边的带有选项快捷方式的Conky和一个左边等待运行安装器的LX-Terminal组成的工作区便呈现在我们眼前。
 ![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5560/15067056888_6345c259db_z.jpg)
-在通过右击桌面或使用ALT-i启动实际的安装器后，一个写满了16个等待运行的任务的列表就出现在你面前了。除非你有一个更好的了解，否则将这些命令全部运行一遍。你可以一次运行，也可以进行选择，如1 3 6，或者1-4，也可以一次将它们全部运行，输入1-16。大多数步骤需要‘y’，即yes，来确认，而下一个任务则等着你敲击回车来执行。在此期间，你有足够的时间来阅读安装指南，它可以通过ALT-g来打开。当然，你也可以出去溜达一圈再回来。
+在通过右击桌面或使用ALT-i启动实际的安装器后，一个写满了16个等待运行的任务列表就出现在你面前了。除非你知道你在做什么，否则请将这些任务全部运行一遍。你可以一次运行，也可以进行选择，如1 3 6，或者1-4，也可以一次将它们全部运行，输入1-16。大多数步骤需要‘y’，即‘yes’，来确认，敲击回车即可。在此期间，你有足够的时间来阅读安装指南，它可以通过ALT-g来打开。当然，你也可以出去溜达一圈再回来。
 ![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3868/15253227082_5e7219f72d_z.jpg)
@ -48,13 +48,13 @@ Lution-AIS在Cinnamon和Awesome上像个妩媚的小妖精。在安装完成并
 ![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3885/15270946371_c2def59f37_z.jpg)
-我要提出两点非议：一是在安装器要我选择一个镜像列表时，另外一个是在创建fstab文件时。在这两种情况下，它都另外开了一个终端，给出了一些文本信息提示。这让我花了点时间才搞清楚，原来我得把它关了，安装器才会继续。在创建fstab后，它又会提示你，而你需要关闭终端，并在问你是否想要保存文件时回答‘是’。
+我要提出两点批评：一是在安装器要我选择一个镜像列表时，以及在创建fstab文件时。在这两种情况下，它都另外开了一个终端，给出了一些文本信息提示。这让我花了点时间才搞清楚，原来我得把它关了，安装器才会继续。在创建fstab后，它又会提示你，而你需要关闭终端，并在问你是否想要保存文件时回答‘是’。
 ![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3874/15067056958_3bba63da60_z.jpg)
-我碰到的第二个问题，可能与VirtualBox有关了。在启动的时候，你可以看到没有网络被检测到的提示信息。点击顶部左边的图标，将会打开wicd，这里所使用的网络管理器。点击“断开”，然后再点击“连接”并重启安装器，就可以让它自动检测到了。
+我碰到的第二个问题，可能与VirtualBox有关了。在启动的时候，你可以看到没有网络被检测到的提示信息。点击顶部左边的图标，将会打开我们所使用的网络管理器wicd。点击“断开”，然后再点击“连接”并重启安装器，就可以让它自动检测到了。
-Evo/Lution我以为是个有价值的项目，在这里Lution工作一切顺利，目前还没有什么可告诉社区的。他们开启了一个全新的网站、论坛和维基，需要填充内容进去啊。所以，如果你喜欢这主意，加入[他们的论坛][3]并告诉他们吧。本文中的ISO镜像可以从[此网站][4]下载。
+Evo/Lution看起来是个有价值的项目，在这里Lution工作一切顺利，目前还没有什么可告诉社区的。他们开启了一个全新的网站、论坛和维基，需要填充内容进去啊。所以，如果你喜欢这主意，加入[他们的论坛][3]并告诉他们吧。本文中的ISO镜像可以从[此网站][4]下载。
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/09/install-arch-linux-easy-way-evolution.html
 作者：[Ferdinand Thommes][a]
 译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
--- a/translated/tech/20141014
+++ b/translated/tech/20141014
@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
-Linux 有问必答 -- 在 Linux 上如何通过命令行来更改日期和时间
+Linux 有问必答：在 Linux 上如何通过命令行来更改日期和时间
 ================================================================================
 > **问题**: 在 Linux 上, 我怎样通过命令行来改变日期和时间?
-在 Linux 系统中保持日期和时间的同步是每一个 Linux 用户和系统管理员的重要责任. 很多程序都依靠精确的时间信息得以正常工作. 另外, 不精确的日期和时间会使得日志文件中的时间戳变得毫无意义, 减少了它们在系统检查和检修中的作用. 对于生产系统来说, 精确的日期和时间甚至更为重要. 例如, 在零售公司中, 所有产品必须时刻准确地计数(并储存在数据库服务器中)以便于财政部门计算每天及每周,每月,每年的支出和收入.
+在 Linux 系统中保持日期和时间的同步是每一个 Linux 用户和系统管理员的重要责任. 很多程序都依靠精确的时间信息得以正常工作. 另外, 不精确的日期和时间会使得日志文件中的时间戳变得毫无意义, 减弱了它们在系统检查和检修中的作用. 对于生产系统来说, 精确的日期和时间甚至更为重要. 例如, 在零售公司中, 所有产品必须时刻准确地计数(并储存在数据库服务器中)以便于财政部门计算每天及每周,每月,每年的支出和收入.
-我们必须注意, 在 Linux 机器上有两种时钟: 由内核维持的软件时钟(又称系统时钟)和在机器关机后记录时间的(电池驱动的)硬件时钟. 启动的时候, 内核会把系统时钟与硬件时钟同步. 之后, 两个时钟各自独立运行.
+我们必须注意, 在 Linux 机器上有两种时钟: 由内核维持的软件时钟(又称系统时钟)和在机器关机后记录时间的(电池供电的)硬件时钟. 启动的时候, 内核会把系统时钟与硬件时钟同步. 之后, 两个时钟各自独立运行.
 ### 方法一: Date 命令 ###
@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ Linux 有问必答 -- 在 Linux 上如何通过命令行来更改日期和时间
 ![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2944/15220890657_858528a186_o.png)
-你也可以相对地增加或减少一定的天数,周数,月数和秒数,分钟数,小时数. 你也可以把日期和时间的参数放到一个命令中.
+你也可以用相对的方式地增加或减少一定的天数,周数,月数和秒数,分钟数,小时数。 你也可以把日期和时间的参数放到一个命令中。
    # date --set='+5 minutes'
    # date --set='-2 weeks'
@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ Linux 有问必答 -- 在 Linux 上如何通过命令行来更改日期和时间
 另一方面, 如果硬件时钟是正确的, 但系统时钟有误, 可以用下面的命令更正:
-     # hwclock --hctosys 
+     # hwclock --hctosys
 在两种情况下, hwclock 命令都是将两个时钟同步. 否则, 重启后时间会是错误的, 因为当电源关闭时硬件时钟会记忆时间. 然而, 这对于虚拟机器并不适用, 因为虚拟机器并不能访问硬件时钟.
@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ Linux 有问必答 -- 在 Linux 上如何通过命令行来更改日期和时间
 使用 NTP 同步系统时钟:
-    # ntpdate -u <NTP server name or IP address>
+    # ntpdate -u <NTP 服务器名或IP>
    # hwclock --systohc 
 ![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3930/15404223021_8da3b44a62_z.jpg)
@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ Linux 有问必答 -- 在 Linux 上如何通过命令行来更改日期和时间
 via: http://ask.xmodulo.com/change-date-time-command-line-linux.html
 译者：[wangjiezhe](https://github.com/wangjiezhe)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
--- a/translated/tech/20141024
+++ b/translated/tech/20141024
@ -1,20 +1,20 @@
 SUSE Linux – Zypper 命令示例
 ================================================================================
-Zypper是SUSE Linux中的命令行接口，可以用于安装，升级，卸载，管理仓库、执行不同的请求等等。本篇将会讨论zypper的几个不同命令的例子。
+Zypper是SuSE Linux中用于安装，升级，卸载，管理仓库、进行各种包查询的命令行接口。本篇将会讨论zypper的几个不同命令的例子。
 语法：
    # zypper [--global-opts] <command> [--command-opts] [command-arguments]
-中括号中的部分可以不需要。执行zypper最简单的方法是 <command>后输入他的名字。
+中括号中的部分可以不需要。执行zypper最简单的方法是输入 zypper 及 <command>。
-### 例子：1 列出可用的全局选项和命令 ###
+### 例子1：列出可用的全局选项和命令 ###
 打开终端，输入zypper并按回车，它会显示所有可用的全局选项和命令。
    linux-xa3t:~ # zypper
-### 例子：2 获得zypper的某个帮助 ###
+### 例子2：获得zypper的某个命令的帮助 ###
 语法： zypper help [command]
@ -38,23 +38,23 @@ Zypper是SUSE Linux中的命令行接口，可以用于安装，升级，卸载
    -U, --no-clean-deps No automatic removal of unneeded dependencies.
    -D, --dry-run Test the removal, do not actually remove.
-### 例子：3 打开zypper shell或者会话 ###
+### 例子3：打开zypper shell/会话 ###
    linux-xa3t:~ # zypper sh
    zypper>
-    or
+或
    linux-xa3t:~ # zypper shell
    zypper>
-### 例子：4 列出已定义的仓库 ###
+### 例子4：列出已定义的仓库 ###
    linux-xa3t:~ # zypper repos
 ![](http://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/zypper-repos.png)
-or
+或
    linux-xa3t:~ # zypper lr
@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ or
 ![](http://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/zypper-repos-priority.png)
-### 例子：5 刷新仓库 ###
+### 例子5：刷新仓库 ###
    linux-xa3t:~ # zypper ref
    Repository 'openSUSE-13.1-Non-Oss' is up to date.
@ -77,18 +77,18 @@ or
    Repository 'openSUSE-13.1-Update-Non-Oss' is up to date.
    All repositories have been refreshed.
-### 例子：6 修改zypper仓库 ###
+### 例子6：修改zypper仓库 ###
 zypper仓库可以通过别名、数字或者URI或者通过‘–all、 –remote、 –local、 –medium-type’这些选项修改。
-linux-xa3t:~ # zypper mr -d 6                 #禁用6号仓库
+linux-xa3t:~ # zypper mr -d 6              #禁用6号仓库
-linux-xa3t:~ # zypper mr -rk -p 70 upd #启用自动书信并为‘upd’仓库设置rpm文件‘缓存’，且设置它的优先级为70
+linux-xa3t:~ # zypper mr -rk -p 70 upd 	   #启用自动书信并为‘upd’仓库设置rpm文件‘缓存’，且设置它的优先级为70
 linux-xa3t:~ # zypper mr -Ka               #为所有的仓库禁用rpm文件缓存
 linux-xa3t:~ # zypper mr -kt               #为远程仓库设置rpm文件缓存
-### 例子：7 添加仓库 ###
+### 例子7：添加仓库 ###
-语法： zypper addrepo 或者 zypper ar <repo 的URL或者别名 >
+语法： zypper addrepo 或者 zypper ar <仓库的URL或者别名>
    linux-xa3t:~ # zypper ar http://download.opensuse.org/update/13.1/ update
    Adding repository 'update' .............................................[done]
@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ linux-xa3t:~ # zypper mr -kt               #为远程仓库设置rpm文件缓存
    GPG check: Yes
    URI: http://download.opensuse.org/update/13.1/
-### 例子：8 移除仓库 ###
+### 例子8：移除仓库 ###
 语法： zypper removerepo <仓库名> <别名>
@ -110,42 +110,42 @@ zypper rr <仓库名> <别名>
    Removing repository 'openSUSE-13.1-1.10' ............................[done]
    Repository 'openSUSE-13.1-1.10' has been removed.
-### 例子：9 安装包 ###
+### 例子9：安装软件包 ###
 语法： zypper install <包名>  或者  zypper in <包名>
    linux-xa3t:~ # zypper install vlc
-### 例子：10 卸载包 ###
+### 例子10：卸载软件包 ###
-语法： zypper remove <包名> OR zypper rm <包名>
+语法： zypper remove <包名> 或者 zypper rm <包名>
    linux-xa3t:~ # zypper remove sqlite
-### 例子：11 导出和导入仓库 ###
+### 例子11：导出和导入仓库 ###
-导出仓库语法 : zypper repos –export 或者 zypper lr -e
+导出仓库的语法 : zypper repos –export 或者 zypper lr -e
    linux-xa3t:~ # zypper lr --export repo-backup/back.repo
    Repositories have been successfully exported to repo-backup/back.repo.
-导入仓库语法 :
+导入仓库的语法 :
    linux-xa3t:~ # zypper ar repo-backup/back.repo
-### 例子：12 Updating a package ###
+### 例子12：更新一个软件包 ###
 语法： zypper update <包名> 或者 zypper up <包名>
    linux-xa3t:~ # zypper update bash
-### 例子：13 安装源码包 ###
+### 例子13：安装源码包 ###
-语法： zypper source-install <源码包> OR zypper si <源码包>
+语法： zypper source-install <源码包> 或 zypper si <源码包>
    linux-xa3t:~ # zypper source-install zypper
-### 例子：只安装以来 ###
+### 例子14：只安装依赖包 ###
 例子13中的命令会安装和构建特定包的依赖。如果你想要安装源码包就用-D选项
@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ via: http://www.linuxtechi.com/suse-linux-zypper-command-examples/
 作者：[Pradeep Kumar][a]
 译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
--- a/translated/tech/20141029
+++ b/translated/tech/20141029
@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
-Linux 有问必答 -- 如何在CentOS或者RHEL上安装REMI仓库
+Linux 有问必答：如何在CentOS或者RHEL上安装REMI仓库
 ================================================================================
-> **Question**：我该如何在CentOS或者RHEL中配置REMI仓库，并在其中安装包？
+> **Question**：我该如何在CentOS或者RHEL中配置REMI仓库，并安装其中的包？
-[REMI 仓库][1] 提供了核心CentOS和RHEL包的更新版本，尤其是最新的PHP/MySQL系列。
+[REMI 仓库][1]提供了CentOS和RHEL的核心包的更新版本，尤其是最新的PHP/MySQL系列（LCTT 译注：当你需要一个更新包，而 CentOS/RHEL 没有及时提供更新时， REMI 仓库可以帮助你）。
-安装REMI仓库要记住的一件事是不要在REMI仓库中运行yum update。因为REMI仓库的包名RHEL/CentOS中的相同，运行yum update可能会触发意外的更新。一个好办法是禁用REMI仓库，在你需要安装RMEI仓库中独有的包时再启用。
+安装REMI仓库要记住的一件事是不要在启用了REMI仓库时运行yum update。因为REMI仓库的包名与RHEL/CentOS中的相同，运行yum update可能会触发意外的更新。一个好办法是禁用REMI仓库，在你需要安装RMEI仓库中独有的包时再启用。
 ### 预备工作 ###
-安装REMI仓库之前，你首先需要启用EPEL仓库，因为REMI中的一些包依赖与EPEL。按照[这份指南][2]在CentOS或者RHEL中设置EPEL仓库。
+安装REMI仓库之前，你首先需要启用EPEL仓库，因为REMI中的一些包依赖于EPEL。按照[这份指南][2]在CentOS或者RHEL中设置EPEL仓库。
 ### 安装REMI仓库 ###
@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ Linux 有问必答 -- 如何在CentOS或者RHEL上安装REMI仓库
    $ sudo rpm --import http://rpms.famillecollet.com/RPM-GPG-KEY-remi
    $ sudo rpm -ivh http://rpms.famillecollet.com/enterprise/remi-release-6.rpm
-默认上，REMI是禁用的。要检查REMI是否已经成功安装，使用这个命令。你会看到几个REMI仓库，比如remi、remi-php55和remi-php56。
+默认地，REMI是禁用的。要检查REMI是否已经成功安装，使用这个命令。你会看到几个REMI仓库，比如remi、remi-php55和remi-php56。
    $ yum repolist disabled | grep remi 
@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ Linux 有问必答 -- 如何在CentOS或者RHEL上安装REMI仓库
 ### 从REMI仓库中安装一个包 ###
-如上所述，最好保持禁用REMI仓库，只有在需要的时候再启用。
+如上所述，最好保持禁用REMI仓库，**只有在需要的时候再启用**。
 要搜索或安装REMI仓库中的包，使用这些命令:
@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ Linux 有问必答 -- 如何在CentOS或者RHEL上安装REMI仓库
 via: http://ask.xmodulo.com/install-remi-repository-centos-rhel.html
 译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
--- a/published/20141104
+++ b/published/20141104
@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
 Cinnamon 2.4 携新功能来袭
 ================================================================================
 **上个周末，Linux Mint 为我们带来了新的气息，发布了 Cinnamon 桌面的一个新版本。**
 [ Linux Mint 发布了其新 LTS 版本的第一个更新  17.1 ][1]，它的易用 shell 的最新版本将是该发行版的重中之重。
 ![New Wallpaper Slideshow Feature](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/wallpaper-sildeshow-applet.jpg)
 *新的墙纸幻灯片功能 *
 ### Cinnamon 2.4 新特性 ###
 Cinnamon 2.4 带来了大量受欢迎的功能，包括改进了波兰语支持、降低内存占用，新的“隐私”和“提醒”设置和桌面墙纸幻灯片功能。
 其[官方发布公告][2]里面主要提到了如下变化：
 - Cinnamon 桌面启动时带有缩放动画 
 - 通过代码审核修复了30个内存泄露问题
 - 使用‘Super+e’ 可以打开“home”文件夹 
 - 桌面字体现在可以定制了 
 - 去除了“退出对话框”的超时设置 
 - 重新设计了“主题与背景”设置 
 - 支持桌面幻灯片功能（增加了一个新的面板小应用来控制它）
 - 增加了“提醒与隐私”设置面板
 ![Some say Nemo is the best file manager for Linux](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/nemo-file-manager-24-750x368.jpg)
 *有些人说 Nemo 是 Linux 上最好的文件管理器*
 Nemo 文件管理器也做了如下改进：
 - 重新设计了工具条
 - ‘nemo-emblems‘扩展支持为文件夹增加标志（emblems） 
 - 边栏在鼠标移动上去时会有高亮效果 
 - “智能动态书签区”放到边栏 
 - 文件夹的颜色可以通过 nemo-folder-color-switcher 快速设置（还没有发布）
 ### 在 Ubuntu 中升级或安装 Cinnamon 2.4  ###
 如果**你更在意稳定的话**就不要升级到 Cinnamon 2.4。新的 Cinnamon 在 Linux Mint 发布前一个月才释出，主要是为了测试、解决 bug 和搜集反馈。
 不过要是你不在意的话，你可以使用如下的每夜构建 PPA 在 Ubuntu 14.04 LTS 和 Ubuntu 14.10 中安装Cinnamon 2.4：
    sudo add-apt-repository ppa:gwendal-lebihan-dev/cinnamon-nightly
 然后：
    sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install cinnamon
 如果你已经安装了（旧版本的） Cinnamon，我建议你运行下列命令来替代上面的安装命令。这会自动通过包管理器解决冲突的包依赖关系：
    sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get dist-upgrade
 安装后如果不喜欢了，那也很容易，你可以使用如下命令将  Cinnamon 2.4 和它的一大堆配置统统移走：
    sudo apt-get purge cinnamon
 **如果你体验过了，请让我们知道你的意见，反馈到下面，最好带上一两张截屏！**
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/11/install-cinnamon-2-4-ubuntu-14-04-lts
 作者：[Joey-Elijah Sneddon][a]
 译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
 [a]:https://plus.google.com/117485690627814051450/?rel=author
 [1]:http://blog.linuxmint.com/?p=2688
 [2]:http://segfault.linuxmint.com/2014/11/cinnamon-2-4/
--- a/translated/news/20141104
+++ b/translated/news/20141104
@ -10,27 +10,27 @@ Mozilla 下周发布全新的开发者浏览器
 ### Mozilla – 推动前沿 ###
-Mozilla已经一直在推动开源，开放标准和开放的最前沿。他们引导了世界上最流行的桌面浏览器之一。他们的开源Linux移动操作系统[在24个国家的13个运营商的12款手机上出售][1]。他们[甚至在谷歌的Chromecast上运行][2]！
+Mozilla一直处于推动开源，开放标准和开放访问的最前沿。他们引导了世界上最流行的桌面浏览器之一。他们的开源的基于Linux的移动操作系统[在24个国家的13个运营商的12款手机上出售][1]。他们[甚至可以在谷歌的Chromecast上运行][2]！
-他们渴望民主化web没有减弱的迹象。今早在Mozilla博客上发布的一篇文章传达了公司宣布在推动前沿上的努力- 这次是对于开发者而不是用户而言的。
+他们将 Web 推广到每个角落的追求依然旺盛。在Mozilla博客上发布的一篇文章传达了公司宣布在推动前沿上的努力- 这次是针对开发者而不是用户而言的。
-这被打趣为“独特但又熟悉”，公司打算发布基于Firefox，由开发人员设计，针对开发人员提供的全新的浏览器。 Mozilla说它集成了“像[WebIDE][3]和[Firefox工具适配器][4]这样强大的新工具。
+这被打趣为“独特但又熟悉”，公司打算发布基于Firefox、由开发人员设计、针对开发人员提供的全新的浏览器。 Mozilla说它集成了“像[WebIDE][3]和[Firefox工具适配器][4]这样强大的新工具。
 >“在构建Web时，开发人员倾向于使用不同的工具，但这往往不能很好地协同工作。这意味着你不用在不同的工具、平台和浏览器等这些会减缓你开发效率的工作中切换了
 ### #Fx10 ###
-“Firefox开发者”版声称会在11.10发布。 现在还不知道它支持的平台，但是它第一它是Mozilla，第二针对的是开发者，所以如果在那天没有Linux版本的话将会是一件很意外的事情。
+“Firefox开发者”版声称会在11.10发布。 现在还不知道它支持的平台，但是第一它是Mozilla推出的，第二针对的是开发者，所以如果在那天没有Linux版本的话将会是一件很意外的事情。
 Mozilla说感兴趣的人可以注册他们的[黑客简讯][5]来在浏览器发布的时候收到通知。
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-via: www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/11/mozilla-launch-brand-new-developer-focused-web-browser
+via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/11/mozilla-launch-brand-new-developer-focused-web-browser
 作者：[Joey-Elijah Sneddon ][a]
 译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
--- a/sources/news/20141105
+++ b/sources/news/20141105
@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
 Mozilla to Launch Brand New Developer Web Browser Next Week
 ================================================================================
 **When you woke up this morning you probably didn’t expect to come online and see the words ‘Mozilla’, ‘New’, and ‘Web Browser’ writ large across the web. **
 But that my bed-headed compadre is precisely what you’re looking at.
 注：youtube 地址，发布的时候不行做个链接吧
 <iframe width="750" height="422" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Ehv5u-5rE8c?feature=oembed"></iframe>
 ### Mozilla – Pushing Boundaries ###
 Mozilla has always been at the forefront of pushing open source, open standards and open access. They steer one of the most popular desktop browsers in the world. Their open-source Linux mobile OS [is sold on 12 smartphones from 13 operators in 24 countries][1]. They’re [even taking on the Google Chromecast][2]!
 Their desire to democratise the web shows no sign of abating. In a teaser posted on the Mozilla Blog this morning the company has announced a new effort to push boundaries further — this time for developers rather than users.
 Teased as something “unique but familiar”, the company intend to release a brand new browser based on Firefox but designed by developers, for developers. Mozilla say it integrates “powerful new tools like [WebIDE][3] and the [Firefox Tools Adapter][4]”.
 > “When building for the Web, developers tend to use a myriad of different tools which often don’t work well together. This means you end up switching between different tools, platforms and browsers which can slow you down and make you less productive.”
 ### #Fx10 ###
 The “Firefox Developer Browser” is being touted for an initial release date of November 10. It’s not yet known what platforms it will target but since this is a) Mozilla and b) aimed at developers it’d be a huge shock if Linux builds weren’t readily available on day dot.
 Mozilla say those interested should sign up for their [Hacks newsletter][5] to receive notification when the browser is released.
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/11/mozilla-launch-brand-new-developer-focused-web-browser
 作者：[ Joey-Elijah Sneddon][a]
 译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
 [a]:https://plus.google.com/117485690627814051450/?rel=author
 [1]:https://twitter.com/firefox/status/522175938952716289
 [2]:http://www.omgchrome.com/mozillas-chromecast-rival-leaks-online/
 [3]:https://hacks.mozilla.org/2014/06/webide-lands-in-nightly/
 [4]:https://hacks.mozilla.org/2014/09/firefox-tools-adapter/
 [5]:https://hacks.mozilla.org/newsletter/
--- a/sources/news/20141105
+++ b/sources/news/20141105
@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
 The Latest Ubuntu Images Arrive on Google Cloud Platform
 ================================================================================
 ![](http://ostatic.com/files/images/ubuntu_image_5.png)
 Canonical, working with Google, has announced that it is launching the public beta of Ubuntu 14.04 LTS, 12.04 LTS and 14.10 on Google Cloud Platform. "Starting today, it is possible to select optimized, up to date, fully secure and consistent Ubuntu images on Google Cloud Platform," Canonical's post noted, adding that "Canonical continually maintains, tests and updates certified Ubuntu images, making the latest versions available on Google Cloud Platform within minutes of them being officially released."
 Ubuntu has been shown to be an increasingly popular platform for use in the cloud and as the basis for cloud deployments, and making it available on Google's cloud platform should attract many users. 
 For all Ubuntu LTS versions, Canonical provides maintenance and security updates for five years, which will appeal to the enterprise users that Canonical is increasingly focused on.
 “The lack of official Ubuntu images had been holding us back in migrating portions of our infrastructure to Google Cloud Platform,” says Sebastian Stadil, founder of the leading open source cloud management platform, Scalr. “We are pleased to see Ubuntu technologies be made available to all our enterprise customers.” 
 Federico Lucifredi, Certified Public Cloud product manager said, in a statement: “As more enterprises join start-ups in turning to public cloud environments to run mission critical and scale-out workloads, Google Cloud Platform has quickly established itself as one of the world’s leading contenders for their business. Bringing Ubuntu to Google Cloud Platform is a logical first step in what we believe will be a great collaboration, benefitting developers and enterprises looking for an easy to use, reliable OS for their cloud deployments.”
 Ubuntu actually has a remarkable track record as a guest operating system of choice on all major public clouds, with around 70 percent of workloads running on Ubuntu, according to Canonical. Ubuntu is also the basis for many OpenStack deployments, according to data from the OpenStack Foundation.
 Check in on the [Google Cloud Platform][1] site for more information.   
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 via: http://ostatic.com/blog/the-latest-ubuntu-images-arrive-on-google-cloud-platform
 作者：[Sam Dean][a]
 译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
 [a]:http://ostatic.com/member/samdean
 [1]:https://cloud.google.com/compute/docs/operating-systems
--- a/sources/news/20141105
+++ b/sources/news/20141105
@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
 Ubuntu Touch RTM Gets Major Update – Video Tour
 ================================================================================
 **new Ubuntu Touch RTM version has been released and the developers have made a number of important fixes, not to mention all the improvements that have been made to the backend.**
 The Ubuntu Touch RTM stable images don't arrive all that often. Only six have been launched so far and each new version is sensibly better than the previous one. The current release is no exception, although it seems to have a longer and more complex changelog than the previous one.
 Long gone are the days when a Mir update would break Ubuntu, but now all sorts of smaller problems are cropping up. In fact, all landings have been suspended before this new update was released, in an effort to track down and correct all the major bugs. Some problems still remain, but none of them should be an inconvenience. 
 ### This is just the RTM branch, not the final version ###
 Ubuntu Touch is still a work in progress, but, from the looks of it, the developers are homing in the final version. It shouldn't take too long now and we might get it in a month or so. That would be a fair assessment, if Meizu's plans to launch an Ubuntu phone in December holds.
 "Good news! As per earlier announcement we promoted a new image to the ubuntu-rtm/14.09 channel! Please enjoy image #6 (previously known as #140 for krillin, #118 for mako and #112 for x86). Because of those we plan on promoting another image as soon as possible if those issues get fixed. But no worries - no freezes required this time. The landing gates will remain opened until the next serious promotion! Once again big thanks to everyone involved!" [said][1] Canonical's Łukasz Zemczak.
 There are still a few minor issues, they will be corrected very soon. For example, the user metrics that could be found on the lock screen are no longer changing with a double tap, the media hug might strain the CPU in certain situations, and the Unity 8 environment might crash from time to time.
 On the upside, Ubuntu Touch should be much more stable now, the video playback now works properly in landscape mode, the Unity 8 desktop has been updated, and a lot of critical changes have been made.
 Users can test Ubuntu Touch RTM on Nexus 4 and Nexus 7 devices, and the official website has comprehensive [wiki][2] that details the installation.
 youtu.be链接地址：[http://youtu.be/_DtNvz_WVu8][3]
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Ubuntu-Touch-RTM-Gets-Major-Update-Video-Tour-464075.shtml
 作者：[Silviu Stahie][a]
 译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
 [a]:http://news.softpedia.com/editors/browse/silviu-stahie
 [1]:https://lists.launchpad.net/ubuntu-phone/msg10368.html
 [2]:https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Touch/DualBootInstallation
 [3]:http://youtu.be/_DtNvz_WVu8
--- a/sources/news/20141106
+++ b/sources/news/20141106
@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
 Canonical Launches LXD Open Source Virtualization Container
 ================================================================================
 > Canonical is launching a new container-based virtualization hypervisor for its open source Ubuntu Linux operating system, called LXD. How will it get along with Docker?
 As open source container-based virtualization explodes in popularity, perhaps it was only a matter of time before [Canonical][1] announced its own, homegrown virtualization container system to contend with [Docker][2]. That's what the company has now done with the launch of [LXD][3] for [Ubuntu Linux][4].
 Canonical announced the hypervisor— which the company is pronouncing "lex-dee," the better, I suppose, to avoid confusion with the Schedule 1 drug of similar nomenclature—Nov. 4. The pitch for the tool, which is basically a server for the [LXC][5] virtualized container system built into the Linux kernel, goes like this:
 > Imagine you could launch a new machine in under a second, and that you could launch hundreds of them on a single server. Hundreds! Now, imagine that you have hardware-guaranteed security to ensure that those machines can’t pry or spy on one another. Imagine you can connect them separately and securely to networks. And imagine that you can run that on a single node or a million, live migrate machines between those nodes, and talk to all of it through a clean, extensible REST API. That's what LXD sets out to deliver.
 LXD will also feature tight integration with OpenStack—in fact, it's part of Canonical's [OpenStack][6] Juno for Ubuntu—as well as hardware-level security protections, according to the company, which said it is working with chip manufacturers (it hasn't indicated which ones) on the latter technology.
 This is all pretty cool. If Canonical fully implements these features, LXD could go a long way toward making LXC a truly enterprise-ready containerized virtualization platform.
 But to do that, Canonical needs to siphon off some of the momentum Docker is currently enjoying and reorient part of the open source container-based virtualization world toward LXD. So far, Canonical appears eager to position LXD as a technology that can complement and enhance Docker, not compete directly with it. That makes sense to a degree, since LXD and Docker are somewhat different sorts of beasts, at least for now. But Canonical has stated its ambition "to bring much of the awesome security and isolation of LXD to docker [sic] as well," an idea that may not sit well with the Docker community, especially if LXD remains closely intertwined with Ubuntu rather than being distribution-agnostic.
 It doesn't help that what Canonical is doing with LXD is very similar to what it has already done with technologies including [Unity][7], the desktop interface it designed for Ubuntu. Like LXD, Unity was a way for Canonical to replace a major part of the Ubuntu software stack—specifically, the [GNOME][8] desktop environment—with a homegrown alternative, providing the company more control over Ubuntu, yet also making Ubuntu less readily compatible with many open source apps that were not designed for Ubuntu and Unity. The move engendered more than a little ill-will among the Ubuntu user base, although most of that sentiment has long since dissipated.
 It's hard to imagine Canonical marginalizing Docker in the same way it has GNOME, and even harder to imagine many people feeling emotional about this in the way they did when Unity replaced GNOME. But time will tell.
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 via: http://thevarguy.com/ubuntu/110514/canonical-launches-lxd-open-source-virtualization-container
 作者：[Christopher Tozzi][a]
 译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
 [a]:http://thevarguy.com/author/christopher-tozzi
 [1]:http://canonical.com/
 [2]:http://docker.com/
 [3]:http://www.ubuntu.com/cloud/tools/lxd
 [4]:http://ubuntu.com/
 [5]:https://linuxcontainers.org/
 [6]:http://openstack.org/
 [7]:http://unity.ubuntu.com/
 [8]:http://www.gnome.org/
--- a/sources/news/20141106
+++ b/sources/news/20141106
@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
 Massive 20% Improvement to Land in Intel's Mesa Driver Thanks to Valve's Efforts
 ================================================================================
 > A group of devs from LunarG found a bottleneck in the driver
 **Intel users should see a major improvement with their hardware after a group of developers from LunarG found out that there was a bottleneck in the DRM driver.**
 ![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/Massive-20-Improvement-to-Land-in-Intel-s-Mesa-Driver-Thanks-to-Valve-s-Efforts-464233-2.jpg)
 The drivers on the Linux platform are not stellar, and most of the time, pieces of hardware work better on other operating systems, like Windows, for example. It might be strange that the same game, on the same hardware, works better on one platform than it does on the other, but things have been like this forever and no one expects any kind of big breakthroughs.
 To be fair, the drivers from AMD, NVIDIA, and Intel have been improving in the last couple of years, especially after Steam for Linux was released. Actually, LunarG works with Valve to improve the state of the Intel drivers and to find ways to boost the performance on Linux. They had a big breakthrough and a kernel update should arrive very soon.
 ### Users with Intel-powered machines should be very happy ###
 Valve tasked LunarG with improving the Intel drivers, which are lagging a little bit behind the competition, at least in terms of graphics. Some of the latest Intel processors are pretty powerful and you would expect them to be able to perform much better, at least as well as on Windows, but there was a problem.
 The guys from LunarG worked on a piece of software called GlassyMesa, which drastically improved Intel's shader compiler stack. They also made a number of improvements in the past few months, but none of these changes was reflected in the driver's performance. This led them to believe that there had to be a bottleneck somewhere along the line.
 "We started to suspect there was a bigger bottleneck masking the improvements, and sure enough we were able to generate a test program that showed a huge performance issue with how the hardware samplers were working as compared to the OpenGL driver running under windows. Something was slowing down the samplers on Linux, and we were determined to find out what," wrote the devs on their blog.
 They did all sorts of testing, but they don't have access to the way the hardware is set up. Therefore, they sent the test program to Intel and the engineers found the problem and corrected it. As you can imagine, the people at Intel didn't say anything about what they actually corrected.
 ### 20% increase in performance is no small matter ###
 In any case, LunarG also published some of the improvements they saw, and one of them is a 20% increase in game framerate.
 - Left4Dead2 with frames that have hordes of zombies we've seen an increase of 17-25%
 - Counter-Strike GO: 16-20%
 - Lightsmark increased on a GT2 by 60% (HD4600) 4770
 A kernel patch is required to make all these improvements available to users. It's not clear whether it will be available in Linux kernel 3.18 or 3.19, but it's coming. It also means that the kernel patch will be backported to the SteamOS kernel as well. 
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Massive-20-Improvement-to-Land-in-Intel-s-Mesa-Driver-Thanks-to-Valve-s-Efforts-464233.shtml
 作者：[Silviu Stahie][a]
 译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
 [a]:http://news.softpedia.com/editors/browse/silviu-stahie
--- a/sources/news/20141106
+++ b/sources/news/20141106
@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
 Prizes Ahoy! Ubuntu Scope Showdown Kicks Off
 ================================================================================
 ![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/scope.jpg)
 **SDK at the ready: Ubuntu has launched a new development competition for its mobile platform, with some swish prizes up for grabs for the winners.**
 The ‘[Ubuntu Scope Showdown][1]‘ is the third such initiative to be held by the project and the second pitched squarely at mobile.
 But this time around amateur and l33t developers alike are being tasked with a new brief: creating custom home screen experiences — ‘[Scopes][2]’ — for Ubuntu on phones.
 ### Er, What Is a Scope? ###
 We often refer to Scopes as mini search engines, little portals that help you find content from a specific web site, service or topic — think ‘eBay’, ‘Cat gifs’, or ‘Restaurants Nearby’ — from the home screen, no need to open an app.
 ![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/scopes-customization.jpg)
 Thanks to the rich variety of result layouts content can be surfaced and previewed in interesting, intuitive ways. And when you’re happy with what you’ve found you can (typically) click through to open it up in an app or a new tab in the Ubuntu web browser.
 Scopes can be added, removed, re-ordered and ‘favourited’ for easy access. Some Scopes can search multiple sources, others just the one.
 It’s because of this multifariousness that makes the lack of a traditional home screen as we know it from Android, iOS and other mobile platforms  (pages and pages of scopes) less of a negative. There’s no desktop; no custom wallpaper you can cover with icons, folders, shortcuts and widgets, but there is, quite literally, a world of information at your fingertips.
 ### The Competition ###
 The Ubuntu Scope Showdown runs for five weeks (October 30 – December 3) giving participants just about enough time to take a project from concept to completion using the Ubuntu SDK and submitted to the Ubuntu Store.
 The overall winner (decided by a judging panel of which, disclaimer ahoy, I am part of), will bag a brand new Dell XPS 13 Laptop (Developer Edition) preloaded with Ubuntu.
 Runners up nab a Logitech UE Boom Bluetooth speaker, a Nexus 7 (2013) running Ubuntu, or one of two bundles of Ubuntu merchandise.
 Interested in taking part? You’ll find more details on the entry requirements plus links to all the documentation you can eat on the [developer.ubuntu.com mini-site][3]. 
 Will you be taking part?
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/11/ubuntu-scope-showdown-competition-launched
 作者：[Joey-Elijah Sneddon][a]
 译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
 [a]:https://plus.google.com/117485690627814051450/?rel=author
 [1]:http://developer.ubuntu.com/2014/10/scope-development-competition/
 [2]:http://developer.ubuntu.com/scopes/
 [3]:http://developer.ubuntu.com/
--- a/sources/news/20141106
+++ b/sources/news/20141106
@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
 Ubuntu's Click Packages Might End the Linux Packaging Nightmare
 ================================================================================
 > It's time to have one type of package for all distros
 **The new Click packages that are already used on the Ubunu Touch platform by Canonical are also coming to the desktop and they might be able to change the Linux packaging paradigm.**
 ![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/Ubuntu-s-Click-Packages-Might-End-the-Linux-Packaging-Nightmare-464271-3.jpg)
 Ubuntu is the most used Linux operating system, so it's very likely that, if something really catches on with users of this distribution, it will probably shake things up in the Linux ecosystem as well. For now, the app packaging for Linux operating systems is a mess. It has improved over the years, but it still poses many problems.
 There isn't any kind of unification and different distros use different packages. Debian-based distros use .deb and Fedora-based ones use .rpm, but you can also find packages with .sh or .run. The main problem is that they depend very much on the libraries that are already installed or available in the repos. Even if you have a .deb file for your Ubuntu system, it's not a guarantee that it will work. It might very well depend on a library that's not available for that particular version.
 ### One package to rule them all ###
 For now, only the Ubuntu SDK can make Click packages, but they present some advantages over regular ones. For example, they are much safer than regular packages, mostly because there are no maintainer scripts that can run as root. In conjunction with the Ubuntu Software Center and Apparmor, the Click packages are pretty safe.
 One of the best features of Click packages is that they have no external dependencies, which means that you can basically run them on any system, regardless of the available libraries installed or in the repositories. Martin Albisetti from Canonical explains this feature in more detail on his [blog][1].
 "Clicks, by design, can't express any external dependencies other than a base system (called a 'framework'). That means that if your app depends on a fancy library that isn't shipped by default, you just bundle it into the Click package and you're set. You get to update it whenever it suits you as a developer, and have predictability over how it will run on a user's computer (or device!). That opens up the possibility of shipping newer versions of a library, or just sticking with one that works for you."
 Another cool feature is that Click packages for different versions of the same app can be run on the same system. There are numerous applications out there that need to be alone on the system, otherwise they create problems for users, but the confinement provided by Click packages solves this issue.
 These are just a few of the features that are already implemented. It will take a while until they reach the desktop, however. They will land along with Unity 8, but they are coming nonetheless. We can only hope that other distros will adopt this kind of format and not do their own similar thing, which would preserve the current packaging problems. 
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Ubuntu-s-Click-Packages-Might-End-the-Linux-Packaging-Nightmare-464271.shtml
 作者：[Silviu Stahie][a]
 译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
 [a]:http://news.softpedia.com/editors/browse/silviu-stahie
 [1]:http://beuno.com.ar/archives/334
--- a/sources/share/20141104
+++ b/sources/share/20141104
@ -1,71 +0,0 @@
 >>  Translating by ThomazL
 Pitivi 0.94 Uses GTK HeaderBar, Squashes Umpteen Bugs
 ================================================================================
 **I’m a big fan of the [Pitivi video editor][1]. It might not (yet, at least) be the most whizz-bang or feature-filled non-linear editor available on Linux but it is one of the most reliable! **
 ![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/pitivi-tile.jpg)
 So, naturally, I was expecting to see a new beta release of the open-source editor [go live at the weekend][2]. 
 Pitivi 0.94 is the fourth release based on the new ‘GStreamer Editing Services’ library (GES).
 Project member Jean-François Fortin Tam, also known by the handle ‘Nekohayo‘, describes the update on his blog as ”**…mainly a maintenance release, but it does pack a few interesting improvements & features in addition to the bug fixes.**”
 ### What’s new? ###
 Interesting improvements indeed! The most noticeable change in Pitivi 0.94 is the switch to GNOME’s client-side GTK HeaderBar decoration. HeaderBars unify the window bar, title bar and toolbar into one, saving a huge amount of wasted vertical and horizontal space in the process.
 “*Once you try it, you can’t go back,*” says Fortin Tam. A quick glance at the screenshot below and you’ll be nodding in agreement.
 ![Pitivi now uses GTK HeaderBar and menu button (image: Nekohayo)](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/pitivi-0.94-headerbar.jpeg)
 Pitivi now uses GTK HeaderBar and menu button (image: Nekohayo)
 What about the app menu? No fear; the consolidation sees the introduction of an app menu button, as per the GNOME human interface guidelines.
 #### Fixes, Fixes, Fixes ####
 There’s also a slew of important bug fixes and stability improvements bundled up, including fixes for those running the editor outside of GNOME Shell and/or a Linux distribution shipping with a broken version of [COGL][3] (yes, even Ubuntu).
 Elsewhere:
 - Positioning of UI components on fresh install has been improved
 - Undocked window components do not shift position on startup
 - Effects can be reordered within a clip’s properties
 - Title editor UI has been simplified
 - Global undo/redo fix
 - Timeline UI animations have been tweaked
 - Editor ported to Python 3
 Further details can be found in the official [release notes][4].
 ### Getting Better ###
 All of the above reads great, right? Well, the next release should be even better. That’s not just usual developer hyperbole, as Jean-François  explains:
 > “The next release (0.95) will run on top of a refined and incredibly more robust backend thanks to the work that Mathieu [Duponchelle] and Thibault [Saunier] have been doing to replace GNonLin by NLE (the new non-linear engine for GES) and fixing video mixing issues.”
 Ubuntu 14.10 ships with an older (crash-prone) version in the Software Center. To try the latest release in all its glory you can grab an [all-in-one bundle][5] from the Pitivi website¹.
 **Almost €20,000 has been raised as part of the Pitivi [fundraiser][6] helping it creep over the halfway point to a promised 1.0 release. If you’d like to see that arrive faster, skip a grande skinny vanilla latte at Starbucks and donate instead! **
 *¹At the time of writing the bundles for 0.94 are not linked but you can grab the nightly tars instead. *
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/11/pitivi-0-94-header-bar-more-features
 作者：[Joey-Elijah Sneddon][a]
 译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
 [a]:https://plus.google.com/117485690627814051450/?rel=author
 [1]:http://pitivi.org/
 [2]:http://jeff.ecchi.ca/blog/2014/11/02/tricks-or-tracebacks-pitivi-0-94-is-here/
 [3]:http://www.cogl3d.org/about.html
 [4]:http://wiki.pitivi.org/wiki/0.94
 [5]:http://fundraiser.pitivi.org/download-bundles
 [6]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/02/pitivi-video-editor-fundraising-campaign
--- a/sources/share/20141106
+++ b/sources/share/20141106
@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
 barney-ro translating
 5 Awesome Open Source Backup Software For Linux and Unix-like Systems
 ================================================================================
 A good backup plan is essential in order to have the ability to recover from
 - Human errors
 - RAID or disk failure
 - File system corruption
 - Data center destruction and more.
 In this post I'm going to list amazingly awesome open source Backup software for you.
 ### What to look for when choosing backup software for an enterprise? ###
 Make sure the following features are supported backup software you deploy:
 1. **Open source software** - You must use software for which the original source code is made freely available and may be and modified. This ensures that you can recover your data in case vendor/project stopped working on software or refused to provide patches.
 1. **Cross-platform support** - Make sure backup software works well on the OS deployed on all desktop and server operating systems.
 1. **Data format** - Open data format ensures that you can recover data in case vendor or project stopped working on software.
 1. **Autochangers** - Autochangers are nothing but a variety of backup devices, including library, near-line storage, and autoloader. Autochangers allows you to automate the task of loading, mounting, and labeling backup media such as tape.
 1. **Backup media** - Make sure you can backup data on tape, disk, DVD and in cloud storage such as AWS.
 1. **Encryption datastream** - Make sure all client-to-server traffic will be encrypted to ensure transmission integrity over the LAN/WAN/Internet.
 1. **Database support** - Make sure backup software can backup database server such as MySQL or Oracle.
 1. **Backup span multiple volumes** - Backup software can split each backup (dumpfile) into a series of parts, allowing for different parts to existing on different volumes. This ensures that large backups (such as 100TB file) can be stored on larger than a single backup device such as disk or tape volume.
 1. **VSS (Volume Shadow Copy)** - It is [Microsoft's Volume Shadow Copy Service (VSS)][1] and it is used to create snapshots of data that is to be backed up. Make sure backup software support VSS for MS-Windows client/server.
 1. **[Deduplication][2]** - It is a data compression technique for eliminating duplicate copies of repeating data (for example, images).
 1. **License and cost** - Make sure you [understand and use of open source license][3] under which the original backup software is made available to you.
 1. **Commercial support** - Open source software can provide community based (such as email list or fourm) or professional (such as subscriptions provided at additional cost) based support. You can use paid professional support for training and consulting purpose.
 1. **Reports and alerts** - Finally, you must able to see backup reports, current job status, and get alert when something goes wrong while making backups.
 ### Bacula - Client/server backup tool for heterogeneous networks ###
 I personally use this software to manage backup and recovery across a network of computers including Linux, OSX and Windows. You can configure it via a CLI, GUI or web interface.
 ![](http://s0.cyberciti.org/uploads/cms/2014/11/bacula-network-backup.jpg)
 - Operating system : Cross-platform
 - Backup Levels : Full, differential, incremental, and consolidation.
 - Data format: Custom but fully open.
 - Autochangers: Yes
 - Backup media: Tape/Disk/DVD
 - Encryption datastream: Yes
 - Database support: MSSQL/PostgreSQL/Oracle/
 - Backup span multiple volumes: Yes
 - VSS: Yes
 - License : Affero General Public License v3.0
 - Download url : [bacula.org][4]
 ### Amanda - Another good client/server backup tool ###
 AMANDA is an acronym for Advanced Maryland Automatic Network Disk Archiver. It allows the sysadmin to set up a single backup server to back up other hosts over network to tape drives or disk or authchangers.
 - Operating system : Cross-platform
 - Backup Levels : Full, differential, incremental, and consolidation.
 - Data format: Open (can be recovered using tool such as tar).
 - Autochangers: Yes
 - Backup media: Tape/Disk/DVD
 - Encryption datastream: Yes
 - Database support: MSSQL/Oracle
 - Backup span multiple volumes: Yes
 - VSS: Yes
 - License : GPL, LGPL, Apache, Amanda License
 - Download url : [amanda.org][5]
 ### Backupninja - Lightweight backup system ###
 Backupninja is a simple and easy to use backup system. You can simply drop a config files into /etc/backup.d/ to backup multiple hosts.
 ![](http://s0.cyberciti.org/uploads/cms/2014/11/ninjabackup-helper-script.jpg)
 - Operating system : Linux/Unix
 - Backup Levels : Full and incremental (rsync+hard links)
 - Data format: Open
 - Autochangers: N/A
 - Backup media: Disk/DVD/CD/ISO images
 - Encryption datastream: Yes (ssh) and [encrypted remote backups via duplicity][6]
 - Database support: MySQL/PostgreSQL/OpenLDAP and subversion or trac repositories.
 - Backup span multiple volumes: ??
 - VSS: ??
 - License : GPL
 - Download url : [riseup.net][7]
 ### Backuppc - High-performance client/server tool ###
 Backuppc is can be used to backup Linux and Windows based systems to a master server's disk. It comes with a clever pooling scheme minimizes disk storage, disk I/O and network I/O.
 ![](http://s0.cyberciti.org/uploads/cms/2014/11/BackupPCServerStatus.jpg)
 - Operating system : Linux/Unix and Windows
 - Backup Levels : Full and incremental (rsync+hard links and pooling scheme)
 - Data format: Open
 - Autochangers: N/A
 - Backup media: Disk/RAID storage
 - Encryption datastream: Yes
 - Database support: Yes (via custom shell scripts)
 - Backup span multiple volumes: ??
 - VSS: ??
 - License : GPL
 - Download url : [backuppc.sourceforge.net][8]
 ### UrBackup - Easy to setup client/server system ###
 It is an easy to setup open source client/server backup system, that through a combination of image and file backups accomplishes both data safety and a fast restoration time. Your files can be restored through the web interface or the Windows Explorer while the backups of drive volumes can be restored with a bootable CD or USB-Stick (bare metal restore). A web interface makes setting up your own backup server really easy.
 ![](http://s0.cyberciti.org/uploads/cms/2014/11/urbackup.jpg)
 - Operating system : Linux/FreeBSD/Unix/Windows/several Linux based NAS operating systems. Client only runs on Linux and Windows.
 - Backup Levels : Full and incremental
 - Data format: Open
 - Autochangers: N/A
 - Backup media: Disk/Raid storage/DVD
 - Encryption datastream: Yes
 - Database support: ??
 - Backup span multiple volumes: ??
 - VSS: ??
 - License : GPL v3+
 - Download url : [urbackup.org][9]
 ### Other awesome open source backup software for your consideration ###
 The Amanda, Bacula and above-mentioned software are feature rich but can be complicated to set for small network or a single server. I recommend that you study and use the following backup software:
 1. [Rsnapshot][10] - I recommend this tool for local and remote filesystem snapshot utility. See how to set and use [this tool on Debian/Ubuntu Linux][11] and [CentOS/RHEL based systems][12].
 1. [rdiff-backup][13] - Another great remote incremental backup tool for Unix-like systems.
 1. [Burp][14] - Burp is a network backup and restore program. It uses librsync in order to save network traffic and to save on the amount of space that is used by each backup. It also uses VSS (Volume Shadow Copy Service) to make snapshots when backing up Windows computers.
 1. [Duplicity][15] - Great encrypted bandwidth-efficient backup for Unix-like system. See how to [Install Duplicity for encrypted backup in cloud][16] for more infomation.
 1. [SafeKeep][17] - SafeKeep is a centralized and easy to use backup application that combines the best features of a mirror and an incremental backup.
 1. [DREBS][18] - DREBS is a tool for taking periodic snapshots of EBS volumes. It is designed to be run on the EC2 host which the EBS volumes to be snapshoted are attached.
 1. Old good unix programs like rsync, tar, cpio, mt and dump.
 ### Conclusion ###
 I hope you will find this post useful to backup your important data. Do not forgot to verify your backups and make multiple backup copies of your data. Also, RAID is not a backup solution. Use any one of the above-mentioned programs to backup your servers, desktop/laptop and personal mobile devices. If you know of any other open source backup software I didn't mention, share them in the comments below.
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 via: http://www.cyberciti.biz/open-source/awesome-backup-software-for-linux-unix-osx-windows-systems/
 作者：[nixCraft][a]
 译者：[barney-ro](https://github.com/barney-ro)
 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
 [a]:http://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/about-us
 [1]:http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc785914(v=ws.10).aspx
 [2]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_deduplication
 [3]:http://opensource.org/licenses
 [4]:http://www.bacula.org/
 [5]:http://www.amanda.org/
 [6]:http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/duplicity-installation-configuration-on-debian-ubuntu-linux/
 [7]:https://labs.riseup.net/code/projects/backupninja
 [8]:http://backuppc.sourceforge.net/
 [9]:http://www.urbackup.org/
 [10]:http://www.rsnapshot.org/
 [11]:http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/linux-rsnapshot-backup-howto/
 [12]:http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/redhat-cetos-linux-remote-backup-snapshot-server/
 [13]:http://www.nongnu.org/rdiff-backup/
 [14]:http://burp.grke.org/
 [15]:http://www.cyberciti.biz/open-source/awesome-backup-software-for-linux-unix-osx-windows-systems/
 [16]:http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/duplicity-installation-configuration-on-debian-ubuntu-linux/
 [17]:http://safekeep.sourceforge.net/
 [18]:https://github.com/dojo4/drebs
--- a/sources/share/20141106
+++ b/sources/share/20141106
@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
 Exaile 3.4.1 Overview – A Feature-Complete GNOME Music Player
 ================================================================================
 **Exaile** has been a bit quiet in the past two years with maybe only one or two stable releases, but nevertheless, it’s one of the full-featured music players for GNOME which are on par with applications like [Rhythmbox][1] or [Banshee][2] in terms of features. However, over the past two months a new stable release, 3.4, has been put out under the slogan “We’re not dead yet”, as well as an incremental 3.4.1 release, which shipped on November 1. To be honest, Exaile has so many features that I could go on writing a lot more than an article to cover them all, so let’s have a look at some of the most notable ones.
 ![](http://www.tuxarena.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/exaile02.jpg)
 [Exaile][3] is a GTK2-based music player written in Python which fits well into GNOME, has an interface which pretty much resembles the one of the old Amarok 1.4 or actual Clementine, and ships with some great features. The interface is composed mainly of two panels, both with support for tabs. The left panel provides access to the collection, Internet radio, smart and custom playlists, file browser, podcasts, Group Tagger and lyrics while the main area of the window is taken by the playlists (with multiple, tabbed playlist support) and control buttons.
 Exaile’s interface is very similar to the one of Clementine or Amarok 1.4 and the tabs on the left can be shown or hidden:
 ![](http://www.tuxarena.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/exaile04.jpg)
 Version 3.4 shipped with a big number of major new features and changes while 3.4.1 was a small bug fix release. The major new features in 3.4 include new plugins like Icecast, Lyricsmania, Playlist Analyzer, Soma.fm, a new, simpler plugin API. Changes were done to the user interface and the general behavior as well, with the possibility to show playlists in multiple panels, close left panels, better BPM UI integration.
 The first time it starts you can add music folders to the collection – you can also choose to add directories and enable or disable monitoring or scanning them at start-up:
 ![](http://www.tuxarena.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/exaile01.jpg)
 Exaile’s features are practically countless. You can organize your music in a collection, listen to podcasts, set song ratings, edit tags, view file properties, queue tracks, view lyrics and covers, sort the playlist by a huge number of criteria, change playback behavior or appearance style.
 Equalizer, cover manager and listening to Internet radio:
 ![](http://www.tuxarena.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/exaile05.jpg)
 Local album covers are detected automatically and can be shown in full size, with the possibility to zoom in or out:
 ![](http://www.tuxarena.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/exaile03.jpg)
 The preferences window allows to configure various aspects of Exaile, including enable or disable plugins, appearance, system tray integration, or playback. The appearance settings will allow you to change the tabs placement, show/hide the tab bar, enable or disable transparency, or disable the start-up splash screen.
 ![](http://www.tuxarena.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/exaile_preferences_01.jpg)
 ![](http://www.tuxarena.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/exaile_preferences_02.jpg)
 The system tray integration offers a menu to quickly play/pause songs, set a song rating or change the way the playlist handles playback (shuffle, repeat or dynamic).
 ![](http://www.tuxarena.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/exaile_tray.jpg)
 ![](http://www.tuxarena.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/exaile_tray.jpg)
 The countless features in Exaile I believe make it the perfect choice as a music player, especially for GNOME users. Any user should be satisfied with the wealth of options and the highly configurable approach.
 ### Install Exaile 3.4.1 in Ubuntu 14.04 and 14.10 ###
 Compiling and installing from source should be pretty straightforward. First, get the dependencies:
    sudo apt-get build-dep exaile
    sudo apt-get install python-gst0.10 
 Download the source tarball from the [downloads page][4] (direct link [here][5]), then uncompress it:
    tar -xf exaile-3.4.1.tar.gz
 Change the working directory to exaile-3.4.1 and issue the following commands:
    make
    sudo make install
 The binary will be installed as **/usr/local/bin/exaile**.
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 via: http://www.tuxarena.com/2014/11/exaile-3-4-1-overview-a-feature-complete-gnome-music-player/
 作者：Craciun Dan
 译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
 [1]:https://wiki.gnome.org/Apps/Rhythmbox
 [2]:http://banshee.fm/
 [3]:http://www.exaile.org/
 [4]:http://www.exaile.org/download/
 [5]:https://github.com/exaile-dev/exaile/archive/3.4.1.tar.gz
--- a/sources/share/20141106
+++ b/sources/share/20141106
@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
 Flow ‘N Play Movie Player Has a Stylish Interface [Ubuntu Installation]
 ================================================================================
 **Flow ‘N Play** is a new video player written in Qt which features a pretty slick and simple interface which provides only the basic features for playing movies.
 ![](http://www.tuxarena.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/flow_n_play.jpg)
 [Flow ‘N Play][1] is relatively new video player (the first release was made earlier this year in March) with a beautiful interface and a pretty simple approach, with one of the features being the possibility to slide over the list of movies by dragging the mouse. The player comes with basic functionality, a search function, support for colored themes.
 Opening a new video – you can also choose a custom cover in the same dialog:
 ![](http://www.tuxarena.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/flow_n_play_open.jpg)
 The Settings dialog – customize some basic options here:
 ![](http://www.tuxarena.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/flow_n_play_settings.jpg)
 Flow ‘N Play is still in early development though, and as such it has a few downsides over more advanced players. There are few options to customize it, no support for subtitles or video and audio filters. Currently there seems to be either a bug or strange behavior upon opening a new movie, which doesn’t always start automatically.
 I believe a few more features could be added before it gets to being usable as a decent alternative to other players, but given the time, Flow ‘N Play looks really promising.
 ### Install Flow ‘N Play 0.922 in Ubuntu 14.04 ###
 There are several different ways to install Flow N’ Play in Ubuntu. There are DEB packages, RUN Bash installers, and standalone binaries available on the [Qt-Apps page][2].
 To install Flow ‘N Play first get the dependencies:
    sudo apt-get install libqt5multimediaquick-p5 qtdeclarative5-controls-plugin qtdeclarative5 qtmultimedia-plugin qtdeclarative5-qtquick2-plugin qtdeclarative5-quicklayouts-plugin
 Then download the DEB package and either double click it or change the working directory to the one where you saved it and type the following in a terminal (for 64-bit, replace the DEB file for 32-bit):
    sudo dpkg -i flow-n-play_v0.926_qt-5.3.2_x64.deb 
 Then type **flow-n-play** in a terminal to run it. Notice that in case you get dependency errors when trying to install the DEB file, you can run **sudo apt-get -f install**, which will fetch the missing dependencies automatically and will install Flow ‘N Play as well.
 To install Flow ‘N Play using the RUN script, install the dependencies mentioned above and then run the script:
    wget -O http://www.prest1ge-c0ding.24.eu/programs/Flow-N-Play/v0.926/bin/flow-n-play_v0.926_qt-5.3.2_x64.run
    sudo ./flow-n-play_v0.926_qt-5.3.2_x64.run
 The third method is to install it manually to a location of your choice (just download the binary provided after installing the dependencies) e.g. for 32-bit:
    wget -O http://www.prest1ge-c0ding.24.eu/programs/Flow-N-Play/v0.926/bin/Flow-N-Play_v0.926_Qt-5.3.2_x86
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 via: http://www.tuxarena.com/2014/11/flow-n-play-movie-player-has-a-stylish-interface-ubuntu-installation/
 作者：Craciun Dan 
 译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
 [1]:http://www.prest1ge-c0ding.24.eu/programme-php/app-flow_n_play.php?lang=en
 [2]:http://qt-apps.org/content/show.php/Flow+%27N+Play?content=167736
--- a/sources/share/20141106
+++ b/sources/share/20141106
@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
 Tomahawk Music Player Returns With New Look, Features
 ================================================================================
 **After a quiet year Tomahawk, the Swiss Army knife of music players, is back with a brand new release to sing about. **
 ![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/tomahawk-tile-1.jpg)
 Version 0.8 of the open-source and cross-platform app adds **support for more online services**, refreshes its appearance, and doubles down on making sure its innovative social features work flawlessly.
 ### Tomahawk — The Best of Both Worlds ###
 Tomahawk marries a traditional app structure with the modernity of our “on demand” culture. It can browse and play music from local libraries as well as online services like Spotify, Grooveshark, and SoundCloud. In its latest release it adds Google Play Music and Beats Music to its roster.
 That may sound cumbersome or confusing on paper but in practice it all works fantastically.
 When you want to play a song, and don’t care where it’s played back from, you just tell Tomahawk the track title and artist and it automatically finds a high-quality version from enabled sources — you don’t need to do anything.
 ![](http://i.imgur.com/nk5oixy.jpg)
 The app also sports some additional features, like EchoNest profiling, Last.fm suggestions, and Jabber support so you can ‘play’ friends’ music. There’s also a built-in messaging service so you can quickly share playlists and tracks with others.
 > “This fundamentally different approach to music enables a range of new music consumption and sharing experiences previously not possible,” the project says on its website. And with little else like it, it’s not wrong.
 ![Tomahawk supports the Sound Menu](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/tomahawk-controllers.jpg)
 Tomahawk supports the Sound Menu
 ### Tomahawk 0.8 Release Highlights ###
 - New UI
 - Support for Beats Music support
 - Support for Google Play Music (stored and Play All Access)
 - Support for drag and drop iTunes, Spotify, etc. web links
 - Now Playing notifications
 - Android app (beta)
 - Inbox improvements
 ### Install Tomahawk 0.8 in Ubuntu ###
 As a big music streaming user I’ll be using the app over the next few days to get a fuller appreciation of the changes on offer. In the mean time, to go hands on for yourself,  you can.
 Tomahawk 0.8 is available for Ubuntu 14.04 LTS and Ubuntu 14.10 via an official PPA.
    sudo add-apt-repository ppa:tomahawk/ppa 
    sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install tomahawk
 Standalone installers, and more information, can be found on the official project website.
 - [Visit the Official Tomahawk Website][1]
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/11/tomahawk-media-player-returns-new-look-features
 作者：[Joey-Elijah Sneddon][a]
 译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
 [a]:https://plus.google.com/117485690627814051450/?rel=author
 [1]:http://gettomahawk.com/
--- a/sources/talk/20141030
+++ b/sources/talk/20141030
@ -1,37 +0,0 @@
 zpl1025
 Ubuntu Could Give a Fatal Blow to Windows in China
 ================================================================================
 > Ubuntu Kylin might be able to replace Windows in China
 **The Windows operating systems is going out the front door in China and its place will be taken by a Linux distribution that will be used by the authorities and the governing body. The problem is that there is no real alternative, although at least one OS might be ready for the task, and that is Ubuntu Kylin.**
 The Chinese government and Microsoft now have a rocky relationship, to say the least. [As detailed in today's news][1], a plan to replace Windows gradually throughout the country with a Linux counterpart is in the works. It's unclear what system will be used to take over, especially since this a very complex situation and a very big country.
 Usually, there is no size-fits-all solution to this kind of problem and the Chinese approach does seem to be a little too blunt. In any case, this opens up a great window of opportunity for Ubuntu Kylin, a distribution based on Ubuntu and developed by Chinese devs and Canonical. It's been stable for quite some time and they already had a few consecutive launches.
 ### Ubuntu Kylin is knocking on Windows' door ###
 It's interesting to see that in the same day that this piece of news about the Chinese intentions surfaces, an interview with Dr. Jonas Zhang, vice professor of the National University of Defense Technology (NUDT), about the [recent launch of the 14.10 branch][2] has been published.
 "In our 14.10 release, there are some sweet new features. For example, beginners can find a replacement of Windows software via Ubuntu Kylin Software Center easily; users can login to Ubuntu Kylin applications and community via the SSO of Ubuntu Kylin (Single Sign-On System of Ubuntu Kylin, we call it UKID); Sogou IM (one of the most famous Chinese input method in the world, which has been launched on Apple’s App Store since last month) reduces 40% of the CPU and memory usage."
 "More than 50 project managers, engineers and community managers from CSIP (one service agency of China government), Canonical and NUDT (National University of Defense Technology) are working on Ubuntu Kylin. Most of the full-time engineers are from NUDT. Many developers from Ubuntu, Debian and other communities also take part in the development of Ubuntu Kylin," [said][2] Dr. Jonas Zhang.
 The Chinese government might be looking to build yet another Linux distro by itself (not their first attempt), but it looks like they could already have a very good candidate to take over Windows. This would also be very good business for Canonical, at least in terms of recognition. 
 If Ubuntu, through its Kylin connection, manages to replace Windows in a country as big as China, it would be a huge boost for the company. It remains to be seen if the developers' efforts to make Ubuntu Kylin a competitive OS were not in vain. 
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Ubuntu-Could-Give-a-Fatal-Blow-to-Windows-in-China-463500.shtml
 作者：[Silviu Stahie][a]
 译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
 [a]:http://news.softpedia.com/editors/browse/silviu-stahie
 [1]:http://news.softpedia.com/news/China-Starts-Windows-Eradication-15-of-Govt-PCs-to-Switch-to-Linux-Every-Year-463393.shtml
 [2]:http://news.softpedia.com/news/Ubuntu-Kylin-14-10-Utopic-Unicorn-Consolidates-Its-Position-in-China-463068.shtml
 [3]:https://insights.ubuntu.com/2014/10/29/interview-nudt-talks-ubuntu-kylin-and-its-14-10-release/
--- a/sources/talk/20141108
+++ b/sources/talk/20141108
@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
 When hackers grow old
 ================================================================================
 Lately I’ve been wrestling with various members of an ancient and venerable open-source development group which I am not going to name, though people who regularly follow my adventures will probably guess which one it is by the time I’m done venting.
 Why it so freaking hard to drag some people into the 21st century? Sigh…
 I’m almost 56, an age at which a lot of younger people expect me to issue semi-regular salvos of get-off-my-lawn ranting at them. But no – I find, that, especially in technical contexts, I am far more likely to become impatient with my age peers.
 A lot of them really have become grouchy, hidebound old farts. And, alas, it not infrequently falls to me to be the person who barges in and points out that practices well-adapted for 1995 (or, in the particular case I’m thinking of, 1985) are … not good things to hold on to decades later.
 Why me? Because the kids have little or no cred with a lot of my age peers. If anyone’s going to get them to change, it has to be someone who is their peer in their own perception. Even so, I spend a lot more time than seems just or right fighting inertia.
 Young people can be forgiven for lacking a clue. They’re young. Young means little experience, which often leads to unsound judgment. It’s more difficult for me to forgive people who have been around the track often enough that they should have a clue, but are so attached to The Way It’s Always Been Done that they can’t see what is in front of their freaking noses.
 (News flash: I really don’t have a conservative temperament. I find it wryly amusing how often both conservatives and non-conservatives who argue politics with me fail to notice this.)
 OK, now let’s talk about GNU ChangeLog files. They were a fine idea, a necessary one even, in 1985. The idea was to use a single ChangeLog entry to document a group of related changes to multiple files. This was a reasonable adaptation to absent or extremely primitive version control. I know this because I was there.
 Even in 1995, or as late as the early 2000s, many version control systems didn’t have changesets. That is, there was no or only weak support for grouping multiple file modifications into a single retrievable object with a comment attached to the object rather than to individual file modifications. CVS, the system in widest use then, only faked changesets – and did it so badly that many people felt they couldn’t rely on that feature. ChangeLog files still made some functional sense.
 But then Subversion – with real changesets – achieved wide acceptance through its beta releases around 2003 and its 1.0 in 2004. It should have been obvious then, even before the new wave of DVCSes that began a year later, that there was a culture clash a comin’. Because if your project both has a DVCS and uses the ChangeLog convention, they’re fighting for control of the same metadata.
 There are different ways you can adapt. One is to continue to treat the ChangeLogs as the authoritative record of the evolution of the code. In that case, you tend to get stubby or pro-forma commit comments.
 Another is to treat the commit comment log as authoritative. If you do that, you soon begin to wonder why you’re still writing ChangeLog entries at all. The commit metadata has better coherence with the code changes, after all – that’s what it’s designed for.
 (Now imagine a project in which, with the best of intentions, different people are making opposite choices out of these two. Now you have to read both the ChangeLogs and the commit logs to know what’s going on. Friction costs are rising…)
 A third is to try to have it both ways – duplicating commit comment data in a slightly different format in a ChangeLog entry that’s part of the commit. This has all the problems you’d expect with a representation in which there is no single point of truth; one copy gets garbled, or the ChangeLog entry gets modified so that it’s no longer in sync with the allegedly matching commit data, and life gets very confusing for anyone who comes along later and tries to figure out what people were thinking.
 Or, as a senior dev on a Certain Project I Won’t Name just did in email, declaring that commits can include multiple ChangeLog entries and the commit metadata is irrelevant to the Changelogs. Which we still have to write.
 My eyes crossed and my gorge rose when I read that. What kind of fool fails to realize that this is begging for trouble – that, actually, the whole edifice of custom around ChangeLog files is just dead weight and friction drag in a DVCS world with good browsing tools for reliable commit logs?
 Alas, it’s a very particular kind of fool: a hacker who has grown old and rigid. All the rationalizations he will ever utter fail to hide this. He’s attached to tactics that made sense a decade ago but have become counterproductive ceremonies now. If you tried to explain not just about git summary lines but that the correct adaptation for current toolsets is to scrap ChangeLogs entirely … well, that would be insupportable, inconceivable, and just crazy talk.
 Functionally this infuriates me. It is substantially harder to work on that project because of this and related nonsense. And, as badly as it happens to need young developers, that’s a real problem. It has a G+ community well into 4 digits, they’re mostly kids, and they’re not stepping up. Evidently the message has been received on the outside; the devs on this project are ancient mossbacks with inexplicable tribal fixations, and best admired from a good long distance.
 What gives this extra emotional edge for me is that whenever I have to butt heads with a mossback, I keep wondering: will I be like this someday? Worse, am I looking in a mirror, already rigidified and not knowing it? I mean, I get the impression from his web presence that this particular specimen is younger than me. By a good fifteen years.
 I feel mentally agile. I don’t get frustrated by people moving faster than I can handle, I get frustrated by people who can’t keep up with me, who can’t see the obvious. But this self-belief could be just a bad case of Dunning-Krueger effect biting me where I least understand it. Very few things terrify me; this possibility is high on the short list.
 A separately disconcerting thing is that as I get older this sort of collision is happening more often rather than less. Somehow I expected my hacker peers to age more gracefully, to retain their neotenous flexibility even if they were physically aging. Some do indeed seem to be going that way; too many, alas, are not. It is a sadness.
 I’m not sure I have a good finish for this. If I’ve escaped mentally rigidifying (and that’s an if) I think I know at least in part why, but I’m very unsure whether it can be generally replicated – you might need to have a wired-in brain chemistry that matches the strategy. Nevertheless, for whatever it’s worth, here is my advice to young hackers and indeed the young of all kinds.
 You – yes, even you – cannot count on retaining your mental flexibility into middle and old unless you work at it. You have to practice busting out of comfortable mental grooves and regularly checking your assumptions when you’re young, and you have to develop a habit of it that sustains into old age.
 It’s said that the best time for a middle-aged person to start (physically) exercising is thirty years ago. I think the same goes for the habits that might (might!) keep you mentally agile at 56, or 65. Push your envelope. Develop the regular practice of challenging yourself and exiting your comfort zone now so you’ll have it established when you really need it.
 You have to be realistic about this; there’s an optimal-challenge level where you choose an attainable goal and work mentally hard for it. This month I’m going to learn go. Not the game, I already play that (though not very well); the programming language. Not because I really need to for a specific project, but because it’s time to stretch myself.
 Develop that habit. And never let it go.
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 via: http://esr.ibiblio.org/?p=6485
 作者：[Eric Raymond][a]
 译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
 [a]:http://esr.ibiblio.org/?author=2
--- a/sources/tech/20141021
+++ b/sources/tech/20141021
@ -1,133 +0,0 @@
 (translating by runningwater)
 How to monitor a log file on Linux with logwatch
 ================================================================================
 Linux operating system and many applications create special files commonly referred to as "logs" to record their operational events. These system logs or application-specific log files are an essential tool when it comes to understanding and troubleshooting the behavior of the operating system and third-party applications. However, log files are not precisely what you would call "light" or "easy" reading, and analyzing raw log files by hand is often time-consuming and tedious. For that reason, any utility that can convert raw log files into a more user-friendly log digest is a great boon for sysadmins.
 [logwatch][1] is an open-source log parser and analyzer written in Perl, which can parse and convert raw log files into a structured format, making a customizable report based on your use cases and requirements. In logwatch, the focus is on producing more easily consumable log summary, not on real-time log processing and monitoring. As such, logwatch is typically invoked as an automated cron task with desired time and frequency, or manually from the command line whenever log processing is needed. Once a log report is generated, logwatch can email the report to you, save it to a file, or display it on the screen.
 A logwatch report is fully customizable in terms of verbosity and processing coverage. The log processing engine of logwatch is extensible, in a sense that if you want to enable logwatch for a new application, you can write a log processing script (in Perl) for the application's log file, and plug it under logwatch.
 One downside of logwatch is that it does not include in its report detailed timestamp information available in original log files. You will only know that a particular event was logged in a requested range of time, and you will have to access original log files to get exact timing information.
 ### Installing Logwatch ###
 On Debian and derivatives:
    # aptitude install logwatch 
 On Red Hat-based distributions:
    # yum install logwatch 
 ### Configuring Logwatch ###
 During installation, the main configuration file (logwatch.conf) is placed in /etc/logwatch/conf. Configuration options defined in this file override system-wide settings defined in /usr/share/logwatch/default.conf/logwatch.conf.
 If logwatch is launched from the command line without any arguments, the custom options defined in /etc/logwatch/conf/logwatch.conf will be used. However, if any command-line arguments are specified with logwatch command, those arguments in turn override any default/custom settings in /etc/logwatch/conf/logwatch.conf.
 In this article, we will customize several default settings of logwatch by editing /etc/logwatch/conf/logwatch.conf file.
    Detail = <Low, Med, High, or a number>
 "Detail" directive controls the verbosity of a logwatch report. It can be a positive integer, or High, Med, Low, which correspond to 10, 5, and 0, respectively.
    MailTo = youremailaddress@yourdomain.com
 "MailTo" directive is used if you want to have a logwatch report emailed to you. To send a logwatch report to multiple recipients, you can specify their email addresses separated with a space. To be able to use this directive, however, you will need to configure a local mail transfer agent (MTA) such as sendmail or Postfix on the server where logwatch is running.
    Range = <Yesterday|Today|All>
 "Range" directive specifies the time duration of a logwatch report. Common values for this directive are Yesterday, Today or All. When "Range = All" is used, "Archive = yes" directive is also needed, so that all archived versions of a given log file (e.g., /var/log/maillog, /var/log/maillog.X, or /var/log/maillog.X.gz) are processed.
 Besides such common range values, you can also use more complex range options such as the following.
 - Range = "2 hours ago for that hour"
 - Range = "-5 days"
 - Range = "between -7 days and -3 days"
 - Range = "since September 15, 2014"
 - Range = "first Friday in October"
 - Range = "2014/10/15 12:50:15 for that second" 
 To be able to use such free-form range examples, you need to install Date::Manip Perl module from CPAN. Refer to [this post][2] for CPAN module installation instructions.
    Service = <service-name-1>
    Service = <service-name-2>
    . . .
 "Service" option specifies one or more services to monitor using logwath. All available services are listed in /usr/share/logwatch/scripts/services, which cover essential system services (e.g., pam, secure, iptables, syslogd), as well as popular application services such as sudo, sshd, http, fail2ban, samba. If you want to add a new service to the list, you will have to write a corresponding log processing Perl script, and place it in this directory.
 If this option is used to select specific services, you need to comment out the line "Service = All" in /usr/share/logwatch/default.conf/logwatch.conf.
 ![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5612/14948933564_94cbc5353c_z.jpg)
    Format = <text|html>
 "Format" directive specifies the format (e.g., text or HTML) of a logwatch report.
    Output = <file|mail|stdout>
 "Output" directive indicates where a logwatch report should be sent. It can be saved to a file (file), emailed (mail), or shown to screen (stdout).
 ### Analyzing Log Files with Logwatch ###
 To understand how to analyze log files using logwatch, consider the following logwatch.conf example:
    Detail = High
    MailTo = youremailaddress@yourdomain.com
    Range = Today
    Service = http
    Service = postfix
    Service = zz-disk_space
    Format = html
    Output = mail
 Under these settings, logwatch will process log files generated by three services (http, postfix and zz-disk_space) today, produce an HTML report with high verbosity, and email it to you.
 If you do not want to customize /etc/logwatch/conf/logwatch.conf, you can leave the default configuration file unchanged, and instead run logwatch from the command line as follows. It will achieve the same outcome.
    # logwatch --detail 10 --mailto youremailaddress@yourdomain.com --range today --service http --service postfix --service zz-disk_space --format html --output mail 
 The emailed report looks like the following.
 ![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5611/15383540608_57dc37e3d6_z.jpg)
 The email header includes links to navigate the report sections, one per each selected service, and also "Back to top" links.
 You will want to use the email report option when the list of recipients is small. Otherwise, you can have logwatch save a generated HTML report within a network share that can be accessed by all the individuals who need to see the report. To do so, make the following modifications in our previous example:
    Detail = High
    Range = Today
    Service = http
    Service = postfix
    Service = zz-disk_space
    Format = html
    Output = file
    Filename = /var/www/html/logs/dev1.html
 Equivalently, run logwatch from the command line as follows.
    # logwatch --detail 10 --range today --service http --service postfix --service zz-disk_space --format html --output file --filename /var/www/html/logs/dev1.html 
 Finally, let's configure logwatch to be executed by cron on your desired schedules. The following example will run a logwatch cron job every business day at 12:15 pm:
    # crontab -e 
 ----------
    15 12 * * 1,2,3,4,5 /sbin/logwatch
 Hope this helps. Feel free to comment to share your own tips and ideas with the community!
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 via: http://xmodulo.com/monitor-log-file-linux-logwatch.html
 作者：[Gabriel Cánepa][a]
 译者：[runningwater](https://github.com/runningwater)
 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
 [a]:http://xmodulo.com/author/gabriel
 [1]:http://sourceforge.net/projects/logwatch/
 [2]:http://xmodulo.com/how-to-install-perl-modules-from-cpan.html
--- a/sources/tech/20141024
+++ b/sources/tech/20141024
@ -1,110 +0,0 @@
 johnhoow translating...
 How To Upgrade Ubuntu 14.04 Trusty To Ubuntu 14.10 Utopic
 ================================================================================
 Hello all! Greetings! Today, we will discuss about how to upgrade from Ubuntu 14.04 to 14.10 final beta. As you may know, Ubuntu 14.10 final beta has already been released. According to the [Ubuntu release schedule][1], the final stable version will be available today in a couple of hours.
 Do you want to upgrade to Ubuntu 14.10 from Ubuntu 14.04/13.10/13,04/12,10/12.04, or older version on your system? Just follow the simple steps given below. Please note that you can’t directly upgrade from 13.10 to 14.04. First, you should upgrade from 13.10 to 14.04, and then upgrade from 14.04 to 14.10. Clear? Good. Now, Let us start the upgrade process.
 Though, the steps provided below are compatible for Ubuntu 14.10, It might work for other Ubuntu derivatives such as Lubuntu 14.10, Kubuntu 14.10, and Xubuntu 14.10 as well.
 **Important**: Before upgrading, don’t forget to backup your important data to any external device like USB hdd or CD/DVD.
 ### Desktop Upgrade ###
 Before going to upgrade, we need to update the system. Open up the Terminal and enter the following commands.
    sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get dist-upgrade
 The above command will download and install the available latest packages.
 Reboot your system to finish installing updates.
 Now, enter the following command to upgrade to new available version.
    sudo update-manager -d
 Software Updater will show up and search for the new release.
 After a few seconds, you will see a screen like below that saying: “**However, Ubuntu 14.10 is available now (you have 14.04)**”. Click on the button Upgrade to start upgrading to Ubuntu 14.10.
 ![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Software-Updater_001.png)
 The Software Updater will ask you to confirm still you want to upgrade. Click Start Upgrade to begin installing Ubuntu 14.10.
 ![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Release-Notes_002.png)
 **Please Note**: This is a beta release. Do not install it on production systems. The final stable version will be released in a couple of hours.
 Now, the Software Updater will prepare to start setting up new software channels.
 ![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Distribution-Upgrade_003.png)
 After a few minutes, the software updater will notify you the details the number of packages are going to be removed, and number of packages are going to be installed. Click **Start upgrade** to continue. Make sure you have good and stable Internet connection.
 ![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Untitled-window_004.png)
 Now, the updater will start to getting new packages. It will take a while depending upon your Internet connection speed.
 ![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Distribution-Upgrade_005.png)
 ![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Distribution-Upgrade_001.png)
 After a while, you’ll be asked to remove unnecessary applications. Finally, click **Restart** to complete the upgrade.
 Congratulations! Now, you have successfully upgraded to Ubuntu 14.10.
 ![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Details_002.png)
 That’s it.. Start using the new Ubuntu version.
 ### Server Upgrade ###
 To upgrade from Ubuntu 14.04 server to Ubuntu 14.10 server, do the following steps.
 Install the update-manager-core package if it is not already installed:
    sudo apt-get install update-manager-core
 Edit the file /etc/update-manager/release-upgrades,
    sudo nano /etc/update-manager/release-upgrades
 and set Prompt=normal or Prompt=lts as shown below.
    # Default behavior for the release upgrader.
    [DEFAULT]
    # Default prompting behavior, valid options:
    #
    #  never  - Never check for a new release.
    #  normal - Check to see if a new release is available.  If more than one new
    #           release is found, the release upgrader will attempt to upgrade to
    #           the release that immediately succeeds the currently-running
    #           release.
    #  lts    - Check to see if a new LTS release is available.  The upgrader
    #           will attempt to upgrade to the first LTS release available after
    #           the currently-running one.  Note that this option should not be
    #           used if the currently-running release is not itself an LTS
    #           release, since in that case the upgrader won't be able to
    #           determine if a newer release is available.
    Prompt=normal
 Now, it is time to upgrade your server system to latest version using the following command:
    sudo do-release-upgrade -d
 Follow the on-screen instructions. You’re done!!.
 Cheers!!
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 via: http://www.unixmen.com/upgrade-ubuntu-14-04-trusty-ubuntu-14-10-utopic/
 作者：SK
 译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
 [1]:https://wiki.ubuntu.com/UtopicUnicorn/ReleaseSchedule
--- a/sources/tech/20141027
+++ b/sources/tech/20141027
@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
 [felixonmars translating...]
 “ntpq -p” output
 ================================================================================
 The [Gentoo][1] (and others?) [incomplete man pages for “ntpq -p”][2] merely give the description: “*Print a list of the peers known to the server as well as a summary of their state.*”
@ -298,4 +300,4 @@ via: http://nlug.ml1.co.uk/2012/01/ntpq-p-output/831
 [105]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICMP_Timestamp
 [106]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICMP_Timestamp_Reply
 [107]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Control_Message_Protocol
-[108]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Protocol
+[108]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Protocol
--- a/sources/tech/20141029
+++ b/sources/tech/20141029
@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
 (translating by runningwater)
 How to install LEMP stack (nginx, MariaDB/MySQL and php) on CentOS
 ================================================================================
 The LEMP stack is an increasingly popular web service stack, powering mission-critical web services in many production environments. As the name implies, the LEMP stack is composed of Linux, nginx, MariaDB/MySQL and PHP. nginx is a high performance and lightweight replacement of slow and hard-to-scale Apache HTTP server used in the traditional LAMP stack. MariaDB is a community-driven fork of MySQL, with more features and better performance. PHP, a server-side language for generating dynamic content, is processed by PHP-FPM, an enhanced implementation of PHP FastCGI.
@ -237,7 +238,7 @@ If you see the above page, you are all set with the LEMP stack!
 via: http://xmodulo.com/install-lemp-stack-centos.html
 作者：[Dan Nanni][a]
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
+译者：[runningwater](https://github.com/runningwater)
 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
--- a/sources/tech/20141029
+++ b/sources/tech/20141029
@ -1,69 +0,0 @@
 [translating by KayGuoWhu]
 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to open a port in the firewall on CentOS or RHEL
 ================================================================================
 > **Question**: I am running a web/file server on my CentOS box, and to access the server remotely, I need to modify a firewall to allow access to a TCP port on the box. What is a proper way to open a TCP/UDP port in the firewall of CentOS/RHEL? 
 Out of the box, enterprise Linux distributions such as CentOS or RHEL come with a powerful firewall built-in, and their default firewall rules are pretty restrictive. Thus if you install any custom services (e.g., web server, NFS, Samba), chances are their traffic will be blocked by the firewall rules. You need to open up necessary ports on the firewall to allow their traffic.
 On CentOS/RHEL 6 or earlier, the iptables service allows users to interact with netfilter kernel modules to configure firewall rules in the user space. Starting with CentOS/RHEL 7, however, a new userland interface called firewalld has been introduced to replace iptables service.
 To check the current firewall rules, use this command:
    $ sudo iptables -L 
 ![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5601/15604533686_a8c0ae7b89_z.jpg)
 Now let's see how we can update the firewall to open a port on CentOS/RHEL.
 ### Open a Port on CentOS/RHEL 7 ###
 Starting with CentOS and RHEL 7, firewall rule settings are managed by firewalld service daemon. A command-line client called firewall-cmd can talk to this deamon to update firewall rules permanently.
 To open up a new port (e.g., TCP/80) permanently, use these commands.
    $ sudo firewall-cmd --zone=public --add-port=80/tcp --permanent
    $ sudo firewall-cmd --reload 
 Without "--permanent" flag, the firewall rule would not persist across reboots.
 ### Open a Port on CentOS/RHEL 6 ###
 On CentOS/RHEL 6 or earlier, a iptables service is responsible for maintaining firewall rules.
 Use iptables command to open up a new TCP/UDP port in the firewall. To save the updated rule permanently, you need the second command.
    $ sudo iptables -I INPUT -p tcp -m tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT
    $ sudo service iptables save 
 Another way to open up a port on CentOS/RHEL 6 is to use a terminal-user interface (TUI) firewall client, named system-config-firewall-tui.
    $ sudo system-config-firewall-tui
 Choose "Customize" button in the middle and press ENTER.
 ![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5602/15628237745_4409cff52f_z.jpg)
 If you are trying to update the firewall for any well-known service (e.g., web server), you can easily enable the firewall for the service here, and close the tool. If you are trying to open up any arbitrary TCP/UDP port, choose "Forward" button and go to a next window.
 ![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3941/15604533696_12857827ea_z.jpg)
 Add a new rule by choosing "Add" button.
 ![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3941/15008065383_4b92cbd843_z.jpg)
 Specify a port (e.g., 80) or port range (e.g., 3000-3030), and protocol (e.g., tcp or udp).
 ![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3946/15007474154_bef75d8c72_z.jpg)
 Finally, save the updated configuration, and close the tool. At this point, the firewall will be saved permanently.
 ![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3942/15628237765_0299a638ab_z.jpg)
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 via: http://ask.xmodulo.com/open-port-firewall-centos-rhel.html
 译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
--- a/sources/tech/20141104
+++ b/sources/tech/20141104
@ -1,348 +0,0 @@
 Install LEMP Server (Nginx, MySQL or MariaDB, PHP And phpMyAdmin) On Ubuntu 14.10/14.04/13.10 
 ================================================================================
 **LEMP** is a combination of the operating system and open-source software stack. The acronym LEMP comes from the first letters of **L**inux, Nginx(**e**ngine-x) HTTP Server, **M**ySQL database, and **P**HP/**P**erl/**P**ython.
 In this tutorial, let us see how to install Nginx, MySQL or MariaDB, PHP and phpMyAdmin on Ubuntu 14.10.
 ### Install Nginx ###
 **Nginx** (pronounced as engine-x) is a free, open-source, high-performance HTTP server and reverse proxy, as well as an IMAP/POP3 proxy server written by Igor Sysoev.
 To install Nginx enter the following command in your terminal:
 **Note**: If you have already installed apache2 in your system, remove it first to avoid conflicts. To uninstall apache, run the following commands:
    sudo apt-get purge apache2*
    sudo apt-get autoremove -y
 Now, install nginx using command:
    sudo apt-get install nginx
 Start Nginx service using the command:
    sudo service nginx start
 ### Test nginx ###
 Open up your web browser and navigate to http://ip-address/ or http://localhost/. You will see a screen something like below.
 ![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Welcome-to-nginx-Mozilla-Firefox_005.png)
 ### Configure Nginx ###
 Open the file **/etc/nginx/nginx.conf** in any editor:
    sudo nano /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
 Set the worker_processes (i.e No. of CPU’s in your system). To see the no. of CPU’s, use the command “lscpu”. In my case it’s “1″. So I set this as ’1′.
    worker_processes 1;
 Restart Nginx service:
    sudo service nginx restart
 The default vhost(server block) is defined in the **/etc/nginx/sites-available/default** file.
 Open the file /etc/nginx/sites-available/default in any editor.
    sudo nano /etc/nginx/sites-available/default
 Under the Server section, set the server FQDN or IP address as shown below. Make sure you’ve added a index.php line.
    [...]
    server {
          listen 80 default_server;
          listen [::]:80 default_server ipv6only=on;
          root /usr/share/nginx/html;
          index index.php index.html index.htm;
          # Make site accessible from http://localhost/
          server_name server.unixmen.local;
    [...]
 Here,
 - **listen 80;** –> listen for ipv4
 - **listen [::]:80 default_server ipv6only=on;** –> listen for ipv6
 - **root /usr/share/nginx/html;** –> document root directory.
 - **server_name server.unixmen.local;** –> Server FQDN.
 Now, scroll down further and find the section #location **~ \.php$**. Uncomment and modify the following lines as shown below.
     location ~ \.php$ {
             try_files $uri =404;   ---------> Add this line
             fastcgi_split_path_info ^(.+\.php)(/.+)$;
             #       # NOTE: You should have "cgi.fix_pathinfo = 0;" in php.ini
             #
             #       # With php5-cgi alone:
             #       fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
             #       # With php5-fpm:
             fastcgi_pass unix:/var/run/php5-fpm.sock;
             fastcgi_index index.php;
             include fastcgi.conf;
        }
 Here, I added an extra line **‘try_files $uri =404;’** to prevent zero day exploits.
 Save and exit the file.
 ### Test nginx configuration ###
 Test the nginx configuration for any syntax errors using command:
    sudo nginx -t
 Sample output:
    nginx: the configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf syntax is ok
    nginx: configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf test is successful
 Finally restart nginx service
    sudo service nginx restart
 ### Install MySQL ###
 **MySQL** is a relational database management system (RDBMS) that runs as a server providing multi-user access to a number of databases, though SQLite probably has more total embedded deployments
    sudo apt-get install mysql-server mysql-client
 During installation, you’ll be asked to setup the MySQL root user password. Enter the password and click Ok.
 ![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/sk@server-_001.png)
 Re-enter the password.
 ![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/sk@server-_0021.png)
 Now, MySQL server has been installed.
 You can verify the MySQL server status using command:
    sudo service mysql status
 Sample output:
    mysql start/running, process 5671
 **Note**: If you want to use MariaDB instead of MySQL, then follow the below steps.
 ### Install MariaDB ###
 **MariaDB** is a drop in replacement for MySQL. It is a robust, scalable and reliable SQL server that comes rich set of enhancements.
 First you have to remove existing MySQL packages if any. To completely uninstall MySQL with configuration files, enter the following command:
    sudo apt-get purge mysql*
 Run the following command to remove unwanted packages.
    sudo apt-get autoremove
 After removing MySQL, run the following command to install MariaDB.
    sudo apt-get install mariadb-server mariadb-client
 Alternatively, you can install it from [MariaDB repository][1] if you want to try most recent version of MariaDB. Run the following commands to add PPA. As of writing this, MariaDB PPA is not yet updated to Ubuntu 14.10. However, we can use the repository of Ubuntu 14.04 instead.
    sudo apt-get install software-properties-common
    sudo apt-key adv --recv-keys --keyserver hkp://keyserver.ubuntu.com:80 0xcbcb082a1bb943db
    sudo add-apt-repository 'deb http://sgp1.mirrors.digitalocean.com/mariadb/repo/5.5/ubuntu trusty main'
 Update the software sources list and install MariaDB using following commands:
    sudo apt-get update
    sudo apt-get install mariadb-server mariadb-client -y
 During installation you will be asked to set database ‘root’ user password.
 ![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/sk@server-_0031.png)
 Re-enter password:
 ![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/sk@server-_004.png)
 Click Yes to migrate to MariaDB. Note that you’ll not be asked this question if you install MariaDB before MySQL.
 ![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/sk@server-_005.png)
 You can check the MariaDB version using command:
    sudo mysql -v -u root -p
 Sample output:
    Welcome to the MariaDB monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
    Your MariaDB connection id is 34
    Server version: 5.5.39-MariaDB-2 (Ubuntu)
    Copyright (c) 2000, 2014, Oracle, Monty Program Ab and others.
    Reading history-file /home/sk/.mysql_history
    Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
 Check if mariadb is running or not, using the following command:
    sudo service mysql status
 Sample output:
     * /usr/bin/mysqladmin  Ver 9.0 Distrib 5.5.39-MariaDB, for debian-linux-gnu on x86_64
    Copyright (c) 2000, 2014, Oracle, Monty Program Ab and others.
    Server version        5.5.39-MariaDB-2
    Protocol version    10
    Connection        Localhost via UNIX socket
    UNIX socket        /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock
    Uptime:            2 min 21 sec
    Threads: 1  Questions: 566  Slow queries: 0  Opens: 330  Flush tables: 4  Open tables: 22  Queries per second avg: 4.014
 ### Install PHP ###
 **PHP** (recursive acronym for PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor) is a widely used open-source general purpose scripting language that is especially suited for web development and can be embedded into HTML.
 Install PHP with following command:
    sudo apt-get install php5 php5-fpm php5-mysql
 ### Configure PHP ###
 Open **php.ini** file in any editor:
    sudo nano /etc/php5/fpm/php.ini
 Find the line ‘cgi.fix_pathinfo=1′, uncomment it and change the value 1 to 0.
    cgi.fix_pathinfo=0
 Now restart php-fpm service.
    sudo service php5-fpm restart
 ### Test PHP ###
 Create a sample “testphp.php” file in nginx document root folder.
    sudo nano /usr/share/nginx/html/testphp.php
 Add the following lines in it.
    <?php
     phpinfo();
    ?>
 Save and exit the file.
 Navigate to  **http://server-ip-address/testphp.php**. It will display all the details about php such as version, build date and commands etc.
 ![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/phpinfo-Mozilla-Firefox_0012.png)
 PHP-FPM listens on the socket **/var/run/php5-fpm.sock** by default. If you want to make PHP-FPM use a TCP connection, open the file **/etc/php5/fpm/pool.d/www.conf**,
    sudo nano /etc/php5/fpm/pool.d/www.conf
 Find the line listen = /var/run/php5-fpm.sock,
    ;listen = /var/run/php5-fpm.sock
 and modify it to **listen = 127.0.0.1:9000**.
    listen = 127.0.0.1:9000
 Save and exit the file. Restart php5-fpm service.
    sudo service php5-fpm restart
 Now open the nginx configuration file:
    sudo nano /etc/nginx/sites-available/default
 Find the line **fastcgi_pass unix:/var/run/php5-fpm.sock;** and change it to fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000; as shown below.
    location ~ \.php$ {
            try_files $uri =404;
            fastcgi_split_path_info ^(.+\.php)(/.+)$;fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
            #       # NOTE: You should have "cgi.fix_pathinfo = 0;" in php.ini
            #
            #       # With php5-cgi alone:
            fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
            #       # With php5-fpm:
            #        fastcgi_pass unix:/var/run/php5-fpm.sock;
            fastcgi_index index.php;
            include fastcgi.conf;
       }
 Save and exit the file. Finally restart nginx service.
    sudo service nginx restart
 ### Manage MySQL Databases Using phpMyAdmin (Optional) ###
 **phpMyAdmin** is a free open-source web interface tool used to manage your MySQL databases.
 ### Install phpMyAdmin ###
 It is available in the Official Debian repositories. So install it with command:
    sudo apt-get install phpmyadmin
 Select any webserver. By default, nginx will not be displayed here. So, select apache or lighttpd, and we will link phpmyadmin to work with nginx webserver later.
 ![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/sk@server-_007.png)
 Select Yes to configure database for phpmyadmin with dbconfig-common.
 ![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/sk@server-_008.png)
 Enter password of the database’s administrative user.
 ![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/sk@server-_009.png)
 Enter MySQL application password phpmyadmin.
 ![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/sk@server-_010.png)
 Re-enter the password.
 ![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/sk@server-_011.png)
 The phpMyAdmin installation has been completed.
 Create a symbolic link between phpMyAdmin and the website root directory. Here our website root document directory is /usr/share/nginx/html/.
    sudo ln -s /usr/share/phpmyadmin/ /usr/share/nginx/html
 Restart nginx server.
    sudo service nginx restart
 ### Access phpMyAdmin Web Console ###
 Now you can access the phpmyadmin console by navigating to **http://server-ip-address/phpmyadmin/** from your browser.
 Enter your MySQL username and password which you have given in previous steps. In my case its “root” and “ubuntu”.
 ![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/phpMyAdmin-Mozilla-Firefox_0021.png)
 You will be redirected to PhpMyAdmin main web interface.
 ![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/192.168.1.100-localhost-phpMyAdmin-4.2.6deb1-Mozilla-Firefox_0031.png)
 Now you can manage your MySQL databases from phpMyAdmin web interface.
 That’s it. Your LEMP server is now up and ready to use.
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 via: http://www.unixmen.com/install-lemp-server-nginx-mysql-mariadb-php-phpmyadmin-ubuntu-14-1014-0413-10/
 作者：[SK][a]
 译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
 [a]:http://www.unixmen.com/author/sk/
 [1]:https://downloads.mariadb.org/mariadb/repositories/#mirror=tsinghua
--- a/sources/tech/20141108
+++ b/sources/tech/20141108
@ -0,0 +1,265 @@
 Adding Ubuntu 14.10, Ubuntu 14.04 and Debian 7 to PXE Network Boot Environment Setup on RHEL/CentOS 7
 ================================================================================
 This tutorial will guide you on how to add **Ubuntu 14.10 Server, Ubuntu 14.04 Server** and **Debian 7 Wheezy** distributions to PXE Network Boot Environment Setup on **RHEL/CentOS 7**.
 ![Add Ubuntu and Debian to PXE Network](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Add-Ubuntu-and-Debian-to-PXE.png)
 Add Ubuntu and Debian to PXE Network
 Although for the purposes of this tutorial, I will only demonstrate how you can add **64-bit** Network Installation Images, the same procedure can also be applied for Ubuntu or Debian **32-bit** or other architectures images. Also, the process of adding Ubuntu 32-bit sources will be explained but not configured on my premises.
 Installing **Ubuntu** or **Debian** from a PXE Server requires that your client machines must have an active Internet connection, preferably configured through **NAT** with **DHCP** dynamic addresses allocation, in order for the installer to pull the required packages and finish the installation process.
 #### Requirements ####
 - [Install PXE Network Boot Server for Multiple Linux Distribution Installations in RHEL/CentOS 7][1]
 ## Step 1: Add Ubuntu 14.10 and Ubuntu 14.04 Server to PXE Menu ##
 **1.** Adding Network Installation Sources for **Ubuntu 14.10** and **Ubuntu 14.04** to PXE Menu can be achieved in two ways: One is by downloading the Ubuntu CD ISO Image and mount it on PXE Server machine in order to access Ubuntu Netboot files and the other is by directly downloading Ubuntu Netboot archive and extract it onto the system. Further I will discuss both methods:
 ### Using Ubuntu 14.10 and Ubuntu 14.04 CD ISO Image ###
 In order to use this method your PXE server needs a functional CD/DVD drive. On an arbitrary computer go to [Ubuntu 14.10 Download][2] and [Ubuntu 14.04 Download][3] page, grab the 64-bit **Server Install Image**, burn it to a CD, place the CD image to PXE Server DVD/CD drive and mount it on your system using the following command.
    # mount /dev/cdrom  /mnt
 In case your PXE server machine has no CD/DVD drive you can download **Ubuntu 14.10** and **Ubuntu 14.04** ISO Image locally using **wget** command line and mount it on your server on the same above path by issuing the following commands (download and mount the CD).
 #### On Ubuntu 14.10 ####
    ------------------ On 32-Bit ------------------
    # wget http://releases.ubuntu.com/14.10/ubuntu-14.10-server-i386.iso
    # mount -o loop /path/to/ubuntu-14.10-server-i386.iso /mnt
 ----------
    ------------------ On 64-Bit ------------------
    # wget http://releases.ubuntu.com/14.10/ubuntu-14.10-server-amd64.iso
    # mount -o loop /path/to/ubuntu-14.10-server-amd64.iso /mnt
 #### On Ubuntu 14.04 ####
    ------------------ On 32-Bit ------------------
    # wget http://releases.ubuntu.com/14.04/ubuntu-14.04.1-server-i386.iso
    # mount -o loop /path/to/ubuntu-14.04.1-server-i386.iso /mnt
 ----------
    ------------------ On 64-Bit ------------------
    # wget http://releases.ubuntu.com/14.04/ubuntu-14.04.1-server-amd64.iso
    # mount -o loop /path/to/ubuntu-14.04.1-server-amd64.iso /mnt
 ### Using Ubuntu 14.10 and Ubuntu 14.04 Netboot Image ###
 For this approach download Ubuntu Netboot Images onto PXE Server using the following commands.
 #### On Ubuntu 14.04 ####
    ------------------ On 32-Bit ------------------
    # cd
    # wget http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/dists/utopic/main/installer-i386/current/images/netboot/netboot.tar.gz
 ----------
    ------------------ On 64-Bit ------------------
    # cd
    # http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/dists/utopic/main/installer-amd64/current/images/netboot/netboot.tar.gz
 #### On Ubuntu 14.04 ####
    ------------------ On 32-Bit ------------------
    # cd
    # wget http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/dists/trusty-updates/main/installer-i386/current/images/netboot/netboot.tar.gz
 ----------
    ------------------ On 64-Bit ------------------
    # cd
    # wget http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/dists/trusty-updates/main/installer-amd64/current/images/netboot/netboot.tar.gz
 For other processor architectures visit Ubuntu 14.10 and Ubuntu 14.04 Netboot Official pages at following locations and select your architecture type and download the required files.
 - [http://cdimage.ubuntu.com/netboot/14.10/][4]
 - [http://cdimage.ubuntu.com/netboot/14.04/][5]
 **2.** After you have downloaded the **ISO Images** or **Netboot Installer** archives copy the entire **ubuntu-installer** folder to PXE tftp server location by issuing the following commands depending on the method you have chosen.
 **A).** For both CD ISO Images (**32-bit** or **64-bit**) use the following command after you mounted the specific architecture CD onto PXE Server **/mnt** system path.
    # cp -fr /mnt/install/netboot/ubuntu-installer/ /var/lib/tftpboot/
 **B).** For Netboot archives run the following commands depending on the specific Ubuntu architecture.
    # cd
    # tar xfz netboot.tar.gz
    # cp -rf ubuntu-installer/ /var/lib/tftpboot/
 If you want to use both Ubuntu Server architectures on PXE Server, first download, mount or extract, depending on the case, the 32-bit architecture and copy **ubuntu-installer** directory to **/var/lib/tftpboot**, then unmount the CD or delete the Netboot archive and the extracted files and folders, and, repeat the same steps with 64-bit architecture, so that the final **tftp** path should have the following structure.
    /var/lib/tftpboot/ubuntu-installer/amd64
    /var/lib/tftpboot/ubuntu-installer/i386
 **3.** On the next step add the **Ubuntu 14.10** and **Ubuntu 14.04** Menu labels to **PXE Server** default configuration file by issuing the following command.
 **Important**: It’s not possible for me to show the instructions for both Ubuntu versions, that’s the reason for demonstration purpose, I’m adding **Ubuntu 14.04** Menu lable to PXE Server, but the same following instructions also applied to Ubuntu 14.10, only with minor changes to version numbers, just change the version numbers and path to OS architecture according to your Ubuntu distributions.
 Open PXE default configuration file with the help of your favourite text editor, in my case it’s nano editor.
    # nano /var/lib/tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg/default
 Next, add the following configurations to PXE Menu.
 #### For Ubuntu 14.04 32-bit ####
    label 1
    menu label ^1) Install Ubuntu 14.04 x32
            kernel ubuntu-installer/i386/linux
            append vga=788 initrd=ubuntu-installer/i386/initrd.gz -- quiet
    label 2
    menu label ^2) Ubuntu 14.04 Rescue Mode x32
            kernel ubuntu-installer/i386/linux
            append vga=788 initrd=ubuntu-installer/i386/initrd.gz rescue/enable=true -- quiet
 #### For Ubuntu 14.04 64-bit ####
    label 5
    menu label ^5) Install Ubuntu 14.04 x64
            kernel ubuntu-installer/amd64/linux
            append vga=788 initrd=ubuntu-installer/amd64/initrd.gz -- quiet
    label 5
    menu label ^6) Ubuntu 14.04 Rescue Mode
            kernel ubuntu-installer/amd64/linux
            append vga=788 initrd=ubuntu-installer/amd64/initrd.gz rescue/enable=true -- quiet
 ![Add Ubuntu to PXE Boot](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Add-Ubuntu-to-PXE-Boot.jpg)
 Add Ubuntu to PXE Boot
 **Note**: If you want to include other Ubuntu architectures, follow the same above instructions and replace label numbers and **ubuntu-installer/$architecture_name/** directory accordingly on PXE default menu configuration file.
 **4.** After you have configured PXE menu configuration file, clean up the sources depending on the employed method and proceed with client PXE installations to test your configuration.
    ---------------------- For CD/DVD Method ----------------------
    # umount /mnt 
 ----------
    ---------------------- For Netboot Method ----------------------
    # cd && rm -rf ubuntu-installer/netboot.tar.gz pxelinux.* version.info  
 Below are some screenshots for **Ubuntu 14.04** PXE Clients installations testing.
 ![Select Ubuntu from PXE Menu](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Select-Ubuntu-from-PXE-Menu.jpg)
 Select Ubuntu from PXE Menu
 ![Choose Ubuntu Installation Language](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Select-Ubuntu-Installation-Language.jpg)
 Choose Ubuntu Installation Language
 ![Choose Ubuntu Rescue Mode](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Select-Ubuntu-Rescue-Mode.jpg)
 Choose Ubuntu Rescue Mode
 ![Ubuntu Rescue Mode Shell](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Ubuntu-Rescue-Mode-Shell.jpg)
 Ubuntu Rescue Mode Shell
 ## Step 2: Add Debian 7 Wheezy to PXE Menu ##
 **5.** Adding **Debian 7** to a PXE Server, requires the same steps as for Ubuntu Server Edition as explained above, the only differences being the Netboot archive images download links and the name for the sources directory, which is now **debian-installer**.
 To download **Debian Wheezy** Netboot archives, go to official [Debian Netinstall Download][6] page, choose your desired system architecture from **Network Boot** menu, then hit the **netboot** link from **Directory** list and download the **netboot.tar.gz** archive from **Filename** list.
 While Debian offers Netboot Installation Sources for a multitude of system architectures, such as Armel, ia64, Mips, PowerPC, Sparc etc, in this guide I will only discuss **64-bit** architecture because the process of adding other architectures sources is almost the same as the current one, the only difference being the **debian-installer/$directory_architecture name**.
 So, to proceed further, login to your **PXE Server** with root account and grab Debian 7 64-bit Netboot archive by issuing the below command.
    # wget  http://ftp.nl.debian.org/debian/dists/wheezy/main/installer-amd64/current/images/netboot/netboot.tar.gz
 ![Download Debain 7 Netboot](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Download-Debain-7-Netboot.jpg)
 Download Debain 7 Netboot
 **6.** After **wget** finishes downloading the **netboot.tar.gz** file, extract it and copy **debian-installer** directory to tftp server default path by
 running the following commands.
    # tar xfz netboot.tar.gz
    # cp -rf debian-installer/ /var/lib/tftpboot/
 ![Extract Debain 7 Netboot](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Extract-Debain-7-Netboot.jpg)
 Extract Debain 7 Netboot
 ![Copy Debain 7 Netboot to FTP](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Copy-Debain-7-Netboot-to-FTP.jpg)
 Copy Debain 7 Netboot to FTP
 **7.** To add **Debian Wheezy** labels to **PXE Menu**, open PXE Server default configuration file with your favorite text editor and add the below labels.
    # nano /var/lib/tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg/default
 PXE Label Menu for Debian Wheezy 64-bit.
    label 7
    menu label ^7) Install Debian 7 x64
            kernel debian-installer/amd64/linux
            append vga=788 initrd=debian-installer/amd64/initrd.gz -- quiet
    label 8
    menu label ^8) Install Debian 7 x64 Automated
           kernel debian-installer/amd64/linux
           append auto=true priority=critical vga=788 initrd=debian-installer/amd64/initrd.gz -- quiet
 ![Add Debian to PXE Boot](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Add-Debian-to-PXE-Boot.jpg)
 Add Debian to PXE Boot
 **Note**: If you want to add other Debian architectures repeat the above steps and replace label numbers and **debian-installer/$architecture_name/** directory accordingly on PXE default menu configuration file.
 **8.** Before testing the configuration on clients side, clean up Debian sources by issuing the following command.
    # cd && rm -rf debian-installer/  netboot.tar.gz  pxelinux.*  version.info 
 **9.** Then network boot a client machine, choose Install Debian from PXE menu and proceed further with the installation as normally.
 ![Select Install Debian from PXE](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Select-Install-Debian-from-PXE.jpg)
 Select Install Debian from PXE
 ![Select Debian Install Language](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Select-Debian-Install-Language.jpg)
 Select Debian Install Language
 That’s all the steps required to add and install **Ubuntu** or **Debian** from a RHEL/CentOS 7 PXE Server onto your network client machines. On my next article I will discuss a more complicated method on how you can add and perform network installation for **Windows 7** on client computers using RHEL/CentOS 7 PXE Network Boot Server.
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 via: http://www.tecmint.com/add-ubuntu-to-pxe-network-boot/
 作者：[Matei Cezar][a]
 译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
 [a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/cezarmatei/
 [1]:http://www.tecmint.com/install-pxe-network-boot-server-in-centos-7/
 [2]:http://releases.ubuntu.com/14.10/
 [3]:http://releases.ubuntu.com/14.04/
 [4]:http://cdimage.ubuntu.com/netboot/14.10/
 [5]:http://cdimage.ubuntu.com/netboot/14.04/
 [6]:https://www.debian.org/distrib/netinst
--- a/sources/tech/20141108
+++ b/sources/tech/20141108
@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
 ggaaooppeenngg translating
 How to Record Your Desktop Video and Audio Using “Avconv” Tool in Ubuntu
 ================================================================================
 **Libav** is a set of cross-platform libraries and tools that are used to deal with multimedia files, streams and protocols, it was originally forked from the ffmpeg project. Libav includes many sub-tools like:
 - **Avplay**: a video & audio player.
 - **Avconv**: a multimedia converter plus a video & audio recorder from different sources.
 - **Avprobe**: a tool that connects to the multimedia file stream and returns many useful information and statistics about it.
 - **Libavfilter**: a filtering API for different Libav tools.
 In this article, we’ll explain how to record the Linux desktop’s video & audio using the ‘Avconv’ program on **Debian/Ubuntu/Linux Mint** distributions.
 ### Step 1: Installing Avconv Tool ###
 **1.** **avconv** is a part from the “**libav-tools**” package, which is available to install from the official repositories for all Debian-based distributions like Ubuntu and Mint, using following commands.
    $ sudo apt-get update
    $ sudo apt-get install libav-tools
 ![Install Avconv Tool](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Install-avconv-tool.jpeg)
 Install Avconv Tool
 **Note**: Installing packages from default repositories, might give you a little older version of ‘**avconv**‘ tool. Thus, we recommend you to get the latest version from the official git repository, as shown below.
    $ sudo apt-get install yasm
    $ git clone git://git.libav.org/libav.git
    $ cd libav
    $ ./configure
    $ make
    $ sudo make install
 **Note**: You will have to run “**./configure –help**” in order to list all the available options for the configuration file and install codecs and libraries that you want, you will also need to do a lot of work in order to install the dependencies.
 Also note, if you’re used the compile-from-source way, you’ll always have to use “**sudo avconv**” instead of “**avconv**” to run the tool.
 ### Step 2: Start Video Recording of Desktop ###
 **2.** You’re ready now, all what you have to do is to record your desktop video by issuing following command.
    $ avconv -f x11grab -r 25 -s 1920x1080 -i :0.0 -vcodec libx264 -threads 4 $HOME/output.avi
 Now let’s explain the command in short:
 - **avconv -f x11grab** is the default command to capture video from the X server.
 - **-r 25** is the frame rate you want, you may change it if you like.
 - **-s 1920×1080** is your system’s screen resolution, change it to your current system resolution, it’s very important to do this.
 - **-i :0.0** is where we want to set our recording start point, leave it like this.
 - **-vcodec libx264** is the video codec that we’re using to record the desktop.
 - **-threads 4** is the number of threads, you may change it as well if you like.
 - **$HOME/output** is the destination path where you want to save the file.
 - **.avi** is the video format, you may change it to “flv”, “mp4″, “wmv”, “mov”, “mkv”.
 **3.** After you enter the command, the recording will start automatically as a process running from the terminal, in order to stop it, hit “Ctrl + C” keys inside the terminal window.
 ![Record Desktop Screen](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Record-Desktop-Screen.jpeg)
 Record Desktop Screen
 **4.** Now, you may run the file using VLC or any other multimedia player, or you may run it using “avplay” tool which is a multimedia player from the same Libav package.
    $ avplay $HOME/output.avi
 **Note:** Don’t forget to replace the destination file path. The recording’s quality is pretty good.
 ![Play Recorded Video](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Play-Recorded-Video.jpeg)
 Play Recorded Video
 Here’s a video that I’ve recorded using the “**avconv**” tool.
 注：youtube 地址，发布的时候不行做个链接
 <iframe width="640" height="380" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/g1FEh4wByGE"></iframe>
 ### Step 3: Start Video & Audio Recording of Desktop ###
 **5.** If you want to record the audio as well, first run this command to list all the available input sources for the audio.
    $ arecord -l
 It will give you some output like this.
 ![Check Audio Input](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Check-Audio-Input.png)
 Check Audio Input
 In my case, I’ve one input source for audio only, and its number is “**1**”, that’s why I am going to use the following command to capture both video & microphone audio.
    $ avconv -f alsa -i hw:1 -f x11grab -r 25 -s 1920x1080 -i :0.0 -vcodec libx264 -threads 4 output-file2.avi
 You see that part which is colored in yellow? It’s the only modification that I did for the command. Now let’s explain the command in short:
 - **-f** alsa is an option to capture the sound from the alsa device.
 - **-i** hw:1 is an option to take the audio input source from the “hw:1” device which is the first – and the only – input sound device in my computer.
 **Note**: Don’t forget to replace the “**1**” number with the number of the input device that you want when you list the available audio input sources using the **arecord -l** command.
 To stop the recording, you may hit the “**Ctrl + C**” keys again.
 ### Step 4: Start Audio Recording of Desktop ###
 **6.** If you want to record the audio only, you may use the following command.
    $ avconv -f alsa -i hw:1 out.wav
 **7.** You may replace **.mp3** with any supported audio format by Libav, you can now play the **out.wav** using any mutlimedia player like VLC.
 ![Record Desktop Audio](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Record-Desktop-Audio.png)
 Record Desktop Audio
 ### Conclusion ###
 “**avconv**” tool can be used to do many other things, not just to record the desktop’s video and audio. For further usage and details about the “avconv” tool, you may visit the official guide at.
 - [https://libav.org/avconv.html][1]
 Have you used the “avconv” tool before to record your desktop? What do you think about it? Is there any other tools that you use to record your desktop? Share them with us in the comments.
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 via: http://www.tecmint.com/record-ubuntu-desktop-screen-using-avconv/
 作者：[Hanny Helal][a]
 译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
 [a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/hannyhelal/
 [1]:https://libav.org/avconv.html
--- a/translated/share/20141104
+++ b/translated/share/20141104
@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
 Pitivi 发布 0.94 版本，使用 GTK HeaderBar，修复无数 Bugs
 =====================================
 ** 我是 [Pitivi 视频编辑器][1] 的狂热爱好者。Pitivi 可能不是（至少现在不是）Linux 上可用的最拉风的，功能完善的非线性视频编辑器，但是它绝对是最可靠的一个。 **
 ![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/pitivi-tile.jpg)
 自然而然地，我一直在期待这个开源视频编辑器在 [这周末][2] 发布的新的 beta 测试版。
 Pitivi 0.94 是基于新的 “GStreamer Editing Service”（GES）的第四个发行版本。
 开发组成员 Jean-François Fortin Tam，称号 “Nekohayo” 将本次升级描述为 “** ...主要作为一个维护版本发布，但是除了对 Bug 的修复之外，还是增加了几个有意思的改进和功能。 **”
 ## 有什么新改进？ ##
 有不少有意思的改进！作为 Pitivi 0.94 版本中最明显的变化，Pitivi 添加了如同 GNOME 客户端一般的 GTK HeaderBar 装饰。HeaderBar 整合了桌面窗口栏，标题栏以及工具栏，节省了大块浪费的垂直以及水平的占用空间。
 “*当你用过一次后，你就在也回不来了，*” Fortin Tam 介绍说。欣赏一下下面这张截图，你肯定会同意的。
 ![Pitivi now uses GTK HeaderBar and menu button (image: Nekohayo)](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/pitivi-0.94-headerbar.jpeg)
 Pitivi 现在使用了 GTK HeaderBar 以及菜单键。（image: Nekohayo）
 那么应用菜单又怎么样呢？别担心，应用菜单遵循了 GNOME 交互界面的标准，看一下自己机器上的应用菜单确认一下吧。
 #### Fixes, Fixes, Fixes ####
 这次发布版本还囊括了大量的重要的 bug 修复，包括在 GNOME Shell 之外或基于损坏的 [COGL][3] 版本的 Linux 发行版（是的，Ubuntu 也是）运行 Pitivi 所产生的 bug。
 其他的：
 - 改进首次安装时 UI 部件的位置调整
 - 启动时未固定的窗口组件不再随意移位
 - 在视频属性中可以记录编辑的效果
 - 精简修改标题功能的 UI
 - 修复全局撤销/重做
 - 重新调试时间轴的 UI 动画
 - 移植编辑器到 Python 3
 在 [官方发布记录][4] 里有更多细节。
 ### 进一步提升 ###
 上面这些信息听起来都很不错吧？下一次更新会更好！这不只是一个通常的来自开发者的夸张，如同 Jean François 解释的一般：
 > “下一次更新（0.95）会运行在难以置信的强大的后端上。感谢 Mathieu [Duponchelle] 和 Thibault [Saunier] 在用 NLE（新的为了 GES 的非线性引擎）替代 GNonLin 并修复问题等工作中做出的努力。”
 Ubuntu 14.10 带有老的（更容易崩溃）的软件中心，进入 Pitivi 官网¹下载 [安装包][5] 来体验最新杰作。
 ** Pitivi 基金会酬了将近 €20,000，使我们能够向着约定的 1.0 版本迈出一大步。如果你也想早点看到 1.0 版本的到来的话，省下你在星巴克买的格郎德香草奶油咖啡，捐赠我们！ **
 *¹目前 0.94 安装包还没发布，你可以下载 nightly tar*
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/11/pitivi-0-94-header-bar-more-features
 作者：[Joey-Elijah Sneddon][a]
 译者：[ThomazL](https://github.com/ThomazL)
 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
 [a]:https://plus.google.com/117485690627814051450/?rel=author
 [1]:http://pitivi.org/
 [2]:http://jeff.ecchi.ca/blog/2014/11/02/tricks-or-tracebacks-pitivi-0-94-is-here/
 [3]:http://www.cogl3d.org/about.html
 [4]:http://wiki.pitivi.org/wiki/0.94
 [5]:http://fundraiser.pitivi.org/download-bundles
 [6]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/02/pitivi-video-editor-fundraising-campaign
--- a/translated/talk/20141030
+++ b/translated/talk/20141030
@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
 Ubuntu也许能在中国给Windows以致命打击
 ================================================================================
 > Ubuntu Kylin也许能在中国用来替代Windows
 **Windows操作系统将退出中国的前门，而它的位置将由一个Linux发行版替代，用于官方和政府部门。问题是目前还没有一个真正的可替代系统，尽管还是有一款操作系统也许已经准备接下这个任务，它就是Ubuntu Kylin。**
 至少可以这么说，中国政府和微软目前的关系很紧张。[就像今天新闻里说的][1]，一个用Linux类似系统在全国逐步替换Windows的计划已经在准备了。还不清楚具体会采用哪个系统，因为情况很复杂而且这是一个非常大的国家。
 通常，这种问题没有一个普适的解决方案，而且中国的行动确实看起来有点呆板。不管怎样，这为Ubuntu Keylin打开了一扇巨大的机会之窗，它是一个基于Ubuntu由中国开发者和Canonical共同开发的发行版。它已经稳定一段时间了，而且已经发布了几个连续版本。
 ### Ubuntu Kylin在敲Windows的大门 ###
 有趣的是，在这个关于中国意图的新闻冒出来的同一天里，发布了一篇对国防科技大学（NUDT）副教授Dr. Jonas Zhang的采访，关于[最新的14.10分支开发计划][2]。
 “在这次的14.10版本中，有许多很好的功能。比如，新手也可以轻松地通过Ubuntu Kylin软件中心找到Windows软件的替代；用户可以使用Ubuntu Kylin的SSO（Ubuntu Kylin的单一登录系统，我们叫它UKID）来登陆到Ubuntu Kylin的软件和社区；Sogou输入法（一款世界知名的中文输入法，上个月已经在苹果的应用市场上线了）减少了40%的CPU和内存占用。”
 “来自CSIP（中国政府的一个部门），Canonical和NUDT（国防科技大学）的超过50个项目经理，工程师和社区管理员在为Ubuntu Kylin工作。大部分全职工程师来自NUDT。许多来自Ubuntu，Debian和其他社区的开发者也参与到Ubuntu Kylin的开发中了。”Dr. Jonas Zhang[说][2]。
 中国政府也许自己也正想办法搭建另一个Linux发行版（不是第一次尝试了），但是目前看来已经有一个很好的用来替代Windows的候选者了。这对于Canonical也是很好的商机，至少从被承认这个角度看。
 如果Ubuntu，通过它和Kylin的联系，想在像中国这样一个大国里取代Windows，对这家公司是巨大的促进。让我们拭目以待，开发者们让Ubuntu Kylin变成一个有竞争力的操作系统的努力是不是白费力气。
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Ubuntu-Could-Give-a-Fatal-Blow-to-Windows-in-China-463500.shtml
 作者：[Silviu Stahie][a]
 译者：[zpl1025](https://github.com/zpl1025)
 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
 [a]:http://news.softpedia.com/editors/browse/silviu-stahie
 [1]:http://news.softpedia.com/news/China-Starts-Windows-Eradication-15-of-Govt-PCs-to-Switch-to-Linux-Every-Year-463393.shtml
 [2]:http://news.softpedia.com/news/Ubuntu-Kylin-14-10-Utopic-Unicorn-Consolidates-Its-Position-in-China-463068.shtml
 [3]:https://insights.ubuntu.com/2014/10/29/interview-nudt-talks-ubuntu-kylin-and-its-14-10-release/
--- a/translated/tech/20140928
+++ b/translated/tech/20140928
@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 如何在Linux里使用xargs命令
 ================================================================================
-你是否遇到过这样的情况，需要一遍又一遍地对多个文件执行同样的操作？如果有过，那你肯定会深有感触这是多么的无聊和效率低下。还好有种简单的方式，可以在类Unix操作系统中使用xargs命令解决这个烦恼。通过这个命令你可以有效地处理多个文件，节省你的时间和精力。在这篇教程中，你可以学到如何一次性对多个文件执行命令或脚本操作，再也不用担心像单独处理无数个日志或数据文件那样吓人的任务了。
+你是否遇到过这样的情况，需要一遍又一遍地对多个文件执行同样的操作？如果有过，那你肯定会深有感触这是多么的无聊和效率低下。还好有种简单的方式，可以在基于Unix的操作系统中使用xargs命令解决这个烦恼。通过这个命令你可以有效地处理多个文件，节省你的时间和精力。在这篇教程中，你可以学到如何一次性对多个文件执行命令或脚本操作，再也不用担心像单独处理无数个日志或数据文件那样吓人的任务了。
 xargs命令有两个要点。第一，你必须列出目标文件。第二，你必须指定对每个文件需要执行的命令或脚本。
@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ xargs命令有两个要点。第一，你必须列出目标文件。第二，你
    xargstest/dir3/file3A
    xargstest/dir3/file3B
-然后我们需要第二个部分，就是需要执行的命令。我们使用带有-l选项的wc命令来计算每个文件包含的换行符数目（会在输出的每一行的前面打印出来）：
+然后我们需要第二个要素，就是需要执行的命令。我们使用带有-l选项的wc命令来计算每个文件包含的换行符数目（会在输出的每一行的前面打印出来）：
    $ find xargstest/ -name 'file??' | sort | xargs wc -l 
@ -64,11 +64,11 @@ xargs命令有两个要点。第一，你必须列出目标文件。第二，你
     6 xargstest/dir3/file3B
    21 total
-可以看到，不用对每个文件手动执行一次wc -l命令，而xargs命令可以让你在一步里完成所有操作。那些之前看起来无法完成的任务，例如单独处理数百个文件，现在可以轻松进行了。
+可以看到，不用对每个文件手动执行一次wc -l命令，而xargs命令可以让你在一步里完成所有操作。那些之前看起来无法完成的任务，例如单独处理数百个文件，现在可以相当轻松地完成了。
 ### 场景2：打印指定文件的第一行 ###
-既然对xargs命令的使用已经有一点基础了，你可以自由选择执行什么命令。有时，你也许希望只对一部分文件执行操作而忽略其他的。在这种情况下，你可以使用find命令的-name选项以及?通配符（匹配任意单个字符）来选中特定文件并通过管道输出给xargs命令。举个例子，如果你想打印以“B”字符结尾的文件而忽略以“A”结尾的文件的第一行，可以使用下面的find、xargs和head命令组合来完成（head -n1会打印一个文件的第一行）：
+既然你已经有一些使用xargs命令的基础，你可以自由选择执行什么命令。有时，你也许希望只对一部分文件执行操作而忽略其他的。在这种情况下，你可以使用find命令的-name选项以及?通配符（匹配任意单个字符）来选中特定文件并通过管道输出给xargs命令。举个例子，如果你想打印以“B”字符结尾的文件而忽略以“A”结尾的文件的第一行，可以使用下面的find、xargs和head命令组合来完成（head -n1会打印一个文件的第一行）：
    $ find xargstest/ -name 'file?B' | sort | xargs head -n1 
@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ xargs命令有两个要点。第一，你必须列出目标文件。第二，你
 ### 场景3：对每个文件执行一个自定义脚本 ###
-最后，你也许希望对一些文件执行一个自定义脚本（例如Bash、Python或是Perl）。要做到这个，只要简单地把你的自定义脚本名字替换掉之前例子中的wc和head命令就好了：
+最后，你也许希望对一些文件执行一个自定义脚本（例如Bash、Python或是Perl）。要做到这一点，只要简单地用你的自定义脚本名字替换掉之前例子中的wc和head命令就好了：
    $ find xargstest/ -name 'file??' | xargs myscript.sh 
@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ xargs命令有两个要点。第一，你必须列出目标文件。第二，你
 ### 总结 ###
-在看完这篇教程后你应该会理解xargs命令的作用，以及如何应用到自己的工作中。很快你就可以有时间享受这个命令所带来的高效率，而不哟给你花时间在一些重复的任务上了。想了解更详细的信息以及更多的选项，你可以在终端中输入'man xargs'命令来查看xargs的文档。
+在看完这篇教程后你应该会理解xargs命令的作用，以及如何应用到自己的工作中。很快你就可以有时间享受这个命令所带来的高效率，而不用把你的时间耗费在一些重复的任务上了。想了解更详细的信息以及更多的选项，你可以在终端中输入'man xargs'命令来查看xargs的文档。
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ via: http://xmodulo.com/xargs-command-linux.html
 作者：[Joshua Reed][a]
 译者：[zpl1025](https://github.com/zpl1025)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+校对：[Caroline](https://github.com/carolinewuyan)
 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
--- a/translated/tech/20141021
+++ b/translated/tech/20141021
@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
 Linux 系统中使用 logwatch 监控日志文件
 ================================================================================
 Linux 操作系统和许多应用程序会创建特殊的文件来记录它们的运行事件，这些文件通常被称作“日志”。当要了解操作系统或第三方应用程序的行为或进行故障排队的话，这些系统日志或特写的应用程序日志文件是必不可少的的工具。但是，日志文件并没有您们所谓的“清晰”或“容易”这种程度的可读性。手工分析原始的日志文件简直是浪费时间，并且单调乏味。出于这个原因，对于系统管理员来说，发现任何一款能把原始的日志文件转换成更人性化的记录摘要的工具，将会受益无穷。
 [logwatch][1] 是一款用 Perl 语言编写的开源日志解析分析器。它能对原始的日志文件进行解析并转换成结构化格式的文档，也能根据您的使用情况和需求来定制报告。logwatch 的主要目的是生成更易于使用的日志摘要，并不是用来对日志进行实时的处理和监控的。正因为如此，logwatch 通常被设定好时间和频率的自动定时任务来调度运行或者是有需要日志处理的时候从命令行里手动运行。一旦日志报告生成，logwatch 会通过电子邮件把这报告发送给您，您可以把它保存成文件或者在屏幕上直接显示。
 Logwatch 报告的详细程度和报告覆盖范围是完全可定制化的。Logwatch 的日志处理引擎也是可扩展的，从某种意义上来说，如果您想在一个新的应用程序中使用 logwatch 功能的话，只需要为这个应用程序的日志文件编写一个日志处理脚本（使用 Perl 语言），然后挂接到 logwatch 上就行。
 logwatch 有一点不好的就是，在它生成的报告中没有详细的时间戳信息，而原来的日志文件中是存在的。您只能知道被记录下来的一段时间之内的特定事件，如果想要知道精确的时间点的信息，就不得不去查看原日志文件了。
 ### 安装 Logwatch ###
 在 Debian 系统或其派生的系统上:
    # aptitude install logwatch 
 在基于 Red Hat 的发布系统上:
    # yum install logwatch 
 ### 配置 Logwatch ###
 安装时，主要的配置文件（logwatch.conf）被放到 **/etc/logwatch/conf** 目录中。此文件定义的设置选项会覆盖掉定义在 /usr/share/logwatch/default.conf/logwatch.conf 文件中的系统级设置。
 在命令行中，启动 logwatch, 如果不带参数的话，将会使用 /etc/logwatch/conf/logwatch.conf 文件中定义的自定义选项。但，只要一指定参数，它们就会覆盖 /etc/logwatch/conf/logwatch.conf 文件中的任意默认/自定义设置。
 这篇文章里，我们会编辑 /etc/logwatch/conf/logwatch.conf 文件来对一些默认的设置项做些个性化设置。
    Detail = <Low, Med, High, or a number>
 “Detail” 配置指令控制着 logwatch 报告的详细程度。它可以是个正整数，也可以是分别代表着10、5和0数字的 High、Med、Low 几个选项。
    MailTo = youremailaddress@yourdomain.com
 如果您让把一份 logwatch 的报告邮件给您，就要使用 “MailTo” 这个配置指令。要把一份报告发送给多个用户，只需要把他们的邮件地址用空格格开，然后配置上去。但是，您需要在 logwatch 运行的服务器上配置好本地邮件传输代理（MTA）如，sendmail、 Postfix 等，这个配置指令项才能起作用。
    Range = <Yesterday|Today|All>
 "Range" 配置指令定义了生成 logwatch 报告的时间段信息。这个指令通常可选的值是 Yesterday、Today、All。当作用了“Rang = All”时，“Archive = yes” 这个指令项也必须配置上，那么所有的已存档的日志文件 (比如，/var/log/maillog、/var/log/maillog.X 或 /var/log/maillog.X.gz 文件)都会被处理到。
 除了这些通用的 range 值，您也可以使用复杂点的选择值，如下所示：
 - Range = "2 hours ago for that hour"
 - Range = "-5 days"
 - Range = "between -7 days and -3 days"
 - Range = "since September 15, 2014"
 - Range = "first Friday in October"
 - Range = "2014/10/15 12:50:15 for that second" 
 要使用上面例子中自由形式的 range，您需要从 CPAN（注：Comprehensive　Perl　Archive　Network） 上下载安装 Perl 的 Date::Manip 模块。关于 CPAN 模块的安装说明，请请参阅[此帖][2] 。
    Service = <service-name-1>
    Service = <service-name-2>
    . . .
 “Service” 选项指定想要监控的一个或多个服务。在 /usr/share/logwatch/scripts/services 目录下列出的服务都能被监控，它们已经涵盖了重要的系统服务（例如,pam,secure,iptables,syslogd 等），也涵盖了一些像 sudo、sshd、http、fail2ban、samba等主流的应用服务。如果您想添加新的服务到列表中，得编写一个相应的日志处理 Perl 脚本，并把它放在这个目录中。
 如果这个选项要用来选择特定的服务话，您需要把 /usr/share/logwatch/default.conf/logwatch.conf 文件中的 "Service = All " 这一行注释掉。
 ![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5612/14948933564_94cbc5353c_z.jpg)
    Format = <text|html>
 “Format” 配置指令定义了一份 logwatch 报告的格式（比如 text 或者 HTML）。
    Output = <file|mail|stdout>
 "Output" 配置指令定义生成的 logwatch 报告要发送的目的地。它能被保存成文件（file），生成电子邮件（mail）或者是直接在屏幕上显示（stdout）。
 ### 用 Logwatch 来分析日志文件 ###
 要弄明白怎么使用 logwatch 来分析日志文件，可以参考下面的 logwatch.conf 文件例子:
    Detail = High
    MailTo = youremailaddress@yourdomain.com
    Range = Today
    Service = http
    Service = postfix
    Service = zz-disk_space
    Format = html
    Output = mail
 使用这些设置，logwatch 将会处理三个应用服务（http、postfix 和 zz-disk_space）当天产生的日志，生成一份非常详细的 HTML 格式报告，然后邮件给您。
 如果您不想个性化  /etc/logwatch/conf/logwatch.conf，您可以不修改此文件让其默认，然后在命令行里运行如下所示的命令。也会得到同样的输出。
    # logwatch --detail 10 --mailto youremailaddress@yourdomain.com --range today --service http --service postfix --service zz-disk_space --format html --output mail 
 电子邮件发送的报告样子如图示:
 ![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5611/15383540608_57dc37e3d6_z.jpg)
 这份电子邮件头部包含指向导航到报告细节的链接，在每个选中的服务细节，也会有“返回顶部”的链接。
 接收人很少的情况下您可能会使用电子邮件发送报告这个选项。其它情况下，您可能会把让其生成为 HTML 格式的报告，这样每个想看这份报告的人都可以从网络共享里看到。只需要把上面例子中的配置做些修改就可以实现:
    Detail = High
    Range = Today
    Service = http
    Service = postfix
    Service = zz-disk_space
    Format = html
    Output = file
    Filename = /var/www/html/logs/dev1.html
 同样的，也可以在命令行中运行如下的命令。
    # logwatch --detail 10 --range today --service http --service postfix --service zz-disk_space --format html --output file --filename /var/www/html/logs/dev1.html 
 最后，让我们使用 cron 来配置 logwatch 的定时执行任务。下面的例子中，将会在每个工作日的下午 12：15 分运行 logwatch 调度任务。
    # crontab -e 
 ----------
    15 12 * * 1,2,3,4,5 /sbin/logwatch
 希望这会有所帮助。欢迎到社区发表评论或分享自己的心得和体会！
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 via: http://xmodulo.com/monitor-log-file-linux-logwatch.html
 作者：[Gabriel Cánepa][a]
 译者：[runningwater](https://github.com/runningwater)
 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
 [a]:http://xmodulo.com/author/gabriel
 [1]:http://sourceforge.net/projects/logwatch/
 [2]:http://xmodulo.com/how-to-install-perl-modules-from-cpan.html
--- a/translated/tech/20141023
+++ b/translated/tech/20141023
@ -1,79 +1,72 @@
-luoyutiantang
+ 什么是有用的bash别名和函数
 What are useful Bash aliases and functions
 ================================================================================
-As a command line adventurer, you probably found yourself repeating the same lengthy commands over and over. If you always ssh into the same machine, if you always chain the same commands together, or if you constantly run a program with the same flags, you might want to save the precious seconds of your life that you spend repeating the same actions over and over.
+作为一个命令行探索者,你或许发现你自己一遍又一遍. 如果你总是用ssh进入到同一台电脑, 同时你总是管道关联相同的命令，或者如果你时常用一些参数运行一个程序,你应该想要拯救你人生中的这个珍贵的助手。你一遍又一遍花费着重复相同的动作.
-
+解决方案是使用一个别名.正如你可能知道的,别名用一种方式告诉你的shell记住详细的命令并且给它一个新的名字：别名,的方式。不管怎么样，别名是即时有效的，同样地它只是shell命令的快捷方式,没有能力传递或者控制参数.所以补充时,bash也允许你创建你自己的函数,那样可能更漫长和复杂,并且也允许任意数量的参数.
-The solution to achieve that is to use an alias. As you may know, an alias is a way to tell your shell to remember a particular command and give it a new name: an alias. However, an alias is quickly limited as it is just a shortcut for a shell command, without the ability to pass or control the arguments. So to complement, bash also allows you create your own functions, which can be more lengthy and complex, and also accepts any number of arguments.
+当然，当你有一个好的食谱-像汤，你要分享它.因此这里有一个列表，用一些最有用bash别名和函数的.注意"最有用的"是随意的定义,当然别名的有益依赖在于你每天shell的使用性
-
+在你用别名开始试验之前, 这里有一个便于使用的小技巧:如果你给予别名相同的名字作为常规命令,你可以选择开始原始的命令并且用技巧忽略别名
 Naturally, like with soup, when you have a good recipe you share it. So here is a list with some of the most useful bash aliases and functions. Note that "most useful" is loosely defined, and of course the usefulness of an alias is dependent on your everyday usage of the shell.
 Before you start experimenting with aliases, here is a handy tip: if you give an alias the same name as a regular command, you can choose to launch the original command and ignore the alias with the trick:
    \command 
-
+例如,第一个别名在下面替换ls命令。如果你想使用常规的ls命令而不是别名，通过调用它:
 For example, the first alias below replaces the ls command. If you wish to use the regular ls command and not the alias, call it via:
    \ls 
-
+    
 ### Productivity ###
-So these aliases are really simple and really short, but they are mostly based on the idea that if you save yourself a fraction of a second every time, it might end up accumulating years at the end. Or maybe not. 
+这些别名真的很简单并且真的很短,但他们大多数主要是以主题为依据，那样无论何时倘若你第二次保存一小部分,它允许在多年以后再结束.也许不会. 
    alias ls="ls --color=auto"
-Simple but vital. Make the ls command output in color.
+简单但非常重要.使ls命令带着彩色输出
    alias ll = "ls --color -al"
-Shortcut to display in color all the files from a directory in a list format.
+从一个目录采用列表格式快速显示全部文件.
    alias grep='grep --color=auto'
-Similarly, put some color in the grep output.
+相同地，把一些颜色在grep里输出
    mcd() { mkdir -p "$1"; cd "$1";} 
-One of my favorite. Make a directory and cd into it in one command: mcd [name].
+我的最爱之一. 制造一个目录采用一个命令mcd[名字]和cd命令进入到目录里面
    cls() { cd "$1"; ls;}
-Similar to the previous function, cd into a directory and list its content: cls [name].
+类似于前面的功能,cd命令进入一个目录别且列出它的的内容：cls[名字]
    backup() { cp "$1"{,.bak};}
-Simple way to make a backup of a file: backup [file] will create [file].bak in the same directory.
+简单的方法，使文件有一个备份: backup [文件]将会在相同的目录创建[文件].bak.
    md5check() { md5sum "$1" | grep "$2";}
-Because I hate comparing the md5sum of a file by hand, this function computes it and compares it using grep: md5check [file] [key].
+因为我讨厌通过手工比较文件的md5算法,这个函数计算它并且计算它使用grep：md5check[文件][钥匙]
 ![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5616/15412389280_8be57841ae_o.jpg)
    alias makescript="fc -rnl | head -1 >" 
-Easily make a script out of the last command you ran: makescript [script.sh]
+很容易地制造上个命令的脚本输出，你运行makescript[脚本名字.sh]
    alias genpasswd="strings /dev/urandom | grep -o '[[:alnum:]]' | head -n 30 | tr -d '\n'; echo" 
-Just to generate a strong password instantly.
+只是瞬间产生一个强壮的密码
 ![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3955/15574321206_dd365f0f0e.jpg)
    alias c="clear"
-Cannot do simpler to clean your terminal screen.
+不能较为简单的清除你终端的屏幕
    alias histg="history | grep"
-To quickly search through your command history: histg [keyword]
+通过你的命令历史：histg[关键字]快速地搜索
    alias ..='cd ..'
-No need to write cd to go up a directory.
+不需要写cd命令到上层目录
    alias ...='cd ../..'
-Similarly, go up two directories.
+类似地，去到上两个目录
    extract() { 
        if [ -f $1 ] ; then 
@ -96,93 +89,98 @@ Similarly, go up two directories.
         fi 
    }
-Longest but also the most useful. Extract any kind of archive: extract [archive file]
+很长，但是也是最有用的。解压任何的文档类型：extract:[文档文件]
 ### System Info ###
-Want to know everything about your system as quickly as possible?
+### 系统信息 ###
 想尽快地知道一切关于你的系统？
    alias cmount="mount | column -t"
-Format the output of mount into columns.
+mount到列队中的格式输出
 ![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5603/15598830622_587b77a363_z.jpg)
    alias tree="ls -R | grep ":$" | sed -e 's/:$//' -e 's/[^-][^\/]*\//--/g' -e 's/^/   /' -e 's/-/|/'" 
-Display the directory structure recursively in a tree format.
+递归树格式显示目录结构.
    sbs() { du -b --max-depth 1 | sort -nr | perl -pe 's{([0-9]+)}{sprintf "%.1f%s", $1>=2**30? ($1/2**30, "G"): $1>=2**20? ($1/2**20, "M"): $1>=2**10? ($1/2**10, "K"): ($1, "")}e';} 
-"Sort by size" to display in list the files in the current directory, sorted by their size on disk.
+在当前目录里“按大小排序”显示列表的文件，排序按它们在磁盘上的大小
    alias intercept="sudo strace -ff -e trace=write -e write=1,2 -p" 
-Intercept the stdout and stderr of a process: intercept [some PID]. Note that you will need strace installed.
+intercept[一些PID]阻止进程的标准输入输出文件和标准错误文件。注意你需要看着安装完成
    alias meminfo='free -m -l -t'
-See how much memory you have left.
+查看你还有剩下多少内存
 ![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3955/15411891448_0b9d6450bd_z.jpg)
    alias ps? = "ps aux | grep"
-Easily find the PID of any process: ps? [name]
+ps？[名字]很容易地发现，这个任何进程的
    alias volume="amixer get Master | sed '1,4 d' | cut -d [ -f 2 | cut -d ] -f 1"
-Displays the current sound volume.
+显示现在声音的音量.
 ![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3939/15597995445_99ea7ffcd5_o.jpg)
-### Networking ###
+### 网络 ###
 对于所有涉及互联网和你本地网络的命令，也有奇特的别名给它们
 For all the commands that involve the Internet or your local network, there are fancy aliases for them.
    alias websiteget="wget --random-wait -r -p -e robots=off -U mozilla"
-Download entirely a website: websiteget [URL]
+websiteget[指定的位置]下载完整的网站地址
    alias listen="lsof -P -i -n" 
-Show which applications are connecting to the network.
+显示出哪个应用程序连接到网络
 ![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3943/15598830552_c7e5eaaa0d_z.jpg)
    alias port='netstat -tulanp'
-Show the active ports
+显示出活动的端口
    gmail() { curl -u "$1" --silent "https://mail.google.com/mail/feed/atom" | sed -e 's/<\/fullcount.*/\n/' | sed -e 's/.*fullcount>//'}
-Rough function to display the number of unread emails in your gmail: gmail [user name]
+gmail：[用户名]大概的显示你的谷歌邮件里未读邮件的数量
    alias ipinfo="curl ifconfig.me && curl ifconfig.me/host"
-Get your public IP address and host.
+获得你的公共IP地址和主机
    getlocation() { lynx -dump http://www.ip-adress.com/ip_tracer/?QRY=$1|grep address|egrep 'city|state|country'|awk '{print $3,$4,$5,$6,$7,$8}'|sed 's\ip address flag \\'|sed 's\My\\';} 
-Returns your current location based on your IP address.
+以你的IP地址为基础返回你现在的位置
-### Useless ###
+### 没用的 ###
 所以呢，如果一些别名是不是全部具有使用价值？它们可能仍然有趣
 So what if some aliases are not all that productive? They can still be fun.
    kernelgraph() { lsmod | perl -e 'print "digraph \"lsmod\" {";<>;while(<>){@_=split/\s+/; print "\"$_[0]\" -> \"$_\"\n" for split/,/,$_[3]}print "}"' | dot -Tpng | display -;}
-To draw the kernel module dependency graph. Requires image viewer.
+要绘制内核模块依赖曲线图。需要镜像阅读器
    alias busy="cat /dev/urandom | hexdump -C | grep "ca fe"" 
-Make you look all busy and fancy in the eyes of non-technical people.
+在非技术人员的眼里你看起来都在忙和构思
 ![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5599/15574321326_ab3fbc1ef9_z.jpg)
-To conclude, a good chunk of these aliases and functions come from my personal .bashrc, and the awesome websites [alias.sh][1] and [commandlinefu.com][2] which I already presented in my post on the [best online tools for Linux][3]. So definitely go check them out, make your own recipes, and if you are so inclined, share your wisdom in the comments. 
+最后，这些别名和函数的很大一部分来自于我个人的.bashrc.这些令人敬畏的网站 [alias.sh][1]和[commandlinefu.com][2]我早已经展示在我的[best online tools for Linux][3].当然去检测它们的输出，让你拥有特有的秘诀。如果你真的同意，在注释里分享你的智慧，
-As a bonus, here is the plain text version of all the aliases and functions I mentioned, ready to be copy pasted in your bashrc.
+
 做为奖励，这里有我提到的全部别名和函数的纯文本版本，随时可以复制粘贴到你的.bashrc.
    #Productivity
    alias ls="ls --color=auto"
@ -245,7 +243,7 @@ As a bonus, here is the plain text version of all the aliases and functions I me
 via: http://xmodulo.com/useful-bash-aliases-functions.html
 作者：[Adrien Brochard][a]
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
+译者：[译者luoyutiantang](https://github.com/译者ID)
 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
--- a/translated/tech/20141024
+++ b/translated/tech/20141024
@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
 如何将Ubuntu14.04安全的升级到14.10
 ================================================================================
 本文将讨论如何将Ubuntu14.04升级到14.10的beta版。Ubuntu14.10的最终beta版已经发布了
 如果想从Ubuntu14.04/13.10/13.04/12.10/12.04或者更老的版本升级到14.10，只要遵循下面给出的步骤。注意，你不能直接从13.10升级到14.10。你应该想将13.10升级到14.04在从14.04升级到14.10。下面是详细步骤。
 下面的步骤不仅能用于14.10，也兼容于一些像Lubuntu14.10，Kubuntu14.10和Xubuntu14.10等的Ubuntu衍生版本
 **重要**：在升级之前，保险起见，不要忘了将你的数据在U盘或外部硬盘上保存一下。
 ### 桌面升级 ###
 在升级之前，我们要先更新系统。打开终端输入以下命令
    sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get dist-upgrade
 上面的命令会下载安装最新的包。
 重启你的电脑以完成更新。
 然后输入下面的命令来升级到新的可获得的版本
    sudo update-manager -d
 软件更新器会出现并且搜索新的发行版。
 几秒钟之后，你会在屏幕中看到如下字样：**ubuntu14.10现在可以获得(你现在是14.04系统)**。点击升级按钮开始升级。
 ![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Software-Updater_001.png)
 软件更新器会提示你确定更新。点击开始更新开始安装14.10
 ![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Release-Notes_002.png)
 **请注意**：这是beta版本。不要在生产用的机器上安装。
 ![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Distribution-Upgrade_003.png)
 几分钟之后，软件更新器会提醒你一些将被移除的和将被安装的软件包的详细信息。点击**开始升级**继续。确保你更新时在稳定的网络下。
 ![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Untitled-window_004.png)
 现在，更新程序会开始获取新的软件包。获取速度取决于你的网速。
 ![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Distribution-Upgrade_005.png)
 ![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Distribution-Upgrade_001.png)
 之后，你会被询问是否移除不必要的应用程序。最后，点击**重启**来完成整个升级过程。
 这时侯，恭喜你已经成功的升级到了ubuntu14.10
 ![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Details_002.png)
 你可以开始使用新的ubuntu版本了。
 ### 服务器升级 ###
 从ubuntu14.04的服务器升级到14.10的服务器，采用下面的步骤。
 安装update-manager-core 这个包如果之前没唷安装的话：
    sudo apt-get install update-manager-core
 编辑 /etc/update-manager/release-upgrades这个文件。
    sudo nano /etc/update-manager/release-upgrades
 像下面那样设置Prompt=normal或者Prompt=lts
    # Default behavior for the release upgrader.
    [DEFAULT]
    # Default prompting behavior, valid options:
    #
    #  never  - Never check for a new release.
    #  normal - Check to see if a new release is available.  If more than one new
    #           release is found, the release upgrader will attempt to upgrade to
    #           the release that immediately succeeds the currently-running
    #           release.
    #  lts    - Check to see if a new LTS release is available.  The upgrader
    #           will attempt to upgrade to the first LTS release available after
    #           the currently-running one.  Note that this option should not be
    #           used if the currently-running release is not itself an LTS
    #           release, since in that case the upgrader won't be able to
    #           determine if a newer release is available.
    Prompt=normal
 现在可以通过下面的命令来更新你的服务系统了。
    sudo do-release-upgrade -d
 直到屏幕提示你已完成
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 via: http://www.unixmen.com/upgrade-ubuntu-14-04-trusty-ubuntu-14-10-utopic/
 作者：SK
 译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/johnhoow)
 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
 [1]:https://wiki.ubuntu.com/UtopicUnicorn/ReleaseSchedule
--- a/translated/tech/20141029
+++ b/translated/tech/20141029
@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
 Linux有问必答——在CentOS或RHEL防火墙上开启端口
 ================================================================================
 > **问题**：我在CentOS系统上运行一台网页或文件服务器，打算远程访问服务器。因此，我需要更改防火墙规则以允许访问系统上的某个TCP端口。那么，有什么好方法在CentOS或RHEL系统的防火墙上开启TCP/UDP端口？
 Out of the box，诸如CentOS或RHEL的企业级Linux发行版包含内置的强大防火墙，它们默认的防火墙规则十分严格。因此，如果你安装了任何定制服务（比如web服务器、NFS和Samba），那么它们的流量很有可能被防火墙规则阻塞。所以需要在防火墙上开启必要的端口以允许流量通过。
 在CentOS/RHEL 6或更早的版本上，iptables服务允许用户与netfilter内核模块交互来在用户空间中配置防火墙规则。然而，从CentOS/RHEL 7开始，一个叫做firewalld新用户空间接口被引入以取代iptables服务。
 使用这个命令察看当前的防火墙规则：
    $ sudo iptables -L 
 ![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5601/15604533686_a8c0ae7b89_z.jpg)
 现在，让我们看看如何在CentOS/RHEL上修改防火墙来开启一个端口。
 ### 在CentOS/RHEL 7上开启端口 ###
 启动CentOS或RHEL 7后，防火墙规则设置由firewalld服务进程默认管理。一个叫做firewall-cm的命令行客户端支持和这个守护进程通信以永久修改防火墙规则。
 使用这些命令来长久打开一个新端口（如TCP/80）。
    $ sudo firewall-cmd --zone=public --add-port=80/tcp --permanent
    $ sudo firewall-cmd --reload 
 如果不使用“--permanent”标记，把么防火墙规则在重启后会失效。
 ### 在CentOS/RHEL 6上开启端口 ###
 在CentOS/RHEL 6甚至更早版本系统上，iptables服务负责维护防火墙规则。
 使用iptables的第一条命令可以通过防火墙开启一个新TCP/UDP端口。为了永久保存修改过的规则，还需要第二条命令。
    $ sudo iptables -I INPUT -p tcp -m tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT
    $ sudo service iptables save 
 另一种方法是通过一个名为system-config-firewall-tui的命令行用户接口（TUI）的防火墙客户端。
    $ sudo system-config-firewall-tui
 选择位于中间的“Customize”按钮，按下ENTER键即可。
 ![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5602/15628237745_4409cff52f_z.jpg)
 如果想要为任何已知的服务（如web服务器）修改防火墙，只需使防火墙对该服务可用，然后关闭工具。如果想要开启任意一个TCP/UDP端口，选择“Forward”按钮，然后进入下一个界面。
 ![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3941/15604533696_12857827ea_z.jpg)
 选择“Add”按钮添加一条新规则。
 ![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3941/15008065383_4b92cbd843_z.jpg)
 指定一个端口（如80）或者端口范围（如3000-3030）和协议（如tcp或udp）。
 ![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3946/15007474154_bef75d8c72_z.jpg)
 最后，保存修改过的配置，关闭工具。这样，防火墙就永久保存了。
 ![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3942/15628237765_0299a638ab_z.jpg)
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 via: http://ask.xmodulo.com/open-port-firewall-centos-rhel.html
 译者：[KayGuoWhu](https://github.com/KayGuoWhu)
 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
--- a/translated/tech/20141104
+++ b/translated/tech/20141104
@ -0,0 +1,348 @@
 在Ubuntu 14.10/14.04/13.10上安装LEMP服务（Nginx，MySQL或MariaDB，PHP和phpMyAdmin）
 ================================================================================
 **LEMP**是一个操作系统和几个开源软件包的合称。缩写LEMP来自**L**inux，Nginx（发音是**e**ngine-x）HTTP服务器，**M**ySQL数据库，和**P**HP/**P**erl/**P**ython的首字母。
 在这篇教程里，让我们看一下如何在Ubuntu 14.10上安装Nginx，MySQL或MariaDB，PHP和phpMyAdmin。
 ### 安装Nginx ###
 **Nginx** (发音是engine-x)是一个免费的、开源的、高性能HTTP服务器和反向代理，也可以用作IMAP/POP3代理服务器，由Igor Sysoev开发。
 要安装Nginx，在你的终端里输入下面的命令：
 **注意**：如果你的系统里已经安装了apache2，先卸载掉以避免冲突。要卸载apache，运行下面的命令：
    sudo apt-get purge apache2*
    sudo apt-get autoremove -y
 现在，用下面的命令安装nginx：
    sudo apt-get install nginx
 用下面的命令启用Nginx服务：
    sudo service nginx start
 ### 测试nginx ###
 打开你的浏览器访问http://IP地址/或者http://localhost/。将可以看到类似下面的截图。
 ![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Welcome-to-nginx-Mozilla-Firefox_005.png)
 ### 配置Nginx ###
 用任意文本编辑器打开文件**/etc/nginx/nginx.conf**
    sudo nano /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
 设置worker_processes（例如，你系统里CPU数目）。查看CPU数目，可以使用命令“lscpu”。在我这里是“1”。所以我把这个值设为1。
    worker_processes 1;
 重启Nginx服务：
    sudo service nginx restart
 默认虚拟主机（服务器模块）定义在文件**/etc/nginx/sites-available/default**里。
 用任意文本编辑器打开文件/etc/nginx/sites-available/default。
    sudo nano /etc/nginx/sites-available/default
 在Server区域里，按如下设置服务器FQDN或IP地址。确保你增加了index.php这一行。
    [...]
    server {
          listen 80 default_server;
          listen [::]:80 default_server ipv6only=on;
          root /usr/share/nginx/html;
          index index.php index.html index.htm;
          # Make site accessible from http://localhost/
          server_name server.unixmen.local;
    [...]
 这里面
 - **listen 80;** –> 监听ipv4端口
 - **listen [::]:80 default_server ipv6only=on;** –> 监听ipv6宽口
 - **root /usr/share/nginx/html;** –> 网站根目录
 - **server_name server.unixmen.local;** –> 服务器FQDN
 现在，向下滚动找到区域#location **~ \.php$**。去掉注释并按如下修改：
     location ~ \.php$ {
             try_files $uri =404;   ---------> Add this line
             fastcgi_split_path_info ^(.+\.php)(/.+)$;
             #       # NOTE: You should have "cgi.fix_pathinfo = 0;" in php.ini
             #
             #       # With php5-cgi alone:
             #       fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
             #       # With php5-fpm:
             fastcgi_pass unix:/var/run/php5-fpm.sock;
             fastcgi_index index.php;
             include fastcgi.conf;
        }
 这里面，我增加了额外一行**‘try_files $uri =404;’**用于避免0day漏洞。
 保存文件并退出。
 ### 测试nginx配置 ###
 使用下面的命令测试nginx配置是否存在语法错误：
    sudo nginx -t
 典型输出：
    nginx: the configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf syntax is ok
    nginx: configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf test is successful
 最后重启nginx服务
    sudo service nginx restart
 ### 安装MySQL ###
 **MySQL**是一个关系型数据库管理系统（RDBMS），作为服务启动提供给多用户访问多种数据库，尽管可能大多集成布置的SQLite。
    sudo apt-get install mysql-server mysql-client
 在安装过程中，会提示你设置MySQL超级用户密码。输入密码并按确认。
 ![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/sk@server-_001.png)
 重新输入密码。
 ![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/sk@server-_0021.png)
 现在，MySQL服务器就安装好了。
 你可以用下面的命令检查MySQL服务器状态：
    sudo service mysql status
 典型输出：
    mysql start/running, process 5671
 **注意**：如果你希望使用MariaDB而不是MySQL，可以参考下面的步骤。
 ### 安装MariaDB ###
 **MariaDB**是MySQL的一个直接替代软件。它是一个稳定的、可扩展的和可靠的SQL服务器，包含许多增强功能。
 首先，如果有的话你得先卸载掉MySQL。要完全卸载MySQL包括配置文件，输入如下命令：
    sudo apt-get purge mysql*
 运行如下命令清除不需要的软件包。
    sudo apt-get autoremove
 在卸载完MySQL后，运行如下命令安装MariaDB。
    sudo apt-get install mariadb-server mariadb-client
 另外，如果你希望体验最新版的MariaDB的话，可以从[MariaDB仓库][1]安装。运行下面的命令添加PPA。在写这篇文章的时候，MariaDB PPA还没有更新Ubuntu 14.10。不过，我们还是可以使用Ubuntu 14.04的仓库。
    sudo apt-get install software-properties-common
    sudo apt-key adv --recv-keys --keyserver hkp://keyserver.ubuntu.com:80 0xcbcb082a1bb943db
    sudo add-apt-repository 'deb http://sgp1.mirrors.digitalocean.com/mariadb/repo/5.5/ubuntu trusty main'
 用如下命令更新一下软件源列表，然后安装MariaDB：
    sudo apt-get update
    sudo apt-get install mariadb-server mariadb-client -y
 在安装过程中，会提示你设置数据库‘root’用户密码。
 ![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/sk@server-_0031.png)
 重新输入一次密码：
 ![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/sk@server-_004.png)
 点击‘是’迁移到MariaDB。注意一下，如果在安装MariaDB之前没有装过MySQL的话，不会提示你这个问题。
 ![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/sk@server-_005.png)
 你可以用如下命令检查MariaDB版本：
    sudo mysql -v -u root -p
 典型输出：
    Welcome to the MariaDB monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
    Your MariaDB connection id is 34
    Server version: 5.5.39-MariaDB-2 (Ubuntu)
    Copyright (c) 2000, 2014, Oracle, Monty Program Ab and others.
    Reading history-file /home/sk/.mysql_history
    Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
 用如下命令检查MariaDB是否已经开始运行：
    sudo service mysql status
 典型输出：
     * /usr/bin/mysqladmin  Ver 9.0 Distrib 5.5.39-MariaDB, for debian-linux-gnu on x86_64
    Copyright (c) 2000, 2014, Oracle, Monty Program Ab and others.
    Server version        5.5.39-MariaDB-2
    Protocol version    10
    Connection        Localhost via UNIX socket
    UNIX socket        /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock
    Uptime:            2 min 21 sec
    Threads: 1  Questions: 566  Slow queries: 0  Opens: 330  Flush tables: 4  Open tables: 22  Queries per second avg: 4.014
 ### 安装PHP ###
 **PHP**（PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor的递归缩写）是一个应用广泛的开源通用脚本语言，特别适合于网页开发，可以直接嵌入到HTML中。
 使用如下命令安装PHP：
    sudo apt-get install php5 php5-fpm php5-mysql
 ### 配置PHP ###
 用任意文本编辑器打开**php.ini**文件：
    sudo nano /etc/php5/fpm/php.ini
 找到这一行‘cgi.fix_pathinfo=1′，去掉注释并把值1改为0。
    cgi.fix_pathinfo=0
 现在重启php-fpm服务。
    sudo service php5-fpm restart
 ### 测试PHP ###
 在nginx文档根目录下创建一个测试文件“testphp.php”。
    sudo nano /usr/share/nginx/html/testphp.php
 加入下面几行。
    <?php
     phpinfo();
    ?>
 保存文件并退出。
 访问地址**http://server-ip-address/testphp.php**。将打印出所有关于php的信息，比如版本、构建日期以及命令等等。
 ![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/phpinfo-Mozilla-Firefox_0012.png)
 PHP-FPM会默认监听套接字**/var/run/php5-fpm.sock**。如果你希望PHP-FPM使用TCP连接，打开文件**/etc/php5/fpm/pool.d/www.conf**，
    sudo nano /etc/php5/fpm/pool.d/www.conf
 找到这一行listen = /var/run/php5-fpm.sock，
    ;listen = /var/run/php5-fpm.sock
 把它改成**listen = 127.0.0.1:9000**。
    listen = 127.0.0.1:9000
 保存退出。重启php5-fpm服务。
    sudo service php5-fpm restart
 现在打开nginx配置文件：
    sudo nano /etc/nginx/sites-available/default
 找到这一行**fastcgi_pass unix:/var/run/php5-fpm.sock;**，参考下面把它改成fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;。
    location ~ \.php$ {
            try_files $uri =404;
            fastcgi_split_path_info ^(.+\.php)(/.+)$;fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
            #       # NOTE: You should have "cgi.fix_pathinfo = 0;" in php.ini
            #
            #       # With php5-cgi alone:
            fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
            #       # With php5-fpm:
            #        fastcgi_pass unix:/var/run/php5-fpm.sock;
            fastcgi_index index.php;
            include fastcgi.conf;
       }
 保存退出。最后重启nginx服务。
    sudo service nginx restart
 ### 使用phpMyAdmin管理MySQL数据库（可选） ###
 **phpMyAdmin**是一个免费的开源网页界面工具，用来管理你的MySQL数据库。
 ### 安装phpMyAdmin ###
 在Debian官方仓库里就有。所以可以用下面的命令安装：
    sudo apt-get install phpmyadmin
 选择一个网页服务器。默认情况下，这里不会显示nginx。所以，选择apache或者lighttpd，然后我们再把phpMyAdmin和nginx连接起来工作。
 ![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/sk@server-_007.png)
 选择‘是’通过dbconfig-common为phpMyAdmin配置数据库。
 ![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/sk@server-_008.png)
 输入数据库的管理员账号密码。
 ![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/sk@server-_009.png)
 输入phpmyadmin帐号的MySQL密码：
 ![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/sk@server-_010.png)
 重新输入一次密码。
 ![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/sk@server-_011.png)
 phpMyAdmin的安装就完成了。
 创建一个phpMyAdmin的软连接到网站根目录。这里我们的网站跟文档目录是/usr/share/nginx/html/。
    sudo ln -s /usr/share/phpmyadmin/ /usr/share/nginx/html
 重启nginx服务。
    sudo service nginx restart
 ### 访问phpMyAdmin网页控制台 ###
 现在你可以在浏览器中通过地址**http://server-ip-address/phpmyadmin/**访问phpMyAdmin的控制台了。
 输入你在前面步骤里留下的MySQL用户名和密码。在我这里是“root”和“ubuntu”。
 ![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/phpMyAdmin-Mozilla-Firefox_0021.png)
 就可以重定向到phpMyAdmin的网页管理首页。
 ![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/192.168.1.100-localhost-phpMyAdmin-4.2.6deb1-Mozilla-Firefox_0031.png)
 现在你就可以在phpMyAdmin网页里管理你的MyQL数据库了。
 就这样。你的LEMP服务器已经配置完毕可以投入使用了。
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 via: http://www.unixmen.com/install-lemp-server-nginx-mysql-mariadb-php-phpmyadmin-ubuntu-14-1014-0413-10/
 作者：[SK][a]
 译者：[zpl1025](https://github.com/zpl1025)
 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
 [a]:http://www.unixmen.com/author/sk/
 [1]:https://downloads.mariadb.org/mariadb/repositories/#mirror=tsinghua
--- a/translated/tech/20141105
+++ b/translated/tech/20141105
@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
 Linux 有问必答 -- 如何在wget中禁用HTTP转发
 ================================================================================
 > **提问**： 当我用wget获取一个重定向到URL Y的URL X的时候，wget默认会自动获取URL Y。然而我想要强制获取不带重定向的URL X。我该如何禁用wget重定向URL的功能。
 在HTTP标准中，重定向响应（带3XX的HTTP响应）说明请求的URL被移到了新的位置。重定向相应接着包含了目标重定向的URL。
 像常规的HTTP客户端，wget支持URL重定向（也叫URL转发），意味着当你尝试下载一个重定向的URL时，wget会自动跟随URL重定向获取重定向后的资源。如果你由于一些原因想要禁用URL重定向，并停止3XX的状态码，你可以使用wget的“--max-redirect=number”选项。这个选项用来指定最大（递归）重定向的数字，默认是20。
 如果你想要禁用wget中的HTTP重定向，使用“--max-redirect=0”
    $ wget --max-redirect=0 http://www.aaa.com/a.html
 ----------
    --2014-10-31 23:08:58--  http://www.aaa.com/a.html
    Resolving aaa.com (aaa.com)... 1.2.3.4
    Connecting to aaa.com (aaa.com)|1.2.3.4|:80... connected.
    HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 301 Moved Permanently
    Location: http://www.bbb.com/b.html [following]
    0 redirections exceeded.
 如你所见，当wget遇到HTTP重定向响应时，它不会跟着重定向，并以“0 redirections exceeded”（超出0次重定向）的错误信息停止。它同样会显示一个HTTP的状态码（比如301）。
 注意一下curl，另外一个类似的HTTP客户端，行为正好相反。默认上，curl并不会跟随URL重定向。要强制使cutl重定向到一个URL，你要使用“-L”选项。
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 via: http://ask.xmodulo.com/disable-http-redirect-wget.html
 译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
--- a/translated/tech/20141106
+++ b/translated/tech/20141106
@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
 [小贴士] openSUSE设置服务服务通过防火墙
 ================================================================================
 ![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/openSUSE.png)
 正如你所知道的，在openSUSE/SUSE系统上，不是所有的服务是激活并且默认允许的。例如，**ssh**服务是默认不允许通过防火墙的。当然，这是一个安全措施，但是有时我们必须需要ssh服务从远程地点来连接服务器。
 这个小教程将会展示如何允许服务，不单是ssh，也包括所有其他的服务，如http，ftp等，通过服务器。我们可以使用**YaST**命令允许服务通过防火墙，**YaST**命令是openSUSE和其企业版，默认安装配置工具。
 首先，在菜单中打开YaST控制中心。选择**Security and Users（安全和用户） -> Firewall（防火墙）**
 ![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/openSUSE-13.1-Running-Oracle-VM-VirtualBox_001.png)
 接下来，打开**Allowed Services（已允许服务）**选项卡；从Service to Allow（选择需要允许的服务）下拉框中选择**Secure Shell Service（ssh服务）**，然后 **Add（增加）**，**Next（下一步）**，最后**Finish（完成）**，搞定。
 ![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/openSUSE-13.1-Running-Oracle-VM-VirtualBox_002.png)
 就是如此简单！ssh服务已经允许通过防火墙，这样你就可以在远程系统连接这个系统了。就像这样，我们可以同样设置其他服务。
 鼓掌！！
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 via: http://www.unixmen.com/quick-tip-allow-services-firewall-opensuse/
 作者：[SK][a]
 译者：[VicYu/Vic020](http://www.vicyu.net)
 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
 [a]:http://www.unixmen.com/author/sk/
--- a/translated/tech/20141106
+++ b/translated/tech/20141106
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 timedatectl - 管理Linux系统的时间和日期
 ===
 **timedatectl**是用来查询和修改系统时间和配置的Linux应用程序。它是[系统服务管理][1]的一部分，并且允许你检查和修改系统时钟的配置。
 在这篇文章中，我们将涉及该小巧但十分重要应用程序的所有方面
 ### 系统当前的时间状态 ###
 想要查看系统当前日期/时间，以及可使用不带任何参数的命令查看当前系统时间配置，可以这样：
 	# timedatectl
 输入的结果就像这样：
 ![](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/timedatectl.jpg)
 ### 修改日期 ###
 想要修改系统日期，你可以简单地使用timedatectl设置时间命令，紧随命令的是YYYY-MM-DD格式的日期，YYYY代表年，MM代表2位数字的月份，DD代表2位数字的天。举个例子，如果你想把日期改为2015年2月4号,你应该使用下面的命令：
 	# timedatectl 2015-02-04
 ### 修改时间 ###
 想要修改时间，你可以以相同的方式使用该工具，但是使用的格式为HH:MM:SS，HH代表24小时制的时钟，MM代表分钟，SS代表秒钟。想将当前时间设为22:04:43，使用下面的命令：
 	# timedatectl 22:04:43
 ### 修改时区 ###
 设置正确的时区是保持时间同步的关键，特别是在你使用NTP协议同步的时候。首先，你应该使用list-timezones选项列出你所在区域的可用时区，你也可以使用grep和more来让格式方便阅读：
 	# timedatectl list-timezones | grep America | more
 这将显示一个简单的滚动列表格式。
 之后，你就会知道你想设置的时区是如何命名的，然后使用下面的命令修改它：
 	# timedatectl set-timezone America/Los_Angeles
 ### 设置本地时钟 ###
 **实时时钟（RTC）**，通常被称为硬件时钟，完全独立于操作系统当前状态，甚至可以在计算机关闭的时候工作。你可以配置系统使用国际时间或当地时间维持RTC。注意，使用当地时区维持RTC并不完美支持，而且还有可能因为时区变化和夏令时调整引起许多问题。如果有可能，在UTC模式下保持RTC。这一做法的唯一问题是，其他操作系统可能不完全支持它（如果你在同一台机器上允许2个操作系统）。
 使用UTC模式维持RTC，使用下面的命令：
 	# timedatectl set-local-rtc 0
 使用当地时间维护，使用：
 	# timedatectl set-local-rtc 1
 ### 设置NTP同步 ###
 **网络时间协议（NTP）**是在分组交换计算机系统间进行时钟同步的，可变数据延迟的网络协议。NTP被设计使用[几毫秒的协调通用时间][2]来同步所有参与的计算机。如果你希望设置NTP同步，你可以使用set-ntp选项设置。使用“no”关闭NTP同步，使用“yes”开启。
 	# timedatectl set-ntp yes
 ---
 via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/timedatectl-change-time-date-systemd/
 作者：[Adrian Dinu][a]
 译者：[su-kaiyao](https://github.com/su-kaiyao)
 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
 [a]:http://linoxide.com/author/adriand/
 [1]:http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/
 [2]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time
--- a/translated/tech/[Translated]20141023
+++ b/translated/tech/[Translated]20141023
@ -0,0 +1,254 @@
 什么是有用的bash别名和函数
 ================================================================================
 作为一个命令行探索者,你或许发现你自己一遍又一遍. 如果你总是用ssh进入到同一台电脑, 同时你总是管道关联相同的命令，或者如果你时常用一些参数运行一个程序,你应该想要拯救你人生中的这个珍贵的助手。你一遍又一遍花费着重复相同的动作.
 解决方案是使用一个别名.正如你可能知道的,别名用一种方式告诉你的shell记住详细的命令并且给它一个新的名字：别名,的方式。不管怎么样，别名是即时有效的，同样地它只是shell命令的快捷方式,没有能力传递或者控制参数.所以补充时,bash也允许你创建你自己的函数,那样可能更漫长和复杂,并且也允许任意数量的参数.
 当然，当你有一个好的食谱-像汤，你要分享它.因此这里有一个列表，用一些最有用bash别名和函数的.注意"最有用的"是随意的定义,当然别名的有益依赖在于你每天shell的使用性
 在你用别名开始试验之前, 这里有一个便于使用的小技巧:如果你给予别名相同的名字作为常规命令,你可以选择开始原始的命令并且用技巧忽略别名
    \command 
 例如,第一个别名在下面替换ls命令。如果你想使用常规的ls命令而不是别名，通过调用它:
    \ls 
 ### Productivity ###
 这些别名真的很简单并且真的很短,但他们大多数主要是以主题为依据，那样无论何时倘若你第二次保存一小部分,它允许在多年以后再结束.也许不会. 
    alias ls="ls --color=auto"
 简单但非常重要.使ls命令带着彩色输出
    alias ll = "ls --color -al"
 从一个目录采用列表格式快速显示全部文件.
    alias grep='grep --color=auto'
 相同地，把一些颜色在grep里输出
    mcd() { mkdir -p "$1"; cd "$1";} 
 我的最爱之一. 制造一个目录采用一个命令mcd[名字]和cd命令进入到目录里面
    cls() { cd "$1"; ls;}
 类似于前面的功能,cd命令进入一个目录别且列出它的的内容：cls[名字]
    backup() { cp "$1"{,.bak};}
 简单的方法，使文件有一个备份: backup [文件]将会在相同的目录创建[文件].bak.
    md5check() { md5sum "$1" | grep "$2";}
 因为我讨厌通过手工比较文件的md5算法,这个函数计算它并且计算它使用grep：md5check[文件][钥匙]
 ![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5616/15412389280_8be57841ae_o.jpg)
    alias makescript="fc -rnl | head -1 >" 
 很容易地制造上个命令的脚本输出，你运行makescript[脚本名字.sh]
    alias genpasswd="strings /dev/urandom | grep -o '[[:alnum:]]' | head -n 30 | tr -d '\n'; echo" 
 只是瞬间产生一个强壮的密码
 ![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3955/15574321206_dd365f0f0e.jpg)
    alias c="clear"
 不能较为简单的清除你终端的屏幕
    alias histg="history | grep"
 通过你的命令历史：histg[关键字]快速地搜索
    alias ..='cd ..'
 不需要写cd命令到上层目录
    alias ...='cd ../..'
 类似地，去到上两个目录
    extract() { 
        if [ -f $1 ] ; then 
          case $1 in 
            *.tar.bz2)   tar xjf $1     ;; 
            *.tar.gz)    tar xzf $1     ;; 
            *.bz2)       bunzip2 $1     ;; 
            *.rar)       unrar e $1     ;; 
            *.gz)        gunzip $1      ;; 
            *.tar)       tar xf $1      ;; 
            *.tbz2)      tar xjf $1     ;; 
            *.tgz)       tar xzf $1     ;; 
            *.zip)       unzip $1       ;; 
            *.Z)         uncompress $1  ;; 
            *.7z)        7z x $1        ;; 
            *)     echo "'$1' cannot be extracted via extract()" ;; 
             esac 
         else 
             echo "'$1' is not a valid file" 
         fi 
    }
 很长，但是也是最有用的。解压任何的文档类型：extract:[文档文件]
 ### 系统信息 ###
 想尽快地知道一切关于你的系统？
    alias cmount="mount | column -t"
 mount到列队中的格式输出
 ![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5603/15598830622_587b77a363_z.jpg)
    alias tree="ls -R | grep ":$" | sed -e 's/:$//' -e 's/[^-][^\/]*\//--/g' -e 's/^/   /' -e 's/-/|/'" 
 递归树格式显示目录结构.
    sbs() { du -b --max-depth 1 | sort -nr | perl -pe 's{([0-9]+)}{sprintf "%.1f%s", $1>=2**30? ($1/2**30, "G"): $1>=2**20? ($1/2**20, "M"): $1>=2**10? ($1/2**10, "K"): ($1, "")}e';} 
 在当前目录里“按大小排序”显示列表的文件，排序按它们在磁盘上的大小
    alias intercept="sudo strace -ff -e trace=write -e write=1,2 -p" 
 intercept[一些PID]阻止进程的标准输入输出文件和标准错误文件。注意你需要看着安装完成
    alias meminfo='free -m -l -t'
 查看你还有剩下多少内存
 ![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3955/15411891448_0b9d6450bd_z.jpg)
    alias ps? = "ps aux | grep"
 ps？[名字]很容易地发现，这个任何进程的
    alias volume="amixer get Master | sed '1,4 d' | cut -d [ -f 2 | cut -d ] -f 1"
 显示现在声音的音量.
 ![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3939/15597995445_99ea7ffcd5_o.jpg)
 ### 网络 ###
 对于所有涉及互联网和你本地网络的命令，也有奇特的别名给它们
    alias websiteget="wget --random-wait -r -p -e robots=off -U mozilla"
 websiteget[指定的位置]下载完整的网站地址
    alias listen="lsof -P -i -n" 
 显示出哪个应用程序连接到网络
 ![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3943/15598830552_c7e5eaaa0d_z.jpg)
    alias port='netstat -tulanp'
 显示出活动的端口
    gmail() { curl -u "$1" --silent "https://mail.google.com/mail/feed/atom" | sed -e 's/<\/fullcount.*/\n/' | sed -e 's/.*fullcount>//'}
 gmail：[用户名]大概的显示你的谷歌邮件里未读邮件的数量
    alias ipinfo="curl ifconfig.me && curl ifconfig.me/host"
 获得你的公共IP地址和主机
    getlocation() { lynx -dump http://www.ip-adress.com/ip_tracer/?QRY=$1|grep address|egrep 'city|state|country'|awk '{print $3,$4,$5,$6,$7,$8}'|sed 's\ip address flag \\'|sed 's\My\\';} 
 以你的IP地址为基础返回你现在的位置
 ### 没用的 ###
 所以呢，如果一些别名是不是全部具有使用价值？它们可能仍然有趣
    kernelgraph() { lsmod | perl -e 'print "digraph \"lsmod\" {";<>;while(<>){@_=split/\s+/; print "\"$_[0]\" -> \"$_\"\n" for split/,/,$_[3]}print "}"' | dot -Tpng | display -;}
 要绘制内核模块依赖曲线图。需要镜像阅读器
    alias busy="cat /dev/urandom | hexdump -C | grep "ca fe"" 
 在非技术人员的眼里你看起来都在忙和构思
 ![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5599/15574321326_ab3fbc1ef9_z.jpg)
 最后，这些别名和函数的很大一部分来自于我个人的.bashrc.这些令人敬畏的网站 [alias.sh][1]和[commandlinefu.com][2]我早已经展示在我的[best online tools for Linux][3].当然去检测它们的输出，让你拥有特有的秘诀。如果你真的同意，在注释里分享你的智慧，
 做为奖励，这里有我提到的全部别名和函数的纯文本版本，随时可以复制粘贴到你的.bashrc.
    #Productivity
    alias ls="ls --color=auto"
    alias ll="ls --color -al"
    alias grep='grep --color=auto'
    mcd() { mkdir -p "$1"; cd "$1";}
    cls() { cd "$1"; ls;}
    backup() { cp "$1"{,.bak};}
    md5check() { md5sum "$1" | grep "$2";}
    alias makescript="fc -rnl | head -1 >"
    alias genpasswd="strings /dev/urandom | grep -o '[[:alnum:]]' | head -n 30 | tr -d '\n'; echo"
    alias c="clear"
    alias histg="history | grep"
    alias ..='cd ..'
    alias ...='cd ../..'
    extract() {
        if [ -f $1 ] ; then
          case $1 in
            *.tar.bz2)   tar xjf $1     ;;
            *.tar.gz)    tar xzf $1     ;;
            *.bz2)       bunzip2 $1     ;;
            *.rar)       unrar e $1     ;;
            *.gz)        gunzip $1      ;;
            *.tar)       tar xf $1      ;;
            *.tbz2)      tar xjf $1     ;;
            *.tgz)       tar xzf $1     ;;
            *.zip)       unzip $1       ;;
            *.Z)         uncompress $1  ;;
            *.7z)        7z x $1        ;;
            *)     echo "'$1' cannot be extracted via extract()" ;;
             esac
         else
             echo "'$1' is not a valid file"
         fi
    }
    #System info
    alias cmount="mount | column -t"
    alias tree="ls -R | grep ":$" | sed -e 's/:$//' -e 's/[^-][^\/]*\//--/g' -e 's/^/   /' -e 's/-/|/'"
    sbs(){ du -b --max-depth 1 | sort -nr | perl -pe 's{([0-9]+)}{sprintf "%.1f%s", $1>=2**30? ($1/2**30, "G"): $1>=2**20? ($1/2**20, "M"): $1>=2**10? ($1/2**10, "K"): ($1, "")}e';}
    alias intercept="sudo strace -ff -e trace=write -e write=1,2 -p"
    alias meminfo='free -m -l -t'
    alias ps?="ps aux | grep"
    alias volume="amixer get Master | sed '1,4 d' | cut -d [ -f 2 | cut -d ] -f 1"
    #Network
    alias websiteget="wget --random-wait -r -p -e robots=off -U mozilla"
    alias listen="lsof -P -i -n"
    alias port='netstat -tulanp'
    gmail() { curl -u "$1" --silent "https://mail.google.com/mail/feed/atom" | sed -e 's/<\/fullcount.*/\n/' | sed -e 's/.*fullcount>//'}
    alias ipinfo="curl ifconfig.me && curl ifconfig.me/host"
    getlocation() { lynx -dump http://www.ip-adress.com/ip_tracer/?QRY=$1|grep address|egrep 'city|state|country'|awk '{print $3,$4,$5,$6,$7,$8}'|sed 's\ip address flag \\'|sed 's\My\\';}
    #Funny
    kernelgraph() { lsmod | perl -e 'print "digraph \"lsmod\" {";<>;while(<>){@_=split/\s+/; print "\"$_[0]\" -> \"$_\"\n" for split/,/,$_[3]}print "}"' | dot -Tpng | display -;}
    alias busy="cat /dev/urandom | hexdump -C | grep \"ca fe\""
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 via: http://xmodulo.com/useful-bash-aliases-functions.html
 作者：[Adrien Brochard][a]
 译者：[译者luoyutiantang](https://github.com/译者luoyutiantang)
 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
 [a]:http://xmodulo.com/author/adrien
 [1]:http://alias.sh/
 [2]:http://www.commandlinefu.com/commands/browse
 [3]:http://xmodulo.com/useful-online-tools-linux.html